id sid tid token lemma pos en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 1 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 3 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 5 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 6 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 9 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 10 encyclopedia encyclopedia NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 11 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 13 navigation navigation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 14 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 16 search search VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 17 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 18 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 19 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 20 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 21 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 22 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 23 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 24 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 26 stimulant stimulant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 27 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 28 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 29 racemate racemate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 31 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 32 mixtures mixture NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2 2 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2 3 uses use NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2 5 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2 6 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2 8 disambiguation disambiguation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 3 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 3 2 Benzedrine Benzedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 3 3 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 3 4 redirects redirect VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 3 5 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 3 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 4 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 4 2 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 4 3 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 4 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 4 5 brand brand NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 4 6 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 4 7 socio socio JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 4 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 4 9 cultural cultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 4 10 impact impact NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 4 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 4 12 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 4 13 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 4 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 4 15 Benzedrine Benzedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 4 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 5 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 5 2 thyramine thyramine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 5 3 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 5 4 redirects redirect VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 5 5 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 5 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 6 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 6 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 6 3 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 6 4 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 6 5 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 6 6 confused confuse VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 6 7 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 6 8 tyramine tyramine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 6 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 1 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 2 INN INN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 4 Amfetamine Amfetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 5 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 6 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 7 Pronunciation Pronunciation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 8 /æmˈfɛtəmiːn/ /æmˈfɛtəmiːn/ . en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 10 listen listen VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 12 Trade Trade NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 13 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 14 Evekeo Evekeo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 16 Adderall[note Adderall[note `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 17 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 18 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 20 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 21 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 22 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 23 α α CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 25 methylphenethylamine methylphenethylamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 26 AHFS ahfs NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 27 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 28 Drugs.com Drugs.com NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 29 Monograph Monograph NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 30 MedlinePlus MedlinePlus NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 31 a616004 a616004 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 32 License License NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 33 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 34 US US NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 35   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 36 DailyMed DailyMed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 37 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 38   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 39 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 40 Pregnancy Pregnancy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 41 category category NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 42 US US NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 43 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 44 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 45 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 46 Risk Risk NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 47 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 48 ruled rule VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 49 out)[1 out)[1 '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 50 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 51 Dependence Dependence NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 52 liability liability NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 53 Moderate[2 moderate[2 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 54 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 55 Addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 56 liability liability NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 57 Moderate Moderate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 58 Routes Routes NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 59 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 60 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 61 Medical medical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 62 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 63 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 64 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 65 intravenous[3 intravenous[3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 66 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 67 Recreational recreational JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 68 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 69 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 70 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 71 insufflation insufflation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 72 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 73 rectal rectal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 74 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 75 intravenous intravenous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 76 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 77 intramuscular intramuscular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 78 Drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 79 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 80 CNS cns NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 81 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 82 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 83 anorectic anorectic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 84 ATC ATC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 85 code code NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 86 N06BA01 n06ba01 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 87 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 88 WHO who WP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 89 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 90 N06BA02 n06ba02 JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 91 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 92 WHO who WP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 93 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 94 N06BA12 N06BA12 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 95 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 96 WHO who WP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 97 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 98 Legal legal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 99 status status NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 100 Legal legal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 101 status status NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 102 AU AU NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 103 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 104 S8 S8 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 105 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 106 Controlled control VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 107 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 108 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 109 BR BR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 110 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 111 Class class NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 112 A3 a3 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 113 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 114 Psychoactive psychoactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 115 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 116 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 117 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 118 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 119 Schedule schedule NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 120 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 121 DE de NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 122 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 123 Anlage anlage NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 124 III iii CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 125 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 126 Special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 127 prescription prescription NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 128 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 129 required require VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 130 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 131 NZ NZ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 132 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 133 Class Class NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 134 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 135 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 136 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 137 Class class NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 138 B b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 139 US US NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 140 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 141 Schedule schedule NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 142 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 143 UN UN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 144 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 145 Psychotropic Psychotropic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 146 Schedule schedule NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 147   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 148 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 149 Pharmacokinetic pharmacokinetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 150 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 151 Bioavailability Bioavailability NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 152 Oral Oral NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 153 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 154 75–100%[4 75–100%[4 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 155 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 156 Protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 157 binding bind VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 158 20%[5 20%[5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 159 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 160 Metabolism metabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 161 CYP2D6,[6 CYP2D6,[6 . en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 162 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 163 DBH,[14][15 dbh,[14][15 JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 164 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 165 FMO3[14][16][17 FMO3[14][16][17 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 166 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 167 Metabolites metabolite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 168 4-hydroxyamphetamine 4-hydroxyamphetamine CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 169 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 170 4-hydroxynorephedrine 4-hydroxynorephedrine CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 171 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 172 4-hydroxyphenylacetone 4-hydroxyphenylacetone CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 173 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 174 benzoic benzoic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 175 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 176 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 177 hippuric hippuric NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 178 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 179 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 180 norephedrine norephedrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 181 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 182 phenylacetone[6][7 phenylacetone[6][7 ADD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 183 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 184 Onset onset NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 185 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 186 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 187 IR IR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 188 dosing dose VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 189 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 190 30–60 30–60 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 191   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 192 minutes[8 minutes[8 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 193 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 194 XR XR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 195 dosing dosing NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 196 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 197 1.5–2 1.5–2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 198   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 199 hours[9][10 hours[9][10 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 200 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 201 Elimination elimination NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 202 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 203 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 204 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 205 D d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 206 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 207 amph amph NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 208 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 209 9–11 9–11 JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 210   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 211 hours[6][11 hours[6][11 JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 212 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 213 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 214 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 215 amph amph NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 216 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 217 11–14 11–14 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 218   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 219 hours[6][11 hours[6][11 JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 220 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 221 pH ph JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 222 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 223 dependent dependent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 224 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 225 7–34 7–34 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 226   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 227 hours[12 hours[12 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 228 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 229 Duration duration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 230 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 231 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 232 IR IR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 233 dosing dose VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 234 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 235 3–6 3–6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 236   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 237 hours[2][9][13 hours[2][9][13 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 238 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 239 XR XR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 240 dosing dosing NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 241 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 242 8–12 8–12 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 243   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 244 hours[2][9][13 hours[2][9][13 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 245 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 246 Excretion Excretion NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 247 Primarily primarily RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 248 renal renal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 249 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 250 pH ph JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 251 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 252 dependent dependent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 253 range range NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 254 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 255 1–75%[6 1–75%[6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 256 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 257 Identifiers Identifiers NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 258 IUPAC IUPAC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 259 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 260 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 261 RS)-1-phenylpropan-2-amine rs)-1-phenylpropan-2-amine CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 262 CAS CAS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 263 Number Number NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 264 300 300 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 265 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 266 62 62 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 267 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 268 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 269   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 270 Y Y NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 271 PubChem PubChem NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 272 CID CID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 273 3007 3007 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 274 IUPHAR IUPHAR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 275 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 276 BPS BPS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 277 4804 4804 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 278 DrugBank DrugBank NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 279 DB00182 db00182 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 280   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 281 Y Y NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 282 ChemSpider ChemSpider NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 283 13852819 13852819 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 284   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 285 Y Y NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 286 UNII UNII NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 287 CK833KGX7E CK833KGX7E NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 288 KEGG KEGG NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 289 D07445 D07445 VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 290   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 291 Y Y NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 292 ChEBI ChEBI NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 293 CHEBI:2679 chebi:2679 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 294   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 295 Y Y NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 296 ChEMBL chembl NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 297 ChEMBL405 chembl405 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 298   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 299 Y Y NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 300 NIAID NIAID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 301 ChemDB ChemDB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 302 018564 018564 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 303 CompTox CompTox NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 304 Dashboard Dashboard NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 305 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 306 EPA EPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 307 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 308 DTXSID4022600 DTXSID4022600 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 309 ECHA ECHA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 310 InfoCard InfoCard NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 311 100.005.543 100.005.543 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 312 Chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 313 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 314 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 315 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 316 Formula Formula NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 317 C9H13N C9H13N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 318 Molar Molar NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 319 mass mass NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 320 135.210 135.210 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 321   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 322 g·mol−1 g·mol−1 VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 323 3D 3D NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 324 model model NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 325 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 326 JSmol JSmol NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 327 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 328 Interactive interactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 329 image image NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 330 Chirality Chirality NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 331 Racemic Racemic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 332 mixture[18 mixture[18 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 333 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 334 Density density NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 335 .936 .936 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 336   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 337 g g NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 338 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 339 cm3 cm3 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 340 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 341 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 342   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 343 ° ° NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 344 C[19 c[19 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 345 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 346 Melting melt VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 347 point point NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 348 11.3 11.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 349   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 350 ° ° , en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 351 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 352 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 353 52.3 52.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 354   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 355 ° ° , en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 356 F F NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 357 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 358 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 359 predicted)[20 predicted)[20 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 360 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 361 Boiling boiling NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 362 point point NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 363 203 203 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 364   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 365 ° ° , en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 366 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 367 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 368 397 397 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 369   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 370 ° ° , en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 371 F F NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 372 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 373 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 374 760 760 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 375   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 376 mmHg[21 mmHg[21 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 377 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 378 SMILES SMILES NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 379 NC(CC1 NC(CC1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 380 = = SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 381 CC cc NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 382 = = SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 383 CC cc NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 384 = = : en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 385 C1)C C1)C : en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 386 InChI InChI NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 387 InChI=1S InChI=1S NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 388 / / NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 389 C9H13N c9h13n NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 390 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 391 c1 c1 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 392 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 393 8(10)7 8(10)7 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 394 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 395 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 396 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 397 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 398 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 399 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 400 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 401 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 402 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 403 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 404 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 405 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 406 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 407 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 408 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 409 h2 h2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 410 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 411 6,8H,7,10H2,1H3 6,8h,7,10h2,1h3 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 412   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 413 Y Y NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 414 Key Key NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 415 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 416 KWTSXDURSIMDCE KWTSXDURSIMDCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 417 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 418 UHFFFAOYSA UHFFFAOYSA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 419 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 420 N n NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 421   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 422 Y Y NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 423       _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 424 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 425 verify verify VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 426 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 427 Amphetamine[note amphetamine[note CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 428 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 429 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 430 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 431 contracted contract VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 432 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 433 alpha alpha NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 434 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 435 methylphenethylamine methylphenethylamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 436 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 437 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 438 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 439 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 440 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 441 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 442 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 443 CNS cns NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 444 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 445 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 446 marketed market VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 447 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 448 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 449 brand brand NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 450 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 451 Evekeo Evekeo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 452 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 453 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 454 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 7 455 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 8 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 8 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 8 3 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 8 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 8 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 8 6 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 8 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 8 8 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 8 9 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 8 10 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 8 11 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 8 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 8 13 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 8 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 8 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 8 16 narcolepsy narcolepsy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 8 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 8 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 8 19 obesity obesity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 8 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 9 1 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 9 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 9 3 discovered discover VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 9 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 9 5 1887 1887 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 9 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 9 7 exists exist VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 9 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 9 9 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 9 10 enantiomers:[note enantiomers:[note SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 9 11 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 9 12 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 9 13 levoamphetamine levoamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 9 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 9 15 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 9 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 1 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 2 properly properly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 3 refers refer VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 4 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 6 specific specific JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 7 chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 10 racemic racemic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 11 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 12 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 14 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 15 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 16 equal equal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 17 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 20 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 21 enantiomers enantiomer NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 23 levoamphetamine levoamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 25 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 28 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 29 pure pure JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 30 amine amine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 31 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 10 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 11 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 11 2 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 11 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 11 4 frequently frequently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 11 5 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 11 6 informally informally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 11 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 11 8 refer refer VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 11 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 11 10 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 11 11 combination combination NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 11 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 11 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 11 14 enantiomers enantiomer NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 11 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 11 16 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 11 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 11 18 either either DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 11 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 11 20 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 11 21 alone alone JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 11 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 12 1 Historically historically RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 12 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 12 3 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 12 4 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 12 5 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 12 6 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 12 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 12 8 treat treat VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 12 9 nasal nasal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 12 10 congestion congestion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 12 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 12 12 depression depression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 12 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 13 1 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 13 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 13 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 13 4 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 13 5 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 13 6 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 13 7 athletic athletic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 13 8 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 13 9 enhancer enhancer NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 13 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 13 11 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 13 12 enhancer enhancer NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 13 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 13 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 13 15 recreationally recreationally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 13 16 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 13 17 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 13 18 aphrodisiac aphrodisiac NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 13 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 13 20 euphoriant euphoriant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 13 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 4 prescription prescription NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 5 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 7 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 8 countries country NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 11 unauthorized unauthorized JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 12 possession possession NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 14 distribution distribution NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 16 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 17 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 18 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 19 tightly tightly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 20 controlled control VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 21 due due IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 22 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 24 significant significant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 25 health health NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 26 risks risk NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 27 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 28 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 29 recreational recreational JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 30 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 14 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 15 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 15 2 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 15 3 1 1 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 15 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 15 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 15 6 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 15 7 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 15 8 pharmaceutical pharmaceutical NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 15 9 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 15 10 Benzedrine Benzedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 15 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 15 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 15 13 brand brand NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 15 14 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 15 15 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 15 16 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 15 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 15 18 treat treat VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 15 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 15 20 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 15 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 15 22 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 15 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 16 1 Currently currently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 16 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 16 3 pharmaceutical pharmaceutical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 16 4 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 16 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 16 6 prescribed prescribe VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 16 7 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 16 8 racemic racemic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 16 9 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 16 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 16 11 Adderall,[note Adderall,[note NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 16 12 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 16 13 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 16 14 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 16 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 16 16 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 16 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 16 18 inactive inactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 16 19 prodrug prodrug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 16 20 lisdexamfetamine lisdexamfetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 16 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 17 1 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 17 2 increases increase VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 17 3 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 17 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 17 5 excitatory excitatory NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 17 6 neurotransmission neurotransmission NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 17 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 17 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 17 9 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 17 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 17 11 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 17 12 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 17 13 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-4107 17 14 pronounced pronounced JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 17 15 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 17 16 targeting target VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 17 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 17 18 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 17 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 17 20 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 17 21 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 17 22 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 17 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 2 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 5 At at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 6 therapeutic therapeutic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 7 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 9 amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 10 causes cause VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 11 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 13 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 14 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 15 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 16 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 17 euphoria euphoria NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 19 change change NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 21 desire desire NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 22 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 23 sex sex NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 25 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 26 wakefulness wakefulness NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 29 improved improve VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 30 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 31 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 18 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 19 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 19 2 induces induce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 19 3 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 19 4 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 19 5 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 19 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 19 7 improved improve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 19 8 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 19 9 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 19 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 19 11 fatigue fatigue NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 19 12 resistance resistance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 19 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 19 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 19 15 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 19 16 muscle muscle NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 19 17 strength strength NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 19 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 20 1 Larger large JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 20 2 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 20 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 20 4 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 20 5 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 20 6 impair impair VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 20 7 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 20 8 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 20 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 20 10 induce induce VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 20 11 rapid rapid JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 20 12 muscle muscle NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 20 13 breakdown breakdown NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 20 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 21 1 Addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 21 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 21 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 21 4 serious serious JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 21 5 risk risk NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 21 6 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 21 7 heavy heavy JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 21 8 recreational recreational JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 21 9 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 21 10 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 21 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 21 12 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 21 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 21 14 unlikely unlikely JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 21 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 21 16 occur occur VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 21 17 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 21 18 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 21 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 21 20 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 21 21 medical medical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 21 22 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 21 23 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 21 24 therapeutic therapeutic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 21 25 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 21 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 22 1 Very very RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 22 2 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 22 3 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 22 4 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 22 5 result result VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 22 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 22 7 psychosis psychosis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 22 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 22 9 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 22 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 22 11 delusions delusion NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 22 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 22 13 paranoia paranoia NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 22 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 22 15 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 22 16 rarely rarely RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 22 17 occurs occur VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 22 18 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 22 19 therapeutic therapeutic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 22 20 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 22 21 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 22 22 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 22 23 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 22 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 22 25 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 22 26 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 22 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 23 1 Recreational recreational JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 23 2 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 23 3 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 23 4 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 23 5 much much RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 23 6 larger large JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 23 7 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 23 8 prescribed prescribe VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 23 9 therapeutic therapeutic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 23 10 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 23 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 23 12 carry carry VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 23 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 23 14 far far RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 23 15 greater great JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 23 16 risk risk NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 23 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 23 18 serious serious JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 23 19 side side NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 23 20 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 23 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 24 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 24 2 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 24 3 3 3 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 24 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 24 5 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 24 6 belongs belong VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 24 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 24 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 24 9 phenethylamine phenethylamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 24 10 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 24 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 5 parent parent NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 6 compound compound NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 8 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 9 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 10 structural structural JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 11 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 14 substituted substitute VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 15 amphetamines,[note amphetamines,[note ADD en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 16 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 17 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 18 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 19 includes include VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 20 prominent prominent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 21 substances substance NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 22 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 23 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 24 bupropion bupropion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 26 cathinone cathinone NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 28 MDMA mdma NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 31 methamphetamine methamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 25 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 3 member member NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 6 phenethylamine phenethylamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 7 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 9 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 11 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 12 chemically chemically RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 13 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 16 naturally naturally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 17 occurring occur VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 18 trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 19 amine amine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 20 neuromodulators neuromodulator NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 22 specifically specifically RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 23 phenethylamine phenethylamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 25 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 26 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 27 methylphenethylamine methylphenethylamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 29 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 31 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 32 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 33 produced produce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 34 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 36 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 37 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 26 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 27 1 Phenethylamine Phenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 27 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 27 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 27 4 parent parent NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 27 5 compound compound NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 27 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 27 7 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 27 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 27 9 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 27 10 N n CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 27 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 27 12 methylphenethylamine methylphenethylamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 27 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 27 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 27 15 positional positional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 27 16 isomer isomer NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 27 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 27 18 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 27 19 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 27 20 differs differ VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 27 21 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 27 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 27 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 27 24 placement placement NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 27 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 27 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 27 27 methyl methyl NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 27 28 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 27 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 2 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 3 4 4 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 5 Contents content NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 6 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 7 Uses use NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 8 1.1 1.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 9 Medical medical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 10 1.2 1.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 11 Enhancing enhance VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 12 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 13 1.2.1 1.2.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 14 Cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 15 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 16 1.2.2 1.2.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 17 Physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 18 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 19 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 20 Contraindications contraindication NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 21 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 22 Adverse adverse JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 23 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 24 3.1 3.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 25 Physical Physical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 26 3.2 3.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 27 Psychological Psychological NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 28 3.3 3.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 29 Reinforcement Reinforcement NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 30 disorders disorder VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 31 3.3.1 3.3.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 32 Addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 33 3.3.2 3.3.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 34 Biomolecular Biomolecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 35 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 36 3.3.2.1 3.3.2.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 37 Pharmacological pharmacological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 38 treatments treatment NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 39 3.3.2.2 3.3.2.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 40 Behavioral behavioral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 41 treatments treatment NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 42 3.3.3 3.3.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 43 Dependence dependence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 44 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 45 withdrawal withdrawal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 46 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 47 Overdose overdose NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 48 4.1 4.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 49 Toxicity Toxicity NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 50 4.2 4.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 51 Psychosis Psychosis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 52 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 53 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 54 interactions interaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 55 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 56 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 57 6.1 6.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 58 Pharmacodynamics Pharmacodynamics NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 59 6.1.1 6.1.1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 60 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 61 6.1.2 6.1.2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 62 Norepinephrine Norepinephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 63 6.1.3 6.1.3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 64 Serotonin Serotonin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 65 6.1.4 6.1.4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 66 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 67 neurotransmitters neurotransmitter NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 68 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 69 peptides peptide NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 70 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 71 hormones hormone NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 72 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 73 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 74 enzymes enzyme VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 75 6.2 6.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 76 Pharmacokinetics Pharmacokinetics NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 77 6.3 6.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 78 Pharmacomicrobiomics pharmacomicrobiomic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 79 6.4 6.4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 80 Related related JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 81 endogenous endogenous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 82 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 83 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 84 Chemistry Chemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 85 7.1 7.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 86 Substituted substitute VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 87 derivatives derivative NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 88 7.2 7.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 89 Synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 90 7.3 7.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 91 Detection detection NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 92 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 93 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 94 fluids fluid VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 95 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 96 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 97 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 98 society society NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 99 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 100 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 101 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 102 8.1 8.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 103 Legal legal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 104 status status NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 105 8.2 8.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 106 Pharmaceutical pharmaceutical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 107 products product NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 108 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 109 Notes note NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 110 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 111 Reference reference NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 112 notes note VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 113 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 114 References reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 115 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 116 External external JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 117 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 118 Uses use VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 119 Medical Medical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 120 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 121 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 122 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 123 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 124 treat treat VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 125 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 126 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 127 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 128 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 129 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 130 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 131 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 132 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 133 narcolepsy narcolepsy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 134 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 135 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 136 sleep sleep NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 137 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 138 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 139 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 140 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 141 obesity obesity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 142 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 143 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 144 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 145 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 146 prescribed prescribe VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 147 off off NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 148 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 149 label label NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 150 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 151 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 152 past past JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 153 medical medical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 154 indications indication NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 155 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 156 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 157 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 158 depression depression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 159 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 160 chronic chronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 161 pain pain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 28 162 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 2 2][35][49 2][35][49 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 4 Long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 6 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 7 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 8 exposure exposure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 9 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 10 sufficiently sufficiently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 11 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 12 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 14 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 15 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 16 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 17 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 18 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 19 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 20 produce produce VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 21 abnormal abnormal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 22 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 23 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 24 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 25 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 26 nerve nerve NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 27 damage,[50][51 damage,[50][51 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 28 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 29 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 32 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 33 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 34 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 36 pharmaceutical pharmaceutical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 37 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 39 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 40 therapeutic therapeutic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 41 dosages dosage NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 43 appear appear VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 44 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 45 improve improve VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 46 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 47 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 48 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 49 nerve nerve NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 50 growth growth NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 29 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 2 52][53][54 52][53][54 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 4 Reviews review NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 6 magnetic magnetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 7 resonance resonance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 8 imaging imaging NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 10 MRI MRI NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 12 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 13 suggest suggest VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 14 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 15 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 17 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 18 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 19 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 20 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 21 decreases decrease VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 22 abnormalities abnormality NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 24 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 25 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 27 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 28 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 30 subjects subject NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 31 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 32 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 35 improves improve VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 36 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 37 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 38 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 39 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 42 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 44 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 45 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 46 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 47 right right JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 48 caudate caudate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 49 nucleus nucleus NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 50 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 51 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 52 basal basal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 53 ganglia ganglia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 30 54 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 31 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 31 2 52][53][54 52][53][54 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 31 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 31 4 Reviews Reviews NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 31 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 31 6 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 31 7 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 31 8 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 31 9 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 31 10 established establish VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 31 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 31 12 safety safety NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 31 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 31 14 effectiveness effectiveness NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 31 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 31 16 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 31 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 31 18 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 31 19 continuous continuous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 31 20 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 31 21 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 31 22 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 31 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 31 24 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 31 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 31 26 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 31 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 32 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 32 2 43][55][56 43][55][56 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 32 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 32 4 Randomized randomize VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 32 5 controlled controlled JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 32 6 trials trial NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 32 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 32 8 continuous continuous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 32 9 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 32 10 therapy therapy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 32 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 32 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 32 13 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 32 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 32 15 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 32 16 spanning span VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 32 17 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 32 18   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 32 19 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 32 20 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 32 21 demonstrated demonstrate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 32 22 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 32 23 effectiveness effectiveness NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 32 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 32 25 safety safety NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 32 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 2 43][55 43][55 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 4 Two two CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 5 reviews review NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 6 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 7 indicated indicate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 9 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 11 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 12 continuous continuous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 13 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 14 therapy therapy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 15 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 16 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 17 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 18 effective effective JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 19 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 20 reducing reduce VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 22 core core NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 23 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 25 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 27 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 29 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 31 inattention inattention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 34 impulsivity impulsivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 35 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 37 enhancing enhance VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 38 quality quality NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 40 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 41 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 42 academic academic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 43 achievement achievement NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 45 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 46 producing produce VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 47 improvements improvement NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 48 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 49 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 50 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 51 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 52 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 53 functional functional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 54 outcomes[note outcomes[note CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 55 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 56 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 57 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 58 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 59   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 60 categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 61 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 62 outcomes outcome NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 63 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 64 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 65 academics academic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 66 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 67 antisocial antisocial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 68 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 69 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 70 driving driving NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 71 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 72 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 73 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 74 medicinal medicinal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 75 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 76 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 77 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 78 obesity obesity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 79 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 80 occupation occupation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 81 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 82 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 83 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 84 esteem esteem NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 85 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 86 service service NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 87 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 88 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 89 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 90 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 91 academic academic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 92 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 93 occupational occupational JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 94 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 95 health health NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 96 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 97 financial financial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 98 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 99 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 100 legal legal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 101 services service NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 102 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 103 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 104 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 105 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 106 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 33 107 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 2 43][56 43][56 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 4 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 5 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 6 highlighted highlight VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 8 nine nine CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 10 month month NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 11 randomized randomize VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 12 controlled controlled JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 13 trial trial NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 15 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 16 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 17 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 18 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 20 children child NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 21 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 22 found find VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 23 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 24 average average JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 25 increase increase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 27 4.5 4.5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 28   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 29 IQ IQ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 30 points point NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 32 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 33 increases increase NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 35 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 37 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 38 continued continue VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 39 decreases decrease NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 40 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 41 disruptive disruptive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 42 behaviors behavior NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 43 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 44 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 34 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 2 55 55 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 4 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 5 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 6 indicated indicate VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 9 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 10 upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 12 longest long JJS en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 13 follow follow NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 15 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 16 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 17 conducted conduct VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 18 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 19 date date NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 21 lifetime lifetime NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 22 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 23 therapy therapy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 24 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 25 begins begin VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 26 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 27 childhood childhood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 28 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 29 continuously continuously RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 30 effective effective JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 31 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 32 controlling control VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 33 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 34 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 36 reduces reduce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 38 risk risk NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 40 developing develop VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 41 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 42 substance substance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 43 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 44 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 45 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 46 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 47 adult adult NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 35 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 2 43 43 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 4 Current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 5 models model NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 7 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 8 suggest suggest VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 9 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 10 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 12 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 13 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 14 functional functional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 15 impairments impairment NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 17 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 20 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 21 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 22 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 23 systems;[57 systems;[57 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 24 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 25 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 26 functional functional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 27 impairments impairment NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 28 involve involve VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 29 impaired impair VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 30 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 31 neurotransmission neurotransmission NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 32 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 34 mesocorticolimbic mesocorticolimbic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 35 projection projection NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 37 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 38 neurotransmission neurotransmission NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 39 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 41 noradrenergic noradrenergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 42 projections projection NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 43 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 44 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 45 locus locus NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 46 coeruleus coeruleus JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 47 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 49 prefrontal prefrontal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 50 cortex cortex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 36 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 37 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 37 2 57 57 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 37 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 37 4 Psychostimulants psychostimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 37 5 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 37 6 methylphenidate methylphenidate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 37 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 37 8 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 37 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 37 10 effective effective JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 37 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 37 12 treating treat VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 37 13 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 37 14 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 37 15 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 37 16 increase increase VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 37 17 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 37 18 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 37 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 37 20 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 37 21 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 37 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 38 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 38 2 26][57][58 26][57][58 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 38 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 38 4 Approximately approximately RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 38 5 80 80 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 38 6 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 38 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 38 8 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 38 9 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-4107 38 10 use use VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 38 11 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 38 12 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 38 13 see see VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 38 14 improvements improvement NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 38 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 38 16 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 38 17 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 38 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 2 59 59 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 4 Children child NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 5 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 6 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 7 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 8 use use VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 9 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 10 medications medication NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 11 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 12 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 13 better well JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 14 relationships relationship NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 15 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 16 peers peer NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 18 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 19 members member NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 21 perform perform VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 22 better well RBR en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 24 school school NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 26 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 27 less less RBR en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 28 distractible distractible JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 30 impulsive impulsive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 33 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 34 longer long JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 35 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 36 spans span NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 39 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 2 60][61 60][61 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 5 Cochrane Cochrane NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 6 reviews[note reviews[note NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 7 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 8 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 9 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 11 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 13 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 15 children child NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 17 adolescents adolescent NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 20 adults adult NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 21 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 22 pharmaceutical pharmaceutical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 23 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 24 stated state VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 25 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 26 short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 28 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 29 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 30 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 31 demonstrated demonstrate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 32 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 33 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 34 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 35 decrease decrease VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 37 severity severity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 39 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 41 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 42 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 43 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 44 higher high JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 45 discontinuation discontinuation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 46 rates rate NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 47 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 48 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 49 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 50 stimulant stimulant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 51 medications medication NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 52 due due JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 53 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 54 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 55 adverse adverse JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 56 side side NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 57 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 40 58 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 2 63][64 63][64 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 5 Cochrane Cochrane NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 6 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 7 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 9 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 11 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 13 children child NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 15 tic tic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 16 disorders disorder NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 17 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 18 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 19 Tourette Tourette NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 20 syndrome syndrome NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 21 indicated indicate VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 22 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 23 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 25 general general JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 26 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 27 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 28 make make VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 29 tics tic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 30 worse bad JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 32 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 33 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 34 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 36 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 37 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 38 exacerbate exacerbate VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 39 tics tic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 40 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 41 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 42 individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 41 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 2 65 65 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 4 Enhancing enhance VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 5 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 6 Cognitive Cognitive NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 7 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 8 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 9 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 12 systematic systematic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 13 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 16 meta meta JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 18 analysis analysis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 20 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 21 quality quality NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 22 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 23 trials trial NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 24 found find VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 25 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 27 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 28 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 29 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 30 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 31 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 32 therapeutic therapeutic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 33 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 34 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 36 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 37 produces produce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 38 modest modest JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 39 yet yet CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 40 unambiguous unambiguous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 41 improvements improvement NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 42 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 43 cognition cognition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 45 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 46 working work VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 47 memory memory NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 48 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 49 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 50 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 51 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 52 episodic episodic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 53 memory memory NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 54 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 55 inhibitory inhibitory JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 56 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 57 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 58 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 59 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 60 aspects aspect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 61 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 62 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 63 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 64 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 65 normal normal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 66 healthy healthy JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 67 adults;[66][67 adults;[66][67 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 68 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 69 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 70 cognition cognition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 71 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 72 enhancing enhance VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 73 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 74 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 75 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 76 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 77 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 78 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 79 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 80 partially partially RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 81 mediated mediate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 82 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 83 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 84 indirect indirect JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 85 activation activation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 86 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 87 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 88 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 89 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 90 D1 d1 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 91 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 92 adrenoceptor adrenoceptor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 93 α2 α2 XX en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 94 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 95 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 96 prefrontal prefrontal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 97 cortex cortex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 42 98 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 43 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 43 2 26][66 26][66 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 43 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 43 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 43 5 systematic systematic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 43 6 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 43 7 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 43 8 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 43 9 found find VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 43 10 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 43 11 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 43 12 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 43 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 43 14 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 43 15 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 43 16 improve improve VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 43 17 memory memory NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 43 18 consolidation consolidation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 43 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 43 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 43 21 turn turn NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 43 22 leading lead VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 43 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 43 24 improved improved JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 43 25 recall recall NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 43 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 43 27 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 43 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 44 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 44 2 68 68 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 44 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 44 4 Therapeutic therapeutic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 44 5 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 44 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 44 7 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 44 8 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 44 9 enhance enhance VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 44 10 cortical cortical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 44 11 network network NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 44 12 efficiency efficiency NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 44 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 44 14 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 44 15 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 44 16 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 44 17 mediates mediate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 44 18 improvements improvement NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 44 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 44 20 working work VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 44 21 memory memory NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 44 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 44 23 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 44 24 individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 44 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 2 26][69 26][69 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 6 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 7 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 8 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 9 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 10 improve improve VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 11 task task NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 12 saliency saliency NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 14 motivation motivation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 16 perform perform VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 18 task task NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 21 increase increase VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 22 arousal arousal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 24 wakefulness wakefulness NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 28 turn turn NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 29 promoting promote VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 30 goal goal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 31 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 32 directed direct VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 33 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 45 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 46 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 46 2 26][70][71 26][70][71 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 46 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 46 4 Stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 46 5 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 46 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 46 7 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 46 8 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 46 9 improve improve VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 46 10 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 46 11 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 46 12 difficult difficult JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 46 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 46 14 boring boring JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 46 15 tasks task NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 46 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 46 17 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 46 18 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 46 19 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 46 20 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 46 21 students student NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 46 22 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 46 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 46 24 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 46 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 46 26 test test NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 46 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 46 28 taking take VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 46 29 aid aid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 46 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 2 26][71][72 26][71][72 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 4 Based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 5 upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 6 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 8 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 10 reported report VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 11 illicit illicit JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 12 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 13 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 15 5–35 5–35 JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 16 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 18 college college NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 19 students student NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 20 use use VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 21 diverted divert VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 22 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 23 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 25 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 26 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 27 primarily primarily RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 28 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 29 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 30 enhancement enhancement NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 32 academic academic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 33 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 34 rather rather RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 35 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 36 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 37 recreational recreational JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 38 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 47 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 48 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 48 2 73][74][75 73][74][75 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 48 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 48 4 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 48 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 48 6 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 48 7 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 48 8 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 48 9 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 48 10 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 48 11 above above IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 48 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 48 13 therapeutic therapeutic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 48 14 range range NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 48 15 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 48 16 interfere interfere VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 48 17 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 48 18 working work VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 48 19 memory memory NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 48 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 48 21 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 48 22 aspects aspect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 48 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 48 24 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 48 25 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 48 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 2 26][71 26][71 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 4 Physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 5 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 6 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 8 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 10 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 11 athletes athlete NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 13 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 14 psychological psychological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 16 athletic athletic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 17 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 19 enhancing enhance VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 20 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 22 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 23 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 24 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 25 endurance endurance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 27 alertness;[27][39 alertness;[27][39 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 28 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 29 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 31 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 32 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 33 medical medical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 34 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 35 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 36 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 37 prohibited prohibit VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 38 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 39 sporting sporting NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 40 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 41 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 42 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 43 regulated regulate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 44 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 45 collegiate collegiate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 47 national national JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 48 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 49 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 50 international international JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 51 anti anti JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 52 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 53 doping doping JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 54 agencies agency NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 49 55 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 2 76][77 76][77 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 5 healthy healthy JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 6 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 7 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 8 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 9 therapeutic therapeutic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 10 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 12 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 13 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 14 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 15 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 17 increase increase VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 18 muscle muscle NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 19 strength strength NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 21 acceleration acceleration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 23 athletic athletic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 24 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 26 anaerobic anaerobic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 27 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 30 endurance endurance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 31 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 32 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 34 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 35 delays delay VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 37 onset onset NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 39 fatigue fatigue NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 40 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 42 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 43 improving improve VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 44 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 45 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 50 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 51 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 51 2 27][78][79 27][78][79 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 51 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 51 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 51 5 improves improve VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 51 6 endurance endurance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 51 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 51 8 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 51 9 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 51 10 primarily primarily RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 51 11 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 51 12 reuptake reuptake NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 51 13 inhibition inhibition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 51 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 51 15 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 51 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 51 17 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 51 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 51 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 51 20 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 51 21 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 51 22 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 51 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 2 78][79][80 78][79][80 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 6 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 7 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 8 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 9 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 10 increase increase VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 11 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 12 output output NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 13 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 14 fixed fix VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 15 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 17 perceived perceive VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 18 exertion exertion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 19 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 20 overriding override VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 22 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 23 safety safety NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 24 switch switch NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 25 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 27 allowing allow VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 29 core core NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 30 temperature temperature NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 31 limit limit NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 32 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 33 increase increase VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 35 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 36 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 37 access access VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 38 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 39 reserve reserve NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 40 capacity capacity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 41 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 42 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 43 normally normally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 44 off off IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 45 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 46 limits limit NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 52 47 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 2 79][81][82 79][81][82 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 4 At at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 5 therapeutic therapeutic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 6 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 9 adverse adverse JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 10 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 12 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 13 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 14 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 15 impede impede VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 16 athletic athletic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 17 performance;[27][78 performance;[27][78 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 18 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 19 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 21 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 22 much much RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 23 higher high JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 24 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 26 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 27 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 28 induce induce VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 29 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 30 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 31 severely severely RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 32 impair impair VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 33 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 35 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 36 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 37 rapid rapid JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 38 muscle muscle NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 39 breakdown breakdown NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 40 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 41 elevated elevated JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 42 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 43 temperature temperature NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 53 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 2 28][78 28][78 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 4 Contraindications contraindication NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 5 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 8 Amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 9 § § ADD en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 10   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 11 Drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 12 interactions interaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 13 According accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 16 International International NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 17 Programme Programme NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 18 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 19 Chemical Chemical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 20 Safety Safety NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 22 IPCS IPCS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 26 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 27 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 28 Food Food NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 30 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 31 Administration Administration NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 33 USFDA),[note USFDA),[note NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 34 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 35 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 36 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 37 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 38 contraindicated contraindicate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 39 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 40 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 41 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 42 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 43 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 44 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 45 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 46 abuse,[note abuse,[note CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 47 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 48 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 49 cardiovascular cardiovascular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 50 disease disease NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 51 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 52 severe severe JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 53 agitation agitation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 54 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 55 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 56 severe severe JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 57 anxiety anxiety NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 54 58 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 2 35][28][84 35][28][84 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 4 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 7 contraindicated contraindicate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 9 individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 10 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 11 advanced advanced JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 12 arteriosclerosis arteriosclerosis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 14 hardening harden VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 17 arteries artery NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 20 glaucoma glaucoma NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 22 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 23 eye eye NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 24 pressure pressure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 27 hyperthyroidism hyperthyroidism NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 29 excessive excessive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 30 production production NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 32 thyroid thyroid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 33 hormone hormone NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 36 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 37 moderate moderate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 38 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 39 severe severe JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 40 hypertension hypertension NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 55 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 2 35][28][84 35][28][84 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 4 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 5 agencies agency NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 6 indicate indicate VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 8 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 9 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 10 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 11 experienced experience VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 12 allergic allergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 13 reactions reaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 15 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 16 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 17 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 18 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 19 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 20 taking take VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 21 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 22 oxidase oxidase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 23 inhibitors inhibitor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 25 MAOIs MAOIs NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 27 should should MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 28 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 29 take take VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 30 amphetamine,[35][28][84 amphetamine,[35][28][84 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 31 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 32 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 33 safe safe JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 34 concurrent concurrent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 35 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 37 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 39 monoamine monoamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 40 oxidase oxidase NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 41 inhibitors inhibitor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 42 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 43 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 44 documented document VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 56 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 2 85][86 85][86 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 4 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 5 agencies agency NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 7 state state VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 9 anyone anyone NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 10 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 11 anorexia anorexia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 12 nervosa nervosa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 14 bipolar bipolar JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 15 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 17 depression depression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 19 hypertension hypertension NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 21 liver liver NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 22 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 23 kidney kidney NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 24 problems problem NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 26 mania mania NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 28 psychosis psychosis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 30 Raynaud Raynaud NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 31 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 32 phenomenon phenomenon NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 34 seizures seizure NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 36 thyroid thyroid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 37 problems problem NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 39 tics tic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 41 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 42 Tourette Tourette NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 43 syndrome syndrome NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 44 should should MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 45 monitor monitor VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 46 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 47 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 48 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 49 taking take VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 50 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 57 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 2 28][84 28][84 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 4 Evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 6 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 7 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 8 indicates indicate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 9 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 10 therapeutic therapeutic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 11 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 12 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 13 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 14 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 15 cause cause VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 16 developmental developmental JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 17 abnormalities abnormality NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 20 fetus fetus NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 21 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 22 newborns newborn NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 24 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 26 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 27 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 28 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 29 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 30 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 31 teratogen teratogen NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 34 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 35 amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 36 abuse abuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 37 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 38 pose pose VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 39 risks risk NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 40 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 42 fetus fetus NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 58 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 59 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 59 2 84 84 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 59 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 59 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 59 5 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 59 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 59 7 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 59 8 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 59 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 59 10 pass pass VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 59 11 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 59 12 breast breast NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 59 13 milk milk NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 59 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 59 15 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 59 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 59 17 IPCS IPCS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 59 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 59 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 59 20 USFDA USFDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 59 21 advise advise VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 59 22 mothers mother NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 59 23 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 59 24 avoid avoid VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 59 25 breastfeeding breastfeed VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 59 26 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 59 27 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 59 28 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 59 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 60 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 60 2 28][84 28][84 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 60 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 60 4 Due due IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 60 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 60 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 60 7 potential potential NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 60 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 60 9 reversible reversible JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 60 10 growth growth NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 60 11 impairments,[note impairments,[note -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 60 12 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 60 13 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 60 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 60 15 USFDA USFDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 60 16 advises advise VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 60 17 monitoring monitor VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 60 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 60 19 height height NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 60 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 60 21 weight weight NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 60 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 60 23 children child NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 60 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 60 25 adolescents adolescent NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 60 26 prescribed prescribe VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 60 27 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 60 28 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 60 29 pharmaceutical pharmaceutical NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 60 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 2 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 4 Adverse adverse JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 5 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 6 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 7 adverse adverse JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 8 side side NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 9 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 11 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 12 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 13 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 15 varied varied JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 19 amount amount NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 21 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 22 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 23 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 25 primary primary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 26 factor factor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 28 determining determine VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 30 likelihood likelihood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 32 severity severity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 34 adverse adverse JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 35 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 61 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 62 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 62 2 28][39 28][39 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 62 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 62 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 62 5 products product NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 62 6 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 62 7 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 62 8 Adderall Adderall NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 62 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 62 10 Dexedrine Dexedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 62 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 62 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 62 13 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 62 14 generic generic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 62 15 equivalents equivalent NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 62 16 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 62 17 currently currently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 62 18 approved approve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 62 19 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 62 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 62 21 USFDA USFDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 62 22 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 62 23 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 62 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 62 25 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 62 26 therapeutic therapeutic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 62 27 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 62 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 63 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 63 2 36][28 36][28 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 63 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 63 4 Recreational recreational JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 63 5 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 63 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 63 7 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 63 8 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 63 9 involves involve VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 63 10 much much RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 63 11 larger large JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 63 12 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 63 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 63 14 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 63 15 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 63 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 63 17 greater great JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 63 18 risk risk NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 63 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 63 20 serious serious JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 63 21 adverse adverse JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 63 22 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 63 23 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 63 24 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 63 25 dosages dosage NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 63 26 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 63 27 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 63 28 therapeutic therapeutic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 63 29 purposes purpose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 63 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 2 39 39 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 4 Physical Physical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 5 Cardiovascular Cardiovascular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 6 side side NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 7 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 8 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 9 include include VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 10 hypertension hypertension NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 11 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 12 hypotension hypotension NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 13 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 15 vasovagal vasovagal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 16 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 18 Raynaud Raynaud NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 19 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 20 phenomenon phenomenon NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 22 reduced reduce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 23 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 24 flow flow NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 25 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 27 hands hand NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 29 feet foot NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 30 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 33 tachycardia tachycardia NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 34 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 35 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 36 heart heart NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 37 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 38 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 64 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 65 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 65 2 28][39][87 28][39][87 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 65 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 65 4 Sexual sexual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 65 5 side side NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 65 6 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 65 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 65 8 males male NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 65 9 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 65 10 include include VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 65 11 erectile erectile JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 65 12 dysfunction dysfunction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 65 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 65 14 frequent frequent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 65 15 erections erection NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 65 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 65 17 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 65 18 prolonged prolong VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 65 19 erections erection NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 65 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 66 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 66 2 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 66 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 66 4 Gastrointestinal gastrointestinal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 66 5 side side NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 66 6 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 66 7 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 66 8 include include VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 66 9 abdominal abdominal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 66 10 pain pain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 66 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 66 12 constipation constipation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 66 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 66 14 diarrhea diarrhea NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 66 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 66 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 66 17 nausea nausea NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 66 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 2 2][28][88 2][28][88 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 4 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 5 potential potential JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 6 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 7 side side NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 8 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 9 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 10 appetite appetite JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 11 loss loss NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 13 blurred blurred JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 14 vision vision NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 16 dry dry JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 17 mouth mouth NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 19 excessive excessive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 20 grinding grinding NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 23 teeth tooth NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 25 nosebleed nosebleed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 27 profuse profuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 28 sweating sweating NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 30 rhinitis rhinitis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 31 medicamentosa medicamentosa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 33 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 34 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 35 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 36 nasal nasal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 37 congestion congestion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 38 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 40 reduced reduce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 41 seizure seizure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 42 threshold threshold NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 44 tics tic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 45 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 46 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 47 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 48 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 49 movement movement NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 50 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 51 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 52 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 53 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 54 weight weight NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 55 loss loss NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 67 56 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 68 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 68 2 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 68 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 68 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 68 5 Dangerous dangerous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 68 6 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 68 7 side side NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 68 8 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 68 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 68 10 rare rare JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 68 11 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 68 12 typical typical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 68 13 pharmaceutical pharmaceutical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 68 14 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 68 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 69 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 69 2 39 39 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 69 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 69 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 69 5 stimulates stimulate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 69 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 69 7 medullary medullary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 69 8 respiratory respiratory JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 69 9 centers center NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 69 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 69 11 producing produce VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 69 12 faster fast RBR en-wikipedia-org-4107 69 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 69 14 deeper deep JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 69 15 breaths breath NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 69 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 70 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 70 2 39 39 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 70 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 70 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 70 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 70 6 normal normal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 70 7 person person NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 70 8 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 70 9 therapeutic therapeutic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 70 10 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 70 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 70 12 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 70 13 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 70 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 70 15 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 70 16 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 70 17 noticeable noticeable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 70 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 70 19 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 70 20 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 70 21 respiration respiration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 70 22 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 70 23 already already RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 70 24 compromised compromise VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 70 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 70 26 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 70 27 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 70 28 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 70 29 evident evident JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 70 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 71 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 71 2 39 39 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 71 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 71 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 71 5 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 71 6 induces induce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 71 7 contraction contraction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 71 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 71 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 71 10 urinary urinary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 71 11 bladder bladder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 71 12 sphincter sphincter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 71 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 71 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 71 15 muscle muscle NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 71 16 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 71 17 controls control VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 71 18 urination urination NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 71 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 71 20 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 71 21 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 71 22 result result VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 71 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 71 24 difficulty difficulty NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 71 25 urinating urinate VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 71 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 72 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 72 2 39 39 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 72 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 72 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 72 5 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 72 6 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 72 7 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 72 8 useful useful JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 72 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 72 10 treating treat VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 72 11 bed bed NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 72 12 wetting wetting NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 72 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 72 14 loss loss NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 72 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 72 16 bladder bladder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 72 17 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 72 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 73 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 73 2 39 39 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 73 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 73 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 73 5 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 73 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 73 7 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 73 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 73 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 73 10 gastrointestinal gastrointestinal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 73 11 tract tract NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 73 12 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 73 13 unpredictable unpredictable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 73 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 2 39 39 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 4 If if IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 5 intestinal intestinal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 6 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 8 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 10 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 11 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 12 reduce reduce VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 13 gastrointestinal gastrointestinal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 14 motility motility NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 17 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 18 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 19 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 20 content content NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 21 moves move NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 22 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 24 digestive digestive NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 25 system);[39 system);[39 . en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 26 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 27 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 29 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 30 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 31 increase increase VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 32 motility motility NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 33 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 35 smooth smooth JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 36 muscle muscle NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 39 tract tract NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 40 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 41 relaxed relaxed JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 74 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 75 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 75 2 39 39 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 75 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 75 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 75 5 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 75 6 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 75 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 75 8 slight slight JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 75 9 analgesic analgesic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 75 10 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 75 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 75 12 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 75 13 enhance enhance VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 75 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 75 15 pain pain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 75 16 relieving relieving NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 75 17 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 75 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 75 19 opioids opioid NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 75 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 2 2][39 2][39 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 4 USFDA USFDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 6 commissioned commission VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 7 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 8 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 9 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 10 indicate indicate VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 11 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 13 children child NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 15 young young JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 16 adults adult NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 19 adults adult NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 20 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 21 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 22 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 23 association association NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 24 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 25 serious serious JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 26 adverse adverse JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 27 cardiovascular cardiovascular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 28 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 30 sudden sudden JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 31 death death NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 33 heart heart NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 34 attack attack NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 37 stroke stroke NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 38 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 39 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 41 medical medical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 42 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 43 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 44 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 45 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 46 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 47 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 48 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 76 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 77 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 77 2 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 77 3 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 77 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 77 5 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 77 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 77 7 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 77 8 pharmaceuticals pharmaceutical NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 77 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 77 10 contraindicated contraindicate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 77 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 77 12 individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 77 13 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 77 14 cardiovascular cardiovascular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 77 15 disease disease NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 77 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 2 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 3 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 5 Psychological Psychological NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 6 At at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 7 normal normal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 8 therapeutic therapeutic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 9 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 12 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 13 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 14 psychological psychological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 15 side side NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 16 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 18 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 19 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 20 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 21 alertness alertness NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 23 apprehension apprehension NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 25 concentration concentration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 27 initiative initiative NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 29 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 30 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 31 confidence confidence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 33 sociability sociability NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 35 mood mood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 36 swings swing NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 37 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 38 elated elated JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 39 mood mood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 40 followed follow VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 41 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 42 mildly mildly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 43 depressed depressed JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 44 mood mood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 45 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 47 insomnia insomnia NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 48 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 49 wakefulness wakefulness NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 50 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 51 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 52 decreased decrease VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 53 sense sense NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 54 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 55 fatigue fatigue NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 78 56 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 2 28][39 28][39 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 4 Less less RBR en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 5 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 6 side side NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 7 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 8 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 9 anxiety anxiety NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 11 change change NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 13 libido libido NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 15 grandiosity grandiosity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 17 irritability irritability NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 19 repetitive repetitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 20 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 21 obsessive obsessive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 22 behaviors behavior NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 25 restlessness;[sources restlessness;[source VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 26 8 8 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 27 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 28 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 29 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 30 depend depend VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 31 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 33 user user NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 34 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 35 personality personality NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 37 current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 38 mental mental JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 39 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 79 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 80 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 80 2 39 39 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 80 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 80 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 80 5 psychosis psychosis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 80 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 80 7 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 80 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 80 9 delusions delusion NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 80 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 80 11 paranoia paranoia NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 80 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 80 13 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 80 14 occur occur VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 80 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 80 16 heavy heavy JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 80 17 users user NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 80 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 81 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 81 2 28][40][41 28][40][41 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 81 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 81 4 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 81 5 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 81 6 rare rare JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 81 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 81 8 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 81 9 psychosis psychosis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 81 10 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 81 11 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 81 12 occur occur VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 81 13 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 81 14 therapeutic therapeutic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 81 15 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 81 16 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 81 17 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 81 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 81 19 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 81 20 therapy therapy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 81 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 82 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 82 2 28][41][42 28][41][42 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 82 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 82 4 According accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 82 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 82 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 82 7 USFDA USFDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 82 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 82 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 82 10 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-4107 82 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 82 12 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 82 13 systematic systematic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 82 14 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 82 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 82 16 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 82 17 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 82 18 produce produce VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 82 19 aggressive aggressive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 82 20 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 82 21 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 82 22 hostility hostility NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 82 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 2 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 5 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 7 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 8 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 10 produce produce VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 12 conditioned condition VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 13 place place NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 14 preference preference NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 16 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 17 taking take VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 18 therapeutic therapeutic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 19 doses,[63][95 doses,[63][95 POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 20 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 21 meaning meaning NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 22 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 23 individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 24 acquire acquire VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 26 preference preference NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 27 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 28 spending spend VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 29 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 31 places place NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 32 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 33 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 34 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 35 previously previously RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 36 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 37 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 83 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 2 95][96 95][96 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 4 Reinforcement reinforcement NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 5 disorders disorder VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 6 Addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 7 Addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 9 dependence dependence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 10 glossary[96][97][98][99 glossary[96][97][98][99 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 11 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 12 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 13 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 15 biopsychosocial biopsychosocial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 16 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 17 characterized characterize VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 18 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 19 persistent persistent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 20 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 22 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 24 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 25 alcohol alcohol NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 27 despite despite IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 28 substantial substantial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 29 harm harm NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 31 adverse adverse JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 32 consequences consequence NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 33 addictive addictive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 34 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 35 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 36 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 37 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 38 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 39 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 40 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 41 rewarding rewarding JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 42 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 43 reinforcing reinforce VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 44 addictive addictive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 45 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 46 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 47 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 48 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 49 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 50 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 51 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 52 rewarding rewarding JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 53 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 54 reinforcing reinforce VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 55 dependence dependence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 56 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 57 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 58 adaptive adaptive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 59 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 60 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 61 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 62 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 63 withdrawal withdrawal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 64 syndrome syndrome NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 65 upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 66 cessation cessation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 67 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 68 repeated repeat VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 69 exposure exposure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 70 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 71 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 72 stimulus stimulus NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 73 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 74 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 75 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 76 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 77 intake intake NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 78 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 79 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 80 sensitization sensitization NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 81 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 82 reverse reverse VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 83 tolerance tolerance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 84 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 85 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 86 escalating escalate VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 87 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 88 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 89 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 90 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 91 resulting result VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 92 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 93 repeated repeat VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 94 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 95 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 96 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 97 given give VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 98 dose dose NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 99 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 100 withdrawal withdrawal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 101 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 102 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 103 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 104 occur occur VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 105 upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 106 cessation cessation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 107 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 108 repeated repeat VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 109 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 110 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 111 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 112 dependence dependence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 113 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 114 dependence dependence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 115 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 116 involves involve VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 117 persistent persistent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 118 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 119 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 120 somatic somatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 121 withdrawal withdrawal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 122 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 123 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 124 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 125 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 126 fatigue fatigue NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 127 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 128 delirium delirium NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 129 tremens tremen NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 130 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 131 psychological psychological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 132 dependence dependence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 133 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 134 dependence dependence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 135 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 136 involves involve VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 137 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 138 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 139 motivational motivational JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 140 withdrawal withdrawal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 141 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 142 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 143 e.g. e.g. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 144 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 145 dysphoria dysphoria NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 146 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 147 anhedonia anhedonia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 148 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 149 reinforcing reinforce VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 150 stimuli stimulus NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 151 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 152 stimuli stimulus NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 153 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 154 increase increase VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 155 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 156 probability probability NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 157 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 158 repeating repeat VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 159 behaviors behavior NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 160 paired pair VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 161 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 162 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 163 rewarding rewarding JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 164 stimuli stimulus NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 165 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 166 stimuli stimulus NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 167 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 168 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 169 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 170 interprets interpret VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 171 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 172 intrinsically intrinsically RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 173 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 174 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 175 desirable desirable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 176 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 177 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 178 something something NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 179 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 180 approach approach VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 181 sensitization sensitization NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 182 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 183 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 184 amplified amplified JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 185 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 186 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 187 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 188 stimulus stimulus NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 189 resulting result VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 190 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 191 repeated repeat VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 192 exposure exposure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 193 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 194 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 195 substance substance VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 196 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 197 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 198 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 199 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 200 condition condition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 201 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 202 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 203 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 204 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 205 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 206 substances substance NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 207 leads lead VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 208 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 209 clinically clinically RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 210 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 211 functionally functionally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 212 significant significant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 213 impairment impairment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 214 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 215 distress distress NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 216 tolerance tolerance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 217 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 218 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 219 diminishing diminish VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 220 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 221 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 222 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 223 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 224 resulting result VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 225 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 226 repeated repeat VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 227 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 228 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 229 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 230 given give VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 231 dose dose NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 232 v v NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 233 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 234 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 235 Transcription Transcription NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 236 factor factor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 237 glossary glossary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 238 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 239 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 240 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 241 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 242 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 243 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 244 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 245 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 246 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 247 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 248 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 249 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 250 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 251 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 252 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 253 synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 254 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 255 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 256 functional functional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 257 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 258 product product NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 259 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 260 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 261 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 262 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 263 transcription transcription NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 264 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 265 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 266 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 267 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 268 making make VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 269 messenger messenger NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 270 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 271 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 272 mRNA mRNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 273 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 274 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 275 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 276 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 277 template template NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 278 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 279 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 280 polymerase polymerase NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 281 transcription transcription NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 282 factor factor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 283 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 284 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 285 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 286 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 287 binds bind VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 288 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 289 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 290 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 291 regulates regulate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 292 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 293 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 294 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 295 promoting promote VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 296 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 297 suppressing suppress VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 298 transcription transcription NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 299 transcriptional transcriptional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 300 regulation regulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 301 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 302 controlling control VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 303 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 304 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 305 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 306 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 307 transcription transcription NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 308 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 309 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 310 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 311 helping help VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 312 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 313 hindering hinder VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 314 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 315 polymerase polymerase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 316 binding bind VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 317 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 318 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 319 upregulation upregulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 320 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 321 activation activation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 322 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 323 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 324 promotion promotion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 325 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 326 increase increase VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 327 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 328 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 329 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 330 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 331 transcription transcription NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 332 downregulation downregulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 333 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 334 repression repression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 335 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 336 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 337 suppression suppression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 338 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 339 decrease decrease VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 340 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 341 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 342 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 343 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 344 transcription transcription NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 345 coactivator coactivator NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 346 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 347 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 348 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 349 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 350 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 351 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 352 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 353 molecule molecule NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 354 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 355 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 356 works work VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 357 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 358 transcription transcription NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 359 factors factor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 360 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 361 increase increase VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 362 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 363 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 364 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 365 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 366 transcription transcription NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 367 corepressor corepressor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 368 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 369 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 370 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 371 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 372 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 373 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 374 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 375 molecule molecule NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 376 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 377 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 378 works work VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 379 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 380 transcription transcription NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 381 factors factor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 382 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 383 decrease decrease VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 384 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 385 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 386 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 387 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 388 transcription transcription NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 389 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 390 element element NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 391 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 392 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 393 specific specific JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 394 sequence sequence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 395 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 396 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 397 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 398 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 399 transcription transcription NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 400 factor factor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 401 binds bind NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 402 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 403 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 404 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 405 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 406 Signaling signal VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 407 cascade cascade NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 408 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 409 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 410 nucleus nucleus NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 411 accumbens accumben VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 412 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 413 results result VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 414 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 415 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 416 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 417 v v NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 418 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 419 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 420 Note note NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 421 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 422 colored colored JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 423 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 424 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 425 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 426 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 84 427 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 1 Nuclear nuclear JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 2 pore pore NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 3 Nuclear nuclear JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 4 membrane membrane NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 5 Plasma Plasma NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 6 membrane membrane NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 7 Cav1.2 Cav1.2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 8 NMDAR NMDAR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 9 AMPAR AMPAR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 10 DRD1 DRD1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 11 DRD5 DRD5 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 12 DRD2 DRD2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 13 DRD3 DRD3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 14 DRD4 DRD4 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 15 Gs Gs NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 16 Gi Gi NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 17 / / , en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 18 o o NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 19 AC AC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 20 cAMP camp NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 21 cAMP camp NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 22 PKA PKA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 23 CaM CaM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 24 CaMKII CaMKII NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 25 DARPP-32 DARPP-32 , en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 26 PP1 PP1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 27 PP2B PP2B NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 28 CREB CREB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 29 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 30 JunD JunD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 31 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 32 - - : en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 33 Fos fos JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 34 SIRT1 SIRT1 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 35 HDAC1 hdac1 ADD en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 36 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 37 Color color NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 38 legend legend NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 39 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 40 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 41 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 42 diagram diagram NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 43 depicts depict VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 44 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 45 signaling signal VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 46 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 47 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 49 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 50 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 51 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 52 center center NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 53 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 54 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 55 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 56 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 57 chronic chronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 58 high high RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 59 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 60 dose dose NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 61 exposure exposure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 62 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 63 psychostimulants psychostimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 64 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 65 increase increase VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 66 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 67 concentration concentration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 68 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 69 synaptic synaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 70 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 71 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 72 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 73 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 74 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 75 methamphetamine methamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 76 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 77 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 78 phenethylamine phenethylamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 85 79 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 1 Following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 2 presynaptic presynaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 3 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 5 glutamate glutamate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 6 co co JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 7 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 8 release release JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 10 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 11 psychostimulants,[100][101 psychostimulants,[100][101 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 12 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 13 postsynaptic postsynaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 14 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 15 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 16 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 17 neurotransmitters neurotransmitter NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 18 trigger trigger VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 19 internal internal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 20 signaling signal VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 21 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 22 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 24 cAMP camp NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 26 dependent dependent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 27 pathway pathway NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 29 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 30 calcium calcium NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 31 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 32 dependent dependent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 33 pathway pathway NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 34 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 35 ultimately ultimately RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 36 result result VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 37 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 38 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 39 CREB CREB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 40 phosphorylation phosphorylation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 86 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 2 100][102 100][102 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 4 Phosphorylated Phosphorylated NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 5 CREB CREB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 6 increases increase VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 7 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 9 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 11 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 13 turn turn NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 14 represses repress VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 16 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 18 Fos fos NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 19 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 20 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 22 help help NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 24 corepressors;[100][103][104 corepressors;[100][103][104 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 25 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 26 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 28 Fos fos NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 29 repression repression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 30 acts act VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 31 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 32 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 33 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 34 switch switch NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 35 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 36 enables enable VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 38 accumulation accumulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 40 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 41 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 43 neuron neuron NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 87 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 2 105 105 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 5 highly highly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 6 stable stable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 8 phosphorylated phosphorylated JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 10 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 12 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 14 one one NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 15 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 16 persists persist VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 18 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 19 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 20 1–2 1–2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 21   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 22 months month NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 24 slowly slowly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 25 accumulates accumulate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 26 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 27 repeated repeat VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 28 high high RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 29 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 30 dose dose NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 31 exposure exposure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 32 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 33 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 34 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 35 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 36 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 88 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 2 103][104 103][104 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 4 ΔFosB ΔFosB VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 5 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 7 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 8 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 11 master master NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 12 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 13 proteins protein NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 15 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 16 produces produce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 17 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 19 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 20 structural structural JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 21 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 24 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 27 upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 28 sufficient sufficient JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 29 accumulation accumulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 31 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 33 help help NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 35 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 36 downstream downstream JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 37 targets target NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 38 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 39 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 41 nuclear nuclear JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 42 factor factor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 43 kappa kappa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 44 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 45 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 47 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 48 induces induce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 49 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 50 addictive addictive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 51 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 89 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 2 103][104 103][104 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 4 Addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 7 serious serious JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 8 risk risk NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 10 heavy heavy JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 11 recreational recreational JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 12 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 13 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 15 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 17 unlikely unlikely JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 18 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 19 occur occur VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 20 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 21 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 23 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 24 medical medical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 25 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 26 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 27 therapeutic therapeutic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 28 doses;[43][44][45 doses;[43][44][45 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 29 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 31 fact fact NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 33 lifetime lifetime NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 34 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 35 therapy therapy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 36 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 37 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 38 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 39 begins begin VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 40 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 41 childhood childhood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 42 reduces reduce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 43 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 44 risk risk NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 45 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 46 developing develop VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 47 substance substance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 48 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 49 disorders disorder NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 50 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 51 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 52 adult adult NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 90 53 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 2 43 43 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 4 Pathological pathological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 5 overactivation overactivation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 8 mesolimbic mesolimbic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 9 pathway pathway NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 12 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 13 pathway pathway NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 14 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 15 connects connect VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 17 ventral ventral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 18 tegmental tegmental JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 19 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 20 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 22 nucleus nucleus NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 23 accumbens accumbens NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 25 plays play VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 26 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 27 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 28 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 30 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 31 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 91 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 2 106][107 106][107 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 4 Individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 5 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 6 frequently frequently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 7 self self VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 9 administer administer NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 10 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 11 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 13 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 14 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 16 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 17 risk risk NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 19 developing develop VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 20 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 21 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 22 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 24 since since IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 25 chronic chronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 26 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 27 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 28 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 29 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 30 gradually gradually RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 31 increase increase VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 33 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 35 accumbal accumbal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 36 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 38 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 39 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 40 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 41 switch switch NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 42 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 43 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 44 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 45 master master NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 46 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 47 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 48 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 49 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 50 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 92 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 2 97][108][109 97][108][109 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 4 Once once IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 5 nucleus nucleus NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 6 accumbens accumben NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 7 ΔFosB ΔFosB VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 9 sufficiently sufficiently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 10 overexpressed overexpresse VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 12 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 13 begins begin VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 15 increase increase VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 17 severity severity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 19 addictive addictive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 20 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 22 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 24 compulsive compulsive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 25 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 26 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 27 seeking seeking NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 29 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 30 further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 31 increases increase NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 32 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 33 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 34 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 93 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 2 108][110 108][110 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 4 While while IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 5 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 7 currently currently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 8 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 9 effective effective JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 10 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 12 treating treat VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 13 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 14 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 16 regularly regularly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 17 engaging engage VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 19 sustained sustained JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 20 aerobic aerobic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 21 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 22 appears appear VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 23 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 24 reduce reduce VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 26 risk risk NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 28 developing develop VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 29 such such PDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 30 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 31 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 94 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 2 111][112 111][112 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 4 Sustained sustained JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 5 aerobic aerobic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 6 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 7 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 9 regular regular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 10 basis basis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 11 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 12 appears appear VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 14 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 15 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 16 effective effective JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 17 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 18 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 19 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 20 addiction;[sources addiction;[source NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 21 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 22 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 23 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 24 therapy therapy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 25 improves improve VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 26 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 27 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 28 outcomes outcome NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 30 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 31 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 32 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 33 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 34 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 35 adjunct adjunct JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 36 therapy therapy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 37 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 38 behavioral behavioral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 39 therapies therapy NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 40 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 41 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 95 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 96 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 96 2 111][113 111][113 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 96 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 96 4 Biomolecular Biomolecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 96 5 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 96 6 Chronic chronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 96 7 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 96 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 96 9 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 96 10 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 96 11 excessive excessive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 96 12 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 96 13 causes cause VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 96 14 alterations alteration NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 96 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 96 16 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 96 17 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 96 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 96 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 96 20 mesocorticolimbic mesocorticolimbic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 96 21 projection projection NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 96 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 96 23 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 96 24 arise arise VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 96 25 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 96 26 transcriptional transcriptional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 96 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 96 28 epigenetic epigenetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 96 29 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 96 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 2 109][114][115 109][114][115 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 5 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 6 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 7 transcription transcription NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 8 factors[note factors[note CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 9 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 10 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 11 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 12 produce produce VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 13 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 14 alterations alteration NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 15 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 16 Delta Delta NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 17 FBJ FBJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 18 murine murine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 19 osteosarcoma osteosarcoma NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 20 viral viral NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 21 oncogene oncogene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 22 homolog homolog NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 23 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 25 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 28 cAMP camp NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 29 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 30 element element NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 31 binding bind VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 32 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 33 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 34 CREB CREB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 35 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 37 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 38 nuclear nuclear JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 39 factor factor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 40 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 41 kappa kappa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 42 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 43 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 44 NF NF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 45 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 46 κB κB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 47 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 97 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 2 109 109 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 4 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 7 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 8 significant significant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 9 biomolecular biomolecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 10 mechanism mechanism NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 12 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 13 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 14 ΔFosB δfosb JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 15 overexpression overexpression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 17 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 19 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 20 abnormally abnormally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 21 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 22 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 24 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 25 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 26 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 27 produces produce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 29 pronounced pronounced JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 30 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 31 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 32 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 33 phenotype phenotype NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 35 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 37 D1-type D1-type NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 38 medium medium JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 39 spiny spiny JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 40 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 41 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 43 nucleus nucleus NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 44 accumbens accumbens NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 45 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 46 necessary necessary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 47 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 48 sufficient[note sufficient[note CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 49 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 50 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 51 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 52 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 53 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 54 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 55 neural neural JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 56 adaptations adaptation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 57 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 58 regulates regulate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 59 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 60 behavioral behavioral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 61 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 62 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 63 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 64 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 65 reward reward VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 66 sensitization sensitization NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 67 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 68 escalating escalate VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 69 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 70 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 71 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 72 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 73 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 74 involved involve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 75 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 76 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 98 77 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 99 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 99 2 97][108][109 97][108][109 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 99 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 99 4 Once once RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 99 5 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 99 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 99 7 sufficiently sufficiently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 99 8 overexpressed overexpresse VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 99 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 99 10 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 99 11 induces induce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 99 12 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 99 13 addictive addictive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 99 14 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 99 15 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 99 16 becomes become VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 99 17 increasingly increasingly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 99 18 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-4107 99 19 severe severe JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 99 20 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 99 21 further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 99 22 increases increase NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 99 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 99 24 ΔFosB ΔFosB VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 99 25 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 99 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 2 97][108 97][108 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 4 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 5 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 6 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 7 implicated implicate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 9 addictions addiction NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 11 alcohol alcohol NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 13 cannabinoids cannabinoid NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 15 cocaine cocaine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 17 methylphenidate methylphenidate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 19 nicotine nicotine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 21 opioids opioids NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 23 phencyclidine phencyclidine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 25 propofol propofol NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 28 substituted substitute VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 29 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 31 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 32 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 100 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 2 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 3 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 5 ΔJunD δjund NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 8 transcription transcription NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 9 factor factor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 12 G9a G9a NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 15 histone histone JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 16 methyltransferase methyltransferase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 17 enzyme enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 19 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 20 oppose oppose VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 22 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 24 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 26 inhibit inhibit VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 27 increases increase NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 29 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 30 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 101 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 2 97][109][119 97][109][119 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 4 Sufficiently sufficiently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 5 overexpressing overexpresse VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 6 ΔJunD ΔJunD NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 9 nucleus nucleus NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 10 accumbens accumben VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 11 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 12 viral viral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 13 vectors vector NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 14 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 15 completely completely RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 16 block block VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 17 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 20 neural neural JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 22 behavioral behavioral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 23 alterations alteration NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 24 seen see VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 26 chronic chronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 27 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 28 abuse abuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 30 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 33 alterations alteration NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 34 mediated mediate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 35 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 36 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 37 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 102 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 2 109 109 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 4 Similarly similarly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 6 accumbal accumbal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 7 G9a G9a NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 8 hyperexpression hyperexpression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 9 results result VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 11 markedly markedly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 12 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 13 histone histone NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 14 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 15 lysine lysine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 16 residue residue NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 17 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 18 dimethylation dimethylation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 20 H3K9me2 H3K9me2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 23 blocks block VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 25 induction induction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 27 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 28 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 29 mediated mediate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 30 neural neural JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 32 behavioral behavioral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 33 plasticity plasticity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 34 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 35 chronic chronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 36 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 37 use,[sources use,[sources NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 38 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 39 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 40 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 41 occurs occur VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 42 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 43 H3K9me2-mediated h3k9me2-mediated JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 44 repression repression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 45 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 46 transcription transcription NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 47 factors factor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 48 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 49 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 50 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 51 H3K9me2-mediated h3k9me2-mediated JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 52 repression repression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 53 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 54 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 55 ΔFosB δfosb JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 56 transcriptional transcriptional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 57 targets target NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 58 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 59 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 60 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 61 CDK5 CDK5 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 62 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 103 63 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 104 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 104 2 109][119][120 109][119][120 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 104 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 104 4 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 104 5 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 104 6 plays play VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 104 7 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 104 8 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 104 9 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 104 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 104 11 regulating regulate VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 104 12 behavioral behavioral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 104 13 responses response NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 104 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 104 15 natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 104 16 rewards reward NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 104 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 104 18 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 104 19 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 104 20 palatable palatable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 104 21 food food NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 104 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 104 23 sex sex NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 104 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 104 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 104 26 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 104 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 2 110][109][123 110][109][123 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 4 Since since IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 5 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 6 natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 7 rewards reward NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 9 addictive addictive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 10 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 11 induce induce VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 13 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 15 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 17 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 19 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 20 cause cause VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 22 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 23 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 24 produce produce VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 25 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 27 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 30 chronic chronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 31 acquisition acquisition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 33 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 34 rewards reward NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 35 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 36 result result VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 37 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 38 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 39 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 40 pathological pathological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 41 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 42 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 43 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 105 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 2 110][109 110][109 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 4 Consequently consequently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 6 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 9 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 10 significant significant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 11 factor factor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 12 involved involve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 14 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 15 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 16 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 18 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 20 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 21 sexual sexual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 22 addictions addiction NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 24 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 25 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 26 compulsive compulsive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 27 sexual sexual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 28 behaviors behavior NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 29 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 30 result result VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 31 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 32 excessive excessive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 33 sexual sexual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 34 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 36 amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 37 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 106 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 107 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 107 2 110][124][125 110][124][125 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 107 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 107 4 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 107 5 sexual sexual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 107 6 addictions addiction NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 107 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 107 8 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 107 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 107 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 107 11 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 107 12 dysregulation dysregulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 107 13 syndrome syndrome NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 107 14 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 107 15 occurs occur VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 107 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 107 17 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 107 18 patients patient NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 107 19 taking take VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 107 20 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 107 21 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 107 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 108 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 108 2 110][123 110][123 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 108 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 108 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 108 5 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 108 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 108 7 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 108 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 108 9 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 108 10 regulation regulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 108 11 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 108 12 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 108 13 dose- dose- JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 108 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 108 15 route route NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 108 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 108 17 dependent dependent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 108 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 109 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 109 2 115 115 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 109 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 109 4 Most Most JJS en-wikipedia-org-4107 109 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 109 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 109 7 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 109 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 109 9 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 109 10 regulation regulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 109 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 109 12 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 109 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 109 14 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 109 15 upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 109 16 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 109 17 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 109 18 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 109 19 intravenous intravenous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 109 20 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 109 21 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 109 22 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 109 23 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 109 24 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 109 25 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 109 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 2 115 115 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 5 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 6 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 7 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 8 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 9 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 10 equivalent equivalent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 12 weight weight NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 14 adjusted adjust VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 16 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 17 therapeutic therapeutic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 18 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 20 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 21 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 22 show show VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 23 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 24 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 25 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 27 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 28 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 29 occur occur VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 31 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 32 relatively relatively RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 33 minor minor JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 110 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 111 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 111 2 115 115 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 111 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 111 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 111 5 suggests suggest VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 111 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 111 7 medical medical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 111 8 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 111 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 111 10 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 111 11 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 111 12 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 111 13 significantly significantly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 111 14 affect affect VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 111 15 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 111 16 regulation regulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 111 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 112 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 112 2 115 115 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 112 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 112 4 Pharmacological pharmacological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 112 5 treatments treatment NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 112 6 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 112 7 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 112 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 112 9 Addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 112 10 § § -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 112 11   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 112 12 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 112 13 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 112 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 112 15 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 112 16 2019,[update 2019,[update NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 112 17 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 112 18 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-4107 112 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 112 20 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 112 21 effective effective JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 112 22 pharmacotherapy pharmacotherapy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 112 23 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 112 24 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 112 25 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 112 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 2 126][127][128 126][127][128 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 4 Reviews review NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 6 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 9 indicated indicate VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 10 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 11 TAAR1-selective TAAR1-selective NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 12 agonists agonist NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 13 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 14 significant significant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 15 therapeutic therapeutic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 16 potential potential NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 17 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 19 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 20 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 21 psychostimulant psychostimulant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 22 addictions;[38][129 addictions;[38][129 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 23 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 24 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 26 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 28 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 29 2016,[update 2016,[update NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 30 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 32 only only JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 33 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 34 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 35 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 36 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 37 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 38 function function VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 39 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 40 TAAR1-selective taar1-selective JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 41 agonists agonist NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 42 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 43 experimental experimental JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 44 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 113 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 2 38][129 38][129 FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 5 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 7 largely largely RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 8 mediated mediate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 9 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 10 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 11 activation activation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 13 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 14 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 16 co co JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 17 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 18 localized localized JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 19 NMDA NMDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 20 receptors[note receptors[note NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 21 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 22 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 25 nucleus nucleus NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 26 accumbens;[107 accumbens;[107 JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 27 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 28 magnesium magnesium JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 29 ions ion NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 30 inhibit inhibit VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 31 NMDA NMDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 32 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 33 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 34 blocking block VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 36 receptor receptor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 37 calcium calcium NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 38 channel channel NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 114 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 2 107][130 107][130 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 4 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 5 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 6 suggested suggest VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 9 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 10 upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 11 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 12 testing testing NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 14 pathological pathological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 16 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 18 inducing induce VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 20 psychostimulant psychostimulant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 21 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 22 significantly significantly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 23 reduces reduce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 25 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 27 intracellular intracellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 28 magnesium magnesium NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 29 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 31 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 115 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 2 107 107 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 4 Supplemental Supplemental NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 5 magnesium[note magnesium[note CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 6 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 7 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 8 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 9 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 10 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 11 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 13 reduce reduce VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 14 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 15 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 17 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 19 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 21 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 22 given give VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 24 oneself oneself PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 27 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 29 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 30 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 31 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 32 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 33 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 34 effective effective JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 35 monotherapy monotherapy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 36 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 37 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 38 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 116 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 2 107 107 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 5 systematic systematic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 6 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 8 meta meta JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 10 analysis analysis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 11 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 12 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 13 assessed assess VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 15 efficacy efficacy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 17 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 18 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 19 pharmacotherapies pharmacotherapie NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 20 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 22 RCTs RCTs NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 23 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 24 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 26 methamphetamine methamphetamine PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 27 addiction;[127 addiction;[127 NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 28 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 29 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 30 found find VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 31 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 32 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 33 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 34 strength strength NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 35 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 36 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 37 methylphenidate methylphenidate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 38 might may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 39 reduce reduce VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 40 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 41 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 42 methamphetamine methamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 43 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 44 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 45 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 117 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 2 127 127 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 4 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 5 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 6 low- low- NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 8 moderate moderate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 10 strength strength NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 11 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 13 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 14 benefit benefit NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 15 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 16 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 19 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 20 medications medication NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 21 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 23 RCTs RCTs NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 25 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 26 included include VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 27 antidepressants antidepressant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 29 bupropion bupropion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 31 mirtazapine mirtazapine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 33 sertraline sertraline NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 36 antipsychotics antipsychotics NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 37 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 38 aripiprazole aripiprazole NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 39 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 41 anticonvulsants anticonvulsant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 42 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 43 topiramate topiramate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 45 baclofen baclofen NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 47 gabapentin gabapentin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 48 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 50 naltrexone naltrexone NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 51 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 52 varenicline varenicline NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 53 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 54 citicoline citicoline NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 55 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 56 ondansetron ondansetron NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 57 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 58 prometa prometa NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 59 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 60 riluzole riluzole NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 61 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 62 atomoxetine atomoxetine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 63 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 64 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 65 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 66 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 67 modafinil modafinil NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 118 68 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 2 127 127 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 4 Behavioral behavioral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 5 treatments treatment NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 6 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 7 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 8 systematic systematic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 9 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 11 network network NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 12 meta meta JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 14 analysis analysis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 16 50 50 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 17 trials trial NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 18 involving involve VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 19 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 20 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 21 psychosocial psychosocial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 22 interventions intervention NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 23 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 24 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 26 methamphetamine methamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 28 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 29 cocaine cocaine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 30 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 31 found find VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 32 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 33 combination combination NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 34 therapy therapy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 35 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 36 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 37 contingency contingency NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 38 management management NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 39 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 40 community community NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 41 reinforcement reinforcement NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 42 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 43 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 44 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 45 highest high JJS en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 46 efficacy efficacy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 47 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 48 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 50 abstinence abstinence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 51 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 52 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 53 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 54 acceptability acceptability NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 55 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 56 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 57 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 58 lowest low JJS en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 59 dropout dropout NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 60 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 61 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 119 62 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 2 131 131 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 4 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 5 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 6 modalities modality NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 7 examined examine VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 10 analysis analysis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 11 included include VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 12 monotherapy monotherapy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 13 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 14 contingency contingency NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 15 management management NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 16 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 17 community community NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 18 reinforcement reinforcement NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 19 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 21 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 22 behavioral behavioral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 23 therapy therapy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 25 12-step 12-step CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 26 programs program NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 28 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 29 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 30 contingent contingent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 31 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 32 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 33 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 34 therapies therapy NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 36 psychodynamic psychodynamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 37 therapy therapy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 39 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 40 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 41 combination combination NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 42 therapies therapy NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 43 involving involve VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 44 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 120 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 2 131 131 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 4 Additionally additionally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 6 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 7 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 9 neurobiological neurobiological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 10 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 12 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 13 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 14 suggests suggest VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 15 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 16 daily daily JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 17 aerobic aerobic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 18 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 20 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 21 endurance endurance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 22 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 24 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 26 marathon marathon NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 27 running running NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 30 prevents prevent VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 32 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 34 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 35 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 37 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 38 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 39 effective effective JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 40 adjunct adjunct JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 41 therapy therapy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 42 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 43 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 45 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 46 supplemental supplemental JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 47 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 48 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 49 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 50 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 51 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 121 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 122 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 122 2 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 122 3 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 122 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 122 5 Exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 122 6 leads lead VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 122 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 122 8 better well JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 122 9 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 122 10 outcomes outcome NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 122 11 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 122 12 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 122 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 122 14 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 122 15 adjunct adjunct JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 122 16 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 122 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 122 18 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 122 19 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 122 20 psychostimulant psychostimulant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 122 21 addictions addiction NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 122 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 2 111][113][132 111][113][132 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 5 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 7 aerobic aerobic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 8 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 9 decreases decrease VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 10 psychostimulant psychostimulant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 11 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 13 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 15 reduces reduce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 17 reinstatement reinstatement NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 19 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 21 relapse relapse VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 24 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 26 seeking seeking NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 29 induces induce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 30 increased increase VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 31 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 32 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 33 D2 D2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 34 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 35 DRD2 DRD2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 37 density density NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 38 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 40 striatum striatum NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 123 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 124 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 124 2 110][132 110][132 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 124 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 124 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 124 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 124 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 124 7 opposite opposite NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 124 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 124 9 pathological pathological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 124 10 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 124 11 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 124 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 124 13 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 124 14 induces induce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 124 15 decreased decrease VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 124 16 striatal striatal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 124 17 DRD2 DRD2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 124 18 density density NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 124 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 2 110 110 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 4 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 5 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 6 noted note VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 8 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 9 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 10 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 11 prevent prevent VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 13 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 16 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 17 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 18 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 19 altering alter VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 20 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 21 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 22 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 23 - - : en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 24 Fos Fos NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 25 immunoreactivity immunoreactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 28 striatum striatum NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 29 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 30 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 31 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 34 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 35 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 125 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 2 112 112 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 4 Summary Summary NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 6 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 8 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 9 plasticity plasticity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 10 Form form NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 12 neuroplasticity neuroplasticity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 13 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 14 behavioral behavioral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 15 plasticity plasticity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 16 Type type NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 18 reinforcer reinforcer NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 19 Sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 20 Opiates opiate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 21 Psychostimulants Psychostimulants NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 22 High high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 23 fat fat NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 24 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 25 sugar sugar NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 26 food food NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 27 Sexual sexual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 28 intercourse intercourse VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 29 Physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 30 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 31 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 32 aerobic aerobic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 33 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 34 Environmental environmental JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 35 enrichment enrichment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 36 ΔFosB ΔFosB VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 37 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 38 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 39 nucleus nucleus NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 40 accumbens accumben VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 41 D1-type D1-type NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 42 MSNs msn NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 43 ↑ ↑ VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 44 ↑ ↑ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 45 ↑ ↑ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 46 ↑ ↑ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 47 ↑ ↑ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 48 ↑ ↑ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 49 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 50 110 110 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 51 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 52 Behavioral behavioral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 53 plasticity plasticity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 54 Escalation escalation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 55 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 56 intake intake NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 57 Yes yes UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 58 Yes yes UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 59 Yes yes UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 60 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 61 110 110 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 62 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 63 Psychostimulant psychostimulant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 64 cross cross JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 65 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 66 sensitization sensitization JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 67 Yes yes UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 68 Not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 69 applicable applicable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 70 Yes yes UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 71 Yes yes UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 72 Attenuated Attenuated NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 73 Attenuated Attenuated NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 74 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 75 110 110 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 76 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 77 Psychostimulant Psychostimulant NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 78 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 79 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 80 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 81 ↑ ↑ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 82 ↑ ↑ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 83 ↓ ↓ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 84 ↓ ↓ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 85 ↓ ↓ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 86 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 87 110 110 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 88 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 89 Psychostimulant psychostimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 90 conditioned condition VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 91 place place NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 92 preference preference NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 93 ↑ ↑ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 94 ↑ ↑ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 95 ↓ ↓ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 96 ↑ ↑ VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 97 ↓ ↓ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 98 ↑ ↑ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 99 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 100 110 110 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 101 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 102 Reinstatement Reinstatement NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 103 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 104 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 105 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 106 seeking seek VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 107 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 108 ↑ ↑ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 109 ↑ ↑ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 110 ↓ ↓ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 111 ↓ ↓ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 112 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 113 110 110 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 114 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 115 Neurochemical neurochemical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 116 plasticity plasticity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 117 CREB CREB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 118 phosphorylation phosphorylation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 119 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 120 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 121 nucleus nucleus NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 122 accumbens accumben VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 123 ↓ ↓ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 124 ↓ ↓ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 125 ↓ ↓ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 126 ↓ ↓ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 127 ↓ ↓ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 128 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 129 110 110 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 130 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 131 Sensitized sensitized JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 132 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 133 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 134 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 135 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 136 nucleus nucleus NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 137 accumbens accumben VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 138 No no UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 139 Yes yes UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 140 No no UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 141 Yes yes UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 142 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 143 110 110 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 144 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 145 Altered Altered NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 146 striatal striatal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 147 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 148 signaling signaling NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 149 ↓DRD2 ↓drd2 RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 150 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 151 ↑DRD3 ↑DRD3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 152 ↑DRD1 ↑DRD1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 153 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 154 ↓DRD2 ↓drd2 RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 155 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 156 ↑DRD3 ↑DRD3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 157 ↑DRD1 ↑DRD1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 158 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 159 ↓DRD2 ↓drd2 RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 160 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 161 ↑DRD3 ↑DRD3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 162 ↑DRD2 ↑DRD2 VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 163 ↑DRD2 ↑drd2 DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 164 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 165 110 110 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 166 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 167 Altered altered JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 168 striatal striatal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 169 opioid opioid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 170 signaling signal VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 171 No no DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 172 change change NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 173 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 174 ↑μ ↑μ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 175 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 176 opioid opioid NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 177 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 178 ↑μ ↑μ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 179 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 180 opioid opioid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 181 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 182 ↑κ ↑κ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 183 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 184 opioid opioid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 185 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 186 ↑μ ↑μ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 187 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 188 opioid opioid NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 189 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 190 ↑μ ↑μ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 191 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 192 opioid opioid NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 193 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 194 No no DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 195 change change VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 196 No no DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 197 change change NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 198 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 199 110 110 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 200 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 201 Changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 202 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 203 striatal striatal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 204 opioid opioid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 205 peptides peptide NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 206 ↑dynorphin ↑dynorphin . en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 207 No no DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 208 change change NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 209 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 210 enkephalin enkephalin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 211 ↑dynorphin ↑dynorphin . en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 212 ↓enkephalin ↓enkephalin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 213 ↑dynorphin ↑dynorphin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 214 ↑dynorphin ↑dynorphin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 215 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 216 110 110 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 217 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 218 Mesocorticolimbic mesocorticolimbic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 219 synaptic synaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 220 plasticity plasticity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 221 Number number NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 222 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 223 dendrites dendrite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 224 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 225 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 226 nucleus nucleus NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 227 accumbens accumben VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 228 ↓ ↓ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 229 ↑ ↑ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 230 ↑ ↑ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 231 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 232 110 110 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 233 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 234 Dendritic dendritic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 235 spine spine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 236 density density NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 237 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 238 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 239 nucleus nucleus NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 240 accumbens accumben VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 241 ↓ ↓ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 242 ↑ ↑ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 243 ↑ ↑ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 244 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 245 110 110 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 246 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 247 Dependence dependence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 248 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 249 withdrawal withdrawal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 250 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 251 tolerance tolerance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 252 develops develop VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 253 rapidly rapidly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 254 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 255 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 256 abuse abuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 257 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 258 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 259 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 260 recreational recreational JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 261 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 262 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 263 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 264 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 265 so so IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 266 periods period NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 267 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 268 extended extended JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 269 abuse abuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 270 require require VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 271 increasingly increasingly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 272 larger large JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 273 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 274 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 275 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 276 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 277 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 278 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 279 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 280 achieve achieve VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 281 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 282 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 283 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 126 284 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 2 133][134 133][134 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 4 According accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 7 Cochrane Cochrane NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 8 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 9 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 10 withdrawal withdrawal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 12 individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 13 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 14 compulsively compulsively RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 15 use use VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 16 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 18 methamphetamine methamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 20 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 21 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 22 chronic chronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 23 heavy heavy JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 24 users user NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 25 abruptly abruptly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 26 discontinue discontinue VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 27 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 28 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 30 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 31 report report VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 32 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 33 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 34 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 35 limited limit VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 36 withdrawal withdrawal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 37 syndrome syndrome NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 38 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 39 occurs occur VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 40 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 41 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 42   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 43 hours hour NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 44 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 45 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 46 last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 47 dose dose NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 127 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 2 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 3 135 135 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 5 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 6 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 7 noted note VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 9 withdrawal withdrawal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 10 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 12 chronic chronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 14 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 16 dose dose JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 17 users user NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 18 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 19 frequent frequent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 21 occurring occur VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 23 roughly roughly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 24 88 88 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 25 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 27 cases case NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 30 persist persist VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 31 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 32 3–4 3–4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 33   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 34 weeks week NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 35 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 36 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 37 marked marked JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 38 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 39 crash crash NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 40 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 41 phase phase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 42 occurring occur VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 43 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 44 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 45 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 46 week week NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 128 47 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 2 135 135 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 5 withdrawal withdrawal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 6 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 7 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 8 include include VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 9 anxiety anxiety NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 11 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 12 craving craving NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 14 depressed depressed JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 15 mood mood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 17 fatigue fatigue NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 19 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 20 appetite appetite NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 22 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 23 movement movement NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 24 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 25 decreased decrease VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 26 movement movement NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 28 lack lack NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 30 motivation motivation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 32 sleeplessness sleeplessness NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 33 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 34 sleepiness sleepiness NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 37 lucid lucid JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 38 dreams dream NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 129 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 130 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 130 2 135 135 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 130 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 130 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 130 5 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 130 6 indicated indicate VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 130 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 130 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 130 9 severity severity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 130 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 130 11 withdrawal withdrawal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 130 12 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 130 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 130 14 positively positively RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 130 15 correlated correlate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 130 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 130 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 130 18 age age NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 130 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 130 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 130 21 individual individual NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 130 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 130 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 130 24 extent extent NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 130 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 130 26 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 130 27 dependence dependence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 130 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 131 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 131 2 135 135 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 131 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 131 4 Mild mild JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 131 5 withdrawal withdrawal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 131 6 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 131 7 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 131 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 131 9 discontinuation discontinuation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 131 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 131 11 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 131 12 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 131 13 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 131 14 therapeutic therapeutic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 131 15 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 131 16 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 131 17 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 131 18 avoided avoid VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 131 19 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 131 20 tapering taper VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 131 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 131 22 dose dose NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 131 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 132 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 132 2 2 2 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 132 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 132 4 Overdose overdose VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 132 5 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 132 6 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 132 7 overdose overdose WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 132 8 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 132 9 lead lead VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 132 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 132 11 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 132 12 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 132 13 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 132 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 132 15 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 132 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 132 17 rarely rarely RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 132 18 fatal fatal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 132 19 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 132 20 appropriate appropriate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 132 21 care care NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 132 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 133 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 133 2 2][84][136 2][84][136 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 133 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 133 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 133 5 severity severity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 133 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 133 7 overdose overdose NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 133 8 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 133 9 increases increase NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 133 10 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 133 11 dosage dosage NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 133 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 133 13 decreases decrease VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 133 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 133 15 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 133 16 tolerance tolerance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 133 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 133 18 amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 133 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 2 39][84 39][84 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 4 Tolerant tolerant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 5 individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 6 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 7 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 8 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 10 take take VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 11 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 12 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 14 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 15   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 16 grams gram NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 18 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 21 day day NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 23 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 24 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 25 roughly roughly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 26 100 100 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 27   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 28 times time NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 30 maximum maximum JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 31 daily daily JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 32 therapeutic therapeutic NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 33 dose dose NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 134 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 135 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 135 2 84 84 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 135 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 135 4 Symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 135 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 135 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 135 7 moderate moderate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 135 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 135 9 extremely extremely RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 135 10 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 135 11 overdose overdose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 135 12 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 135 13 listed list VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 135 14 below below RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 135 15 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 135 16 fatal fatal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 135 17 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 135 18 poisoning poisoning NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 135 19 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 135 20 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 135 21 involves involve VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 135 22 convulsions convulsion NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 135 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 135 24 coma coma NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 135 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 2 28][39 28][39 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 5 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 7 overdose overdose VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 9 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 11 methamphetamine methamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 14 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 15 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 16 implicated implicate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 18 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 19 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 20 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 21 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 22 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 24 resulted result VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 26 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 27 estimated estimated JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 28 3,788 3,788 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 29   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 30 deaths death NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 31 worldwide worldwide RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 33 3,425–4,145 3,425–4,145 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 34   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 35 deaths death NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 37 95 95 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 38 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 39   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 40 confidence confidence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 41 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 136 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 2 note note NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 3 15][137 15][137 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 5 Overdose overdose NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 6 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 8 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 9 System System NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 10 Minor Minor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 11 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 12 moderate moderate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 13 overdose[28][39][84 overdose[28][39][84 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 14 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 15 Severe Severe NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 16 overdose[sources overdose[sources CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 17 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 18 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 19 Cardiovascular Cardiovascular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 20 Abnormal Abnormal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 21 heartbeat heartbeat NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 22 High high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 23 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 24 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 25 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 26 pressure pressure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 27 Cardiogenic cardiogenic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 28 shock shock NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 30 heart heart NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 31 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 32 pumping pump VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 33 enough enough JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 34 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 35 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 36 Cerebral cerebral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 37 hemorrhage hemorrhage NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 38 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 39 bleeding bleed VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 40 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 42 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 43 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 44 Circulatory circulatory JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 45 collapse collapse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 46 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 47 partial partial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 48 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 49 complete complete JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 50 failure failure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 51 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 52 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 53 circulatory circulatory JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 54 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 55 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 56 Central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 57 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 58 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 59 Confusion Confusion NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 60 Abnormally abnormally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 61 fast fast VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 62 reflexes reflexe VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 63 Severe severe JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 64 agitation agitation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 65 Tremor Tremor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 66 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 67 involuntary involuntary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 68 muscle muscle NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 69 twitching twitch VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 70 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 71 Acute acute JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 72 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 73 psychosis psychosis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 74 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 75 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 76 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 77 delusions delusion NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 78 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 79 paranoia paranoia NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 80 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 81 Compulsive compulsive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 82 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 83 repetitive repetitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 84 movement movement NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 85 Serotonin Serotonin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 86 syndrome syndrome NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 87 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 88 excessive excessive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 89 serotonergic serotonergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 90 nerve nerve NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 91 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 92 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 93 Sympathomimetic sympathomimetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 94 toxidrome toxidrome NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 95 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 96 excessive excessive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 97 adrenergic adrenergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 98 nerve nerve NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 99 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 100 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 101 Musculoskeletal Musculoskeletal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 102 Muscle Muscle NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 103 pain pain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 104 Rhabdomyolysis Rhabdomyolysis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 105 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 106 rapid rapid JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 107 muscle muscle NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 108 breakdown breakdown NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 109 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 110 Respiratory Respiratory NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 111 Rapid Rapid NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 112 breathing breathing NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 113 Pulmonary pulmonary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 114 edema edema NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 115 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 116 fluid fluid JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 117 accumulation accumulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 118 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 119 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 120 lungs lung NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 121 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 122 Pulmonary pulmonary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 123 hypertension hypertension NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 124 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 125 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 126 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 127 pressure pressure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 128 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 129 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 130 arteries artery NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 131 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 132 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 133 lung lung NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 134 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 135 Respiratory respiratory JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 136 alkalosis alkalosis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 137 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 138 reduced reduce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 139 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 140 CO2 CO2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 141 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 142 Urinary Urinary NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 143 Painful painful JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 144 urination urination NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 145 Urinary Urinary NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 146 retention retention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 147 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 148 inability inability NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 149 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 150 urinate urinate VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 151 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 152 No no DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 153 urine urine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 154 production production NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 155 Kidney kidney JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 156 failure failure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 157 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 158 Elevated elevated JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 159 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 160 temperature temperature NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 161 Mydriasis Mydriasis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 162 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 163 dilated dilate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 164 pupils pupil NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 165 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 166 Elevated elevated JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 167 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 168 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 169 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 170 potassium potassium NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 171 Hyperpyrexia Hyperpyrexia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 172 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 173 extremely extremely RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 174 elevated elevated JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 175 core core NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 176 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 177 temperature temperature NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 178 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 179 Metabolic metabolic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 180 acidosis acidosis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 181 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 182 excessively excessively RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 183 acidic acidic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 184 bodily bodily RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 185 fluids fluid NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 186 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 187 Toxicity Toxicity NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 188 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 189 rodents rodent NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 190 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 191 primates primate NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 192 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 193 sufficiently sufficiently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 194 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 195 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 196 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 197 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 198 cause cause NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 199 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 200 neurotoxicity neurotoxicity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 201 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 202 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 203 damage damage NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 204 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 205 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 206 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 207 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 208 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 209 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 210 characterized characterize VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 211 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 212 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 213 terminal terminal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 214 degeneration degeneration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 215 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 216 reduced reduce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 217 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 218 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 219 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 220 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 137 221 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 138 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 138 2 139][140 139][140 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 138 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 138 4 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-4107 138 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 138 6 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 138 7 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 138 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 138 9 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 138 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 138 11 directly directly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 138 12 neurotoxic neurotoxic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 138 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 138 14 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 138 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 2 141][142 141][142 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 4 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 6 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 7 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 9 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 10 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 11 indirectly indirectly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 12 cause cause VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 13 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 14 neurotoxicity neurotoxicity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 15 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 17 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 19 hyperpyrexia hyperpyrexia NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 22 excessive excessive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 23 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 25 reactive reactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 26 oxygen oxygen NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 27 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 30 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 31 autoxidation autoxidation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 33 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 139 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 2 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 3 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 5 Animal animal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 6 models model NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 8 neurotoxicity neurotoxicity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 9 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 10 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 12 dose dose NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 13 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 14 exposure exposure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 15 indicate indicate VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 16 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 18 occurrence occurrence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 20 hyperpyrexia hyperpyrexia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 22 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 24 core core NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 25 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 26 temperature temperature NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 27   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 28 ≥ ≥ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 29   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 30 40 40 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 31   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 32 ° ° , en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 33 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 35 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 36 necessary necessary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 37 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 39 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 41 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 42 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 43 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 44 neurotoxicity neurotoxicity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 140 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 2 140 140 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 4 Prolonged prolonged JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 5 elevations elevation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 7 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 8 temperature temperature NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 9 above above IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 10 40 40 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 11   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 12 ° ° , en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 13 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 14 likely likely RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 15 promote promote VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 17 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 19 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 21 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 22 neurotoxicity neurotoxicity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 24 laboratory laboratory NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 25 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 26 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 27 facilitating facilitate VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 29 production production NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 31 reactive reactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 32 oxygen oxygen NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 33 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 35 disrupting disrupt VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 36 cellular cellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 37 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 38 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 40 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 41 transiently transiently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 42 increasing increase VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 43 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 44 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 45 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 46 barrier barrier NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 47 permeability permeability NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 141 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 2 140 140 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 4 Psychosis psychosis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 5 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 8 Stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 9 psychosis psychosis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 10 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 11 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 12 overdose overdose WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 13 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 14 result result VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 17 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 18 psychosis psychosis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 19 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 20 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 21 involve involve VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 23 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 25 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 27 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 28 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 29 delusions delusion NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 31 paranoia paranoia NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 142 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 143 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 143 2 40][41 40][41 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 143 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 143 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 143 5 Cochrane Cochrane NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 143 6 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 143 7 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 143 8 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 143 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 143 10 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 143 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 143 12 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 143 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 143 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 143 15 methamphetamine methamphetamine JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 143 16 psychosis psychosis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 143 17 states state VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 143 18 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 143 19 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 143 20 5–15 5–15 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 143 21 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 143 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 143 23 users user NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 143 24 fail fail VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 143 25 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 143 26 recover recover VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 143 27 completely completely RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 143 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 144 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 144 2 40][145 40][145 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 144 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 144 4 According accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 144 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 144 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 144 7 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 144 8 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 144 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 144 10 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-4107 144 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 144 12 at at RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 144 13 least least RBS en-wikipedia-org-4107 144 14 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 144 15 trial trial NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 144 16 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 144 17 shows show VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 144 18 antipsychotic antipsychotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 144 19 medications medication NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 144 20 effectively effectively RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 144 21 resolve resolve VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 144 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 144 23 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 144 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 144 25 acute acute NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 144 26 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 144 27 psychosis psychosis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 144 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 145 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 145 2 40 40 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 145 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 145 4 Psychosis psychosis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 145 5 rarely rarely RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 145 6 arises arise VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 145 7 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 145 8 therapeutic therapeutic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 145 9 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 145 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 2 28][41][42 28][41][42 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 4 Drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 5 interactions interaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 6 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 7 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 9 Amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 10 § § VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 11   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 12 Contraindications contraindication NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 15 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 16 § § -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 17   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 18 Pharmacokinetics pharmacokinetic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 19 Many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 20 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 22 substances substance NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 23 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 24 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 25 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 26 interact interact VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 27 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 28 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 30 resulting result VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 32 altered alter VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 33 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 34 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 35 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 36 metabolism metabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 38 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 41 interacting interact VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 42 substance substance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 44 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 45 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 146 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 2 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 4 Inhibitors inhibitor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 6 enzymes enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 7 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 8 metabolize metabolize VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 9 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 11 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 13 CYP2D6 CYP2D6 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 15 FMO3 FMO3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 17 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 18 prolong prolong VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 19 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 20 elimination elimination NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 21 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 23 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 25 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 26 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 27 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 28 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 29 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 30 last last VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 31 longer long RBR en-wikipedia-org-4107 147 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 2 16][28 16][28 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 5 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 6 interacts interact VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 7 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 8 MAOIs maoi NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 10 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 11 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 12 oxidase oxidase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 13 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 14 inhibitors inhibitor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 16 since since IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 17 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 18 MAOIs maoi NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 20 amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 21 increase increase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 22 plasma plasma NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 23 catecholamines catecholamines NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 25 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 27 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 29 dopamine);[28 dopamine);[28 ADD en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 30 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 31 therefore therefore RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 33 concurrent concurrent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 34 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 36 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 37 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 38 dangerous dangerous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 148 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 149 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 149 2 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 149 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 149 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 149 5 modulates modulate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 149 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 149 7 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 149 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 149 9 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-4107 149 10 psychoactive psychoactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 149 11 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 149 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 150 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 150 2 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 150 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 150 4 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 150 5 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 150 6 decrease decrease VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 150 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 150 8 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 150 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 150 10 sedatives sedative NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 150 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 150 12 depressants depressant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 150 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 150 14 increase increase VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 150 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 150 16 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 150 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 150 18 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 150 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 150 20 antidepressants antidepressant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 150 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 151 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 151 2 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 151 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 151 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 151 5 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 151 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 151 7 decrease decrease VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 151 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 151 9 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 151 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 151 11 antihypertensives antihypertensive NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 151 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 151 13 antipsychotics antipsychotic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 151 14 due due JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 151 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 151 16 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 151 17 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 151 18 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 151 19 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 151 20 pressure pressure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 151 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 151 22 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 151 23 respectively respectively RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 151 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 152 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 152 2 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 152 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 152 4 Zinc Zinc NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 152 5 supplementation supplementation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 152 6 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 152 7 reduce reduce VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 152 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 152 9 minimum minimum JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 152 10 effective effective JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 152 11 dose dose NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 152 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 152 13 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 152 14 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 152 15 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 152 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 152 17 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 152 18 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 152 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 152 20 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 152 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 152 22 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 152 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 2 note note NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 3 16][150 16][150 ADD en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 5 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 6 general general JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 8 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 10 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 11 significant significant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 12 interaction interaction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 13 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 14 consuming consume VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 15 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 17 food food NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 19 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 21 pH pH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 23 gastrointestinal gastrointestinal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 24 content content NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 26 urine urine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 27 affects affect VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 29 absorption absorption NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 31 excretion excretion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 33 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 35 respectively respectively RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 153 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 154 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 154 2 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 154 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 154 4 Acidic acidic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 154 5 substances substance NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 154 6 reduce reduce VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 154 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 154 8 absorption absorption NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 154 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 154 10 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 154 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 154 12 increase increase VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 154 13 urinary urinary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 154 14 excretion excretion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 154 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 154 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 154 17 alkaline alkaline NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 154 18 substances substance NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 154 19 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 154 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 154 21 opposite opposite NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 154 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 2 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 4 Due due IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 7 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 8 pH pH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 9 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 10 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 11 absorption absorption NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 13 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 14 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 15 interacts interact VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 17 gastric gastric JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 18 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 19 reducers reducer NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 20 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 22 proton proton NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 23 pump pump NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 24 inhibitors inhibitor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 26 H2 H2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 27 antihistamines antihistamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 29 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 30 increase increase VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 31 gastrointestinal gastrointestinal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 32 pH ph NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 33 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 34 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 36 make make VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 37 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 38 less less RBR en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 39 acidic acidic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 40 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 155 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 156 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 156 2 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 156 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 156 4 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 156 5 Pharmacodynamics Pharmacodynamics NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 156 6 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 156 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 156 8 simpler simple JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 156 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 156 10 less less RBR en-wikipedia-org-4107 156 11 technical technical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 156 12 explanation explanation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 156 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 156 14 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 156 15 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 156 16 mechanism mechanism NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 156 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 156 18 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 156 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 156 20 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 156 21 Adderall Adderall NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 156 22 § § NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 156 23   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 156 24 Mechanism mechanism NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 156 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 156 26 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 156 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 157 1 Pharmacodynamics pharmacodynamic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 157 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 157 3 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 157 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 157 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 157 6 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 157 7 neuron neuron NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 157 8 v v NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 157 9 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 157 10 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 157 11 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 157 12 AADC AADC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 157 13 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 157 14 enters enter VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 157 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 157 16 presynaptic presynaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 157 17 neuron neuron NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 157 18 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 157 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 157 20 neuronal neuronal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 157 21 membrane membrane NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 157 22 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 157 23 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 157 24 DAT DAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 157 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 158 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 158 2 37 37 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 158 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 158 4 Once once RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 158 5 inside inside RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 158 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 158 7 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 158 8 binds bind VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 158 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 158 10 TAAR1 taar1 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 158 11 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 158 12 enters enter VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 158 13 synaptic synaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 158 14 vesicles vesicle NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 158 15 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 158 16 VMAT2 VMAT2 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 158 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 2 37][151 37][151 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 4 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 5 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 6 enters enter VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 7 synaptic synaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 8 vesicles vesicle NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 9 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 10 VMAT2 VMAT2 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 12 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 13 collapses collapse VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 15 vesicular vesicular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 16 pH pH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 17 gradient gradient NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 19 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 21 turn turn NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 22 causes cause VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 23 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 24 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 25 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 26 released release VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 27 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 29 cytosol cytosol NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 30 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 31 light light JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 32 tan tan JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 33 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 34 colored colored JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 35 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 37 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 38 VMAT2 VMAT2 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 159 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 2 151][152 151][152 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 4 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 5 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 6 binds bind NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 8 TAAR1 taar1 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 10 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 11 reduces reduce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 13 firing firing NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 14 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 17 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 18 neuron neuron NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 19 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 20 potassium potassium NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 21 channels channel NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 23 activates activate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 24 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 25 kinase kinase VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 26 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 28 PKA PKA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 31 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 32 kinase kinase NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 33 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 34 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 35 PKC PKC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 38 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 39 subsequently subsequently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 40 phosphorylates phosphorylate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 41 DAT DAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 160 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 161 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 161 2 37][153][154 37][153][154 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 161 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 161 4 PKA pka NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 161 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 161 6 phosphorylation phosphorylation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 161 7 causes cause VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 161 8 DAT DAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 161 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 161 10 withdraw withdraw VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 161 11 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 161 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 161 13 presynaptic presynaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 161 14 neuron neuron NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 161 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 161 16 internalize internalize NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 161 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 161 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 161 19 cease cease NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 161 20 transport transport NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 161 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 162 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 162 2 37 37 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 162 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 162 4 PKC pkc NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 162 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 162 6 phosphorylated phosphorylate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 162 7 DAT DAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 162 8 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 162 9 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 162 10 operate operate VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 162 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 162 12 reverse reverse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 162 13 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 162 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 162 15 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 162 16 PKA PKA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 162 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 162 18 phosphorylated phosphorylate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 162 19 DAT DAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 162 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 162 21 internalize internalize NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 162 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 162 23 cease cease VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 162 24 transport transport NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 162 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 2 37 37 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 7 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 9 increase increase VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 10 intracellular intracellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 11 calcium calcium NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 13 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 14 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 15 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 17 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 18 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 19 DAT DAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 20 phosphorylation phosphorylation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 21 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 23 CAMKIIα CAMKIIα NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 25 dependent dependent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 26 pathway pathway NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 29 turn turn NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 30 producing produce VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 31 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 32 efflux efflux JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 163 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 2 155][156 155][156 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 5 exerts exert VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 6 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 7 behavioral behavioral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 8 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 10 altering alter VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 12 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 14 monoamines monoamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 15 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 16 neuronal neuronal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 17 signals signal NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 20 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 22 primarily primarily RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 24 catecholamine catecholamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 25 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 28 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 30 executive executive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 31 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 32 pathways pathway NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 35 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 164 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 2 37][58 37][58 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 5 concentrations concentration NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 8 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 9 neurotransmitters neurotransmitter NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 10 involved involve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 12 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 13 circuitry circuitry NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 15 executive executive NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 16 functioning functioning NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 18 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 20 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 22 increase increase VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 23 dramatically dramatically RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 26 dose dose RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 28 dependent dependent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 29 manner manner NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 30 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 31 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 32 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 34 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 35 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 36 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 37 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 38 transporters transporter NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 165 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 166 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 166 2 37][58][151 37][58][151 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 166 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 166 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 166 5 reinforcing reinforce VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 166 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 166 7 motivational motivational JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 166 8 salience salience NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 166 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 166 10 promoting promote VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 166 11 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 166 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 166 13 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 166 14 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 166 15 due due JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 166 16 mostly mostly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 166 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 166 18 enhanced enhance VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 166 19 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 166 20 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 166 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 166 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 166 23 mesolimbic mesolimbic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 166 24 pathway pathway NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 166 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 2 26 26 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 5 euphoric euphoric JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 7 locomotor locomotor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 9 stimulating stimulate VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 10 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 12 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 13 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 14 dependent dependent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 15 upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 17 magnitude magnitude NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 19 speed speed NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 20 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 21 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 22 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 23 increases increase VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 24 synaptic synaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 25 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 27 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 28 concentrations concentration NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 31 striatum striatum NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 167 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 2 3 3 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 5 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 6 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 7 identified identify VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 10 potent potent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 11 full full JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 12 agonist agonist NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 14 trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 15 amine amine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 17 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 18 receptor receptor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 19 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 21 TAAR1 taar1 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 25 Gs Gs NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 26 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 27 coupled couple VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 29 Gq Gq NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 30 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 31 coupled couple VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 32 G G NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 33 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 34 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 35 coupled couple VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 36 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 37 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 38 GPCR GPCR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 39 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 40 discovered discover VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 41 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 42 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 44 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 45 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 46 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 47 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 48 regulation regulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 49 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 50 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 51 monoamines monoamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 168 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 169 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 169 2 37][157 37][157 NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 169 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 169 4 Activation activation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 169 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 169 6 TAAR1 taar1 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 169 7 increases increase NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 169 8 cAMP camp NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 169 9 production production NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 169 10 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 169 11 adenylyl adenylyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 169 12 cyclase cyclase NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 169 13 activation activation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 169 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 169 15 inhibits inhibit VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 169 16 monoamine monoamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 169 17 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 169 18 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 169 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 2 37][158 37][158 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 4 Monoamine Monoamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 5 autoreceptors autoreceptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 7 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 9 D2 D2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 10 short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 12 presynaptic presynaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 13 α2 α2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 16 presynaptic presynaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 17 5-HT1A 5-ht1a NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 19 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 21 opposite opposite JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 22 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 24 TAAR1 taar1 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 27 together together RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 28 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 29 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 30 provide provide VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 31 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 32 regulatory regulatory JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 33 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 34 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 35 monoamines monoamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 170 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 171 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 171 2 37][38 37][38 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 171 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 171 4 Notably notably RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 171 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 171 6 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 171 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 171 8 trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 171 9 amines amine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 171 10 possess possess VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 171 11 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 171 12 binding bind VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 171 13 affinities affinity NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 171 14 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 171 15 TAAR1 taar1 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 171 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 171 17 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 171 18 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 171 19 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 171 20 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 171 21 autoreceptors autoreceptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 171 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 2 37][38 37][38 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 4 Imaging Imaging NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 5 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 6 indicate indicate VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 8 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 9 reuptake reuptake NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 10 inhibition inhibition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 12 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 14 trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 15 amines amine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 17 site site NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 18 specific specific JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 20 depends depend VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 21 upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 23 presence presence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 25 TAAR1 taar1 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 26 co co NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 27 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 28 localization localization NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 31 associated associated NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 32 monoamine monoamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 33 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 172 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 2 37 37 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 5 addition addition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 8 neuronal neuronal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 9 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 10 transporters transporter NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 12 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 13 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 14 inhibits inhibit VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 15 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 16 vesicular vesicular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 17 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 18 transporters transporter NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 20 VMAT1 VMAT1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 22 VMAT2 VMAT2 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 24 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 25 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 26 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 27 SLC1A1 slc1a1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 29 SLC22A3 slc22a3 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 32 SLC22A5 slc22a5 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 173 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 2 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 3 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 5 SLC1A1 slc1a1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 7 excitatory excitatory NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 8 amino amino NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 9 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 10 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 11 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 13 EAAT3 eaat3 UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 17 glutamate glutamate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 18 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 19 located locate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 21 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 23 SLC22A3 SLC22A3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 24 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 25 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 26 extraneuronal extraneuronal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 27 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 28 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 29 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 30 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 31 present present JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 32 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 33 astrocytes astrocyte NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 36 SLC22A5 slc22a5 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 37 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 38 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 39 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 40 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 41 affinity affinity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 42 carnitine carnitine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 43 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 174 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 2 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 3 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 5 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 7 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 9 strongly strongly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 10 induce induce VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 11 cocaine- cocaine- JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 13 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 15 regulated regulate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 16 transcript transcript NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 18 CART CART NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 20 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 21 expression,[5][164 expression,[5][164 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 22 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 24 neuropeptide neuropeptide NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 25 involved involve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 27 feeding feed VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 28 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 30 stress stress NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 33 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 35 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 36 induces induce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 37 observable observable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 38 increases increase NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 39 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 40 neuronal neuronal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 41 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 42 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 43 survival survival NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 44 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 45 vitro vitro FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 175 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 176 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 176 2 5][165][166 5][165][166 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 176 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 176 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 176 5 CART CART NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 176 6 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 176 7 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 176 8 yet yet RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 176 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 176 10 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 176 11 identified identify VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 176 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 176 13 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 176 14 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-4107 176 15 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 176 16 significant significant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 176 17 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 176 18 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 176 19 CART CART NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 176 20 binds bind VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 176 21 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 176 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 176 23 unique unique JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 176 24 Gi Gi NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 176 25 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 176 26 Go go VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 176 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 176 28 coupled couple VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 176 29 GPCR GPCR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 176 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 177 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 177 2 166][167 166][167 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 177 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 177 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 177 5 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 177 6 inhibits inhibit VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 177 7 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 177 8 oxidases oxidase NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 177 9 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 177 10 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 177 11 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 177 12 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 177 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 177 14 resulting result VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 177 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 177 16 less less JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 177 17 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 177 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 177 19 trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 177 20 amine amine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 177 21 metabolism metabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 177 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 177 23 consequently consequently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 177 24 higher high JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 177 25 concentrations concentration NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 177 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 177 27 synaptic synaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 177 28 monoamines monoamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 177 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 2 22][168 22][168 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 5 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 8 only only JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 9 post post JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 10 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 11 synaptic synaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 12 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 13 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 14 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 15 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 17 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 18 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 19 bind bind VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 20 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 22 5-HT1A 5-ht1a JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 23 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 25 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 26 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 27 acts act VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 28 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 29 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 30 agonist agonist NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 31 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 32 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 33 micromolar micromolar JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 34 affinity affinity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 178 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 2 169][170 169][170 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 5 full full JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 6 profile profile NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 8 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 9 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 10 short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 12 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 13 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 14 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 16 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 17 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 18 mostly mostly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 19 derived derive VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 20 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 21 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 22 cellular cellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 23 communication communication NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 24 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 25 neurotransmission neurotransmission NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 27 dopamine,[37 dopamine,[37 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 28 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 29 serotonin,[37 serotonin,[37 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 30 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 31 norepinephrine,[37 norepinephrine,[37 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 32 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 33 epinephrine,[151 epinephrine,[151 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 34 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 35 histamine,[151 histamine,[151 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 36 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 37 CART CART NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 38 peptides,[5][164 peptides,[5][164 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 39 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 40 endogenous endogenous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 41 opioids,[171][172][173 opioids,[171][172][173 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 42 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 43 adrenocorticotropic adrenocorticotropic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 44 hormone,[174][175 hormone,[174][175 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 45 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 46 corticosteroids,[174][175 corticosteroids,[174][175 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 47 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 48 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 49 glutamate,[155][160 glutamate,[155][160 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 50 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 51 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 52 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 53 effects effect VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 54 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 55 interactions interaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 56 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 57 CART CART NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 58 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 59 5-HT1A 5-ht1a CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 60 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 61 EAAT3 eaat3 UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 62 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 63 TAAR1 taar1 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 64 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 65 VMAT1 VMAT1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 66 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 67 VMAT2 vmat2 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 68 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 69 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 70 possibly possibly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 71 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 72 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 73 targets target NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 179 74 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 180 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 180 2 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 180 3 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 180 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 180 5 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 180 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 180 7 activates activate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 180 8 seven seven CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 180 9 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 180 10 carbonic carbonic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 180 11 anhydrase anhydrase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 180 12 enzymes enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 180 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 180 14 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 180 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 180 16 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 180 17 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 180 18 expressed express VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 180 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 180 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 180 21 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 180 22 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 180 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 181 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 181 2 176 176 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 181 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 181 4 Dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 181 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 181 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 181 7 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-4107 181 8 potent potent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 181 9 agonist agonist NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 181 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 181 11 TAAR1 TAAR1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 181 12 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 181 13 levoamphetamine levoamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 181 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 182 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 182 2 177 177 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 182 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 182 4 Consequently consequently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 182 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 182 6 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 182 7 produces produce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 182 8 greater great JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 182 9 CNS cns NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 182 10 stimulation stimulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 182 11 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 182 12 levoamphetamine levoamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 182 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 182 14 roughly roughly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 182 15 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 182 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 182 17 four four CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 182 18 times time NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 182 19 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 182 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 182 21 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 182 22 levoamphetamine levoamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 182 23 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 182 24 slightly slightly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 182 25 stronger strong JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 182 26 cardiovascular cardiovascular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 182 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 182 28 peripheral peripheral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 182 29 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 182 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 183 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 183 2 39][177 39][177 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 183 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 183 4 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 183 5 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 183 6 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 183 7 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 183 8 regions region NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 183 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 183 10 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 183 11 increases increase VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 183 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 183 13 concentration concentration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 183 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 183 15 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 183 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 183 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 183 18 synaptic synaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 183 19 cleft cleft NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 183 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 184 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 184 2 37 37 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 184 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 184 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 184 5 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 184 6 enter enter VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 184 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 184 8 presynaptic presynaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 184 9 neuron neuron NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 184 10 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 184 11 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 184 12 DAT DAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 184 13 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 184 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 184 15 diffusing diffuse VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 184 16 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 184 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 184 18 neuronal neuronal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 184 19 membrane membrane NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 184 20 directly directly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 184 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 185 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 185 2 37 37 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 185 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 185 4 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 185 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 185 6 consequence consequence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 185 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 185 8 DAT DAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 185 9 uptake uptake NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 185 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 185 11 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 185 12 produces produce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 185 13 competitive competitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 185 14 reuptake reuptake NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 185 15 inhibition inhibition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 185 16 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 185 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 185 18 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 185 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 2 37 37 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 4 Upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 5 entering enter VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 7 presynaptic presynaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 8 neuron neuron NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 10 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 11 activates activate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 12 TAAR1 TAAR1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 13 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 15 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 16 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 17 kinase kinase VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 18 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 20 PKA PKA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 23 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 24 kinase kinase NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 25 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 27 PKC PKC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 29 signaling signal VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 31 causes cause VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 32 DAT DAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 33 phosphorylation phosphorylation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 186 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 2 37 37 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 4 Phosphorylation phosphorylation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 6 either either DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 7 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 8 kinase kinase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 9 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 10 result result VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 12 DAT DAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 13 internalization internalization NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 15 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 16 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 17 competitive competitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 18 reuptake reuptake NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 19 inhibition inhibition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 22 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 23 PKC PKC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 25 mediated mediate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 26 phosphorylation phosphorylation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 27 alone alone RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 28 induces induce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 30 reversal reversal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 32 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 33 transport transport NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 34 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 35 DAT DAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 36 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 37 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 39 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 40 efflux efflux NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 41 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 187 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 2 note note NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 3 16][37][178 16][37][178 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 5 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 7 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 8 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 10 increase increase VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 11 intracellular intracellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 12 calcium calcium NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 14 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 15 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 16 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 17 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 18 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 19 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 20 DAT DAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 21 phosphorylation phosphorylation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 22 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 23 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 24 unidentified unidentified JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 25 Ca2+/calmodulin ca2+/calmodulin JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 26 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 27 dependent dependent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 28 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 29 kinase kinase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 30 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 31 CAMK)-dependent camk)-dependent CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 32 pathway pathway NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 35 turn turn NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 36 producing produce VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 37 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 38 efflux efflux JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 188 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 2 157][155][156 157][155][156 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 4 Through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 5 direct direct JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 6 activation activation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 8 G g NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 9 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 11 coupled couple VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 12 inwardly inwardly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 14 rectifying rectify VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 15 potassium potassium NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 16 channels channel NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 18 TAAR1 taar1 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 19 reduces reduce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 21 firing firing NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 22 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 24 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 25 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 27 preventing prevent VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 29 hyper hyper JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 30 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 31 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 32 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 189 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 190 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 190 2 153][154][179 153][154][179 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 190 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 190 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 190 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 190 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 190 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 190 8 substrate substrate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 190 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 190 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 190 11 presynaptic presynaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 190 12 vesicular vesicular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 190 13 monoamine monoamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 190 14 transporter transporter NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 190 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 190 16 VMAT2 VMAT2 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 190 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 2 151][152 151][152 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 4 Following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 5 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 6 uptake uptake NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 7 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 8 VMAT2 VMAT2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 10 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 11 induces induce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 13 collapse collapse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 16 vesicular vesicular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 17 pH pH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 18 gradient gradient NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 20 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 21 results result VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 24 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 26 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 27 molecules molecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 28 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 29 synaptic synaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 30 vesicles vesicle NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 31 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 33 cytosol cytosol NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 34 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 35 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 36 efflux efflux NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 37 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 38 VMAT2 VMAT2 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 191 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 192 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 192 2 151][152 151][152 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 192 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 192 4 Subsequently subsequently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 192 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 192 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 192 7 cytosolic cytosolic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 192 8 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 192 9 molecules molecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 192 10 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 192 11 released release VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 192 12 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 192 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 192 14 presynaptic presynaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 192 15 neuron neuron NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 192 16 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 192 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 192 18 synaptic synaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 192 19 cleft cleft NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 192 20 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 192 21 reverse reverse JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 192 22 transport transport NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 192 23 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 192 24 DAT DAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 192 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 193 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 193 2 37][151][152 37][151][152 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 193 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 193 4 Norepinephrine Norepinephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 193 5 Similar Similar NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 193 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 193 7 dopamine dopamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 193 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 193 9 amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 193 10 dose dose NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 193 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 193 12 dependently dependently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 193 13 increases increase VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 193 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 193 15 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 193 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 193 17 synaptic synaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 193 18 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 193 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 193 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 193 21 direct direct JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 193 22 precursor precursor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 193 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 193 24 epinephrine epinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 193 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 194 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 194 2 46][58 46][58 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 194 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 194 4 Based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 194 5 upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 194 6 neuronal neuronal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 194 7 TAAR1 taar1 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 194 8 mRNA mRNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 194 9 expression expression NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 194 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 194 11 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 194 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 194 13 thought think VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 194 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 194 15 affect affect VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 194 16 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 194 17 analogously analogously RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 194 18 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 194 19 dopamine dopamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 194 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 2 37][151][178 37][151][178 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 5 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 6 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 8 amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 9 induces induce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 10 TAAR1-mediated TAAR1-mediated NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 11 efflux efflux JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 13 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 14 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 15 competitive competitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 16 reuptake reuptake NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 17 inhibition inhibition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 18 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 19 phosphorylated phosphorylate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 20 NET NET NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 22 competitive competitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 23 NET NET NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 24 reuptake reuptake NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 25 inhibition inhibition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 28 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 29 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 30 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 31 VMAT2 VMAT2 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 195 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 196 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 196 2 37][151 37][151 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 196 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 196 4 Serotonin Serotonin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 196 5 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 196 6 exerts exert NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 196 7 analogous analogous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 196 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 196 9 yet yet RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 196 10 less less RBR en-wikipedia-org-4107 196 11 pronounced pronounced JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 196 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 196 13 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 196 14 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 196 15 serotonin serotonin NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 196 16 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 196 17 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 196 18 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 196 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 196 20 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 196 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 197 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 197 2 37][58 37][58 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 197 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 197 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 197 5 affects affect VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 197 6 serotonin serotonin NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 197 7 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 197 8 VMAT2 vmat2 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 197 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 197 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 197 11 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 197 12 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 197 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 197 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 197 15 thought think VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 197 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 197 17 phosphorylate phosphorylate VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 197 18 SERT SERT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 197 19 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 197 20 TAAR1 taar1 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 197 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 198 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 198 2 37][151 37][151 NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 198 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 198 4 Like like UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 198 5 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 198 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 198 7 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 198 8 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 198 9 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 198 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 198 11 micromolar micromolar JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 198 12 affinity affinity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 198 13 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 198 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 198 15 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 198 16 5-HT1A 5-ht1a JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 198 17 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 198 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 2 169][170 169][170 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 4 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 5 neurotransmitters neurotransmitter NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 7 peptides peptide NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 9 hormones hormone NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 12 enzymes enzyme VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 13 Human Human NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 14 carbonic carbonic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 15 anhydrase anhydrase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 16 activation activation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 17 potency potency NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 18 Enzyme Enzyme NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 19 KA KA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 21 nM nM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 23 Sources Sources NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 24 hCA4 hCA4 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 25 94 94 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 26 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 27 176 176 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 28 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 29 hCA5A hCA5A -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 30 810 810 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 31 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 32 176][180 176][180 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 33 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 34 hCA5B hca5b CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 35 2560 2560 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 36 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 37 176 176 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 38 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 39 hCA7 hca7 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 40 910 910 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 41 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 42 176][180 176][180 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 43 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 44 hCA12 hCA12 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 45 640 640 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 46 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 47 176 176 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 48 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 49 hCA13 hCA13 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 50 24100 24100 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 51 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 52 176 176 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 53 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 54 hCA14 hca14 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 55 9150 9150 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 56 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 57 176 176 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 58 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 59 Acute Acute NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 60 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 61 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 62 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 63 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 64 increases increase VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 65 endogenous endogenous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 66 opioid opioid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 67 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 68 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 69 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 70 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 71 structures structure NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 72 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 73 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 74 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 75 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 199 76 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 200 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 200 2 171][172][173 171][172][173 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 200 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 200 4 Extracellular Extracellular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 200 5 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 200 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 200 7 glutamate glutamate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 200 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 200 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 200 10 primary primary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 200 11 excitatory excitatory NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 200 12 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 200 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 200 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 200 15 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 200 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 200 17 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 200 18 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 200 19 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 200 20 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 200 21 increase increase VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 200 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 200 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 200 24 striatum striatum NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 200 25 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 200 26 exposure exposure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 200 27 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 200 28 amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 200 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 201 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 201 2 155 155 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 201 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 201 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 201 5 increase increase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 201 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 201 7 extracellular extracellular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 201 8 glutamate glutamate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 201 9 presumably presumably RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 201 10 occurs occur VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 201 11 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 201 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 201 13 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 201 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 201 15 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 201 16 internalization internalization NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 201 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 201 18 EAAT3 EAAT3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 201 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 201 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 201 21 glutamate glutamate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 201 22 reuptake reuptake NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 201 23 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 201 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 201 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 201 26 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 201 27 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 201 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 202 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 202 2 155][160 155][160 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 202 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 202 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 202 5 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 202 6 induces induce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 202 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 202 8 selective selective JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 202 9 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 202 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 202 11 histamine histamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 202 12 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 202 13 mast mast JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 202 14 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 202 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 202 16 efflux efflux JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 202 17 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 202 18 histaminergic histaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 202 19 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 202 20 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 202 21 VMAT2 VMAT2 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 202 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 203 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 203 2 151 151 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 203 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 203 4 Acute Acute NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 203 5 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 203 6 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 203 7 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 203 8 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 203 9 increase increase VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 203 10 adrenocorticotropic adrenocorticotropic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 203 11 hormone hormone NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 203 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 203 13 corticosteroid corticosteroid JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 203 14 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 203 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 203 16 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 203 17 plasma plasma NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 203 18 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 203 19 stimulating stimulate VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 203 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 203 21 hypothalamic hypothalamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 203 22 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 203 23 pituitary pituitary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 203 24 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 203 25 adrenal adrenal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 203 26 axis axis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 203 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 2 35][174][175 35][174][175 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 5 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 6 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 9 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 10 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 11 assessing assess VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 13 interaction interaction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 14 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 15 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 17 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 18 carbonic carbonic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 19 anhydrase anhydrase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 20 enzymes enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 21 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 22 published;[176 published;[176 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 23 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 26 eleven eleven CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 27 carbonic carbonic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 28 anhydrase anhydrase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 29 enzymes enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 30 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 31 examined examine VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 33 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 34 found find VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 35 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 36 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 37 potently potently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 38 activates activate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 39 seven seven CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 41 four four CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 42 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 43 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 44 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 45 highly highly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 46 expressed express VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 47 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 49 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 50 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 51 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 52 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 53 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 54 nanomolar nanomolar NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 55 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 56 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 57 micromolar micromolar JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 58 activating activate VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 59 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 204 60 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 2 176 176 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 4 Based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 5 upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 6 preclinical preclinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 7 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 9 cerebral cerebral NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 10 carbonic carbonic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 11 anhydrase anhydrase NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 12 activation activation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 13 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 14 cognition cognition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 16 enhancing enhance VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 17 effects;[181 effects;[181 ADD en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 18 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 19 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 21 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 22 upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 24 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 25 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 27 carbonic carbonic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 28 anhydrase anhydrase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 29 inhibitors inhibitor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 31 carbonic carbonic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 32 anhydrase anhydrase NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 33 activation activation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 35 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 36 tissues tissue NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 37 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 38 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 39 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 40 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 41 adverse adverse JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 42 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 44 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 45 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 46 ocular ocular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 47 activation activation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 48 exacerbating exacerbate VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 49 glaucoma glaucoma NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 205 50 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 2 181 181 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 4 Pharmacokinetics pharmacokinetic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 6 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 7 bioavailability bioavailability NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 9 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 10 varies vary VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 11 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 12 gastrointestinal gastrointestinal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 13 pH;[28 ph;[28 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 14 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 15 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 17 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 18 absorbed absorb VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 19 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 21 gut gut NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 24 bioavailability bioavailability NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 25 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 26 typically typically RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 27 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 28   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 29 75 75 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 30 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 31 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 32 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 206 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 2 4 4 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 7 weak weak JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 8 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 11 pKa pka NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 13 9.9;[6 9.9;[6 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 14 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 15 consequently consequently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 17 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 19 pH pH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 20 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 21 basic basic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 23 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 26 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 27 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 29 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 30 lipid lipid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 31 soluble soluble JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 32 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 33 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 34 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 37 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 38 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 39 absorbed absorb VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 40 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 42 lipid lipid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 43 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 44 rich rich JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 45 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 46 membranes membrane NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 47 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 49 gut gut NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 50 epithelium epithelium NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 207 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 208 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 208 2 6][28 6][28 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 208 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 208 4 Conversely conversely RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 208 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 208 6 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 208 7 acidic acidic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 208 8 pH pH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 208 9 means mean VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 208 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 208 11 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 208 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 208 13 predominantly predominantly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 208 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 208 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 208 16 water water NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 208 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 208 18 soluble soluble JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 208 19 cationic cationic NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 208 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 208 21 salt salt NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 208 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 208 23 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 208 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 208 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 208 26 less less RBR en-wikipedia-org-4107 208 27 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 208 28 absorbed absorb VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 208 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 209 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 209 2 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 209 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 209 4 Approximately approximately RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 209 5 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 209 6 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 209 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 209 8 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 209 9 circulating circulate VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 209 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 209 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 209 12 bloodstream bloodstream NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 209 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 209 14 bound bind VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 209 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 209 16 plasma plasma NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 209 17 proteins protein NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 209 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 210 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 210 2 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 210 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 210 4 Following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 210 5 absorption absorption NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 210 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 210 7 amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 210 8 readily readily RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 210 9 distributes distribute VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 210 10 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 210 11 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-4107 210 12 tissues tissue NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 210 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 210 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 210 15 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 210 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 210 17 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 210 18 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 210 19 concentrations concentration NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 210 20 occurring occur VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 210 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 210 22 cerebrospinal cerebrospinal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 210 23 fluid fluid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 210 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 210 25 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 210 26 tissue tissue NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 210 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 211 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 211 2 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 211 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 211 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 211 5 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 211 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 211 7 lives life NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 211 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 211 9 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 211 10 enantiomers enantiomer NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 211 11 differ differ VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 211 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 211 13 vary vary VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 211 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 211 15 urine urine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 211 16 pH. pH. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 212 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 212 2 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 212 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 212 4 At at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 212 5 normal normal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 212 6 urine urine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 212 7 pH pH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 212 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 212 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 212 10 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 212 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 212 12 lives life NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 212 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 212 14 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 212 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 212 16 levoamphetamine levoamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 212 17 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 212 18 9–11 9–11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 212 19   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 212 20 hours hour NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 212 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 212 22 11–14 11–14 JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 212 23   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 212 24 hours hour NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 212 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 212 26 respectively respectively RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 212 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 2 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 4 Highly highly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 5 acidic acidic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 6 urine urine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 7 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 8 reduce reduce VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 10 enantiomer enantiom JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 11 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 13 lives life NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 15 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 16   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 17 hours;[12 hours;[12 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 18 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 19 highly highly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 20 alkaline alkaline VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 21 urine urine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 22 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 23 increase increase VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 25 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 26 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 27 lives life NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 28 up up IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 29 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 30 34 34 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 31   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 32 hours hour NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 213 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 2 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 5 immediate immediate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 7 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 9 extended extended JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 10 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 11 variants variant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 13 salts salt NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 15 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 16 isomers isomer NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 17 reach reach VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 18 peak peak NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 19 plasma plasma NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 20 concentrations concentration NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 21 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 22 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 23   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 24 hours hour NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 26 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 27   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 28 hours hour NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 29 post post NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 30 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 31 dose dose VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 32 respectively respectively RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 214 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 215 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 215 2 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 215 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 215 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 215 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 215 6 eliminated eliminate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 215 7 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 215 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 215 9 kidneys kidney NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 215 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 215 11 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 215 12 30–40 30–40 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 215 13 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 215 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 215 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 215 16 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 215 17 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 215 18 excreted excrete VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 215 19 unchanged unchanged JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 215 20 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 215 21 normal normal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 215 22 urinary urinary NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 215 23 pH. pH. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 216 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 216 2 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 216 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 216 4 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 216 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 216 6 urinary urinary NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 216 7 pH pH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 216 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 216 9 basic basic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 216 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 216 11 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 216 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 216 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 216 14 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 216 15 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 216 16 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 216 17 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 216 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 216 19 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 216 20 less less RBR en-wikipedia-org-4107 216 21 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 216 22 excreted excrete VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 216 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 2 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 4 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 5 urine urine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 6 pH pH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 8 abnormal abnormal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 11 urinary urinary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 12 recovery recovery NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 14 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 15 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 16 range range VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 17 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 19 low low NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 21 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 22 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 25 high high NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 27 75 75 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 28 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 30 depending depend VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 31 mostly mostly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 32 upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 33 whether whether IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 34 urine urine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 35 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 36 too too RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 37 basic basic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 38 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 39 acidic acidic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 41 respectively respectively RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 217 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 218 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 218 2 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 218 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 218 4 Following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 218 5 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 218 6 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 218 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 218 8 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 218 9 appears appear VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 218 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 218 11 urine urine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 218 12 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 218 13 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 218 14   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 218 15 hours hour NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 218 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 219 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 219 2 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 219 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 219 4 Roughly roughly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 219 5 90 90 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 219 6 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 219 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 219 8 ingested ingested JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 219 9 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 219 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 219 11 eliminated eliminate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 219 12 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 219 13   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 219 14 days day NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 219 15 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 219 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 219 17 last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 219 18 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 219 19 dose dose NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 219 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 2 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 4     _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 6 prodrug prodrug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 7 lisdexamfetamine lisdexamfetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 9 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 10 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 11 sensitive sensitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 13 pH pH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 15 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 16 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 17 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 18 absorbed absorb VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 21 gastrointestinal gastrointestinal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 22 tract;[182 tract;[182 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 23 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 24 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 25 absorption absorption NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 26 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 28 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 29 stream stream NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 31 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 32 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 33 converted convert VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 34 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 35 red red JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 36 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 37 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 38 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 39 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 40 enzymes enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 41 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 42 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 43 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 44 hydrolysis hydrolysis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 220 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 221 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 221 2 182 182 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 221 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 221 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 221 5 elimination elimination NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 221 6 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 221 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 221 8 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 221 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 221 10 lisdexamfetamine lisdexamfetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 221 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 221 12 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 221 13 less less JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 221 14 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 221 15 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 221 16   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 221 17 hour hour NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 221 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 2 182 182 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 4 CYP2D6 CYP2D6 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 6 dopamine dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 7 β β NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 9 hydroxylase hydroxylase NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 11 DBH DBH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 14 flavin flavin RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 16 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 17 monooxygenase monooxygenase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 18 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 20 FMO3 FMO3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 23 butyrate butyrate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 25 CoA coa NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 26 ligase ligase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 28 XM XM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 29 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 30 ligase ligase NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 31 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 34 glycine glycine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 35 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 36 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 37 acyltransferase acyltransferase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 38 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 39 GLYAT GLYAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 40 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 41 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 43 enzymes enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 44 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 45 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 46 metabolize metabolize VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 47 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 48 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 49 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 50 metabolites metabolite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 51 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 52 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 222 53 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 2 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 3 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 5 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 6 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 8 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 10 excreted excreted JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 11 metabolic metabolic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 12 products product NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 14 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 15 4-hydroxyamphetamine 4-hydroxyamphetamine CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 17 4-hydroxynorephedrine 4-hydroxynorephedrine CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 19 4-hydroxyphenylacetone 4-hydroxyphenylacetone CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 21 benzoic benzoic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 22 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 24 hippuric hippuric NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 25 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 27 norephedrine norephedrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 30 phenylacetone phenylacetone NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 223 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 224 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 224 2 6][7 6][7 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 224 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 224 4 Among among IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 224 5 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 224 6 metabolites metabolite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 224 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 224 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 224 9 active active JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 224 10 sympathomimetics sympathomimetic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 224 11 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 224 12 4-hydroxyamphetamine,[183 4-hydroxyamphetamine,[183 JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 224 13 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 224 14 4-hydroxynorephedrine,[184 4-hydroxynorephedrine,[184 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 224 15 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 224 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 224 17 norephedrine norephedrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 224 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 2 185 185 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 5 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 6 metabolic metabolic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 7 pathways pathway NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 8 involve involve VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 9 aromatic aromatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 10 para para NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 12 hydroxylation hydroxylation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 14 aliphatic aliphatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 15 alpha- alpha- NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 17 beta beta NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 19 hydroxylation hydroxylation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 21 N n NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 23 oxidation oxidation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 25 N n NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 26 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 27 dealkylation dealkylation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 30 deamination deamination NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 225 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 2 6][186 6][186 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 5 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 6 metabolic metabolic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 7 pathways pathway NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 9 detectable detectable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 10 metabolites metabolite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 13 metabolizing metabolizing JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 14 enzymes enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 16 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 17 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 19 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 20 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 21 Metabolic metabolic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 22 pathways pathway NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 24 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 26 humans[sources humans[sources NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 27 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 28 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 29 4-Hydroxyphenylacetone 4-hydroxyphenylacetone CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 30 Phenylacetone Phenylacetone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 31 Benzoic Benzoic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 32 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 33 Hippuric hippuric JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 34 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 35 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 36 Norephedrine Norephedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 37 4-Hydroxyamphetamine 4-hydroxyamphetamine CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 38 4-Hydroxynorephedrine 4-hydroxynorephedrine CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 39 Para- Para- NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 40 Hydroxylation Hydroxylation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 41 Para- Para- NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 42 Hydroxylation Hydroxylation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 43 Para- Para- NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 44 Hydroxylation Hydroxylation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 45 CYP2D6 CYP2D6 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 46 CYP2D6 CYP2D6 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 47 unidentified unidentified JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 48 Beta- beta- JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 49 Hydroxylation Hydroxylation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 50 Beta- Beta- NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 51 Hydroxylation hydroxylation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 52 DBH DBH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 53 DBH DBH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 54 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 55 note note VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 56 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 57 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 58 Oxidative Oxidative NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 59 Deamination Deamination NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 60 FMO3 FMO3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 61 Oxidation Oxidation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 62 unidentified unidentified JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 63 Glycine Glycine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 64 Conjugation Conjugation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 65 XM XM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 66 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 67 ligase ligase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 68 GLYAT GLYAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 69 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 70 primary primary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 71 active active JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 72 metabolites metabolite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 73 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 74 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 75 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 76 4-hydroxyamphetamine 4-hydroxyamphetamine CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 77 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 78 norephedrine;[7 norephedrine;[7 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 79 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 80 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 81 normal normal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 82 urine urine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 83 pH pH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 84 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 85 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 86 30–40 30–40 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 87 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 88 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 89 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 90 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 91 excreted excrete VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 92 unchanged unchanged JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 93 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 94 roughly roughly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 95 50 50 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 96 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 97 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 98 excreted excrete VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 99 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 100 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 101 inactive inactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 102 metabolites metabolite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 103 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 104 bottom bottom JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 105 row row NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 106 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 226 107 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 227 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 227 2 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 227 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 227 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 227 5 remaining remain VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 227 6 10–20 10–20 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 227 7 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 227 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 227 9 excreted excrete VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 227 10 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 227 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 227 12 active active JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 227 13 metabolites metabolite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 227 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 228 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 228 2 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 228 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 228 4 Benzoic Benzoic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 228 5 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 228 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 228 7 metabolized metabolize VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 228 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 228 9 XM xm NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 228 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 228 11 ligase ligase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 228 12 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 228 13 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 228 14 intermediate intermediate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 228 15 product product NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 228 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 228 17 benzoyl benzoyl NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 228 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 228 19 CoA CoA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 228 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 228 21 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 228 22 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 228 23 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 228 24 metabolized metabolize VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 228 25 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 228 26 GLYAT GLYAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 228 27 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 228 28 hippuric hippuric NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 228 29 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 228 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 2 188 188 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 4 Pharmacomicrobiomics Pharmacomicrobiomics NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 6 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 7 metagenome metagenome NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 9 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 12 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 13 composition composition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 15 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 16 individual individual NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 18 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 19 microorganisms microorganism NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 20 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 21 reside reside VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 22 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 23 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 24 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 26 individual individual NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 27 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 28 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 30 varies vary VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 31 considerably considerably RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 32 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 33 individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 229 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 2 192][193 192][193 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 4 Since since IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 6 total total JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 7 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 9 microbial microbial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 11 viral viral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 12 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 15 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 16 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 18 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 19 100 100 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 20   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 21 trillion trillion CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 23 greatly greatly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 24 outnumbers outnumber VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 25 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 26 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 28 tens ten NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 30 trillions),[note trillions),[note NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 31 18][192][194 18][192][194 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 32 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 33 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 34 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 35 considerable considerable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 36 potential potential NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 37 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 38 interactions interaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 39 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 40 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 41 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 42 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 43 individual individual NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 44 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 45 microbiome microbiome NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 47 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 48 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 49 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 50 altering alter VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 51 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 52 composition composition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 53 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 54 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 55 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 56 microbiome microbiome NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 57 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 58 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 59 metabolism metabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 60 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 61 microbial microbial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 62 enzymes enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 63 modifying modify VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 64 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 65 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 66 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 67 pharmacokinetic pharmacokinetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 68 profile profile NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 69 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 70 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 71 microbial microbial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 72 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 73 metabolism metabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 74 affecting affect VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 75 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 76 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 77 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 78 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 79 efficacy efficacy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 80 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 81 toxicity toxicity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 82 profile profile NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 230 83 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 231 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 231 2 192][193][195 192][193][195 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 231 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 231 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 231 5 field field NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 231 6 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 231 7 studies study VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 231 8 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 231 9 interactions interaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 231 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 231 11 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 231 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 231 13 pharmacomicrobiomics pharmacomicrobiomic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 231 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 2 192 192 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 4 Similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 6 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 7 biomolecules biomolecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 9 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 10 orally orally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 11 administered administer VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 12 xenobiotics xenobiotic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 14 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 16 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 19 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 20 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 21 predicted predict VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 22 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 23 undergo undergo VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 24 promiscuous promiscuous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 25 metabolism metabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 26 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 27 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 28 gastrointestinal gastrointestinal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 29 microbiota microbiota NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 30 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 31 primarily primarily RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 32 bacteria bacteria NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 33 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 34 prior prior RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 35 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 36 absorption absorption NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 37 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 39 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 40 stream stream NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 232 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 2 195 195 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 5 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 6 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 8 metabolizing metabolize VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 9 microbial microbial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 10 enzyme enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 12 tyramine tyramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 13 oxidase oxidase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 14 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 16 strain strain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 18 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 19 coli coli NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 20 commonly commonly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 21 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 24 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 25 gut gut NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 27 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 28 identified identify VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 30 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 233 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 234 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 234 2 195 195 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 234 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 234 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 234 5 enzyme enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 234 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 234 7 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 234 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 234 9 metabolize metabolize VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 234 10 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 234 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 234 12 tyramine tyramine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 234 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 234 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 234 15 phenethylamine phenethylamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 234 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 234 17 roughly roughly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 234 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 234 19 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 234 20 binding binding NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 234 21 affinity affinity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 234 22 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 234 23 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 234 24 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 234 25 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 234 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 2 195 195 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 4 Related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 5 endogenous endogenous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 6 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 7 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 8 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 9 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 10 related related JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 11 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 13 Trace Trace NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 14 amine amine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 15 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 16 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 18 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 19 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 20 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 22 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 25 endogenous endogenous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 26 trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 27 amines amine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 29 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 30 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 31 naturally naturally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 32 occurring occur VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 33 neuromodulator neuromodulator NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 34 molecules molecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 35 produced produce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 36 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 38 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 39 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 40 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 41 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 235 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 2 37][46][196 37][46][196 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 4 Among among IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 5 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 6 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 9 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 10 closely closely RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 11 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 12 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 13 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 14 phenethylamine phenethylamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 17 parent parent NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 18 compound compound NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 20 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 23 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 25 methylphenethylamine methylphenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 27 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 28 isomer isomer NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 30 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 31 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 32 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 34 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 35 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 36 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 37 identical identical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 38 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 39 formula formula NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 40 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 236 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 2 37][46][197 37][46][197 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 5 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 7 phenethylamine phenethylamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 9 produced produce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 10 directly directly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 11 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 12 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 14 phenylalanine phenylalanine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 15 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 17 aromatic aromatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 18 amino amino NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 19 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 20 decarboxylase decarboxylase NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 22 AADC AADC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 24 enzyme enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 26 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 27 converts convert VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 28 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 29 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 30 DOPA DOPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 31 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 32 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 33 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 34 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 237 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 238 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 238 2 46][197 46][197 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 238 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 238 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 238 5 turn turn NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 238 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 238 7 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 238 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 238 9 methylphenethylamine methylphenethylamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 238 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 238 11 metabolized metabolize VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 238 12 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 238 13 phenethylamine phenethylamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 238 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 238 15 phenylethanolamine phenylethanolamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 238 16 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 238 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 238 18 methyltransferase methyltransferase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 238 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 238 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 238 21 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 238 22 enzyme enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 238 23 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 238 24 metabolizes metabolize VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 238 25 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 238 26 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 238 27 epinephrine epinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 238 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 2 46][197 46][197 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 4 Like like IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 5 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 7 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 8 phenethylamine phenethylamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 10 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 12 methylphenethylamine methylphenethylamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 13 regulate regulate VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 14 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 15 neurotransmission neurotransmission NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 16 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 17 TAAR1;[37][196][197 TAAR1;[37][196][197 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 18 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 19 unlike unlike IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 20 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 22 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 24 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 25 substances substance NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 26 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 27 broken break VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 28 down down RP en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 29 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 30 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 31 oxidase oxidase NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 32 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 35 therefore therefore RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 36 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 37 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 38 shorter short JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 39 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 40 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 41 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 42 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 43 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 239 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 2 46][197 46][197 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 4 Chemistry Chemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 5 Racemic Racemic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 6 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 7 Levoamphetamine Levoamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 8 Dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 9 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 10 skeletal skeletal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 11 structures structure NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 13 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 15 amph amph NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 17 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 19 amph amph NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 20 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 21 vial vial NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 24 colorless colorless JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 25 amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 26 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 27 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 28 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 29 hydrochloride hydrochloride NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 30 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 31 left leave VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 32 bowl bowl NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 33 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 34 Phenyl-2-nitropropene phenyl-2-nitropropene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 35 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 36 right right JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 37 cups cup NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 38 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 39 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 40 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 41 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 42 methyl methyl NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 43 homolog homolog NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 44 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 46 mammalian mammalian NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 47 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 48 phenethylamine phenethylamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 49 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 50 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 51 chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 52 formula formula NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 240 53 C9H13N. c9h13n. NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 241 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 241 2 carbon carbon NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 241 3 atom atom NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 241 4 adjacent adjacent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 241 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 241 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 241 7 primary primary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 241 8 amine amine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 241 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 241 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 241 11 stereogenic stereogenic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 241 12 center center NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 241 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 241 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 241 15 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 241 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 241 17 composed compose VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 241 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 241 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 241 20 racemic racemic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 241 21 1:1 1:1 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 241 22 mixture mixture NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 241 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 241 24 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 241 25 enantiomers enantiomer NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 241 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 242 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 242 2 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 242 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 242 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 242 5 racemic racemic NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 242 6 mixture mixture NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 242 7 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 242 8 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 242 9 separated separate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 242 10 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 242 11 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 242 12 optical optical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 242 13 isomers:[note isomers:[note CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 242 14 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 242 15 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 242 16 levoamphetamine levoamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 242 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 242 18 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 242 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 2 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 4 At at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 5 room room NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 6 temperature temperature NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 9 pure pure JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 10 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 11 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 13 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 16 mobile mobile JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 18 colorless colorless JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 21 volatile volatile JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 22 liquid liquid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 23 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 25 characteristically characteristically RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 26 strong strong JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 27 amine amine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 28 odor odor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 31 acrid acrid NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 33 burning burn VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 34 taste taste NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 243 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 244 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 244 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 244 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 244 4 Frequently frequently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 244 5 prepared prepare VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 244 6 solid solid JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 244 7 salts salt NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 244 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 244 9 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 244 10 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 244 11 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 244 12 adipate,[198 adipate,[198 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 244 13 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 244 14 aspartate,[28 aspartate,[28 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 244 15 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 244 16 hydrochloride,[199 hydrochloride,[199 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 244 17 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 244 18 phosphate,[200 phosphate,[200 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 244 19 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 244 20 saccharate,[28 saccharate,[28 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 244 21 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 244 22 sulfate,[28 sulfate,[28 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 244 23 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 244 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 244 25 tannate tannate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 244 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 245 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 245 2 201 201 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 245 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 245 4 Dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 245 5 sulfate sulfate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 245 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 245 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 245 8 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-4107 245 9 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 245 10 enantiopure enantiopure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 245 11 salt salt NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 245 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 246 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 246 2 47 47 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 246 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 246 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 246 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 246 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 246 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 246 8 parent parent NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 246 9 compound compound NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 246 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 246 11 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 246 12 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 246 13 structural structural JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 246 14 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 246 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 246 16 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 246 17 includes include VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 246 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 246 19 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 246 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 246 21 psychoactive psychoactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 246 22 derivatives derivative NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 246 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 247 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 247 2 14][23 14][23 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 247 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 247 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 247 5 organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 247 6 chemistry chemistry NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 247 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 247 8 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 247 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 247 10 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 247 11 excellent excellent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 247 12 chiral chiral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 247 13 ligand ligand NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 247 14 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 247 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 247 16 stereoselective stereoselective JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 247 17 synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 247 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 247 19 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 247 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 248 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 248 2 202 202 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 248 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 248 4 Substituted substitute VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 248 5 derivatives derivative NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 248 6 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 248 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 248 8 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-4107 248 9 comprehensive comprehensive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 248 10 list list NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 248 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 248 12 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 248 13 Substituted substitute VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 248 14 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 248 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 2 substituted substitute VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 3 derivatives derivative NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 5 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 7 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 8 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 9 substituted substitute VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 10 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 13 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 15 broad broad JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 16 range range NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 18 chemicals chemical NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 19 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 20 contain contain VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 21 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 22 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 24 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 25 backbone";[14][48][203 backbone";[14][48][203 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 26 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 27 specifically specifically RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 29 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 30 chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 31 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 32 includes include VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 33 derivative derivative JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 34 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 35 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 36 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 37 formed form VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 38 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 39 replacing replace VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 40 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 41 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 42 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 43 hydrogen hydrogen NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 44 atoms atom NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 45 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 46 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 47 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 48 core core NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 49 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 50 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 51 substituents substituent NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 249 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 250 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 250 2 14][48][204 14][48][204 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 250 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 250 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 250 5 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 250 6 includes include VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 250 7 amphetamine amphetamine VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 250 8 itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 250 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 250 10 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 250 11 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 250 12 methamphetamine methamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 250 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 250 14 serotonergic serotonergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 250 15 empathogens empathogen NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 250 16 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 250 17 MDMA mdma NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 250 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 250 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 250 20 decongestants decongestant VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 250 21 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 250 22 ephedrine ephedrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 250 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 250 24 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 250 25 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 250 26 subgroups subgroup NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 250 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 2 14][48][203 14][48][203 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 4 Synthesis Synthesis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 5 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 6 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 7 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 8 illicit illicit JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 9 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 10 synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 12 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 14 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 16 substituted substitute VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 17 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 18 § § -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 19   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 20 Illegal illegal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 21 synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 22 Since since IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 24 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 25 preparation preparation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 26 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 27 reported report VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 29 1887,[205 1887,[205 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 30 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 31 numerous numerous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 32 synthetic synthetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 33 routes route NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 34 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 35 amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 36 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 37 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 38 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 251 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 2 206][207 206][207 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 5 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 6 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 7 route route NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 9 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 10 legal legal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 12 illicit illicit JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 13 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 14 synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 15 employs employ VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 17 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 18 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 19 metal metal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 20 reduction reduction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 21 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 22 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 24 Leuckart Leuckart NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 25 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 27 method method NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 28   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 29 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 30 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 252 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 2 47][208 47][208 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 6 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 7 step step NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 10 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 11 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 12 phenylacetone phenylacetone NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 14 formamide formamide NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 16 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 17 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 18 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 19 formic formic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 20 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 21 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 22 formamide formamide VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 23 itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 24 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 26 reducing reduce VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 27 agent agent NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 29 yields yield NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 30 N n NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 31 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 32 formylamphetamine formylamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 253 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 254 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 254 2 intermediate intermediate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 254 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 254 4 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 254 5 hydrolyzed hydrolyze VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 254 6 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 254 7 hydrochloric hydrochloric JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 254 8 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 254 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 254 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 254 11 subsequently subsequently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 254 12 basified basified JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 254 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 254 14 extracted extract VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 254 15 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 254 16 organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 254 17 solvent solvent NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 254 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 254 19 concentrated concentrate VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 254 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 254 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 254 22 distilled distil VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 254 23 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 254 24 yield yield VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 254 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 254 26 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 254 27 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 254 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 255 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 255 2 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 255 3 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 255 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 255 5 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 255 6 dissolved dissolve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 255 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 255 8 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 255 9 organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 255 10 solvent solvent NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 255 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 255 12 sulfuric sulfuric NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 255 13 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 255 14 added add VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 255 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 255 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 255 17 amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 255 18 precipitates precipitate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 255 19 out out RP en-wikipedia-org-4107 255 20 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 255 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 255 22 sulfate sulfate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 255 23 salt salt NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 255 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 256 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 256 2 208][209 208][209 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 256 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 256 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 256 5 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 256 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 256 7 chiral chiral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 256 8 resolutions resolution NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 256 9 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 256 10 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 256 11 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 256 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 256 13 separate separate VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 256 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 256 15 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 256 16 enantiomers enantiomer NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 256 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 256 18 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 256 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 257 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 257 2 206 206 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 257 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 257 4 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 257 5 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 257 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 257 7 racemic racemic NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 257 8 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 257 9 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 257 10 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 257 11 treated treat VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 257 12 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 257 13 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 257 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 257 15 tartaric tartaric NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 257 16 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 257 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 257 18 form form VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 257 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 257 20 diastereoisomeric diastereoisomeric JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 257 21 salt salt NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 257 22 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 257 23 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 257 24 fractionally fractionally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 257 25 crystallized crystallize VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 257 26 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 257 27 yield yield VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 257 28 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 257 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 258 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 258 2 210 210 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 258 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 258 4 Chiral chiral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 258 5 resolution resolution NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 258 6 remains remain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 258 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 258 8 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-4107 258 9 economical economical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 258 10 method method NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 258 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 258 12 obtaining obtain VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 258 13 optically optically RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 258 14 pure pure JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 258 15 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 258 16 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 258 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 258 18 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 258 19 scale scale NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 258 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 259 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 259 2 211 211 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 259 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 259 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 259 5 addition addition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 259 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 259 7 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 259 8 enantioselective enantioselective JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 259 9 syntheses synthesis NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 259 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 259 11 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 259 12 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 259 13 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 259 14 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 259 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 260 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 260 2 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 260 3 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 260 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 260 5 optically optically RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 260 6 pure pure JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 260 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 260 8 R)-1-phenyl r)-1-phenyl NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 260 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 260 10 ethanamine ethanamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 260 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 260 12 condensed condense VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 260 13 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 260 14 phenylacetone phenylacetone NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 260 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 260 16 yield yield VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 260 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 260 18 chiral chiral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 260 19 Schiff Schiff NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 260 20 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 260 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 261 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 261 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 261 3 key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 261 4 step step NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 261 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 261 6 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 261 7 intermediate intermediate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 261 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 261 9 reduced reduce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 261 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 261 11 catalytic catalytic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 261 12 hydrogenation hydrogenation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 261 13 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 261 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 261 15 transfer transfer NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 261 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 261 17 chirality chirality NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 261 18 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 261 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 261 20 carbon carbon NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 261 21 atom atom NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 261 22 alpha alpha NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 261 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 261 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 261 25 amino amino JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 261 26 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 261 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 262 1 Cleavage cleavage NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 262 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 262 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 262 4 benzylic benzylic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 262 5 amine amine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 262 6 bond bond NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 262 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 262 8 hydrogenation hydrogenation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 262 9 yields yield NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 262 10 optically optically RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 262 11 pure pure JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 262 12 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 262 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 263 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 263 2 211 211 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 263 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 263 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 263 5 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 263 6 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 263 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 263 8 alternative alternative JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 263 9 synthetic synthetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 263 10 routes route NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 263 11 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 263 12 amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 263 13 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 263 14 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 263 15 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 263 16 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 263 17 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 263 18 classic classic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 263 19 organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 263 20 reactions reaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 263 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 2 206][207 206][207 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 4 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 5 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 8 Friedel Friedel NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 9 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 10 Crafts Crafts NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 11 alkylation alkylation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 13 benzene benzene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 15 allyl allyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 16 chloride chloride NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 18 yield yield VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 19 beta beta JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 20 chloropropylbenzene chloropropylbenzene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 21 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 22 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 23 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 24 reacted react VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 25 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 26 ammonia ammonia NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 27 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 28 produce produce VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 29 racemic racemic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 30 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 31 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 32 method method NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 33   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 34 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 35 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 264 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 265 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 265 2 212 212 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 265 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 265 4 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 265 5 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 265 6 employs employ VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 265 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 265 8 Ritter ritter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 265 9 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 265 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 265 11 method method NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 265 12   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 265 13 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 265 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 265 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 2 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 3 route route NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 5 allylbenzene allylbenzene NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 7 reacted react VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 8 acetonitrile acetonitrile RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 10 sulfuric sulfuric NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 11 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 13 yield yield VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 14 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 15 organosulfate organosulfate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 16 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 18 turn turn NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 20 treated treat VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 21 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 22 sodium sodium NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 23 hydroxide hydroxide NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 24 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 25 give give VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 26 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 27 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 28 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 29 acetamide acetamide NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 30 intermediate intermediate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 266 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 2 213][214 213][214 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 5 third third JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 6 route route NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 7 starts start VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 8 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 9 ethyl ethyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 10 3-oxobutanoate 3-oxobutanoate CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 11 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 12 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 14 double double JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 15 alkylation alkylation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 17 methyl methyl NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 18 iodide iodide NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 19 followed follow VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 20 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 21 benzyl benzyl NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 22 chloride chloride NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 23 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 24 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 25 converted convert VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 26 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 27 2-methyl-3-phenyl 2-methyl-3-phenyl CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 28 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 29 propanoic propanoic NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 30 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 267 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 268 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 268 2 synthetic synthetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 268 3 intermediate intermediate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 268 4 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 268 5 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 268 6 transformed transform VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 268 7 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 268 8 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 268 9 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 268 10 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 268 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 268 12 Hofmann Hofmann NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 268 13 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 268 14 Curtius Curtius NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 268 15 rearrangement rearrangement NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 268 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 268 17 method method NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 268 18   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 268 19 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 268 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 268 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 269 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 269 2 215 215 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 269 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 269 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 269 5 significant significant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 269 6 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 269 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 269 8 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 269 9 syntheses synthesis NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 269 10 feature feature VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 269 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 269 12 reduction reduction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 269 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 269 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 269 15 nitro nitro NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 269 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 269 17 imine imine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 269 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 269 19 oxime oxime NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 269 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 269 21 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 269 22 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 269 23 nitrogen nitrogen NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 269 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 269 25 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 269 26 functional functional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 269 27 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 269 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 270 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 270 2 207 207 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 270 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 270 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 270 5 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 270 6 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 270 7 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 270 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 270 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 270 10 Knoevenagel Knoevenagel NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 270 11 condensation condensation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 270 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 270 13 benzaldehyde benzaldehyde NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 270 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 270 15 nitroethane nitroethane NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 270 16 yields yield NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 270 17 phenyl-2-nitropropene phenyl-2-nitropropene NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 270 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 271 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 271 2 double double JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 271 3 bond bond NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 271 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 271 5 nitro nitro JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 271 6 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 271 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 271 8 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 271 9 intermediate intermediate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 271 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 271 11 reduced reduce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 271 12 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 271 13 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 271 14 catalytic catalytic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 271 15 hydrogenation hydrogenation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 271 16 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 271 17 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 271 18 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 271 19 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 271 20 lithium lithium NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 271 21 aluminium aluminium NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 271 22 hydride hydride NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 271 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 271 24 method method NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 271 25   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 271 26 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 271 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 271 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 2 208][216 208][216 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 4 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 5 method method NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 8 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 10 phenylacetone phenylacetone NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 11 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 12 ammonia ammonia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 14 producing produce VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 15 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 16 imine imine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 17 intermediate intermediate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 18 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 20 reduced reduce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 21 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 23 primary primary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 24 amine amine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 25 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 26 hydrogen hydrogen NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 27 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 29 palladium palladium NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 30 catalyst catalyst NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 31 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 32 lithium lithium NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 33 aluminum aluminum NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 34 hydride hydride NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 35 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 36 method method NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 37   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 38 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 39 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 272 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 2 208 208 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 4 Amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 5 synthetic synthetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 6 routes route NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 7 Method Method NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 9 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 11 Synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 14 Leuckart Leuckart NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 15 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 16     _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 17 Top Top NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 18 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 19 Chiral chiral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 20 resolution resolution NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 22 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 23     _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 24 Bottom Bottom NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 25 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 26 Stereoselective stereoselective JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 27 synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 29 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 30     _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 31 Method Method NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 32   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 33 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 34 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 35 Synthesis Synthesis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 36 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 37 Friedel Friedel NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 38 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 39 Crafts Crafts NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 40 alkylation alkylation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 41     _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 42 Method Method NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 43   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 44 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 45 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 46 Ritter ritter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 47 synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 48 Method Method NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 49   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 50 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 51 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 52 Synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 53 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 54 Hofmann Hofmann NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 55 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 56 Curtius Curtius NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 57 rearrangements rearrangement VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 58 Method Method NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 59   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 60 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 61 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 62 Synthesis Synthesis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 63 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 64 Knoevenagel Knoevenagel NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 65 condensation condensation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 66 Method Method NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 67   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 68 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 69 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 70 Synthesis Synthesis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 71 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 72 phenylacetone phenylacetone NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 73 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 74 ammonia ammonia NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 75 Detection detection NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 76 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 77 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 78 fluids fluid NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 79 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 80 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 81 frequently frequently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 82 measured measure VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 83 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 84 urine urine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 85 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 86 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 87 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 88 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 89 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 90 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 91 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 92 test test NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 93 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 94 sports sport NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 95 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 96 employment employment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 97 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 98 poisoning poisoning NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 99 diagnostics diagnostic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 100 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 101 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 102 forensics forensic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 273 103 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 274 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 274 2 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 274 3 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 274 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 274 5 Techniques technique NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 274 6 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 274 7 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 274 8 immunoassay immunoassay NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 274 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 274 10 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 274 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 274 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 274 13 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-4107 274 14 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 274 15 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 274 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 274 17 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 274 18 test test NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 274 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 274 20 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 274 21 cross cross VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 274 22 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 274 23 react react VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 274 24 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 274 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 274 26 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 274 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 274 28 sympathomimetic sympathomimetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 274 29 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 274 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 275 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 275 2 220 220 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 275 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 275 4 Chromatographic chromatographic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 275 5 methods method NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 275 6 specific specific JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 275 7 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 275 8 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 275 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 275 10 employed employ VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 275 11 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 275 12 prevent prevent VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 275 13 false false JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 275 14 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 275 15 results result NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 275 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 2 221 221 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 4 Chiral chiral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 5 separation separation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 6 techniques technique NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 7 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 8 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 9 employed employ VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 11 help help VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 12 distinguish distinguish VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 14 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 17 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 19 whether whether IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 20 prescription prescription NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 21 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 23 prescription prescription NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 24 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 25 prodrugs prodrug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 28 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 30 selegiline selegiline NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 31 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 33 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 34 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 36 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 37 counter counter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 38 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 39 products product NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 40 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 41 contain contain VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 42 levomethamphetamine,[note levomethamphetamine,[note -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 43 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 44 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 45 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 46 illicitly illicitly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 47 obtained obtain VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 48 substituted substitute VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 49 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 276 50 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 2 221][224][225 221][224][225 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 4 Several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 5 prescription prescription NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 6 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 7 produce produce VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 8 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 11 metabolite metabolite NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 13 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 14 benzphetamine benzphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 16 clobenzorex clobenzorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 18 famprofazone famprofazone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 20 fenproporex fenproporex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 22 lisdexamfetamine lisdexamfetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 24 mesocarb mesocarb NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 26 methamphetamine methamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 28 prenylamine prenylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 31 selegiline selegiline NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 33 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 34 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 277 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 278 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 278 2 3][226][227 3][226][227 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 278 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 278 4 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 278 5 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 278 6 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 278 7 produce produce VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 278 8 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 278 9 results result NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 278 10 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 278 11 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 278 12 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 278 13 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 278 14 tests test NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 278 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 2 226][227 226][227 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 6 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 7 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 8 detectable detectable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 11 standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 12 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 13 test test NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 14 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 15 approximately approximately RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 16 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 17   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 18 hours hour NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 20 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 22 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 23 dose dose NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 24 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 25 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 26 detectable detectable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 27 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 28 2–4 2–4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 29   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 30 days day NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 279 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 2 220 220 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 4 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 6 assays assay NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 9 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 10 noted note VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 11 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 12 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 13 enzyme enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 14 multiplied multiply VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 15 immunoassay immunoassay NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 16 technique technique NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 18 EMIT EMIT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 20 assay assay NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 21 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 22 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 24 methamphetamine methamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 25 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 26 produce produce VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 27 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 28 false false JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 29 positives positive NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 30 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 31 liquid liquid JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 32 chromatography chromatography NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 33 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 34 tandem tandem NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 35 mass mass NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 36 spectrometry spectrometry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 280 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 2 224 224 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 4 Gas gas NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 5 chromatography chromatography NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 6 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 7 mass mass NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 8 spectrometry spectrometry NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 10 GC GC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 11 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 12 MS MS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 15 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 17 methamphetamine methamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 18 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 20 derivatizing derivatize VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 21 agent agent NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 23 S)-(−)-trifluoroacetylprolyl S)-(−)-trifluoroacetylprolyl `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 24 chloride chloride NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 25 allows allow VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 26 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 28 detection detection NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 30 methamphetamine methamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 32 urine urine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 281 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 2 221 221 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 4 GC GC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 5 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 6 MS MS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 8 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 10 methamphetamine methamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 11 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 13 chiral chiral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 14 derivatizing derivatize VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 15 agent agent NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 16 Mosher Mosher NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 17 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 18   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 19 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 20 chloride chloride NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 21 allows allow VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 22 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 24 detection detection NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 26 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 27 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 29 dextromethamphetamine dextromethamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 31 urine urine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 282 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 283 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 283 2 221 221 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 283 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 283 4 Hence hence RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 283 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 283 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 283 7 latter latter JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 283 8 method method NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 283 9 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 283 10 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 283 11 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 283 12 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 283 13 samples sample NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 283 14 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 283 15 test test VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 283 16 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 283 17 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 283 18 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 283 19 methods method NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 283 20 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 283 21 help help VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 283 22 distinguish distinguish VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 283 23 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 283 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 283 25 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 283 26 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 283 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 283 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 283 29 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 283 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 2 221 221 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 4 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 6 society society NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 9 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 10 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 11 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 13 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 15 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 17 substituted substitute VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 18 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 19 Global global JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 20 estimates estimate NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 22 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 23 users user NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 25 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 28 millions million NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 30 users)[228 users)[228 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 31 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 32 Substance Substance NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 33 Best Best NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 34 estimate estimate VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 35 Low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 36 estimate estimate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 37 High high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 38 estimate estimate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 39 Amphetamine- Amphetamine- NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 40 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 41 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 42 34.16 34.16 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 43 13.42 13.42 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 44 55.24 55.24 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 45 Cannabis Cannabis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 46 192.15 192.15 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 47 165.76 165.76 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 48 234.06 234.06 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 49 Cocaine Cocaine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 50 18.20 18.20 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 51 13.87 13.87 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 52 22.85 22.85 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 53 Ecstasy Ecstasy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 54 20.57 20.57 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 55 8.99 8.99 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 56 32.34 32.34 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 57 Opiates Opiates NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 58 19.38 19.38 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 59 13.80 13.80 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 60 26.15 26.15 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 61 Opioids opioid NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 62 34.26 34.26 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 63 27.01 27.01 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 64 44.54 44.54 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 65 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 66 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 67 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 68 synthesized synthesize VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 69 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 70 1887 1887 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 71 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 72 Germany Germany NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 73 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 74 Romanian romanian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 75 chemist chemist NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 76 Lazăr Lazăr NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 77 Edeleanu Edeleanu NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 78 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 79 named name VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 80 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 81 phenylisopropylamine;[205][229][230 phenylisopropylamine;[205][229][230 ADD en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 82 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 83 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 84 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 85 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 86 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 87 unknown unknown JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 88 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 89 1927 1927 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 90 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 91 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 92 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 93 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 94 independently independently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 95 resynthesized resynthesize VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 96 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 97 Gordon Gordon NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 98 Alles Alles NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 99 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 100 reported report VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 101 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 102 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 103 sympathomimetic sympathomimetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 104 properties property NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 284 105 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 2 230 230 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 5 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 6 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 7 medical medical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 8 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 9 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 10 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 11 1933 1933 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 13 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 14 Smith Smith NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 16 Kline Kline NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 18 French French NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 19 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 20 selling sell VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 21 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 22 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 23 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 24 inhaler inhaler NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 25 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 27 brand brand NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 28 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 29 Benzedrine Benzedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 30 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 31 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 32 decongestant decongestant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 285 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 2 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 4 Benzedrine Benzedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 5 sulfate sulfate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 7 introduced introduce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 8 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 9   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 10 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 11 later later RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 13 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 14 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 16 treat treat VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 18 wide wide JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 19 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 21 medical medical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 22 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 24 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 25 narcolepsy narcolepsy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 27 obesity obesity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 29 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 30 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 31 pressure pressure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 33 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 34 libido libido NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 37 chronic chronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 38 pain pain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 40 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 41 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 286 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 287 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 287 2 49][29 49][29 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 287 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 287 4 During during IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 287 5 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 287 6 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 287 7 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 287 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 287 9 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 287 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 287 11 methamphetamine methamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 287 12 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 287 13 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 287 14 extensively extensively RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 287 15 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 287 16 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 287 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 287 18 Allied Allied NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 287 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 287 20 Axis Axis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 287 21 forces force NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 287 22 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 287 23 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 287 24 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 287 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 287 26 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 287 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 287 28 enhancing enhance VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 287 29 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 287 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 288 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 288 2 205][231][232 205][231][232 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 288 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 288 4 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 288 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 288 6 addictive addictive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 288 7 properties property NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 288 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 288 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 288 10 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 288 11 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 288 12 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 288 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 288 14 governments government NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 288 15 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 288 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 288 17 place place VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 288 18 strict strict JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 288 19 controls control NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 288 20 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 288 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 288 22 sale sale NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 288 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 288 24 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 288 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 289 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 289 2 205 205 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 289 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 289 4 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 289 5 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 289 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 289 7 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 289 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 289 9 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 289 10 1970s 1970 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 289 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 289 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 289 13 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 289 14 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 289 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 289 16 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 289 17 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 289 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 289 19 schedule schedule NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 289 20   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 289 21 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 289 22 controlled control VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 289 23 substance substance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 289 24 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 289 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 289 26 Controlled Controlled NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 289 27 Substances Substances NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 289 28 Act Act NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 289 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 2 233][234 233][234 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 5 spite spite NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 7 strict strict JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 8 government government NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 9 controls control NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 11 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 12 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 13 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 14 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 15 legally legally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 16 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 17 illicitly illicitly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 18 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 19 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 20 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 22 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 24 backgrounds background NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 26 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 27 authors,[235 authors,[235 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 28 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 29 musicians,[236 musicians,[236 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 30 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 31 mathematicians,[237 mathematicians,[237 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 32 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 34 athletes athlete NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 290 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 291 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 291 2 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 291 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 291 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 291 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 291 6 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 291 7 illegally illegally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 291 8 synthesized synthesize VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 291 9 today today NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 291 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 291 11 clandestine clandestine JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 291 12 labs lab NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 291 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 291 14 sold sell VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 291 15 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 291 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 291 17 black black JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 291 18 market market NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 291 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 291 20 primarily primarily RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 291 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 291 22 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 291 23 countries country NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 291 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 2 238 238 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 4 Among among IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 5 European European NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 6 Union Union NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 8 EU EU NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 10 member member NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 11 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 13 2018,[update 2018,[update NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 14 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 15 11.9 11.9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 16   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 17 million million CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 18 adults adult NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 20 ages age NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 21 15–64 15–64 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 22 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 23 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 24 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 25 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 26 methamphetamine methamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 27 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 28 least least JJS en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 29 once once RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 31 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 32 lives life NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 34 1.7 1.7 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 35   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 36 million million CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 37 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 38 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 39 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 40 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 42 last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 43 year year NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 292 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 2 239 239 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 4 During during IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 5 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 7 approximately approximately RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 8 5.9 5.9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 9   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 10 metric metric JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 11 tons ton NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 13 illicit illicit JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 14 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 15 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 16 seized seize VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 17 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 18 EU EU NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 19 member member NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 20 states;[240 states;[240 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 21 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 23 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 24 street street NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 25 price price NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 26 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 28 illicit illicit JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 29 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 30 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 32 EU EU NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 33 ranged range VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 34 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 35 € € NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 36 6–38 6–38 NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 37   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 38 per per IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 39 gram gram NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 40 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 42 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 43 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 293 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 294 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 294 2 240 240 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 294 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 294 4 Outside outside IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 294 5 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 294 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 294 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 294 8 illicit illicit JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 294 9 market market NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 294 10 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 294 11 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 294 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 294 13 much much RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 294 14 smaller small JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 294 15 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 294 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 294 17 market market NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 294 18 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 294 19 methamphetamine methamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 294 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 294 21 MDMA mdma NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 294 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 2 238 238 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 4 Legal legal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 5 status status NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 6 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 8 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 11 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 12 Nations Nations NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 13 1971 1971 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 14 Convention Convention NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 15 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 16 Psychotropic Psychotropic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 17 Substances Substances NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 19 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 20 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 22 schedule schedule NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 23   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 24 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 25 controlled control VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 26 substance substance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 28 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 29 defined define VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 32 treaty treaty NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 35 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 36 183 183 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 37 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 38 parties party NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 295 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 296 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 296 2 30 30 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 296 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 296 4 Consequently consequently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 296 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 296 6 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 296 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 296 8 heavily heavily RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 296 9 regulated regulated JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 296 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 296 11 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-4107 296 12 countries country NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 296 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 297 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 297 2 241][242 241][242 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 297 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 297 4 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 297 5 countries country NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 297 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 297 7 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 297 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 297 9 South South NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 297 10 Korea Korea NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 297 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 297 12 Japan Japan NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 297 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 297 14 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 297 15 banned ban VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 297 16 substituted substitute VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 297 17 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 297 18 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 297 19 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 297 20 medical medical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 297 21 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 297 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 2 243][244 243][244 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 5 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 6 nations nation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 8 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 10 Canada Canada NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 12 schedule schedule NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 13   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 14 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 15 drug),[245 drug),[245 VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 16 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 18 Netherlands Netherlands NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 20 List List NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 21   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 22 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 23 drug),[246 drug),[246 VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 24 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 26 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 27 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 29 schedule schedule NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 30   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 31 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 32 drug),[28 drug),[28 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 33 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 34 Australia Australia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 35 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 36 schedule schedule NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 37   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 38 8),[247 8),[247 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 39 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 40 Thailand Thailand NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 41 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 42 category category NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 43   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 44 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 45 narcotic),[248 narcotic),[248 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 46 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 47 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 48 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 49 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 50 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 51 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 52   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 53 B b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 54 drug),[249 drug),[249 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 55 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 56 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 57 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 58 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 59 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 60 restrictive restrictive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 61 national national JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 62 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 63 schedule schedule NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 64 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 65 allows allow VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 66 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 67 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 68 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 69 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 70 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 71 medical medical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 72 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 298 73 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 2 238][31 238][31 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 4 Pharmaceutical pharmaceutical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 5 products product NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 6 Several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 7 currently currently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 8 marketed market VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 9 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 10 formulations formulation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 11 contain contain VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 12 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 13 enantiomers enantiomer NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 15 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 16 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 17 marketed market VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 18 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 20 brand brand NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 21 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 22 Adderall Adderall NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 24 Adderall Adderall NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 25   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 26 XR XR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 28 Mydayis,[note Mydayis,[note NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 29 1 1 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 30 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 31 Adzenys adzenys NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 32   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 33 ER ER NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 35 Adzenys Adzenys NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 36 XR XR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 37 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 38 ODT ODT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 40 Dyanavel Dyanavel NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 41   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 42 XR XR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 44 Evekeo Evekeo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 45 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 46 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 47 Evekeo Evekeo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 48   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 49 ODT ODT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 299 50 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 1 Of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 2 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 4 Evekeo Evekeo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 6 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 7 Evekeo Evekeo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 9 ODT ODT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 13 only only JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 14 product product NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 15 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 16 only only JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 17 racemic racemic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 18 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 20 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 21 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 22 sulfate sulfate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 26 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 27 therefore therefore RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 29 only only JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 30 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 31 whose whose WP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 32 active active JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 33 moiety moiety NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 34 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 35 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 36 accurately accurately RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 37 referred refer VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 38 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 39 simply simply RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 40 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 41 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 42 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 43 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 300 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 301 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 301 2 2][35][88 2][35][88 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 301 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 301 4 Dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 301 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 301 6 marketed market VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 301 7 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 301 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 301 9 brand brand NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 301 10 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 301 11 Dexedrine Dexedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 301 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 301 13 Zenzedi Zenzedi NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 301 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 301 15 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 301 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 301 17 only only JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 301 18 enantiopure enantiopure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 301 19 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 301 20 product product NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 301 21 currently currently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 301 22 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 301 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 302 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 302 2 prodrug prodrug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 302 3 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 302 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 302 5 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 302 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 302 7 lisdexamfetamine lisdexamfetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 302 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 302 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 302 10 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 302 11 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 302 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 302 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 302 14 marketed market VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 302 15 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 302 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 302 17 brand brand NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 302 18 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 302 19 Vyvanse vyvanse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 302 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 303 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 303 2 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 303 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 303 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 303 5 prodrug prodrug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 303 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 303 7 lisdexamfetamine lisdexamfetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 303 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 303 9 structurally structurally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 303 10 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 303 11 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 303 12 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 303 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 303 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 303 15 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 303 16 inactive inactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 303 17 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 303 18 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 303 19 metabolizes metabolize VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 303 20 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 303 21 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 303 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 304 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 304 2 36][182 36][182 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 304 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 304 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 304 5 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 304 6 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 304 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 304 8 racemic racemic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 304 9 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 304 10 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 304 11 previously previously RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 304 12 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 304 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 304 14 Benzedrine Benzedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 304 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 304 16 Psychedrine Psychedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 304 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 304 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 304 19 Sympatedrine Sympatedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 304 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 305 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 305 2 3 3 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 305 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 305 4 Levoamphetamine Levoamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 305 5 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 305 6 previously previously RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 305 7 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 305 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 305 9 Cydril Cydril NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 305 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 306 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 306 2 3 3 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 306 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 306 4 Many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 306 5 current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 306 6 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 306 7 pharmaceuticals pharmaceutical NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 306 8 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 306 9 salts salt NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 306 10 due due JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 306 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 306 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 306 13 comparatively comparatively RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 306 14 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 306 15 volatility volatility NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 306 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 306 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 306 18 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 306 19 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 306 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 307 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 307 2 3][36][47 3][36][47 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 307 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 307 4 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 307 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 307 6 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 307 7 suspension suspension NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 307 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 307 9 orally orally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 307 10 disintegrating disintegrate VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 307 11 tablet tablet NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 307 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 307 13 ODT ODT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 307 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 307 15 dosage dosage NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 307 16 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 307 17 composed compose VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 307 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 307 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 307 20 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 307 21 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 307 22 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 307 23 introduced introduce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 307 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 307 25 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 307 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 307 27 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 307 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 307 29 respectively respectively RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 307 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 308 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 308 2 88][250][251 88][250][251 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 308 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 308 4 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 308 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 308 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 308 7 current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 308 8 brands brand NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 308 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 308 10 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 308 11 generic generic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 308 12 equivalents equivalent NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 308 13 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 308 14 listed list VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 308 15 below below RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 308 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 1 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 2 pharmaceuticals pharmaceutical NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 3 Brand Brand NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 4 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 5 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 6   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 7 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 8 Adopted Adopted NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 9   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 10 Name name NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 12 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 13 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 14 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 16   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 17 ratio ratio NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 18 Dosage dosage NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 19 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 20 Marketing marketing NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 21 start start NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 22   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 23 date date NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 24 US US NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 25 consumer consumer NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 26 price price NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 27 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 28 Sources Sources NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 29 Adderall Adderall NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 30 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 31 3:1 3:1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 32   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 33 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 34 salts salts NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 35 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 36 tablet tablet VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 37 1996 1996 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 38 GoodRx GoodRx NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 39 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 40 3][36 3][36 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 41 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 42 Adderall Adderall NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 43   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 44 XR XR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 45 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 46 3:1 3:1 ADD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 47   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 48 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 49 salts salts NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 50 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 51 capsule capsule VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 52 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 53 GoodRx goodrx NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 54 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 55 3][36 3][36 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 56 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 57 Mydayis Mydayis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 58 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 59 3:1 3:1 ADD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 60   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 61 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 62 salts salts NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 63 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 64 capsule capsule VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 65 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 66 GoodRx GoodRx NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 67 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 68 252][253 252][253 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 69 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 70 Adzenys adzenys NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 71   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 72 ER ER NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 73 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 74 3:1 3:1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 75   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 76 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 77 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 78 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 79 suspension suspension NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 80 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 81 GoodRx GoodRx NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 82 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 83 254 254 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 84 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 85 Adzenys Adzenys NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 86 XR XR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 87 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 88 ODT ODT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 89 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 90 3:1 3:1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 91   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 92 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 93 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 94 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 95 ODT ODT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 96 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 97 GoodRx goodrx NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 98 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 99 251][255 251][255 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 100 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 101 Dyanavel Dyanavel NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 102   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 103 XR XR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 104 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 105 3.2:1 3.2:1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 106   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 107 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 108 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 109 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 110 suspension suspension NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 111 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 112 GoodRx goodrx NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 113 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 114 88][250 88][250 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 115 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 116 Evekeo Evekeo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 117 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 118   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 119 sulfate sulfate VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 120 1:1 1:1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 121   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 122 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 123 salts salts NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 124 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 125 tablet tablet NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 126 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 127 GoodRx GoodRx NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 128 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 129 35][256 35][256 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 130 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 131 Evekeo Evekeo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 132   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 133 ODT ODT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 134 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 135   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 136 sulfate sulfate VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 137 1:1 1:1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 138   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 139 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 140 salts salt NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 141 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 142 ODT ODT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 143 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 144 GoodRx goodrx CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 145 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 146 257 257 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 147 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 148 Dexedrine Dexedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 149 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 150   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 151 sulfate sulfate VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 152 1:0 1:0 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 153   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 154 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 155 salts salts NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 156 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 157 capsule capsule VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 158 1976 1976 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 159 GoodRx GoodRx NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 160 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 161 3][36 3][36 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 162 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 163 Zenzedi Zenzedi NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 164 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 165   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 166 sulfate sulfate VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 167 1:0 1:0 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 168   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 169 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 170 salts salts NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 171 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 172 tablet tablet VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 173 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 174 GoodRx GoodRx NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 175 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 176 36][258 36][258 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 177 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 178 Vyvanse vyvanse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 179 lisdexamfetamine lisdexamfetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 180   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 181 dimesylate dimesylate VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 182 1:0 1:0 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 183   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 184 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 185 prodrug prodrug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 186 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 187 capsule capsule VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 188 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 189 GoodRx GoodRx NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 190 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 191 3][182][259 3][182][259 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 192 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 193 tablet tablet NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 194 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 195 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 196 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 197 marketed marketed JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 198 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 199 medications medication NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 200 drug drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 201 formula formula NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 202 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 203 mass mass NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 204 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 205 note note NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 206 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 207 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 208 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 209 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 210 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 211 note note NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 212 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 213 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 214 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 215 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 216 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 217 equal equal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 218 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 219 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 220 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 221 equal equal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 222 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 223 content content NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 224 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 225 note note VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 226 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 227 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 228 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 229 g g NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 230 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 231 mol mol NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 232 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 233 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 234 percent percent NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 235 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 236 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 237 30 30 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 238   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 239 mg mg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 240 dose dose VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 241 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 242 total total JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 243 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 244 total total NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 245 dextro- dextro- XX en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 246 levo- levo- NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 247 dextro- dextro- NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 248 levo- levo- NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 249 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 250 sulfate[261][262 sulfate[261][262 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 251 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 252 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 253 C9H13N)2•H2SO4 c9h13n)2•h2so4 UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 254 368.49 368.49 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 255 270.41 270.41 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 256 73.38 73.38 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 257 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 258 73.38 73.38 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 259 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 260 — — : en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 261 22.0 22.0 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 262   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 263 mg mg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 264 — — : en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 265 30.0 30.0 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 266   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 267 mg mg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 268 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 269 sulfate[263 sulfate[263 FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 270 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 271 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 272 C9H13N)2•H2SO4 c9h13n)2•h2so4 UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 273 368.49 368.49 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 274 270.41 270.41 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 275 73.38 73.38 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 276 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 277 36.69 36.69 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 278 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 279 36.69 36.69 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 280 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 281 11.0 11.0 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 282   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 283 mg mg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 284 11.0 11.0 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 285   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 286 mg mg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 287 30.0 30.0 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 288   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 289 mg mg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 290 Adderall Adderall NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 291 62.57 62.57 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 292 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 293 47.49 47.49 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 294 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 295 15.08 15.08 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 296 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 297 14.2 14.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 298   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 299 mg mg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 300 4.5 4.5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 301   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 302 mg mg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 303 35.2 35.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 304   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 305 mg mg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 306 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 307 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 308 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 309 sulfate[261][262 sulfate[261][262 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 310 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 311 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 312 C9H13N)2•H2SO4 c9h13n)2•h2so4 UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 313 368.49 368.49 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 314 270.41 270.41 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 315 73.38 73.38 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 316 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 317 73.38 73.38 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 318 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 319 — — : en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 320 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 321 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 322 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 323 sulfate[263 sulfate[263 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 324 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 325 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 326 C9H13N)2•H2SO4 c9h13n)2•h2so4 UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 327 368.49 368.49 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 328 270.41 270.41 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 329 73.38 73.38 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 330 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 331 36.69 36.69 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 332 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 333 36.69 36.69 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 334 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 335 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 336 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 337 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 338 saccharate[264 saccharate[264 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 339 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 340 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 341 C9H13N)2•C6H10O8 c9h13n)2•c6h10o8 $ en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 342 480.55 480.55 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 343 270.41 270.41 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 344 56.27 56.27 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 345 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 346 56.27 56.27 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 347 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 348 — — : en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 349 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 350 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 351 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 352 aspartate aspartate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 353 monohydrate[265 monohydrate[265 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 354 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 355 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 356 C9H13N)•C4H7NO4•H2O C9H13N)•C4H7NO4•H2O NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 357 286.32 286.32 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 358 135.21 135.21 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 359 47.22 47.22 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 360 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 361 23.61 23.61 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 362 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 363 23.61 23.61 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 364 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 365 lisdexamfetamine lisdexamfetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 366 dimesylate[182 dimesylate[182 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 367 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 368 C15H25N3O•(CH4O3S)2 C15H25N3O•(CH4O3S)2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 369 455.49 455.49 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 370 135.21 135.21 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 371 29.68 29.68 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 372 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 373 29.68 29.68 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 374 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 375 — — : en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 376 8.9 8.9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 377   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 378 mg mg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 379 — — : en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 380 74.2 74.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 381   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 382 mg mg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 383 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 384 base base NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 385 suspension[note suspension[note , en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 386 24][88 24][88 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 387 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 388 C9H13N C9H13N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 389 135.21 135.21 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 390 135.21 135.21 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 391 100 100 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 392 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 393 76.19 76.19 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 394 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 395 23.81 23.81 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 396 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 397 22.9 22.9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 398   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 399 mg mg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 400 7.1 7.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 401   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 402 mg mg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 403 22.0 22.0 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 404   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 405 mg mg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 406 Notes Notes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 407 ^ ^ VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 408 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 409 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 410 Adderall Adderall NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 411 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 412 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 413 mixed mixed JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 414 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 415 salts salt NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 416 products product NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 417 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 418 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 419 Mydayis Mydayis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 420 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 421 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 422 racemic racemic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 423 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 424 - - : en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 425 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 426 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 427 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 428 mixture mixture NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 429 composed compose VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 430 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 431 equal equal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 432 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 433 racemate racemate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 434 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 435 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 309 436 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 310 1 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 310 2 Mixed mixed JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 310 3 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 310 4 salts salt NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 310 5 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 310 6 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 310 7 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 310 8 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 310 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 310 10 mixture mixture NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 310 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 310 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 310 13 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 310 14 section section NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 310 15 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 310 16 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 310 17 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 310 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 310 19 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 310 20 mixtures mixture NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 310 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 310 22 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 310 23 enantiomers enantiomer NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 310 24 currently currently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 310 25 marketed market VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 310 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 2 Synonyms Synonyms NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 4 alternate alternate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 5 spellings spelling NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 6 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 8 1-phenylpropan-2-amine 1-phenylpropan-2-amine CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 10 IUPAC IUPAC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 11 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 14 α α NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 16 methylphenethylamine methylphenethylamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 18 amfetamine amfetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 20 International International NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 21 Nonproprietary Nonproprietary NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 22 Name Name NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 23 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 24 INN INN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 25 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 28 β β NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 29 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 30 phenylisopropylamine phenylisopropylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 33 speed speed NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 311 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 312 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 312 2 22][23][24 22][23][24 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 312 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 312 4 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 312 5 Enantiomers enantiomer NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 312 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 312 7 molecules molecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 312 8 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 312 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 312 10 mirror mirror NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 312 11 images image NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 312 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 312 13 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 312 14 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 312 15 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 312 16 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 312 17 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 312 18 structurally structurally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 312 19 identical identical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 312 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 312 21 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 312 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 312 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 312 24 opposite opposite JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 312 25 orientation orientation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 312 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 313 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 313 2 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 313 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 313 4 Levoamphetamine Levoamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 313 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 313 6 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 313 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 313 8 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 313 9 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 313 10 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 313 11 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 313 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 313 13 amph amph NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 313 14 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 313 15 levamfetamine levamfetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 313 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 313 17 INN INN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 313 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 313 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 313 20 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 313 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 313 22 amph amph NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 313 23 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 313 24 dexamfetamine dexamfetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 313 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 313 26 INN INN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 313 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 313 28 respectively respectively RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 313 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 4 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 6 brand brand NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 7 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 8 Adderall Adderall NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 10 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 11 primarily primarily RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 12 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 13 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 14 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 16 refer refer VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 19 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 20 salt salt NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 21 mixture mixture NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 22 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 23 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 24 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 26 four four CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 28 salt salt NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 29 composition composition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 32 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 33 makes make VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 34 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 35 nonproprietary nonproprietary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 36 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 37 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 38 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 39 sulfate sulfate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 40 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 41 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 43 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 44 saccharate saccharate VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 45 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 46 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 47 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 48 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 49 sulfate sulfate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 50 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 51 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 52 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 53 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 54 amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 55 aspartate aspartate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 56 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 57 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 58 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 59 excessively excessively RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 60 lengthy lengthy JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 314 61 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 2 36 36 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 4 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 6 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 7 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 8 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 10 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 11 refers refer VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 14 chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 15 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 17 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 19 unlike unlike IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 21 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 23 substituted substitute VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 24 amphetamines,[14 amphetamines,[14 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 25 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 27 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 28 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 29 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 30 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 31 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 32 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 33 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 34 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 35 standardized standardized JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 36 definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 37 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 38 academic academic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 39 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 315 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 316 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 316 2 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 316 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 316 4 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 316 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 316 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 316 7 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-4107 316 8 restrictive restrictive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 316 9 definitions definition NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 316 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 316 11 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 316 12 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 316 13 includes include VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 316 14 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 316 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 316 16 racemate racemate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 316 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 316 18 enantiomers enantiomer NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 316 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 316 20 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 316 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 316 22 methamphetamine methamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 316 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 317 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 317 2 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 317 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 317 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 317 5 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-4107 317 6 general general JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 317 7 definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 317 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 317 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 317 10 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 317 11 encompasses encompass VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 317 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 317 13 broad broad JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 317 14 range range NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 317 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 317 16 pharmacologically pharmacologically RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 317 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 317 18 structurally structurally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 317 19 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 317 20 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 317 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 2 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 4 Due due IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 6 confusion confusion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 7 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 8 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 9 arise arise VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 11 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 14 plural plural JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 15 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 17 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 18 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 19 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 20 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 21 use use VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 23 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 24 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 25 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 26 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 28 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 29 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 30 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 31 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 32 refer refer VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 33 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 34 racemic racemic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 35 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 37 levoamphetamine levoamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 39 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 40 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 41 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 42 reserve reserve VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 43 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 44 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 45 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 46 substituted substitute VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 47 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 48 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 49 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 50 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 51 structural structural JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 52 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 318 53 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 3 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 5 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 6 outcome outcome NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 7 domains domain NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 8 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 10 greatest great JJS en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 11 proportion proportion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 13 significantly significantly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 14 improved improve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 15 outcomes outcome NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 16 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 17 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 19 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 20 continuous continuous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 21 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 22 therapy therapy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 23 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 24 academics academic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 26 ≈55 ≈55 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 27 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 29 academic academic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 30 outcomes outcome NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 31 improved improve VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 34 driving drive VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 35 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 36 100 100 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 37 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 39 driving drive VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 40 outcomes outcome NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 41 improved improve VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 42 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 44 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 45 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 46 medical medical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 47 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 48 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 49 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 50 47 47 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 51 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 52 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 53 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 54 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 55 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 56 outcomes outcome NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 57 improved improve VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 58 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 59 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 60 obesity obesity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 61 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 62 ≈65 ≈65 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 63 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 64 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 65 obesity obesity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 66 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 67 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 68 outcomes outcome NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 69 improved improve VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 70 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 71 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 72 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 73 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 74 esteem esteem NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 75 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 76 50 50 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 77 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 78 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 79 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 80 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 81 esteem esteem NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 82 outcomes outcome NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 83 improved improve VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 84 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 85 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 86 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 87 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 88 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 89 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 90 67 67 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 91 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 92 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 93 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 94 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 95 outcomes outcome NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 96 improved improve VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 97 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 319 98 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 2 56 56 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 5 largest large JJS en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 6 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 7 sizes size VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 9 outcome outcome NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 10 improvements improvement NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 11 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 12 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 14 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 15 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 16 therapy therapy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 17 occur occur VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 20 domains domain NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 21 involving involve VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 22 academics academic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 24 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 26 grade grade NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 27 point point NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 28 average average JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 30 achievement achievement NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 31 test test NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 32 scores score NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 34 length length NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 36 education education NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 39 education education NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 40 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 41 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 43 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 44 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 45 esteem esteem NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 46 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 47 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 48 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 49 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 50 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 51 esteem esteem NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 52 questionnaire questionnaire NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 53 assessments assessment NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 54 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 55 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 56 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 57 suicide suicide NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 58 attempts attempt NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 59 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 60 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 61 suicide suicide NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 62 rates rate NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 63 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 64 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 65 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 66 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 67 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 68 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 69 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 70 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 71 peer peer NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 72 nomination nomination NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 73 scores score NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 74 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 75 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 76 skills skill NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 77 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 78 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 79 quality quality NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 80 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 81 peer peer NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 82 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 83 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 84 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 85 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 86 romantic romantic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 87 relationships relationship NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 88 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 320 89 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 2 56 56 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 4 Long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 6 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 7 combination combination NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 8 therapy therapy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 10 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 12 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 14 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 15 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 16 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 18 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 20 behavioral behavioral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 21 therapy therapy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 23 produces produce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 24 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 25 larger large JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 26 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 27 sizes size NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 28 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 29 outcome outcome NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 30 improvements improvement NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 32 improves improve VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 33 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 34 larger large JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 35 proportion proportion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 37 outcomes outcome NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 38 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 39 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 40 domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 41 compared compare VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 42 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 43 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 44 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 45 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 46 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 47 therapy therapy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 48 alone alone RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 321 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 322 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 322 2 56 56 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 322 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 322 4 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4107 322 5 Cochrane Cochrane NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 322 6 reviews review NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 322 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 322 8 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 322 9 quality quality NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 322 10 meta meta JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 322 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 322 12 analytic analytic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 322 13 systematic systematic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 322 14 reviews review NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 322 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 322 16 randomized randomized JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 322 17 controlled controlled JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 322 18 trials trial NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 322 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 323 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 323 2 62 62 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 323 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 323 4 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4107 323 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 323 6 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 323 7 supported support VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 323 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 323 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 323 10 USFDA USFDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 323 11 come come VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 323 12 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 323 13 prescribing prescribe VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 323 14 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 323 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 323 16 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 323 17 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 323 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 323 19 copyrighted copyright VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 323 20 intellectual intellectual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 323 21 property property NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 323 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 323 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 323 24 manufacturer manufacturer NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 323 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 323 26 approved approve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 323 27 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 323 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 323 29 USFDA USFDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 323 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 324 1 USFDA usfda NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 324 2 contraindications contraindication NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 324 3 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 324 4 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 324 5 necessarily necessarily RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 324 6 intended intend VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 324 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 324 8 limit limit VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 324 9 medical medical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 324 10 practice practice NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 324 11 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 324 12 limit limit NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 324 13 claims claim NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 324 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 324 15 pharmaceutical pharmaceutical NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 324 16 companies company NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 324 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 2 83 83 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 4 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 5 According accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 7 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 8 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 10 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 11 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 12 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 13 prescribed prescribe VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 15 individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 18 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 20 abuse abuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 21 provided provide VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 22 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 23 appropriate appropriate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 24 medication medication NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 25 controls control NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 26 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 27 employed employ VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 29 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 30 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 31 requiring require VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 32 daily daily JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 33 pick pick NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 34 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 35 ups up NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 38 medication medication NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 39 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 41 prescribing prescribing NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 42 physician physician NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 325 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 2 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 4 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 5 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 6 individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 7 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 8 experience experience VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 9 sub sub JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 10 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 11 normal normal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 12 height height NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 14 weight weight NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 15 gains gain NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 18 rebound rebound NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 20 normal normal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 21 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 22 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 23 expected expect VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 24 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 25 occur occur VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 26 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 27 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 28 therapy therapy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 29 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 30 briefly briefly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 31 interrupted interrupt VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 326 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 327 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 327 2 43][55][87 43][55][87 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 327 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 327 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 327 5 average average JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 327 6 reduction reduction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 327 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 327 8 final final JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 327 9 adult adult NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 327 10 height height NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 327 11 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 327 12 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 327 13   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 327 14 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 327 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 327 16 continuous continuous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 327 17 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 327 18 therapy therapy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 327 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 327 20 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 327 21   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 327 22 cm cm NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 327 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 328 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 328 2 87 87 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 328 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 328 4 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 328 5 Transcription transcription NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 328 6 factors factor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 328 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 328 8 proteins protein NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 328 9 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 328 10 increase increase VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 328 11 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 328 12 decrease decrease VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 328 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 328 14 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 328 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 328 16 specific specific JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 328 17 genes gene NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 328 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 2 116 116 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 4 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 5 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 6 simpler simple JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 7 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 9 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 10 necessary necessary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 12 sufficient sufficient JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 13 relationship relationship NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 14 means mean VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 15 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 16 ΔFosB ΔFosB VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 17 overexpression overexpression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 20 nucleus nucleus NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 21 accumbens accumben NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 23 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 25 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 26 behavioral behavioral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 28 neural neural JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 29 adaptations adaptation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 30 always always RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 31 occur occur VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 32 together together RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 34 never never RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 35 occur occur VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 36 alone alone JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 329 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 2 NMDA NMDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 3 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 4 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 5 voltage voltage NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 7 dependent dependent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 8 ligand ligand NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 10 gated gate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 11 ion ion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 12 channels channel NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 13 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 14 requires require VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 15 simultaneous simultaneous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 16 binding binding NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 18 glutamate glutamate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 21 co co NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 22 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 23 agonist agonist JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 25 D d JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 26 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 27 serine serine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 28 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 29 glycine glycine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 30 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 31 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 32 open open VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 34 ion ion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 35 channel channel NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 330 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 331 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 331 2 130 130 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 331 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 331 4 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 331 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 331 6 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 331 7 indicated indicate VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 331 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 331 9 magnesium magnesium NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 331 10 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 331 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 331 12 aspartate aspartate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 331 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 331 14 magnesium magnesium NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 331 15 chloride chloride NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 331 16 produce produce VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 331 17 significant significant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 331 18 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 331 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 331 20 addictive addictive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 331 21 behavior;[107 behavior;[107 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 331 22 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 331 23 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 331 24 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 331 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 331 26 magnesium magnesium NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 331 27 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 331 28 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 331 29 mentioned mention VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 331 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 332 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 332 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 332 3 95 95 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 332 4 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 332 5   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 332 6 confidence confidence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 332 7 interval interval NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 332 8 indicates indicate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 332 9 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 332 10 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-4107 332 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 332 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 332 13 95 95 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 332 14 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 332 15   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 332 16 probability probability NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 332 17 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 332 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 332 19 true true JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 332 20 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 332 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 332 22 deaths death NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 332 23 lies lie VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 332 24 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 332 25 3,425 3,425 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 332 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 332 27 4,145 4,145 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 332 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 5 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 6 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 7 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 9 hDAT hDAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 11 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 13 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 15 affinity affinity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 17 extracellular extracellular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 20 allosteric allosteric JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 21 Zn2 Zn2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 22 + + NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 24 zinc zinc NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 25 ion ion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 27 binding bind VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 28 site site NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 29 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 31 upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 32 zinc zinc NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 33 binding binding NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 35 inhibits inhibit VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 36 dopamine dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 37 reuptake reuptake NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 39 inhibits inhibit VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 40 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 41 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 42 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 43 hDAT hdat NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 44 internalization internalization NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 45 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 46 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 47 amplifies amplifie NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 48 amphetamine amphetamine VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 49 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 50 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 51 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 52 efflux efflux NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 333 53 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 334 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 334 2 146][147][148][149 146][147][148][149 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 334 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 334 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 334 5 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 334 6 serotonin serotonin JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 334 7 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 334 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 334 9 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 334 10 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 334 11 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 334 12 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 334 13 contain contain VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 334 14 zinc zinc NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 334 15 binding bind VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 334 16 sites site NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 334 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 2 148 148 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 4 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 5 4-Hydroxyamphetamine 4-hydroxyamphetamine CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 6 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 7 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 8 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 10 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 11 metabolized metabolize VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 12 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 13 4-hydroxynorephedrine 4-hydroxynorephedrine CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 15 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 16 beta beta NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 18 hydroxylase hydroxylase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 20 DBH DBH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 23 vitro vitro FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 25 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 26 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 27 presumed presume VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 28 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 29 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 30 metabolized metabolize VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 31 similarly similarly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 32 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 33 vivo vivo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 335 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 2 14][187 14][187 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 4 Evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 6 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 7 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 8 measured measure VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 10 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 12 serum serum NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 13 DBH DBH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 14 concentrations concentration NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 15 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 16 4-hydroxyamphetamine 4-hydroxyamphetamine CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 17 metabolism metabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 19 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 20 suggests suggest VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 21 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 23 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 24 enzyme enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 25 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 26 mediate mediate VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 28 conversion conversion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 30 4-hydroxyamphetamine 4-hydroxyamphetamine CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 31 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 32 4-hydroxynorephedrine;[187][189 4-hydroxynorephedrine;[187][189 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 33 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 34 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 36 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 37 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 38 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 39 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 40 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 41 suggests suggest VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 42 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 43 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 44 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 45 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 46 catalyzed catalyze VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 47 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 48 DBH DBH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 49 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 50 synaptic synaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 51 vesicles vesicle NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 52 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 53 noradrenergic noradrenergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 54 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 55 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 56 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 57 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 336 58 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 337 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 337 2 190][191 190][191 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 337 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 337 4 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 337 5 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-4107 337 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 337 7 substantial substantial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 337 8 variation variation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 337 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 337 10 microbiome microbiome JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 337 11 composition composition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 337 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 337 13 microbial microbial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 337 14 concentrations concentration NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 337 15 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 337 16 anatomical anatomical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 337 17 site site NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 337 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 2 192][193 192][193 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 4 Fluid fluid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 7 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 8 colon colon NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 9   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 10 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 11 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 12 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 14 highest high JJS en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 15 concentration concentration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 17 microbes microbe NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 19 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 20 anatomical anatomical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 21 site site NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 22   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 23 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 24 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 25 approximately approximately RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 26 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 27 trillion trillion CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 29 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 30 ^ ^ SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 31 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 33 bacterial bacterial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 34 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 35 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 36 ml ml NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 338 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 339 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 339 2 192 192 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 339 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 339 4 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 339 5 Enantiomers enantiomer NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 339 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 339 7 molecules molecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 339 8 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 339 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 339 10 mirror mirror NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 339 11 images image NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 339 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 339 13 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 339 14 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 339 15 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 339 16 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 339 17 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 339 18 structurally structurally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 339 19 identical identical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 339 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 339 21 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 339 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 339 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 339 24 opposite opposite JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 339 25 orientation orientation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 339 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 340 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 340 2 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 340 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 340 4 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4107 340 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 340 6 active active JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 340 7 ingredient ingredient NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 340 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 340 9 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 340 10 OTC OTC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 340 11 inhalers inhaler NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 340 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 340 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 340 14 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 340 15 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 340 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 340 17 listed list VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 340 18 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 340 19 levmetamfetamine levmetamfetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 340 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 340 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 340 22 INN INN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 340 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 340 24 USAN USAN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 340 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 340 26 levomethamphetamine levomethamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 340 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 341 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 341 2 222][223 222][223 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 341 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 341 4 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4107 341 5 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 341 6 uniformity uniformity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 341 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 341 8 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 341 9 masses masse NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 341 10 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 341 11 calculated calculate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 341 12 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 341 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 341 14 Lenntech Lenntech NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 341 15 Molecular Molecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 341 16 Weight Weight NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 341 17 Calculator[260 Calculator[260 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 341 18 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 341 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 341 20 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 341 21 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 341 22 0.01g 0.01g CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 341 23 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 341 24 mol mol NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 341 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 341 26 published publish VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 341 27 pharmaceutical pharmaceutical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 341 28 values value NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 341 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 342 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 342 2 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 342 3 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 342 4 percentage percentage NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 342 5 = = SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 342 6 molecular molecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 342 7 massbase massbase NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 342 8 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 342 9 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 342 10 masstotal masstotal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 342 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 343 1 Amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 343 2 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 343 3 percentage percentage NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 343 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 343 5 Adderall Adderall NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 343 6 = = SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 343 7 sum sum NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 343 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 343 9 component component NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 343 10 percentages percentage NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 343 11 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 343 12 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 343 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 344 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 344 2 dose dose NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 344 3 = = NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 344 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 344 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 344 6 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 344 7 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 344 8 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 344 9 percentage percentage NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 344 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 344 11 × × ADD en-wikipedia-org-4107 344 12 scaling scale VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 344 13 factor factor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 344 14 = = NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 344 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 344 16 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 344 17 masstotal masstotal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 344 18 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 344 19 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 344 20 massbase massbase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 344 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 344 22 × × ADD en-wikipedia-org-4107 344 23 scaling scale VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 344 24 factor factor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 344 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 345 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 345 2 values value NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 345 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 345 4 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 345 5 column column NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 345 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 345 7 scaled scale VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 345 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 345 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 345 10 30 30 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 345 11   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 345 12 mg mg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 345 13 dose dose NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 345 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 345 15 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 345 16 sulfate sulfate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 345 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 1 Due due IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 2 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 3 pharmacological pharmacological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 4 differences difference NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 5 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 6 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 7 medications medication NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 9 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 11 differences difference NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 14 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 16 absorption absorption NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 18 conversion conversion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 20 concentration concentration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 22 differing differing JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 23 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 25 enantiomers enantiomer NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 27 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 28 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 29 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 31 etc etc FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 346 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 347 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 347 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 347 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 347 4 listed list VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 347 5 values value NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 347 6 should should MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 347 7 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 347 8 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 347 9 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 347 10 equipotent equipotent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 347 11 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 347 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 2 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 3 product product NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 5 Dyanavel Dyanavel NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 6 XR XR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 9 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 10 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 11 suspension suspension NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 13 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 16 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 17 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 18 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 19 suspended suspend VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 22 liquid liquid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 24 taken take VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 25 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 26 mouth mouth NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 28 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 29 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 30 2.5 2.5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 31   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 32 mg mg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 33 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 34 mL mL NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 36 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 37 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 348 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 349 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 349 2 88 88 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 349 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 349 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 349 5 product product NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 349 6 uses use VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 349 7 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 349 8 ion ion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 349 9 exchange exchange NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 349 10 resin resin NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 349 11 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 349 12 achieve achieve VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 349 13 extended extended JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 349 14 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 349 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 349 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 349 17 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 349 18 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 349 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 2 88 88 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 4 Image image NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 5 legend legend NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 6 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 7       _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 8 Ion Ion NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 9 channel channel NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 10       _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 11 G G NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 12 proteins protein NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 13 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 14 linked link VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 15 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 16       _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 18 Text Text NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 19 color color NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 21 Transcription transcription NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 22 factors factor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 23 Reference Reference NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 24 notes note VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 25 ^ ^ VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 26 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 27 3][18][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35 3][18][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 28 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 29 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 30 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 31 3][11][26][29][35][37][38 3][11][26][29][35][37][38 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 32 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 33 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 34 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 35 11][26][27][28][32][39][40][41][42][43][44][45 11][26][27][28][32][39][40][41][42][43][44][45 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 36 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 37 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 38 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 39 46][47][48 46][47][48 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 40 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 41 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 42 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 43 2][28][39][87][88][89 2][28][39][87][88][89 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 44 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 45 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 46 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 47 90][91][92][93 90][91][92][93 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 48 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 49 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 50 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 51 28][84][90][92 28][84][90][92 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 52 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 53 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 54 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 55 32][28][39][94 32][28][39][94 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 56 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 57 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 58 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 59 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 60 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 61 110][111][112][113][132 110][111][112][113][132 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 62 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 63 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 64 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 65 108][110][109][117][118 108][110][109][117][118 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 66 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 67 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 68 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 69 109][120][121][122 109][120][121][122 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 70 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 71 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 72 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 73 24][28][39][136][138 24][28][39][136][138 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 74 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 75 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 76 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 77 50][140][143][144 50][140][143][144 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 78 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 79 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 80 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 81 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 82 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 83 151][155][159][160][161][162][163 151][155][159][160][161][162][163 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 84 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 85 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 86 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 87 37][151][159][160][164][169 37][151][159][160][164][169 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 88 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 89 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 90 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 91 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 92 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 93 6][14][15][16][17][7][187][188 6][14][15][16][17][7][187][188 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 94 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 95 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 96 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 97 27][217][218][219 27][217][218][219 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 98 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 99 References reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 100 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 101 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 102 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 103 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 104 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 105 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 106 During During NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 107 Pregnancy Pregnancy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 108 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 350 109 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 351 1 Drugs.com Drugs.com NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 351 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 352 1 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 352 2 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 352 3 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 352 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 353 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 353 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 353 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 353 4 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 353 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 354 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 354 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 354 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 354 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 354 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 354 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 354 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 354 8 g g NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 354 9 h h NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 354 10 i i NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 354 11 j j DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 354 12 Stahl Stahl NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 354 13 SM SM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 354 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 354 15 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 354 16 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 354 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 354 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 355 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 355 2 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 355 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 355 4 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 355 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 355 6 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 355 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 355 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 355 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 356 1 Prescriber Prescriber NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 356 2 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 356 3 Guide Guide NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 356 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 356 5 Stahl Stahl NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 356 6 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 356 7 Essential Essential NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 356 8 Psychopharmacology Psychopharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 356 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 356 10 6th 6th JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 356 11 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 356 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 356 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 356 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 357 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 357 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 357 3 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 357 4 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 357 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 357 6 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 357 7 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 357 8 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 357 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 358 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 358 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 359 1 45–51 45–51 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 359 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 360 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 360 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 360 3 9781108228749 9781108228749 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 360 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 361 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 361 2 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 361 3 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 361 4 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 361 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 362 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 362 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 362 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 362 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 362 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 362 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 362 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 362 8 g g NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 362 9 h h NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 362 10 i i NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 362 11 j j NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 362 12 k k NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 362 13 l l NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 362 14 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 362 15 Heal Heal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 362 16 DJ DJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 362 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 362 18 Smith Smith NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 362 19 SL SL NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 362 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 362 21 Gosden Gosden NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 362 22 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 362 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 362 24 Nutt Nutt NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 362 25 DJ DJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 362 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 362 27 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 362 28 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 362 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 362 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 363 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 363 2 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 363 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 363 4 past past NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 363 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 363 6 present present NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 363 7 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 363 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 363 9 pharmacological pharmacological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 363 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 363 11 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 363 12 perspective perspective NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 363 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 363 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 364 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 364 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 364 3 Psychopharmacology Psychopharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 364 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 365 1 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 365 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 365 3 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 365 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 365 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 365 6 479–496 479–496 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 365 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 366 1 doi:10.1177/0269881113482532 doi:10.1177/0269881113482532 RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 366 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 367 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 367 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 367 3 3666194 3666194 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 367 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 368 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 368 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 368 3 23539642 23539642 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 368 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 369 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 369 2 intravenous intravenous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 369 3 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 369 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 369 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 369 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 369 7 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 369 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 369 9 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 369 10 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 369 11 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 369 12 pose pose VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 369 13 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 369 14 safety safety NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 369 15 risks risk NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 369 16 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 369 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 369 18 individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 369 19 indulging indulge VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 369 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 369 21 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 369 22 practice practice NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 369 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 4 intravenous intravenous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 5 abuse abuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 7 derived derive VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 8 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 10 diversion diversion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 12 ampoules ampoule NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 14 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 16 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 18 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 19 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 20 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 21 occasionally occasionally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 22 prescribed prescribe VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 25 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 26 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 28 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 30 severe severe JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 31 narcolepsy narcolepsy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 33 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 34 disorders disorder NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 36 excessive excessive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 37 sedation sedation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 370 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 1 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 2 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 3 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 4 reasons reason NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 6 observations observation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 8 dependence dependence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 10 abuse abuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 12 prescription prescription NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 13 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 15 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 16 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 17 rare rare JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 19 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 20 practice practice NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 23 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 24 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 25 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 26 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 27 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 28 prescribed prescribe VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 29 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 30 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 31 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 32 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 33 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 35 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 36 abuse abuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 37 provided provide VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 38 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 39 controls control NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 41 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 42 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 43 daily daily JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 44 pick pick NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 45 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 46 ups up NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 47 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 48 prescriptions prescription NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 50 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 51 put put VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 52 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 53 place place NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 54 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 55 Jasinski Jasinski NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 56 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 57 Krishnan Krishnan NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 58 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 59 2009b 2009b CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 60 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 371 61 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 372 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 372 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 372 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 372 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 372 5 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 372 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 372 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 373 1 Dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 373 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 374 1 DrugBank DrugBank NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 374 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 375 1 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 375 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 375 3 Alberta Alberta NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 375 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 376 1 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 376 2 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 376 3 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 376 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 377 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 377 2 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 377 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 377 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 377 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 378 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 378 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 378 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 378 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 378 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 378 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 378 7 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 378 8 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 378 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 378 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 379 1 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 379 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 380 1 DrugBank DrugBank NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 380 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 381 1 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 381 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 381 3 Alberta Alberta NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 381 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 382 1 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 382 2 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 382 3 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 382 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 383 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 383 2 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 383 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 383 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 383 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 384 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 384 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 384 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 384 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 384 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 384 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 384 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 384 8 g g NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 384 9 h h NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 384 10 i i NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 384 11 j j NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 384 12 k k NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 384 13 l l NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 384 14 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 384 15 n n CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 384 16 o o NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 384 17 p p NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 384 18 q q NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 384 19 r r NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 384 20 s s POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 384 21 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 384 22 Adderall Adderall NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 384 23 XR XR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 384 24 Prescribing Prescribing NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 384 25 Information Information NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 384 26 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 384 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 384 28 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 384 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 384 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 385 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 385 2 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 385 3 Food Food NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 385 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 385 5 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 385 6 Administration Administration NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 385 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 386 1 Shire Shire NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 386 2 US US NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 386 3 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 386 4 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 386 5 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 386 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 386 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 386 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 387 1 12–13 12–13 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 387 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 388 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 388 2 30 30 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 388 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 388 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 388 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 389 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 389 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 389 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 389 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 389 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 389 6 Santagati Santagati NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 389 7 NA NA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 389 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 389 9 Ferrara Ferrara NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 389 10 G G NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 389 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 389 12 Marrazzo Marrazzo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 389 13 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 389 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 389 15 Ronsisvalle Ronsisvalle NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 389 16 G G NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 389 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 389 18 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 389 19 2002 2002 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 389 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 389 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 390 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 390 2 Simultaneous simultaneous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 390 3 determination determination NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 390 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 390 5 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 390 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 390 7 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 390 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 390 9 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 390 10 metabolites metabolite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 390 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 390 12 HPLC hplc NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 390 13 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 390 14 electrochemical electrochemical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 390 15 detection detection NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 390 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 390 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 391 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 391 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 391 3 Pharmaceutical Pharmaceutical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 391 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 391 5 Biomedical Biomedical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 391 6 Analysis Analysis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 391 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 392 1 30 30 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 392 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 392 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 392 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 392 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 392 6 247–255 247–255 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 392 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 393 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 393 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 393 3 S0731 S0731 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 393 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 393 5 7085(02)00330 7085(02)00330 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 393 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 393 7 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 393 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 394 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 394 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 394 3 12191709 12191709 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 394 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 395 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 395 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 395 3 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 395 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 395 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 396 1 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 396 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 396 3 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 396 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 397 1 Medscape Medscape NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 397 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 398 1 WebMD WebMD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 398 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 399 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 399 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 399 3 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 399 4 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 399 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 400 1 Onset onset NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 400 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 400 3 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 400 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 400 5 30–60 30–60 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 400 6 min min NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 400 7 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 400 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 400 9 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 400 10 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 400 11 Millichap Millichap NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 400 12 JG JG NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 400 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 400 14 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 400 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 400 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 401 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 401 2 Chapter chapter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 401 3 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 401 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 401 5 Medications medication NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 401 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 401 7 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 401 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 401 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 402 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 402 2 Millichap Millichap NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 402 3 JG JG NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 402 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 402 5 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 402 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 402 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 402 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 403 1 Attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 403 2 Deficit Deficit NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 403 3 Hyperactivity Hyperactivity NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 403 4 Disorder Disorder NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 403 5 Handbook Handbook NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 403 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 403 7 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 403 8 Physician Physician NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 403 9 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 403 10 Guide Guide NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 403 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 403 12 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 403 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 403 14 2nd 2nd NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 403 15 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 403 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 403 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 403 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 404 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 404 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 404 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 404 4 USA USA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 404 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 404 6 Springer Springer NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 404 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 405 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 405 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 405 3 112 112 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 405 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 406 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 406 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 406 3 9781441913968 9781441913968 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 406 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 1 Table table NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 2 9.2 9.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 3 Dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 4 formulations formulation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 6 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 7 medication medication NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 8 Dexedrine Dexedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 9 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 10 Peak:2–3 peak:2–3 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 11   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 12 h h NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 13 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 14 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 15 Duration:5–6 Duration:5–6 , en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 16   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 17 h h NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 18 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 19   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 20 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 21 Adderall Adderall NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 22 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 23 Peak:2–3 peak:2–3 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 24   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 25 h h NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 26 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 27 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 28 Duration:5–7 Duration:5–7 , en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 29   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 30 h h LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 31 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 32 Dexedrine dexedrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 33 spansules spansule NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 34 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 35 Peak:7–8 peak:7–8 CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 36   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 37 h h LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 38 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 39 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 40 Duration:12 Duration:12 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 41   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 42 h h NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 43 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 44   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 45 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 46 Adderall Adderall NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 47 XR XR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 48 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 49 Peak:7–8 peak:7–8 IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 50   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 51 h h LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 52 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 53 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 54 Duration:12 Duration:12 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 55   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 56 h h NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 57 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 58 Vyvanse Vyvanse NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 59 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 60 Peak:3–4 peak:3–4 IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 61   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 62 h h NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 63 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 64 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 65 Duration:12 Duration:12 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 66   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 67 h h NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 68 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 69 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 70 Brams Brams NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 71 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 72 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 73 Mao Mao NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 74 AR AR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 75 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 76 Doyle Doyle NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 77 RL RL NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 78 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 79 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 80 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 81 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 407 82 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 408 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 408 2 Onset onset NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 408 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 408 4 efficacy efficacy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 408 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 408 6 long long RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 408 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 408 8 acting act VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 408 9 psychostimulants psychostimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 408 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 408 11 pediatric pediatric JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 408 12 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 408 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 408 14 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 408 15 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 408 16 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 408 17 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 408 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 408 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 409 1 Postgraduate Postgraduate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 409 2 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 409 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 410 1 120 120 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 410 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 410 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 410 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 410 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 410 6 69–88 69–88 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 410 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 411 1 doi:10.3810 doi:10.3810 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 411 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 411 3 pgm.2008.09.1909 pgm.2008.09.1909 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 411 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 412 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 412 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 412 3 18824827 18824827 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 412 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 413 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 413 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 413 3 31791162 31791162 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 413 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 414 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 414 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 414 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 414 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 414 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 414 6 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 414 7 Adderall- Adderall- NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 414 8 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 414 9 saccharate saccharate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 414 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 414 11 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 414 12 aspartate aspartate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 414 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 414 14 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 414 15 sulfate sulfate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 414 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 414 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 414 18 amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 414 19 sulfate sulfate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 414 20 tablet tablet NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 414 21 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 414 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 415 1 DailyMed DailyMed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 415 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 416 1 Teva Teva NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 416 2 Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 416 3 USA USA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 416 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 416 5 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 416 6 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 416 7 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 416 8 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 416 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 417 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 417 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 417 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 417 4 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 417 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 418 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 418 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 418 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 418 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 418 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 418 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 418 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 418 8 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 418 9 Metabolism Metabolism NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 418 10 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 418 11 Pharmacokinetics Pharmacokinetics NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 418 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 418 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 419 1 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 419 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 420 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 420 2 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 420 3 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 420 4 Library Library NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 420 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 420 6 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 420 7   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 420 8 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 420 9 Toxicology Toxicology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 420 10 Data Data NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 420 11 Network Network NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 420 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 421 1 Hazardous Hazardous NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 421 2 Substances Substances NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 421 3 Data Data NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 421 4 Bank Bank NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 421 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 422 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 422 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 422 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 422 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 422 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 422 6 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 422 7 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 422 8 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 422 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 423 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 423 2 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 423 3 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 423 4 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 423 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 424 1 Duration duration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 424 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 424 3 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 424 4 varies vary VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 424 5 depending depend VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 424 6 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 424 7 agent agent NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 424 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 424 9 urine urine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 424 10 pH. pH. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 425 1 Excretion excretion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 425 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 425 3 enhanced enhance VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 425 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 425 5 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-4107 425 6 acidic acidic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 425 7 urine urine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 425 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 426 1 Half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 426 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 426 3 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 426 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 426 5 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 426 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 426 7 34 34 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 426 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 426 9 hours hour NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 426 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 426 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 426 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 426 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 426 14 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 426 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 426 16 dependent dependent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 426 17 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 426 18 urine urine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 426 19 pH pH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 426 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 426 21 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 426 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 426 23 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 426 24 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 426 25 longer long JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 426 26 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 426 27 alkaline alkaline NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 426 28 urine urine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 426 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 426 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 427 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 427 2 Amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 427 3 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 427 4 distributed distribute VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 427 5 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 427 6 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-4107 427 7 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 427 8 tissues tissue NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 427 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 427 10 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 427 11 concentrations concentration NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 427 12 occurring occur VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 427 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 427 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 427 15 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 427 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 427 17 CSF csf NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 427 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 428 1 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 428 2 appears appear VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 428 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 428 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 428 5 urine urine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 428 6 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 428 7 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 428 8 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 428 9   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 428 10 hours hour NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 428 11 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 428 12 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 428 13 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 428 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 1 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 2 Three three CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 3 days day NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 4 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 6 dose dose NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 9 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 11 -)-amphetamine -)-amphetamine : en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 13 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 14 subjects subject NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 15 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 16 excreted excrete VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 17 91 91 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 18 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 22 14)C 14)c CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 25 urine urine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 26 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 28 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 29 Mignot Mignot NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 30 EJ EJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 31 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 32 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 33 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 429 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 430 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 430 2 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 430 3 practical practical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 430 4 guide guide NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 430 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 430 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 430 7 therapy therapy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 430 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 430 9 narcolepsy narcolepsy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 430 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 430 11 hypersomnia hypersomnia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 430 12 syndromes syndrome VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 430 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 430 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 431 1 Neurotherapeutics neurotherapeutic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 431 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 432 1 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 432 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 432 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 432 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 432 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 432 6 739–752 739–752 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 432 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 433 1 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 433 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 433 3 s13311 s13311 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 433 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 433 5 012 012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 433 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 433 7 0150 0150 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 433 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 433 9 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 433 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 434 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 434 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 434 3 3480574 3480574 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 434 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 435 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 435 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 435 3 23065655 23065655 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 435 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 436 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 436 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 436 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 436 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 436 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 436 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 436 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 436 8 g g NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 436 9 h h NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 436 10 i i PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 436 11 Glennon Glennon NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 436 12 RA RA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 436 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 436 14 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 436 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 436 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 437 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 437 2 Phenylisopropylamine Phenylisopropylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 437 3 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 437 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 437 5 amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 437 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 437 7 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 437 8 agents agent NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 437 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 437 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 438 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 438 2 Lemke Lemke NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 438 3 TL TL NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 438 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 438 5 Williams Williams NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 438 6 DA DA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 438 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 438 8 Roche Roche NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 438 9 VF VF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 438 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 438 11 Zito Zito NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 438 12 W W NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 438 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 438 14 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 438 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 438 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 438 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 439 1 Foye Foye NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 439 2 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 439 3 principles principle NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 439 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 439 5 medicinal medicinal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 439 6 chemistry chemistry NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 439 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 439 8 7th 7th NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 439 9 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 439 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 439 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 439 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 440 1 Philadelphia Philadelphia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 440 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 440 3 USA USA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 440 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 440 5 Wolters Wolters NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 440 6 Kluwer Kluwer NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 440 7 Health Health NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 440 8 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 440 9 Lippincott Lippincott NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 440 10 Williams Williams NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 440 11 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 440 12 Wilkins Wilkins NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 440 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 441 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 441 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 442 1 646–648 646–648 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 442 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 443 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 443 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 443 3 9781609133450 9781609133450 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 443 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 444 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 444 2 simplest simple JJS en-wikipedia-org-4107 444 3 unsubstituted unsubstituted JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 444 4 phenylisopropylamine phenylisopropylamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 444 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 444 6 1-phenyl-2-aminopropane 1-phenyl-2-aminopropane CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 444 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 444 8 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 444 9 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 444 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 444 11 serves serve VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 444 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 444 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 444 14 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 444 15 structural structural JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 444 16 template template NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 444 17 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 444 18 hallucinogens hallucinogen NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 444 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 444 20 psychostimulants psychostimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 444 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 445 1 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 445 2 produces produce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 445 3 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 445 4 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 445 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 445 6 anorectic anorectic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 445 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 445 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 445 9 sympathomimetic sympathomimetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 445 10 actions action NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 445 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 445 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 445 13 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 445 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 445 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 445 16 prototype prototype NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 445 17 member member NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 445 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 445 19 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 445 20 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 445 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 445 22 39 39 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 445 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 445 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 446 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 447 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 447 2 phase phase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 447 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 447 4 metabolism metabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 447 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 447 6 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 447 7 analogs analogs NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 447 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 447 9 catalyzed catalyze VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 447 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 447 11 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 447 12 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 447 13 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 447 14 cytochrome cytochrome JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 447 15 P450 p450 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 447 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 447 17 flavin flavin IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 447 18 monooxygenase monooxygenase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 447 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 448 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 448 2 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 448 3 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 448 4 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 448 5 undergo undergo VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 448 6 aromatic aromatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 448 7 hydroxylation hydroxylation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 448 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 448 9 p p NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 448 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 448 11 hydroxyamphetamine hydroxyamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 448 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 449 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 450 1 Subsequent subsequent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 450 2 oxidation oxidation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 450 3 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 450 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 450 5 benzylic benzylic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 450 6 position position NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 450 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 450 8 DA DA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 450 9 β β NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 450 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 450 11 hydroxylase hydroxylase NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 450 12 affords afford VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 450 13 p p NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 450 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 450 15 hydroxynorephedrine hydroxynorephedrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 450 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 451 1 Alternatively alternatively RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 451 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 451 3 direct direct JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 451 4 oxidation oxidation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 451 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 451 6 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 451 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 451 8 DA DA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 451 9 β β NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 451 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 451 11 hydroxylase hydroxylase NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 451 12 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 451 13 afford afford VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 451 14 norephedrine norephedrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 451 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 452 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 452 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 452 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 452 4 Taylor Taylor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 452 5 KB KB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 452 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 452 7 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 452 8 1974 1974 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 452 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 452 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 453 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 453 2 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 453 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 453 4 beta beta NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 453 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 453 6 hydroxylase hydroxylase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 453 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 454 1 Stereochemical stereochemical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 454 2 course course NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 454 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 454 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 454 5 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 454 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 454 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 454 8 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 454 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 454 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 455 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 455 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 455 3 Biological Biological NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 455 4 Chemistry Chemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 455 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 456 1 249 249 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 456 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 456 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 456 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 456 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 456 6 454–458 454–458 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 456 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 457 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 457 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 457 3 4809526 4809526 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 457 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 458 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 458 2 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 458 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 458 4 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 458 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 459 1 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 459 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 459 3 β β NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 459 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 459 5 hydroxylase hydroxylase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 459 6 catalyzed catalyze VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 459 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 459 8 removal removal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 459 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 459 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 459 11 pro pro JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 459 12 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 459 13 R r JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 459 14 hydrogen hydrogen NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 459 15 atom atom NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 459 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 459 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 459 18 production production NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 459 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 459 20 1-norephedrine 1-norephedrine CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 459 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 459 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 459 23 2S,1R)-2-amino-1-hydroxyl-1-phenylpropane 2s,1r)-2-amino-1-hydroxyl-1-phenylpropane CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 459 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 459 25 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 459 26 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 459 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 459 28 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 459 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 460 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 460 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 460 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 460 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 460 5 Krueger Krueger NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 460 6 SK SK NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 460 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 460 8 Williams Williams NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 460 9 DE DE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 460 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 460 11 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 460 12 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 460 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 460 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 461 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 461 2 Mammalian mammalian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 461 3 flavin flavin RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 461 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 461 5 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 461 6 monooxygenases monooxygenase NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 461 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 461 8 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 461 9 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 461 10 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 461 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 461 12 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 461 13 polymorphisms polymorphism NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 461 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 461 15 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 461 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 461 17 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 461 18 metabolism metabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 461 19 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 461 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 462 1 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 462 2 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 462 3 Therapeutics Therapeutics NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 462 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 463 1 106 106 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 463 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 463 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 463 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 463 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 463 6 357–387 357–387 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 463 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 464 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 464 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 464 3 j.pharmthera.2005.01.001 j.pharmthera.2005.01.001 JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 464 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 465 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 465 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 465 3 1828602 1828602 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 465 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 466 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 466 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 466 3 15922018 15922018 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 466 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 1 Table table NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 2 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 4 N n CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 6 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 7 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 9 xenobiotics xenobiotic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 10 oxygenated oxygenate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 12 FMO FMO NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 13 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 15 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 16 Cashman Cashman NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 17 JR JR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 19 Xiong Xiong NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 20 YN YN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 22 Xu Xu NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 23 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 25 Janowsky Janowsky NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 26 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 28 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 29 1999 1999 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 30 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 467 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 468 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 468 2 N n NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 468 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 468 4 oxygenation oxygenation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 468 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 468 6 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 468 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 468 8 methamphetamine methamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 468 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 468 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 468 11 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 468 12 flavin flavin RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 468 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 468 14 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 468 15 monooxygenase monooxygenase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 468 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 468 17 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 468 18 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 468 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 468 20 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 468 21 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 468 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 468 23 bioactivation bioactivation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 468 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 468 25 detoxication detoxication NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 468 26 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 468 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 469 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 469 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 469 3 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 469 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 469 5 Experimental Experimental NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 469 6 Therapeutics Therapeutics NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 469 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 470 1 288 288 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 470 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 470 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 470 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 470 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 470 6 1251–1260 1251–1260 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 470 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 471 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 471 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 471 3 10027866 10027866 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 471 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 472 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 472 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 472 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 472 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 472 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 472 6 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 472 7 Yoshida Yoshida NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 472 8 T T NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 472 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 472 10 1997 1997 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 472 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 472 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 473 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 473 2 Chapter chapter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 473 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 473 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 473 5 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 473 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 473 7 Misuse Misuse NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 473 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 473 9 Amphetamines Amphetamines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 473 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 473 11 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 473 12 International International NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 473 13 Overview Overview NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 473 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 473 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 474 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 474 2 Klee Klee NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 474 3 H H NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 474 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 474 5 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 474 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 474 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 474 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 475 1 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 475 2 Misuse Misuse NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 475 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 475 4 International International NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 475 5 Perspectives Perspectives NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 475 6 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 475 7 Current Current NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 475 8 Trends Trends NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 475 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 476 1 Amsterdam Amsterdam NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 476 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 476 3 Netherlands Netherlands NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 476 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 476 5 Harwood Harwood NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 476 6 Academic Academic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 476 7 Publishers Publishers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 476 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 477 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 477 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 477 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 477 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 478 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 478 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 478 3 9789057020810 9789057020810 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 478 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 479 1 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 479 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 479 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 479 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 479 5 singular singular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 479 6 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 479 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 479 8 properly properly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 479 9 applies apply VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 479 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 479 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 479 12 racemate racemate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 479 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 479 14 2-amino-1-phenylpropane 2-amino-1-phenylpropane CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 479 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 480 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 481 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 481 2 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 481 3 broadest broad JJS en-wikipedia-org-4107 481 4 context context NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 481 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 481 6 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 481 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 481 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 481 9 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 481 10 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 481 11 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 481 12 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 481 13 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 481 14 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 481 15 embrace embrace VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 481 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 481 17 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 481 18 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 481 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 481 20 structurally structurally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 481 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 481 22 pharmacologically pharmacologically RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 481 23 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Center NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 485 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 485 12 Biotechnology Biotechnology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 485 13 Information Information NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 485 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 486 1 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 486 2 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 486 3 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 486 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 487 1 Retrieved retrieved JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 487 2 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 487 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 487 4 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 487 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 488 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 488 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 488 3 Properties property NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 488 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 488 5 Predicted predict VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 488 6 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 488 7 EPISuite EPISuite NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 488 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 488 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 489 1 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 489 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 490 1 ChemSpider ChemSpider NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 490 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 491 1 Royal Royal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 491 2 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 491 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 491 4 Chemistry Chemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 491 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 492 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 492 2 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 492 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 492 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 492 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 493 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 493 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 493 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 493 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 493 5 Chemical Chemical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 493 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 493 7 Physical Physical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 493 8 Properties Properties NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 493 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 493 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 494 1 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 494 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 495 1 PubChem PubChem NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 495 2 Compound Compound NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 495 3 Database Database NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 495 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 496 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 496 2 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 496 3 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 496 4 Library Library NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 496 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 496 6 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 496 7   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 496 8 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 496 9 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 496 10 Center Center NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 496 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 496 12 Biotechnology Biotechnology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 496 13 Information Information NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 496 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 497 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 497 2 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 497 3 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 497 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 497 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 498 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 498 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 498 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 498 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 498 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 498 6 Compound Compound NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 498 7 Summary Summary NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 498 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 498 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 499 1 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 499 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 500 1 PubChem PubChem NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 500 2 Compound Compound NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 500 3 Database Database NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 500 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 501 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 501 2 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 501 3 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 501 4 Library Library NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 501 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 501 6 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 501 7   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 501 8 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 501 9 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 501 10 Center Center NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 501 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 501 12 Biotechnology Biotechnology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 501 13 Information Information NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 501 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 502 1 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 502 2 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 502 3 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 502 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 503 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 503 2 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 503 3 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 503 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 503 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 504 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 504 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 504 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 504 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 504 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 504 6 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 504 7 Identification Identification NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 504 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 504 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 505 1 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 505 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 506 1 DrugBank DrugBank NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 506 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 507 1 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 507 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 507 3 Alberta Alberta NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 507 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 508 1 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 508 2 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 508 3 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 508 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 509 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 509 2 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 509 3 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 509 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 509 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 510 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 510 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 510 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 510 4 Greene Greene NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 510 5 SL SL NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 510 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 510 7 Kerr Kerr NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 510 8 F F NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 510 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 510 10 Braitberg Braitberg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 510 11 G G NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 510 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 510 13 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 510 14 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 510 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 510 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 511 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 511 2 Review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 511 3 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 511 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 511 5 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 511 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 511 7 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 511 8 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 511 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 511 10 abuse abuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 511 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 511 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 512 1 Emergency emergency NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 512 2 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 512 3 Australasia Australasia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 512 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 513 1 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 513 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 513 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 513 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 513 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 513 6 391–402 391–402 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 513 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 514 1 doi:10.1111 doi:10.1111 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 514 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 514 3 j.1742 j.1742 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 514 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 514 5 6723.2008.01114.x 6723.2008.01114.x NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 514 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 515 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 515 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 515 3 18973636 18973636 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 515 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 516 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 516 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 516 3 20755466 20755466 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 516 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 517 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 517 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 517 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 517 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 517 5 Enantiomer Enantiomer NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 517 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 517 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 518 1 IUPAC IUPAC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 518 2 Compendium Compendium NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 518 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 518 4 Chemical Chemical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 518 5 Terminology Terminology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 518 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 519 1 IUPAC IUPAC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 519 2 Goldbook Goldbook NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 519 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 520 1 International International NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 520 2 Union Union NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 520 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 520 4 Pure Pure NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 520 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 520 6 Applied Applied NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 520 7 Chemistry Chemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 520 8 . . . 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NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 524 4 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 524 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 525 1 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 525 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 525 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 525 4 pair pair NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 525 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 525 6 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 525 7 entities entity NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 525 8 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 525 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 525 10 mirror mirror NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 525 11 images image NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 525 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 525 13 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 525 14 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 525 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 525 16 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 525 17 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 525 18 superposable superposable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 525 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 526 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 526 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 526 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 526 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 526 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 526 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 526 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 526 8 g g NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 526 9 h h NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 526 10 i i NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 526 11 j j NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 526 12 Malenka Malenka NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 526 13 RC RC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 526 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 526 15 Nestler Nestler NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 526 16 EJ EJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 526 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 526 18 Hyman Hyman NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 526 19 SE SE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 526 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 526 21 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 526 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 526 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 527 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 527 2 Chapter chapter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 527 3 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 527 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 527 5 Higher high JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 527 6 Cognitive Cognitive NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 527 7 Function Function NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 527 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 527 9 Behavioral Behavioral NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 527 10 Control Control NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 527 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 527 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 528 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 528 2 Sydor Sydor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 528 3 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 528 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 528 5 Brown Brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 528 6 RY RY NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 528 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 528 8 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 528 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 528 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 528 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 529 1 Molecular Molecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 529 2 Neuropharmacology Neuropharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 529 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 529 4 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 529 5 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 529 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 529 7 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 529 8 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 529 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 529 10 2nd 2nd NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 529 11 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 529 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 529 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 529 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 530 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 530 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 530 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 530 4 USA USA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 530 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 530 6 McGraw McGraw NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 530 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 530 8 Hill Hill NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 530 9 Medical Medical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 530 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 531 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 531 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 532 1 318 318 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 532 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 532 3 321 321 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 532 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 533 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 533 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 533 3 9780071481274 9780071481274 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 533 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 534 1 Therapeutic therapeutic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 534 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 534 3 relatively relatively RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 534 4 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 534 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 534 6 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 534 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 534 8 psychostimulants psychostimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 534 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 534 10 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 534 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 534 12 methylphenidate methylphenidate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 534 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 534 14 amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 534 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 534 16 improve improve VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 534 17 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 534 18 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 534 19 working work VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 534 20 memory memory NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 534 21 tasks task NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 534 22 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 534 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 534 24 normal normal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 534 25 subjects subject NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 534 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 534 27 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 534 28 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 534 29 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 534 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 535 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 535 2 stimulants stimulants NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 535 3 act act VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 535 4 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 535 5 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 535 6 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 535 7 working work VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 535 8 memory memory NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 535 9 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 535 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 535 11 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 535 12 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 535 13 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 535 14 general general JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 535 15 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 535 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 535 17 arousal arousal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 535 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 535 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 535 20 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 535 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 535 22 nucleus nucleus NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 535 23 accumbens accumbens NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 535 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 535 25 improve improve VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 535 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 535 27 saliency saliency NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 535 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 535 29 tasks task NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 535 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 536 1 Thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 536 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 536 3 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 536 4 improve improve VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 536 5 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 536 6 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 536 7 effortful effortful JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 536 8 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 536 9 tedious tedious JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 536 10 tasks task NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 536 11   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 536 12 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 536 13 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 536 14 indirect indirect JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 536 15 stimulation stimulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 536 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 536 17 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 536 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 536 19 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 536 20 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 536 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 537 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 1 Beyond beyond IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 2 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 3 general general JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 4 permissive permissive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 5 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 7 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 9 acting act VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 10 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 11 D1 d1 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 12 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 15 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 17 acting act VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 18 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 19 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 20 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 22 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 24 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 25 optimal optimal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 26 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 28 enhance enhance VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 29 working work VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 30 memory memory NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 32 aspects aspect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 34 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 538 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 539 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 539 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 539 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 539 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 539 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 539 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 539 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 539 8 g g NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 539 9 Liddle Liddle NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 539 10 DG DG NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 539 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 539 12 Connor Connor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 539 13 DJ DJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 539 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 539 15 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 539 16 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 539 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 539 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 540 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 540 2 Nutritional nutritional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 540 3 supplements supplement NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 540 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 540 5 ergogenic ergogenic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 540 6 AIDS AIDS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 540 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 540 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 541 1 Primary primary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 541 2 Care care NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 541 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 541 4 Clinics Clinics NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 541 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 541 6 Office Office NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 541 7 Practice Practice NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 541 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 542 1 40 40 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 542 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 542 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 542 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 542 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 542 6 487–505 487–505 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 542 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 543 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 543 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 543 3 j.pop.2013.02.009 j.pop.2013.02.009 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 543 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 544 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 544 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 544 3 23668655 23668655 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 544 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 1 Amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 3 caffeine caffeine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 4 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 5 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 6 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 7 increase increase VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 8 alertness alertness NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 10 improve improve VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 11 focus focus NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 13 decrease decrease NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 14 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 15 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 18 delay delay NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 19 fatigue fatigue NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 21 allowing allow VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 22 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 23 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 24 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 25 intensity intensity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 27 duration duration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 29 training training NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 30   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 31 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 32 Physiologic physiologic NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 34 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 35 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 36   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 37 • • NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 38 Amphetamines Amphetamines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 39 increase increase VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 40 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 41 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 42 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 43 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 44 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 45 inhibit inhibit VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 46 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 47 reuptake reuptake NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 48 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 49 leading lead VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 50 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 51 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 52 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 53 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 54 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 55 CNS cns NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 56 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 57 stimulation stimulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 58   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 59 • • NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 60 Amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 61 seem seem VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 62 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 63 enhance enhance VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 64 athletic athletic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 65 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 66 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 67 anaerobic anaerobic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 68 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 69 39 39 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 70 40 40 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 71   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 72 • • NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 73 Improved improved JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 74 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 75 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 76   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 77 • • NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 78 Increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 79 muscle muscle NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 80 strength strength NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 81 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 82 delayed delay VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 83 muscle muscle NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 84 fatigue fatigue NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 85   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 86 • • NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 87 Increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 88 acceleration acceleration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 89   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 90 • • NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 91 Increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 92 alertness alertness NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 93 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 94 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 95 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 96 task task NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 97 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 98 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 99 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 100 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 101 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 102 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 103 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 104 g g NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 105 h h NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 106 i i NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 107 j j NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 108 k k NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 109 l l NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 110 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 111 n n CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 112 o o NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 113 p p NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 114 q q NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 115 r r NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 116 s s NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 117 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 118 u u NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 119 v v NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 120 w w NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 121 x x NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 122 y y NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 123 z z NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 124 aa aa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 125 ab ab NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 126 ac ac NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 127 ad ad NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 128 ae ae NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 129 af af NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 130 ag ag NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 131 ah ah UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 132 ai ai VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 133 aj aj NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 134 ak ak NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 135 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 136 am be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 137 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 138 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 139 Adderall Adderall NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 140 XR- XR- NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 141 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 142 sulfate sulfate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 143 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 144 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 145 saccharate saccharate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 146 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 147 amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 148 sulfate sulfate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 149 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 150 amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 151 aspartate aspartate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 152 capsule capsule NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 153 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 154 extended extended JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 155 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 156 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 545 157 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 546 1 DailyMed DailyMed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 546 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 547 1 Shire Shire NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 547 2 US US NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 547 3 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 547 4 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 547 5 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 547 6 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 547 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 548 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 548 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 548 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 548 4 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 548 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 549 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 549 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 549 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 549 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 549 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 549 6 Rasmussen Rasmussen NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 549 7 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 549 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 549 9 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 549 10 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 549 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 549 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 550 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 550 2 Making make VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 550 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 550 4 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 550 5 anti anti JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 550 6 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 550 7 depressant depressant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 550 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 550 9 amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 550 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 550 11 American american JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 550 12 medicine medicine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 550 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 550 14 1929–1950 1929–1950 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 550 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 550 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 551 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 551 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 551 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 551 4 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 551 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 551 6 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 551 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 551 8 Allied Allied NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 551 9 Sciences Sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 551 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 552 1 61 61 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 552 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 552 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 552 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 552 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 552 6 288–323 288–323 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 552 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 553 1 doi:10.1093 doi:10.1093 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 553 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 553 3 jhmas jhmas NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 553 4 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 553 5 jrj039 jrj039 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 553 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 554 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 554 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 554 3 16492800 16492800 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 554 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 555 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 555 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 555 3 24974454 24974454 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 555 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 3 firm firm NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 4 happened happen VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 6 discover discover VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 8 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 10 SKF SKF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 11 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 12 packaged package VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 13 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 15 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 16 inhaler inhaler NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 17 so so IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 18 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 19 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 20 exploit exploit VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 22 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 23 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 24 volatility volatility NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 27 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 28 sponsoring sponsor VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 29 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 30 trials trial NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 31 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 32 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 33 Coast Coast NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 34 otolaryngological otolaryngological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 35 specialists specialist NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 37 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 38 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 39 advertise advertise VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 41 Benzedrine Benzedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 42 Inhaler Inhaler NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 43 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 44 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 45 decongestant decongestant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 46 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 47 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 48 1933 1933 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 556 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 557 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 557 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 557 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 557 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 557 5 Convention Convention NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 557 6 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 557 7 psychotropic psychotropic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 557 8 substances substance NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 557 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 557 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 558 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 558 2 Nations Nations NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 558 3 Treaty Treaty NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 558 4 Collection Collection NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 558 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 559 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 559 2 Nations Nations NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 559 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 560 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 560 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 560 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 560 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 560 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 560 6 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 560 7 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 560 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 560 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 561 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 561 2 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 561 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 561 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 561 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 4 Wilens Wilens NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 5 TE TE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 7 Adler Adler NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 8 LA LA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 10 Adams Adams NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 11 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 13 Sgambati Sgambati NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 14 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 16 Rotrosen Rotrosen NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 17 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 19 Sawtelle Sawtelle NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 20 R R NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 22 Utzinger Utzinger NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 23 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 25 Fusillo Fusillo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 26 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 28 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 29 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 30 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 562 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 563 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 563 2 Misuse misuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 563 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 563 4 diversion diversion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 563 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 563 6 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 563 7 prescribed prescribe VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 563 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 563 9 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 563 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 563 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 563 12 systematic systematic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 563 13 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 563 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 563 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 563 16 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 563 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 563 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 564 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 564 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 564 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 564 4 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 564 5 Academy Academy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 564 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 564 7 Child Child NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 564 8 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 564 9 Adolescent Adolescent NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 564 10 Psychiatry Psychiatry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 564 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 565 1 47 47 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 565 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 565 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 565 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 565 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 565 6 21–31 21–31 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 565 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 566 1 doi:10.1097 doi:10.1097 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 566 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 566 3 chi.0b013e31815a56f1 chi.0b013e31815a56f1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 566 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 567 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 567 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 567 3 18174822 18174822 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 567 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 1 Stimulant stimulant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 2 misuse misuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 3 appears appear VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 4 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 5 occur occur VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 6 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 7 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 8 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 9 enhancement enhancement NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 11 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 12 euphorogenic euphorogenic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 13 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 16 latter latter JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 17 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 18 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 21 intrinsic intrinsic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 22 properties property NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 25 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 27 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 29 IR IR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 30 versus versus IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 31 ER ER NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 32 profile profile NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 33 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 34   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 568 35 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 569 1 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 569 2 useful useful JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 569 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 569 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 569 5 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 569 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 569 7 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 569 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 569 9 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 569 10 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 569 11 controlled control VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 569 12 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 569 13 substances substance NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 569 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 569 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 569 16 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 569 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 569 18 preclinical preclinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 569 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 569 20 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 569 21 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 569 22 showing show VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 569 23 potential potential JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 569 24 abuse abuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 569 25 liability liability NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 569 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 570 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 570 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 570 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 570 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 570 5 Montgomery Montgomery NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 570 6 KA KA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 570 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 570 8 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 570 9 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 570 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 570 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 571 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 571 2 Sexual sexual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 571 3 desire desire NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 571 4 disorders disorder NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 571 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 571 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 572 1 Psychiatry psychiatry NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 572 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 573 1 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 573 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 573 3 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 573 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 573 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 573 6 50–55 50–55 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 573 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 574 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 574 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 574 3 2695750 2695750 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 574 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 575 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 575 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 575 3 19727285 19727285 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 575 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 576 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 576 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 576 3 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 576 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 576 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 577 1 Medical Medical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 577 2 Subject Subject NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 577 3 Headings Headings NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 577 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 578 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 578 2 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 578 3 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 578 4 Library Library NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 578 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 578 6 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 578 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 579 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 579 2 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 579 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 579 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 579 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 580 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 580 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 580 3 Guidelines guideline NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 580 4 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 580 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 580 6 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 580 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 580 8 International International NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 580 9 Nonproprietary Nonproprietary NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 580 10 Names Names NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 580 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 580 12 INNS INNS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 580 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 580 14 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 580 15 Pharmaceutical Pharmaceutical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 580 16 Substances Substances NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 580 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 580 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 581 1 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 581 2 Health Health NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 581 3 Organization Organization NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 581 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 582 1 1997 1997 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 582 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 583 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 583 2 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 583 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 583 4 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 583 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 584 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 584 2 principle principle NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 584 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 584 4 INNs inn NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 584 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 584 6 selected select VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 584 7 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 584 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 584 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 584 10 active active JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 584 11 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 584 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 584 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 584 14 molecule molecule NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 584 15 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 584 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 584 17 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 584 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 584 19 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 584 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 584 21 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 584 22 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 584 23 alcohol alcohol NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 584 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 585 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 585 2 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 585 3 cases case NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 585 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 585 5 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 585 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 585 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 585 8 active active JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 585 9 molecules molecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 585 10 need need VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 585 11 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 585 12 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 585 13 expanded expand VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 585 14 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 585 15 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 585 16 reasons reason NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 585 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 585 18 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 585 19 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 585 20 formulation formulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 585 21 purposes purpose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 585 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 585 23 bioavailability bioavailability NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 585 24 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 585 25 absorption absorption NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 585 26 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 585 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 586 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 586 2 1975 1975 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 586 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 586 4 experts expert NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 586 5 designated designate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 586 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 586 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 586 8 selection selection NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 586 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 586 10 INN INN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 586 11 decided decide VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 586 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 586 13 adopt adopt VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 586 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 586 15 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 586 16 policy policy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 586 17 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 586 18 naming name VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 586 19 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 586 20 molecules molecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 586 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 587 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 587 2 future future NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 587 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 587 4 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 587 5 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 587 6 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 587 7 salts salt NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 587 8 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 587 9 esters ester NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 587 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 587 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 587 12 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 587 13 active active JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 587 14 substance substance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 587 15 should should MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 587 16 differ differ VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 587 17 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 587 18 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 587 19 regard regard NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 587 20 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 587 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 587 22 inactive inactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 587 23 moiety moiety NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 587 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 587 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 587 26 molecule molecule NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 587 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 588 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 589 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 589 2 latter latter JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 589 3 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 589 4 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 589 5 modified modify VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 589 6 INNs inn NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 589 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 589 8 INNMs INNMs NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 589 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 589 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 590 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 590 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 590 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 590 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 590 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 590 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 590 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 590 8 g g NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 590 9 h h NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 590 10 i i NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 590 11 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 590 12 Evekeo- evekeo- NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 590 13 amphetamine amphetamine VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 590 14 sulfate sulfate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 590 15 tablet tablet NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 590 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 590 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 591 1 DailyMed DailyMed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 591 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 592 1 Arbor Arbor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 592 2 Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 592 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 592 4 LLC LLC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 592 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 593 1 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 593 2 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 593 3 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 593 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 594 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 594 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 594 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 594 4 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 594 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 595 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 595 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 595 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 595 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 595 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 595 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 595 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 595 8 g g NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 595 9 h h NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 595 10 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 595 11 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 595 12 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 595 13 Code Code NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 595 14 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 595 15 Search Search NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 595 16 Results Results NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 595 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 595 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 596 1 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 596 2 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 596 3 Code Code NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 596 4 Directory Directory NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 596 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 597 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 597 2 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 597 3 Food Food NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 597 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 597 5 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 597 6 Administration Administration NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 597 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 598 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 598 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 598 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 598 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 598 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 598 6 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 598 7 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 598 8 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 598 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 599 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 599 2 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 599 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 599 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 599 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 8 g g NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 9 h h NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 10 i i NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 11 j j NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 12 k k NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 13 l l NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 14 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 15 n n CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 16 o o NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 17 p p NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 18 q q NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 19 r r NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 20 s s NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 21 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 22 u u NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 23 v v NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 24 w w NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 25 x x NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 26 y y NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 27 z z NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 28 aa aa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 29 ab ab NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 30 ac ac NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 31 ad ad NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 32 Miller Miller NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 33 GM GM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 34 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 35 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 36 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 37 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 600 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 601 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 601 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 601 3 emerging emerge VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 601 4 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 601 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 601 6 trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 601 7 amine amine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 601 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 601 9 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 601 10 receptor receptor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 601 11 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 601 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 601 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 601 14 functional functional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 601 15 regulation regulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 601 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 601 17 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 601 18 transporters transporter NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 601 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 601 20 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 601 21 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 601 22 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 601 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 602 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 602 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 602 3 Neurochemistry Neurochemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 602 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 603 1 116 116 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 603 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 603 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 603 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 603 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 603 6 164–176 164–176 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 603 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 604 1 doi:10.1111 doi:10.1111 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 604 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 604 3 j.1471 j.1471 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 604 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 604 5 4159.2010.07109.x 4159.2010.07109.x CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 604 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 605 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 605 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 605 3 3005101 3005101 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 605 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 606 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 606 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 606 3 21073468 21073468 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 606 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 607 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 607 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 607 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 607 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 607 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 607 6 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 607 7 Grandy Grandy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 607 8 DK DK NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 607 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 607 10 Miller Miller NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 607 11 GM GM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 607 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 607 13 Li Li NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 607 14 JX JX NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 607 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 607 16 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 607 17 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 607 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 607 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 608 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 608 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 608 3 TAARgeting taargete VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 608 4 Addiction"-The Addiction"-The NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 608 5 Alamo Alamo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 608 6 Bears bear VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 608 7 Witness Witness NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 608 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 608 9 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 608 10 Revolution Revolution NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 608 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 608 12 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 608 13 Overview Overview NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 608 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 608 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 608 16 Plenary Plenary NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 608 17 Symposium Symposium NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 608 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 608 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 608 20 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 608 21 Behavior Behavior NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 608 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 608 23 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 608 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 608 25 Chemistry Chemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 608 26 Conference Conference NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 608 27 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 608 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 609 1 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 609 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 609 3 Alcohol Alcohol NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 609 4 Dependence Dependence NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 609 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 610 1 159 159 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 610 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 610 3 9–16 9–16 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 610 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 611 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 611 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 611 3 j.drugalcdep.2015.11.014 j.drugalcdep.2015.11.014 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 611 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 612 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 612 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 612 3 4724540 4724540 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 612 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 613 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 613 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 613 3 26644139 26644139 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 613 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 614 1 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 614 2 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 614 3 together together RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 614 4 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 614 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 614 6 rapidly rapidly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 614 7 growing grow VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 614 8 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 614 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 614 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 614 11 field field NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 614 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 614 13 compelling compelling JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 614 14 case case NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 614 15 emerges emerge VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 614 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 614 17 support support NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 614 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 614 19 developing develop VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 614 20 TAAR1-selective taar1-selective JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 614 21 agonists agonist NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 614 22 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 614 23 medications medication NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 614 24 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 614 25 preventing prevent VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 614 26 relapse relapse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 614 27 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 614 28 psychostimulant psychostimulant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 614 29 abuse abuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 614 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 8 g g NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 9 h h NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 10 i i NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 11 j j NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 12 k k NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 13 l l NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 14 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 15 n n CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 16 o o NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 17 p p NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 18 q q NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 19 r r NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 20 s s NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 21 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 22 u u NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 23 v v NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 24 w w NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 25 Westfall Westfall NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 26 DP DP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 28 Westfall Westfall NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 29 TC TC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 30 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 31 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 615 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 616 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 616 2 Miscellaneous Miscellaneous NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 616 3 Sympathomimetic Sympathomimetic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 616 4 Agonists Agonists NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 616 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 616 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 617 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 617 2 Brunton Brunton NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 617 3 LL LL NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 617 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 617 5 Chabner Chabner NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 617 6 BA BA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 617 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 617 8 Knollmann Knollmann NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 617 9 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 617 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 617 11 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 617 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 617 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 617 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 618 1 Goodman Goodman NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 618 2 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 618 3 Gilman Gilman NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 618 4 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 618 5 Pharmacological Pharmacological NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 618 6 Basis Basis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 618 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 618 8 Therapeutics Therapeutics NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 618 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 618 10 12th 12th NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 618 11 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 618 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 618 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 618 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 619 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 619 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 619 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 619 4 USA USA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 619 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 619 6 McGraw McGraw NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 619 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 619 8 Hill Hill NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 619 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 620 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 620 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 620 3 9780071624428 9780071624428 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 620 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 621 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 621 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 621 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 621 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 621 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 621 6 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 621 7 Shoptaw Shoptaw NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 621 8 SJ SJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 621 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 621 10 Kao Kao NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 621 11 U U NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 621 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 621 13 Ling Ling NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 621 14 W W NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 621 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 621 16 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 621 17 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 621 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 621 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 622 1 Shoptaw Shoptaw NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 622 2 SJ SJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 622 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 622 4 Ali Ali NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 622 5 R R NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 622 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 622 7 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 622 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 622 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 622 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 623 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 623 2 Treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 623 3 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 623 4 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 623 5 psychosis psychosis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 623 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 623 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 624 1 Cochrane Cochrane NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 624 2 Database Database NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 624 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 624 4 Systematic Systematic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 624 5 Reviews Reviews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 624 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 624 7 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 624 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 624 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 624 10 CD003026 cd003026 UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 624 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 625 1 doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3 doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003026.pub3 UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 625 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 626 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 626 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 626 3 7004251 7004251 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 626 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 627 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 627 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 627 3 19160215 19160215 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 627 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 628 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 628 2 minority minority NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 628 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 628 4 individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 628 5 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-4107 628 6 use use VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 628 7 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 628 8 develop develop VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 628 9 full full RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 628 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 628 11 blown blow VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 628 12 psychosis psychosis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 628 13 requiring require VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 628 14 care care NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 628 15 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 628 16 emergency emergency NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 628 17 departments department NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 628 18 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 628 19 psychiatric psychiatric JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 628 20 hospitals hospital NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 628 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 629 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 629 2 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 629 3 cases case NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 629 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 629 5 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 629 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 629 7 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 629 8 psychosis psychosis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 629 9 commonly commonly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 629 10 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 629 11 paranoid paranoid JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 629 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 629 13 persecutory persecutory JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 629 14 delusions delusion NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 629 15 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 629 16 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 629 17 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 629 18 auditory auditory JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 629 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 629 20 visual visual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 629 21 hallucinations hallucination NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 629 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 629 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 629 24 presence presence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 629 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 629 26 extreme extreme JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 629 27 agitation agitation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 629 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 1 More more RBR en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 2 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 4 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 5 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 6 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 10 frequent frequent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 11 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 12 users user NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 14 report report VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 15 psychotic psychotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 16 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 17 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 18 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 19 sub sub JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 20 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 21 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 23 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 24 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 25 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 26 require require VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 27 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 28 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 29 intensity intensity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 30 intervention intervention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 31   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 32 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 33 About about RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 34 5–15 5–15 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 35 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 38 users user NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 39 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 40 develop develop VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 41 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 42 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 43 psychosis psychosis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 44 fail fail VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 45 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 46 recover recover VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 47 completely completely RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 48 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 49 Hofmann Hofmann NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 50 1983 1983 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 51 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 52   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 630 53 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 631 1 Findings finding NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 631 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 631 3 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 631 4 trial trial NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 631 5 indicate indicate VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 631 6 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 631 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 631 8 antipsychotic antipsychotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 631 9 medications medication NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 631 10 effectively effectively RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 631 11 resolves resolve VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 631 12 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 631 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 631 14 acute acute JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 631 15 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 631 16 psychosis psychosis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 631 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 1 psychotic psychotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 2 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 4 individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 5 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 6 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 7 psychosis psychosis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 8 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 9 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 10 due due JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 11 exclusively exclusively RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 13 heavy heavy JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 14 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 17 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 18 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 19 heavy heavy JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 20 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 23 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 24 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 25 exacerbate exacerbate VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 26 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 27 underlying underlying JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 28 vulnerability vulnerability NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 29 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 30 schizophrenia schizophrenia VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 632 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 6 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 7 Bramness Bramness NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 8 JG JG NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 10 Gundersen Gundersen NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 11 ØH ØH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 13 Guterstam Guterstam NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 14 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 16 Rognli Rognli NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 17 EB EB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 19 Konstenius Konstenius NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 20 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 22 Løberg Løberg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 23 EM EM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 25 Medhus Medhus NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 26 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 28 Tanum Tanum NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 29 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 31 Franck Franck NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 32 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 33 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 34 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 35 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 633 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 634 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 634 2 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 634 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 634 4 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 634 5 psychosis psychosis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 634 6 — — : en-wikipedia-org-4107 634 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 634 8 separate separate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 634 9 diagnostic diagnostic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 634 10 entity entity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 634 11 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 634 12 primary primary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 634 13 psychosis psychosis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 634 14 triggered trigger VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 634 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 634 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 634 17 vulnerable vulnerable NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 634 18 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-4107 634 19 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 634 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 635 1 BMC BMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 635 2 Psychiatry Psychiatry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 635 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 636 1 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 636 2 : : SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 636 3 221 221 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 636 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 636 5 doi:10.1186/1471 doi:10.1186/1471 JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 636 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 636 7 244X-12 244X-12 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 636 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 636 9 221 221 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 636 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 637 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 637 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 637 3 3554477 3554477 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 637 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 638 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 638 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 638 3 23216941 23216941 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 638 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 2 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 3 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 5 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 7 given give VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 9 consecutively consecutively RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 10 higher high JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 11 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 12 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 13 psychosis psychosis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 14 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 15 precipitated precipitate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 17 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 18 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 19 100–300 100–300 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 20 mg mg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 22 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 23   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 24 ... ... . en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 25 Secondly secondly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 27 psychosis psychosis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 28 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 29 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 30 viewed view VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 31 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 32 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 33 adverse adverse JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 34 event event NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 36 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 37 rare rare JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 39 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 40 children child NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 41 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 42 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 43 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 44 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 45 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 46 treated treat VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 47 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 48 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 49 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 50 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 51 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 52 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 53 Greydanus Greydanus NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 54 D. D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 55 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 56 Stimulant Stimulant NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 57 Misuse Misuse NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 58 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 59 Strategies strategy NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 60 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 61 Manage manage VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 62 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 63 Growing grow VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 64 Problem problem NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 65 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 66 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 67 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 68 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 639 69 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 640 1 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 640 2 College College NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 640 3 Health Health NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 640 4 Association Association NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 640 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 640 6 Review Review NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 640 7 Article Article NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 640 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 640 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 641 1 ACHA ACHA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 641 2 Professional Professional NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 641 3 Development Development NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 641 4 Program Program NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 641 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 642 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 642 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 642 3 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 642 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 643 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 643 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 643 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 643 4 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 643 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 643 6 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 643 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 643 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 643 9 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 643 10 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 643 11 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 643 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 644 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 644 2 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 644 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 644 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 644 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 645 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 645 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 645 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 645 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 645 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 645 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 645 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 645 8 g g NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 645 9 h h NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 645 10 Huang Huang NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 645 11 YS YS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 645 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 645 13 Tsai Tsai NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 645 14 MH MH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 645 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 645 16 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 645 17 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 645 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 645 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 646 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 646 2 Long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 646 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 646 4 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 646 5 outcomes outcome NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 646 6 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 646 7 medications medication NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 646 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 646 9 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 646 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 646 11 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 646 12 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 646 13 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 646 14 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 646 15 current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 646 16 status status NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 646 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 646 18 knowledge knowledge NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 646 19 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 646 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 647 1 CNS CNS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 647 2 Drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 647 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 648 1 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 648 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 648 3 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 648 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 648 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 648 6 539–554 539–554 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 648 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 649 1 doi:10.2165/11589380 doi:10.2165/11589380 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 649 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 649 3 000000000 000000000 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 649 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 649 5 00000 00000 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 649 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 650 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 650 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 650 3 21699268 21699268 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 650 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 651 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 651 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 651 3 3449435 3449435 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 651 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 1 Several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 2 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 3 studies,[97 studies,[97 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 4 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 5 101 101 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 7 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 9 meta meta JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 11 analytic analytic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 12 review[98 review[98 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 13 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 16 retrospective retrospective JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 17 study,[97 study,[97 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 18 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 19 suggested suggest VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 20 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 21 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 22 therapy therapy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 24 childhood childhood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 25 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 26 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 27 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 29 reduced reduce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 30 risk risk NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 32 subsequent subsequent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 33 substance substance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 34 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 36 cigarette cigarette NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 37 smoking smoking NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 39 alcohol alcohol NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 40 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 41 disorders disorder NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 652 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 653 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 1 Recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 2 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 3 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 4 demonstrated demonstrate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 5 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 6 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 8 along along IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 11 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 12 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 13 stimulants stimulants JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 14 atomoxetine atomoxetine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 16 extended extended JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 18 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 19 guanfacine guanfacine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 21 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 22 continuously continuously RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 23 effective effective JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 24 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 25 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 26 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 27 2-year 2-year CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 28 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 29 periods period NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 30 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 31 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 33 tolerable tolerable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 34 adverse adverse JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 35 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 654 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 655 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 655 2 effectiveness effectiveness NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 655 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 655 4 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 655 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 655 6 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 655 7 therapy therapy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 655 8 includes include VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 655 9 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 655 10 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 655 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 655 12 core core NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 655 13 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 655 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 655 15 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 655 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 655 17 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 655 18 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 655 19 improved improve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 655 20 quality quality NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 655 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 655 22 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 655 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 655 24 academic academic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 655 25 achievements achievement NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 655 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 656 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 656 2 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-4107 656 3 concerning concern VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 656 4 short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 656 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 656 6 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 656 7 adverse adverse JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 656 8 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 656 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 656 10 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 656 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 656 12 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 656 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 656 14 elevated elevated JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 656 15 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 656 16 pressure pressure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 656 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 656 18 heart heart NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 656 19 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 656 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 656 21 waned wane VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 656 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 656 23 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 656 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 656 25 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 656 26 follow follow NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 656 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 656 28 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-4107 656 29 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 656 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 657 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 658 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 658 2 current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 658 3 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 658 4 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 658 5 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 658 6 support support VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 658 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 658 8 potential potential JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 658 9 impact impact NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 658 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 658 11 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 658 12 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 658 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 658 14 worsening worsening NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 658 15 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 658 16 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 658 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 658 18 tics tic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 658 19 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 658 20 substance substance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 658 21 abuse abuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 658 22 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 658 23 adulthood adulthood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 658 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 3 longest long JJS en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 4 follow follow NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 6 up up NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 7 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 10 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 11 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 12 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 13   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 14 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 17 lifetime lifetime NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 18 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 19 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 20 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 21 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 22 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 23 effective effective JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 25 protective protective JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 26 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 28 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 30 adverse adverse JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 31 psychiatric psychiatric JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 32 disorders disorder NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 659 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 660 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 660 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 660 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 660 4 Malenka Malenka NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 660 5 RC RC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 660 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 660 7 Nestler Nestler NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 660 8 EJ EJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 660 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 660 10 Hyman Hyman NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 660 11 SE SE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 660 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 660 13 Holtzman Holtzman NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 660 14 DM DM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 660 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 660 16 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 660 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 660 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 661 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 661 2 Chapter chapter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 661 3 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 661 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 661 5 Reinforcement reinforcement NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 661 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 661 7 Addictive Addictive NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 661 8 Disorders Disorders NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 661 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 661 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 662 1 Molecular Molecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 662 2 Neuropharmacology Neuropharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 662 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 662 4 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 662 5 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 662 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 662 7 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 662 8 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 662 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 662 10 3rd 3rd NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 662 11 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 662 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 662 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 662 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 663 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 663 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 663 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 663 4 McGraw McGraw NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 663 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 663 6 Hill Hill NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 663 7 Medical Medical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 663 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 664 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 664 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 664 3 9780071827706 9780071827706 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 664 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 1 Such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 2 agents agent NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 4 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 5 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 6 therapeutic therapeutic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 7 uses use NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 8 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 9 cocaine cocaine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 12 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 15 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 16 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 18 local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 19 anesthetic anesthetic NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 21 Chapter chapter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 22 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 26 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 28 methylphenidate methylphenidate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 29 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 30 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 32 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 33 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 34 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 35 treat treat VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 36 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 37 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 38 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 39 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 40 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 41 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 42 higher high JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 43 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 44 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 45 treat treat VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 46 narcolepsy narcolepsy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 47 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 48 Chapter chapter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 49 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 50 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 665 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 1 Despite despite IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 2 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 3 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 4 uses use NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 6 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 7 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 8 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 9 strongly strongly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 10 reinforcing reinforce VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 13 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 14 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 16 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 17 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 18 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 19 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 20 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 21 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 22 linked link VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 23 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 24 potential potential JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 25 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 27 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 28 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 29 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 30 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 31 rapidly rapidly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 32 administered administer VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 33 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 34 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 35 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 36 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 37 potency potency NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 38 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 39 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 40 given give VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 666 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 667 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 667 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 667 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 667 4 Kollins Kollins NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 667 5 SH SH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 667 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 667 7 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 667 8 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 667 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 667 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 668 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 668 2 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 668 3 qualitative qualitative JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 668 4 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 668 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 668 6 issues issue NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 668 7 arising arise VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 668 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 668 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 668 10 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 668 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 668 12 psycho psycho NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 668 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 668 14 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 668 15 medications medication NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 668 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 668 17 patients patient NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 668 18 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 668 19 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 668 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 668 21 co co JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 668 22 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 668 23 morbid morbid JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 668 24 substance substance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 668 25 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 668 26 disorders disorder NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 668 27 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 668 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 669 1 Current Current NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 669 2 Medical Medical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 669 3 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 669 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 669 5 Opinion Opinion NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 669 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 670 1 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 670 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 670 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 670 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 670 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 670 6 1345–1357 1345–1357 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 670 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 671 1 doi:10.1185/030079908X280707 doi:10.1185/030079908x280707 UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 671 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 672 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 672 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 672 3 18384709 18384709 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 672 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 673 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 673 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 673 3 71267668 71267668 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 673 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 674 1 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 674 2 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 674 3 formulations formulation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 674 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 674 5 psychostimulants psychostimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 674 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 674 7 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 674 8 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 674 9 recommended recommend VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 674 10 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 674 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 674 12 frequencies frequency NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 674 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 674 14 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 674 15 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 674 16 unlikely unlikely JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 674 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 674 18 yield yield VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 674 19 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 674 20 consistent consistent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 674 21 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 674 22 abuse abuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 674 23 potential potential NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 674 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 674 25 patients patient NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 674 26 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 674 27 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 674 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 675 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 675 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 675 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 675 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 675 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 675 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 675 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 675 8 g g NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 675 9 Broadley Broadley NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 675 10 KJ KJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 675 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 675 12 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 675 13 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 675 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 675 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 676 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 676 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 676 3 vascular vascular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 676 4 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 676 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 676 6 trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 676 7 amines amine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 676 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 676 9 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 676 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 676 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 677 1 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 677 2 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 677 3 Therapeutics Therapeutics NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 677 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 678 1 125 125 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 678 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 678 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 678 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 678 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 678 6 363–375 363–375 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 678 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 679 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 679 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 679 3 j.pharmthera.2009.11.005 j.pharmthera.2009.11.005 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 679 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 680 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 680 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 680 3 19948186 19948186 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 680 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 681 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 681 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 681 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 681 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 681 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 681 6 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 681 7 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 681 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 681 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 682 1 European European NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 682 2 Monitoring Monitoring NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 682 3 Centre Centre NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 682 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 682 5 Drugs Drugs NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 682 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 682 7 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 682 8 Addiction Addiction NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 682 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 683 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 683 2 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 683 3 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 683 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 683 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 684 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 684 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 684 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 684 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 684 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 684 6 Hagel Hagel NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 684 7 JM JM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 684 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 684 9 Krizevski Krizevski NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 684 10 R R NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 684 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 684 12 Marsolais Marsolais NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 684 13 F F NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 684 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 684 15 Lewinsohn Lewinsohn NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 684 16 E E NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 684 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 684 18 Facchini Facchini NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 684 19 PJ PJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 684 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 684 21 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 684 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 684 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 685 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 685 2 Biosynthesis Biosynthesis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 685 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 685 4 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 685 5 analogs analog VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 685 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 685 7 plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 685 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 685 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 686 1 Trends trend NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 686 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 686 3 Plant Plant NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 686 4 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 686 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 687 1 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 687 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 687 3 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 687 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 687 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 687 6 404–412 404–412 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 687 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 688 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 688 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 688 3 j.tplants.2012.03.004 j.tplants.2012.03.004 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 688 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 689 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 689 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 689 3 22502775 22502775 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 689 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 1 Substituted substitute VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 2 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 4 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 7 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 8 phenylpropylamino phenylpropylamino JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 9 alkaloids alkaloid NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 11 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 13 diverse diverse JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 14 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 16 nitrogen nitrogen NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 18 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 19 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 20 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 21 feature feature VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 23 phenethylamine phenethylamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 24 backbone backbone NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 25 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 26 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 27 methyl methyl NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 28 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 29 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 31 α α NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 32 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 33 position position NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 34 relative relative JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 35 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 37 nitrogen nitrogen NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 38 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 39 Figure Figure NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 40 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 41 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 690 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 691 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 692 1 Beyond beyond IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 692 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 692 3 1R,2S)-ephedrine 1r,2s)-ephedrine CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 692 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 692 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 692 6 1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine 1s,2s)-pseudoephedrine CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 692 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 692 8 myriad myriad JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 692 9 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 692 10 substituted substitute VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 692 11 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 692 12 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 692 13 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 692 14 pharmaceutical pharmaceutical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 692 15 applications application NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 692 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 1 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 2 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 3 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 6 S)-amphetamine S)-amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 8 Figure Figure NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 9 4b 4b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 13 key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 14 ingredient ingredient NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 16 Adderall Adderall NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 18 Dexedrine Dexedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 20 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 21 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 22 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 23 treat treat VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 24 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 25 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 26 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 27 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 29 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 30 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 31 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 32 79 79 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 33 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 693 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 694 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 694 2 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 694 3 Figure figure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 694 4 4](b 4](b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 694 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 694 6 Examples example NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 694 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 694 8 synthetic synthetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 694 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 694 10 pharmaceutically pharmaceutically RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 694 11 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 694 12 substituted substitute VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 694 13 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 694 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 695 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 695 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 695 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 695 4 Bett Bett NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 695 5 WR WR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 695 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 695 7 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 695 8 1946 1946 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 695 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 695 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 696 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 696 2 Benzedrine benzedrine JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 696 3 sulphate sulphate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 696 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 696 5 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 696 6 medicine medicine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 696 7 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 696 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 696 9 survey survey NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 696 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 696 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 696 12 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 696 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 696 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 697 1 Postgraduate Postgraduate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 697 2 Medical Medical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 697 3 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 697 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 698 1 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 698 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 698 3 250 250 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 698 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 698 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 698 6 205–218 205–218 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 698 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 699 1 doi:10.1136 doi:10.1136 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 699 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 699 3 pgmj.22.250.205 pgmj.22.250.205 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 699 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 700 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 700 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 700 3 2478360 2478360 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 700 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 701 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 701 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 701 3 20997404 20997404 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 701 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 4 Carvalho Carvalho NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 5 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 7 Carmo Carmo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 8 H H NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 10 Costa Costa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 11 VM VM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 13 Capela Capela NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 14 JP JP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 16 Pontes Pontes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 17 H H NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 19 Remião Remião NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 20 F F NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 22 Carvalho Carvalho NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 23 F F NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 25 Bastos Bastos NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 26 Mde Mde NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 27 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 29 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 30 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 31 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 702 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 703 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 703 2 Toxicity Toxicity NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 703 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 703 4 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 703 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 703 6 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 703 7 update update NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 703 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 703 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 704 1 Archives archive NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 704 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 704 3 Toxicology Toxicology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 704 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 705 1 86 86 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 705 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 705 3 8) 8) CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 705 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 705 5 1167–1231 1167–1231 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 705 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 706 1 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 706 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 706 3 s00204 s00204 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 706 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 706 5 012 012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 706 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 706 7 0815 0815 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 706 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 706 9 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 706 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 707 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 707 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 707 3 22392347 22392347 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 707 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 708 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 708 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 708 3 2873101 2873101 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 708 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 709 1 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 709 2 Berman Berman NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 709 3 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 709 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 709 5 O'Neill O'Neill NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 709 6 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 709 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 709 8 Fears Fears NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 709 9 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 709 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 709 11 Bartzokis Bartzokis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 709 12 G G NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 709 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 709 14 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 709 15 ED ED NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 709 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 709 17 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 709 18 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 709 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 709 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 710 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 710 2 Abuse abuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 710 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 710 4 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 710 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 710 6 structural structural JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 710 7 abnormalities abnormality NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 710 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 710 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 710 10 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 710 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 710 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 711 1 Annals annal NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 711 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 711 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 711 4 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 711 5 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 711 6 Academy Academy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 711 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 711 8 Sciences Sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 711 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 712 1 1141 1141 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 712 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 712 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 712 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 712 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 712 6 195–220 195–220 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 712 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 713 1 doi:10.1196 doi:10.1196 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 713 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 713 3 annals.1441.031 annals.1441.031 ADD en-wikipedia-org-4107 713 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 714 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 714 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 714 3 2769923 2769923 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 714 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 715 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 715 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 715 3 18991959 18991959 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 715 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 716 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 716 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 716 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 716 4 Hart Hart NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 716 5 H H NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 716 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 716 7 Radua Radua NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 716 8 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 716 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 716 10 Nakao Nakao NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 716 11 T T NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 716 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 716 13 Mataix Mataix NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 716 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 716 15 Cols Cols NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 716 16 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 716 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 716 18 Rubia Rubia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 716 19 K K NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 716 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 716 21 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 716 22 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 716 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 716 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 2 Meta meta JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 4 analysis analysis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 6 functional functional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 7 magnetic magnetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 8 resonance resonance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 9 imaging imaging NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 10 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 12 inhibition inhibition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 14 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 16 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 18 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 19 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 20 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 21 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 22 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 23 exploring explore VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 24 task task NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 26 specific specific JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 28 stimulant stimulant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 29 medication medication NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 32 age age NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 33 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 34 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 717 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 718 1 JAMA JAMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 718 2 Psychiatry Psychiatry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 718 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 719 1 70 70 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 719 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 719 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 719 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 719 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 719 6 185–198 185–198 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 719 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 720 1 doi:10.1001 doi:10.1001 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 720 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 720 3 jamapsychiatry.2013.277 jamapsychiatry.2013.277 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 720 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 721 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 721 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 721 3 23247506 23247506 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 721 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 4 Spencer Spencer NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 5 TJ TJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 7 Brown Brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 8 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 10 Seidman Seidman NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 11 LJ LJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 13 Valera Valera NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 14 EM EM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 16 Makris Makris NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 17 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 19 Lomedico Lomedico NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 20 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 22 Faraone Faraone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 23 SV SV NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 25 Biederman Biederman NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 26 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 28 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 29 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 30 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 722 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 723 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 723 2 Effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 723 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 723 4 psychostimulants psychostimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 723 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 723 6 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 723 7 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 723 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 723 9 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 723 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 723 11 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 723 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 723 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 723 14 qualitative qualitative JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 723 15 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 723 16 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 723 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 723 18 magnetic magnetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 723 19 resonance resonance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 723 20 imaging imaging NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 723 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 723 22 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 723 23 neuroimaging neuroimage VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 723 24 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 723 25 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 723 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 724 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 724 2 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 724 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 724 4 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 724 5 Psychiatry Psychiatry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 724 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 725 1 74 74 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 725 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 725 3 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 725 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 725 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 725 6 902–917 902–917 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 725 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 726 1 doi:10.4088 doi:10.4088 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 726 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 726 3 JCP.12r08287 JCP.12r08287 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 726 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 727 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 727 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 727 3 3801446 3801446 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 727 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 728 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 728 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 728 3 24107764 24107764 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 728 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 729 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 729 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 729 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 729 4 Frodl Frodl NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 729 5 T T NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 729 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 729 7 Skokauskas Skokauskas NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 729 8 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 729 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 729 10 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 729 11 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 729 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 729 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 730 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 730 2 Meta meta JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 730 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 730 4 analysis analysis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 730 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 730 6 structural structural JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 730 7 MRI MRI NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 730 8 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 730 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 730 10 children child NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 730 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 730 12 adults adult NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 730 13 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 730 14 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 730 15 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 730 16 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 730 17 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 730 18 indicates indicate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 730 19 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 730 20 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 730 21 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 730 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 731 1 Acta Acta NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 731 2 Psychiatrica Psychiatrica NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 731 3 Scandinavica Scandinavica NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 731 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 732 1 125 125 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 732 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 732 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 732 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 732 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 732 6 114–126 114–126 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 732 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 733 1 doi:10.1111 doi:10.1111 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 733 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 733 3 j.1600 j.1600 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 733 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 733 5 0447.2011.01786.x 0447.2011.01786.x NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 733 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 734 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 734 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 734 3 22118249 22118249 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 734 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 735 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 735 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 735 3 25954331 25954331 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 735 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 736 1 Basal Basal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 736 2 ganglia ganglia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 736 3 regions region NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 736 4 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 736 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 736 6 right right NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 736 7 globus globus NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 736 8 pallidus pallidus NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 736 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 736 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 736 11 right right JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 736 12 putamen putamen NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 736 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 736 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 736 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 736 16 nucleus nucleus NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 736 17 caudatus caudatus NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 736 18 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 736 19 structurally structurally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 736 20 affected affect VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 736 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 736 22 children child NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 736 23 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 736 24 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 736 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 737 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 737 2 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 737 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 737 4 alterations alteration NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 737 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 737 6 limbic limbic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 737 7 regions region NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 737 8 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 737 9 ACC ACC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 737 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 737 11 amygdala amygdala NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 737 12 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 737 13 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-4107 737 14 pronounced pronounced JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 737 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 737 16 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 737 17 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 737 18 treated treated JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 737 19 populations population NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 737 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 737 21 seem seem VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 737 22 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 737 23 diminish diminish VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 737 24 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 737 25 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 737 26 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 737 27 child child NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 737 28 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 737 29 adulthood adulthood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 737 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 738 1 Treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 738 2 seems seem VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 738 3 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 738 4 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 738 5 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 738 6 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 738 7 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 738 8 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 738 9 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 738 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 739 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 739 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 739 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 739 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 739 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 739 6 Millichap Millichap NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 739 7 JG JG NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 739 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 739 9 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 739 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 739 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 740 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 740 2 Chapter chapter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 740 3 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 740 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 740 5 Medications medication NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 740 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 740 7 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 740 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 740 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 741 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 741 2 Millichap Millichap NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 741 3 JG JG NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 741 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 741 5 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 741 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 741 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 741 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 742 1 Attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 742 2 Deficit Deficit NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 742 3 Hyperactivity Hyperactivity NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 742 4 Disorder Disorder NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 742 5 Handbook Handbook NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 742 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 742 7 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 742 8 Physician Physician NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 742 9 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 742 10 Guide Guide NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 742 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 742 12 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 742 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 742 14 2nd 2nd NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 742 15 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 742 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 742 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 742 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 743 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 743 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 743 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 743 4 USA USA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 743 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 743 6 Springer Springer NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 743 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 744 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 744 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 745 1 121–123 121–123 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 745 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 745 3 125–127 125–127 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 745 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 746 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 746 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 746 3 9781441913968 9781441913968 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 746 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 747 1 Ongoing ongoing JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 747 2 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 747 3 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 747 4 provided provide VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 747 5 answers answer NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 747 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 747 7 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 747 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 747 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 747 10 parents parent NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 747 11 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 747 12 concerns concern NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 747 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 747 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 747 15 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 747 16 confirmed confirm VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 747 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 747 18 effectiveness effectiveness NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 747 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 747 20 safety safety NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 747 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 747 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 747 23 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 747 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 747 25 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 747 26 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 747 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 747 28 medication medication NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 747 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 748 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 748 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 748 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 748 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 748 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 748 6 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 748 7 Arnold Arnold NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 748 8 LE LE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 748 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 748 10 Hodgkins Hodgkins NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 748 11 P P NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 748 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 748 13 Caci Caci NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 748 14 H H NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 748 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 748 16 Kahle Kahle NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 748 17 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 748 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 748 19 Young Young NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 748 20 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 748 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 748 22 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 748 23 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 748 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 748 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 749 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 749 2 Effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 749 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 749 4 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 749 5 modality modality NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 749 6 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 749 7 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 749 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 749 9 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 749 10 outcomes outcome NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 749 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 749 12 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 749 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 749 14 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 749 15 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 749 16 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 749 17 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 749 18 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 749 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 749 20 systematic systematic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 749 21 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 749 22 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 749 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 750 1 PLOS PLOS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 750 2 ONE one CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 750 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 751 1 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 751 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 751 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 751 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 751 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 751 6 e0116407 e0116407 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 751 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 752 1 doi:10.1371 doi:10.1371 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 752 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 752 3 journal.pone.0116407 journal.pone.0116407 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 752 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 753 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 753 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 753 3 4340791 4340791 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 753 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 754 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 754 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 754 3 25714373 25714373 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 754 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 755 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 755 2 highest high JJS en-wikipedia-org-4107 755 3 proportion proportion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 755 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 755 5 improved improved JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 755 6 outcomes outcome NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 755 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 755 8 reported report VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 755 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 755 10 combination combination NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 755 11 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 755 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 755 13 83 83 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 755 14 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 755 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 755 16 outcomes outcome NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 755 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 755 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 756 1 Among among IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 756 2 significantly significantly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 756 3 improved improve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 756 4 outcomes outcome NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 756 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 756 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 756 7 largest large JJS en-wikipedia-org-4107 756 8 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 756 9 sizes size NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 756 10 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 756 11 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 756 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 756 13 combination combination NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 756 14 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 756 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 757 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 757 2 greatest great JJS en-wikipedia-org-4107 757 3 improvements improvement NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 757 4 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 757 5 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 757 6 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 757 7 academic academic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 757 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 757 9 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 757 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 757 11 esteem esteem NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 757 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 757 13 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 757 14 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 757 15 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 757 16 outcomes outcome NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 757 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 758 1 Figure figure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 758 2 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 758 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 758 4 Treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 758 5 benefit benefit NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 758 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 758 7 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 758 8 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 758 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 758 10 outcome outcome NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 758 11 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 758 12 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 758 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 758 14 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 758 15 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 758 16 Malenka Malenka NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 758 17 RC RC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 758 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 758 19 Nestler Nestler NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 758 20 EJ EJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 758 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 758 22 Hyman Hyman NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 758 23 SE SE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 758 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 758 25 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 758 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 758 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 759 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 759 2 Chapter chapter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 759 3 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 759 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 759 5 Widely widely RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 759 6 Projecting project VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 759 7 Systems Systems NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 759 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 759 9 Monoamines monoamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 759 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 759 11 Acetylcholine Acetylcholine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 759 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 759 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 759 14 Orexin Orexin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 759 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 759 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 760 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 760 2 Sydor Sydor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 760 3 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 760 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 760 5 Brown Brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 760 6 RY RY NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 760 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 760 8 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 760 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 760 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 760 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 761 1 Molecular Molecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 761 2 Neuropharmacology Neuropharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 761 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 761 4 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 761 5 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 761 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 761 7 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 761 8 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 761 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 761 10 2nd 2nd NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 761 11 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 761 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 761 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 761 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 762 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 762 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 762 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 762 4 USA USA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 762 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 762 6 McGraw McGraw NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 762 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 762 8 Hill Hill NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 762 9 Medical Medical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 762 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 763 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 763 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 764 1 154–157 154–157 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 764 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 765 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 765 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 765 3 9780071481274 9780071481274 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 765 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 766 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 766 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 766 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 766 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 766 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 766 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 766 7 Bidwell Bidwell NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 766 8 LC LC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 766 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 766 10 McClernon McClernon NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 766 11 FJ FJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 766 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 766 13 Kollins Kollins NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 766 14 SH SH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 766 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 766 16 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 766 17 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 766 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 766 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 767 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 767 2 Cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 767 3 enhancers enhancer NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 767 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 767 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 767 6 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 767 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 767 8 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 767 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 767 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 768 1 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 768 2 Biochemistry Biochemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 768 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 768 4 Behavior Behavior NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 768 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 769 1 99 99 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 769 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 769 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 769 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 769 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 769 6 262–274 262–274 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 769 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 770 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 770 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 770 3 j.pbb.2011.05.002 j.pbb.2011.05.002 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 770 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 771 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 771 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 771 3 3353150 3353150 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 771 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 772 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 772 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 772 3 21596055 21596055 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 772 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 773 1 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 773 2 Parker Parker NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 773 3 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 773 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 773 5 Wales Wales NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 773 6 G G NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 773 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 773 8 Chalhoub Chalhoub NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 773 9 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 773 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 773 11 Harpin Harpin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 773 12 V V NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 773 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 773 14 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 773 15 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 773 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 773 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 3 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 5 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 6 outcomes outcome NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 8 interventions intervention NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 11 management management NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 13 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 15 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 16 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 17 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 19 children child NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 21 adolescents adolescent NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 22 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 24 systematic systematic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 25 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 27 randomized randomized JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 28 controlled controlled JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 29 trials trial NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 30 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 774 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 775 1 Psychology Psychology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 775 2 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 775 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 775 4 Behavior Behavior NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 775 5 Management Management NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 775 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 776 1 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 776 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 776 3 87–99 87–99 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 776 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 777 1 doi:10.2147 doi:10.2147 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 777 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 777 3 PRBM.S49114 PRBM.S49114 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 777 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 778 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 778 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 778 3 3785407 3785407 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 778 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 779 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 779 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 779 3 24082796 24082796 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 779 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 780 1 Only only RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 780 2 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 780 3 paper53 paper53 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 780 4 examining examine VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 780 5 outcomes outcome NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 780 6 beyond beyond IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 780 7 36 36 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 780 8 months month NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 780 9 met meet VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 780 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 780 11 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 780 12 criteria criterion NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 780 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 781 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 1 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 3 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 4 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 5 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 6 suggesting suggest VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 8 pharmacological pharmacological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 9 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 10 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 11 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 13 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 14 beneficial beneficial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 15 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 16 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 18 core core NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 19 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 21 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 23 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 25 inattention inattention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 28 impulsivity impulsivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 31 approximately approximately RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 32 80 80 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 33 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 35 cases case NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 36 compared compare VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 37 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 38 placebo placebo NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 39 controls control NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 41 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 43 short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 44 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 782 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 783 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 783 2 Millichap Millichap NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 783 3 JG JG NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 783 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 783 5 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 783 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 783 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 784 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 784 2 Chapter chapter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 784 3 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 784 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 784 5 Medications medication NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 784 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 784 7 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 784 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 784 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 785 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 785 2 Millichap Millichap NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 785 3 JG JG NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 785 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 785 5 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 785 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 785 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 785 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 786 1 Attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 786 2 Deficit Deficit NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 786 3 Hyperactivity Hyperactivity NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 786 4 Disorder Disorder NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 786 5 Handbook Handbook NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 786 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 786 7 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 786 8 Physician Physician NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 786 9 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 786 10 Guide Guide NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 786 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 786 12 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 786 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 786 14 2nd 2nd NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 786 15 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 786 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 786 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 786 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 787 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 787 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 787 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 787 4 USA USA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 787 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 787 6 Springer Springer NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 787 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 788 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 788 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 789 1 111–113 111–113 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 789 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 790 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 790 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 790 3 9781441913968 9781441913968 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 790 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 791 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 791 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 791 3 Stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 791 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 791 5 Attention Attention NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 791 6 Deficit Deficit NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 791 7 Hyperactivity Hyperactivity NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 791 8 Disorder Disorder NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 791 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 791 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 792 1 WebMD WebMD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 792 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 793 1 Healthwise Healthwise NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 793 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 794 1 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 794 2 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 794 3 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 794 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 795 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 795 2 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 795 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 795 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 795 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 796 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 796 2 Scholten Scholten NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 796 3 RJ RJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 796 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 796 5 Clarke Clarke NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 796 6 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 796 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 796 8 Hetherington Hetherington NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 796 9 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 796 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 796 11 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 796 12 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 796 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 796 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 797 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 797 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 797 3 Cochrane Cochrane NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 797 4 Collaboration Collaboration NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 797 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 797 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 798 1 European European NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 798 2 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 798 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 798 4 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 798 5 Nutrition Nutrition NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 798 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 799 1 59 59 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 799 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 799 3 Suppl Suppl NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 799 4 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 799 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 799 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 799 7 S147–S149 s147–s149 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 799 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 799 9 discussion discussion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 799 10 S195–S196 s195–s196 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 799 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 800 1 doi:10.1038 doi:10.1038 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 800 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 800 3 sj.ejcn.1602188 sj.ejcn.1602188 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 800 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 801 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 801 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 801 3 16052183 16052183 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 801 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 802 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 802 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 802 3 29410060 29410060 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 802 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 803 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 803 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 803 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 803 4 Castells Castells NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 803 5 X X NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 803 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 803 7 Blanco Blanco NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 803 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 803 9 Silvente Silvente NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 803 10 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 803 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 803 12 Cunill Cunill NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 803 13 R R NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 803 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 803 15 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 803 16 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 803 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 803 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 804 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 804 2 Amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 804 3 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 804 4 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 804 5 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 804 6 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 804 7 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 804 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 804 9 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 804 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 804 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 804 12 adults adult NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 804 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 804 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 805 1 Cochrane Cochrane NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 805 2 Database Database NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 805 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 805 4 Systematic Systematic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 805 5 Reviews Reviews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 805 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 806 1 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 806 2 : : SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 806 3 CD007813 CD007813 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 806 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 807 1 doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007813.pub3 doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007813.pub3 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 807 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 808 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 808 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 808 3 6513464 6513464 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 808 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 809 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 809 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 809 3 30091808 30091808 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 809 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 810 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 810 2 Punja Punja NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 810 3 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 810 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 810 5 Shamseer Shamseer NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 810 6 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 810 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 810 8 Hartling Hartling NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 810 9 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 810 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 810 11 Urichuk Urichuk NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 810 12 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 810 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 810 14 Vandermeer Vandermeer NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 810 15 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 810 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 810 17 Nikles Nikles NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 810 18 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 810 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 810 20 Vohra Vohra NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 810 21 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 810 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 810 23 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 810 24 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 810 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 810 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 811 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 811 2 Amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 811 3 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 811 4 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 811 5 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 811 6 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 811 7 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 811 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 811 9 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 811 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 811 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 811 12 children child NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 811 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 811 14 adolescents adolescent NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 811 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 811 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 812 1 Cochrane Cochrane NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 812 2 Database Database NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 812 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 812 4 Systematic Systematic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 812 5 Reviews Reviews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 812 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 813 1 2 2 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 813 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 813 3 CD009996 CD009996 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 813 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 814 1 doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009996.pub2 doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009996.pub2 UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 814 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 815 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 815 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 815 3 26844979 26844979 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 815 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 816 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 816 2 Osland Osland NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 816 3 ST ST NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 816 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 816 5 Steeves Steeves NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 816 6 TD TD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 816 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 816 8 Pringsheim Pringsheim NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 816 9 T T NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 816 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 816 11 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 816 12 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 816 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 816 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 817 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 817 2 Pharmacological pharmacological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 817 3 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 817 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 817 5 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 817 6 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 817 7 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 817 8 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 817 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 817 10 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 817 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 817 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 817 13 children child NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 817 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 817 15 comorbid comorbid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 817 16 tic tic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 817 17 disorders disorder NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 817 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 817 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 818 1 Cochrane Cochrane NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 818 2 Database Database NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 818 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 818 4 Systematic Systematic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 818 5 Reviews Reviews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 818 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 819 1 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 819 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 819 3 CD007990 CD007990 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 819 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 820 1 doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007990.pub3 doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007990.pub3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 820 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 821 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 821 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 821 3 6513283 6513283 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 821 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 822 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 822 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 822 3 29944175 29944175 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 822 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 823 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 823 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 823 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 823 4 Spencer Spencer NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 823 5 RC RC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 823 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 823 7 Devilbiss Devilbiss NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 823 8 DM DM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 823 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 823 10 Berridge Berridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 823 11 CW CW NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 823 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 823 13 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 823 14 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 823 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 823 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 824 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 824 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 824 3 Cognition Cognition NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 824 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 824 5 Enhancing Enhancing NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 824 6 Effects Effects NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 824 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 824 8 Psychostimulants psychostimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 824 9 Involve involve VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 824 10 Direct direct JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 824 11 Action Action NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 824 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 824 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 824 14 Prefrontal Prefrontal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 824 15 Cortex Cortex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 824 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 824 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 825 1 Biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 825 2 Psychiatry Psychiatry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 825 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 826 1 77 77 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 826 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 826 3 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 826 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 826 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 826 6 940–950 940–950 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 826 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 827 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 827 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 827 3 j.biopsych.2014.09.013 j.biopsych.2014.09.013 JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 827 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 828 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 828 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 828 3 4377121 4377121 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 828 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 829 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 829 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 829 3 25499957 25499957 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 829 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 830 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 830 2 procognitive procognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 830 3 actions action NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 830 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 830 5 psychostimulants psychostimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 830 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 830 7 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 830 8 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 830 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 830 10 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 830 11 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 830 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 831 1 Surprisingly surprisingly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 831 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 831 3 despite despite IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 831 4 nearly nearly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 831 5 80 80 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 831 6 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 831 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 831 8 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 831 9 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 831 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 831 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 831 12 neurobiology neurobiology NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 831 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 831 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 831 15 procognitive procognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 831 16 actions action NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 831 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 831 18 psychostimulants psychostimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 831 19 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 831 20 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 831 21 recently recently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 831 22 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 831 23 systematically systematically RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 831 24 investigated investigate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 831 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 1 Findings finding NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 4 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 5 unambiguously unambiguously RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 6 demonstrate demonstrate VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 9 cognition cognition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 11 enhancing enhance VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 12 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 14 psychostimulants psychostimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 15 involve involve VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 17 preferential preferential JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 18 elevation elevation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 20 catecholamines catecholamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 23 PFC PFC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 26 subsequent subsequent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 27 activation activation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 29 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 30 α2 α2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 32 dopamine dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 33 D1 D1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 34 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 832 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 833 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 834 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 834 2 differential differential JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 834 3 modulation modulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 834 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 834 5 PFC PFC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 834 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 834 7 dependent dependent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 834 8 processes process NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 834 9 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 834 10 dose dose VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 834 11 appears appear NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 834 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 834 13 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 834 14 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 834 15 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 834 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 834 17 differential differential JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 834 18 involvement involvement NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 834 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 834 20 noradrenergic noradrenergic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 834 21 α2 α2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 834 22 versus versus IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 834 23 α1 α1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 834 24 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 834 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 1 Collectively collectively RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 4 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 5 indicates indicate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 7 at at RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 8 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 10 clinically clinically RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 11 relevant relevant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 12 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 14 psychostimulants psychostimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 15 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 16 devoid devoid JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 19 behavioral behavioral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 21 neurochemical neurochemical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 22 actions action NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 23 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 24 define define VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 25 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 26 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 28 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 30 instead instead RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 31 act act VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 32 largely largely RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 33 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 34 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 35 enhancers enhancer NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 36 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 37 improving improve VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 38 PFC PFC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 39 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 40 dependent dependent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 41 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 42 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 835 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 836 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 2 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 5 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 6 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 8 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 10 lower low JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 11 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 12 maximally maximally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 13 improve improve VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 14 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 16 tests test NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 18 working work VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 19 memory memory NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 21 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 22 inhibition inhibition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 24 whereas whereas IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 25 maximal maximal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 26 suppression suppression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 28 overt overt JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 29 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 31 facilitation facilitation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 33 attentional attentional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 34 processes process NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 35 occurs occur VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 36 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 37 higher high JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 38 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 837 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 838 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 838 2 Ilieva Ilieva NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 838 3 IP IP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 838 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 838 5 Hook Hook NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 838 6 CJ CJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 838 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 838 8 Farah Farah NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 838 9 MJ MJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 838 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 838 11 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 838 12 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 838 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 838 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 839 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 839 2 Prescription Prescription NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 839 3 Stimulants Stimulants NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 839 4 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 839 5 Effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 839 6 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 839 7 Healthy Healthy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 839 8 Inhibitory Inhibitory NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 839 9 Control Control NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 839 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 839 11 Working Working NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 839 12 Memory Memory NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 839 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 839 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 839 15 Episodic episodic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 839 16 Memory Memory NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 839 17 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 839 18 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 839 19 Meta Meta NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 839 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 839 21 analysis analysis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 839 22 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 839 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 840 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 840 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 840 3 Cognitive Cognitive NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 840 4 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 840 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 841 1 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 841 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 841 3 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 841 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 841 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 841 6 1069–1089 1069–1089 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 841 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 842 1 doi:10.1162 doi:10.1162 VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 842 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 842 3 jocn_a_00776 jocn_a_00776 ADD en-wikipedia-org-4107 842 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 843 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 843 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 843 3 25591060 25591060 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 843 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 844 1 S2CID S2CID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 844 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 844 3 15788121 15788121 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 844 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 845 1 Specifically specifically RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 845 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 845 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 845 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 845 5 set set NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 845 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 845 7 experiments experiment NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 845 8 limited limit VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 845 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 845 10 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 845 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 845 12 quality quality NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 845 13 designs design NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 845 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 845 15 we -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 845 16 found find VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 845 17 significant significant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 845 18 enhancement enhancement NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 845 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 845 20 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 845 21 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 845 22 abilities ability NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 845 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 846 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 2 results result NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 4 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 5 meta meta JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 7 analysis analysis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 9 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 10 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 11 confirm confirm VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 13 reality reality NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 15 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 16 enhancing enhance VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 17 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 18 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 19 normal normal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 20 healthy healthy JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 21 adults adult NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 23 general general JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 25 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 26 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 27 indicating indicate VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 28 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 29 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 30 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 31 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 32 modest modest JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 34 size size NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 847 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 848 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 848 2 Bagot Bagot NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 848 3 KS KS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 848 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 848 5 Kaminer Kaminer NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 848 6 Y Y NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 848 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 848 8 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 848 9 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 848 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 848 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 849 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 849 2 Efficacy efficacy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 849 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 849 4 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 849 5 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 849 6 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 849 7 enhancement enhancement NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 849 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 849 9 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 849 10 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 849 11 attention attention JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 849 12 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 849 13 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 849 14 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 849 15 youth youth NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 849 16 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 849 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 849 18 systematic systematic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 849 19 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 849 20 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 849 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 850 1 Addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 850 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 851 1 109 109 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 851 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 851 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 851 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 851 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 851 6 547–557 547–557 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 851 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 852 1 doi:10.1111 doi:10.1111 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 852 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 852 3 add.12460 add.12460 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 852 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 853 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 853 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 853 3 4471173 4471173 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 853 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 854 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 854 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 854 3 24749160 24749160 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 854 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 855 1 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 855 2 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 855 3 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 855 4 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 855 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 855 6 improve improve VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 855 7 consolidation consolidation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 855 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 855 9 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 855 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 855 11 0.02 0.02 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 855 12   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 855 13 ≥ ≥ UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 855 14   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 855 15 P p NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 855 16   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 855 17 ≤ ≤ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 855 18   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 855 19 0.05 0.05 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 855 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 855 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 855 22 leading lead VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 855 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 855 24 improved improved JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 855 25 recall recall NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 855 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 856 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 856 2 Devous devous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 856 3 MD MD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 856 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 856 5 Trivedi Trivedi NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 856 6 MH MH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 856 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 856 8 Rush Rush NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 856 9 AJ AJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 856 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 856 11 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 856 12 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 856 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 856 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 857 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 857 2 Regional regional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 857 3 cerebral cerebral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 857 4 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 857 5 flow flow NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 857 6 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 857 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 857 8 oral oral NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 857 9 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 857 10 challenge challenge NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 857 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 857 12 healthy healthy JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 857 13 volunteers volunteer NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 857 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 857 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 858 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 858 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 858 3 Nuclear Nuclear NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 858 4 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 858 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 859 1 42 42 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 859 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 859 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 859 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 859 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 859 6 535–542 535–542 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 859 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 860 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 860 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 860 3 11337538 11337538 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 860 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 861 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 861 2 Malenka Malenka NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 861 3 RC RC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 861 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 861 5 Nestler Nestler NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 861 6 EJ EJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 861 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 861 8 Hyman Hyman NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 861 9 SE SE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 861 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 861 11 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 861 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 861 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 862 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 862 2 Chapter chapter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 862 3 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 862 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 862 5 Neural neural JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 862 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 862 7 Neuroendocrine Neuroendocrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 862 8 Control Control NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 862 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 862 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 862 11 Internal Internal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 862 12 Milieu Milieu NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 862 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 862 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 863 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 863 2 Sydor Sydor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 863 3 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 863 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 863 5 Brown Brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 863 6 RY RY NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 863 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 863 8 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 863 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 863 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 863 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 864 1 Molecular Molecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 864 2 Neuropharmacology Neuropharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 864 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 864 4 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 864 5 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 864 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 864 7 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 864 8 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 864 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 864 10 2nd 2nd NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 864 11 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 864 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 864 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 864 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 865 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 865 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 865 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 865 4 USA USA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 865 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 865 6 McGraw McGraw NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 865 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 865 8 Hill Hill NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 865 9 Medical Medical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 865 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 866 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 866 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 866 3 266 266 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 866 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 867 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 867 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 867 3 9780071481274 9780071481274 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 867 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 868 1 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 868 2 acts act VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 868 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 868 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 868 5 nucleus nucleus NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 868 6 accumbens accumben VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 868 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 868 8 attach attach VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 868 9 motivational motivational JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 868 10 significance significance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 868 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 868 12 stimuli stimulus NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 868 13 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 868 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 868 15 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 868 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 869 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 869 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 869 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 869 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 869 5 Wood Wood NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 869 6 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 869 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 869 8 Sage Sage NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 869 9 JR JR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 869 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 869 11 Shuman Shuman NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 869 12 T T NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 869 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 869 14 Anagnostaras Anagnostaras NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 869 15 SG SG NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 869 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 869 17 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 869 18 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 869 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 869 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 870 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 870 2 Psychostimulants psychostimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 870 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 870 4 cognition cognition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 870 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 870 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 870 7 continuum continuum NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 870 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 870 9 behavioral behavioral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 870 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 870 11 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 870 12 activation activation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 870 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 870 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 871 1 Pharmacological Pharmacological NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 871 2 Reviews Reviews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 871 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 872 1 66 66 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 872 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 872 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 872 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 872 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 872 6 193–221 193–221 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 872 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 873 1 doi:10.1124 doi:10.1124 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 873 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 873 3 pr.112.007054 pr.112.007054 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 873 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 874 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 874 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 874 3 3880463 3880463 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 874 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 875 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 875 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 875 3 24344115 24344115 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 875 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 876 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 876 2 Twohey Twohey NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 876 3 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 876 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 876 5 26 26 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 876 6 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 876 7 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 876 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 876 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 877 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 877 2 Pills pill NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 877 3 become become VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 877 4 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 877 5 addictive addictive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 877 6 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 877 7 aid aid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 877 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 877 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 878 1 JS JS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 878 2 Online Online NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 878 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 879 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 879 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 879 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 879 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 879 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 879 6 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 879 7 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 879 8 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 879 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 880 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 880 2 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 880 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 880 4 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 880 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 881 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 881 2 Teter Teter NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 881 3 CJ CJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 881 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 881 5 McCabe McCabe NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 881 6 SE SE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 881 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 881 8 LaGrange LaGrange NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 881 9 K K NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 881 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 881 11 Cranford Cranford NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 881 12 JA JA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 881 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 881 14 Boyd Boyd NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 881 15 CJ CJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 881 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 881 17 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 881 18 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 881 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 881 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 882 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 882 2 Illicit illicit JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 882 3 use use VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 882 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 882 5 specific specific JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 882 6 prescription prescription NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 882 7 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 882 8 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 882 9 college college NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 882 10 students student NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 882 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 882 12 prevalence prevalence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 882 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 882 14 motives motive NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 882 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 882 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 882 17 routes route NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 882 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 882 19 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 882 20 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 882 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 883 1 Pharmacotherapy Pharmacotherapy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 883 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 884 1 26 26 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 884 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 884 3 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 884 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 884 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 884 6 1501–1510 1501–1510 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 884 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 885 1 doi:10.1592 doi:10.1592 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 885 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 885 3 phco.26.10.1501 phco.26.10.1501 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 885 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 886 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 886 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 886 3 1794223 1794223 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 886 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 887 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 887 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 887 3 16999660 16999660 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 887 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 888 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 888 2 Weyandt Weyandt NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 888 3 LL LL NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 888 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 888 5 Oster Oster NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 888 6 DR DR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 888 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 888 8 Marraccini Marraccini NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 888 9 ME ME NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 888 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 888 11 Gudmundsdottir Gudmundsdottir NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 888 12 BG BG NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 888 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 888 14 Munro Munro NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 888 15 BA BA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 888 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 888 17 Zavras Zavras NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 888 18 BM BM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 888 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 888 20 Kuhar Kuhar NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 888 21 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 888 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 888 23 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 888 24 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 888 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 888 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 889 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 889 2 Pharmacological pharmacological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 889 3 interventions intervention NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 889 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 889 5 adolescents adolescent NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 889 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 889 7 adults adult NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 889 8 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 889 9 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 889 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 889 11 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 889 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 889 13 nonstimulant nonstimulant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 889 14 medications medication NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 889 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 889 16 misuse misuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 889 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 889 18 prescription prescription NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 889 19 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 889 20 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 889 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 890 1 Psychology Psychology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 890 2 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 890 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 890 4 Behavior Behavior NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 890 5 Management Management NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 890 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 891 1 7 7 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 891 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 891 3 223–249 223–249 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 891 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 892 1 doi:10.2147 doi:10.2147 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 892 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 892 3 PRBM.S47013 PRBM.S47013 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 892 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 893 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 893 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 893 3 4164338 4164338 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 893 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 894 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 894 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 894 3 25228824 25228824 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 894 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 894 5 misuse misuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 894 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 894 7 prescription prescription NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 894 8 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 894 9 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 894 10 become become VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 894 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 894 12 serious serious JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 894 13 problem problem NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 894 14 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 894 15 college college NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 894 16 campuses campus NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 894 17 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 894 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 894 19 US US NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 894 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 894 21 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 894 22 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 894 23 recently recently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 894 24 documented document VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 894 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 894 26 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 894 27 countries country NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 894 28 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 894 29 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 894 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 895 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 1 Indeed indeed RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 3 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 4 numbers number NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 6 students student NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 7 claim claim VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 9 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 10 engaged engage VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 13 nonmedical nonmedical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 14 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 16 prescription prescription NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 17 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 19 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 20 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 21 reflected reflect VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 23 lifetime lifetime NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 24 prevalence prevalence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 25 rates rate NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 27 prescription prescription NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 28 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 29 misuse misuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 30 ranging range VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 31 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 32 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 33 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 34 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 35 nearly nearly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 36 34 34 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 37 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 39 students student NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 896 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 897 1 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 897 2 Clemow Clemow NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 897 3 DB DB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 897 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 897 5 Walker Walker NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 897 6 DJ DJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 897 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 897 8 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 897 9 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 897 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 897 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 898 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 898 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 898 3 potential potential NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 898 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 898 5 misuse misuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 898 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 898 7 abuse abuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 898 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 898 9 medications medication NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 898 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 898 11 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 898 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 898 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 898 14 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 898 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 898 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 899 1 Postgraduate Postgraduate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 899 2 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 899 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 900 1 126 126 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 900 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 900 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 900 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 900 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 900 6 64–81 64–81 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 900 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 901 1 doi:10.3810 doi:10.3810 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 901 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 901 3 pgm.2014.09.2801 pgm.2014.09.2801 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 901 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 902 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 902 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 902 3 25295651 25295651 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 902 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 903 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 903 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 903 3 207580823 207580823 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 903 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 1 Overall overall RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 4 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 5 suggest suggest VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 7 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 8 medication medication NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 9 misuse misuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 11 diversion diversion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 12 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 13 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 14 health health NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 15 care care NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 16 problems problem NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 17 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 18 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 19 medications medication NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 21 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 23 prevalence prevalence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 24 believed believe VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 25 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 26 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 27 approximately approximately RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 28 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 29 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 30 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 31 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 32 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 34 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 35 school school NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 36 students student NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 37 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 38 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 39 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 40 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 41 35 35 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 42 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 43 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 44 college college NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 45 students student NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 47 depending depend VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 48 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 49 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 50 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 904 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 905 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 905 2 Bracken Bracken NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 905 3 NM NM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 905 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 905 5 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 905 6 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 905 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 905 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 906 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 906 2 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 906 3 Study Study NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 906 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 906 5 Substance Substance NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 906 6 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 906 7 Trends Trends NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 906 8 Among among IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 906 9 NCAA NCAA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 906 10 College College NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 906 11 Student Student NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 906 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 906 13 Athletes Athletes NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 906 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 906 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 906 16 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 906 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 906 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 907 1 NCAA NCAA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 907 2 Publications Publications NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 907 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 908 1 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 908 2 Collegiate Collegiate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 908 3 Athletic Athletic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 908 4 Association Association NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 908 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 909 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 909 2 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 909 3 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 909 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 909 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 910 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 910 2 Docherty Docherty NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 910 3 JR JR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 910 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 910 5 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 910 6 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 910 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 910 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 911 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 911 2 Pharmacology pharmacology NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 911 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 911 4 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 911 5 prohibited prohibit VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 911 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 911 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 911 8 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 911 9 Anti Anti NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 911 10 - - NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 911 11 Doping Doping NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 911 12 Agency Agency NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 911 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 911 14 WADA WADA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 911 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 911 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 911 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 912 1 British British NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 912 2 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 912 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 912 4 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 912 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 913 1 154 154 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 913 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 913 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 913 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 913 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 913 6 606–622 606–622 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 913 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 914 1 doi:10.1038 doi:10.1038 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 914 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 914 3 bjp.2008.124 bjp.2008.124 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 914 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 915 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 915 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 915 3 2439527 2439527 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 915 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 916 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 916 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 916 3 18500382 18500382 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 916 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 917 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 917 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 917 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 917 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 917 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 917 6 Parr Parr NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 917 7 JW JW NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 917 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 917 9 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 917 10 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 917 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 917 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 918 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 918 2 Attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 918 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 918 4 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 918 5 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 918 6 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 918 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 918 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 918 9 athlete athlete NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 918 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 918 11 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 918 12 advances advance NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 918 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 918 14 understanding understanding NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 918 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 918 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 919 1 Clinics Clinics NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 919 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 919 3 Sports Sports NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 919 4 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 919 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 920 1 30 30 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 920 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 920 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 920 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 920 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 920 6 591–610 591–610 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 920 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 921 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 921 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 921 3 j.csm.2011.03.007 j.csm.2011.03.007 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 921 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 922 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 922 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 922 3 21658550 21658550 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 922 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 2 1980 1980 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 4 Chandler Chandler NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 6 Blair47 Blair47 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 7 showed show VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 8 significant significant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 9 increases increase NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 11 knee knee NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 12 extension extension NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 13 strength strength NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 15 acceleration acceleration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 17 anaerobic anaerobic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 18 capacity capacity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 20 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 21 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 22 exhaustion exhaustion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 23 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 24 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 26 pre pre JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 27 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 28 exercise exercise VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 30 maximum maximum JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 31 heart heart NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 32 rates rate NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 35 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 36 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 37 exhaustion exhaustion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 38 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 39 maximal maximal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 40 oxygen oxygen NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 41 consumption consumption NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 42 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 43 VO2 VO2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 44 max max NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 45 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 46 testing test VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 47 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 48 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 49 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 50 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 51 mg mg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 52 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 53 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 54 versus versus IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 55 placebo placebo NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 923 56 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 1 Most Most JJS en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 4 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 6 answer answer VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 7 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 8 question question NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 9 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 10 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 11 obtained obtain VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 14 past past JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 15 decade decade NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 16 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 17 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 19 fatigue fatigue NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 20 rather rather RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 21 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 22 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 23 attempt attempt NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 24 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 25 systematically systematically RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 26 investigate investigate VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 28 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 30 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 31 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 32 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 33 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 924 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 925 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 925 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 925 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 925 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 925 5 Roelands Roelands NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 925 6 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 925 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 925 8 de de NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 925 9 Koning Koning NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 925 10 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 925 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 925 12 Foster Foster NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 925 13 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 925 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 925 15 Hettinga Hettinga NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 925 16 F F NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 925 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 925 18 Meeusen Meeusen NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 925 19 R R NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 925 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 925 21 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 925 22 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 925 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 925 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 926 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 926 2 Neurophysiological neurophysiological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 926 3 determinants determinant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 926 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 926 5 theoretical theoretical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 926 6 concepts concept NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 926 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 926 8 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 926 9 involved involve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 926 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 926 11 pacing pace VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 926 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 926 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 927 1 Sports Sports NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 927 2 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 927 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 928 1 43 43 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 928 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 928 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 928 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 928 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 928 6 301–311 301–311 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 928 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 929 1 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 929 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 929 3 s40279 s40279 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 929 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 929 5 013 013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 929 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 929 7 0030 0030 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 929 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 929 9 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 929 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 930 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 930 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 930 3 23456493 23456493 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 930 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 931 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 931 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 931 3 30392999 30392999 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 931 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 932 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 932 2 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 932 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 932 4 ambient ambient NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 932 5 temperatures temperature NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 932 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 932 7 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 932 8 manipulations manipulation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 932 9 clearly clearly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 932 10 improve improve VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 932 11 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 932 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 933 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 933 2 distribution distribution NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 933 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 933 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 933 5 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 933 6 output output NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 933 7 reveals reveal VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 933 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 933 9 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 933 10 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 933 11 reuptake reuptake NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 933 12 inhibition inhibition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 933 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 933 14 subjects subject NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 933 15 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 933 16 able able JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 933 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 933 18 maintain maintain VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 933 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 933 20 higher high JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 933 21 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 933 22 output output NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 933 23 compared compare VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 933 24 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 933 25 placebo placebo NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 933 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 1 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 2 Dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 3 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 4 appear appear VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 6 override override VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 8 safety safety NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 9 switch switch NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 11 allow allow VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 12 athletes athlete NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 14 use use VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 16 reserve reserve NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 17 capacity capacity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 18 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 20 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 21 off off IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 23 limits limit NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 24 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 26 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 27 normal normal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 29 placebo placebo NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 30 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 31 situation situation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 934 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 935 1 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 935 2 Parker Parker NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 935 3 KL KL NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 935 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 935 5 Lamichhane Lamichhane NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 935 6 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 935 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 935 8 Caetano Caetano NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 935 9 MS MS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 935 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 935 11 Narayanan Narayanan NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 935 12 NS NS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 935 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 935 14 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 935 15 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 935 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 935 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 936 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 936 2 Executive executive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 936 3 dysfunction dysfunction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 936 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 936 5 Parkinson Parkinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 936 6 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 936 7 disease disease NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 936 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 936 9 timing timing NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 936 10 deficits deficit NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 936 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 936 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 937 1 Frontiers frontier NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 937 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 937 3 Integrative Integrative NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 937 4 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 937 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 938 1 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 938 2 : : SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 938 3 75 75 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 938 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 938 5 doi:10.3389 doi:10.3389 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 938 6 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 938 7 fnint.2013.00075 fnint.2013.00075 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 938 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 939 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 939 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 939 3 3813949 3813949 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 939 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 940 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 940 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 940 3 24198770 24198770 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 940 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 941 1 Manipulations manipulation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 941 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 941 3 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 941 4 signaling signal VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 941 5 profoundly profoundly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 941 6 influence influence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 941 7 interval interval JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 941 8 timing timing NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 941 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 941 10 leading lead VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 941 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 941 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 941 13 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 941 14 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 941 15 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 941 16 influences influence VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 941 17 internal internal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 941 18 pacemaker pacemaker NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 941 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 941 20 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 941 21 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 941 22 clock clock NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 941 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 941 24 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 941 25 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 941 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 2 instance instance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 4 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 6 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 7 increases increase VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 8 concentrations concentration NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 10 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 11 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 13 synaptic synaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 14 cleft cleft NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 15 advances advance VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 17 start start NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 19 responding respond VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 20 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 21 interval interval JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 22 timing timing NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 24 whereas whereas IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 25 antagonists antagonist NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 27 D2 D2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 28 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 29 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 30 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 31 typically typically RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 32 slow slow JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 33 timing timing NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 34 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 35 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 36 Depletion depletion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 38 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 39 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 40 healthy healthy JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 41 volunteers volunteer NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 42 impairs impairs VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 43 timing timing NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 45 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 46 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 47 releases release VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 48 synaptic synaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 49 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 50 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 51 speeds speed VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 52 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 53 timing timing NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 942 54 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 943 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 943 2 Rattray Rattray NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 943 3 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 943 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 943 5 Argus Argus NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 943 6 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 943 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 943 8 Martin Martin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 943 9 K K NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 943 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 943 11 Northey Northey NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 943 12 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 943 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 943 14 Driller Driller NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 943 15 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 943 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 943 17 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 943 18 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 943 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 943 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 944 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 944 2 Is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 944 3 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 944 4 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 944 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 944 6 turn turn VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 944 7 our -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 944 8 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 944 9 toward toward IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 944 10 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 944 11 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 944 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 944 13 post post JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 944 14 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 944 15 exertional exertional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 944 16 recovery recovery NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 944 17 strategies strategy NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 944 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 944 19 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 944 20 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-4107 944 21 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 944 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 945 1 Frontiers Frontiers NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 945 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 945 3 Physiology Physiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 945 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 946 1 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 946 2 : : SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 946 3 79 79 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 946 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 946 5 doi:10.3389 doi:10.3389 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 946 6 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 946 7 fphys.2015.00079 fphys.2015.00079 ADD en-wikipedia-org-4107 946 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 947 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 947 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 947 3 4362407 4362407 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 947 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 948 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 948 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 948 3 25852568 25852568 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 948 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 1 Aside aside RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 3 accounting account VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 6 reduced reduce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 7 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 9 mentally mentally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 10 fatigued fatigue VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 11 participants participant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 13 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 14 model model NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 15 rationalizes rationalize VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 17 reduced reduced JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 18 RPE RPE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 20 hence hence RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 21 improved improve VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 22 cycling cycling NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 23 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 24 trial trial NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 25 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 27 athletes athlete NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 28 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 29 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 30 glucose glucose NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 31 mouthwash mouthwash NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 33 Chambers Chambers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 34 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 35 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 36 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 38 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 39 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 40 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 42 greater great JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 43 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 44 output output NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 45 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 46 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 47 RPE RPE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 48 matched match VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 49 cycling cycling NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 50 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 51 trial trial NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 52 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 53 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 54 ingestion ingestion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 55 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 56 Swart Swart NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 57 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 58 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 59 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 949 60 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 1 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 2 Dopamine dopamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 3 stimulating stimulating JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 4 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 6 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 8 enhance enhance VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 9 aspects aspect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 11 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 12 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 14 Roelands Roelands NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 15 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 16 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 17 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 19 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 21 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 22 Roelands Roelands NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 23 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 25 De De NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 26 Pauw Pauw NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 27 K K NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 29 Meeusen Meeusen NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 30 R R NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 31 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 32 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 33 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 950 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 951 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 951 2 Neurophysiological neurophysiological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 951 3 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 951 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 951 5 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 951 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 951 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 951 8 heat heat NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 951 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 951 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 952 1 Scandinavian Scandinavian NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 952 2 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 952 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 952 4 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 952 5 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 952 6 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 952 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 952 8 Sports Sports NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 952 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 953 1 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 953 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 953 3 Suppl Suppl NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 953 4 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 953 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 953 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 953 7 65–78 65–78 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 953 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 954 1 doi:10.1111 doi:10.1111 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 954 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 954 3 sms.12350 sms.12350 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 954 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 955 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 955 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 955 3 25943657 25943657 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 955 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 956 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 956 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 956 3 22782401 22782401 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 956 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 957 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 957 2 indicates indicate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 957 3 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 957 4 subjects subject NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 957 5 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 957 6 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 957 7 feel feel VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 957 8 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 957 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 957 10 producing produce VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 957 11 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 957 12 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 957 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 957 14 consequently consequently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 957 15 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 957 16 heat heat NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 957 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 2 authors author NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 3 concluded conclude VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 4 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 6 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 7 safety safety NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 8 switch switch NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 12 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 13 existing exist VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 16 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 18 prevent prevent VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 19 harmful harmful JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 20 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 21 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 22 overridden override VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 23 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 25 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 26 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 28 Roelands Roelands NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 29 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 30 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 31 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 33 2008b 2008b CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 958 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 959 1 Taken take VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 959 2 together together RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 959 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 959 4 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 959 5 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 959 6 indicate indicate VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 959 7 strong strong JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 959 8 ergogenic ergogenic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 959 9 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 959 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 959 11 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 959 12 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 959 13 DA DA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 959 14 concentration concentration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 959 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 959 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 959 17 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 959 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 959 19 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 959 20 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 959 21 change change NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 959 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 959 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 959 24 perception perception NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 959 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 959 26 effort effort NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 959 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 960 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 960 2 Kessler Kessler NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 960 3 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 960 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 960 5 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 960 6 1996 1996 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 960 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 960 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 961 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 961 2 Drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 961 3 therapy therapy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 961 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 961 5 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 961 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 961 7 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 961 8 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 961 9 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 961 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 961 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 962 1 Southern Southern NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 962 2 Medical Medical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 962 3 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 962 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 963 1 89 89 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 963 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 963 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 963 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 963 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 963 6 33–38 33–38 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 963 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 964 1 doi:10.1097/00007611 doi:10.1097/00007611 JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 964 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 964 3 199601000 199601000 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 964 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 964 5 00005 00005 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 964 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 965 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 965 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 965 3 8545689 8545689 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 965 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 966 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 966 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 966 3 12798818 12798818 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 966 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 966 5 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 966 6 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 966 7 package package NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 966 8 inserts insert NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 966 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 966 10 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 966 11 intended intend VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 966 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 966 13 limit limit VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 966 14 medical medical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 966 15 practice practice NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 966 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 967 1 Rather rather RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 967 2 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 967 3 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 967 4 intended intend VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 967 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 967 6 limit limit VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 967 7 claims claim NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 967 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 967 9 pharmaceutical pharmaceutical NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 967 10 companies company NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 967 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 968 1 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 968 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 968 3 FDA FDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 968 4 asserts assert VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 968 5 explicitly explicitly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 968 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 968 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 968 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 968 9 courts court NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 968 10 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 968 11 upheld uphold VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 968 12 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 968 13 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 968 14 decisions decision NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 968 15 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 968 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 968 17 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 968 18 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 968 19 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 968 20 physicians physician NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 968 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 968 22 patients patient NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 968 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 968 24 individual individual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 968 25 situations situation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 968 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 969 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 969 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 969 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 969 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 969 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 969 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 969 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 969 8 g g NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 969 9 h h NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 969 10 i i NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 969 11 j j NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 969 12 k k NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 969 13 Heedes Heedes NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 969 14 G G NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 969 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 969 16 Ailakis Ailakis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 969 17 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 970 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 970 2 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 970 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 970 4 PIM PIM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 970 5 934 934 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 970 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 970 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 970 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 971 1 INCHEM INCHEM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 971 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 972 1 International International NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 972 2 Programme Programme NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 972 3 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 972 4 Chemical Chemical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 972 5 Safety Safety NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 972 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 973 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 973 2 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 973 3 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 973 4 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 973 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 974 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 974 2 Feinberg Feinberg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 974 3 SS SS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 974 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 974 5 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 974 6 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 974 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 974 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 975 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 975 2 Combining combine VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 975 3 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 975 4 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 975 5 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 975 6 oxidase oxidase NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 975 7 inhibitors inhibitor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 975 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 975 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 975 10 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 975 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 975 12 uses use NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 975 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 975 14 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 975 15 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 975 16 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 975 17 indication indication NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 975 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 975 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 976 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 976 2 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 976 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 976 4 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 976 5 Psychiatry Psychiatry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 976 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 977 1 65 65 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 977 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 977 3 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 977 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 977 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 977 6 1520–1524 1520–1524 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 977 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 978 1 doi:10.4088 doi:10.4088 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 978 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 978 3 jcp.v65n1113 jcp.v65n1113 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 978 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 979 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 979 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 979 3 15554766 15554766 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 979 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 980 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 980 2 Stewart Stewart NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 980 3 JW JW NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 980 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 980 5 Deliyannides Deliyannides NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 980 6 DA DA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 980 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 980 8 McGrath McGrath NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 980 9 PJ PJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 980 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 980 11 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 980 12 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 980 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 980 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 981 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 981 2 How how WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 981 3 treatable treatable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 981 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 981 5 refractory refractory JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 981 6 depression depression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 981 7 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-4107 981 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 981 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 982 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 982 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 982 3 Affective Affective NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 982 4 Disorders Disorders NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 982 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 983 1 167 167 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 983 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 983 3 148–152 148–152 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 983 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 984 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 984 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 984 3 j.jad.2014.05.047 j.jad.2014.05.047 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 984 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 985 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 985 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 985 3 24972362 24972362 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 985 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 986 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 986 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 986 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 986 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 986 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 986 6 Vitiello Vitiello NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 986 7 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 986 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 986 9 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 986 10 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 986 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 986 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 987 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 987 2 Understanding understand VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 987 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 987 4 risk risk NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 987 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 987 6 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 987 7 medications medication NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 987 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 987 9 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 987 10 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 987 11 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 987 12 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 987 13 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 987 14 respect respect NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 987 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 987 16 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 987 17 growth growth NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 987 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 987 19 cardiovascular cardiovascular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 987 20 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 987 21 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 987 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 988 1 Child child NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 988 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 988 3 Adolescent Adolescent NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 988 4 Psychiatric Psychiatric NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 988 5 Clinics Clinics NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 988 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 988 7 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 988 8 America America NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 988 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 989 1 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 989 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 989 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 989 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 989 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 989 6 459–474 459–474 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 989 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 990 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 990 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 990 3 j.chc.2007.11.010 j.chc.2007.11.010 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 990 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 991 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 991 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 991 3 2408826 2408826 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 991 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 992 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 992 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 992 3 18295156 18295156 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 992 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 993 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 993 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 993 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 993 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 993 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 993 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 993 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 993 8 g g NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 993 9 h h NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 993 10 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 993 11 Dyanavel Dyanavel NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 993 12 XR- XR- NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 993 13 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 993 14 suspension suspension NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 993 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 993 16 extended extended JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 993 17 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 993 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 993 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 994 1 DailyMed DailyMed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 994 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 995 1 Tris Tris NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 995 2 Pharma Pharma NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 995 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 995 4 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 995 5 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 995 6 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 995 7 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 995 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 996 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 996 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 996 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 996 4 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 996 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 997 1 DYANAVEL DYANAVEL NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 997 2 XR XR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 997 3 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 997 4 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 997 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 997 6 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 997 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 997 8 l l NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 997 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 997 10 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 997 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 997 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 997 13 ratio ratio NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 997 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 997 15 3.2 3.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 997 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 997 17 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 997 18   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 997 19 ... ... . en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 2 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 3 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 5 ≥2 ≥2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 6 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 9 DYANAVEL DYANAVEL NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 10 XR XR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 11 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 13 greater great JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 14 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 15 placebo placebo NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 17 adverse adverse JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 18 reactions reaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 19 reported report VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 22 Phase Phase NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 23 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 24 controlled control VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 25 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 26 conducted conduct VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 28 108 108 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 29 patients patient NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 30 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 31 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 33 aged age VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 34 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 35 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 36 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 37 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 38 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 39 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 40 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 41 epistaxis epistaxis JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 43 allergic allergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 44 rhinitis rhinitis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 45 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 46 upper upper JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 47 abdominal abdominal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 48 pain pain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 998 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 999 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1000 1 DOSAGE dosage JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1000 2 FORMS form NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1000 3 AND and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1000 4 STRENGTHS strength VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1000 5 Extended extended JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1000 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1000 7 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1000 8 oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1000 9 suspension suspension NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1000 10 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1000 11 2.5 2.5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1000 12 mg mg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1000 13 amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1000 14 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1000 15 equivalents equivalent NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1000 16 per per IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1000 17 mL. ml. NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1001 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1001 2 Ramey Ramey NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1001 3 JT JT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1001 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1001 5 Bailen Bailen NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1001 6 E E NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1001 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1001 8 Lockey Lockey NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1001 9 RF RF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1001 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1001 11 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1001 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1001 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1002 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1002 2 Rhinitis rhinitis JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1002 3 medicamentosa medicamentosa NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1002 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1002 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1002 6 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1002 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1002 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1003 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1003 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1003 3 Investigational Investigational NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1003 4 Allergology Allergology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1003 5 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1003 6 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1003 7 Immunology Immunology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1003 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1004 1 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1004 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1004 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1004 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1004 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1004 6 148–155 148–155 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1004 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1005 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1005 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1005 3 16784007 16784007 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1005 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1006 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1006 2 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1006 3 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1006 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1006 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1007 1 Table table NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1007 2 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1007 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 1 Decongestants decongestant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 2 Causing cause VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 3 Rhinitis Rhinitis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 4 Medicamentosa Medicamentosa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 5 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 6 Nasal nasal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 7 decongestants decongestant VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 9   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 10 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 11 Sympathomimetic sympathomimetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 13       _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 14 • • NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 15 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 16 ^ ^ VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 18 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 19 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 20 FDA FDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 21 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 22 Safety Safety NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 23 Communication Communication NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 24 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 25 Safety Safety NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 26 Review Review NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 27 Update Update NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 29 Medications Medications NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 30 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 31 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 32 treat treat VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 33 Attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 34 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 35 Deficit Deficit NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 36 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 37 Hyperactivity Hyperactivity NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 38 Disorder Disorder NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 39 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 40 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 41 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 42 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 43 children child NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 44 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 45 young young JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 46 adults adult NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 47 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1008 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1009 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1009 2 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1009 3 Food Food NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1009 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1009 5 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1009 6 Administration Administration NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1009 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1010 1 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1010 2 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1010 3 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1010 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1011 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1011 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1011 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1011 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1011 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1011 6 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1011 7 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1011 8 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1011 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1012 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1012 2 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1012 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1012 4 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1012 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 2 Cooper Cooper NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 3 WO WO NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 5 Habel Habel NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 6 LA LA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 8 Sox Sox NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 9 CM CM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 11 Chan Chan NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 12 KA KA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 14 Arbogast Arbogast NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 15 PG PG NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 17 Cheetham Cheetham NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 18 TC TC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 20 Murray Murray NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 21 KT KT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 23 Quinn Quinn NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 24 VP VP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 26 Stein Stein NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 27 CM CM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 29 Callahan Callahan NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 30 ST ST NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 32 Fireman Fireman NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 33 BH BH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 35 Fish fish NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 36 FA FA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 38 Kirshner Kirshner NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 39 HS HS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 41 O'Duffy O'Duffy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 42 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 44 Connell Connell NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 45 FA FA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 47 Ray Ray NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 48 WA WA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 49 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 50 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 51 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 52 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1013 53 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1014 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1014 2 ADHD adhd JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1014 3 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1014 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1014 5 serious serious JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1014 6 cardiovascular cardiovascular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1014 7 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1014 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1014 9 children child NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1014 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1014 11 young young JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1014 12 adults adult NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1014 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1014 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1015 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1015 2 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1015 3 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1015 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1015 5 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1015 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1016 1 365 365 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1016 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1016 3 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1016 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1016 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1016 6 1896–1904 1896–1904 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1016 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1017 1 doi:10.1056 doi:10.1056 RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1017 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1017 3 NEJMoa1110212 nejmoa1110212 UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1017 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1018 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1018 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1018 3 4943074 4943074 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1018 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1019 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1019 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1019 3 22043968 22043968 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1019 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1020 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1020 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1020 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1020 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1020 5 FDA FDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1020 6 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1020 7 Safety Safety NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1020 8 Communication Communication NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1020 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1020 10 Safety Safety NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1020 11 Review Review NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1020 12 Update Update NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1020 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1020 14 Medications Medications NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1020 15 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1020 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1020 17 treat treat VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1020 18 Attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1020 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1020 20 Deficit Deficit NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1020 21 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1020 22 Hyperactivity Hyperactivity NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1020 23 Disorder Disorder NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1020 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1020 25 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1020 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1020 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1020 28 adults adult NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1020 29 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1020 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1021 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1021 2 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1021 3 Food Food NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1021 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1021 5 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1021 6 Administration Administration NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1021 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1022 1 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1022 2 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1022 3 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1022 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1023 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1023 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1023 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1023 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1023 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1023 6 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1023 7 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1023 8 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1023 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1024 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1024 2 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1024 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1024 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1024 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 2 Habel Habel NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 3 LA LA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 5 Cooper Cooper NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 6 WO WO NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 8 Sox Sox NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 9 CM CM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 11 Chan Chan NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 12 KA KA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 14 Fireman Fireman NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 15 BH BH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 17 Arbogast Arbogast NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 18 PG PG NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 20 Cheetham Cheetham NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 21 TC TC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 23 Quinn Quinn NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 24 VP VP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 26 Dublin Dublin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 27 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 29 Boudreau Boudreau NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 30 DM DM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 32 Andrade Andrade NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 33 SE SE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 35 Pawloski Pawloski NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 36 PA PA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 38 Raebel Raebel NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 39 MA MA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 41 Smith Smith NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 42 DH DH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 44 Achacoso Achacoso NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 45 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 47 Uratsu Uratsu NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 48 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 50 Go go VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 51 AS AS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 52 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 53 Sidney Sidney NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 54 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 55 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 56 Nguyen Nguyen NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 57 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 58 Huynh Huynh NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 59 MN MN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 60 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 61 Ray Ray NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 62 WA WA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 63 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 64 Selby Selby NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 65 JV JV NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 66 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 67 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 68 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 69 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1025 70 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1026 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1026 2 ADHD adhd JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1026 3 medications medication NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1026 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1026 5 risk risk NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1026 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1026 7 serious serious JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1026 8 cardiovascular cardiovascular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1026 9 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1026 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1026 11 young young JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1026 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1026 13 middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1026 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1026 15 aged aged JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1026 16 adults adult NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1026 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1026 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1027 1 JAMA JAMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1027 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1028 1 306 306 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1028 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1028 3 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1028 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1028 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1028 6 2673–2683 2673–2683 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1028 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1029 1 doi:10.1001 doi:10.1001 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1029 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1029 3 jama.2011.1830 jama.2011.1830 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1029 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1030 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1030 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1030 3 3350308 3350308 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1030 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1031 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1031 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1031 3 22161946 22161946 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1031 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1032 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1032 2 O'Connor O'Connor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1032 3 PG PG NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1032 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1032 5 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1032 6 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1032 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1032 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1033 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1033 2 Amphetamines Amphetamines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1033 3 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1033 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1034 1 Merck Merck NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1034 2 Manual Manual NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1034 3 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1034 4 Health Health NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1034 5 Care Care NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1034 6 Professionals Professionals NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1034 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1035 1 Merck Merck NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1035 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1036 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1036 2 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1036 3 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1036 4 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1036 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1037 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1037 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1037 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1037 4 Childs Childs NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1037 5 E E NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1037 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1037 7 de de NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1037 8 Wit Wit NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1037 9 H H NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1037 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1037 11 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1037 12 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1037 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1037 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1038 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1038 2 Amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1038 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1038 4 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1038 5 place place NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1038 6 preference preference NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1038 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1038 8 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1038 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1038 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1039 1 Biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1039 2 Psychiatry Psychiatry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1039 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1040 1 65 65 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1040 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1040 3 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1040 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1040 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1040 6 900–904 900–904 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1040 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1041 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1041 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1041 3 j.biopsych.2008.11.016 j.biopsych.2008.11.016 JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1041 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1042 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1042 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1042 3 2693956 2693956 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1042 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1043 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1043 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1043 3 19111278 19111278 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1043 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1044 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1044 2 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1044 3 demonstrates demonstrate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1044 4 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1044 5 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1044 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1044 7 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1044 8 nonhumans nonhumans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1044 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1044 10 prefer prefer VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1044 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1044 12 place place NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1044 13 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1044 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1044 15 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1044 16 administration administration NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1044 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1045 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1045 2 findings finding NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1045 3 support support VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1045 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1045 5 idea idea NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1045 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1045 7 subjective subjective JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1045 8 responses response NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1045 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1045 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1045 11 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1045 12 contribute contribute VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1045 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1045 14 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1045 15 ability ability NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1045 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1045 17 establish establish VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1045 18 place place NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1045 19 conditioning conditioning NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1045 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1046 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1046 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1046 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1046 4 Malenka Malenka NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1046 5 RC RC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1046 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1046 7 Nestler Nestler NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1046 8 EJ EJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1046 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1046 10 Hyman Hyman NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1046 11 SE SE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1046 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1046 13 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1046 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1046 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1047 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1047 2 Chapter chapter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1047 3 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1047 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1047 5 Reinforcement reinforcement NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1047 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1047 7 Addictive Addictive NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1047 8 Disorders Disorders NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1047 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1047 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1048 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1048 2 Sydor Sydor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1048 3 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1048 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1048 5 Brown Brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1048 6 RY RY NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1048 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1048 8 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1048 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1048 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1048 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1049 1 Molecular Molecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1049 2 Neuropharmacology Neuropharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1049 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1049 4 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1049 5 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1049 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1049 7 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1049 8 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1049 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1049 10 2nd 2nd NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1049 11 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1049 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1049 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1049 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1050 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1050 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1050 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1050 4 McGraw McGraw NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1050 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1050 6 Hill Hill NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1050 7 Medical Medical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1050 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1051 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1051 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1052 1 364–375 364–375 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1052 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1053 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1053 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1053 3 9780071481274 9780071481274 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1053 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1054 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1054 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1054 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1054 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1054 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1054 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1054 7 Nestler Nestler NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1054 8 EJ EJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1054 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1054 10 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1054 11 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1054 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1054 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1055 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1055 2 Cellular cellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1055 3 basis basis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1055 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1055 5 memory memory NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1055 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1055 7 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1055 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1055 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1056 1 Dialogues dialogue NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1056 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1056 3 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1056 4 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1056 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1057 1 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1057 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1057 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1057 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1057 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1057 6 431–443 431–443 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1057 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1058 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1058 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1058 3 3898681 3898681 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1058 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1059 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1059 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1059 3 24459410 24459410 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1059 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 1 Despite despite IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 3 importance importance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 5 numerous numerous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 6 psychosocial psychosocial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 7 factors factor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 9 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 10 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 11 core core NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 13 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 14 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 15 involves involve VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 17 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 18 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 19 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 21 ability ability NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 23 repeated repeat VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 24 exposure exposure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 25 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 26 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 27 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 29 abuse abuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 30 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 31 induce induce VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 32 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 34 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 35 vulnerable vulnerable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 36 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 37 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 38 drive drive VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 40 compulsive compulsive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 41 seeking seeking NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 42 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 43 taking taking NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 44 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 45 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 47 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 48 loss loss NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 49 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 50 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 51 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 52 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 53 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 54 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 55 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 56 define define VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 57 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 58 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 59 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 60 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1060 61 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 1 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 2 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 3 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 4 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 6 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 7 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 8 demonstrated demonstrate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 9 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 10 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 11 ΔFosB ΔFosB VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 12 induction induction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 14 D1-type D1-type NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 15 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 16 nucleus nucleus NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 17 accumbens accumbens NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 18 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 19 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 20 increases increase VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 21 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 22 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 23 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 24 sensitivity sensitivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 25 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 26 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 27 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 28 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 29 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 30 natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 31 rewards reward NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 33 promotes promote VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 34 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 35 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 36 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 37 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 39 presumably presumably RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 40 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 41 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 42 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 43 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 44 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 45 reinforcement reinforcement NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 46   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 47 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 48 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 49 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 50 target target NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 51 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 52 cFos cFos NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 53 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 54 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 55 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 56 accumulates accumulate NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 57 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 58 repeated repeat VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 59 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 60 exposure exposure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 61 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 62 represses repress VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 63 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 64 - - : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 65 Fos fos NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 66 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 67 contributes contribute VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 68 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 69 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 70 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 71 switch switch NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 72 whereby whereby WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 73 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 74 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 75 selectively selectively RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 76 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 77 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 78 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 79 chronic chronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 80 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 81 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 82 treated treat VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 83 state.41 state.41 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1061 84 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1062 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 1 Moreover moreover RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 3 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 5 increasing increase VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 6 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 9 despite despite IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 11 range range NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 13 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 14 risks risk NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 15 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 16 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 17 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 19 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 21 exposure exposure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 22 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 23 sufficiently sufficiently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 24 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 25 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 28 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 29 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 30 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 31 periods period NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 33 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 34 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 35 transform transform VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 36 someone someone NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 37 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 38 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 39 relatively relatively RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 40 lower low JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 41 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 42 loading loading NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 43 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 44 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 45 addict addict NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1063 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1064 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 1064 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1064 3 Glossary Glossary NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1064 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1064 5 Terms Terms NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1064 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1064 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1065 1 Mount Mount NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1065 2 Sinai Sinai NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1065 3 School School NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1065 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1065 5 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1065 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1066 1 Department Department NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1066 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1066 3 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1066 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1067 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1067 2 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1067 3 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1067 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1067 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1068 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1068 2 Volkow Volkow NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1068 3 ND ND NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1068 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1068 5 Koob Koob NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1068 6 GF GF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1068 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1068 8 McLellan McLellan NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1068 9 AT AT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1068 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1068 11 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1068 12 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1068 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1068 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1069 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1069 2 Neurobiologic Neurobiologic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1069 3 Advances Advances NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1069 4 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1069 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1069 6 Brain Brain NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1069 7 Disease Disease NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1069 8 Model Model NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1069 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1069 10 Addiction Addiction NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1069 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1069 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1070 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1070 2 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1070 3 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1070 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1070 5 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1070 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1071 1 374 374 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1071 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1071 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1071 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1071 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1071 6 363–371 363–371 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1071 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1072 1 doi:10.1056 doi:10.1056 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1072 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1072 3 NEJMra1511480 nejmra1511480 UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1072 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1073 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1073 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1073 3 6135257 6135257 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1073 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1074 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1074 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1074 3 26816013 26816013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1074 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 1 Substance substance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 3 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 4 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 6 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 7 diagnostic diagnostic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 8 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 11 fifth fifth JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 12 edition edition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 15 Diagnostic Diagnostic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 17 Statistical Statistical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 18 Manual Manual NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 20 Mental Mental NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 21 Disorders Disorders NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 23 DSM-5 DSM-5 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 25 referring refer VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 26 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 27 recurrent recurrent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 28 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 30 alcohol alcohol NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 31 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 32 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 33 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 34 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 35 causes cause VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 36 clinically clinically RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 37 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 38 functionally functionally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 39 significant significant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 40 impairment impairment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 42 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 43 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 44 health health NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 45 problems problem NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 47 disability disability NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 48 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 49 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 50 failure failure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 51 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 52 meet meet VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 53 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 54 responsibilities responsibility NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 55 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 56 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 57 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 58 school school NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 59 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 60 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 61 home home NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1075 62 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1076 1 Depending depend VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1076 2 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1076 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1076 4 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1076 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1076 6 severity severity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1076 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1076 8 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1076 9 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1076 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1076 11 classified classify VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1076 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1076 13 mild mild JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1076 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1076 15 moderate moderate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1076 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1076 17 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1076 18 severe severe JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1076 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 1 Addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 3 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 4 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 5 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 7 indicate indicate VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 9 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 10 severe severe JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 12 chronic chronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 13 stage stage NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 15 substance substance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 17 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 18 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 21 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 22 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 23 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 25 substantial substantial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 26 loss loss NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 28 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 29 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 30 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 32 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 33 indicated indicate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 34 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 35 compulsive compulsive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 36 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 37 taking take VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 38 despite despite IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 40 desire desire NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 41 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 42 stop stop VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 43 taking take VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 44 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 45 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1077 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1078 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1078 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1078 3 DSM-5 DSM-5 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1078 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1078 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1078 6 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1078 7 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1078 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1078 9 synonymous synonymous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1078 10 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1078 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1078 12 classification classification NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1078 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1078 14 severe severe JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1078 15 substance substance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1078 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1078 17 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1078 18 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1078 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1079 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1079 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1079 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1079 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1079 5 Renthal Renthal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1079 6 W W NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1079 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1079 8 Nestler Nestler NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1079 9 EJ EJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1079 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1079 11 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1079 12 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1079 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1079 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1080 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1080 2 Chromatin Chromatin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1080 3 regulation regulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1080 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1080 5 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1080 6 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1080 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1080 8 depression depression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1080 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1080 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1081 1 Dialogues dialogue NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1081 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1081 3 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1081 4 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1081 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1082 1 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1082 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1082 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1082 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1082 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1082 6 257–268 257–268 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1082 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1083 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1083 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1083 3 2834246 2834246 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1083 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1084 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1084 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1084 3 19877494 19877494 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1084 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1085 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1085 2 Psychostimulants psychostimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1085 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1085 4 increase increase VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1085 5 cAMP camp NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1085 6 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1085 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1085 8 striatum striatum NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1085 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1085 10 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1085 11 activates activate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1085 12 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1085 13 kinase kinase VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1085 14 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1085 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1085 16 PKA PKA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1085 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1085 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1085 19 leads lead VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1085 20 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1085 21 phosphorylation phosphorylation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1085 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1085 23 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1085 24 targets target NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1085 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 2 includes include VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 4 cAMP camp NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 5 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 6 element element NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 7 binding bind VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 8 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 10 CREB CREB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 14 phosphorylation phosphorylation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 16 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 17 induces induce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 18 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 19 association association NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 20 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 22 histone histone JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 23 acetyltransferase acetyltransferase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 25 CREB CREB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 26 binding bind VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 27 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 29 CBP CBP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 30 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 31 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 32 acetylate acetylate VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 33 histones histone NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 35 facilitate facilitate VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 36 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 37 activation activation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1086 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1087 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1087 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1087 3 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1087 4 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1087 5 occur occur VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1087 6 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1087 7 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1087 8 genes gene NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1087 9 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1087 10 fosB fosB : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1087 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1087 12 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1087 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1087 14 fos fos NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1087 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1087 16 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1087 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1087 18 psychostimulant psychostimulant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1087 19 exposure exposure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1087 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 1 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 4 upregulated upregulate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 6 chronic chronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 7 psychostimulant psychostimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 8 treatments treatment NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 12 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 14 activate activate VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 15 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 16 genes gene NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 18 eg eg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 20 cdk5 cdk5 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 23 repress repress VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 24 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 26 eg eg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 28 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 29 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 30 fos fos NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 31 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 32 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 33 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 34 recruits recruit VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 35 HDAC1 hdac1 UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 36 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 37 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 38 corepressor corepressor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1088 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1089 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1090 1 Chronic chronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1090 2 exposure exposure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1090 3 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1090 4 psychostimulants psychostimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1090 5 increases increase VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1090 6 glutamatergic glutamatergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1090 7 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1090 8 signaling signal VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1090 9 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1090 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1090 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1090 12 prefrontal prefrontal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1090 13 cortex cortex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1090 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1090 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1090 16 NAc NAc NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1090 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 1 Glutamatergic glutamatergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 2 signaling signal VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 3 elevates elevate NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 4 Ca2 Ca2 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 5 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 6 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 8 NAc NAc NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 9 postsynaptic postsynaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 10 elements element NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 11 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 12 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 13 activates activate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 14 CaMK CaMK NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 16 calcium calcium NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 17 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 18 calmodulin calmodulin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 19 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 20 kinases kinases NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 22 signaling signal VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 24 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 27 addition addition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 28 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 29 phosphorylating phosphorylate VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 30 CREB CREB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 32 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 33 phosphorylates phosphorylate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 34 HDAC5 hdac5 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1091 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1092 1 Figure figure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1092 2 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1092 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1092 4 Psychostimulant psychostimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1092 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1092 6 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1092 7 signaling signaling NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1092 8 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1092 9 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1092 10 Broussard Broussard NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1092 11 JI JI NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1092 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1092 13 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1092 14 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1092 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1092 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1093 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1093 2 Co co NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1093 3 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1093 4 transmission transmission NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1093 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1093 6 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1093 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1093 8 glutamate glutamate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1093 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1093 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1094 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1094 2 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1094 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1094 4 General General NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1094 5 Physiology Physiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1094 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1095 1 139 139 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1095 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1095 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1095 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1095 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1095 6 93–96 93–96 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1095 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1096 1 doi:10.1085 doi:10.1085 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1096 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1096 3 jgp.201110659 jgp.201110659 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1096 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1097 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1097 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1097 3 3250102 3250102 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1097 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1098 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1098 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1098 3 22200950 22200950 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1098 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1099 1 Coincident coincident NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1099 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1099 3 convergent convergent NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1099 4 input input NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1099 5 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1099 6 induces induce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1099 7 plasticity plasticity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1099 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1099 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1099 10 postsynaptic postsynaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1099 11 neuron neuron NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1099 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1100 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1100 2 NAc NAc NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1100 3 integrates integrate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1100 4 processed process VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1100 5 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1100 6 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1100 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1100 8 environment environment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1100 9 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1100 10 basolateral basolateral NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1100 11 amygdala amygdala NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1100 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1100 13 hippocampus hippocampus NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1100 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1100 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1100 16 prefrontal prefrontal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1100 17 cortex cortex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1100 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1100 19 PFC PFC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1100 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1100 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1100 22 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1100 23 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1100 24 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1100 25 projections projection NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1100 26 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1100 27 midbrain midbrain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1100 28 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1100 29 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1100 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1101 1 Previous previous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1101 2 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1101 3 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1101 4 demonstrated demonstrate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1101 5 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1101 6 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1101 7 modulates modulate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1101 8 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1101 9 integrative integrative JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1101 10 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1101 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1102 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1102 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1102 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1102 4 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1102 5 frequency frequency NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1102 6 stimulation stimulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1102 7 potentiates potentiate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1102 8 hippocampal hippocampal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1102 9 inputs input NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1102 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1102 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1102 12 NAc NAc NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1102 13 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1102 14 simultaneously simultaneously RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1102 15 depressing depress VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1102 16 PFC PFC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1102 17 synapses synapse VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1102 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1102 19 Goto Goto NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1102 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1102 21 Grace Grace NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1102 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1102 23 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1102 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1102 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1103 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1103 2 converse converse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1103 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1103 4 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1103 5 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1103 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1103 7 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1103 8 true true JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1103 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1103 10 stimulation stimulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1103 11 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1103 12 PFC PFC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1103 13 potentiates potentiates NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1103 14 PFC PFC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1103 15 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1103 16 NAc NAc NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1103 17 synapses synapse VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1103 18 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1103 19 depresses depresses NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1103 20 hippocampal hippocampal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1103 21 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1103 22 NAc NAc NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1103 23 synapses synapse VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1103 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 2 light light NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 5 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 6 functional functional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 7 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 9 midbrain midbrain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 10 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 11 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 12 glutamate glutamate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 13 co co NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 14 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 15 transmission transmission NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 17 references reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 18 above above IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 21 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 22 experiments experiment NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 24 NAc NAc NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 25 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 26 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 27 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 28 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 29 test test VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 30 whether whether IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 31 midbrain midbrain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 32 glutamatergic glutamatergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 33 inputs input NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 34 bias bias NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 35 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 36 filter filter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 37 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 38 limbic limbic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 39 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 40 cortical cortical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 41 inputs input NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 42 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 43 guide guide VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 44 goal goal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 45 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 46 directed direct VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 47 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1104 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1105 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1105 2 Kanehisa Kanehisa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1105 3 Laboratories Laboratories NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1105 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1105 5 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1105 6 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1105 7 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1105 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1105 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1106 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1106 2 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1106 3 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1106 4 Homo Homo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1106 5 sapiens sapiens JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1106 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1106 7 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1106 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1106 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1106 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1107 1 KEGG KEGG NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1107 2 Pathway Pathway NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1107 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1108 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1108 2 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1108 3 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1108 4 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1108 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 1 Most Most JJS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 2 addictive addictive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 3 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 4 increase increase VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 5 extracellular extracellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 6 concentrations concentration NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 8 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 10 DA DA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 13 nucleus nucleus NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 14 accumbens accumbens NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 16 NAc NAc NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 19 medial medial NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 20 prefrontal prefrontal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 21 cortex cortex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 23 mPFC mPFC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 26 projection projection NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 27 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 29 mesocorticolimbic mesocorticolimbic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 30 DA DA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 31 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 33 key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 34 components component NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 37 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 38 brain brain NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 39 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 40 circuit circuit NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 41 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1109 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1110 1 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1110 2 achieves achieve VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1110 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1110 4 elevation elevation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1110 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1110 6 extracellular extracellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1110 7 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1110 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1110 9 DA DA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1110 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1110 11 promoting promote VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1110 12 efflux efflux JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1110 13 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1110 14 synaptic synaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1110 15 terminals terminal NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1110 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1111 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1112 1 Chronic chronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1112 2 exposure exposure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1112 3 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1112 4 amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1112 5 induces induce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1112 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1112 7 unique unique JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1112 8 transcription transcription NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1112 9 factor factor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1112 10 delta delta NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1112 11 FosB FosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1112 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1112 13 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1112 14 plays play VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1112 15 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1112 16 essential essential JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1112 17 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1112 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1112 19 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1112 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1112 21 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1112 22 adaptive adaptive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1112 23 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1112 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1112 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1112 26 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1112 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1113 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1113 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1113 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1113 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1113 5 Robison Robison NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1113 6 AJ AJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1113 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1113 8 Nestler Nestler NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1113 9 EJ EJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1113 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1113 11 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1113 12 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1113 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1113 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1114 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1114 2 Transcriptional transcriptional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1114 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1114 4 epigenetic epigenetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1114 5 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1114 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1114 7 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1114 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1114 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1115 1 Nature Nature NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1115 2 Reviews review NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1115 3 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1115 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1116 1 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1116 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1116 3 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1116 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1116 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1116 6 623–637 623–637 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1116 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1117 1 doi:10.1038 doi:10.1038 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1117 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1117 3 nrn3111 nrn3111 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1117 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1118 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1118 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1118 3 3272277 3272277 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1118 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1119 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1119 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1119 3 21989194 21989194 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1119 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1120 1 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1120 2 serves serve VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1120 3 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1120 4 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1120 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1120 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1120 7 master master NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1120 8 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1120 9 proteins protein NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1120 10 governing govern VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1120 11 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1120 12 structural structural JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1120 13 plasticity plasticity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1120 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1121 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1121 2 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1121 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1121 4 represses repress VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1121 5 G9a G9a NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1121 6 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1121 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1121 8 leading lead VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1121 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1121 10 reduced reduce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1121 11 repressive repressive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1121 12 histone histone NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1121 13 methylation methylation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1121 14 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1121 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1121 16 cdk5 cdk5 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1121 17 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1121 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1122 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1122 2 net net JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1122 3 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1122 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1122 5 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1122 6 activation activation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1122 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1122 8 increased increase VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1122 9 CDK5 CDK5 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1122 10 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1122 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1123 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 2 contrast contrast NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 4 ΔFosB ΔFosB VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 5 binds bind NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 8 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 10 fos fos NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 11 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 13 recruits recruit VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 14 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 15 co co NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 16 - - NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 17 repressors repressor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 19 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 20 HDAC1 HDAC1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 22 histone histone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 23 deacetylase deacetylase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 24 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 27 SIRT SIRT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 28 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 30 sirtuin sirtuin NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 31 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1124 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1125 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1126 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1126 2 net net JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1126 3 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1126 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1126 5 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1126 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1126 7 fos fos NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1126 8 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1126 9 repression repression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1126 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1127 1 Figure figure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1127 2 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1127 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1127 4 Epigenetic epigenetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1127 5 basis basis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1127 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1127 7 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1127 8 regulation regulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1127 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1127 10 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1127 11 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1127 12 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1127 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1127 14 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1127 15 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1127 16 Nestler Nestler NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1127 17 EJ EJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1127 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1127 19 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1127 20 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1127 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1127 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1128 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1128 2 Transcriptional transcriptional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1128 3 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1128 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1128 5 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1128 6 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1128 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1128 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1129 1 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1129 2 Psychopharmacology Psychopharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1129 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1129 4 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1129 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1130 1 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1130 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1130 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1130 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1130 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1130 6 136–143 136–143 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1130 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1131 1 doi:10.9758 doi:10.9758 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1131 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1131 3 cpn.2012.10.3.136 cpn.2012.10.3.136 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1131 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1132 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1132 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1132 3 3569166 3569166 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1132 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1133 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1133 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1133 3 23430970 23430970 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1133 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1134 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1134 2 35 35 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1134 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1134 4 37 37 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1134 5 kD kD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1134 6 ΔFosB ΔFosB VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1134 7 isoforms isoform NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1134 8 accumulate accumulate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1134 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1134 10 chronic chronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1134 11 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1134 12 exposure exposure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1134 13 due due JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1134 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1134 15 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1134 16 extraordinarily extraordinarily RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1134 17 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1134 18 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1134 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1134 20 lives life NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1134 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1135 1 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1135 2 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1135 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1135 4 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1135 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1135 6 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1135 7 stability stability NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1135 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1135 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1135 10 ΔFosB δfosb JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1135 11 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1135 12 persists persist VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1135 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1135 14 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1135 15 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1135 16 at at RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1135 17 least least RBS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1135 18 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1135 19 weeks week NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1135 20 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1135 21 cessation cessation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1135 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1135 23 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1135 24 exposure exposure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1135 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1136 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1136 2 ΔFosB ΔFosB VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1136 3 overexpression overexpression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1136 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1136 5 nucleus nucleus NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1136 6 accumbens accumben NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1136 7 induces induce NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1136 8 NFκB nfκb ADD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1136 9   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1136 10 ... ... . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 2 contrast contrast NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 5 ability ability NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 7 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 9 repress repress VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 11 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 13 Fos fos NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 14 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 15 occurs occur VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 17 concert concert NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 18 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 20 recruitment recruitment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 23 histone histone JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 24 deacetylase deacetylase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 26 presumably presumably RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 27 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 28 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 29 repressive repressive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 30 proteins protein NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 31 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 32 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 33 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 34 repressive repressive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 35 histone histone NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 36 methyltransferase methyltransferase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 37 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 38 Nestler Nestler NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 39 EJ EJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 40 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 41 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 42 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 43 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1137 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1138 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1138 2 Transcriptional transcriptional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1138 3 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1138 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1138 5 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1138 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1138 7 Role role NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1138 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1138 9 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1138 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1138 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1139 1 Philosophical philosophical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1139 2 Transactions Transactions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1139 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1139 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1139 5 Royal Royal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1139 6 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1139 7 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1139 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1139 9 Biological Biological NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1139 10 Sciences Sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1139 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1140 1 363 363 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1140 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1140 3 1507 1507 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1140 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1140 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1140 6 3245–3255 3245–3255 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1140 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1141 1 doi:10.1098 doi:10.1098 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1141 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1141 3 rstb.2008.0067 rstb.2008.0067 : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1141 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1142 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1142 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1142 3 2607320 2607320 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1142 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1143 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1143 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1143 3 18640924 18640924 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1143 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 1 Recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 2 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 3 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 4 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 5 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 6 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 7 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 8 represses repress VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 10 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 12 fos fos NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 13 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 14 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 15 helps help VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 16 create create VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 18 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 19 switch switch NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 20 — — : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 21 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 23 induction induction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 25 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 26 short short RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 28 lived live VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 29 Fos Fos NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 30 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 31 proteins protein NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 32 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 33 acute acute JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 34 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 35 exposure exposure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 36 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 38 predominant predominant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 39 accumulation accumulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 41 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 42 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 43 chronic chronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 44 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 45 exposure exposure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 46 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 47 Kanehisa Kanehisa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 48 Laboratories Laboratories NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 49 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 50 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 51 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 52 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 53 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1144 54 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1145 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1145 2 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1145 3 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1145 4 Homo Homo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1145 5 sapiens sapiens JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1145 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1145 7 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1145 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1145 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1145 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1146 1 KEGG KEGG NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1146 2 Pathway Pathway NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1146 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1147 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1147 2 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1147 3 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1147 4 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1147 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1148 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1148 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1148 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1148 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1148 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1148 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1148 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1148 8 Nechifor Nechifor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1148 9 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1148 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1148 11 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1148 12 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1148 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1148 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1149 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1149 2 Magnesium magnesium NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1149 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1149 4 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1149 5 dependences dependence NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1149 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1149 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1150 1 Magnesium Magnesium NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1150 2 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1150 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1151 1 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1151 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1151 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1151 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1151 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1151 6 5–15 5–15 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1151 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1152 1 doi:10.1684 doi:10.1684 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1152 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1152 3 mrh.2008.0124 mrh.2008.0124 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1152 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1152 5 inactive inactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1152 6 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1152 7 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1152 8 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1152 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1152 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1153 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1153 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1153 3 18557129.CS1 18557129.CS1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1153 4 maint maint NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1153 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1153 6 DOI doi NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1153 7 inactive inactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1153 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1153 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1153 10 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1153 11 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1153 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1153 13 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1153 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1153 15 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 1153 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1153 17 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1153 18 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1153 19 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1153 20 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1153 21 Ruffle Ruffle NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1153 22 JK JK NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1153 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1153 24 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1153 25 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1153 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1153 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1154 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1154 2 Molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1154 3 neurobiology neurobiology NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1154 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1154 5 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1154 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1154 7 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1154 8 's be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1154 9 all all PDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1154 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1154 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1154 12 Δ)FosB Δ)FosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1154 13 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1154 14 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1154 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1154 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1155 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1155 2 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1155 3 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1155 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1155 5 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1155 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1155 7 Alcohol Alcohol NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1155 8 Abuse Abuse NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1155 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1156 1 40 40 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1156 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1156 3 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1156 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1156 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1156 6 428–437 428–437 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1156 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1157 1 doi:10.3109/00952990.2014.933840 doi:10.3109/00952990.2014.933840 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1157 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1158 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1158 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1158 3 25083822 25083822 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1158 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1159 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1159 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1159 3 19157711 19157711 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1159 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1160 1 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1160 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1160 3 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1160 4 essential essential JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1160 5 transcription transcription NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1160 6 factor factor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1160 7 implicated implicate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1160 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1160 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1160 10 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1160 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1160 12 behavioral behavioral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1160 13 pathways pathway NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1160 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1160 15 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1160 16 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1160 17 repeated repeat VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1160 18 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1160 19 exposure exposure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1160 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1161 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1161 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1161 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1161 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1161 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1161 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1161 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1161 8 g g NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1161 9 h h NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1161 10 i i NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1161 11 j j NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1161 12 k k NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1161 13 Robison Robison NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1161 14 AJ AJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1161 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1161 16 Nestler Nestler NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1161 17 EJ EJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1161 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1161 19 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1161 20 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1161 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1161 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1162 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1162 2 Transcriptional transcriptional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1162 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1162 4 epigenetic epigenetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1162 5 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1162 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1162 7 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1162 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1162 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1163 1 Nature Nature NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1163 2 Reviews review NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1163 3 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1163 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1164 1 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1164 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1164 3 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1164 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1164 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1164 6 623–637 623–637 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1164 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1165 1 doi:10.1038 doi:10.1038 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1165 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1165 3 nrn3111 nrn3111 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1165 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1166 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1166 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1166 3 3272277 3272277 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1166 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1167 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1167 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1167 3 21989194 21989194 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1167 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1168 1 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1168 2 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1168 3 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1168 4 linked link VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1168 5 directly directly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1168 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1168 7 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1168 8 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1168 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1168 10 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1168 11 behaviors behavior NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1168 12   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1168 13 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 1 Importantly importantly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 3 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 4 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 5 viral viral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 6 overexpression overexpression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 8 ΔJunD δjund NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 11 dominant dominant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 12 negative negative JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 13 mutant mutant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 15 JunD JunD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 16 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 17 antagonizes antagonize VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 18 ΔFosB- ΔFosB- NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 20 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 21 AP-1-mediated ap-1-mediated JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 22 transcriptional transcriptional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 23 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 27 NAc NAc NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 28 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 29 OFC OFC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 30 blocks block NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 31 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 32 key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 33 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 35 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 36 exposure14,22–24 exposure14,22–24 UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1169 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1170 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1170 2 indicates indicate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1170 3 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1170 4 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1170 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1170 6 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1170 7 necessary necessary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1170 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1170 9 sufficient sufficient JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1170 10 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1170 11 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1170 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1170 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1170 14 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1170 15 wrought work VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1170 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1170 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1170 18 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1170 19 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1170 20 chronic chronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1170 21 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1170 22 exposure exposure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1170 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 1 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 4 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 6 D1-type D1-type NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 7 NAc NAc NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 8 MSNs msn NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 10 chronic chronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 11 consumption consumption NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 13 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 14 natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 15 rewards reward NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 17 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 18 sucrose sucrose JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 20 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 21 fat fat NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 22 food food NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 24 sex sex NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 26 wheel wheel NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 27 running running NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 29 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 30 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 31 promotes promote VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 32 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 33 consumption14,26–30 consumption14,26–30 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1171 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1172 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1172 2 implicates implicate NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1172 3 ΔFosB ΔFosB VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1172 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1172 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1172 6 regulation regulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1172 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1172 8 natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1172 9 rewards reward NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1172 10 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1172 11 normal normal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1172 12 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1172 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1172 14 perhaps perhaps RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1172 15 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1172 16 pathological pathological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1172 17 addictive addictive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1172 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1172 19 like like JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1172 20 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1172 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1173 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1173 2 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1173 3 serves serve VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1173 4 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1173 5 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1173 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1173 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1173 8 master master NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1173 9 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1173 10 proteins protein NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1173 11 governing govern VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1173 12 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1173 13 structural structural JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1173 14 plasticity plasticity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1173 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1174 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1174 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1174 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1174 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1174 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1174 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1174 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1174 8 g g NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1174 9 h h NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1174 10 i i NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1174 11 j j NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1174 12 k k NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1174 13 l l NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1174 14 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1174 15 n n CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1174 16 o o NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1174 17 p p NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1174 18 q q NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1174 19 r r NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1174 20 s s NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1174 21 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1174 22 u u NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1174 23 v v NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1174 24 Olsen Olsen NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1174 25 CM CM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1174 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1174 27 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1174 28 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1174 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1174 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1175 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1175 2 Natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1175 3 rewards reward NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1175 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1175 5 neuroplasticity neuroplasticity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1175 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1175 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1175 8 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1175 9 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1175 10 drug drug JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1175 11 addictions addiction NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1175 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1175 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1176 1 Neuropharmacology neuropharmacology NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1176 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1177 1 61 61 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1177 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1177 3 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1177 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1177 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1177 6 1109–1122 1109–1122 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1177 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1178 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1178 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1178 3 j.neuropharm.2011.03.010 j.neuropharm.2011.03.010 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1178 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1179 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1179 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1179 3 3139704 3139704 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1179 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1180 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1180 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1180 3 21459101 21459101 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1180 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 1 Similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 2 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 3 environmental environmental JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 4 enrichment enrichment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 6 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 7 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 8 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 9 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 10 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 11 reduces reduce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 12 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 14 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 16 relapse relapse VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 18 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 20 abuse abuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 22 Cosgrove Cosgrove NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 23 et et FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 24 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 25 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 27 2002 2002 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 28 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 29 Zlebnik Zlebnik NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 30 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 31 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 32 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 34 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 35 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1181 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 1 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 4 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 5 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 7 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 8 preclinical preclinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 9 findings finding NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 10 translate translate VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 12 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 13 populations population NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 15 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 16 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 17 reduces reduce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 18 withdrawal withdrawal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 19 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 21 relapse relapse VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 23 abstinent abstinent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 24 smokers smoker NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 26 Daniel Daniel NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 27 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 28 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 29 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 31 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 32 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 33 Prochaska Prochaska NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 34 et et FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 35 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 36 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 38 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 39 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 41 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 42 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 43 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 44 recovery recovery NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 45 program program NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 46 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 47 seen see VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 48 success success NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 49 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 50 participants participant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 51 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 52 train train VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 53 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 54 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 55 compete compete VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 56 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 57 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 58 marathon marathon NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 59 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 60 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 61 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 62 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 63 program program NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 64 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 65 Butler Butler NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 66 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 67 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 68 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1182 69 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1183 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 2 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 5 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 7 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 8 signaling signaling NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 10 incentive incentive NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 12 sensitization sensitization NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 13 processes process NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 14 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 15 recently recently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 16 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 17 highlighted highlight VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 18 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 20 observation observation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 23 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 24 dysregulation dysregulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 25 syndrome syndrome NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 27 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 28 patients patient NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 29 taking take VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 30 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 31 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1184 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 2 syndrome syndrome NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 4 characterized characterize VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 7 medication medication NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 9 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 10 increase increase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 13 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 14 compulsive compulsive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 16 engagement engagement NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 18 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 19 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 20 drug drug JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 21 rewards reward NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 22 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 23 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 24 gambling gambling NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 26 shopping shopping NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 28 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 29 sex sex NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 30 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 31 Evans Evans NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 32 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 33 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 34 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 36 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 37 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 38 Aiken Aiken NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 40 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 41 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 42 Lader Lader NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 44 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 45 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1185 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1186 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1186 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1186 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1186 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1186 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1186 6 Lynch Lynch NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1186 7 WJ WJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1186 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1186 9 Peterson Peterson NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1186 10 AB AB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1186 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1186 12 Sanchez Sanchez NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1186 13 V V NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1186 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1186 15 Abel Abel NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1186 16 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1186 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1186 18 Smith Smith NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1186 19 MA MA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1186 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1186 21 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1186 22 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1186 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1186 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1187 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1187 2 Exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1187 3 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1187 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1187 5 novel novel JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1187 6 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1187 7 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1187 8 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1187 9 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1187 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1187 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1187 12 neurobiological neurobiological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1187 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1187 14 stage stage NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1187 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1187 16 dependent dependent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1187 17 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1187 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1187 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1188 1 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1188 2 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1188 3 Biobehavioral Biobehavioral NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1188 4 Reviews Reviews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1188 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1189 1 37 37 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1189 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1189 3 8) 8) CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1189 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1189 5 1622–1644 1622–1644 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1189 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1190 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1190 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1190 3 j.neubiorev.2013.06.011 j.neubiorev.2013.06.011 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1190 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1191 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1191 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1191 3 3788047 3788047 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1191 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1192 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1192 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1192 3 23806439 23806439 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1192 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 2 findings finding NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 3 suggest suggest VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 4 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 5 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 6 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 7 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 8 magnitude"-dependently magnitude"-dependently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 9 prevent prevent VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 11 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 13 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 14 addicted addicted JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 15 phenotype phenotype NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 16 possibly possibly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 17 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 18 blocking block VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 19 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 20 reversing reverse VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 21 behavioral behavioral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 23 neuroadaptive neuroadaptive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 24 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 25 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 26 develop develop VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 27 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 29 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 30 extended extended JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 31 access access NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 32 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 34 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1193 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1194 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1195 1 Exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1195 2 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1195 3 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1195 4 proposed propose VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1195 5 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1195 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1195 7 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1195 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1195 9 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1195 10 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1195 11 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1195 12 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1195 13 reduce reduce VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1195 14 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1195 15 craving craving NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1195 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1195 17 risk risk NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1195 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1195 19 relapse relapse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1195 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 1 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 2 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 3 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 4 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 5 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 6 investigated investigate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 8 efficacy efficacy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 10 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 12 preventing prevent VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 13 relapse relapse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 16 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 17 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 18 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 19 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 20 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 21 conducted conduct VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 22 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 23 report report VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 25 reduction reduction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 27 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 28 craving craving NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 30 better well JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 31 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 32 outcomes outcome NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 33   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 34 ... ... . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 35 Taken take VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 36 together together RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 38 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 39 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 40 suggest suggest VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 41 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 43 potential potential JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 44 benefits benefit NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 45 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 46 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 47 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 48 relapse relapse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 50 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 51 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 52 relapse relapse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 53 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 54 psychostimulants psychostimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 55 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 56 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 57 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 58 mediated mediate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 59 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 60 chromatin chromatin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 61 remodeling remodeling NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 62 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 63 possibly possibly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 64 lead lead VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 65 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 66 greater great JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 67 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 68 outcomes outcome NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1196 69 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1197 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1197 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1197 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1197 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1197 5 Zhou Zhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1197 6 Y Y NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1197 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1197 8 Zhao Zhao NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1197 9 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1197 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1197 11 Zhou Zhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1197 12 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1197 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1197 14 Li Li NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1197 15 R R NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1197 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1197 17 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1197 18 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1197 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1197 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1198 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1198 2 Sex sex NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1198 3 differences difference NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1198 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1198 5 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1198 6 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1198 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1198 8 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1198 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1198 10 exercise exercise VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1198 11 intervention intervention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1198 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1198 13 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1198 14 human human NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1198 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1198 16 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1198 17 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1198 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1198 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1199 1 Frontiers frontier NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1199 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1199 3 Neuroendocrinology Neuroendocrinology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1199 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1200 1 40 40 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1200 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1200 3 24–41 24–41 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1200 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1201 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1201 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1201 3 j.yfrne.2015.07.001 j.yfrne.2015.07.001 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1201 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1202 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1202 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1202 3 4712120 4712120 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1202 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1203 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1203 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1203 3 26182835 26182835 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1203 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 1 Collectively collectively RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 3 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 4 findings finding NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 5 demonstrate demonstrate VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 6 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 7 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 8 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 9 serve serve VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 10 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 12 substitute substitute NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 13 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 14 competition competition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 15 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 16 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 17 abuse abuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 18 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 19 changing change VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 20 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 21 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 22 cFos cFos NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 23 immunoreactivity immunoreactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 26 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 27 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 28 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 29 protect protect VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 30 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 31 later later JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 32 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 33 previous previous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 34 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 35 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1204 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1205 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1206 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1206 2 postulate postulate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1206 3 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1206 4 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1206 5 serves serve VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1206 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1206 7 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1206 8 ideal ideal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1206 9 intervention intervention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1206 10 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1206 11 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1206 12 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1206 13 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1206 14 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1206 15 widely widely RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1206 16 recognized recognize VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1206 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1206 18 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1206 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1206 20 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1206 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1206 22 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1206 23 rehabilitation rehabilitation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1206 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1207 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1207 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1207 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1207 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1207 5 Linke Linke NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1207 6 SE SE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1207 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1207 8 Ussher Ussher NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1207 9 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1207 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1207 11 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1207 12 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1207 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1207 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1208 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1208 2 Exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1208 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1208 4 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1208 5 treatments treatment NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1208 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1208 7 substance substance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1208 8 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1208 9 disorders disorder NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1208 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1208 11 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1208 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1208 13 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1208 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1208 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1208 16 practicality practicality NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1208 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1208 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1209 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1209 2 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1209 3 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1209 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1209 5 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1209 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1209 7 Alcohol Alcohol NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1209 8 Abuse Abuse NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1209 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1210 1 41 41 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1210 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1210 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1210 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1210 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1210 6 7–15 7–15 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1210 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1211 1 doi:10.3109/00952990.2014.976708 doi:10.3109/00952990.2014.976708 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1211 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1212 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1212 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1212 3 4831948 4831948 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1212 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1213 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1213 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1213 3 25397661 25397661 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1213 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1214 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1214 2 limited limited JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1214 3 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1214 4 conducted conduct VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1214 5 suggests suggest VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1214 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1214 7 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1214 8 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1214 9 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1214 10 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1214 11 effective effective JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1214 12 adjunctive adjunctive NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1214 13 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1214 14 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1214 15 SUDs sud NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1214 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 2 contrast contrast NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 3 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 5 scarce scarce JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 6 intervention intervention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 7 trials trial NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 9 date date NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 12 relative relative JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 13 abundance abundance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 15 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 16 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 18 theoretical theoretical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 20 practical practical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 21 reasons reason NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 22 supporting support VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 24 investigation investigation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 26 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 27 topic topic NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 28 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 29 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 30 published publish VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1215 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 1 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 2 numerous numerous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 3 theoretical theoretical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 5 practical practical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 6 reasons reason NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 7 support support VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 8 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 10 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 11 treatments treatment NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 13 SUDs SUDs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 15 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 16 psychological psychological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 18 behavioral behavioral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 20 neurobiological neurobiological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 22 nearly nearly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 23 universal universal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 24 safety safety NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 25 profile profile NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 28 overall overall JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 29 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 30 health health NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 31 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1216 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1217 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1217 2 Hyman Hyman NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1217 3 SE SE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1217 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1217 5 Malenka Malenka NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1217 6 RC RC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1217 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1217 8 Nestler Nestler NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1217 9 EJ EJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1217 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1217 11 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1217 12 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1217 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1217 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1218 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1218 2 Neural neural JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1218 3 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1218 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1218 5 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1218 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1218 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1218 8 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1218 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1218 10 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1218 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1218 12 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1218 13 learning learning NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1218 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1218 15 memory memory NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1218 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1218 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1218 18 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1218 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1218 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1219 1 Annual Annual NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1219 2 Review Review NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1219 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1219 4 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1219 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1220 1 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1220 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1220 3 565–598 565–598 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1220 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1221 1 doi:10.1146 doi:10.1146 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1221 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1221 3 annurev.neuro.29.051605.113009 annurev.neuro.29.051605.113009 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1221 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1222 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1222 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1222 3 16776597 16776597 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1222 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1223 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1223 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1223 3 15139406 15139406 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1223 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1224 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1224 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1224 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1224 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1224 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1224 6 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1224 7 Steiner Steiner NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1224 8 H H NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1224 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1224 10 Van Van NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1224 11 Waes Waes NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1224 12 V V NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1224 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1224 14 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1224 15 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1224 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1224 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1225 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1225 2 Addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1225 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1225 4 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1225 5 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1225 6 regulation regulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1225 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1225 8 risks risk NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1225 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1225 10 exposure exposure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1225 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1225 12 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1225 13 enhancers enhancer NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1225 14 vs. vs. IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1225 15 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1225 16 psychostimulants psychostimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1225 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1225 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1226 1 Progress progress NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1226 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1226 3 Neurobiology Neurobiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1226 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1227 1 100 100 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1227 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1227 3 60–80 60–80 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1227 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1228 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1228 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1228 3 j.pneurobio.2012.10.001 j.pneurobio.2012.10.001 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1228 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1229 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1229 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1229 3 3525776 3525776 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1229 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1230 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1230 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1230 3 23085425 23085425 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1230 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1231 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1231 2 Malenka Malenka NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1231 3 RC RC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1231 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1231 5 Nestler Nestler NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1231 6 EJ EJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1231 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1231 8 Hyman Hyman NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1231 9 SE SE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1231 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1231 11 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1231 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1231 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1232 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1232 2 Chapter chapter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1232 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1232 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1232 5 Signal Signal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1232 6 Transduction Transduction NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1232 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1232 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1232 9 Brain Brain NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1232 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1232 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1233 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1233 2 Sydor Sydor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1233 3 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1233 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1233 5 Brown Brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1233 6 RY RY NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1233 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1233 8 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1233 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1233 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1233 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1234 1 Molecular Molecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1234 2 Neuropharmacology Neuropharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1234 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1234 4 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1234 5 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1234 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1234 7 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1234 8 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1234 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1234 10 2nd 2nd NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1234 11 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1234 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1234 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1234 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1235 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1235 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1235 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1235 4 USA USA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1235 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1235 6 McGraw McGraw NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1235 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1235 8 Hill Hill NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1235 9 Medical Medical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1235 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1236 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1236 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1236 3 94 94 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1236 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1237 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1237 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1237 3 9780071481274 9780071481274 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1237 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1238 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1238 2 Kanehisa Kanehisa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1238 3 Laboratories Laboratories NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1238 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1238 5 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1238 6 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1238 7 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1238 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1238 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1239 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1239 2 Alcoholism alcoholism NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1239 3 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1239 4 Homo Homo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1239 5 sapiens sapiens JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1239 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1239 7 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1239 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1239 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1239 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1240 1 KEGG KEGG NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1240 2 Pathway Pathway NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1240 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1241 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1241 2 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1241 3 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1241 4 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1241 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1242 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1242 2 Kim Kim NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1242 3 Y Y NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1242 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1242 5 Teylan Teylan NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1242 6 MA MA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1242 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1242 8 Baron Baron NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1242 9 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1242 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1242 11 Sands sand VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1242 12 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1242 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1242 14 Nairn Nairn NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1242 15 AC AC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1242 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1242 17 Greengard Greengard NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1242 18 P P NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1242 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1242 20 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1242 21 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1242 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1242 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1243 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1243 2 Methylphenidate methylphenidate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1243 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1243 4 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1243 5 dendritic dendritic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1243 6 spine spine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1243 7 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1243 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1243 9 DeltaFosB DeltaFosB VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1243 10 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1243 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1243 12 nucleus nucleus NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1243 13 accumbens accumben NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1243 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1243 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1244 1 Proceedings proceeding NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1244 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1244 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1244 4 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1244 5 Academy Academy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1244 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1244 7 Sciences Sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1244 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1245 1 106 106 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1245 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1245 3 8) 8) CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1245 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1245 5 2915–2920 2915–2920 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1245 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1246 1 Bibcode:2009PNAS bibcode:2009pnas UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1246 2 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1246 3 106.2915K. 106.2915k. CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1247 1 doi:10.1073 doi:10.1073 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1247 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1247 3 pnas.0813179106 pnas.0813179106 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1247 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1248 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1248 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1248 3 2650365 2650365 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1248 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1249 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1249 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1249 3 19202072 19202072 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1249 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1250 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1250 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1250 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1250 4 Nestler Nestler NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1250 5 EJ EJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1250 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1250 7 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1250 8 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1250 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1250 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1251 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1251 2 Epigenetic epigenetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1251 3 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1251 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1251 5 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1251 6 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1251 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1251 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1252 1 Neuropharmacology neuropharmacology NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1252 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1253 1 76 76 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1253 2 Pt Pt NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1253 3 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1253 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1253 5 259–268 259–268 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1253 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1254 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1254 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1254 3 j.neuropharm.2013.04.004 j.neuropharm.2013.04.004 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1254 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1255 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1255 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1255 3 3766384 3766384 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1255 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1256 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1256 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1256 3 23643695 23643695 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1256 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1257 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1257 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1257 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1257 4 Biliński Biliński NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1257 5 P P NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1257 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1257 7 Wojtyła Wojtyła NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1257 8 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1257 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1257 10 Kapka Kapka NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1257 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1257 12 Skrzypczak Skrzypczak NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1257 13 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1257 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1257 15 Chwedorowicz Chwedorowicz NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1257 16 R R NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1257 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1257 18 Cyranka Cyranka NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1257 19 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1257 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1257 21 Studziński Studziński NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1257 22 T T NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1257 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1257 24 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1257 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1257 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1258 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1258 2 Epigenetic epigenetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1258 3 regulation regulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1258 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1258 5 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1258 6 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1258 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1258 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1259 1 Annals Annals NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1259 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1259 3 Agricultural Agricultural NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1259 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1259 5 Environmental Environmental NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1259 6 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1259 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1260 1 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1260 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1260 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1260 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1260 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1260 6 491–496 491–496 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1260 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1261 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1261 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1261 3 23020045 23020045 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1261 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 2 Kennedy Kennedy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 3 PJ PJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 5 Feng Feng NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 6 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 8 Robison Robison NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 9 AJ AJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 11 Maze Maze NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 12 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 14 Badimon Badimon NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 15 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 17 Mouzon Mouzon NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 18 E E NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 20 Chaudhury Chaudhury NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 21 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 23 Damez Damez NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 25 Werno Werno NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 26 DM DM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 28 Haggarty Haggarty NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 29 SJ SJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 31 Han Han NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 32 MH MH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 34 Bassel Bassel NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 35 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 36 Duby Duby NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 37 R R NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 39 Olson Olson NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 40 EN EN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 42 Nestler Nestler NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 43 EJ EJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 44 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 45 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 46 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 47 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1262 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1263 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1263 2 Class class NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1263 3 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1263 4 HDAC hdac VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1263 5 inhibition inhibition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1263 6 blocks block VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1263 7 cocaine cocaine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1263 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1263 9 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1263 10 plasticity plasticity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1263 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1263 12 targeted target VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1263 13 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1263 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1263 15 histone histone JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1263 16 methylation methylation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1263 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1263 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1264 1 Nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1264 2 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1264 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1265 1 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1265 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1265 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1265 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1265 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1265 6 434–440 434–440 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1265 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1266 1 doi:10.1038 doi:10.1038 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1266 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1266 3 nn.3354 nn.3354 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1266 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1267 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1267 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1267 3 3609040 3609040 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1267 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1268 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1268 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1268 3 23475113 23475113 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1268 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1269 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1269 2 Whalley Whalley NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1269 3 K K NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1269 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1269 5 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1269 6 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1269 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1269 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1270 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1270 2 Psychiatric psychiatric JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1270 3 disorders disorder NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1270 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1270 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1270 6 feat feat NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1270 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1270 8 epigenetic epigenetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1270 9 engineering engineering NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1270 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1270 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1271 1 Nature Nature NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1271 2 Reviews Reviews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1271 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1272 1 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1272 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1273 1 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1273 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1273 3 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1273 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1273 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1273 6 768–769 768–769 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1273 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1274 1 doi:10.1038 doi:10.1038 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1274 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1274 3 nrn3869 nrn3869 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1274 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1275 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1275 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1275 3 25409693 25409693 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1275 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1276 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1276 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1276 3 11513288 11513288 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1276 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 4 Blum Blum NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 5 K K NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 7 Werner Werner NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 8 T T NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 10 Carnes Carnes NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 11 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 13 Carnes Carnes NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 14 P P NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 16 Bowirrat Bowirrat NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 17 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 19 Giordano Giordano NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 20 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 22 Oscar Oscar NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 24 Berman Berman NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 25 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 27 Gold Gold NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 28 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 30 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 31 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1277 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1278 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1278 2 Sex sex NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1278 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1278 4 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1278 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1278 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1278 7 rock rock NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1278 8 ' ' CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1278 9 n n CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1278 10 ' ' CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1278 11 roll roll NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1278 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1278 13 hypothesizing hypothesize VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1278 14 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1278 15 mesolimbic mesolimbic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1278 16 activation activation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1278 17 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1278 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1278 19 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1278 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1278 21 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1278 22 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1278 23 polymorphisms polymorphism NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1278 24 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1278 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1279 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1279 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1279 3 Psychoactive Psychoactive NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1279 4 Drugs Drugs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1279 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1280 1 44 44 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1280 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1280 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1280 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1280 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1280 6 38–55 38–55 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1280 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1281 1 doi:10.1080/02791072.2012.662112 doi:10.1080/02791072.2012.662112 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1281 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1282 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1282 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1282 3 4040958 4040958 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1282 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1283 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1283 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1283 3 22641964 22641964 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1283 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1284 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1284 2 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1284 3 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1284 4 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1284 5 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1284 6 deltaFosB deltaFosB VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1284 7 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1284 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1284 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1284 10 NAc NAc NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1284 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1284 12 critical critical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1284 13 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1284 14 reinforcing reinforce VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1284 15 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1284 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1284 17 sexual sexual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1284 18 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1284 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 1 Pitchers pitcher NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 3 colleagues colleague NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 5 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 7 reported report VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 9 sexual sexual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 10 experience experience NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 11 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 12 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 14 cause cause VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 15 DeltaFosB DeltaFosB VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 16 accumulation accumulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 18 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 19 limbic limbic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 20 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 21 regions region NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 22 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 24 NAc NAc NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 26 medial medial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 27 pre pre JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 28 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 29 frontal frontal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 30 cortex cortex NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 32 VTA VTA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 34 caudate caudate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 37 putamen putamen NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 39 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 40 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 42 medial medial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 43 preoptic preoptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 44 nucleus nucleus NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1285 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1286 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1286 2 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1286 3 findings finding NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1286 4 support support VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1286 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1286 6 critical critical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1286 7 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1286 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1286 9 DeltaFosB DeltaFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1286 10 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1286 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1286 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1286 13 NAc NAc NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1286 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1286 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1286 16 reinforcing reinforce VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1286 17 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1286 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1286 19 sexual sexual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1286 20 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1286 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1286 22 sexual sexual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1286 23 experience experience NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1286 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1286 25 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1286 26 facilitation facilitation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1286 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1286 28 sexual sexual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1286 29 performance performance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1286 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 2 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 3 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 4 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 6 sexual sexual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 7 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 8 represent represent VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 9 pathological pathological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 10 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 12 neuroplasticity neuroplasticity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 13 along along IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 16 emergence emergence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 18 aberrant aberrant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 19 behaviors behavior NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 20 involving involve VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 22 cascade cascade NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 24 neurochemical neurochemical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 25 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 26 mainly mainly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 29 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 30 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 31 rewarding rewarding JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 32 circuitry circuitry NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1287 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1288 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1288 2 Pitchers Pitchers NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1288 3 KK KK NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1288 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1288 5 Vialou Vialou NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1288 6 V V NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1288 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1288 8 Nestler Nestler NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1288 9 EJ EJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1288 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1288 11 Laviolette Laviolette NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1288 12 SR SR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1288 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1288 14 Lehman Lehman NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1288 15 MN MN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1288 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1288 17 Coolen Coolen NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1288 18 LM LM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1288 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1288 20 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1288 21 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1288 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1288 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1289 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1289 2 Natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1289 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1289 4 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1289 5 rewards reward NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1289 6 act act VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1289 7 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1289 8 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1289 9 neural neural JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1289 10 plasticity plasticity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1289 11 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1289 12 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1289 13 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1289 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1289 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1289 16 key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1289 17 mediator mediator NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1289 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1289 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1290 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1290 2 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1290 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1290 4 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1290 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1291 1 33 33 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1291 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1291 3 8) 8) CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1291 4 : : SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1291 5 3434–3442 3434–3442 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1291 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1292 1 doi:10.1523 doi:10.1523 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1292 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1292 3 JNEUROSCI.4881 JNEUROSCI.4881 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1292 4 - - : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1292 5 12.2013 12.2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1292 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1293 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1293 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1293 3 3865508 3865508 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1293 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1294 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1294 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1294 3 23426671 23426671 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1294 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1295 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1295 2 Beloate Beloate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1295 3 LN LN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1295 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1295 5 Weems Weems NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1295 6 PW PW NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1295 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1295 8 Casey Casey NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1295 9 GR GR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1295 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1295 11 Webb Webb NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1295 12 IC IC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1295 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1295 14 Coolen Coolen NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1295 15 LM LM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1295 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1295 17 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1295 18 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1295 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1295 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1296 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1296 2 Nucleus Nucleus NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1296 3 accumbens accumben VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1296 4 NMDA NMDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1296 5 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1296 6 activation activation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1296 7 regulates regulate NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1296 8 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1296 9 cross cross JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1296 10 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1296 11 sensitization sensitization JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1296 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1296 13 deltaFosB deltaFosB VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1296 14 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1296 15 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1296 16 sexual sexual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1296 17 experience experience NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1296 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1296 19 male male JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1296 20 rats rat NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1296 21 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1296 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1297 1 Neuropharmacology neuropharmacology NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1297 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1298 1 101 101 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1298 2 : : SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1298 3 154–164 154–164 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1298 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1299 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1299 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1299 3 j.neuropharm.2015.09.023 j.neuropharm.2015.09.023 JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1299 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1300 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1300 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1300 3 26391065 26391065 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1300 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1301 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1301 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1301 3 25317397 25317397 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1301 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1302 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1302 2 Malenka Malenka NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1302 3 RC RC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1302 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1302 5 Nestler Nestler NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1302 6 EJ EJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1302 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1302 8 Hyman Hyman NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1302 9 SE SE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1302 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1302 11 Holtzman Holtzman NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1302 12 DM DM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1302 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1302 14 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1302 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1302 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1303 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1303 2 Chapter chapter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1303 3 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1303 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1303 5 Reinforcement reinforcement NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1303 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1303 7 Addictive Addictive NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1303 8 Disorders Disorders NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1303 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1303 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1304 1 Molecular Molecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1304 2 Neuropharmacology Neuropharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1304 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1304 4 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1304 5 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1304 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1304 7 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1304 8 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1304 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1304 10 3rd 3rd NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1304 11 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1304 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1304 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1304 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1305 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1305 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1305 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1305 4 McGraw McGraw NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1305 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1305 6 Hill Hill NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1305 7 Medical Medical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1305 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1306 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1306 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1306 3 9780071827706 9780071827706 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1306 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1307 1 Pharmacologic pharmacologic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1307 2 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1307 3 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1307 4 psychostimulant psychostimulant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1307 5 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1307 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1307 7 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1307 8 unsatisfactory unsatisfactory JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1307 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 2 previously previously RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 3 discussed discuss VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 5 cessation cessation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 7 cocaine cocaine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 8 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 11 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 13 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 14 psychostimulants psychostimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 16 dependent dependent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 17 individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 18 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 19 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 20 produce produce VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 22 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 23 withdrawal withdrawal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 24 syndrome syndrome NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 25 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 26 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 27 produce produce VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 28 dysphoria dysphoria NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 30 anhedonia anhedonia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 33 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 34 intense intense JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 35 desire desire NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 36 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 37 reinitiate reinitiate VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 38 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 39 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1308 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1309 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1309 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1309 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1309 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1309 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1309 6 Chan Chan NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1309 7 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1309 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1309 9 Freeman Freeman NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1309 10 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1309 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1309 12 Kondo Kondo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1309 13 K K NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1309 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1309 15 Ayers Ayers NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1309 16 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1309 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1309 18 Montgomery Montgomery NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1309 19 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1309 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1309 21 Paynter Paynter NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1309 22 R R NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1309 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1309 24 Kansagara Kansagara NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1309 25 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1309 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1309 27 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1309 28 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1309 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1309 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1310 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1310 2 Pharmacotherapy Pharmacotherapy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1310 3 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1310 4 methamphetamine methamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1310 5 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1310 6 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1310 7 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1310 8 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1310 9 - - : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1310 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1310 11 systematic systematic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1310 12 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1310 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1310 14 meta meta JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1310 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1310 16 analysis analysis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1310 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1310 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1311 1 Addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1311 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1311 3 Abingdon Abingdon NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1311 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1311 5 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1311 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1311 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1312 1 114 114 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1312 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1312 3 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1312 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1312 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1312 6 2122–2136 2122–2136 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1312 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1313 1 doi:10.1111 doi:10.1111 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1313 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1313 3 add.14755 add.14755 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1313 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1314 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1314 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1314 3 31328345 31328345 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1314 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1315 1 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1315 2 Stoops Stoops NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1315 3 WW WW NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1315 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1315 5 Rush Rush NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1315 6 CR CR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1315 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1315 8 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1315 9 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1315 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1315 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1316 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1316 2 Combination combination NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1316 3 pharmacotherapies pharmacotherapie NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1316 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1316 5 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1316 6 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1316 7 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1316 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1316 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1316 10 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1316 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1316 12 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1316 13 findings finding NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1316 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1316 15 recommendations recommendation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1316 16 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1316 17 future future JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1316 18 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1316 19 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1316 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1317 1 Expert Expert NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1317 2 Review Review NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1317 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1317 4 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1317 5 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1317 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1318 1 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1318 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1318 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1318 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1318 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1318 6 363–374 363–374 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1318 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1319 1 doi:10.1586/17512433.2014.909283 doi:10.1586/17512433.2014.909283 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1319 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1320 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1320 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1320 3 4017926 4017926 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1320 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1321 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1321 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1321 3 24716825 24716825 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1321 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1322 1 Despite despite IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1322 2 concerted concerted JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1322 3 efforts effort NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1322 4 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1322 5 identify identify VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1322 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1322 7 pharmacotherapy pharmacotherapy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1322 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1322 9 managing manage VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1322 10 stimulant stimulant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1322 11 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1322 12 disorders disorder NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1322 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1322 14 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1322 15 widely widely RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1322 16 effective effective JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1322 17 medications medication NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1322 18 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1322 19 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1322 20 approved approve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1322 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1323 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1323 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1323 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1323 4 Jing Jing NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1323 5 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1323 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1323 7 Li Li NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1323 8 JX JX NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1323 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1323 10 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1323 11 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1323 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1323 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1324 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1324 2 Trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1324 3 amine amine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1324 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1324 5 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1324 6 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1324 7 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1324 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1324 9 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1324 10 promising promising JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1324 11 target target NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1324 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1324 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1324 14 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1324 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1324 16 psychostimulant psychostimulant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1324 17 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1324 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1324 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1325 1 European European NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1325 2 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1325 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1325 4 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1325 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1326 1 761 761 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1326 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1326 3 345–352 345–352 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1326 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1327 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1327 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1327 3 j.ejphar.2015.06.019 j.ejphar.2015.06.019 $ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1327 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1328 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1328 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1328 3 4532615 4532615 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1328 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1329 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1329 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1329 3 26092759 26092759 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1329 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1330 1 Existing exist VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1330 2 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1330 3 provided provide VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1330 4 robust robust JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1330 5 preclinical preclinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1330 6 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1330 7 supporting support VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1330 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1330 9 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1330 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1330 11 TAAR1 taar1 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1330 12 agonists agonist NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1330 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1330 14 potential potential JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1330 15 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1330 16 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1330 17 psychostimulant psychostimulant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1330 18 abuse abuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1330 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1330 20 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1330 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1331 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1331 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1331 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1331 4 Malenka Malenka NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1331 5 RC RC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1331 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1331 7 Nestler Nestler NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1331 8 EJ EJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1331 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1331 10 Hyman Hyman NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1331 11 SE SE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1331 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1331 13 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1331 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1331 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1332 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1332 2 Chapter chapter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1332 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1332 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1332 5 Excitatory excitatory NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1332 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1332 7 Inhibitory Inhibitory NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1332 8 Amino Amino NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1332 9 Acids Acids NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1332 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1332 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1333 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1333 2 Sydor Sydor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1333 3 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1333 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1333 5 Brown Brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1333 6 RY RY NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1333 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1333 8 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1333 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1333 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1333 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1334 1 Molecular Molecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1334 2 Neuropharmacology Neuropharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1334 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1334 4 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1334 5 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1334 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1334 7 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1334 8 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1334 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1334 10 2nd 2nd NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1334 11 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1334 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1334 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1334 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1335 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1335 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1335 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1335 4 USA USA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1335 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1335 6 McGraw McGraw NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1335 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1335 8 Hill Hill NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1335 9 Medical Medical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1335 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1336 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1336 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1337 1 124–125 124–125 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1337 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1338 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1338 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1338 3 9780071481274 9780071481274 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1338 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 4 De De NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 5 Crescenzo Crescenzo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 6 F F NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 8 Ciabattini Ciabattini NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 9 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 11 D'Alò D'Alò NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 12 GL GL NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 14 De De NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 15 Giorgi Giorgi NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 16 R R NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 18 Del Del NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 19 Giovane Giovane NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 20 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 22 Cassar Cassar NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 23 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 25 Janiri Janiri NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 26 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 28 Clark Clark NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 29 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 31 Ostacher Ostacher NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 32 MJ MJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 34 Cipriani Cipriani NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 35 A a NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 36 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 37 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 38 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 39 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1339 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1340 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1340 2 Comparative comparative JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1340 3 efficacy efficacy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1340 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1340 5 acceptability acceptability NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1340 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1340 7 psychosocial psychosocial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1340 8 interventions intervention NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1340 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1340 10 individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1340 11 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1340 12 cocaine cocaine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1340 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1340 14 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1340 15 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1340 16 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1340 17 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1340 18 systematic systematic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1340 19 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1340 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1340 21 network network NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1340 22 meta meta JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1340 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1340 24 analysis analysis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1340 25 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1340 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1341 1 PLOS PLOS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1341 2 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1341 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1342 1 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1342 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1342 3 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1342 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1342 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1342 6 e1002715 e1002715 JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1342 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1343 1 doi:10.1371 doi:10.1371 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1343 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1343 3 journal.pmed.1002715 journal.pmed.1002715 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1343 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1344 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1344 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1344 3 6306153 6306153 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1344 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1345 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1345 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1345 3 30586362 30586362 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1345 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1346 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1346 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1346 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1346 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1346 5 Carroll Carroll NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1346 6 ME ME NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1346 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1346 8 Smethells Smethells NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1346 9 JR JR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1346 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1346 11 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1346 12 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1346 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1346 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1347 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1347 2 Sex sex NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1347 3 Differences difference NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1347 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1347 5 Behavioral Behavioral NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1347 6 Dyscontrol Dyscontrol NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1347 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1347 8 Role Role NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1347 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1347 10 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1347 11 Addiction Addiction NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1347 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1347 13 Novel Novel NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1347 14 Treatments Treatments NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1347 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1347 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1348 1 Frontiers frontier NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1348 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1348 3 Psychiatry Psychiatry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1348 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1349 1 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1349 2 : : SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1349 3 175 175 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1349 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1349 5 doi:10.3389 doi:10.3389 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1349 6 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1349 7 fpsyt.2015.00175 fpsyt.2015.00175 JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1349 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1350 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1350 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1350 3 4745113 4745113 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1350 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1351 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1351 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1351 3 26903885 26903885 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1351 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1352 1 Physical Physical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1352 2 Exercise Exercise NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1352 3 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-4107 1352 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1352 5 accelerating accelerate VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1352 6 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1352 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1352 8 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1352 9 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1352 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1352 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1352 12 useful useful JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1352 13 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1352 14 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1352 15 preventing prevent VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1352 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1352 17 reducing reduce VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1352 18 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1352 19 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1352 20   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1352 21 ... ... . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 2 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 3 individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 5 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 6 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 7 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 8 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 9 rewarding rewarding JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 10 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 14 behavioral behavioral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 15 economic economic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 16 interaction interaction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 17 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 18 occur occur VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 20 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 21 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 22 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 24 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 25 rewards reward NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 27 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 28 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 29 substitute substitute VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 30 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 32 rewarding rewarding JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 33 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 35 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 36 abuse abuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1353 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1354 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 2 value value NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 4 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 5 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 7 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 9 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 10 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 12 laboratory laboratory NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 13 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 15 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 17 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 18 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 20 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 21 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 22 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 23 substitute substitute VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 24 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 26 rewarding rewarding JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 27 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 29 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 31 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 32 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 33 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 34 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 35 maintained maintain VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 36 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 37 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 38 extended extended JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 39 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 41 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1355 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1356 1 Work work NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1356 2 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1356 3 date date NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1356 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1356 5 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1356 6 laboratory laboratory NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1356 7 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1356 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1356 9 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1356 10 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1356 11 regarding regard VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1356 12 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1356 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1356 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1356 15 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1356 16 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1356 17 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1356 18 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1356 19 supports support VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1356 20 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1356 21 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1356 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1357 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1358 1 Animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1358 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1358 3 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1358 4 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1358 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1358 6 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1358 7 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1358 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1358 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1358 10 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1358 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1358 12 stimulant stimulant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1358 13 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1358 14 indicates indicate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1358 15 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1358 16 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1358 17 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1358 18 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1358 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1358 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1358 21 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1358 22 promising promising JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1358 23 treatments treatment NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1358 24 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1358 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1358 26 horizon horizon NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1358 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1359 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1359 2 Perez Perez NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1359 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1359 4 Mana Mana NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1359 5 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1359 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1359 7 Castells Castells NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1359 8 X X NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1359 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1359 10 Torrens Torrens NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1359 11 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1359 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1359 13 Capella Capella NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1359 14 D d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1359 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1359 16 Farre Farre NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1359 17 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1359 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1359 19 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1359 20 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1359 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1359 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1360 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1360 2 Efficacy efficacy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1360 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1360 4 psychostimulant psychostimulant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1360 5 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1360 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1360 7 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1360 8 abuse abuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1360 9 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1360 10 dependence dependence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1360 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1360 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1361 1 Cochrane Cochrane NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1361 2 Database Database NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1361 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1361 4 Systematic Systematic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1361 5 Reviews Reviews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1361 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1362 1 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1362 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1362 3 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1362 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1362 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1362 6 CD009695 CD009695 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1362 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1363 1 doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009695.pub2 doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009695.pub2 UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1363 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1364 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1364 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1364 3 23996457 23996457 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1364 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1365 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 1365 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1365 3 Amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1365 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1365 5 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1365 6 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1365 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1365 8 Abuse Abuse NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1365 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1365 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1366 1 Merck Merck NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1366 2 Manual Manual NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1366 3 Home Home NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1366 4 Edition Edition NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1366 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1367 1 Merck Merck NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1367 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1368 1 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1368 2 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1368 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1369 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1369 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1369 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1369 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1369 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1369 6 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1369 7 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1369 8 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1369 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1370 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1370 2 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1370 3 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1370 4 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1370 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1371 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1371 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1371 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1371 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1371 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1371 6 Shoptaw Shoptaw NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1371 7 SJ SJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1371 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1371 9 Kao Kao NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1371 10 U U NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1371 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1371 12 Heinzerling heinzerle VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1371 13 K K NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1371 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1371 15 Ling Ling NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1371 16 W W NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1371 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1371 18 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1371 19 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1371 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1371 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1372 1 Shoptaw Shoptaw NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1372 2 SJ SJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1372 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1372 4 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1372 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1372 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1372 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1373 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1373 2 Treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1373 3 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1373 4 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1373 5 withdrawal withdrawal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1373 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1373 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1374 1 Cochrane Cochrane NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1374 2 Database Database NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1374 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1374 4 Systematic Systematic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1374 5 Reviews Reviews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1374 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1374 7 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1374 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1374 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1374 10 CD003021 cd003021 ADD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1374 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1375 1 doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003021.pub2 doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003021.pub2 UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1375 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1376 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1376 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1376 3 7138250 7138250 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1376 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1377 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1377 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1377 3 19370579 19370579 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1377 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 2 prevalence prevalence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 4 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 5 withdrawal withdrawal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 6 syndrome syndrome NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 8 extremely extremely RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 9 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 11 Cantwell Cantwell NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 12 1998 1998 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 13 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 14 Gossop Gossop NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 15 1982 1982 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 17 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 18 87.6 87.6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 19 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 21 647 647 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 22 individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 23 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 24 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 25 dependence dependence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 26 reporting report VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 27 six six CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 28 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 29 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 30 signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 32 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 33 withdrawal withdrawal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 34 listed list VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 35 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 37 DSM DSM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 38 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 40 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 41 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 42 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 43 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 44 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 45 Schuckit schuckit JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 46 1999 1999 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 47 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 48   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1378 49 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1379 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1379 2 severity severity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1379 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1379 4 withdrawal withdrawal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1379 5 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1379 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1379 7 greater great JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 1379 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1379 9 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1379 10 dependent dependent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1379 11 individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1379 12 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1379 13 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1379 14 older old JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 1379 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1379 16 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1379 17 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1379 18 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-4107 1379 19 extensive extensive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1379 20 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1379 21 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1379 22 disorders disorder NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1379 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1379 24 McGregor McGregor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1379 25 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1379 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1379 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 1 Withdrawal withdrawal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 2 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 3 typically typically RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 4 present present JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 5 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 6 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 7   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 8 hours hour NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 11 last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 12 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 14 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 18 withdrawal withdrawal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 19 syndrome syndrome NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 20 involving involve VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 21 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 22 general general JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 23 phases phase NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 24 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 25 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 26 last last VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 27 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 28 weeks week NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 29 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 30 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 1380 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 2 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 3 phase phase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 5 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 6 syndrome syndrome NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 9 initial initial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 10 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 11 crash crash NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 13 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 14 resolves resolve VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 15 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 16 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 18 week week NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 20 Gossop Gossop NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 21 1982;McGregor 1982;McGregor VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 22 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 24   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 25 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 26 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 28 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 29 Spiller Spiller NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 30 HA HA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 32 Hays Hays NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 33 HL HL NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 35 Aleguas Aleguas NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 36 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 37 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 38 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 39 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 40 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1381 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1382 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1382 2 Overdose overdose NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1382 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1382 4 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1382 5 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1382 6 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1382 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1382 8 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1382 9 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1382 10 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1382 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1382 12 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1382 13 presentation presentation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1382 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1382 15 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1382 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1382 17 toxicity toxicity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1382 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1382 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1382 20 management management NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1382 21 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1382 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1383 1 CNS CNS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1383 2 Drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1383 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1384 1 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1384 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1384 3 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1384 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1384 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1384 6 531–543 531–543 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1384 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1385 1 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1385 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1385 3 s40263 s40263 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1385 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1385 5 013 013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1385 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1385 7 0084 0084 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1385 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1385 9 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1385 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1386 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1386 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1386 3 23757186 23757186 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1386 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1387 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1387 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1387 3 40931380 40931380 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1387 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 1 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 3 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 6 methylphenidate methylphenidate VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 7 act act NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 9 substrates substrate NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 10 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 12 cellular cellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 13 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 14 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 16 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 18 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 19 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 21 DAT DAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 24 less less RBR en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 25 so so IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 27 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 29 NET NET NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 30 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 32 serotonin serotonin JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 33 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1388 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1389 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1389 2 mechanism mechanism NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1389 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1389 4 toxicity toxicity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1389 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1389 6 primarily primarily RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1389 7 related related JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1389 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1389 9 excessive excessive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1389 10 extracellular extracellular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1389 11 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1389 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1389 13 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1389 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1389 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1389 16 serotonin serotonin NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1389 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1390 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1390 2 Collaborators Collaborators NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1390 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1390 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1390 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1390 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 2 Global global JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 4 regional regional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 7 national national JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 8 age age NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 10 sex sex NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 11 specific specific NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 12 all all RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 14 cause cause NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 16 cause cause NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 18 specific specific JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 19 mortality mortality NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 20 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 21 240 240 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 22 causes cause NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 24 death death NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 26 1990–2013 1990–2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 27 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 29 systematic systematic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 30 analysis analysis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 31 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 33 Global Global NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 34 Burden Burden NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 36 Disease Disease NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 37 Study Study NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 38 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 39 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 40 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 41 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 42 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1391 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1392 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1392 2 Lancet Lancet NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1392 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1393 1 385 385 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1393 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1393 3 9963 9963 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1393 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1393 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1393 6 117–171 117–171 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1393 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1394 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1394 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1394 3 S0140 S0140 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1394 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1394 5 6736(14)61682 6736(14)61682 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1394 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1394 7 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1394 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1395 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1395 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1395 3 4340604 4340604 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1395 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1396 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1396 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1396 3 25530442 25530442 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1396 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1397 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1397 2 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1397 3 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1397 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1397 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1398 1 Amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1398 2 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1398 3 disorders disorder VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1398 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1398 5 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1398 6 3,788 3,788 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1398 7   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1398 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1398 9 3,425–4,145 3,425–4,145 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1398 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1398 11 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1398 12 Albertson Albertson NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1398 13 TE TE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1398 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1398 15 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1398 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1398 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1399 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1399 2 Amphetamines Amphetamines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1399 3 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1399 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1400 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1400 2 Olson Olson NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1400 3 KR KR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1400 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1400 5 Anderson Anderson NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1400 6 IB IB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1400 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1400 8 Benowitz Benowitz NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1400 9 NL NL NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1400 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1400 11 Blanc Blanc NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1400 12 PD PD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1400 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1400 14 Kearney Kearney NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1400 15 TE TE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1400 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1400 17 Kim Kim NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1400 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1400 19 Katz Katz NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1400 20 SY SY NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1400 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1400 22 Wu Wu NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1400 23 AH AH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1400 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1400 25 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1400 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1400 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1400 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1401 1 Poisoning Poisoning NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1401 2 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1401 3 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1401 4 Overdose Overdose NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1401 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1401 6 6th 6th JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1401 7 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1401 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1401 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1401 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1402 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1402 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1402 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1402 4 McGraw McGraw NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1402 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1402 6 Hill Hill NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1402 7 Medical Medical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1402 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1403 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1403 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1404 1 77–79 77–79 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1404 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1405 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1405 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1405 3 9780071668330 9780071668330 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1405 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1406 1 ^ ^ : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1406 2 Advokat Advokat NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1406 3 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1406 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1406 5 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1406 6 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1406 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1406 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1407 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1407 2 Update update VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1407 3 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1407 4 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1407 5 neurotoxicity neurotoxicity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1407 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1407 7 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1407 8 relevance relevance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1407 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1407 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1407 11 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1407 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1407 13 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1407 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1407 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1408 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1408 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1408 3 Attention Attention NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1408 4 Disorders Disorders NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1408 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1409 1 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1409 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1409 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1409 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1409 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1409 6 8–16 8–16 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1409 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1410 1 doi:10.1177/1087054706295605 doi:10.1177/1087054706295605 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1410 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1411 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1411 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1411 3 17606768 17606768 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1411 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1412 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1412 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1412 3 7582744 7582744 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1412 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1413 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1413 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1413 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1413 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1413 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1413 6 Bowyer Bowyer NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1413 7 JF JF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1413 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1413 9 Hanig Hanig NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1413 10 JP JP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1413 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1413 12 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1413 13 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1413 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1413 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1414 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1414 2 Amphetamine- Amphetamine- NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1414 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1414 4 methamphetamine methamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1414 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1414 6 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1414 7 hyperthermia hyperthermia NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1414 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1414 9 Implications implication NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1414 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1414 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1414 12 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1414 13 produced produce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1414 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1414 15 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1414 16 vasculature vasculature NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1414 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1414 18 peripheral peripheral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1414 19 organs organ NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1414 20 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1414 21 forebrain forebrain VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1414 22 neurotoxicity neurotoxicity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1414 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1414 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1415 1 Temperature temperature NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1415 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1416 1 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1416 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1416 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1416 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1416 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1416 6 172–182 172–182 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1416 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1417 1 doi:10.4161/23328940.2014.982049 doi:10.4161/23328940.2014.982049 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1417 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1418 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1418 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1418 3 5008711 5008711 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1418 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1419 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1419 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1419 3 27626044 27626044 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1419 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1420 1 Hyperthermia Hyperthermia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1420 2 alone alone JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1420 3 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1420 4 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1420 5 produce produce VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1420 6 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1420 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1420 8 like like JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1420 9 neurotoxicity neurotoxicity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1420 10 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1420 11 AMPH AMPH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1420 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1420 13 METH METH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1420 14 exposures exposure NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1420 15 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1420 16 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1420 17 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1420 18 produce produce VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1420 19 hyperthermia hyperthermia NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1420 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1420 21 ≥40 ≥40 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1420 22   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1420 23 ° ° , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1420 24 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1420 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1420 26 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1420 27 minimally minimally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1420 28 neurotoxic neurotoxic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1420 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1421 1 Hyperthermia Hyperthermia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1421 2 likely likely RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1421 3 enhances enhance VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1421 4 AMPH AMPH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1421 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1421 6 METH METH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1421 7 neurotoxicity neurotoxicity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1421 8 directly directly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1421 9 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1421 10 disruption disruption NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1421 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1421 12 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1421 13 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1421 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1421 15 ion ion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1421 16 channels channel NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1421 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1421 18 enhanced enhance VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1421 19 ROS ROS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1421 20 production production NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1421 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1422 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 2 hyperthermia hyperthermia NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 5 hypertension hypertension NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 6 produced produce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 8 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 9 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 10 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 11 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 13 primary primary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 14 cause cause NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 16 transient transient JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 17 breakdowns breakdown NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 20 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 22 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 23 barrier barrier NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 25 BBB BBB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 27 resulting result VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 29 concomitant concomitant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 30 regional regional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 31 neurodegeneration neurodegeneration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 33 neuroinflammation neuroinflammation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 35 laboratory laboratory NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 36 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1423 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1424 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 2 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 3 models model NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 4 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 5 evaluate evaluate VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 7 neurotoxicity neurotoxicity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 9 AMPH AMPH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 11 METH METH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 13 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 15 quite quite RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 16 clear clear JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 17 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 18 hyperthermia hyperthermia NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 20 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 23 essential essential JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 24 components component NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 25 necessary necessary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 26 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 28 production production NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 30 histological histological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 31 signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 33 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 34 terminal terminal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 35 damage damage NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 37 neurodegeneration neurodegeneration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 38 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 39 cortex cortex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 41 striatum striatum NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 43 thalamus thalamus NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 44 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 45 hippocampus hippocampus NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1425 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1426 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 1426 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1426 3 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1426 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1426 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1427 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1427 2 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1427 3 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1427 4 Library Library NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1427 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1427 6 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1427 7   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1427 8 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1427 9 Toxicology Toxicology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1427 10 Data Data NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1427 11 Network Network NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1427 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1428 1 Hazardous Hazardous NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1428 2 Substances Substances NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1428 3 Data Data NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1428 4 Bank Bank NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1428 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1429 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1429 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1429 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1429 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1429 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1429 6 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1429 7 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1429 8 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1429 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1430 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1430 2 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1430 3 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1430 4 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1430 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1431 1 Direct direct JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1431 2 toxic toxic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1431 3 damage damage NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1431 4 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1431 5 vessels vessel NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1431 6 seems seem VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1431 7 unlikely unlikely JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1431 8 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1431 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1431 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1431 11 dilution dilution NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1431 12 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1431 13 occurs occur VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1431 14 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1431 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1431 16 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1431 17 reaches reach VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1431 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1431 19 cerebral cerebral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1431 20 circulation circulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1431 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1432 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1432 2 Malenka Malenka NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1432 3 RC RC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1432 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1432 5 Nestler Nestler NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1432 6 EJ EJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1432 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1432 8 Hyman Hyman NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1432 9 SE SE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1432 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1432 11 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1432 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1432 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1433 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1433 2 Chapter chapter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1433 3 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1433 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1433 5 Reinforcement reinforcement NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1433 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1433 7 addictive addictive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1433 8 disorders disorder NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1433 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1433 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1434 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1434 2 Sydor Sydor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1434 3 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1434 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1434 5 Brown Brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1434 6 RY RY NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1434 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1434 8 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1434 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1434 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1434 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1435 1 Molecular Molecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1435 2 Neuropharmacology Neuropharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1435 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1435 4 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1435 5 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1435 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1435 7 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1435 8 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1435 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1435 10 2nd 2nd NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1435 11 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1435 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1435 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1435 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1436 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1436 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1436 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1436 4 USA USA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1436 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1436 6 McGraw McGraw NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1436 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1436 8 Hill Hill NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1436 9 Medical Medical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1436 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1437 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1437 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1437 3 370 370 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1437 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1438 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1438 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1438 3 9780071481274 9780071481274 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1438 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1439 1 Unlike unlike IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1439 2 cocaine cocaine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1439 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1439 4 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1439 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1439 6 methamphetamine methamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1439 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1439 8 directly directly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1439 9 toxic toxic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1439 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1439 11 midbrain midbrain VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1439 12 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1439 13 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1439 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1440 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1440 2 Sulzer Sulzer NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1440 3 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1440 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1440 5 Zecca Zecca NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1440 6 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1440 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1440 8 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1440 9 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1440 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1440 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1441 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1441 2 Intraneuronal intraneuronal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1441 3 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1441 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1441 5 quinone quinone NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1441 6 synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1441 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1441 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1441 9 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1441 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1441 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1442 1 Neurotoxicity Neurotoxicity NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1442 2 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1442 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1443 1 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1443 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1443 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1443 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1443 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1443 6 181–195 181–195 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1443 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1444 1 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1444 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1444 3 BF03033289 bf03033289 UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1444 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1445 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1445 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1445 3 12835101 12835101 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1445 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1446 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1446 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1446 3 21892355 21892355 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1446 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1447 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1447 2 Miyazaki Miyazaki NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1447 3 I I NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1447 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1447 5 Asanuma Asanuma NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1447 6 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1447 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1447 8 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1447 9 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1447 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1447 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1448 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1448 2 Dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1448 3 neuron neuron NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1448 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1448 5 specific specific JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1448 6 oxidative oxidative JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1448 7 stress stress NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1448 8 caused cause VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1448 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1448 10 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1448 11 itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1448 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1448 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1448 14 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1448 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1448 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1449 1 Acta Acta NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1449 2 Medica Medica NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1449 3 Okayama Okayama NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1449 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1450 1 62 62 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1450 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1450 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1450 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1450 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1450 6 141–150 141–150 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1450 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1451 1 doi:10.18926 doi:10.18926 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1451 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1451 3 AMO/30942 amo/30942 XX en-wikipedia-org-4107 1451 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1452 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1452 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1452 3 18596830 18596830 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1452 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1453 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1453 2 Hofmann Hofmann NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1453 3 FG FG NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1453 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1453 5 1983 1983 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1453 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1453 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1454 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1454 2 Handbook Handbook NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1454 3 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1454 4 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1454 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1454 6 Alcohol Alcohol NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1454 7 Abuse Abuse NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1454 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1454 9 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1454 10 Biomedical Biomedical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1454 11 Aspects Aspects NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1454 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1454 13 2nd 2nd NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1454 14 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1454 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1454 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1454 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1455 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1455 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1455 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1455 4 USA USA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1455 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1455 6 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1455 7 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1455 8 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1455 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1456 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1456 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1456 3 329 329 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1456 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1457 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1457 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1457 3 9780195030570 9780195030570 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1457 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1458 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1458 2 Hasenhuetl Hasenhuetl NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1458 3 PS PS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1458 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1458 5 Bhat Bhat NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1458 6 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1458 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1458 8 Freissmuth Freissmuth NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1458 9 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1458 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1458 11 Sandtner Sandtner NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1458 12 W W NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1458 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1458 14 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1458 15 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1458 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1458 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1459 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1459 2 Functional Functional NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1459 3 Selectivity Selectivity NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1459 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1459 5 Partial Partial NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1459 6 Efficacy Efficacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1459 7 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1459 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1459 9 Monoamine Monoamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1459 10 Transporters Transporters NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1459 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1459 12 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1459 13 Unified Unified NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1459 14 Model Model NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1459 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1459 16 Allosteric Allosteric NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1459 17 Modulation Modulation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1459 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1459 19 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1459 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1459 21 Induced Induced NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1459 22 Substrate Substrate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1459 23 Release Release NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1459 24 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1459 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1460 1 Molecular Molecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1460 2 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1460 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1461 1 95 95 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1461 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1461 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1461 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1461 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1461 6 303–312 303–312 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1461 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1462 1 doi:10.1124 doi:10.1124 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1462 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1462 3 mol.118.114793 mol.118.114793 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1462 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1463 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1463 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1463 3 30567955 30567955 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1463 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1464 1 S2CID S2CID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1464 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1464 3 58557130 58557130 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1464 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1465 1 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1465 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1465 3 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1465 4 transport transport NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1465 5 cycle cycle NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1465 6 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1465 7 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1465 8 resolved resolve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1465 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1465 10 considerable considerable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1465 11 detail detail NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1465 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1465 13 kinetic kinetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1465 14 knowledge knowledge NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1465 15 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1465 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1465 17 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1465 18 actions action NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1465 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1465 20 synthetic synthetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1465 21 allosteric allosteric JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1465 22 modulators modulator NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1465 23 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1465 24 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1465 25 scarce scarce JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1465 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1466 1 Fortunately fortunately RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1466 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1466 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1466 4 DAT DAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1466 5 catalytic catalytic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1466 6 cycle cycle NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1466 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1466 8 allosterically allosterically RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1466 9 modulated modulate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1466 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1466 11 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1466 12 endogenous endogenous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1466 13 ligand ligand NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1466 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1466 15 namely namely RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1466 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1466 17 Zn2 Zn2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1466 18 + + SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1466 19 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1466 20 Norregaard Norregaard NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1466 21 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1466 22 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1466 23 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1466 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1466 25 1998 1998 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1466 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1466 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 3 worth worth JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 4 consulting consult VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 5 Zn2 zn2 XX en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 6 + + SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 7 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 8 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 9 instructive instructive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 10 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 12 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 13 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 14 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 15 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 17 DAT DAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 18 catalytic catalytic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 19 cycle cycle NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 20 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 21 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 22 deciphered decipher VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 25 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 26 extent extent NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 27   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 28 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 29 Zn+ zn+ XX en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 30 binding binding NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 31 stabilizes stabilize VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 33 outward outward RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 34 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 35 facing face VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 36 conformation conformation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 38 DAT DAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 39   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1467 40 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 2 potentiates potentiate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 3 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 5 forward forward JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 7 transport transport NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 8 mode mode NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 10 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 12 DA DA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 13 uptake uptake NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 14 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 15 Li Li NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 16 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 17 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 18 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 20 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 24 substrate substrate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 26 exchange exchange NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 27 mode mode NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 29 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 31 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 32 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 33 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 34 DA DA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 35 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 36 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 37 Meinild Meinild NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 38 et et FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 39 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 40 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 42 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 43 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 44 Li Li NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 45 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 46 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 47 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 48 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 49 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 50 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1468 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1469 1 Importantly importantly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1469 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1469 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1469 4 potentiating potentiate VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1469 5 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1469 6 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1469 7 substrate substrate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1469 8 uptake uptake NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1469 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1469 10 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1469 11 evident evident JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1469 12 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1469 13 internal internal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1469 14 Na+ na+ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1469 15 concentrations concentration NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1469 16 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1469 17 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1469 18   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1469 19 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1470 1 If if IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1470 2 internal internal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1470 3 Na+ na+ CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1470 4 concentrations concentration NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1470 5 rise rise VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1470 6 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1470 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1470 8 experiment experiment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1470 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1470 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1470 11 substrate substrate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1470 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1470 13 exchange exchange NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1470 14 mode mode NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1470 15 dominates dominate NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1470 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1470 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1470 18 net net JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1470 19 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1470 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1470 21 Zn2 Zn2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1470 22 + + SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1470 23 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1470 24 uptake uptake JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1470 25 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1470 26 inhibitory inhibitory JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1470 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1471 1 Conversely conversely RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1471 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1471 3 Zn2 Zn2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1471 4 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1471 5 accelerates accelerate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1471 6 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1471 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1471 8 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1471 9 substrate substrate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1471 10 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1471 11 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1471 12 DAT DAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1471 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1472 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1472 2 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1472 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1472 4 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1472 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1472 6 emphasize emphasize VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1472 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1472 8 Zn2 Zn2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1472 9 + + SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1472 10 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1472 11 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1472 12 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1472 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1472 14 reduce reduce VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1472 15 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1472 16 uptake uptake NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1472 17 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1472 18 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1472 19 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1472 20 favor favor VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1472 21 intracellular intracellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1472 22 Na+ na+ CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1472 23 accumulation accumulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1472 24 Fig Fig NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1472 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1473 1 3 3 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1473 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1474 1 Functional functional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1474 2 selectivity selectivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1474 3 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1474 4 conformational conformational JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1474 5 selection selection NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1474 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1475 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1475 2 Krause Krause NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1475 3 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1475 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1475 5 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1475 6 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1475 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1475 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1476 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1476 2 SPECT SPECT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1476 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1476 4 PET PET NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1476 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1476 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1476 7 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1476 8 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1476 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1476 10 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1476 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1476 12 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1476 13 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1476 14 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1476 15 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1476 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1476 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1477 1 Expert expert NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1477 2 Review Review NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1477 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1477 4 Neurotherapeutics Neurotherapeutics NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1477 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1478 1 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1478 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1478 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1478 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1478 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1478 6 611–625 611–625 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1478 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1479 1 doi:10.1586/14737175.8.4.611 doi:10.1586/14737175.8.4.611 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1479 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1480 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1480 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1480 3 18416663 18416663 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1480 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1481 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1481 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1481 3 24589993 24589993 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1481 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1482 1 Zinc zinc NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1482 2 binds bind NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1482 3 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1482 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1482 5 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1482 6 extracellular extracellular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1482 7 sites site NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1482 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1482 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1482 10 DAT DAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1482 11 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1482 12 103 103 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1482 13 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1482 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1482 15 serving serve VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1482 16 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1482 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1482 18 DAT DAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1482 19 inhibitor inhibitor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1482 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 2 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 3 context context NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 5 controlled control VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 6 double double JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 8 blind blind JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 9 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 11 children child NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 12 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 14 interest interest NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 16 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 17 showed show VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 18 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 19 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 21 zinc zinc NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 22 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 23 supplementation supplementation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 24 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 25 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 26 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 28 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 29 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 30 105,106 105,106 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 31 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1483 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1484 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1484 2 should should MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1484 3 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1484 4 stated state VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1484 5 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1484 6 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1484 7 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1484 8 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1484 9 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1484 10 supplementation supplementation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1484 11 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1484 12 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1484 13 zinc zinc NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1484 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1484 15 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1484 16 integrated integrate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1484 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1484 18 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1484 19 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1484 20 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1484 21 algorithm algorithm NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1484 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1485 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1485 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1485 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1485 4 Scholze Scholze NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1485 5 P P NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1485 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1485 7 Nørregaard Nørregaard NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1485 8 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1485 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1485 10 Singer Singer NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1485 11 EA EA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1485 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1485 13 Freissmuth Freissmuth NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1485 14 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1485 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1485 16 Gether Gether NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1485 17 U U NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1485 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1485 19 Sitte Sitte NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1485 20 HH HH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1485 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1485 22 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1485 23 2002 2002 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1485 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1485 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1486 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1486 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1486 3 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1486 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1486 5 zinc zinc NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1486 6 ions ion NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1486 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1486 8 reverse reverse JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1486 9 transport transport NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1486 10 mediated mediate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1486 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1486 12 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1486 13 transporters transporter NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1486 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1486 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1487 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1487 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1487 3 Biological Biological NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1487 4 Chemistry Chemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1487 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1488 1 277 277 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1488 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1488 3 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1488 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1488 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1488 6 21505–21513 21505–21513 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1488 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1489 1 doi:10.1074 doi:10.1074 VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1489 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1489 3 jbc jbc NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1489 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1489 5 M112265200 M112265200 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1489 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1490 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1490 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1490 3 11940571 11940571 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1490 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1491 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1491 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1491 3 10521850 10521850 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1491 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 2 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 3 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 4 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 6 hDAT hDAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 8 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 9 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 10 endogenous endogenous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 11 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 12 affinity affinity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 13 Zn2 zn2 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 14 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 15 binding bind VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 16 site site NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 17 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 18 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 19 coordinating coordinate VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 20 residues residue NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 21 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 22 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 23 extracellular extracellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 24 face face NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 26 His193 his193 UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 28 His375 his375 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 31 Glu396 glu396 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1492 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1493 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 1 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 2 Zn2 Zn2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 3 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 4 inhibited inhibit VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 5 uptake uptake NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 7 Zn2 Zn2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 8 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 9 facilitated facilitate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 10 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 11 3H]MPP+ 3h]mpp+ CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 12 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 13 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 15 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 17 MPP+ MPP+ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 19 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 20 K+-induced k+-induced JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 21 depolarization depolarization NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 22 specifically specifically RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 23 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 24 hDAT hdat NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 25 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 26 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 27 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 29 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 30 serotonin serotonin NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 33 norepinephrine norepinephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 34 transporter transporter NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 35 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 36 hNET hNET NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 37 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1494 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1495 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 1 Surprisingly surprisingly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 4 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 6 elicited elicit VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 7 efflux efflux NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 8 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 9 markedly markedly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 10 enhanced enhance VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 12 rather rather RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 13 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 14 inhibited inhibit VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 16 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 18 addition addition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 20 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 21   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 22 μM μm $ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 23 Zn2 Zn2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 24 + + SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 25 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 27 superfusion superfusion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 28 buffer buffer NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 30 Fig fig NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1496 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1497 1 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1497 2 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1497 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1497 4 open open JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1497 5 squares square NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1497 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1497 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1498 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 2 concentrations concentration NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 4 Zn2 Zn2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 5 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 6 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 8 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 9 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 11 required require VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 14 stimulation stimulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 16 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 17 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 19 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 20 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 22 inhibition inhibition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 24 uptake uptake NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 27 covered cover VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 28 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 29 physiologically physiologically RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 30 relevant relevant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 31 range range NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 33 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 34 maximum maximum JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 35 stimulation stimulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 36 occurring occur VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 37 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 38 3–30 3–30 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 39   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1499 40 μM. μM. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1500 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1501 1 Thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1501 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1501 3 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1501 4 Zn2 Zn2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1501 5 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1501 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1501 7 co co JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1501 8 - - VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1501 9 released release VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1501 10 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1501 11 glutamate glutamate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1501 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1501 13 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1501 14 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1501 15 greatly greatly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1501 16 augment augment VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1501 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1501 18 efflux efflux NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1501 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1501 20 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1501 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1502 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1502 2 Kahlig Kahlig NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1502 3 KM KM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1502 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1502 5 Lute Lute NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1502 6 BJ BJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1502 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1502 8 Wei Wei NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1502 9 Y Y NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1502 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1502 11 Loland Loland NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1502 12 CJ CJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1502 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1502 14 Gether Gether NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1502 15 U U NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1502 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1502 17 Javitch Javitch NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1502 18 JA JA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1502 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1502 20 Galli Galli NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1502 21 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1502 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1502 23 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1502 24 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1502 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1502 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1503 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1503 2 Regulation Regulation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1503 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1503 4 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1503 5 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1503 6 trafficking trafficking NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1503 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1503 8 intracellular intracellular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1503 9 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1503 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1503 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1504 1 Molecular Molecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1504 2 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1504 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1505 1 70 70 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1505 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1505 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1505 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1505 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1505 6 542–548 542–548 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1505 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1506 1 doi:10.1124 doi:10.1124 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1506 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1506 3 mol.106.023952 mol.106.023952 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1506 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1507 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1507 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1507 3 16684900 16684900 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1507 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1508 1 S2CID S2CID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1508 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1508 3 10317113 10317113 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1508 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1509 1 Coadministration coadministration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1509 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1509 3 Zn(2 zn(2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1509 4 + + SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1509 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1509 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1509 7 AMPH AMPH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1509 8 consistently consistently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1509 9 reduced reduce VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1509 10 WT WT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1509 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1509 12 hDAT hdat NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1509 13 trafficking trafficking NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1509 14 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1509 15 Scassellati Scassellati NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1509 16 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1509 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1509 18 Bonvicini Bonvicini NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1509 19 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1509 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1509 21 Faraone Faraone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1509 22 SV SV NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1509 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1509 24 Gennarelli Gennarelli NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1509 25 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1509 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1509 27 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1509 28 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1509 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1509 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1510 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1510 2 Biomarkers biomarker NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1510 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1510 4 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1510 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1510 6 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1510 7 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1510 8 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1510 9 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1510 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1510 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1510 12 systematic systematic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1510 13 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1510 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1510 15 meta meta NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1510 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1510 17 analyses analysis NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1510 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1510 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1511 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1511 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1511 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1511 4 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1511 5 Academy Academy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1511 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1511 7 Child Child NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1511 8 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1511 9 Adolescent Adolescent NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1511 10 Psychiatry Psychiatry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1511 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1512 1 51 51 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1512 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1512 3 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1512 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1512 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1512 6 1003–1019.e20 1003–1019.e20 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1512 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1513 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1513 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1513 3 j.jaac.2012.08.015 j.jaac.2012.08.015 $ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1513 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1514 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1514 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1514 3 23021477 23021477 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1514 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 1 With with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 2 regard regard NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 3 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 4 zinc zinc NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 5 supplementation supplementation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 8 placebo placebo NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 9 controlled control VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 10 trial trial NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 11 reported report VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 12 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 13 doses dose VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 14 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 16 30 30 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 17   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 18 mg mg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 19 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 20 day day NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 22 zinc zinc NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 23 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 24 safe safe JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 25 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 26 at at RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 27 least least JJS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 28 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 29   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 30 weeks week NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 32 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 34 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 35 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 36 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 37 equivocal equivocal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 38 except except IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 39 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 41 finding finding NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 42 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 43 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 44 37 37 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 45 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 46 reduction reduction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 47 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 48 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 49 optimal optimal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 50 dose dose VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 51 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 52 30 30 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 53   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 54 mg mg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 55 per per IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 56 day day NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 57 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 58 zinc.110 zinc.110 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 59 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 60 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 61 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 62 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 63 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 64 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 65 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 66 g g NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 67 h h NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 68 i i NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 69 j j NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 70 k k NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 71 l l NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 72 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 73 n n NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 74 Eiden Eiden NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 75 LE LE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 76 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 77 Weihe Weihe NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 78 E e NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 79 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 80 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 81 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 82 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1515 83 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1516 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1516 2 VMAT2 VMAT2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1516 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1516 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1516 5 dynamic dynamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1516 6 regulator regulator NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1516 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1516 8 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1516 9 monoaminergic monoaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1516 10 neuronal neuronal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1516 11 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1516 12 interacting interact VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1516 13 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1516 14 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1516 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1516 16 abuse abuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1516 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1516 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1517 1 Annals annal NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1517 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1517 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1517 4 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1517 5 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1517 6 Academy Academy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1517 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1517 8 Sciences Sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1517 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1518 1 1216 1216 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1518 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1518 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1518 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1518 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1518 6 86–98 86–98 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1518 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1519 1 doi:10.1111 doi:10.1111 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1519 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1519 3 j.1749 j.1749 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1519 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1519 5 6632.2010.05906.x 6632.2010.05906.x NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1519 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1520 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1520 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1520 3 4183197 4183197 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1520 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1521 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1521 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1521 3 21272013 21272013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1521 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 1 VMAT2 VMAT2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 4 CNS CNS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 5 vesicular vesicular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 6 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 7 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 8 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 9 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 11 biogenic biogenic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 12 amines amine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 13 DA DA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 15 NE NE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 17 EPI EPI NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 19 5-HT 5-ht CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 22 HIS his PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 24 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 25 likely likely RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 26 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 27 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 29 trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 30 amines amine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 31 TYR TYR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 33 PEA pea NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 36 thyronamine thyronamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 37 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 38 THYR THYR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 39 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 40   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 41 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 42 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 43 Trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 44 aminergic aminergic NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 45 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 46 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 47 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 48 mammalian mammalian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 49 CNS CNS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 50 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 51 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 52 identifiable identifiable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 53 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 54 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 55 expressing express VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 56 VMAT2 vmat2 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 57 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 58 storage storage NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 59 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 60 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 61 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 62 biosynthetic biosynthetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 63 enzyme enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 64 aromatic aromatic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 65 amino amino NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 66 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 67 decarboxylase decarboxylase NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 68 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 69 AADC AADC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 70 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1522 71 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 2 AMPH AMPH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 3 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 5 DA DA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 6 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 7 synapses synapsis NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 8 requires require VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 9 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 10 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 11 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 12 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 13 VMAT2 VMAT2 NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 15 release release VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 16 DA DA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 19 cytoplasm cytoplasm NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 22 concerted concerted JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 23 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 25 DA DA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 26 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 28 cytoplasm cytoplasm NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 29 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 30 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 31 reverse reverse JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 32 transport transport NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 33 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 34 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 35 DAT DAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1523 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1524 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1524 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1524 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1524 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1524 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1524 6 Sulzer Sulzer NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1524 7 D d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1524 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1524 9 Cragg Cragg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1524 10 SJ SJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1524 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1524 12 Rice Rice NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1524 13 ME ME NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1524 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1524 15 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1524 16 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1524 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1524 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1525 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1525 2 Striatal striatal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1525 3 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1525 4 neurotransmission neurotransmission NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1525 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1525 6 regulation regulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1525 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1525 8 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1525 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1525 10 uptake uptake JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1525 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1525 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1526 1 Basal Basal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1526 2 Ganglia Ganglia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1526 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1527 1 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1527 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1527 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1527 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1527 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1527 6 123–148 123–148 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1527 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1528 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1528 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1528 3 j.baga.2016.02.001 j.baga.2016.02.001 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1528 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1529 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1529 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1529 3 4850498 4850498 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1529 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1530 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1530 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1530 3 27141430 27141430 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1530 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1531 1 Despite despite IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1531 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1531 3 challenges challenge NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1531 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1531 5 determining determine VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1531 6 synaptic synaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1531 7 vesicle vesicle NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1531 8 pH pH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1531 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1531 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1531 11 proton proton NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1531 12 gradient gradient NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1531 13 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1531 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1531 15 vesicle vesicle NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1531 16 membrane membrane NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1531 17 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1531 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1531 19 fundamental fundamental JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1531 20 importance importance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1531 21 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1531 22 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1531 23 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1531 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1532 1 Exposure exposure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1532 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1532 3 isolated isolated JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1532 4 catecholamine catecholamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1532 5 vesicles vesicle NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1532 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1532 7 protonophores protonophore VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1532 8 collapses collapse VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1532 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1532 10 pH pH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1532 11 gradient gradient NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1532 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1532 13 rapidly rapidly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1532 14 redistributes redistribute VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1532 15 transmitter transmitter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1532 16 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1532 17 inside inside RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1532 18 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1532 19 outside outside IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1532 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1532 21 vesicle vesicle NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1532 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 1 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 2 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 4 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 5 derivatives derivative NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 6 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 7 methamphetamine methamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 8 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 9 weak weak JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 10 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 11 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 12 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 13 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 15 only only JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 16 widely widely RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 17 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 18 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 20 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 21 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 22 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 23 elicit elicit JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 24 transmitter transmitter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 25 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 26 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 28 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 29 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 30 exocytic exocytic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 31 mechanism mechanism NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1533 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 2 substrates substrate NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 3 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 4 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 5 DAT DAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 7 VMAT VMAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 9 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 10 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 11 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 12 taken take VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 13 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 16 cytosol cytosol NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 18 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 19 sequestered sequester VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 21 vesicles vesicle NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 23 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 24 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 25 act act VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 26 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 27 collapse collapse VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 29 vesicular vesicular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 30 pH pH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 31 gradient gradient NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1534 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1535 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1535 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1535 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1535 4 Ledonne Ledonne NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1535 5 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1535 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1535 7 Berretta Berretta NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1535 8 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1535 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1535 10 Davoli Davoli NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1535 11 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1535 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1535 13 Rizzo Rizzo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1535 14 GR GR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1535 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1535 16 Bernardi Bernardi NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1535 17 G G NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1535 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1535 19 Mercuri Mercuri NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1535 20 NB NB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1535 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1535 22 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1535 23 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1535 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1535 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1536 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1536 2 Electrophysiological electrophysiological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1536 3 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1536 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1536 5 trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1536 6 amines amine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1536 7 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1536 8 mesencephalic mesencephalic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1536 9 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1536 10 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1536 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1536 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1537 1 Frontiers frontier NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1537 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1537 3 Systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1537 4 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1537 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1538 1 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1538 2 : : SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1538 3 56 56 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1538 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1538 5 doi:10.3389 doi:10.3389 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1538 6 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1538 7 fnsys.2011.00056 fnsys.2011.00056 JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1538 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1539 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1539 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1539 3 3131148 3131148 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1539 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1540 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1540 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1540 3 21772817 21772817 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1540 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 1 Three three CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 2 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 3 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 4 aspects aspect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 6 TAs ta NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 7 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 8 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 9 recently recently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 10 emerged emerge VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 13 a a LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 15 inhibition inhibition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 17 firing fire VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 18 due due IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 20 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 21 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 23 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 24 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 26 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 28 reduction reduction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 30 D2 D2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 32 GABAB GABAB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 33 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 34 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 35 mediated mediate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 36 inhibitory inhibitory NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 37 responses response NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 38 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 39 excitatory excitatory NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 40 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 41 due due JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 42 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 43 disinhibition disinhibition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 44 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 45 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 46 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 47 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 48 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 49 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 50 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 51 direct direct JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 52 TA1 TA1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 53 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 54 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 55 mediated mediate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 56 activation activation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 57 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 58 GIRK GIRK NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 59 channels channel NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 60 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 61 produce produce VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 62 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 63 membrane membrane NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 64 hyperpolarization hyperpolarization NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1541 65 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1542 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1542 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1542 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1542 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1542 5 TAAR1 taar1 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1542 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1542 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1543 1 GenAtlas GenAtlas NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1543 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1544 1 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1544 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1544 3 Paris Paris NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1544 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1545 1 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1545 2 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1545 3 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1545 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1546 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1546 2 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1546 3 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1546 4 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1546 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 1 • • NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 2 tonically tonically RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 3 activates activate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 4 inwardly inwardly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 5 rectifying rectify VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 6 K(+ K(+ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 8 channels channel NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 10 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 11 reduces reduce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 13 basal basal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 14 firing fire VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 15 frequency frequency NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 17 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 19 DA DA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 21 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 24 ventral ventral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 25 tegmental tegmental JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 26 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 28 VTA VTA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 30 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 31 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 32 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 33 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 34 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 35 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 36 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 37 Underhill Underhill NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 38 SM SM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 40 Wheeler Wheeler NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 41 DS DS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 43 Li Li NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 44 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 45 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 46 Watts Watts NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 47 SD SD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 48 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 49 Ingram Ingram NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 50 SL SL NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 51 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 52 Amara Amara NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 53 SG SG NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 54 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 55 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 56 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 57 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1547 58 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1548 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1548 2 Amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1548 3 modulates modulate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1548 4 excitatory excitatory NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1548 5 neurotransmission neurotransmission NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1548 6 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1548 7 endocytosis endocytosis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1548 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1548 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1548 10 glutamate glutamate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1548 11 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1548 12 EAAT3 eaat3 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1548 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1548 14 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1548 15 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1548 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1548 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1549 1 Neuron neuron UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1549 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1550 1 83 83 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1550 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1550 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1550 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1550 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1550 6 404–416 404–416 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1550 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1551 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1551 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1551 3 j.neuron.2014.05.043 j.neuron.2014.05.043 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1551 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1552 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1552 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1552 3 4159050 4159050 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1552 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1553 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1553 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1553 3 25033183 25033183 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1553 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 1 AMPH AMPH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 2 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 3 increases increase VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 4 intracellular intracellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 5 calcium calcium NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 7 Gnegy Gnegy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 8 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 9 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 10 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 12 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 14 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 15 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 16 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 17 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 18 calmodulin calmodulin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 19 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 20 CamKII CamKII NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 21 activation activation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 23 Wei Wei NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 24 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 25 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 26 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 28 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 31 modulation modulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 33 trafficking trafficking NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 36 DAT DAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 37 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 38 Fog Fog NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 39 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 40 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 41 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 43 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 44 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 45 Sakrikar Sakrikar NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 46 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 47 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 48 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 50 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 51 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1554 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 1 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 2 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 3 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 5 AMPH AMPH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 6 increases increase VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 7 extracellular extracellular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 8 glutamate glutamate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 10 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 11 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 12 regions region NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 13 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 15 striatum striatum NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 17 VTA VTA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 19 NAc NAc NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 21 Del Del NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 22 Arco Arco NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 23 et et FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 24 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 25 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 27 1999 1999 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 28 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 29 Kim Kim NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 30 et et FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 31 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 32 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 34 1981 1981 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 35 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 36 Mora Mora NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 37 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 38 Porras Porras NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 40 1993 1993 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 41 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 42 Xue Xue NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 43 et et FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 44 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 45 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 47 1996 1996 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 48 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 50 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 51 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 52 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 53 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 54 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 55 established establish VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 56 whether whether IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 57 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 58 change change NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 59 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 60 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 61 explained explain VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 62 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 63 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 64 synaptic synaptic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 65 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 66 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 67 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 68 reduced reduced JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 69 clearance clearance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 70 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 71 glutamate glutamate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1555 72 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1556 1 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1556 2 DHK dhk NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1556 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1556 4 sensitive sensitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1556 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1556 6 EAAT2 EAAT2 '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1556 7 uptake uptake NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1556 8 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1556 9 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1556 10 altered alter VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1556 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1556 12 AMPH AMPH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1556 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1556 14 Figure Figure NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1556 15 1A 1a NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1556 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1556 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 2 remaining remain VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 3 glutamate glutamate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 4 transport transport NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 6 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 7 midbrain midbrain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 8 cultures culture NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 10 likely likely RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 11 mediated mediate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 13 EAAT3 eaat3 UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 15 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 16 component component NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 17 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 18 significantly significantly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 19 decreased decrease VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 20 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 21 AMPH AMPH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 22 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 24 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 25 Vaughan Vaughan NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 26 RA RA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 28 Foster Foster NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 29 JD JD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 30 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 31 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 32 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 33 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1557 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1558 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1558 2 Mechanisms Mechanisms NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1558 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1558 4 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1558 5 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1558 6 regulation regulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1558 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1558 8 normal normal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1558 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1558 10 disease disease NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1558 11 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1558 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1558 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1559 1 Trends trend NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1559 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1559 3 Pharmacological Pharmacological NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1559 4 Sciences Sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1559 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1560 1 34 34 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1560 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1560 3 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1560 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1560 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1560 6 489–496 489–496 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1560 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1561 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1561 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1561 3 j.tips.2013.07.005 j.tips.2013.07.005 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1561 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1562 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1562 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1562 3 3831354 3831354 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1562 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1563 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1563 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1563 3 23968642 23968642 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1563 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 1 AMPH AMPH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 3 METH METH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 4 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 5 stimulate stimulate VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 6 DA DA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 7 efflux efflux NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 9 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 11 thought think VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 13 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 15 crucial crucial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 16 element element NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 18 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 19 addictive addictive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 20 properties property NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 21 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 22 80 80 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 23 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 25 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 27 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 28 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 29 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 30 appear appear VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 31 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 32 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 33 identical identical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 34 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 35 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 36 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 37 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 38 81 81 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 39 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1564 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 2 processes process NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 3 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 4 PKCβ PKCβ NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 5 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 7 CaMK camk NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 8 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 9 dependent dependent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 10 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 11 72 72 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 13 82 82 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 14 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 17 PKCβ PKCβ NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 18 knock knock VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 20 out out RP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 21 mice mouse NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 22 display display NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 23 decreased decrease VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 24 AMPH AMPH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 26 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 27 efflux efflux NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 28 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 29 correlates correlate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 30 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 31 reduced reduced JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 32 AMPH AMPH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 33 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 34 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 35 locomotion locomotion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 36 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 37 72 72 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 38 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1565 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1566 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1566 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1566 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1566 4 Maguire Maguire NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1566 5 JJ JJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1566 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1566 7 Davenport Davenport NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1566 8 AP AP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1566 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1566 10 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1566 11 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1566 12 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1566 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1566 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1567 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1567 2 TA1 TA1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1567 3 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1567 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1567 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1568 1 IUPHAR IUPHAR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1568 2 database database NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1568 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1569 1 International International NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1569 2 Union Union NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1569 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1569 4 Basic Basic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1569 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1569 6 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1569 7 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1569 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1570 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1570 2 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1570 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1570 4 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1570 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 2 Borowsky Borowsky NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 3 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 5 Adham Adham NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 6 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 8 Jones Jones NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 9 KA KA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 11 Raddatz Raddatz NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 12 R R NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 14 Artymyshyn Artymyshyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 15 R R NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 17 Ogozalek Ogozalek NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 18 KL KL NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 20 Durkin Durkin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 21 MM MM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 23 Lakhlani Lakhlani NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 24 PP PP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 26 Bonini Bonini NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 27 JA JA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 29 Pathirana Pathirana NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 30 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 32 Boyle Boyle NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 33 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 35 Pu Pu NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 36 X X NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 38 Kouranova Kouranova NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 39 E E NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 41 Lichtblau Lichtblau NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 42 H H NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 44 Ochoa Ochoa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 45 FY FY NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 47 Branchek Branchek NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 48 TA TA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 50 Gerald Gerald NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 51 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 52 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 53 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 54 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 55 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1571 56 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1572 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1572 2 Trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1572 3 amines amine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1572 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1572 5 identification identification NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1572 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1572 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1572 8 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1572 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1572 10 mammalian mammalian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1572 11 G G NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1572 12 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1572 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1572 14 coupled couple VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1572 15 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1572 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1572 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1573 1 Proceedings proceeding NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1573 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1573 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1573 4 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1573 5 Academy Academy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1573 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1573 7 Sciences Sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1573 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1574 1 98 98 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1574 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1574 3 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1574 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1574 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1574 6 8966–8971 8966–8971 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1574 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1575 1 Bibcode:2001PNAS Bibcode:2001PNAS NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1575 2 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1575 3 98.8966B. 98.8966b. CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1576 1 doi:10.1073 doi:10.1073 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1576 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1576 3 pnas.151105198 pnas.151105198 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1576 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1577 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1577 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1577 3 55357 55357 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1577 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1578 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1578 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1578 3 11459929 11459929 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1578 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1579 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1579 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1579 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1579 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1579 5 SLC18 SLC18 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1579 6 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1579 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1579 8 vesicular vesicular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1579 9 amine amine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1579 10 transporters transporter NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1579 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1579 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1580 1 IUPHAR IUPHAR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1580 2 database database NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1580 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1581 1 International International NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1581 2 Union Union NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1581 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1581 4 Basic Basic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1581 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1581 6 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1581 7 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1581 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1582 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1582 2 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1582 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1582 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1582 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 6 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 7 SLC1A1 SLC1A1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 8 solute solute NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 9 carrier carrier NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 10 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 11 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 13 neuronal neuronal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 14 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 15 epithelial epithelial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 16 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 17 affinity affinity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 18 glutamate glutamate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 19 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 21 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 22 Xag Xag NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 25 member member NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 26 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 27 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 28 Homo homo NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 29 sapiens sapiens JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 30 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 31 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 33 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 34 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1583 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1584 1 NCBI NCBI NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1584 2 Gene Gene NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1584 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1585 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1585 2 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1585 3 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1585 4 Library Library NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1585 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1585 6 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1585 7   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1585 8 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1585 9 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1585 10 Center Center NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1585 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1585 12 Biotechnology Biotechnology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1585 13 Information Information NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1585 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1586 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1586 2 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1586 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1586 4 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1586 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1587 1 Amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1587 2 modulates modulate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1587 3 excitatory excitatory NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1587 4 neurotransmission neurotransmission NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1587 5 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1587 6 endocytosis endocytosis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1587 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1587 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1587 9 glutamate glutamate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1587 10 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1587 11 EAAT3 eaat3 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1587 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1587 13 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1587 14 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1587 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1588 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1588 2 internalization internalization NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1588 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1588 4 EAAT3 EAAT3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1588 5 triggered trigger VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1588 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1588 7 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1588 8 increases increase VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1588 9 glutamatergic glutamatergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1588 10 signaling signaling NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1588 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1588 12 thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1588 13 contributes contribute VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1588 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1588 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1588 16 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1588 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1588 18 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1588 19 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1588 20 neurotransmission neurotransmission NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1588 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1589 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1589 2 Zhu Zhu NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1589 3 HJ HJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1589 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1589 5 Appel Appel NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1589 6 DI DI NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1589 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1589 8 Gründemann Gründemann NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1589 9 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1589 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1589 11 Markowitz Markowitz NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1589 12 JS JS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1589 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1589 14 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1589 15 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1589 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1589 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1590 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1590 2 Interaction Interaction NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1590 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1590 4 organic organic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1590 5 cation cation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1590 6 transporter transporter NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1590 7 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1590 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1590 9 SLC22A3 SLC22A3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1590 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1590 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1590 12 amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1590 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1590 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1591 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1591 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1591 3 Neurochemistry Neurochemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1591 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1592 1 114 114 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1592 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1592 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1592 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1592 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1592 6 142–149 142–149 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1592 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1593 1 doi:10.1111 doi:10.1111 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1593 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1593 3 j.1471 j.1471 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1593 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1593 5 4159.2010.06738.x 4159.2010.06738.x CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1593 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1594 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1594 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1594 3 3775896 3775896 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1594 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1595 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1595 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1595 3 20402963 20402963 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1595 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1596 1 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1596 2 Rytting Rytting NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1596 3 E E NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1596 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1596 5 Audus Audus NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1596 6 KL KL NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1596 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1596 8 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1596 9 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1596 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1596 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1597 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1597 2 Novel novel JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1597 3 organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1597 4 cation cation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1597 5 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1597 6 2-mediated 2-mediated CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1597 7 carnitine carnitine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1597 8 uptake uptake JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1597 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1597 10 placental placental JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1597 11 choriocarcinoma choriocarcinoma NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1597 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1597 13 BeWo BeWo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1597 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1597 15 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1597 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1597 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1598 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1598 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1598 3 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1598 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1598 5 Experimental Experimental NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1598 6 Therapeutics Therapeutics NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1598 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1599 1 312 312 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1599 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1599 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1599 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1599 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1599 6 192–198 192–198 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1599 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1600 1 doi:10.1124 doi:10.1124 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1600 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1600 3 jpet.104.072363 jpet.104.072363 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1600 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1601 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1601 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1601 3 15316089 15316089 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1601 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1602 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1602 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1602 3 31465243 31465243 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1602 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1603 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1603 2 Inazu Inazu NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1603 3 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1603 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1603 5 Takeda Takeda NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1603 6 H H NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1603 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1603 8 Matsumiya Matsumiya NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1603 9 T T NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1603 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1603 11 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1603 12 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1603 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1603 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1604 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1604 2 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1604 3 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1604 4 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1604 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1604 6 glial glial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1604 7 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1604 8 transporters transporter NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1604 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1604 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1604 11 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1604 12 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1604 13 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1604 14 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1604 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1604 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1605 1 Nihon Nihon NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1605 2 Shinkei Shinkei NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1605 3 Seishin Seishin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1605 4 Yakurigaku Yakurigaku NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1605 5 Zasshi Zasshi NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1605 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1605 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1605 8 Japanese Japanese NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1605 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1605 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1606 1 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1606 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1606 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1606 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1606 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1606 6 171–178 171–178 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1606 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1607 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1607 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1607 3 13677912 13677912 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1607 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1608 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1608 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1608 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1608 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1608 5 Vicentic Vicentic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1608 6 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1608 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1608 8 Jones Jones NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1608 9 DC DC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1608 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1608 11 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1608 12 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1608 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1608 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1609 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1609 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1609 3 CART CART NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1609 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1609 5 cocaine- cocaine- JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1609 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1609 7 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1609 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1609 9 regulated regulate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1609 10 transcript transcript NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1609 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1609 12 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1609 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1609 14 appetite appetite NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1609 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1609 16 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1609 17 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1609 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1609 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1610 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1610 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1610 3 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1610 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1610 5 Experimental Experimental NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1610 6 Therapeutics Therapeutics NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1610 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1611 1 320 320 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1611 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1611 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1611 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1611 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1611 6 499–506 499–506 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1611 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1612 1 doi:10.1124 doi:10.1124 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1612 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1612 3 jpet.105.091512 jpet.105.091512 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1612 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1613 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1613 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1613 3 16840648 16840648 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1613 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1614 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1614 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1614 3 14212763 14212763 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1614 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1615 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1615 2 physiological physiological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1615 3 importance importance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1615 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1615 5 CART CART NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1615 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1615 7 further further RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1615 8 substantiated substantiate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1615 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1615 10 numerous numerous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1615 11 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1615 12 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1615 13 demonstrating demonstrate VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1615 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1615 15 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1615 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1615 17 CART CART NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1615 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1615 19 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1615 20 feeding feeding NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1615 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1615 22 psychostimulant psychostimulant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1615 23 addiction addiction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1615 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1616 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1616 2 Colocalization colocalization NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1616 3 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1616 4 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1616 5 support support VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1616 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1616 7 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1616 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1616 9 CART CART NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1616 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1616 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1616 12 actions action NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1616 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1616 14 psychostimulants psychostimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1616 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1617 1 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1617 2 CART CART NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1617 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1617 4 DA DA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1617 5 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1617 6 transcripts transcript NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1617 7 colocalize colocalize NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1617 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1617 9 Beaudry Beaudry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1617 10 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1617 11 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1617 12 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1617 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1617 14 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1617 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1617 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 1 Second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 3 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 4 nerve nerve NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 5 terminals terminal NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 8 NAc NAc NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 9 synapse synapse VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 10 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 11 CART CART NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 13 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 14 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 16 Koylu Koylu NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 17 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 18 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 19 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 21 1999 1999 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 24 hence hence RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 25 providing provide VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 27 proximity proximity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 28 required require VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 29 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 30 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 31 signaling signaling NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1618 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1619 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1619 2 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1619 3 suggest suggest VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1619 4 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1619 5 DA DA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1619 6 plays play VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1619 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1619 8 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1619 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1619 10 regulating regulate VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1619 11 CART CART NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1619 12 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1619 13 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1619 14 possibly possibly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1619 15 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1619 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1619 17 activation activation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1619 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1619 19 CREB CREB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1619 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1620 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1620 2 Zhang Zhang NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1620 3 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1620 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1620 5 Han Han NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1620 6 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1620 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1620 8 Xu Xu NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1620 9 Y Y NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1620 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1620 11 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1620 12 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1620 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1620 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1621 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1621 2 Roles Roles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1621 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1621 4 cocaine- cocaine- NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1621 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1621 6 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1621 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1621 8 regulated regulate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1621 9 transcript transcript NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1621 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1621 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1621 12 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1621 13 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1621 14 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1621 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1621 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1622 1 Clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1622 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1622 3 Experimental Experimental NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1622 4 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1622 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1622 6 Physiology Physiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1622 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1623 1 39 39 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1623 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1623 3 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1623 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1623 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1623 6 586–592 586–592 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1623 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1624 1 doi:10.1111 doi:10.1111 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1624 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1624 3 j.1440 j.1440 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1624 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1624 5 1681.2011.05642.x 1681.2011.05642.x CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1624 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1625 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1625 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1625 3 22077697 22077697 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1625 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1626 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1626 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1626 3 25134612 25134612 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1626 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 1 Recently recently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 3 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 4 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 5 demonstrated demonstrate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 7 CART CART NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 11 neurotrophic neurotrophic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 12 peptide peptide NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 14 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 16 cerebroprotective cerebroprotective NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 17 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 18 focal focal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 19 ischaemic ischaemic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 20 stroke stroke NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 22 inhibited inhibit VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 24 neurotoxicity neurotoxicity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 26 β β NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 28 amyloid amyloid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 29 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 31 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 32 focused focus VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 33 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 34 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 36 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 38 CART CART NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 39 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 41 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 42 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 43 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 44 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 45 CNS cns NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 46 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 47 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 48 neurological neurological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 49 diseases disease NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1627 50 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1628 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 2 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 3 indicates indicate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 4 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 5 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 7 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 8 factors factor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 10 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 12 regulation regulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 15 immunological immunological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 16 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 18 protection protection NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 19 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 20 energy energy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 21 failure failure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 23 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 24 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 25 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 26 involved involve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 29 cerebroprotection cerebroprotection NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 30 afforded afford VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 31 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 32 CART CART NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 33 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 34 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 35 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 36 Rogge Rogge NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 37 G G NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 39 Jones Jones NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 40 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 42 Hubert Hubert NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 43 GW GW NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 45 Lin Lin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 46 Y Y NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 47 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 48 Kuhar Kuhar NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 49 MJ MJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 50 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 51 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 52 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 53 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1629 54 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1630 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1630 2 CART cart NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1630 3 peptides peptide NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1630 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1630 5 regulators regulator NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1630 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1630 7 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1630 8 weight weight NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1630 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1630 10 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1630 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1630 12 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1630 13 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1630 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1630 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1631 1 Nature Nature NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1631 2 Reviews review NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1631 3 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1631 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1632 1 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1632 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1632 3 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1632 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1632 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1632 6 747–758 747–758 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1632 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1633 1 doi:10.1038 doi:10.1038 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1633 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1633 3 nrn2493 nrn2493 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1633 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1634 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1634 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1634 3 4418456 4418456 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1634 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1635 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1635 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1635 3 18802445 18802445 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1635 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1636 1 Several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1636 2 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1636 3 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1636 4 CART CART NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1636 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1636 6 cocaine- cocaine- JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1636 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1636 8 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1636 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1636 10 regulated regulate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1636 11 transcript)-peptide transcript)-peptide NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1636 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1636 13 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1636 14 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1636 15 signalling signalling NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1636 16 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1636 17 demonstrated demonstrate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1636 18 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1636 19 CART CART NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1636 20 peptides peptide NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1636 21 activate activate VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1636 22 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1636 23 least least RBS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1636 24 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1636 25 signalling signalling NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1636 26 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1636 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1637 1 First first RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1637 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1637 3 CART CART NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1637 4 55–102 55–102 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1637 5 inhibited inhibit VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1637 6 voltage voltage NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1637 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1637 8 gated gate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1637 9 L l NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1637 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1637 11 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1637 12 Ca2 ca2 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1637 13 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1637 14 channels channel NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1637 15   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1637 16 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1637 17 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1637 18 Lin Lin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1637 19 Y Y NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1637 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1637 21 Hall Hall NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1637 22 RA RA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1637 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1637 24 Kuhar Kuhar NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1637 25 MJ MJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1637 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1637 27 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1637 28 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1637 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1637 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1638 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1638 2 CART cart JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1638 3 peptide peptide NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1638 4 stimulation stimulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1638 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1638 6 G g NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1638 7 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1638 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1638 9 mediated mediate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1638 10 signaling signal VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1638 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1638 12 differentiated differentiated JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1638 13 PC12 pc12 JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1638 14 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1638 15 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1638 16 identification identification NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1638 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1638 18 PACAP PACAP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1638 19 6–38 6–38 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1638 20 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1638 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1638 22 CART CART NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1638 23 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1638 24 antagonist antagonist NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1638 25 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1638 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1639 1 Neuropeptides neuropeptide NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1639 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1640 1 45 45 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1640 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1640 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1640 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1640 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1640 6 351–358 351–358 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1640 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1641 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1641 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1641 3 j.npep.2011.07.006 j.npep.2011.07.006 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1641 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1642 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1642 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1642 3 3170513 3170513 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1642 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1643 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1643 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1643 3 21855138 21855138 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1643 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1644 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 1644 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1644 3 Monoamine Monoamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1644 4 oxidase oxidase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1644 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1644 6 Homo homo NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1644 7 sapiens sapien VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1644 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1644 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1644 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1645 1 BRENDA BRENDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1645 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1646 1 Technische Technische NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1646 2 Universität Universität NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1646 3 Braunschweig Braunschweig NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1646 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1647 1 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1647 2 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1647 3 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1647 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1648 1 Retrieved retrieved JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1648 2 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1648 3 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1648 4 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1648 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1649 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1649 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1649 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1649 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1649 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1649 6 Targets target NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1649 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1649 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1650 1 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1650 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1651 1 T3DB T3DB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1651 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1652 1 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1652 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1652 3 Alberta Alberta NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1652 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1653 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1653 2 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1653 3 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1653 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1653 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 4 Toll Toll NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 5 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 7 Berzetei Berzetei NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 9 Gurske Gurske NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 10 IP IP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 12 Polgar Polgar NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 13 WE WE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 15 Brandt Brandt NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 16 SR SR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 18 Adapa Adapa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 19 ID ID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 21 Rodriguez Rodriguez NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 22 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 24 Schwartz Schwartz NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 25 RW RW NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 27 Haggart Haggart NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 28 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 30 O'Brien O'Brien NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 31 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 33 White White NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 34 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 36 Kennedy Kennedy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 37 JM JM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 39 Craymer Craymer NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 40 K K NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 42 Farrington Farrington NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 43 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 45 Auh Auh NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 46 JS JS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 47 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 48 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 49 1998 1998 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 50 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1654 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1655 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1655 2 Standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1655 3 binding binding NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1655 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1655 5 functional functional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1655 6 assays assay NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1655 7 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1655 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1655 9 medications medication NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1655 10 development development NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1655 11 division division NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1655 12 testing testing NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1655 13 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1655 14 potential potential JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1655 15 cocaine cocaine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1655 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1655 17 opiate opiate VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1655 18 narcotic narcotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1655 19 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1655 20 medications medication NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1655 21 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1655 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1656 1 NIDA NIDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1656 2 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1656 3 Monograph Monograph NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1656 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1657 1 178 178 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1657 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1657 3 440–466 440–466 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1657 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1658 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1658 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1658 3 9686407 9686407 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1658 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 4 Finnema Finnema NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 5 SJ SJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 7 Scheinin Scheinin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 8 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 10 Shahid Shahid NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 11 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 13 Lehto Lehto NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 14 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 16 Borroni Borroni NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 17 E E NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 19 Bang Bang NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 21 Andersen Andersen NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 22 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 24 Sallinen Sallinen NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 25 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 27 Wong Wong NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 28 E E NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 30 Farde Farde NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 31 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 33 Halldin Halldin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 34 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 36 Grimwood Grimwood NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 37 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 38 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 39 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 40 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 41 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1659 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1660 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1660 2 Application application NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1660 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1660 4 cross cross NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1660 5 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1660 6 species species JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1660 7 PET PET NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1660 8 imaging image VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1660 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1660 10 assess assess VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1660 11 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1660 12 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1660 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1660 14 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1660 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1660 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1661 1 Psychopharmacology psychopharmacology NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1661 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1662 1 232 232 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1662 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1662 3 21–22 21–22 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1662 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1662 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1662 6 4129–4157 4129–4157 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1662 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1663 1 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1663 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1663 3 s00213 s00213 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1663 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1663 5 015 015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1663 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1663 7 3938 3938 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1663 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1663 9 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1663 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1664 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1664 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1664 3 4600473 4600473 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1664 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1665 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1665 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1665 3 25921033 25921033 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1665 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 1 More more RBR en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 2 recently recently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 4 Colasanti Colasanti NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 6 colleagues colleague NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 7 reported report VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 10 pharmacologically pharmacologically RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 11 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 12 elevation elevation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 14 endogenous endogenous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 15 opioid opioid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 16 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 17 reduced reduce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 18 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 19 11C]carfentanil 11c]carfentanil CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 20 binding bind VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 22 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 23 regions region NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 26 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 27 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 29 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 31 basal basal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 32 ganglia ganglia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 34 frontal frontal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 35 cortex cortex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 37 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 38 thalamus thalamus NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 39 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 40 Colasanti Colasanti NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 41 et et FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 42 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1666 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1667 1 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1667 2 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1667 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1668 1 Oral oral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1668 2 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1668 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1668 4 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1668 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1668 6 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1668 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1668 8 0.5 0.5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1668 9   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1668 10 mg mg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1668 11 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1668 12 kg kg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1668 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1668 14 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1668 15   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1668 16 h h NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1668 17 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1668 18 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1668 19 11C]carfentanil 11c]carfentanil CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1668 20 injection injection NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1668 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1668 22 reduced reduce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1668 23 BPND BPND NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1668 24 values value NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1668 25 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1668 26 2–10 2–10 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1668 27 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1668 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1669 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1669 2 results result NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1669 3 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1669 4 confirmed confirm VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1669 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1669 6 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1669 7 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1669 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1669 9 subjects subject NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1669 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1669 11 Mick Mick NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1669 12 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1669 13 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1669 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1670 1 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1670 2 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1670 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 3 Guterstam Guterstam NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 5 colleagues colleague NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 6 observed observe VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 7 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 8 change change NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 10 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 11 11C]carfentanil 11c]carfentanil CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 12 binding bind VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 13 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 14 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 16 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 18 0.3 0.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 19   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 20 mg mg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 21 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 22 kg kg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 24 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 25 administered administer VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 26 intravenously intravenously RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 27 directly directly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 28 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 29 injection injection NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 31 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 32 11C]carfentanil 11c]carfentanil CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 33 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 34 Guterstam Guterstam NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 35 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 36 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1671 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1672 1 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1672 2 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1672 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1673 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1673 2 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1673 3 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1673 4 hypothesized hypothesize VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1673 5 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1673 6 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1673 7 discrepancy discrepancy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1673 8 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1673 9 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1673 10 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1673 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1673 12 delayed delay VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1673 13 increases increase NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1673 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1673 15 extracellular extracellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1673 16 opioid opioid JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1673 17 peptide peptide NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1673 18 concentrations concentration NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1673 19 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1673 20 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1673 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1673 22 evoked evoke VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1673 23 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1673 24 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1673 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1673 26 Colasanti Colasanti NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1673 27 et et FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 1673 28 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1673 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1674 1 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1674 2 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1674 3 Mick Mick NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1674 4 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1674 5 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1674 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1675 1 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1675 2 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1675 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1676 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1676 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1676 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1676 4 Loseth Loseth NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1676 5 GE GE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1676 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1676 7 Ellingsen Ellingsen NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1676 8 DM DM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1676 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1676 10 Leknes Leknes NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1676 11 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1676 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1676 13 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1676 14 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1676 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1676 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1677 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1677 2 State state NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1677 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1677 4 dependent dependent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1677 5 μ μ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1677 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1677 7 opioid opioid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1677 8 modulation modulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1677 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1677 10 social social NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1677 11 motivation motivation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1677 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1677 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1678 1 Frontiers frontier NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1678 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1678 3 Behavioral Behavioral NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1678 4 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1678 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1679 1 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1679 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1679 3 430 430 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1679 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1679 5 doi:10.3389 doi:10.3389 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1679 6 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1679 7 fnbeh.2014.00430 fnbeh.2014.00430 ADD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1679 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1680 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1680 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1680 3 4264475 4264475 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1680 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1681 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1681 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1681 3 25565999 25565999 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1681 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 1 Similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 2 MOR MOR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 3 activation activation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 4 patterns pattern NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 5 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 6 reported report VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 7 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 8 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 9 mood mood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 10 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 12 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 13 amusing amusing JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 14 video video NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 15 clip clip NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 17 Koepp Koepp NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 18 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 19 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 20 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 22 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 25 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 26 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 27 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 29 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 30 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 31 Colasanti Colasanti NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 32 et et FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 33 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 34 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 36 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 37 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1682 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 4 Colasanti Colasanti NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 5 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 7 Searle Searle NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 8 GE GE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 10 Long Long NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 11 CJ CJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 13 Hill Hill NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 14 SP SP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 16 Reiley Reiley NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 17 RR RR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 19 Quelch quelch NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 20 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 22 Erritzoe Erritzoe NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 23 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 25 Tziortzi Tziortzi NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 26 AC AC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 28 Reed Reed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 29 LJ LJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 31 Lingford Lingford NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 32 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 33 Hughes Hughes NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 34 AR AR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 36 Waldman Waldman NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 37 AD AD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 39 Schruers Schruers NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 40 KR KR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 42 Matthews Matthews NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 43 PM PM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 45 Gunn Gunn NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 46 RN RN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 47 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 48 Nutt Nutt NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 49 DJ DJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 50 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 51 Rabiner rabiner NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 52 EA EA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 53 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 54 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 55 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 56 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1683 57 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1684 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1684 2 Endogenous endogenous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1684 3 opioid opioid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1684 4 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1684 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1684 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1684 7 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1684 8 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1684 9 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1684 10 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1684 11 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1684 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1684 13 acute acute NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1684 14 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1684 15 administration administration NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1684 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1684 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1685 1 Biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1685 2 Psychiatry Psychiatry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1685 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1686 1 72 72 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1686 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1686 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1686 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1686 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1686 6 371–377 371–377 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1686 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1687 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1687 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1687 3 j.biopsych.2012.01.027 j.biopsych.2012.01.027 JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1687 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1688 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1688 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1688 3 22386378 22386378 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1688 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1689 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1689 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1689 3 18555036 18555036 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1689 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1690 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1690 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1690 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1690 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1690 5 Gunne Gunne NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1690 6 LM LM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1690 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1690 8 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1690 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1690 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1691 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1691 2 Effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1691 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1691 4 Amphetamines Amphetamines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1691 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1691 6 Humans Humans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1691 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1691 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1692 1 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1692 2 Addiction Addiction NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1692 3 II ii CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1692 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1692 5 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1692 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1692 7 Psychotogen Psychotogen NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1692 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1692 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1692 10 Marihuana Marihuana NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1692 11 Dependence Dependence NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1692 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1693 1 Berlin Berlin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1693 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1693 3 Germany Germany NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1693 4 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1693 5 Heidelberg Heidelberg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1693 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1693 7 Germany Germany NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1693 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1693 9 Springer Springer NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1693 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1694 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1694 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1695 1 247–260 247–260 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1695 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1696 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1696 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1696 3 9783642667091 9783642667091 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1696 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1697 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1697 2 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1697 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1697 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1697 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 5 Oswald Oswald NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 6 LM LM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 8 Wong Wong NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 9 DF DF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 11 McCaul McCaul NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 12 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 14 Zhou Zhou NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 15 Y Y NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 17 Kuwabara Kuwabara NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 18 H H NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 20 Choi Choi NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 21 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 23 Brasic Brasic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 24 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 26 Wand Wand NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 27 GS GS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 29 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 30 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 31 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1698 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1699 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1699 2 Relationships relationship NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1699 3 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1699 4 ventral ventral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1699 5 striatal striatal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1699 6 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1699 7 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1699 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1699 9 cortisol cortisol NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1699 10 secretion secretion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1699 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1699 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1699 13 subjective subjective JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1699 14 responses response NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1699 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1699 16 amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1699 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1699 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1700 1 Neuropsychopharmacology neuropsychopharmacology NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1700 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1701 1 30 30 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1701 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1701 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1701 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1701 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1701 6 821–832 821–832 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1701 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1702 1 doi:10.1038 doi:10.1038 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1702 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1702 3 sj.npp.1300667 sj.npp.1300667 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1702 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1703 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1703 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1703 3 15702139 15702139 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1703 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1704 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1704 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1704 3 12302237 12302237 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1704 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 1 Findings finding NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 3 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 4 prior prior JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 5 investigations investigation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 6 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 7 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 9 plasma plasma NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 10 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 12 glucocorticoids glucocorticoid NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 14 ACTH ACTH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 15 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 16 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 17 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 18 acute acute JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 19 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 21 AMPH AMPH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 23 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 24 rodents rodent NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 26 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 27 ^ ^ VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 29 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 30 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 31 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 32 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 33 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 34 g g NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 35 h h NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 36 i i NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 37 j j NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 38 Angeli Angeli NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 39 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 41 Vaiano Vaiano NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 42 F F NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 44 Mari Mari NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 45 F F NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 47 Bertol Bertol NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 48 E E NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 50 Supuran Supuran NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 51 CT CT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 52 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 53 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 54 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 55 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1705 56 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1706 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1706 2 Psychoactive psychoactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1706 3 substances substance NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1706 4 belonging belong VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1706 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1706 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1706 7 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1706 8 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1706 9 potently potently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1706 10 activate activate VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1706 11 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1706 12 carbonic carbonic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1706 13 anhydrase anhydrase NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1706 14 isoforms isoform NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1706 15 VA VA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1706 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1706 17 VB VB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1706 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1706 19 VII VII NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1706 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1706 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1706 22 XII XII NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1706 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1706 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1707 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1707 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1707 3 Enzyme Enzyme NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1707 4 Inhibition Inhibition NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1707 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1707 6 Medicinal Medicinal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1707 7 Chemistry Chemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1707 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1708 1 32 32 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1708 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1708 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1708 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1708 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1708 6 1253–1259 1253–1259 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1708 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1709 1 doi:10.1080/14756366.2017.1375485 doi:10.1080/14756366.2017.1375485 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1709 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1710 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1710 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1710 3 6009978 6009978 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1710 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1711 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1711 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1711 3 28936885 28936885 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1711 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 1 Here here RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 3 we -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 4 report report VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 6 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 7 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 8 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 10 showing show VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 11 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 12 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 14 methamphetamine methamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 16 phentermine phentermine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 18 mephentermine mephentermine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 21 chlorphenteramine chlorphenteramine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 23 potently potently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 24 activate activate VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 25 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 26 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 27 isoforms isoform NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 29 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 31 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 32 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 33 highly highly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 34 abundant abundant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 35 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 37 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 39 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 40 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 41 play play VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 42 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 43 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 44 connected connect VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 45 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 46 cognition cognition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 47 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 48 memory memory NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 50 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 51 others26,27 others26,27 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1712 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 2 We -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 3 investigated investigate VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 4 psychotropic psychotropic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 5 amines amine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 6 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 7 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 9 phenethylamine phenethylamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 10 scaffold scaffold NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 12 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 14 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 15 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 17 methamphetamine methamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 18 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 20 phentermine phentermine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 21 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 23 mephentermine mephentermine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 24 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 28 structurally structurally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 29 diverse diverse JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 30 chlorphenteramine chlorphenteramine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 31 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 33 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 34 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 35 activating activate VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 36 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 37 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 38 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 39 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 40 isoforms isoform NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 41 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 42 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 43 origin origin NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 44   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1713 45 ... ... . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 2 widespread widespread JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 3 hCA hca NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 4 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 6 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 9 secreted secreted JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 10 hCA hca NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 11 VI VI NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 13 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 14 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 15 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 17 cytosolic cytosolic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 18 hCA hca NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 19 XIII xiii NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 21 membrane membrane NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 23 bound bind VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 24 hCA hCA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 25 IX ix NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 27 XIV XIV NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 28 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 29 poorly poorly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 30 activated activate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 31 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 32 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 33 amines amine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 35 whereas whereas IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 37 extracellular extracellular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 38 hCA hca NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 39 IV IV NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 42 mitochondrial mitochondrial NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 43 enzymes enzyme VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 44 hCA hca VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 45 VA VA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 46 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 47 VB VB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 48 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 49 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 50 cytosolic cytosolic NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 51 hCA hca NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 52 VII VII NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 53 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 54 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 55 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 56 transmembrane transmembrane NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 57 isoform isoform NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 58 hCA hca NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 59 XII XII NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 60 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 61 potently potently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 62 activated activate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1714 63 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 3 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 4 enzymes enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 6 hCA hCA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 7 VII VII NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 9 VA VA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 11 VB VB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 13 XII XII NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 15 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 16 abundant abundant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 19 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 21 raising raise VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 23 possibility possibility NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 24 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 25 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 28 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 29 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 31 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 32 psychoactive psychoactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 33 substances substance NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 34 might may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 35 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 36 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 37 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 39 activation activation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 41 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 42 enzymes enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1715 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1716 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1716 2 CAAs CAAs NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1716 3 started start VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1716 4 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1716 5 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1716 6 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1716 7 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1716 8 recently recently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1716 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1716 10 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1716 11 pharmacologic pharmacologic NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1716 12 applications application NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1716 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1716 14 memory memory NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1716 15 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1716 16 cognition cognition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1716 17 therapy27 therapy27 , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1716 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1717 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1717 2 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1717 3 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1717 4 bring bring VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1717 5 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1717 6 lights light NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1717 7 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1717 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1717 9 intricate intricate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1717 10 relationship relationship NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1717 11 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1717 12 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1717 13 activation activation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1717 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1717 15 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1717 16 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1717 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1717 18 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1717 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1717 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1717 21 multitude multitude NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1717 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1717 23 pharmacologic pharmacologic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1717 24 actions action NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1717 25 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1717 26 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1717 27 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1717 28 elicit elicit VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1717 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 1 Table table NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 2 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 4 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 5 activation activation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 7 isoforms isoform NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 8 hCA hca VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 9 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 11 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 13 IV IV NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 15 VII VII NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 18 XIII XIII NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 19 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 20 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 21 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 22 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 23 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 24 Table table NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 25 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 26 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 27 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 28 activation activation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 30 isoforms isoform NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 31 hCA hCA VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 32 VA VA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 34 VB VB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 36 VI VI NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 38 IX IX NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 40 XII XII NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 42 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 43 XIV XIV NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 44 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 45 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 46 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 47 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 48 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 49 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 50 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 51 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 52 Lewin Lewin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 53 AH AH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 54 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 55 Miller Miller NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 56 GM GM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 57 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 58 Gilmour Gilmour NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 59 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 60 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 61 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 62 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 63 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1718 64 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1719 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1719 2 Trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1719 3 amine amine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1719 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1719 5 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1719 6 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1719 7 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1719 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1719 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1719 10 stereoselective stereoselective JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1719 11 binding bind VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1719 12 site site NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1719 13 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1719 14 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1719 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1719 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1719 17 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1719 18 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1719 19 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1719 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1720 1 Bioorganic Bioorganic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1720 2 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1720 3 Medicinal Medicinal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1720 4 Chemistry Chemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1720 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1721 1 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1721 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1721 3 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1721 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1721 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1721 6 7044–7048 7044–7048 ADD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1721 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1722 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1722 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1722 3 j.bmc.2011.10.007 j.bmc.2011.10.007 JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1722 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1723 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1723 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1723 3 3236098 3236098 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1723 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1724 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1724 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1724 3 22037049 22037049 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1724 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1725 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1725 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1725 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1725 4 Maguire Maguire NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1725 5 JJ JJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1725 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1725 7 Parker Parker NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1725 8 WA WA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1725 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1725 10 Foord Foord NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1725 11 SM SM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1725 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1725 13 Bonner Bonner NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1725 14 TI TI NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1725 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1725 16 Neubig Neubig NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1725 17 RR RR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1725 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1725 19 Davenport Davenport NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1725 20 AP AP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1725 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1725 22 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1725 23 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1725 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1725 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1726 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1726 2 International International NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1726 3 Union Union NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1726 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1726 5 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1726 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1727 1 LXXII LXXII NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1727 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1728 1 Recommendations recommendation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1728 2 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1728 3 trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1728 4 amine amine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1728 5 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1728 6 nomenclature nomenclature NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1728 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1728 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1729 1 Pharmacological Pharmacological NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1729 2 Reviews Reviews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1729 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1730 1 61 61 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1730 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1730 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1730 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1730 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1730 6 1–8 1–8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1730 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1731 1 doi:10.1124 doi:10.1124 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1731 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1731 3 pr.109.001107 pr.109.001107 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1731 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1732 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1732 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1732 3 2830119 2830119 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1732 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1733 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1733 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1733 3 19325074 19325074 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1733 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 2 Revel Revel NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 3 FG FG NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 5 Moreau Moreau NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 6 JL JL NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 8 Gainetdinov Gainetdinov NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 9 RR RR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 11 Bradaia Bradaia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 12 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 14 Sotnikova Sotnikova NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 15 TD TD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 17 Mory Mory NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 18 R R NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 20 Durkin Durkin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 21 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 23 Zbinden Zbinden NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 24 KG KG NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 26 Norcross Norcross NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 27 R R NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 29 Meyer Meyer NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 30 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 32 Metzler Metzler NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 33 V V NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 35 Chaboz Chaboz NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 36 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 38 Ozmen Ozmen NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 39 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 41 Trube Trube NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 42 G G NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 44 Pouzet Pouzet NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 45 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 47 Bettler Bettler NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 48 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 50 Caron Caron NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 51 MG MG NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 52 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 53 Wettstein Wettstein NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 54 JG JG NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 55 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 56 Hoener Hoener NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 57 MC MC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 58 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 59 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 60 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 61 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1734 62 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1735 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1735 2 TAAR1 TAAR1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1735 3 activation activation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1735 4 modulates modulate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1735 5 monoaminergic monoaminergic NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1735 6 neurotransmission neurotransmission NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1735 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1735 8 preventing prevent VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1735 9 hyperdopaminergic hyperdopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1735 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1735 11 hypoglutamatergic hypoglutamatergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1735 12 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1735 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1735 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1736 1 Proceedings proceeding NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1736 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1736 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1736 4 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1736 5 Academy Academy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1736 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1736 7 Sciences Sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1736 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1737 1 108 108 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1737 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1737 3 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1737 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1737 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1737 6 8485–8490 8485–8490 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1737 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1738 1 doi:10.1073 doi:10.1073 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1738 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1738 3 pnas.1103029108 pnas.1103029108 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1738 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1739 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1739 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1739 3 3101002 3101002 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1739 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1740 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1740 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1740 3 21525407 21525407 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1740 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1741 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1741 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1741 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1741 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1741 5 Amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1741 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1741 7 Biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1741 8 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1741 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1741 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1742 1 IUPHAR IUPHAR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1742 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1742 3 BPS BPS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1742 4 Guide Guide NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1742 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1742 6 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1742 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1743 1 International International NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1743 2 Union Union NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1743 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1743 4 Basic Basic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1743 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1743 6 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1743 7 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1743 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1744 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1744 2 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1744 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1744 4 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1744 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1745 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1745 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1745 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1745 4 Bozdag Bozdag NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1745 5 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1745 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1745 7 Altamimi Altamimi NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1745 8 AA AA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1745 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1745 10 Vullo Vullo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1745 11 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1745 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1745 13 Supuran Supuran NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1745 14 CT CT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1745 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1745 16 Carta Carta NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1745 17 F F NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1745 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1745 19 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1745 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1745 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1746 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1746 2 State state NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1746 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1746 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1746 5 Art art NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1746 6 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1746 7 Carbonic Carbonic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1746 8 Anhydrase Anhydrase NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1746 9 Modulators Modulators NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1746 10 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1746 11 Biomedical Biomedical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1746 12 Purposes Purposes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1746 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1746 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1747 1 Current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1747 2 Medicinal Medicinal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1747 3 Chemistry Chemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1747 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1748 1 26 26 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1748 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1748 3 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1748 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1748 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1748 6 2558–2573 2558–2573 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1748 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1749 1 doi:10.2174/0929867325666180622120625 doi:10.2174/0929867325666180622120625 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1749 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1750 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1750 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1750 3 29932025 29932025 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1750 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1751 1 CARBONIC CARBONIC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1751 2 ANHYDRASE ANHYDRASE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1751 3 INHIBITORS INHIBITORS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1751 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1751 5 CAIs CAIs NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1751 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1751 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1752 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1752 2 design design NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1752 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1752 4 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1752 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1752 6 CAIs cai NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1752 7 represent represent VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1752 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1752 9 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1752 10 prolific prolific JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1752 11 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1752 12 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1752 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1752 14 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1752 15 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1752 16 field field NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1752 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 1 Since since IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 3 introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 5 CAIs CAIs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 8 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 9 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 12 40 40 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 13 ' ' CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 15 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 16 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 17 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 19 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 20 choice choice NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 21 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 23 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 25 edema edema NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 26 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 27 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 28 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 30 altitude altitude NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 31 sickness sickness NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 32 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 33 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 34 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 36 glaucoma glaucoma NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 37 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 38 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 39 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 40 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 41 epilepsy epilepsy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 42 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 43 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 44 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1753 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1754 1 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1754 2 CARBONIC CARBONIC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1754 3 ANHYDRASE ANHYDRASE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1754 4 ACTIVATORS ACTIVATORS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1754 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1754 6 CAAs CAAs NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1754 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1754 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1754 9 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 2 emerging emerge VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 3 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 5 CAAs CAAs NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 6 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 7 recently recently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 8 gained gain VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 9 attraction attraction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 10 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 12 enhancement enhancement NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 15 kinetic kinetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 16 properties property NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 18 hCAs hcas NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 19 expressed express VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 22 CNS CNS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 23 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 24 proved prove VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 26 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 27 models model NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 28 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 29 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 30 beneficial beneficial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 31 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 33 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 35 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 36 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 37 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 38 memory memory NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 39 impairments impairment NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1755 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1756 1 Thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1756 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1756 3 CAAs caa NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1756 4 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1756 5 enormous enormous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1756 6 potentiality potentiality NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1756 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1756 8 medicinal medicinal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1756 9 chemistry chemistry NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1756 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1756 11 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1756 12 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1756 13 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1756 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1756 15 treatment treatment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1756 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1756 17 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1756 18 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1756 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1756 20 aging age VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1756 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1756 22 trauma trauma NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1756 23 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1756 24 deterioration deterioration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1756 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1756 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1756 27 CNS CNS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1756 28 tissues tissue NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1756 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1757 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1757 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1757 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1757 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1757 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1757 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1757 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1757 8 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1757 9 Vyvanse- Vyvanse- NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1757 10 lisdexamfetamine lisdexamfetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1757 11 dimesylate dimesylate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1757 12 capsule capsule NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1757 13 Vyvanse- Vyvanse- NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1757 14 lisdexamfetamine lisdexamfetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1757 15 dimesylate dimesylate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1757 16 tablet tablet NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1757 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1757 18 chewable chewable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1757 19 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1757 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1758 1 DailyMed DailyMed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1758 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1759 1 Shire Shire NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1759 2 US US NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1759 3 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1759 4 30 30 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1759 5 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1759 6 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1759 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1760 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1760 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1760 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1760 4 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1760 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1761 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 1761 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1761 3 Compound Compound NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1761 4 Summary Summary NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1761 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1761 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1762 1 p p LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1762 2 - - : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1762 3 Hydroxyamphetamine Hydroxyamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1762 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1763 1 PubChem PubChem NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1763 2 Compound Compound NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1763 3 Database Database NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1763 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1764 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1764 2 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1764 3 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1764 4 Library Library NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1764 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1764 6 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1764 7   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1764 8 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1764 9 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1764 10 Center Center NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1764 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1764 12 Biotechnology Biotechnology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1764 13 Information Information NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1764 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1765 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1765 2 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1765 3 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1765 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1765 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1766 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 1766 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1766 3 Compound Compound NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1766 4 Summary Summary NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1766 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1766 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1767 1 p p LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1767 2 - - : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1767 3 Hydroxynorephedrine Hydroxynorephedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1767 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1768 1 PubChem PubChem NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1768 2 Compound Compound NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1768 3 Database Database NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1768 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1769 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1769 2 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1769 3 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1769 4 Library Library NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1769 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1769 6 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1769 7   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1769 8 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1769 9 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1769 10 Center Center NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1769 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1769 12 Biotechnology Biotechnology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1769 13 Information Information NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1769 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1770 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1770 2 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1770 3 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1770 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1770 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1771 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 1771 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1771 3 Compound Compound NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1771 4 Summary Summary NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1771 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1771 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1772 1 Phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1772 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1773 1 PubChem PubChem NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1773 2 Compound Compound NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1773 3 Database Database NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1773 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1774 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1774 2 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1774 3 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1774 4 Library Library NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1774 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1774 6 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1774 7   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1774 8 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1774 9 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1774 10 Center Center NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1774 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1774 12 Biotechnology Biotechnology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1774 13 Information Information NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1774 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1775 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1775 2 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1775 3 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1775 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1775 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1776 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 1776 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1776 3 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1776 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1776 5 Biochemistry Biochemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1776 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1776 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1777 1 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1777 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1778 1 Pubchem Pubchem NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1778 2 Compound Compound NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1778 3 Database Database NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1778 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1779 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1779 2 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1779 3 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1779 4 Library Library NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1779 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1779 6 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1779 7   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1779 8 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1779 9 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1779 10 Center Center NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1779 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1779 12 Biotechnology Biotechnology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1779 13 Information Information NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1779 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1780 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1780 2 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1780 3 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1780 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1780 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1781 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1781 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1781 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1781 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1781 5 Sjoerdsma Sjoerdsma NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1781 6 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1781 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1781 8 von von NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1781 9 Studnitz Studnitz NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1781 10 W W NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1781 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1781 12 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1781 13 1963 1963 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1781 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1781 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1782 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1782 2 Dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1782 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1782 4 beta beta NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1782 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1782 6 oxidase oxidase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1782 7 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1782 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1782 9 man man NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1782 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1782 11 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1782 12 hydroxyamphetamine hydroxyamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1782 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1782 14 substrate substrate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1782 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1782 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1783 1 British British NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1783 2 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1783 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1783 4 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1783 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1783 6 Chemotherapy Chemotherapy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1783 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1784 1 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1784 2 : : SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1784 3 278–284 278–284 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1784 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1785 1 doi:10.1111 doi:10.1111 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1785 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1785 3 j.1476 j.1476 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1785 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1785 5 5381.1963.tb01467.x 5381.1963.tb01467.x NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1785 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1786 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1786 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1786 3 1703637 1703637 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1786 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1787 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1787 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1787 3 13977820 13977820 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1787 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1788 1 Hydroxyamphetamine Hydroxyamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1788 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1788 3 administered administer VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1788 4 orally orally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1788 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1788 6 five five CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1788 7 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1788 8 subjects subject NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1788 9   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1788 10 ... ... . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 1 Since since IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 2 conversion conversion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 4 hydroxyamphetamine hydroxyamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 6 hydroxynorephedrine hydroxynorephedrine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 7 occurs occur VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 9 vitro vitro FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 12 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 14 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 16 β β NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 18 oxidase oxidase NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 21 simple simple JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 22 method method NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 23 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 24 suggested suggest VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 25 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 26 measuring measure VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 28 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 30 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 31 enzyme enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 34 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 36 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 37 inhibitors inhibitor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 38 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 39 man man NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1789 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1790 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1791 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1791 2 lack lack NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1791 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1791 4 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1791 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1791 6 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1791 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1791 8 neomycin neomycin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1791 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1791 10 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1791 11 patient patient NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1791 12 indicates indicate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1791 13 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1791 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1791 15 hydroxylation hydroxylation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1791 16 occurs occur VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1791 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1791 18 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1791 19 tissues tissue NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1791 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1792 1 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1792 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1792 3 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1792 4 portion portion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1792 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1792 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1792 7 β β NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1792 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1792 9 hydroxylation hydroxylation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1792 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1792 11 hydroxyamphetamine hydroxyamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1792 12 occurs occur VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1792 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1792 14 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1792 15 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1792 16 adrenal adrenal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1792 17 tissue tissue NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1792 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 1 Unfortunately unfortunately RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 3 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 5 present present JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 6 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 7 one one PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 8 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 9 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 10 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 11 completely completely RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 12 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 13 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 15 hydroxylation hydroxylation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 17 hydroxyamphetamine hydroxyamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 19 vivo vivo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 20 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 21 accomplished accomplish VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 22 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 24 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 25 enzyme enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 26 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 27 converts convert VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 28 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 29 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 30 noradrenaline noradrenaline NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1793 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1794 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1794 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1794 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1794 4 Badenhorst Badenhorst NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1794 5 CP CP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1794 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1794 7 van van NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1794 8 der der NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1794 9 Sluis Sluis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1794 10 R R NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1794 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1794 12 Erasmus Erasmus NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1794 13 E E NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1794 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1794 15 van van NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1794 16 Dijk Dijk NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1794 17 AA AA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1794 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1794 19 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1794 20 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1794 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1794 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1795 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1795 2 Glycine Glycine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1795 3 conjugation conjugation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1795 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1795 5 importance importance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1795 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1795 7 metabolism metabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1795 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1795 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1795 10 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1795 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1795 12 glycine glycine JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1795 13 N n NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1795 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1795 15 acyltransferase acyltransferase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1795 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1795 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1795 18 factors factor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1795 19 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1795 20 influence influence VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1795 21 interindividual interindividual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1795 22 variation variation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1795 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1795 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1796 1 Expert Expert NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1796 2 Opinion Opinion NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1796 3 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1796 4 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1796 5 Metabolism Metabolism NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1796 6 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1796 7 Toxicology Toxicology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1796 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1797 1 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1797 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1797 3 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1797 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1797 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1797 6 1139–1153 1139–1153 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1797 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1798 1 doi:10.1517/17425255.2013.796929 doi:10.1517/17425255.2013.796929 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1798 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1799 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1799 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1799 3 23650932 23650932 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1799 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1800 1 Figure figure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1800 2 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1800 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1801 1 Glycine glycine JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1801 2 conjugation conjugation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1801 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1801 4 benzoic benzoic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1801 5 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1801 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1802 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1802 2 glycine glycine JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1802 3 conjugation conjugation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1802 4 pathway pathway NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1802 5 consists consist VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1802 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1802 7 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1802 8 steps step NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1802 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1803 1 First first JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1803 2 benzoate benzoate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1803 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1803 4 ligated ligate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1803 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1803 6 CoASH CoASH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1803 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1803 8 form form VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1803 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1803 10 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1803 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1803 12 energy energy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1803 13 benzoyl benzoyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1803 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1803 15 CoA CoA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1803 16 thioester thioester NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1803 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1804 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1804 2 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1804 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1804 4 catalyzed catalyze VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1804 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1804 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1804 7 HXM HXM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1804 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1804 9 A a NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1804 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1804 11 HXM HXM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1804 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1804 13 B b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1804 14 medium medium JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1804 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1804 16 chain chain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1804 17 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1804 18 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1804 19 CoA CoA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1804 20 ligases ligase VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1804 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1804 22 requires require VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1804 23 energy energy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1804 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1804 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1804 26 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1804 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1804 28 ATP atp NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1804 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1805 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1806 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1806 2 benzoyl benzoyl NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1806 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1806 4 CoA CoA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1806 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1806 6 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1806 7 conjugated conjugate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1806 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1806 9 glycine glycine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1806 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1806 11 GLYAT GLYAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1806 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1806 13 form form VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1806 14 hippuric hippuric NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1806 15 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1806 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1806 17 releasing release VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1806 18 CoASH CoASH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1806 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1807 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1807 2 addition addition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1807 3 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1807 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1807 5 factors factor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1807 6 listed list VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1807 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1807 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1807 9 boxes box NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1807 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1807 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1807 12 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1807 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1807 14 ATP ATP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1807 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1807 16 CoASH CoASH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1807 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1807 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1807 19 glycine glycine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1807 20 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1807 21 influence influence VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1807 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1807 23 overall overall JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1807 24 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1807 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1807 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1807 27 glycine glycine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1807 28 conjugation conjugation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1807 29 pathway pathway NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1807 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1808 1 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1808 2 Horwitz Horwitz NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1808 3 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1808 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1808 5 Alexander Alexander NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1808 6 RW RW NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1808 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1808 8 Lovenberg Lovenberg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1808 9 W W NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1808 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1808 11 Keiser Keiser NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1808 12 HR hr NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1808 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1808 14 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1808 15 1973 1973 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1808 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1808 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1809 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1809 2 Human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1809 3 serum serum NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1809 4 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1809 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1809 6 β β NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1809 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1809 8 hydroxylase hydroxylase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1809 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1810 1 Relationship relationship NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1810 2 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1810 3 hypertension hypertension NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1810 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1810 5 sympathetic sympathetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1810 6 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1810 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1810 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1811 1 Circulation Circulation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1811 2 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1811 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1812 1 32 32 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1812 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1812 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1812 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1812 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1812 6 594–599 594–599 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1812 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1813 1 doi:10.1161/01.RES.32.5.594 doi:10.1161/01.res.32.5.594 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1813 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1814 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1814 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1814 3 4713201 4713201 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1814 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1815 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1815 2 biologic biologic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1815 3 significance significance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1815 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1815 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1815 6 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1815 7 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1815 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1815 9 serum serum NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1815 10 DβH DβH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1815 11 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1815 12 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1815 13 studied study VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1815 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1815 15 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1815 16 ways way NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1815 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1816 1 First first RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1816 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1816 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1816 4 vivo vivo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1816 5 ability ability NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1816 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1816 7 β β NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1816 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1816 9 hydroxylate hydroxylate VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1816 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1816 11 synthetic synthetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1816 12 substrate substrate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1816 13 hydroxyamphetamine hydroxyamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1816 14 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1816 15 compared compare VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1816 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1816 17 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1816 18 subjects subject NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1816 19 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1816 20 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1816 21 serum serum NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1816 22 DβH DβH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1816 23 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1816 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1816 25 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1816 26 subjects subject NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1816 27 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1816 28 average average JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1816 29 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1816 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1817 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1818 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1818 2 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1818 3 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1818 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1818 5 hydroxyamphetamine hydroxyamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1818 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1818 7 Paredrine Paredrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1818 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1818 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1818 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1818 11 synthetic synthetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1818 12 substrate substrate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1818 13 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1818 14 DβH DβH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1818 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1818 16 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1818 17 administered administer VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1818 18 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1818 19 subjects subject NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1818 20 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1818 21 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1818 22 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1818 23 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1818 24 average average JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1818 25 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1818 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1818 27 serum serum NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1818 28 DβH DβH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1818 29 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1818 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1819 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1819 2 percent percent NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1819 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1819 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1819 5 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1819 6 hydroxylated hydroxylate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1819 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1819 8 hydroxynorephedrine hydroxynorephedrine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1819 9 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1819 10 comparable comparable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1819 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1819 12 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1819 13 subjects subject NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1819 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1819 15 6.5 6.5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1819 16 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1819 17 9.62 9.62 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1819 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1819 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1819 20 Table table NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1819 21 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1819 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1819 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1820 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1820 2 Freeman Freeman NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1820 3 JJ JJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1820 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1820 5 Sulser Sulser NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1820 6 F F NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1820 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1820 8 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1820 9 1974 1974 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1820 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1820 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1821 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1821 2 Formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1821 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1821 4 p p NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1821 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1821 6 hydroxynorephedrine hydroxynorephedrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1821 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1821 8 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1821 9 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1821 10 intraventricular intraventricular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1821 11 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1821 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1821 13 p p NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1821 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1821 15 hydroxyamphetamine hydroxyamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1821 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1821 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1822 1 Neuropharmacology neuropharmacology NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1822 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1823 1 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1823 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1823 3 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1823 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1823 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1823 6 1187–1190 1187–1190 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1823 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1824 1 doi:10.1016/0028 doi:10.1016/0028 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1824 2 - - : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1824 3 3908(74)90069 3908(74)90069 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1824 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1824 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1824 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1825 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1825 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1825 3 4457764 4457764 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1825 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 2 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 3 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 4 aromatic aromatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 5 hydroxylation hydroxylation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 7 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 10 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 11 metabolic metabolic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 12 pathway pathway NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 14 p p NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 16 hydroxyamphetamine hydroxyamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 18 POH POH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 21 p p NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 23 hydroxynorephedrine hydroxynorephedrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 25 PHN PHN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 27 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 28 contribute contribute VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 29 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 31 pharmacological pharmacological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 32 profile profile NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 35 parent parent NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 36 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1826 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1827 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1828 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1828 2 location location NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1828 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1828 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1828 5 p p NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1828 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1828 7 hydroxylation hydroxylation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1828 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1828 9 β β NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1828 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1828 11 hydroxylation hydroxylation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1828 12 reactions reaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1828 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1828 14 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1828 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1828 16 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1828 17 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1828 18 aromatic aromatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1828 19 hydroxylation hydroxylation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1828 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1828 21 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1828 22 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1828 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1828 24 predominant predominant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1828 25 pathway pathway NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1828 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1828 27 metabolism metabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1828 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1829 1 Following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1829 2 systemic systemic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1829 3 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1829 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1829 5 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1829 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1829 7 rats rat NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1829 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1829 9 POH POH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1829 10 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1829 11 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1829 12 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1829 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1829 14 urine urine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1829 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1829 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1829 17 plasma plasma NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1829 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 2 observed observed JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 3 lack lack NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 6 significant significant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 7 accumulation accumulation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 9 PHN PHN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 11 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 12 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 14 intraventricular intraventricular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 15 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 18 + + SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 20 -amphetamine -amphetamine . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 23 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 25 appreciable appreciable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 26 amounts amount NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 28 PHN PHN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 29 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 30 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 31 + + SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 33 -POH -POH -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 35 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 36 tissue tissue NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 37 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 38 vivo vivo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 39 supports support VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 41 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 42 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 43 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 44 aromatic aromatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 45 hydroxylation hydroxylation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 46 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 47 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 48 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 49 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 50 systemic systemic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 51 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 52 occurs occur VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 53 predominantly predominantly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 54 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 55 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 56 periphery periphery NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 57 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 58 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 59 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 60 POH POH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 61 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 62 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 63 transported transport VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 64 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 65 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 66 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 67 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 68 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 69 barrier barrier NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 70 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 71 taken take VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 72 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 73 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 74 noradrenergic noradrenergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 75 neurones neurone NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 76 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 77 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 78 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 79 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 80 + + NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 81 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 82 -POH -POH -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 83 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 84 converted convert VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 85 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 86 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 87 storage storage NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 88 vesicles vesicle NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 89 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 90 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 91 β β NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 92 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 93 hydroxylase hydroxylase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 94 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 95 PHN PHN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1830 96 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1831 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1831 2 Matsuda Matsuda NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1831 3 LA LA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1831 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1831 5 Hanson Hanson NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1831 6 GR GR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1831 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1831 8 Gibb Gibb NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1831 9 JW JW NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1831 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1831 11 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1831 12 1989 1989 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1831 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1831 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1832 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1832 2 Neurochemical neurochemical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1832 3 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1832 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1832 5 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1832 6 metabolites metabolite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1832 7 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1832 8 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1832 9 dopaminergic dopaminergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1832 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1832 11 serotonergic serotonergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1832 12 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1832 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1832 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1833 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1833 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1833 3 Pharmacology Pharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1833 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1833 5 Experimental Experimental NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1833 6 Therapeutics Therapeutics NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1833 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1834 1 251 251 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1834 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1834 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1834 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1834 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1834 6 901–908 901–908 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1834 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1835 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1835 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1835 3 2600821 2600821 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1835 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 2 metabolism metabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 4 p p NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 6 OHA OHA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 8 p p NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 9 - - : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 10 OHNor OHNor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 12 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 13 documented documented JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 15 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 17 β β NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 18 hydroxylase hydroxylase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 19 present present JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 21 noradrenergic noradrenergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 22 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 23 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 24 easily easily RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 25 convert convert VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 26 p p NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 28 OHA OHA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 29 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 30 p p NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 31 - - : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 32 OHNor OHNor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 33 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 34 intraventricular intraventricular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 35 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1836 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1837 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1837 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1837 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1837 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1837 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1837 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1837 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1837 8 ElRakaiby ElRakaiby NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1837 9 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1837 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1837 11 Dutilh Dutilh NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1837 12 BE BE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1837 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1837 14 Rizkallah Rizkallah NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1837 15 MR MR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1837 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1837 17 Boleij Boleij NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1837 18 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1837 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1837 20 Cole Cole NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1837 21 JN JN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1837 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1837 23 Aziz Aziz NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1837 24 RK RK NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1837 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1837 26 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1837 27 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1837 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1837 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1838 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1838 2 Pharmacomicrobiomics pharmacomicrobiomic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1838 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1838 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1838 5 impact impact NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1838 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1838 7 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1838 8 microbiome microbiome NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1838 9 variations variation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1838 10 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1838 11 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1838 12 pharmacology pharmacology NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1838 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1838 14 personalized personalized JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1838 15 therapeutics therapeutic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1838 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1838 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1839 1 Omics omic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1839 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1840 1 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1840 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1840 3 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1840 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1840 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1840 6 402–414 402–414 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1840 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1841 1 doi:10.1089 doi:10.1089 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1841 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1841 3 omi.2014.0018 omi.2014.0018 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1841 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1842 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1842 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1842 3 4086029 4086029 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1842 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1843 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1843 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1843 3 24785449 24785449 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1843 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 2 hundred hundred CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 3 trillion trillion CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 4 microbes microbe NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 6 viruses virus NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 7 residing reside VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 9 every every DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 10 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 11 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 13 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 14 outnumber outnumber VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 15 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 16 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 18 contribute contribute VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 19 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 20 least least RBS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 21 100 100 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 22 times time NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 23 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 24 genes gene NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 25 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 26 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 27 encoded encode VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 28 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 30 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 31 genome genome NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 33 Ley Ley NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 34 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 35 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 36 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 38 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 39 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 41 offer offer VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 42 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 43 immense immense JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 44 accessory accessory JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 45 pool pool NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 46 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 47 inter inter JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 48 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 49 individual individual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 50 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 51 variation variation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 52 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 53 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 54 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 55 underestimated underestimate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 56 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 57 largely largely RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 58 unexplored unexplored JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 59 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 60 Savage Savage NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 61 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 62 1977 1977 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 63 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 64 Medini Medini NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 65 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 66 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 67 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 68 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 69 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 70 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 71 Minot Minot NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 72 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 73 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 74 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 75 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 76 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 77 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 78 Wylie Wylie NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 79 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 80 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 81 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 82 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 83 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 84 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1844 85 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1845 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 1 Meanwhile meanwhile RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 4 wealth wealth NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 6 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 7 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 8 long long RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 9 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 10 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 11 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 13 biotransformation biotransformation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 15 xenobiotics xenobiotic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 17 notably notably RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 18 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 19 gut gut NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 20 bacteria bacteria NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 22 reviewed review VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 24 Sousa Sousa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 25 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 26 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 27 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 29 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 30 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 31 Rizkallah Rizkallah NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 32 et et FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 33 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 34 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 36 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 37 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 38 Johnson Johnson NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 39 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 40 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 41 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 43 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 44 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 45 Haiser Haiser NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 46 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 47 Turnbaugh Turnbaugh NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 48 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 49 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 50 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1846 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 2 valuable valuable JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 3 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 5 predominantly predominantly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 6 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 7 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 8 metabolism metabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 10 unknown unknown JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 11 human human NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 13 associated associated JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 14 microbes microbe NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 15 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 16 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 18 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 20 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 21 cases case NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 23 inter inter JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 24 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 25 individual individual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 26 microbiome microbiome NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 27 variations variation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 28 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 29 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 30 documented document VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 31 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 32 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 34 digoxin digoxin NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 35 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 36 Mathan Mathan NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 37 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 38 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 39 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 41 1989 1989 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 42 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 43 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 44 acetaminophen acetaminophen NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 45 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 46 Clayton Clayton NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 47 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 48 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 49 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 50 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 51 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 52 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 53 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1847 54 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1848 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1848 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1848 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1848 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1848 5 Cho Cho NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1848 6 I I NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1848 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1848 8 Blaser Blaser NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1848 9 MJ MJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1848 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1848 11 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1848 12 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1848 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1848 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1849 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1849 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1849 3 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1849 4 microbiome microbiome NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1849 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1849 6 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1849 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1849 8 interface interface NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1849 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1849 10 health health NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1849 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1849 12 disease disease NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1849 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1849 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1850 1 Nature Nature NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1850 2 Reviews Reviews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1850 3 Genetics Genetics NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1850 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1851 1 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1851 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1851 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1851 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1851 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1851 6 260–270 260–270 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1851 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1852 1 doi:10.1038 doi:10.1038 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1852 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1852 3 nrg3182 nrg3182 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1852 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1853 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1853 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1853 3 3418802 3418802 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1853 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1854 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1854 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1854 3 22411464 22411464 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1854 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1855 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1855 2 composition composition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1855 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1855 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1855 5 microbiome microbiome JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1855 6 varies varie NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1855 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1855 8 anatomical anatomical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1855 9 site site NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1855 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1855 11 Figure figure NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1855 12 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1855 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1855 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1856 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1856 2 primary primary JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1856 3 determinant determinant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1856 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1856 5 community community NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1856 6 composition composition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1856 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1856 8 anatomical anatomical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1856 9 location location NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1856 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1856 11 interpersonal interpersonal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1856 12 variation variation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1856 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1856 14 substantial23,24 substantial23,24 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1856 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1856 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1856 17 higher high JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 1856 18 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1856 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1856 20 temporal temporal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1856 21 variability variability NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1856 22 seen see VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1856 23 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1856 24 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1856 25 sites site NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1856 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1856 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1856 28 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1856 29 individual25 individual25 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1856 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1857 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1857 2 How how WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1857 3 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1857 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1857 5 microbiome microbiome NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1857 6 affect affect VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1857 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1857 8 pharmacology pharmacology NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1857 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1857 10 medications medication NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1857 11 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1858 1 Can Can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1858 2 we -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1858 3 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1858 4 micro micro JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1858 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1858 6 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1858 7 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1858 8 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1858 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1858 10 improve improve VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1858 11 pharmacokinetics pharmacokinetic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1858 12 and/or and/or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1858 13 reduce reduce VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1858 14 toxicity toxicity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1858 15 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1859 1 Can Can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1859 2 we -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1859 3 manipulate manipulate VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1859 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1859 5 microbiome microbiome NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1859 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 1859 7 improve improve VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1859 8 pharmacokinetic pharmacokinetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1859 9 stability stability NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1859 10 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1860 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1860 2 Hutter Hutter NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1860 3 T T NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1860 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1860 5 Gimbert Gimbert NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1860 6 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1860 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1860 8 Bouchard Bouchard NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1860 9 F F NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1860 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1860 11 Lapointe Lapointe NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1860 12 FJ FJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1860 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1860 14 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1860 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1860 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1861 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1861 2 Being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1861 3 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1861 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1861 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1861 6 gut gut NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1861 7 feeling feeling NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1861 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1861 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1862 1 Microbiome Microbiome NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1862 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1863 1 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1863 2 : : SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1863 3 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1863 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1863 5 doi:10.1186 doi:10.1186 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1863 6 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1863 7 s40168 s40168 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1863 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1863 9 015 015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1863 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1863 11 0076 0076 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1863 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1863 13 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1863 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1864 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1864 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1864 3 4359430 4359430 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1864 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1865 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1865 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1865 3 25774294 25774294 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1865 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1866 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1866 2 metagenomic metagenomic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1866 3 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1866 4 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1866 5 suggested suggest VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1866 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1866 7 less less JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 1866 8 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1866 9 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1866 10 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1866 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1866 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1866 13 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1866 14 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1866 15 comprise comprise VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1866 16 our -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1866 17 bodies body NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1866 18 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1866 19 Homo Homo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1866 20 sapiens sapiens JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1866 21 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1866 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1867 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1867 2 remaining remain VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1867 3 90 90 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1867 4 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1867 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1867 6 bacterial bacterial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1867 7 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1867 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1868 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1868 2 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1868 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1868 4 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1868 5 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1868 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1868 7 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1868 8 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1868 9 microbiome microbiome NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1868 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1868 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1868 12 great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1868 13 interest interest NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1868 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1868 15 importance importance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1868 16 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1868 17 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1868 18 reasons reason NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1868 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1869 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1869 2 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1869 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1869 4 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1869 5 helps help VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1869 6 us -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1869 7 redefine redefine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1869 8 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1869 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1869 10 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1869 11 individual individual NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1869 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1869 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1870 1 We -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1870 2 suggest suggest VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1870 3 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1870 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1870 5 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1870 6 individual individual NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1870 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1870 8 now now RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1870 9 best best RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1870 10 described describe VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1870 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1870 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1870 13 super super JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1870 14 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1870 15 individual individual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1870 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1870 17 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1870 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1870 19 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1870 20 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1870 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1870 22 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1870 23 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1870 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1870 25 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1870 26 Homo Homo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1870 27 sapiens sapiens JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1870 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1870 29 coexist coexist NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1870 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1871 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1871 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1871 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1871 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1871 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1871 6 Kumar Kumar NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1871 7 K K NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1871 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1871 9 Dhoke Dhoke NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1871 10 GV GV NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1871 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1871 12 Sharma Sharma NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1871 13 AK AK NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1871 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1871 15 Jaiswal Jaiswal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1871 16 SK SK NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1871 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1871 18 Sharma Sharma NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1871 19 VK VK NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1871 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1871 21 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1871 22 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1871 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1871 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1872 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1872 2 Mechanistic mechanistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1872 3 elucidation elucidation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1872 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1872 5 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1872 6 metabolism metabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1872 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1872 8 tyramine tyramine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1872 9 oxidase oxidase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1872 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1872 11 human human NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1872 12 gut gut NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1872 13 microbiota microbiota NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1872 14 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1872 15 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1872 16 dynamics dynamic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1872 17 simulations simulation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1872 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1872 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1873 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1873 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1873 3 Cellular Cellular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1873 4 Biochemistry Biochemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1873 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1874 1 120 120 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1874 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1874 3 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1874 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1874 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1874 6 11206–11215 11206–11215 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1874 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1875 1 doi:10.1002 doi:10.1002 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1875 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1875 3 jcb.28396 jcb.28396 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1875 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1876 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1876 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1876 3 30701587 30701587 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1876 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1877 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1877 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1877 3 73413138 73413138 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1877 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 1 Particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 4 case case NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 7 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 8 gut gut NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 10 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 11 harbors harbor VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 13 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 14 diversity diversity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 16 bacterial bacterial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 17 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 20 differences difference NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 22 microbial microbial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 23 composition composition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 24 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 25 significantly significantly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 26 alter alter VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 28 metabolic metabolic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 29 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 32 gut gut NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 33 lumen.4 lumen.4 PDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 34 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 35 differential differential JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 36 metabolic metabolic NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 37 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 38 due due IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 39 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 41 differences difference NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 42 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 43 gut gut NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 44 microbial microbial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 45 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 46 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 47 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 48 recently recently RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 49 linked link VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 50 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 51 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 52 metabolic metabolic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 53 disorders disorder NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 54 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 55 diseases.5–12 diseases.5–12 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 56 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 57 addition addition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 58 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 59 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 60 impact impact NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 61 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 62 gut gut NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 63 microbial microbial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 64 diversity diversity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 65 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 66 dysbiosis dysbiosis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 67 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 68 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 69 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 70 diseases disease NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 71 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 72 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 73 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 74 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 75 increasing increase VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 76 amount amount NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 77 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 78 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 79 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 80 shows show VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 81 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 82 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 83 gut gut NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 84 microbes microbe NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 85 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 86 affect affect VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 87 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 88 bioavailability bioavailability NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 89 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 90 efficacy efficacy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 91 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 92 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 93 orally orally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 94 administrated administrate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 95 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 96 molecules molecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 97 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 98 promiscuous promiscuous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 99 enzymatic enzymatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 100 metabolism.13,14 metabolism.13,14 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 101   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1878 102 ... ... . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 2 present present JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 3 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 4 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 6 atomistic atomistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 7 details detail NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 9 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 10 binding bind VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 12 binding bind VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 13 affinity affinity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 16 tyramine tyramine JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 17 oxidase oxidase NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 18 along along IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 19 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 21 comparison comparison NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 22 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 23 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 24 natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 25 substrates substrate NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 27 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 28 enzyme enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 29 namely namely RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 30 tyramine tyramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 32 phenylalanine phenylalanine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 33 provides provide VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 34 strong strong JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 35 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 36 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 38 promiscuity promiscuity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 39 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 40 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 41 metabolism metabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 42 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 43 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 44 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 46 tyramine tyramine JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 47 oxidase oxidase JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 48 enzyme enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 49 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 50 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 51 coli coli NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1879 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 2 obtained obtain VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 3 results result NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 4 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 5 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 6 crucial crucial JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 8 designing design VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 10 surrogate surrogate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 11 molecule molecule NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 13 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 14 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 15 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 16 help help VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 17 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 19 improving improve VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 21 efficacy efficacy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 23 bioavailability bioavailability NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 26 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 27 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 28 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 29 competitive competitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 30 inhibition inhibition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 31 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 32 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 33 redesigning redesign VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 35 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 36 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 37 better well JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 38 pharmacological pharmacological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 39 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1880 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1881 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1881 2 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1881 3 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1881 4 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1881 5 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1881 6 useful useful JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1881 7 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1881 8 implications implication NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1881 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1881 10 reducing reduce VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1881 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1881 12 gut gut NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1881 13 microbiota microbiota NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1881 14 caused cause VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1881 15 variation variation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1881 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1881 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1881 18 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1881 19 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1881 20 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1881 21 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1881 22 populations population NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1881 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1882 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1882 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1882 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1882 4 Khan Khan NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1882 5 MZ MZ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1882 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1882 7 Nawaz Nawaz NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1882 8 W W NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1882 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1882 10 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1882 11 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1882 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1882 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1883 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1883 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1883 3 emerging emerge VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 1883 4 roles role NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1883 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1883 6 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1883 7 trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1883 8 amines amine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1883 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1883 10 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1883 11 trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1883 12 amine amine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1883 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1883 14 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1883 15 receptors receptor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1883 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1883 17 hTAARs hTAARs NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1883 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1883 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1883 20 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1883 21 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1883 22 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1883 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1883 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1884 1 Biomedicine Biomedicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1884 2 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1884 3 Pharmacotherapy Pharmacotherapy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1884 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1885 1 83 83 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1885 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1885 3 439–449 439–449 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1885 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1886 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1886 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1886 3 j.biopha.2016.07.002 j.biopha.2016.07.002 JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1886 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1887 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1887 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1887 3 27424325 27424325 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1887 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1888 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1888 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1888 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1888 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1888 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1888 6 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1888 7 Lindemann Lindemann NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1888 8 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1888 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1888 10 Hoener Hoener NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1888 11 MC MC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1888 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1888 13 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1888 14 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1888 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1888 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1889 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1889 2 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1889 3 renaissance renaissance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1889 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1889 5 trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1889 6 amines amine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1889 7 inspired inspire VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1889 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1889 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1889 10 novel novel JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1889 11 GPCR GPCR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1889 12 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1889 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1889 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1890 1 Trends trend NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1890 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1890 3 Pharmacological Pharmacological NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1890 4 Sciences Sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1890 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1891 1 26 26 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1891 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1891 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1891 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1891 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1891 6 274–281 274–281 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1891 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1892 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1892 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1892 3 j.tips.2005.03.007 j.tips.2005.03.007 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1892 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1893 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1893 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1893 3 15860375 15860375 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1893 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 3 Determination determination NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 4 That that DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 5 Delcobese Delcobese NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 7 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 8 Adipate Adipate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 10 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 11 Sulfate Sulfate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 13 Dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 14 Adipate Adipate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 16 Dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 17 Sulfate Sulfate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 19 Tablets tablet NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 21 Capsules Capsules NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 22 Were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 23 Not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 24 Withdrawn withdraw VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 25 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 26 Sale sale NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 27 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 28 Reasons Reasons NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 30 Safety Safety NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 31 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 32 Effectiveness Effectiveness NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 33 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1894 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1895 1 Federal Federal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1895 2 Register Register NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1895 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1896 1 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1896 2 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1896 3 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1896 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1897 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1897 2 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1897 3 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1897 4 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1897 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1898 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 1898 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1898 3 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1898 4 Hydrochloride Hydrochloride NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1898 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1898 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1899 1 Pubchem Pubchem NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1899 2 Compound Compound NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1899 3 Database Database NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1899 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1900 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1900 2 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1900 3 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1900 4 Library Library NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1900 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1900 6 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1900 7   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1900 8 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1900 9 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1900 10 Center Center NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1900 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1900 12 Biotechnology Biotechnology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1900 13 Information Information NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1900 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1901 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1901 2 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1901 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1901 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1901 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1902 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 1902 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1902 3 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1902 4 Phosphate Phosphate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1902 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1902 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1903 1 Pubchem Pubchem NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1903 2 Compound Compound NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1903 3 Database Database NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1903 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1904 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1904 2 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1904 3 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1904 4 Library Library NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1904 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1904 6 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1904 7   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1904 8 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1904 9 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1904 10 Center Center NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1904 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1904 12 Biotechnology Biotechnology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1904 13 Information Information NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1904 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1905 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1905 2 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1905 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1905 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1905 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1906 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1906 2 Cavallito Cavallito NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1906 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1906 4 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1906 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1906 6 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1906 7 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1906 8 1960 1960 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1906 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1906 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1907 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1907 2 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1907 3 Tannate Tannate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1907 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1908 1 Patent Patent NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1908 2 Application application NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1908 3 No no UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1908 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1909 1 2,950,309 2,950,309 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1909 2 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1909 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1909 4 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1909 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1909 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1910 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1910 2 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1910 3 Patent Patent NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1910 4 Office Office NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1910 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1911 1 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1911 2 Brussee Brussee NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1911 3 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1911 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1911 5 Jansen Jansen NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1911 6 AC AC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1911 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1911 8 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1911 9 1983 1983 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1911 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1911 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1912 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1912 2 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1912 3 highly highly RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1912 4 stereoselective stereoselective JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1912 5 synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1912 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1912 7 s(−)-[1,1'-binaphthalene]-2,2'-diol s(−)-[1,1'-binaphthalene]-2,2'-diol NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1912 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1912 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1913 1 Tetrahedron Tetrahedron NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1913 2 Letters Letters NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1913 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1914 1 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1914 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1914 3 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1914 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1914 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1914 6 3261–3262 3261–3262 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1914 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1915 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1915 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1915 3 S0040 S0040 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1915 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1915 5 4039(00)88151 4039(00)88151 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1915 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1915 7 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1915 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1916 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1916 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1916 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1916 4 Schep Schep NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1916 5 LJ LJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1916 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1916 7 Slaughter Slaughter NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1916 8 RJ RJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1916 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1916 10 Beasley Beasley NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1916 11 DM DM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1916 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1916 13 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1916 14 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1916 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1916 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1917 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1917 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1917 3 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1917 4 toxicology toxicology NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1917 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1917 6 metamfetamine metamfetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1917 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1917 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1918 1 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1918 2 Toxicology Toxicology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1918 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1919 1 48 48 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1919 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1919 3 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1919 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1919 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1919 6 675–694 675–694 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1919 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1920 1 doi:10.3109/15563650.2010.516752 doi:10.3109/15563650.2010.516752 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1920 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1921 1 ISSN issn NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1921 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1921 3 1556 1556 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1921 4 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1921 5 3650 3650 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1921 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1922 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1922 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1922 3 20849327 20849327 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1922 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1923 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1923 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1923 3 42588722 42588722 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1923 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1924 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1924 2 Lillsunde Lillsunde NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1924 3 P P NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1924 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1924 5 Korte Korte NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1924 6 T T NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1924 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1924 8 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1924 9 1991 1991 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1924 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1924 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1925 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1925 2 Determination Determination NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1925 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1925 4 ring- ring- NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1925 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1925 6 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1925 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1925 8 substituted substitute VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1925 9 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1925 10 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1925 11 heptafluorobutyryl heptafluorobutyryl NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1925 12 derivatives derivatives NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1925 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1925 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1926 1 Forensic Forensic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1926 2 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1926 3 International International NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1926 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1927 1 49 49 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1927 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1927 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1927 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1927 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1927 6 205–213 205–213 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1927 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1928 1 doi:10.1016/0379 doi:10.1016/0379 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1928 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1928 3 0738(91)90081-s 0738(91)90081-s CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1928 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1928 5 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1928 6   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1928 7 1855720 1855720 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1928 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1929 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1929 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1929 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1929 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1929 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1929 6 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1929 7 Historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1929 8 overview overview NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1929 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1929 10 methamphetamine methamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1929 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1929 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1930 1 Vermont Vermont NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1930 2 Department Department NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1930 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1930 4 Health Health NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1930 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1931 1 Government Government NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1931 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1931 3 Vermont Vermont NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1931 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1932 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1932 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1932 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1932 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1932 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1932 6 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1932 7 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1932 8 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1932 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1933 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1933 2 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1933 3 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1933 4 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1933 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1934 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1934 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1934 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1934 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1934 5 Allen Allen NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1934 6 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1934 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1934 8 Ely Ely NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1934 9 R r NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1934 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1934 11 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1934 12 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1934 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1934 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1935 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1935 2 Review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1935 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1935 4 Synthetic synthetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1935 5 Methods method NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1935 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1935 7 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1935 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1935 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1935 10 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1935 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1935 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1936 1 Crime crime NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1936 2 Scene scene NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1936 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1937 1 Northwest Northwest NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1937 2 Association Association NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1937 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1937 4 Forensic Forensic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1937 5 Scientists Scientists NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1937 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1938 1 37 37 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1938 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1938 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1938 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1938 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1938 6 15–25 15–25 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1938 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1939 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1939 2 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1939 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1939 4 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1939 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1940 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1940 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1940 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1940 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1940 5 Allen Allen NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1940 6 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1940 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1940 8 Cantrell Cantrell NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1940 9 TS TS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1940 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1940 11 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1940 12 1989 1989 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1940 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1940 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1941 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1941 2 Synthetic synthetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1941 3 reductions reduction NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1941 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1941 5 clandestine clandestine JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1941 6 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1941 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1941 8 methamphetamine methamphetamine JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1941 9 laboratories laboratory NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1941 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1941 11 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1941 12 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1941 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1941 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1942 1 Forensic Forensic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1942 2 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1942 3 International International NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1942 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1943 1 42 42 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1943 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1943 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1943 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1943 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1943 6 183–199 183–199 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1943 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1944 1 doi:10.1016/0379 doi:10.1016/0379 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1944 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1944 3 0738(89)90086 0738(89)90086 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1944 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1944 5 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1944 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 6 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 7 Recommended recommend VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 8 methods method NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 11 identification identification NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 13 analysis analysis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 15 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 17 methamphetamine methamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 20 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 21 ring ring NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 23 substituted substitute VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 24 analogues analogue NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 26 seized seize VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 27 materials material NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 28 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 30 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 31 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1945 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1946 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1946 2 Nations Nations NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1946 3 Office Office NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1946 4 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1946 5 Drugs Drugs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1946 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1946 7 Crime Crime NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1946 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1947 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1947 2 Nations Nations NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1947 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1948 1 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1948 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1948 3 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1948 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1949 1 9–12 9–12 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1949 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1950 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1950 2 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1950 3 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1950 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1950 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1951 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1951 2 Pollard Pollard NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1951 3 CB CB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1951 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1951 5 Young Young NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1951 6 DC DC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1951 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1951 8 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1951 9 1951 1951 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1951 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1951 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1952 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1952 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1952 3 Mechanism Mechanism NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1952 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1952 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1952 6 Leuckart Leuckart NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1952 7 Reaction Reaction NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1952 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1952 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1953 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1953 2 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1953 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1953 4 Organic Organic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1953 5 Chemistry Chemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1953 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1954 1 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1954 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1954 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1954 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1954 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1954 6 661–672 661–672 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1954 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1955 1 doi:10.1021 doi:10.1021 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1955 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1955 3 jo01145a001 jo01145a001 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1955 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 2 US US NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 3 patent patent NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 4 2276508 2276508 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 6 Nabenhauer Nabenhauer NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 7 FP FP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 10 Method method NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 13 separation separation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 15 optically optically RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 16 active active JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 17 alpha alpha NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 19 methylphenethylamine methylphenethylamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 20 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 22 published publish VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 23 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 24 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 25 1942 1942 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 27 assigned assign VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 28 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 29 Smith Smith NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 30 Kline Kline NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 31 French French NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 32     _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 33 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 34 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 35 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 36 Gray Gray NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 37 DL DL NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 38 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 39 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 40 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1956 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1957 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1957 2 Approved approved JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1957 3 Treatments treatment NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1957 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1957 5 Attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1957 6 Deficit Deficit NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1957 7 Hyperactivity Hyperactivity NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1957 8 Disorder Disorder NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1957 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1957 10 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1957 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1957 12 Adderall Adderall NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1957 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1957 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1957 15 Methylphenidate Methylphenidate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1957 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1957 17 Ritalin Ritalin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1957 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1957 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1957 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1957 21 Atomoxetine Atomoxetine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1957 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1957 23 Straterra Straterra NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1957 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1957 25 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1957 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1958 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1958 2 Johnson Johnson NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1958 3 DS DS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1958 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1958 5 Li Li NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1958 6 JJ JJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1958 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1958 8 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1958 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1958 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1958 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1959 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1959 2 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1959 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1959 4 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1959 5 Synthesis Synthesis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1959 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1960 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1960 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1960 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1960 4 USA USA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1960 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1960 6 Wiley Wiley NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1960 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1960 8 Interscience Interscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1960 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1961 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1961 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1961 3 247 247 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1961 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1962 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1962 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1962 3 9780471752158 9780471752158 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1962 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1963 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1963 2 Patrick Patrick NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1963 3 TM TM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1963 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1963 5 McBee McBee NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1963 6 ET ET NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1963 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1963 8 Hass Hass NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1963 9 HB HB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1963 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1963 11 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1963 12 1946 1946 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1963 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1963 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1964 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1964 2 Synthesis Synthesis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1964 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1964 4 arylpropylamines arylpropylamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1964 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1964 6 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1964 7 allyl allyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1964 8 chloride chloride NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1964 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1964 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1965 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1965 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1965 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1965 4 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1965 5 Chemical Chemical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1965 6 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1965 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1966 1 68 68 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1966 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1966 3 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1966 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1966 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1966 6 1009–1011 1009–1011 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1966 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1967 1 doi:10.1021 doi:10.1021 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1967 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1967 3 ja01210a032 ja01210a032 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1967 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1968 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1968 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1968 3 20985610 20985610 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1968 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1969 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1969 2 Ritter Ritter NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1969 3 JJ JJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1969 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1969 5 Kalish Kalish NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1969 6 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1969 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1969 8 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1969 9 1948 1948 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1969 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1969 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1970 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1970 2 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1970 3 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1970 4 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1970 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1970 6 nitriles nitrile NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1970 7 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1970 8 synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1970 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1970 10 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1970 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1970 12 carbinamines carbinamines NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1970 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1970 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1971 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1971 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1971 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1971 4 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1971 5 Chemical Chemical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1971 6 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1971 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1972 1 70 70 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1972 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1972 3 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1972 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1972 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1972 6 4048–4050 4048–4050 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1972 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1973 1 doi:10.1021 doi:10.1021 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1973 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1973 3 ja01192a023 ja01192a023 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1973 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1974 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1974 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1974 3 18105933 18105933 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1974 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1975 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1975 2 Krimen Krimen NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1975 3 LI LI NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1975 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1975 5 Cota Cota NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1975 6 DJ DJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1975 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1975 8 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1975 9 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1975 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1975 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1976 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1976 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 1976 3 Ritter Ritter NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1976 4 Reaction Reaction NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1976 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1976 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1977 1 Organic Organic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1977 2 Reactions Reactions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1977 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1978 1 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1978 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1978 3 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1978 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1978 5 216 216 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1978 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1978 7 doi:10.1002/0471264180.or017.03 doi:10.1002/0471264180.or017.03 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1978 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1979 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1979 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1979 3 9780471264187 9780471264187 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1979 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 2 US US NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 3 patent patent NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 4 2413493 2413493 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 6 Bitler Bitler NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 7 WP WP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 9 Flisik Flisik NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 10 AC AC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 12 Leonard Leonard NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 13 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 16 Synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 18 isomer isomer NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 20 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 21 benzyl benzyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 22 methyl methyl NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 23 acetoacetic acetoacetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 24 methyl methyl NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 25 ester ester NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 26 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 28 published publish VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 29 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 30 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 31 1946 1946 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 33 assigned assign VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 34 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 35 Kay Kay NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 36 Fries Fries NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 37 Chemicals Chemicals NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 38 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 39     _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 40 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 41 Collins Collins NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 42 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 44 Salouros Salouros NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 45 H H NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 47 Cawley Cawley NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 48 AT AT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 50 Robertson Robertson NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 51 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 52 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 53 Heagney Heagney NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 54 AC AC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 55 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 56 Arenas Arenas NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 57 - - : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 58 Queralt Queralt NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 59 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 60 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 61 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 62 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 63 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1980 64 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1981 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1981 2 δ13C δ13C NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1981 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1981 4 δ2H δ2h NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1981 5 isotope isotope NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1981 6 ratios ratio NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1981 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1981 8 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1981 9 synthesized synthesize VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1981 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1981 11 benzaldehyde benzaldehyde NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1981 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1981 13 nitroethane nitroethane NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1981 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1981 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1982 1 Rapid Rapid NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1982 2 Communications Communications NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1982 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1982 4 Mass Mass NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1982 5 Spectrometry Spectrometry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1982 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1983 1 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1983 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1983 3 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1983 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1983 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1983 6 1653–1658 1653–1658 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1983 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1984 1 doi:10.1002 doi:10.1002 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1984 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1984 3 rcm.4563 rcm.4563 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1984 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1985 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1985 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1985 3 20486262 20486262 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1985 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1986 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1986 2 Kraemer Kraemer NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1986 3 T T NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1986 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1986 5 Maurer Maurer NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1986 6 HH HH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1986 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1986 8 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1986 9 1998 1998 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1986 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1986 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1987 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1987 2 Determination Determination NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1987 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1987 4 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1987 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1987 6 methamphetamine methamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1987 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1987 8 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1987 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1987 10 derived derive VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1987 11 designer designer NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1987 12 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1987 13 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1987 14 medicaments medicament NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1987 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1987 16 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1987 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1987 18 urine urine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1987 19 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1987 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1988 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1988 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1988 3 Chromatography Chromatography NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1988 4 B. B. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1989 1 713 713 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1989 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1989 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1989 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1989 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1989 6 163–187 163–187 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1989 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1990 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1990 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1990 3 S0378 S0378 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1990 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1990 5 4347(97)00515-X. 4347(97)00515-X. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1991 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1991 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1991 3 9700558 9700558 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1991 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1992 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1992 2 Kraemer Kraemer NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1992 3 T T NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1992 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1992 5 Paul Paul NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1992 6 LD LD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1992 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1992 8 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1992 9 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1992 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1992 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1993 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 1993 2 Bioanalytical bioanalytical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1993 3 procedures procedure NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1993 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1993 5 determination determination NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1993 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1993 7 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 1993 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1993 9 abuse abuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1993 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1993 11 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 1993 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 1993 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1994 1 Analytical analytical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 1994 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 1994 3 Bioanalytical Bioanalytical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1994 4 Chemistry Chemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1994 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1995 1 388 388 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1995 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1995 3 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1995 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1995 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 1995 6 1415–1435 1415–1435 ADD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1995 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1996 1 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1996 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1996 3 s00216 s00216 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1996 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1996 5 007 007 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1996 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 1996 7 1271 1271 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1996 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 1996 9 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1996 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1997 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1997 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1997 3 17468860 17468860 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1997 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1998 1 S2CID S2CID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1998 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1998 3 32917584 32917584 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1998 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 1999 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1999 2 Goldberger Goldberger NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1999 3 BA BA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1999 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 1999 5 Cone Cone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1999 6 EJ EJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1999 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1999 8 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 1999 9 1994 1994 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 1999 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 1999 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2000 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2000 2 Confirmatory confirmatory JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2000 3 tests test VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2000 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2000 5 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2000 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2000 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2000 8 workplace workplace NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2000 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2000 10 gas gas NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2000 11 chromatography chromatography NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2000 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2000 13 mass mass NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2000 14 spectrometry spectrometry NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2000 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2000 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2001 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2001 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2001 3 Chromatography Chromatography NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2001 4 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2002 1 674 674 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2002 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2002 3 1–2 1–2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2002 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2002 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2002 6 73–86 73–86 LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2002 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2003 1 doi:10.1016/0021 doi:10.1016/0021 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2003 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2003 3 9673(94)85218 9673(94)85218 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2003 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2003 5 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2003 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2004 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2004 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2004 3 8075776 8075776 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2004 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2005 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2005 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2005 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2005 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2005 5 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2005 6 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2005 7 Testing testing NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2005 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2005 9 Primary Primary NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2005 10 Care Care NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2005 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2005 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2005 13 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2005 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2005 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2006 1 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2006 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2006 3 Colorado Colorado NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2006 4 Denver Denver NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2006 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2007 1 Technical Technical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2007 2 Assistance Assistance NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2007 3 Publication Publication NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2007 4 Series Series NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2007 5 32 32 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2007 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2008 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2008 2 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2008 3 Department Department NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2008 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2008 5 Health Health NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2008 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2008 7 Human Human NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2008 8 Services Services NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2008 9   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2008 10 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2008 11 Substance Substance NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2008 12 Abuse Abuse NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2008 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2008 14 Mental Mental NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2008 15 Health Health NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2008 16 Services Services NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2008 17 Administration Administration NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2008 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2009 1 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2009 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2009 3 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2009 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2009 5 55 55 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2009 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2010 1 Archived Archived NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2010 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2010 3 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2010 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2010 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2010 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2010 7 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2010 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2010 9 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2010 10 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2010 11 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2010 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2011 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2011 2 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2011 3 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2011 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2011 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2012 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2012 2 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2012 3 dose dose NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2012 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2012 5 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2012 6 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2012 7 methamphetamine methamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2012 8 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2012 9 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2012 10 detected detect VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2012 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2012 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2012 13 urine urine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2012 14 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2012 15 approximately approximately RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2012 16 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2012 17 hours hour NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2012 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2012 19 depending depend VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2012 20 upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2012 21 urine urine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2012 22 pH ph NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2012 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2012 24 individual individual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2012 25 metabolic metabolic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2012 26 differences difference NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2012 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2013 1 People People NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2013 2 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2013 3 use use VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2013 4 chronically chronically RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2013 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2013 6 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2013 7 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2013 8 doses dose NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2013 9 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2013 10 continue continue VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2013 11 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 2013 12 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2013 13 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2013 14 urine urine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2013 15 specimens specimen NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2013 16 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2013 17 2–4 2–4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2013 18 days day NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2013 19 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2013 20 last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2013 21 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2013 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2013 23 SAMHSA SAMHSA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2013 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2013 25 2010b 2010b CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2013 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2013 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2014 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2014 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2014 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2014 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2014 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2014 6 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2014 7 Paul Paul NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2014 8 BD BD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2014 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2014 10 Jemionek Jemionek NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2014 11 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2014 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2014 13 Lesser Lesser NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2014 14 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2014 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2014 16 Jacobs Jacobs NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2014 17 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2014 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2014 19 Searles Searles NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2014 20 DA DA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2014 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2014 22 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2014 23 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2014 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2014 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 2 Enantiomeric enantiomeric JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 3 separation separation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 5 quantitation quantitation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 8 ±)-amphetamine ±)-amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 11 ±)-methamphetamine ±)-methamphetamine RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 14 ±)-MDA ±)-MDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 17 ±)-MDMA ±)-mdma CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 21 ±)-MDEA ±)-mdea FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 23 urine urine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 24 specimens specimen NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 25 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 26 GC GC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 28 EI EI NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 29 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 30 MS MS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 31 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 32 derivatization derivatization NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 33 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 34 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 35 R)-(−)- R)-(−)- NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 36 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 37 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 38 S)-(+)-α s)-(+)-α CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 39 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 40 methoxy methoxy JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 41 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 42 α-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetyl α-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetyl NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 43 chloride chloride NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 44 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 45 MTPA MTPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 46 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 47 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2015 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2016 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2016 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2016 3 Analytical Analytical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2016 4 Toxicology Toxicology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2016 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2017 1 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2017 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2017 3 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2017 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2017 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2017 6 449–455 449–455 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2017 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2018 1 doi:10.1093 doi:10.1093 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2018 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2018 3 jat/28.6.449 jat/28.6.449 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2018 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2019 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2019 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2019 3 15516295 15516295 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2019 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2020 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 2020 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2020 3 Part Part NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2020 4 341 341 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2020 5 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2020 6 cold cold JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2020 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2020 8 cough cough NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2020 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2020 10 allergy allergy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2020 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2020 12 bronchodilator bronchodilator NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2020 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2020 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2020 15 antiasthmatic antiasthmatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2020 16 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2020 17 products product NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2020 18 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2020 19 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2020 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2020 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2020 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2020 23 counter counter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2020 24 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2020 25 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2020 26 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2020 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2021 1 Code Code NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2021 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2021 3 Federal Federal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2021 4 Regulations Regulations NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2021 5 Title Title NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2021 6 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2021 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2021 8 Subchapter subchapter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2021 9 D d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2021 10 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2021 11 Drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2021 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2021 13 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2021 14 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2021 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2022 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2022 2 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2022 3 Food Food NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2022 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2022 5 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2022 6 Administration Administration NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2022 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2023 1 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2023 2 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2023 3 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2023 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2024 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2024 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2024 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2024 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2024 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2024 6 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2024 7 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2024 8 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2024 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2025 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2025 2 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2025 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2025 4 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2025 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2026 1 Topical topical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2026 2 nasal nasal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2026 3 decongestants decongestant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2026 4 --(i --(i : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2026 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2026 6 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2026 7 products product NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2026 8 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2026 9 levmetamfetamine levmetamfetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2026 10 identified identify VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2026 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2026 12 341.20(b)(1 341.20(b)(1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2026 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2026 14 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2026 15 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2026 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2026 17 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2026 18 inhalant inhalant JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2026 19 dosage dosage NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2026 20 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2026 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2027 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2027 2 product product NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2027 3 delivers deliver VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2027 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2027 5 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2027 6 800 800 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2027 7 milliliters milliliter NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2027 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2027 9 air air NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2027 10 0.04 0.04 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2027 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2027 12 0.150 0.150 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2027 13 milligrams milligram NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2027 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2027 15 levmetamfetamine levmetamfetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2027 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2028 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 2028 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2028 3 Identification identification NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2028 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2028 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2029 1 Levomethamphetamine Levomethamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2029 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2030 1 Pubchem Pubchem NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2030 2 Compound Compound NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2030 3 Database Database NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2030 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2031 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2031 2 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2031 3 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2031 4 Library Library NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2031 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2031 6 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2031 7   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2031 8 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2031 9 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2031 10 Center Center NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2031 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2031 12 Biotechnology Biotechnology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2031 13 Information Information NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2031 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2032 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2032 2 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2032 3 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2032 4 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2032 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2033 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2033 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2033 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2033 4 Verstraete Verstraete NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2033 5 AG AG NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2033 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2033 7 Heyden Heyden NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2033 8 FV FV NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2033 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2033 10 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2033 11 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2033 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2033 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2034 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2034 2 Comparison comparison NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2034 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2034 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2034 5 sensitivity sensitivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2034 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2034 7 specificity specificity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2034 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2034 9 six six CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2034 10 immunoassays immunoassay NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2034 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2034 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2034 13 detection detection NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2034 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2034 15 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2034 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2034 17 urine urine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2034 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2034 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2035 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2035 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2035 3 Analytical Analytical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2035 4 Toxicology Toxicology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2035 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2036 1 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2036 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2036 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2036 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2036 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2036 6 359–364 359–364 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2036 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2037 1 doi:10.1093 doi:10.1093 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2037 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2037 3 jat/29.5.359 jat/29.5.359 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2037 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2038 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2038 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2038 3 16105261 16105261 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2038 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2039 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2039 2 Baselt Baselt NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2039 3 RC RC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2039 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2039 5 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2039 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2039 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2040 1 Disposition disposition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2040 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2040 3 Toxic Toxic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2040 4 Drugs Drugs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2040 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2040 6 Chemicals Chemicals NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2040 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2040 8 Man Man NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2040 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2040 10 9th 9th NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2040 11 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2040 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2040 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2040 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2041 1 Seal Seal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2041 2 Beach Beach NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2041 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2041 4 USA USA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2041 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2041 6 Biomedical Biomedical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2041 7 Publications Publications NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2041 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2042 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2042 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2043 1 85–88 85–88 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2043 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2044 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2044 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2044 3 9780962652387 9780962652387 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2044 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2045 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2045 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2045 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2045 4 Musshoff Musshoff NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2045 5 F F NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2045 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2045 7 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2045 8 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2045 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2045 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2046 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2046 2 Illegal illegal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2046 3 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2046 4 legitimate legitimate JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2046 5 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2046 6 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2047 1 Precursor precursor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2047 2 compounds compound VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2047 3 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 2047 4 amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2047 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2047 6 methamphetamine methamphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2047 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2047 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2048 1 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2048 2 Metabolism Metabolism NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2048 3 Reviews Reviews NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2048 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2049 1 32 32 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2049 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2049 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2049 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2049 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2049 6 15–44 15–44 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2049 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2050 1 doi:10.1081 doi:10.1081 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2050 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2050 3 DMR-100100562 DMR-100100562 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2050 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2051 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2051 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2051 3 10711406 10711406 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2051 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2052 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2052 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2052 3 20012024 20012024 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2052 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2053 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2053 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2053 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2053 4 Cody Cody NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2053 5 JT JT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2053 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2053 7 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2053 8 2002 2002 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2053 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2053 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2054 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2054 2 Precursor precursor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2054 3 medications medication NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2054 4 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2054 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2054 6 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2054 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2054 8 methamphetamine methamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2054 9 and/or and/or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2054 10 amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2054 11 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2054 12 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2054 13 testing testing NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2054 14 results result NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2054 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2054 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2055 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2055 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2055 3 Occupational Occupational NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2055 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2055 5 Environmental Environmental NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2055 6 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2055 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2056 1 44 44 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2056 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2056 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2056 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2056 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2056 6 435–450 435–450 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2056 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2057 1 doi:10.1097/00043764 doi:10.1097/00043764 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2057 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2057 3 200205000 200205000 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2057 4 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2057 5 00012 00012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2057 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2058 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2058 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2058 3 12024689 12024689 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2058 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2059 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2059 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2059 3 44614179 44614179 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2059 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2060 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 2060 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2060 3 Annual annual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2060 4 prevalence prevalence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2060 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2060 6 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2060 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2060 8 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2060 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2060 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2060 11 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2060 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2060 13 globally globally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2060 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2060 15 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2060 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2060 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2061 1 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2061 2 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2061 3 Report Report NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2061 4 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2061 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2062 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2062 2 Nations Nations NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2062 3 Office Office NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2062 4 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2062 5 Drugs Drugs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2062 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2062 7 Crime Crime NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2062 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2063 1 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2063 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2064 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2064 2 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2064 3 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2064 4 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2064 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2065 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2065 2 Rassool Rassool NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2065 3 GH GH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2065 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2065 5 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2065 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2065 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2066 1 Alcohol Alcohol NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2066 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2066 3 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2066 4 Misuse Misuse NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2066 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2066 6 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2066 7 Handbook Handbook NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2066 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2066 9 Students Students NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2066 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2066 11 Health Health NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2066 12 Professionals Professionals NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2066 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2067 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2067 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2067 3 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2067 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2067 5 Routledge Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2067 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2068 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2068 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2068 3 113 113 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2068 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2069 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2069 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2069 3 9780203871171 9780203871171 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2069 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2070 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2070 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2070 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2070 4 Sulzer Sulzer NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2070 5 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2070 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2070 7 Sonders Sonders NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2070 8 MS MS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2070 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2070 10 Poulsen Poulsen NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2070 11 NW NW NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2070 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2070 13 Galli Galli NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2070 14 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2070 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2070 16 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2070 17 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2070 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2070 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2071 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2071 2 Mechanisms Mechanisms NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2071 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2071 4 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2071 5 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2071 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2071 7 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2071 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2071 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2071 10 review review NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2071 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2071 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2072 1 Progress progress NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2072 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2072 3 Neurobiology Neurobiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2072 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2073 1 75 75 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2073 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2073 3 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2073 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2073 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2073 6 406–433 406–433 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2073 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2074 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2074 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2074 3 j.pneurobio.2005.04.003 j.pneurobio.2005.04.003 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2074 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2075 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2075 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2075 3 15955613 15955613 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2075 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2076 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2076 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2076 3 2359509 2359509 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2076 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2077 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2077 2 Rasmussen Rasmussen NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2077 3 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2077 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2077 5 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2077 6 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2077 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2077 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2078 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2078 2 Medical medical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2078 3 science science NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2078 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2078 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2078 6 military military NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2078 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2078 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2078 9 Allies Allies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2078 10 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2078 11 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2078 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2078 13 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2078 14 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2078 15 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2078 16 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2078 17 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2078 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2078 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2079 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2079 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2079 3 Interdisciplinary Interdisciplinary NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2079 4 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2079 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2080 1 42 42 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2080 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2080 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2080 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2080 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2080 6 205–233 205–233 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2080 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2081 1 doi:10.1162 doi:10.1162 VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2081 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2081 3 JINH_a_00212 JINH_a_00212 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2081 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2082 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2082 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2082 3 22073434 22073434 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2082 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2083 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2083 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2083 3 34332132 34332132 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2083 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2084 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2084 2 Defalque Defalque NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2084 3 RJ RJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2084 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2084 5 Wright Wright NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2084 6 AJ AJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2084 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2084 8 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2084 9 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2084 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2084 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2085 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2085 2 Methamphetamine Methamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2085 3 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2085 4 Hitler Hitler NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2085 5 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2085 6 Germany Germany NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2085 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2085 8 1937 1937 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2085 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2085 10 1945 1945 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2085 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2085 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2086 1 Bulletin bulletin NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2086 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2086 3 Anesthesia Anesthesia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2086 4 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2086 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2087 1 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2087 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2087 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2087 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2087 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2087 6 21–24 21–24 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2087 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2087 8 32 32 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2087 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2087 10 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2087 11 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2087 12 s1522 s1522 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2087 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2087 14 8649(11)50016 8649(11)50016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2087 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2087 16 2 2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2087 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2088 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2088 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2088 3 22849208 22849208 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2088 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2089 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 2089 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2089 3 Controlled Controlled NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2089 4 Substances Substances NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2089 5 Act Act NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2089 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2089 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2090 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2090 2 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2090 3 Food Food NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2090 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2090 5 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2090 6 Administration Administration NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2090 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2091 1 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2091 2 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2091 3 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2091 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2092 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2092 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2092 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2092 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2092 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2092 6 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2092 7 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2092 8 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2092 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2093 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2093 2 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2093 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2093 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2093 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2094 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 2094 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2094 3 Controlled controlled JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2094 4 Substance Substance NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2094 5 Schedules Schedules NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2094 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2094 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2095 1 DEA DEA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2095 2 Diversion Diversion NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2095 3 Control Control NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2095 4 Division Division NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2095 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2096 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2096 2 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2096 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2096 4 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2096 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2097 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2097 2 Gyenis Gyenis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2097 3 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2098 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2098 2 Forty forty CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2098 3 Years Years NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2098 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2098 5 On on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2098 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2098 7 Road Road NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2098 8 1957–1997 1957–1997 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2098 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2098 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2099 1 wordsareimportant.com wordsareimportant.com ADD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2099 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2100 1 DHARMA DHARMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2100 2 beat beat NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2100 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2101 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2101 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2101 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2101 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2101 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2101 6 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2101 7 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2101 8 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2101 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2102 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2102 2 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2102 3 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2102 4 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2102 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2103 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2103 2 Wilson Wilson NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2103 3 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2103 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2103 5 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2103 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2103 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2104 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2104 2 Mixing mix VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2104 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2104 4 Medicine medicine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2104 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2104 6 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2104 7 unintended unintended JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2104 8 consequence consequence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2104 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2104 10 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2104 11 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2104 12 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2104 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2104 14 Northern Northern NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2104 15 Soul Soul NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2104 16 Scene Scene NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2104 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2104 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2104 19 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2104 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2104 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2105 1 Internet Internet NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2105 2 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2105 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2105 4 Criminology Criminology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2105 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2106 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2106 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2106 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2106 4 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2106 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2106 6 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2106 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2106 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2106 9 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2106 10 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2106 11 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2106 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2107 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2107 2 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2107 3 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2107 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2107 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2108 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2108 2 Hill Hill NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2108 3 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2108 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2108 5 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2108 6 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2108 7 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2108 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2108 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2109 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2109 2 Paul Paul NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2109 3 Erdos Erdos NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2109 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2109 5 Mathematical Mathematical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2109 6 Genius Genius NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2109 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2109 8 Human Human NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2109 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2109 10 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2109 11 That that DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2109 12 Order order NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2109 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2109 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2109 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2109 16 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2109 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2109 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2110 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2110 2 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2110 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2110 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2110 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2111 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2111 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2111 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2111 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2111 5 Mohan Mohan NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2111 6 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2111 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2111 8 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2111 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2112 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2112 2 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2112 3 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2112 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2112 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2113 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2113 2 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2113 3 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2113 4 Report Report NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2113 5 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2113 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2113 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2113 8 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2113 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2113 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2114 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2114 2 Nations Nations NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2114 3 Office Office NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2114 4 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2114 5 Drugs Drugs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2114 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2114 7 Crime Crime NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2114 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2115 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2115 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2115 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2115 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2116 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2116 2 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2116 3 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2116 4 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2116 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2117 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 2117 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2117 3 Statistical Statistical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2117 4 Bulletin Bulletin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2117 5 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2117 6   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2117 7 − − NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2117 8 prevalence prevalence NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2117 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2117 10 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2117 11 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2117 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2117 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2118 1 European European NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2118 2 Monitoring Monitoring NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2118 3 Centre Centre NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2118 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2118 5 Drugs Drugs NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2118 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2118 7 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2118 8 Addiction Addiction NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2118 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2119 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2119 2 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2119 3 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2119 4 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2119 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2120 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2120 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2120 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2120 4 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2120 5 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2120 6 report report NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2120 7 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2120 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2120 9 Trends trend NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2120 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2120 11 developments development NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2120 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2120 13 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2120 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2120 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2120 16 Report report NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2120 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2120 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2121 1 Lisbon Lisbon NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2121 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2121 3 Portugal Portugal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2121 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2121 5 European European NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2121 6 Monitoring Monitoring NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2121 7 Centre Centre NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2121 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2121 9 Drugs Drugs NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2121 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2121 11 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2121 12 Addiction Addiction NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2121 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2122 1 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2122 2 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2122 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2122 4 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2122 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2123 1 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2123 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2123 3 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2123 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2123 5 doi:10.2810/32306 doi:10.2810/32306 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2123 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2124 1 ISSN issn NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2124 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2124 3 2314 2314 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2124 4 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2124 5 9086 9086 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2124 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2125 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2125 2 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2125 3 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2125 4 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2125 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2126 1 1.2 1.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2126 2 million million CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2126 3 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2126 4 0.9 0.9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2126 5 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2126 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2126 7 young young JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2126 8 adults adult NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2126 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2126 10 15–34 15–34 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2126 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2126 12 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2126 13 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2126 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2126 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2126 16 last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2126 17 year year NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2126 18 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2126 19 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2126 20 Nations Nations NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2126 21 Office Office NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2126 22 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2126 23 Drugs Drugs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2126 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2126 25 Crime Crime NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2126 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2126 27 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2126 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2126 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2127 1 Preventing Preventing NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2127 2 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2127 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2127 4 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2127 5 Stimulant Stimulant NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2127 6 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2127 7 Among among IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2127 8 Young young JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2127 9 People People NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2127 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2127 11 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2127 12 Policy Policy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2127 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2127 14 Programming Programming NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2127 15 Guide Guide NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2127 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2127 17 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2127 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2127 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2128 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2128 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2128 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2128 4 USA USA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2128 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2128 6 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2128 7 Nations Nations NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2128 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2129 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2129 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2129 3 9789211482232 9789211482232 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2129 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2130 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2130 2 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2130 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2130 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2130 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2131 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 2131 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2131 3 List List NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2131 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2131 5 psychotropic psychotropic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2131 6 substances substance NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2131 7 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2131 8 international international JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2131 9 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2131 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2131 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2131 12 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2131 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2131 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2132 1 International International NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2132 2 Narcotics Narcotics NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2132 3 Control Control NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2132 4 Board Board NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2132 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2133 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2133 2 Nations Nations NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2133 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2134 1 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2134 2 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2134 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2135 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2135 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2135 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2135 4 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2135 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2135 6 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2135 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2135 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2135 9 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2135 10 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2135 11 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2135 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2136 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2136 2 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2136 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2136 4 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2136 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2137 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2137 2 Park Park NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2137 3 Jin Jin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2137 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2137 5 seng seng NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2137 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2137 7 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2137 8 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2137 9 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2137 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2137 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2138 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2138 2 Moving move VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2138 3 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2138 4 Korea Korea NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2138 5 brings bring VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2138 6 medical medical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2138 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2138 8 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2138 9 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2138 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2138 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2139 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2139 2 Korean Korean NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2139 3 Times Times NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2139 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2140 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2140 2 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2140 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2140 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2140 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2141 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 2141 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2141 3 Importing import VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2141 4 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2141 5 Bringing Bringing NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2141 6 Medication Medication NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2141 7 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2141 8 Japan Japan NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2141 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2141 10 Personal Personal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2141 11 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2141 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2141 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2142 1 Japanese Japanese NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2142 2 Ministry Ministry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2142 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2142 4 Health Health NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2142 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2142 6 Labour Labour NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2142 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2142 8 Welfare Welfare NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2142 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2143 1 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2143 2 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2143 3 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2143 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2144 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2144 2 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2144 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2144 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2144 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2145 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 2145 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2145 3 Controlled control VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2145 4 Drugs Drugs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2145 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2145 6 Substances Substances NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2145 7 Act Act NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2145 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2145 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2146 1 Canadian Canadian NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2146 2 Justice Justice NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2146 3 Laws Laws NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2146 4 Website Website NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2146 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2147 1 Government Government NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2147 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2147 3 Canada Canada NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2147 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2148 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2148 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2148 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2148 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2148 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2148 6 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2148 7 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2148 8 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2148 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2149 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2149 2 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2149 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2149 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2149 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2150 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 2150 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2150 3 Opiumwet opiumwet JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2150 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2150 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2151 1 Government government NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2151 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2151 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2151 4 Netherlands Netherlands NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2151 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2152 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2152 2 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2152 3 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2152 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2152 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2153 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 2153 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2153 3 Schedule schedule NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2153 4 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2153 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2153 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2154 1 Poisons poison NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2154 2 Standard Standard NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2154 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2155 1 Australian Australian NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2155 2 Government Government NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2155 3 Department Department NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2155 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2155 5 Health Health NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2155 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2156 1 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2156 2 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2156 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2157 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2157 2 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2157 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2157 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2157 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2158 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 2158 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2158 3 Table table NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2158 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2158 5 controlled control VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2158 6 Narcotic narcotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2158 7 Drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2158 8 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2158 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2158 10 Thai Thai NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2158 11 Narcotics Narcotics NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2158 12 Act Act NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2158 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2158 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2158 15 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2158 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2158 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2159 1 Thailand Thailand NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2159 2 Food Food NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2159 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2159 4 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2159 5 Administration Administration NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2159 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2160 1 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2160 2 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2160 3 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2160 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2161 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2161 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2161 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2161 4 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2161 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2161 6 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2161 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2161 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2161 9 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2161 10 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2161 11 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2161 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2162 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2162 2 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2162 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2162 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2162 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2163 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 2163 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2163 3 Class Class NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2163 4 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2163 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2163 6 B b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2163 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2163 8 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2163 9 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2163 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2163 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2164 1 Home Home NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2164 2 Office Office NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2164 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2164 4 Government Government NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2164 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2164 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2164 7 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2164 8 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2164 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2165 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2165 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2165 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2165 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2165 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2165 6 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2165 7 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2165 8 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2165 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2166 1 Retrieved retrieved JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2166 2 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2166 3 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2166 4 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2166 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2167 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2167 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2167 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2167 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2167 5 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2167 6 Approval Approval NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2167 7 Package Package NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2167 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2167 9 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2167 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2167 11 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2167 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2167 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2167 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2168 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2168 2 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2168 3 Food Food NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2168 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2168 5 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2168 6 Administration Administration NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2168 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2169 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2169 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2169 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2169 4 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2169 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2170 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2170 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2170 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2170 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2170 5 Adzenys Adzenys NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2170 6 XR XR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2170 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2170 8 ODT- ODT- NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2170 9 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2170 10 tablet tablet NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2170 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2170 12 orally orally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2170 13 disintegrating disintegrate VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2170 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2170 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2171 1 DailyMed DailyMed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2171 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2172 1 Neos Neos NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2172 2 Therapeutics Therapeutics NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2172 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2172 4 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2172 5 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2172 6 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2172 7 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2172 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2173 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2173 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2173 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2173 4 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2173 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 1 ADZENYS ADZENYS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 2 XR XR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 4 ODT ODT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 6 amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 7 extended extend VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 9 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 10 orally orally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 11 disintegrating disintegrate VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 12 tablet tablet NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 14 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 16 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 18 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 19 ratio ratio NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 21 d- d- NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 22 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 23 l l NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 25 amphetamine amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 28 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 29 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 30 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 31 stimulant stimulant NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2174 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2175 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 2175 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2175 3 Mydayis- Mydayis- NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2175 4 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2175 5 sulfate sulfate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2175 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2175 7 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2175 8 saccharate saccharate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2175 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2175 10 amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2175 11 aspartate aspartate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2175 12 monohydrate monohydrate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2175 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2175 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2175 15 amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2175 16 sulfate sulfate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2175 17 capsule capsule NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2175 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2175 19 extended extended JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2175 20 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2175 21 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2175 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2176 1 DailyMed DailyMed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2176 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2177 1 Shire Shire NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2177 2 US US NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2177 3 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2177 4 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2177 5 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2177 6 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2177 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2178 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2178 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2178 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2178 4 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2178 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2179 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 2179 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2179 3 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2179 4 Approval Approval NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2179 5 Package Package NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2179 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2179 7 Mydayis Mydayis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2179 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2179 9 mixed mixed JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2179 10 salts salt NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2179 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2179 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2179 13 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2179 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2179 15 entity entity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2179 16 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2179 17 product product NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2179 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2179 19 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2179 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2180 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2180 2 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2180 3 Food Food NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2180 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2180 5 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2180 6 Administration Administration NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2180 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2181 1 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2181 2 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2181 3 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2181 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2182 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2182 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2182 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2182 4 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2182 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2183 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 2183 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2183 3 Adzenys adzenys JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2183 4 ER- ER- NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2183 5 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2183 6 suspension suspension NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2183 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2183 8 extended extended JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2183 9 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2183 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2183 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2184 1 DailyMed DailyMed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2184 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2185 1 Neos Neos NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2185 2 Therapeutics Therapeutics NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2185 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2185 4 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2185 5 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2185 6 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2185 7 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2185 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2186 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2186 2 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2186 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2186 4 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2186 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2187 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 2187 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2187 3 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2187 4 Approval Approval NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2187 5 Package package NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2187 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2187 7 Adzenys Adzenys NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2187 8 XR XR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2187 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2187 10 ODT ODT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2187 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2187 12 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2187 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2187 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2187 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2188 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2188 2 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2188 3 Food Food NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2188 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2188 5 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2188 6 Administration Administration NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2188 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2189 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2189 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2189 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2189 4 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2189 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2190 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 2190 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2190 3 Evekeo Evekeo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2190 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2190 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2191 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2191 2 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2191 3 Food Food NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2191 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2191 5 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2191 6 Administration Administration NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2191 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2192 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2192 2 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2192 3 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2192 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2192 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2193 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 2193 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2193 3 Evekeo Evekeo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2193 4 ODT- ODT- NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2193 5 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2193 6 sulfate sulfate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2193 7 tablet tablet NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2193 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2193 9 orally orally RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2193 10 disintegrating disintegrate VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2193 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2193 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2194 1 DailyMed DailyMed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2194 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2195 1 Arbor Arbor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2195 2 Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2195 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2195 4 LLC LLC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2195 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2196 1 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2196 2 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2196 3 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2196 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2197 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2197 2 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2197 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2197 4 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2197 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2198 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 2198 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2198 3 Zenzedi- Zenzedi- NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2198 4 dextroamphetamine dextroamphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2198 5 sulfate sulfate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2198 6 tablet tablet NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2198 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2198 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2199 1 DailyMed DailyMed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2199 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2200 1 Arbor Arbor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2200 2 Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2200 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2200 4 LLC LLC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2200 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2201 1 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2201 2 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2201 3 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2201 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2202 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2202 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2202 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2202 4 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2202 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2203 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 2203 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2203 3 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2203 4 Approval Approval NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2203 5 Package Package NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2203 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2203 7 Vyvanse vyvanse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2203 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2203 9 Lisdexamfetamine Lisdexamfetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2203 10 Dimesylate Dimesylate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2203 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2203 12 NDA NDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2203 13 # # $ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2203 14 021977 021977 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2203 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2203 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2204 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2204 2 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2204 3 Food Food NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2204 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2204 5 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2204 6 Administration Administration NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2204 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2205 1 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2205 2 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2205 3 1999 1999 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2205 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2206 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2206 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2206 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2206 4 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2206 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2207 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2207 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2207 3 Molecular Molecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2207 4 Weight Weight NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2207 5 Calculator Calculator NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2207 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2207 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2208 1 Lenntech lenntech NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2208 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2209 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2209 2 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2209 3 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2209 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2209 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2210 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2210 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2210 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2210 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2210 5 Dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2210 6 Sulfate Sulfate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2210 7 USP USP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2210 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2210 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2211 1 Mallinckrodt Mallinckrodt NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2211 2 Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2211 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2212 1 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2212 2 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2212 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2213 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2213 2 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2213 3 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2213 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2213 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2214 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2214 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2214 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2214 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2214 5 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2214 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2214 7 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2214 8 sulfate sulfate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2214 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2214 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2215 1 Tocris Tocris NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2215 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2216 1 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2216 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2217 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2217 2 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2217 3 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2217 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2217 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2218 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2218 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2218 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2218 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2218 5 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2218 6 Sulfate Sulfate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2218 7 USP USP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2218 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2218 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2219 1 Mallinckrodt Mallinckrodt NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2219 2 Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2219 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2220 1 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2220 2 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2220 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2221 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2221 2 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2221 3 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2221 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2221 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2222 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 2222 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2222 3 Dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2222 4 Saccharate Saccharate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2222 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2222 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2223 1 Mallinckrodt Mallinckrodt NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2223 2 Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2223 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2224 1 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2224 2 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2224 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2225 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2225 2 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2225 3 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2225 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2225 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2226 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 2226 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2226 3 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2226 4 Aspartate Aspartate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2226 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2226 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2227 1 Mallinckrodt Mallinckrodt NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2227 2 Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2227 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2228 1 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2228 2 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2228 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2229 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2229 2 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2229 3 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2229 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2229 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2230 1 External external JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2230 2 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2230 3 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2230 4 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2230 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2230 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2231 1 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2231 2 Information Information NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2231 3 Portal Portal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2231 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2232 1 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2232 2 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2232 3 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2232 4 Library Library NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2232 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2232 6 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2232 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 1 CID CID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 2 5826 5826 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 3 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 4 PubChem PubChem NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 5   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 6 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 7 Dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 8 CID CID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 9 32893 32893 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 11 PubChem PubChem NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 12   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 13 – – : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 14 Levoamphetamine Levoamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 15 Comparative Comparative NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 16 Toxicogenomics Toxicogenomics NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 17 Database Database NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 18 entry entry NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 19 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 20 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 21 Comparative Comparative NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 22 Toxicogenomics Toxicogenomics NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 23 Database Database NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 24 entry entry NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 25 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 26 CARTPT CARTPT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 27 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 28 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 29 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 30 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 31 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 32 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 34 pharmaceuticals pharmaceutical NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 35 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 36 Adzenys Adzenys NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 37   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 38 ER ER NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 39 Adzenys Adzenys NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 40 XR XR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 41 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 42 ODT ODT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 43 Dyanavel Dyanavel NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 44   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 45 XR XR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 46 Evekeo Evekeo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 47 Evekeo Evekeo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 48   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 49 ODT ODT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 50 Mixed mix VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 51 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 52 salts salt VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 53 Adderall Adderall NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 54 Adderall Adderall NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 55   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 56 XR XR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 57 Mydayis Mydayis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 58 Levoamphetamine Levoamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 59 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 60 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 61 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 62 Dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 63 Dexedrine Dexedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 64 ProCentra ProCentra NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 65 Zenzedi Zenzedi NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 66 Lisdexamfetamine Lisdexamfetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 67 Vyvanse Vyvanse NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 68 Neuropharmacology Neuropharmacology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 69 Biomolecular Biomolecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 70 targets target NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 71 TAAR1 taar1 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 72 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 73 full full JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 74 agonist agonist NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 75 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 76 CART CART NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 77 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 78 mRNA mRNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 79 inducer inducer NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 80 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 81 5-HT1A 5-HT1A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 82 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 83 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 84 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 85 affinity affinity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 86 ligand ligand NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 87 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 88 MAO MAO NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 89 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 90 weak weak JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 91 competitive competitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 92 inhibitor inhibitor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 93 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 94 Carbonic Carbonic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 95 anhydrases anhydrase VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 96 hCA4 hCA4 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 97 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 98 hCA5A hCA5A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 99 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 100 hCA5B hca5b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 101 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 102 hCA7 hCA7 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 103 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 104 hCA12 hCA12 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 105 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 106 hCA13 hCA13 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 107 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 108 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 109 hCA14 hCA14 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 110 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 111 enzyme enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 112 activator activator NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 113 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 114 Inhibited inhibited JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 115 transporters transporter NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 116 DAT DAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 117 NET NET NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 118 SERT SERT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 119 VMAT1 VMAT1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 120 VMAT2 vmat2 FW en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 121 EAAT3 eaat3 UH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 122 SLC22A3 slc22a3 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 123 SLC22A5 SLC22A5 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 124 Active active JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 125 metabolites metabolite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 126 4-Hydroxyamphetamine 4-hydroxyamphetamine CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 127 4-Hydroxynorephedrine 4-hydroxynorephedrine CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 128 Norephedrine norephedrine JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 129 Related related JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 130 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 131 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 132 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 133 management management NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 134 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 135 psychosis psychosis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 136 Benzedrine benzedrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 137 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 138 popular popular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 139 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 140 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 141 Doping Doping NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 142 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 143 sport sport NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 144 Executive executive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 145 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 146 Formetorex Formetorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 147 ΔFosB ΔFosB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 148 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 149 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 150 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 151 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 152 substituted substitute VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 153 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 154 Methamphetamine Methamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 155 Methylphenidate Methylphenidate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 156 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 157 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 158 Methylphenethylamine Methylphenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 159 Motivational Motivational NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 160 salience salience NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 161 Incentive Incentive NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 162 salience salience NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 163 Narcolepsy Narcolepsy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 164 Neurobiological neurobiological JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 165 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 166 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 167 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 168 exercise exercise NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 169 § § ADD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 170   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 171 Attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 172 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 173 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 174 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 175 Nootropic Nootropic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 176 Norepinephrine Norepinephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 177 Obesity Obesity NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 178 Performance Performance NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 179 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 180 enhancing enhance VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 181 substance substance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 182 Phenethylamine Phenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 183 Phentermine Phentermine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 184 Phenylacetone Phenylacetone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 185 Recreational recreational JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 186 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 187 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 188 Serotonin Serotonin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 189 Substituted Substituted NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 190 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 191 Trace Trace NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 192 amine amine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 193 Category Category NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 194 v v NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 195 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 196 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 197 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 198 pharmacotherapies pharmacotherapie NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 199 CNS CNS NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 200 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 201 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 202 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 203 Mixed Mixed NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 204 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 205 salts salt NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 206 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 207 Levoamphetamine Levoamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 208 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 209 Dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 210 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 211 Lisdexamfetamine Lisdexamfetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 212 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 213 Methamphetamine Methamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 214 Methylphenidate Methylphenidate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 215 Dexmethylphenidate dexmethylphenidate NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 216 Serdexmethylphenidate Serdexmethylphenidate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 217 Non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 218 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 219 classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 220 CNS cns NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 221 stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 222 Armodafinil Armodafinil NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 223 Atomoxetine Atomoxetine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 224 Modafinil Modafinil NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 225 α2-adrenoceptor α2-adrenoceptor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 226 agonists agonist VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 227 Clonidine Clonidine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 228 Guanfacine Guanfacine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 229 Antidepressants Antidepressants NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 230 Amitriptyline Amitriptyline NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 231 Bupropion Bupropion NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 232 Buspirone Buspirone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 233 Desipramine Desipramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 234 Duloxetine Duloxetine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 235 Imipramine Imipramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 236 Milnacipran Milnacipran NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 237 Moclobemide Moclobemide NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 238 Nortriptyline Nortriptyline NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 239 Reboxetine Reboxetine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 240 Venlafaxine Venlafaxine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 241 Miscellaneous Miscellaneous NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 242 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 243 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 244 Amantadine Amantadine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 245 Carbamazepine Carbamazepine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 246 Related related JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 247 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 248 Attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 249 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 250 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 251 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 252 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 253 ADHD ADHD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 254 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 255 Attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 256 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 257 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 258 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 259 management management NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 260 Monoamine Monoamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 261 releasing release VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 262 agent agent NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 263 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 264 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 265 DA DA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 266 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 267 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 268 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 269 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 270 DAT DAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 271 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 272 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 273 reuptake reuptake NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 274 inhibitor inhibitor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 275 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 276 DRI dri NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 277 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 278 Norepinephrine Norepinephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 279 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 280 NE NE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 281 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 282 Norepinephrine Norepinephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 283 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 284 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 285 NET NET NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 286 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 287 Norepinephrine Norepinephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 288 reuptake reuptake NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 289 inhibitor inhibitor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 290 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 291 NRI NRI NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 292 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 293 Serotonin Serotonin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 294 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 295 5-HT 5-ht CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 296 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 297 Serotonin serotonin JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 298 transporter transporter NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 299 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 300 SERT SERT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 301 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 302 Selective Selective NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 303 serotonin serotonin NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 304 reuptake reuptake NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 305 inhibitor inhibitor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 306 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 307 SSRI SSRI NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 308 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 309 Serotonin Serotonin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 310 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 311 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 312 reuptake reuptake NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 313 inhibitor inhibitor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 314 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 315 SNRI SNRI NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 316 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 317 Norepinephrine Norepinephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 318 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 319 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 320 reuptake reuptake NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 321 inhibitor inhibitor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 322 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 323 NDRI NDRI NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 324 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 325 Serotonin Serotonin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 326 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 327 norepinephrine norepinephrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 328 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 329 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 330 reuptake reuptake NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 331 inhibitor inhibitor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 332 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 333 SNDRI SNDRI NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 334 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 335 v v NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 336 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 337 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 338 Human Human NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 339 trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 340 amine amine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 341 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 342 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 343 receptor receptor NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 344 ligands ligand VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 345 TAAR1 taar1 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 346 Agonists agonist NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 347 Endogenous† endogenous† CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 348 Classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 349 monoamine monoamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 350 neurotransmitters neurotransmitter NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 351 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 352 Histamine Histamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 353 Norepinephrine Norepinephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 354 Serotonin Serotonin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 355 Trace Trace NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 356 amines amine VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 357 3-Iodothyronamine 3-iodothyronamine CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 358 3-Methoxytyramine 3-methoxytyramine CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 359 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 360 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 361 Methylphenethylamine Methylphenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 362 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 363 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 364 Methyltyramine Methyltyramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 365 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 366 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 367 Octopamine Octopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 368 p p NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 369 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 370 Octopamine Octopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 371 Phenethylamine Phenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 372 Phenylethanolamine Phenylethanolamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 373 Synephrine Synephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 374 Tryptamine Tryptamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 375 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 376 - - : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 377 Tyramine Tyramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 378 p p NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 379 - - : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 380 Tyramine Tyramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 381 Synthetic‡ Synthetic‡ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 382 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 383 DOB DOB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 384 DOET DOET NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 385 4-Hydroxyamphetamine 4-hydroxyamphetamine CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 386 Isoprenaline Isoprenaline NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 387 MDA MDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 388 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 389 tenamfetamine tenamfetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 390 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 391 MDMA MDMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 392 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 393 midomafetamine midomafetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 394 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 395 2-Methylphenethylamine 2-methylphenethylamine CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 396 3-Methylphenethylamine 3-methylphenethylamine CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 397 4-Methylphenethylamine 4-methylphenethylamine CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 398 β β NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 399 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 400 Methylphenethylamine Methylphenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 401 Methamphetamine Methamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 402 3-MMA 3-MMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 403 Norfenfluramine Norfenfluramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 404 Phentermine phentermine JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 405 o o NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 406 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 407 PIT PIT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 408 Propylhexedrine Propylhexedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 409 RO5166017 RO5166017 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 410 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 411 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 412 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 413 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 414 Dimethylphenethylamine Dimethylphenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 415 Neutral neutral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 416 antagonists antagonist NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 417     _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 418 Inverse Inverse NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 419 agonists agonist NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 420 EPPTB EPPTB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 421 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 422 RO5212773 RO5212773 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 423 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 424 TAAR2 taar2 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 425 Agonists‡ agonists‡ LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 426     _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 427 Neutral Neutral NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 428 antagonists antagonist NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 429     _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 430 TAAR5 taar5 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 431 Agonists‡ Agonists‡ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 432 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 433 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 434 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 435 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 436 Dimethylethylamine Dimethylethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 437 Trimethylamine Trimethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 438 Neutral neutral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 439 antagonists antagonist NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 440     _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 441 Inverse Inverse NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 442 agonists‡ agonists‡ NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 443 3-Iodothyronamine 3-iodothyronamine CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 444 † † JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 445 References reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 446 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 447 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 448 endogenous endogenous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 449 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 450 TAAR1 taar1 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 451 ligands ligand NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 452 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 453 provided provide VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 454 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 455 List list NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 456 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 457 trace trace NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 458 amines amine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 459 ‡ ‡ IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 460 References reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 461 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 462 synthetic synthetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 463 TAAR1 taar1 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 464 agonists agonist NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 465 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 466 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 467 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 468 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 469 TAAR1 taar1 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 470 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 471 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 472 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 473 associated associated JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 474 compound compound NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 475 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2233 476 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2234 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2234 2 TAAR2 taar2 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2234 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2234 4 TAAR5 taar5 JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2234 5 agonists agonist NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2234 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2234 7 inverse inverse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2234 8 agonists agonist NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2234 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2234 10 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2234 11 TAAR TAAR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2234 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2234 13 references reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2234 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 4 Receptor Receptor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 5 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 6 signaling signal VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 7 modulators modulator NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 8 v v IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 9 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 10 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 11 Monoamine Monoamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 12 releasing release VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 13 agents agent NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 14 DRAs dra VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 15 Morpholines morpholine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 16 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 17 Fenbutrazate Fenbutrazate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 18 Fenmetramide Fenmetramide NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 19 Morazone Morazone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 20 Morforex Morforex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 21 Phendimetrazine Phendimetrazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 22 Phenmetrazine Phenmetrazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 23 Pseudophenmetrazine Pseudophenmetrazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 24 Oxazolines Oxazolines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 25 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 26 4-MAR 4-mar CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 27 Aminorex Aminorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 28 Clominorex Clominorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 29 Cyclazodone Cyclazodone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 30 Fenozolone Fenozolone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 31 Fluminorex Fluminorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 32 Pemoline Pemoline NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 33 Thozalinone Thozalinone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 34 Phenethylamines Phenethylamines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 35 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 36 2-OH 2-oh CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 37 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 38 PEA PEA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 39 4-CAB 4-cab CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 40 4-FA 4-fa CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 41 4-FMA 4-fma CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 42 4-MA 4-ma CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 43 4-MMA 4-mma CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 44 Alfetamine Alfetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 45 Amfecloral Amfecloral NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 46 Amfepentorex Amfepentorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 47 Amfepramone Amfepramone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 48 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 49 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 50 Dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 51 Levoamphetamine Levoamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 52 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 53 Amphetaminil Amphetaminil NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 54 β β NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 55 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 56 Me me IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 57 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 58 PEA pea NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 59 BDB bdb NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 60 BOH boh NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 61 Benzphetamine benzphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 62 Buphedrone Buphedrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 63 Butylone Butylone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 64 Cathine Cathine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 65 Cathinone Cathinone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 66 Clobenzorex Clobenzorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 67 Clortermine Clortermine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 68 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 69 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 70 Deprenyl Deprenyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 71 DMA DMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 72 DMMA DMMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 73 Dimethylamphetamine Dimethylamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 74 Ephedrine Ephedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 75 Ethcathinone Ethcathinone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 76 EBDB ebdb NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 77 Ethylone Ethylone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 78 Etilamfetamine Etilamfetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 79 Famprofazone Famprofazone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 80 Fenethylline Fenethylline NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 81 Fenproporex Fenproporex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 82 Flephedrone Flephedrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 83 Fludorex Fludorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 84 Furfenorex Furfenorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 85 Hordenine Hordenine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 86 4-Hydroxyamphetamine 4-hydroxyamphetamine CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 87 Iofetamine Iofetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 88 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 89 123I 123i LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 90 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 91 Lophophine Lophophine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 92 Mefenorex Mefenorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 93 Mephedrone Mephedrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 94 Metamfepramone Metamfepramone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 95 Methamphetamine Methamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 96 Dextromethamphetamine Dextromethamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 97 Levomethamphetamine Levomethamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 98 Methcathinone Methcathinone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 99 Methedrone Methedrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 100 MMDA MMDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 101 MMDMA MMDMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 102 MBDB MBDB NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 103 MDA MDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 104 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 105 tenamfetamine tenamfetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 106 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 107 MDEA MDEA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 108 MDMA MDMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 109 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 110 midomafetamine midomafetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 111 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 112 MDMPEA mdmpea RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 113 MDOH MDOH NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 114 MDPEA mdpea NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 115 Methylone Methylone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 116 Morforex Morforex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 117 Ortetamine Ortetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 118 pBA pba VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 119 pCA pCA NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 120 pIA pia IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 121 Pholedrine Pholedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 122 Phenethylamine Phenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 123 Pholedrine Pholedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 124 Phenpromethamine Phenpromethamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 125 Prenylamine Prenylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 126 Propylamphetamine Propylamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 127 Pseudoephedrine Pseudoephedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 128 Tiflorex Tiflorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 129 Tyramine Tyramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 130 Xylopropamine Xylopropamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 131 Zylofuramine Zylofuramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 132 Piperazines Piperazines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 133 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 134 2C 2c JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 135 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 136 B b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 137 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 138 BZP BZP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 139 BZP BZP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 140 MBZP MBZP NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 141 MDBZP MDBZP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 142 MeOPP MeOPP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 143 oMPP ompp NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 144 Others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 145 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 146 2-ADN 2-adn CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 147 2-AI 2-ai CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 148 2-AT 2-at CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 149 4-BP 4-bp CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 150 5-APDI 5-APDI NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 151 5-IAI 5-IAI NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 152 Amineptine Amineptine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 153 Clofenciclan Clofenciclan NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 154 Cyclopentamine Cyclopentamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 155 Cypenamine Cypenamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 156 Cyprodenate Cyprodenate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 157 Feprosidnine feprosidnine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 158 Gilutensin Gilutensin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 159 Heptaminol Heptaminol NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 160 Hexacyclonate Hexacyclonate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 161 Indanorex Indanorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 162 Isometheptene Isometheptene NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 163 Methylhexanamine Methylhexanamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 164 Naphthylaminopropane Naphthylaminopropane NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 165 Octodrine Octodrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 166 Phthalimidopropiophenone Phthalimidopropiophenone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 167 Phenylbiguanide Phenylbiguanide NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 168 Propylhexedrine Propylhexedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 169 Levopropylhexedrine Levopropylhexedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 170 NRAs nra NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 171 Morpholines morpholine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 172 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 173 Fenbutrazate Fenbutrazate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 174 Fenmetramide Fenmetramide NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 175 Morazone Morazone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 176 Morforex Morforex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 177 Phendimetrazine Phendimetrazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 178 Phenmetrazine Phenmetrazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 179 Pseudophenmetrazine Pseudophenmetrazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 180 Oxazolines Oxazolines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 181 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 182 4-MAR 4-mar CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 183 Aminorex Aminorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 184 Clominorex Clominorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 185 Cyclazodone Cyclazodone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 186 Fenozolone Fenozolone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 187 Fluminorex Fluminorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 188 Pemoline Pemoline NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 189 Thozalinone Thozalinone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 190 Phenethylamines Phenethylamines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 191 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 192 2-OH 2-oh CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 193 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 194 PEA PEA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 195 4-CAB 4-cab CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 196 4-FA 4-fa CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 197 4-FMA 4-fma CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 198 4-MA 4-ma CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 199 4-MMA 4-mma CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 200 Alfetamine Alfetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 201 Amfecloral Amfecloral NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 202 Amfepentorex Amfepentorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 203 Amfepramone Amfepramone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 204 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 205 Dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 206 Levoamphetamine Levoamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 207 Amphetaminil Amphetaminil NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 208 β β NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 209 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 210 Me me IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 211 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 212 PEA PEA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 213 BDB BDB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 214 Benzphetamine benzphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 215 BOH BOH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 216 Buphedrone Buphedrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 217 Butylone Butylone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 218 Cathine Cathine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 219 Cathinone Cathinone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 220 Clobenzorex Clobenzorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 221 Clortermine Clortermine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 222 Dimethylamphetamine Dimethylamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 223 DMA DMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 224 DMMA DMMA NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 225 EBDB EBDB VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 226 Ephedrine ephedrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 227 Ethcathinone Ethcathinone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 228 Ethylone Ethylone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 229 Etilamfetamine Etilamfetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 230 Famprofazone Famprofazone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 231 Fenethylline Fenethylline NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 232 Fenproporex Fenproporex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 233 Flephedrone Flephedrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 234 Fludorex Fludorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 235 Furfenorex Furfenorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 236 Hordenine Hordenine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 237 4-Hydroxyamphetamine 4-hydroxyamphetamine CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 238 5-APDI 5-apdi JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 239 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 240 IAP IAP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 241 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 242 Iofetamine Iofetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 243 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 244 123I 123i CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 245 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 246 Lisdexamfetamine Lisdexamfetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 247 Lophophine Lophophine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 248 MBDB MBDB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 249 MDA MDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 250 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 251 tenamfetamine tenamfetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 252 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 253 MDEA MDEA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 254 MDMA MDMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 255 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 256 midomafetamine midomafetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 257 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 258 Metamfepramone Metamfepramone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 259 MDMPEA mdmpea RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 260 MDOH MDOH NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 261 MDPEA mdpea NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 262 Mefenorex Mefenorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 263 Mephedrone Mephedrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 264 Mephentermine Mephentermine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 265 Methamphetamine Methamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 266 Dextromethamphetamine Dextromethamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 267 Levomethamphetamine Levomethamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 268 Methcathinone Methcathinone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 269 Methedrone Methedrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 270 Methylone Methylone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 271 Morforex Morforex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 272 Naphthylaminopropane Naphthylaminopropane NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 273 Ortetamine Ortetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 274 pBA pBA VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 275 pCA pca CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 276 Pentorex Pentorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 277 Phenethylamine Phenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 278 Pholedrine Pholedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 279 Phenpromethamine Phenpromethamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 280 Phentermine Phentermine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 281 Phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 282 pIA pIA VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 283 Prenylamine Prenylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 284 Propylamphetamine Propylamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 285 Pseudoephedrine Pseudoephedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 286 Selegiline Selegiline NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 287 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 288 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 289 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 290 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 291 Deprenyl deprenyl NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 292 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 293 Tiflorex Tiflorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 294 Tyramine Tyramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 295 Xylopropamine Xylopropamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 296 Zylofuramine Zylofuramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 297 Piperazines Piperazines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 298 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 299 2C 2c JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 300 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 301 B b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 302 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 303 BZP bzp NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 304 BZP BZP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 305 MBZP MBZP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 306 mCPP mcpp NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 307 MDBZP MDBZP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 308 MeOPP MeOPP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 309 oMPP ompp NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 310 pFPP pfpp NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 311 Others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 312 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 313 2-ADN 2-adn CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 314 2-AI 2-ai CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 315 2-AT 2-at CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 316 2-BP 2-bp CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 317 4-BP 4-bp CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 318 5-IAI 5-iai CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 319 Clofenciclan Clofenciclan NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 320 Cyclopentamine Cyclopentamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 321 Cypenamine Cypenamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 322 Cyprodenate Cyprodenate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 323 Feprosidnine feprosidnine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 324 Gilutensin Gilutensin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 325 Heptaminol Heptaminol NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 326 Hexacyclonate Hexacyclonate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 327 Indanorex Indanorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 328 Isometheptene Isometheptene NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 329 Methylhexanamine Methylhexanamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 330 Octodrine Octodrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 331 Phthalimidopropiophenone Phthalimidopropiophenone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 332 Propylhexedrine Propylhexedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 333 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 334 Levopropylhexedrine Levopropylhexedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 335 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 336 Tuaminoheptane tuaminoheptane NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 337 SRAs sra NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 338 Aminoindanes aminoindane NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 339 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 340 5-IAI 5-iai CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 341 AMMI ammi NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 342 ETAI etai NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 343 MDAI MDAI NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 344 MDMAI MDMAI NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 345 MMAI MMAI NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 346 TAI TAI NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 347 Aminotetralins aminotetralin NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 348 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 349 6-CAT 6-cat CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 350 8-OH 8-oh CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 351 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 352 DPAT DPAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 353 MDAT MDAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 354 MDMAT MDMAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 355 Oxazolines Oxazolines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 356 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 357 4-Methylaminorex 4-methylaminorex CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 358 Aminorex Aminorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 359 Clominorex Clominorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 360 Fluminorex Fluminorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 361 Phenethylamines Phenethylamines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 362 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 363 2-Methyl 2-methyl CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 364 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 365 MDA MDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 366 4-CAB 4-CAB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 367 4-FA 4-fa CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 368 4-FMA 4-fma CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 369 4-HA 4-ha CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 370 4-MTA 4-MTA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 371 5-APDB 5-APDB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 372 5-Methyl 5-methyl CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 373 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 374 MDA mda NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 375 6-APDB 6-APDB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 376 6-Methyl 6-methyl CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 377 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 378 MDA MDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 379 AEMMA aemma IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 380 Amiflamine Amiflamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 381 BDB BDB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 382 BOH BOH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 383 Brephedrone Brephedrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 384 Butylone Butylone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 385 Chlorphentermine Chlorphentermine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 386 Cloforex Cloforex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 387 Amfepramone Amfepramone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 388 Metamfepramone Metamfepramone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 389 DCA DCA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 390 Dexfenfluramine Dexfenfluramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 391 DFMDA DFMDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 392 DMA dma NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 393 DMMA DMMA NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 394 EBDB EBDB VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 395 EDMA EDMA NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 396 Ethylone Ethylone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 397 Etolorex Etolorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 398 Fenfluramine Fenfluramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 399 Flephedrone Flephedrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 400 Flucetorex Flucetorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 401 IAP IAP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 402 Iofetamine Iofetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 403 Levofenfluramine Levofenfluramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 404 Lophophine Lophophine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 405 MBDB MBDB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 406 MDA MDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 407 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 408 tenamfetamine tenamfetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 409 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 410 MDEA MDEA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 411 MDHMA MDHMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 412 MDMA MDMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 413 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 414 midomafetamine midomafetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 415 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 416 MDMPEA mdmpea RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 417 MDOH MDOH NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 418 MDPEA mdpea NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 419 Mephedrone Mephedrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 420 Methedrone Methedrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 421 Methylone Methylone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 422 MMA MMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 423 MMDA MMDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 424 MMDMA MMDMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 425 MMMA MMMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 426 NAP NAP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 427 Norfenfluramine Norfenfluramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 428 4-TFMA 4-TFMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 429 pBA pba NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 430 pCA pCA NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 431 pIA pia CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 432 PMA PMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 433 PMEA PMEA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 434 PMMA PMMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 435 TAP TAP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 436 Piperazines Piperazines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 437 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 438 2C 2c JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 439 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 440 B b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 441 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 442 BZP BZP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 443 3-MeOPP 3-MeOPP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 444 BZP BZP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 445 DCPP DCPP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 446 MBZP MBZP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 447 mCPP mcpp NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 448 MDBZP MDBZP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 449 MeOPP MeOPP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 450 Mepiprazole Mepiprazole NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 451 oMPP ompp NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 452 pCPP pcpp NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 453 pFPP pfpp JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 454 pTFMPP ptfmpp NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 455 TFMPP TFMPP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 456 Tryptamines Tryptamines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 457 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 458 4-Methyl 4-methyl CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 459 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 460 αET αet CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 461 4-Methyl 4-methyl CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 462 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 463 αMT αmt CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 464 5-CT 5-ct CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 465 5-MeO 5-meo CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 466 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 467 αET αet CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 468 5-MeO 5-meo CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 469 - - : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 470 αMT αMT NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 471 5-MT 5-mt CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 472 αET αet CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 473 αMT αmt IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 474 DMT DMT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 475 Tryptamine Tryptamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 476 Others Others NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 477 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 478 Indeloxazine Indeloxazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 479 Viqualine Viqualine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 480 Others Others NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 481 Monoamine Monoamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 482 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 483 enhancers enhancer NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 484 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 485 BPAP BPAP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 486 PPAP PPAP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 487 DAT DAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 488 modulators modulator NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 489 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 490 Agonist agonist NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 491 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 492 like like JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 493 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 494 SoRI-9804 SoRI-9804 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 495 SoRI-20040 SoRI-20040 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 496 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 497 Antagonist antagonist NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 498 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 499 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 500 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 501 SoRI-20041 SoRI-20041 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 502 Adrenergic Adrenergic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 503 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 504 blockers blocker NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 505 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 506 Bethanidine Bethanidine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 507 Bretylium Bretylium NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 508 Guanadrel Guanadrel NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 509 Guanazodine Guanazodine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 510 Guanethidine Guanethidine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 511 Guanoxan Guanoxan NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 512 See See NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 513 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 514 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 515 Receptor Receptor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 516 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 517 signaling signal VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 518 modulators modulator NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 519 • • NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 520 Monoamine Monoamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 521 reuptake reuptake NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 522 inhibitors inhibitor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 523 • • NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 524 Adrenergics Adrenergics NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 525 • • NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 526 Dopaminergics dopaminergic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 527 • • VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 528 Serotonergics serotonergic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 529 • • VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 530 Monoamine Monoamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 531 metabolism metabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 532 modulators modulator NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 533 • • NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 534 Monoamine Monoamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 535 neurotoxins neurotoxin NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 536 v v IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 537 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 538 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 539 Phenethylamines Phenethylamines NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 540 Phenethylamines Phenethylamines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 541 Psychedelics psychedelic NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 542 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 543 25B 25b CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 544 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 545 NBOMe NBOMe NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 546 25C 25c CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 547 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 548 NBOMe NBOMe NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 549 25D 25d CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 550 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 551 NBOMe NBOMe NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 552 25I 25i CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 553 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 554 NBOMe NBOMe NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 555 25N 25n CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 556 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 557 NBOMe NBOMe NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 558 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 559 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 560 B b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 561 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 562 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 563 B b NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 564 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 565 AN an DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 566 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 567 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 568 Bn bn JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 569 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 570 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 571 Bu bu JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 572 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 573 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 574 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 575 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 576 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 577 CN cn NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 578 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 579 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 580 CP CP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 581 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 582 - - : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 583 D d JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 584 2C 2c JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 585 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 586 E e NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 587 2C 2c JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 588 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 589 EF EF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 590 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 591 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 592 F f NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 593 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 594 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 595 G g NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 596 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 597 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 598 G-1 G-1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 599 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 600 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 601 G-2 G-2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 602 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 603 - - : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 604 G-3 G-3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 605 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 606 - - : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 607 G-4 G-4 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 608 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 609 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 610 G-5 G-5 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 611 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 612 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 613 G-6 G-6 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 614 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 615 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 616 G g NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 617 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 618 N n CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 619 2C 2c JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 620 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 621 H h NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 622 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 623 - - : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 624 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 625 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 626 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 627 iP iP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 628 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 629 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 630 N n CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 631 2C 2c JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 632 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 633 NH2 NH2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 634 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 635 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 636 O o NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 637 2C 2c JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 638 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 639 O-4 O-4 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 640 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 641 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 642 P p NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 643 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 644 - - : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 645 Ph Ph NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 646 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 647 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 648 SE se JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 649 2C 2c JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 650 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 651 T t NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 652 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 653 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 654 T-2 T-2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 655 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 656 - - : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 657 T-3 T-3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 658 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 659 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 660 T-4 T-4 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 661 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 662 - - : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 663 T-5 T-5 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 664 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 665 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 666 T-6 T-6 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 667 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 668 - - : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 669 T-7 T-7 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 670 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 671 - - : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 672 T-8 T-8 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 673 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 674 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 675 T-9 T-9 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 676 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 677 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 678 T-10 t-10 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 679 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 680 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 681 T-11 t-11 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 682 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 683 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 684 T-12 t-12 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 685 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 686 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 687 T-13 t-13 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 688 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 689 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 690 T-14 t-14 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 691 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 692 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 693 T-15 t-15 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 694 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 695 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 696 T-16 t-16 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 697 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 698 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 699 T-17 t-17 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 700 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 701 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 702 T-18 t-18 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 703 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 704 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 705 T-19 t-19 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 706 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 707 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 708 T-20 t-20 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 709 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 710 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 711 T-21 t-21 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 712 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 713 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 714 T-22 t-22 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 715 2C 2C NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 716 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 717 T-22.5 T-22.5 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 718 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 719 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 720 T-23 t-23 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 721 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 722 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 723 T-24 t-24 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 724 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 725 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 726 T-25 t-25 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 727 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 728 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 729 T-27 t-27 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 730 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 731 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 732 T-28 t-28 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 733 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 734 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 735 T-30 t-30 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 736 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 737 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 738 T-31 t-31 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 739 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 740 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 741 T-32 t-32 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 742 2C 2c CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 743 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 744 T-33 t-33 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 745 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 746 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 747 TFE tfe NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 748 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 749 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 750 TFM tfm NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 751 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 752 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 753 YN YN NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 754 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 755 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 756 V v NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 757 Allylescaline allylescaline NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 758 DESOXY DESOXY NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 759 Escaline Escaline NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 760 Isoproscaline Isoproscaline NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 761 Jimscaline Jimscaline NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 762 Macromerine Macromerine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 763 MEPEA MEPEA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 764 Mescaline Mescaline NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 765 Metaescaline Metaescaline NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 766 Methallylescaline Methallylescaline NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 767 Proscaline Proscaline NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 768 Psi-2C Psi-2C NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 769 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 770 T-4 T-4 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 771 TCB-2 TCB-2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 772 Venlafaxine Venlafaxine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 773 Stimulants Stimulants NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 774 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 775 Phenylethanolamine Phenylethanolamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 776 Hordenine Hordenine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 777 Phenethylamine Phenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 778 α α NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 779 - - : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 780 Methylphenethylamine Methylphenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 781 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 782 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 783 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 784 β β NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 785 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 786 Methylphenethylamine Methylphenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 787 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 788 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 789 Methylphenethylamine Methylphenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 790 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 791 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 792 Methylphenethylamine Methylphenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 793 o o NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 794 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 795 Methylphenethylamine Methylphenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 796 p p NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 797 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 798 Methylphenethylamine Methylphenethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 799 Methylphenidate Methylphenidate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 800 Entactogens Entactogens NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 801 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 802 Lophophine lophophine JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 803 MDPEA mdpea NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 804 MDMPEA mdmpea RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 805 Others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 806 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 807 BOH BOH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 808 DMPEA DMPEA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 809 Amphetamines Amphetamines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 810 Psychedelics Psychedelics NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 811 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 812 3C 3c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 813 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 814 BZ bz JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 815 3C 3c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 816 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 817 E e NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 818 3C 3c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 819 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 820 P p NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 821 Aleph Aleph NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 822 Beatrice Beatrice NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 823 Bromo Bromo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 824 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 825 DragonFLY DragonFLY NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 826 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 827 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 828 Deprenyl Deprenyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 829 DMA DMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 830 DMCPA DMCPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 831 DMMDA DMMDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 832 DOB DOB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 833 DOC DOC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 834 DOEF DOEF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 835 DOET DOET NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 836 DOI DOI NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 837 DOM DOM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 838 DON DON NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 839 DOPR DOPR NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 840 DOTFM DOTFM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 841 Ganesha Ganesha NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 842 MMDA MMDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 843 MMDA-2 mmda-2 VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 844 Psi Psi NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 845 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 846 DOM DOM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 847 TMA TMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 848 TeMA TeMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 849 Stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 850 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 851 2-FA 2-fa CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 852 2-FMA 2-fma CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 853 3-FA 3-fa CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 854 3-FMA 3-fma CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 855 Acridorex Acridorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 856 Alfetamine Alfetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 857 Amfecloral amfecloral JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 858 Amfepentorex Amfepentorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 859 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 860 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 861 Dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 862 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 863 Levoamphetamine Levoamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 864 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 865 Amphetaminil Amphetaminil NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 866 Benfluorex Benfluorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 867 Benzphetamine Benzphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 868 Cathine Cathine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 869 Clobenzorex Clobenzorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 870 Dimethylamphetamine Dimethylamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 871 Ephedrine Ephedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 872 Etilamfetamine Etilamfetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 873 Fencamfamin Fencamfamin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 874 Fencamine Fencamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 875 Fenethylline Fenethylline NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 876 Fenfluramine Fenfluramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 877 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 878 Dexfenfluramine Dexfenfluramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 879 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 880 Levofenfluramine Levofenfluramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 881 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 882 Fenproporex Fenproporex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 883 Flucetorex Flucetorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 884 Fludorex Fludorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 885 Formetorex Formetorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 886 Furfenorex Furfenorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 887 Gepefrine Gepefrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 888 4-Hydroxyamphetamine 4-hydroxyamphetamine CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 889 Iofetamine Iofetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 890 Isopropylamphetamine Isopropylamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 891 Lefetamine Lefetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 892 Lisdexamfetamine Lisdexamfetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 893 Mefenorex Mefenorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 894 Metaraminol Metaraminol NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 895 Methamphetamine Methamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 896 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 897 Dextromethamphetamine Dextromethamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 898 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 899 Levomethamphetamine Levomethamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 900 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 901 Methoxyphenamine Methoxyphenamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 902 MMA MMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 903 Morforex Morforex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 904 Norfenfluramine Norfenfluramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 905 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 906 -Norpseudoephedrine -Norpseudoephedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 907 N n NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 908 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 909 alpha alpha NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 910 - - : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 911 Diethylphenylethylamine Diethylphenylethylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 912 Oxifentorex Oxifentorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 913 Oxilofrine Oxilofrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 914 Ortetamine Ortetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 915 PBA PBA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 916 PCA PCA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 917 Phenpromethamine Phenpromethamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 918 PFA PFA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 919 PFMA PFMA VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 920 PIA PIA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 921 PMA PMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 922 PMEA PMEA VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 923 PMMA pmma NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 924 Phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 925 Pholedrine Pholedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 926 Prenylamine Prenylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 927 Propylamphetamine Propylamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 928 Pseudoephedrine Pseudoephedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 929 Sibutramine Sibutramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 930 Tiflorex Tiflorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 931 Tranylcypromine Tranylcypromine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 932 Xylopropamine Xylopropamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 933 Zylofuramine Zylofuramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 934 Entactogens Entactogens NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 935 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 936 4-FA 4-fa CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 937 4-FMA 4-fma CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 938 4-MA 4-ma CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 939 4-MMA 4-mma CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 940 4-MTA 4-MTA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 941 5-APB 5-APB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 942 5-APDB 5-APDB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 943 5-EAPB 5-EAPB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 944 5-IT 5-it CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 945 5-MAPB 5-mapb RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 946 5-MAPDB 5-MAPDB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 947 6-APB 6-APB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 948 6-APDB 6-APDB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 949 6-Chloro 6-chloro CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 950 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 951 MDMA mdma NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 952 6-EAPB 6-eapb NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 953 6-IT 6-it CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 954 6-MAPB 6-mapb NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 955 6-MAPDB 6-mapdb NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 956 EDA EDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 957 IAP IAP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 958 2,3-MDA 2,3-mda NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 959 3,4-MDA 3,4-mda NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 960 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 961 tenamfetamine tenamfetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 962 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 963 MDEA MDEA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 964 MDHMA MDHMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 965 MDMA MDMA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 966 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 967 midomafetamine midomafetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 968 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 969 MDOH MDOH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 970 Methamnetamine Methamnetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 971 MMDMA mmdma NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 972 Naphthylaminopropane Naphthylaminopropane NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 973 TAP TAP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 974 Others Others NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 975 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 976 3,4-DCA 3,4-dca CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 977 Amiflamine amiflamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 978 DiFMDA DiFMDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 979 Selegiline Selegiline NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 980 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 981 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 982 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 983 -Deprenyl -Deprenyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 984 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 985 Phentermines Phentermines NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 986 Stimulants Stimulants NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 987 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 988 Chlorphentermine Chlorphentermine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 989 Cloforex Cloforex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 990 Clortermine Clortermine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 991 Etolorex Etolorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 992 Mephentermine Mephentermine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 993 Pentorex Pentorex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 994 Phentermine Phentermine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 995 Entactogens Entactogens NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 996 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 997 MDPH MDPH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 998 MDMPH MDMPH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 999 Others Others NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1000 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1001 Cericlamine Cericlamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1002 Cathinones Cathinones NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1003 Stimulants Stimulants NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1004 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1005 3-FMC 3-fmc CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1006 4-MC 4-mc CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1007 4-BMC 4-bmc CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1008 4-CMC 4-cmc CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1009 4-EMC 4-emc CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1010 4-FMC 4-fmc CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1011 4-MEC 4-mec CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1012 4-MeMABP 4-memabp CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1013 4-MPD 4-mpd CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1014 Amfepramone Amfepramone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1015 Benzedrone Benzedrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1016 Brephedrone Brephedrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1017 Buphedrone Buphedrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1018 Bupropion Bupropion NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1019 Cathinone Cathinone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1020 Dimethylcathinone Dimethylcathinone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1021 Ethcathinone ethcathinone VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1022 Eutylone Eutylone VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1023 Hydroxybupropion hydroxybupropion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1024 Methcathinone Methcathinone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1025 Methedrone Methedrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1026 NEB NEB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1027 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1028 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1029 Ethylhexedrone Ethylhexedrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1030 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1031 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1032 Ethylpentedrone Ethylpentedrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1033 Pentedrone Pentedrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1034 Pentylone Pentylone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1035 Radafaxine Radafaxine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1036 Entactogens Entactogens NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1037 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1038 3,4-DMMC 3,4-dmmc CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1039 3-MMC 3-mmc CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1040 Butylone Butylone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1041 Ethylone Ethylone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1042 Methylone Methylone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1043 Methylenedioxycathinone Methylenedioxycathinone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1044 Mephedrone Mephedrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1045 Phenylisobutylamines Phenylisobutylamines NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1046 Entactogens Entactogens NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1047 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1048 4-CAB 4-cab CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1049 4-MAB 4-mab CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1050 Ariadne Ariadne VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1051 BDB BDB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1052 Butylone Butylone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1053 EBDB EBDB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1054 Eutylone Eutylone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1055 MBDB MBDB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1056 Stimulants Stimulants NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1057 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1058 Phenylisobutylamine Phenylisobutylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1059 Phenylalkylpyrrolidines Phenylalkylpyrrolidines NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1060 Stimulants Stimulants NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1061 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1062 α α LS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1063 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1064 PBP PBP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1065 α α NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1066 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1067 PHP PHP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1068 α α NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1069 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1070 PPP PPP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1071 α α NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1072 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1073 PVP PVP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1074 MDPBP MDPBP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1075 MDPPP MDPPP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1076 MDPV MDPV NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1077 4-MePBP 4-mepbp NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1078 4-MePHP 4-mephp NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1079 4-MePPP 4-meppp NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1080 MOPPP MOPPP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1081 MOPVP MOPVP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1082 MPBP mpbp JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1083 MPHP mphp NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1084 MPPP MPPP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1085 Naphyrone Naphyrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1086 PEP PEP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1087 Prolintane Prolintane NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1088 Pyrovalerone Pyrovalerone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1089 Catecholamines Catecholamines NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1090 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1091 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1092 close close JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1093 relatives relative NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1094 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1095 6-FNE 6-fne CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1096 6-OHDA 6-ohda NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1097 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1098 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1099 Me Me NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1100 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1101 DA DA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1102 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1103 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1104 Me Me NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1105 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1106 TRA TRA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1107 Adrenochrome Adrenochrome NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1108 Ciladopa ciladopa NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1109 D d NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1110 -DOPA -DOPA . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1111 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1112 Dextrodopa Dextrodopa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1113 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1114 Dimetofrine Dimetofrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1115 Dopamine Dopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1116 Epinephrine Epinephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1117 Epinine Epinine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1118 Etilefrine Etilefrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1119 Ethylnorepinephrine Ethylnorepinephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1120 Fenclonine Fenclonine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1121 Ibopamine Ibopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1122 Isoprenaline Isoprenaline NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1123 Isoetarine Isoetarine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1124 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1125 -DOPA -DOPA : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1126 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1127 Levodopa Levodopa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1128 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1129 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1130 -DOPS -DOPS . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1131 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1132 Droxidopa Droxidopa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1133 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1134 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1135 -Phenylalanine -Phenylalanine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1136 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1137 -Tyrosine -Tyrosine HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1138 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1139 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1140 Tyramine Tyramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1141 Metanephrine Metanephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1142 Metaraminol Metaraminol NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1143 Metaterol Metaterol NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1144 Metirosine Metirosine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1145 Methyldopa Methyldopa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1146 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1147 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1148 N N NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1149 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1150 Dimethyldopamine Dimethyldopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1151 Nordefrin Nordefrin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1152 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1153 Levonordefrin Levonordefrin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1154 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1155 Norepinephrine Norepinephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1156 Norfenefrine Norfenefrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1157 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1158 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1159 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1160 Octopamine Octopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1161 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1162 Normetanephrine Normetanephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1163 Orciprenaline Orciprenaline NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1164 p p NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1165 - - : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1166 Octopamine Octopamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1167 p p NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1168 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1169 Tyramine Tyramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1170 Phenylephrine phenylephrine JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1171 Synephrine Synephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1172 Miscellaneous miscellaneous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1173 AL AL NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1174 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1175 LAD LAD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1176 Amidephrine Amidephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1177 Arbutamine arbutamine JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1178 Cafedrine cafedrine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1179 Denopamine denopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1180 Desvenlafaxine Desvenlafaxine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1181 Diphenidine Diphenidine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1182 Dizocilpine Dizocilpine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1183 Dobutamine Dobutamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1184 Dopexamine Dopexamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1185 Ephenidine Ephenidine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1186 Etafedrine Etafedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1187 ETH ETH NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1188 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1189 LAD LAD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1190 Famprofazone Famprofazone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1191 Fluorolintane Fluorolintane NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1192 Hexapradol Hexapradol NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1193 IP IP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1194 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1195 LAD LAD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1196 Lysergic lysergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1197 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1198 amide amide IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1199 Lysergic Lysergic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1200 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1201 2-butyl 2-butyl CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1202 amide amide NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1203 Lysergic lysergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1204 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1205 2,4-dimethylazetidide 2,4-dimethylazetidide CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1206 Lysergic lysergic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1207 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1208 diethylamide diethylamide NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1209 Methoxamine Methoxamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1210 Methoxphenidine Methoxphenidine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1211 MT-45 MT-45 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1212 PARGY PARGY NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1213 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1214 LAD lad NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1215 Phenibut Phenibut NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1216 PRO pro JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1217 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1218 LAD LAD NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1219 Pronethalol Pronethalol NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1220 Salbutamol Salbutamol NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1221 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1222 Levosalbutamol Levosalbutamol NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1223 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1224 Solriamfetol Solriamfetol NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1225 Theodrenaline Theodrenaline NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1226 Thiamphenicol Thiamphenicol NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1227 UWA-101 UWA-101 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1228 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1229 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1230 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1231 Recreational recreational JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1232 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1233 use use VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1234 Major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1235 recreational recreational JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1236 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1237 Depressants depressant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1238 Barbiturates Barbiturates NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1239 Benzodiazepines benzodiazepine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1240 Carbamates Carbamates NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1241 Ethanol ethanol NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1242 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1243 alcohol alcohol NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1244 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1245 Alcoholic alcoholic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1246 drinks drink NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1247 Beer Beer NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1248 Wine Wine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1249 Gabapentinoids Gabapentinoids NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1250 GHB GHB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1251 Inhalants inhalant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1252 Medical medical JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1253 Nitrous nitrous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1254 oxide oxide NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1255 Hazardous hazardous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1256 solvents solvent NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1257 contact contact VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1258 adhesives adhesive NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1259 Gasoline Gasoline NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1260 nail nail NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1261 polish polish NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1262 remover remover NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1263 Paint Paint NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1264 thinner thinner NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1265 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1266 Freon freon NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1267 Kava Kava NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1268 Nonbenzodiazepines Nonbenzodiazepines NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1269 Quinazolinones Quinazolinones NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1270 Opioids Opioids NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1271 Buprenorphine Buprenorphine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1272 Suboxone Suboxone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1273 Subutex Subutex NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1274 Codeine Codeine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1275 Desomorphine Desomorphine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1276 Krokodil Krokodil NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1277 Dextropropoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1278 Darvocet Darvocet NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1279 Darvon Darvon NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1280 Fentanyl Fentanyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1281 Diamorphine Diamorphine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1282 Heroin Heroin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1283 Hydrocodone Hydrocodone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1284 Hydromorphone Hydromorphone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1285 Dilaudid Dilaudid NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1286 Methadone Methadone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1287 Mitragyna Mitragyna NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1288 speciosa speciosa VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1289 Kratom Kratom NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1290 Morphine Morphine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1291 Opium Opium NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1292 Oxycodone Oxycodone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1293 /paracetamol /paracetamol , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1294 Tramadol Tramadol NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1295 Stimulants Stimulants NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1296 Amphetamine Amphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1297 Arecoline Arecoline NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1298 Areca Areca NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1299 Betel Betel NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1300 Caffeine Caffeine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1301 Coffee Coffee NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1302 Energy Energy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1303 drinks drink VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1304 Tea Tea NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1305 Cathinone Cathinone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1306 Khat Khat NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1307 Cocaine Cocaine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1308 Coca Coca NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1309 Crack Crack NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1310 Ephedrine Ephedrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1311 Ephedra Ephedra NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1312 MDPV MDPV NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1313 Mephedrone Mephedrone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1314 Methamphetamine Methamphetamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1315 Methylone Methylone NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1316 Methylphenidate Methylphenidate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1317 Modafinil Modafinil NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1318 Nicotine Nicotine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1319 Tobacco Tobacco NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1320 Theobromine Theobromine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1321 Cocoa Cocoa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1322 Chocolate Chocolate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1323 Entactogens Entactogens NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1324 2C 2c NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1325 series series NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1326 6-APB 6-APB NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1327 Benzofury Benzofury NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1328 AMT AMT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1329 MDA MDA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1330 MDMA mdma NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1331 Ecstasy ecstasy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1332 Hallucinogens Hallucinogens NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1333 Psychedelics Psychedelics NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1334 Bufotenin Bufotenin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1335 Psychoactive Psychoactive NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1336 toads toad NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1337 Vilca Vilca NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1338 Yopo Yopo NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1339 DMT DMT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1340 Ayahuasca Ayahuasca NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1341 LSA LSA NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1342 LSD-25 lsd-25 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1343 Mescaline mescaline JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1344 Peruvian peruvian JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1345 torch torch NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1346 Peyote Peyote NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1347 San San NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1348 Pedro Pedro NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1349 Psilocybin Psilocybin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1350 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1351 Psilocin Psilocin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1352 Psilocybin Psilocybin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1353 mushrooms mushroom VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1354 Dissociatives Dissociatives NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1355 DXM DXM NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1356 Glaucine Glaucine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1357 Inhalants inhalant VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1358 Nitrous nitrous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1359 oxide oxide NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1360 alkyl alkyl NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1361 nitrites nitrite NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1362 poppers popper VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1363 amyl amyl VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1364 nitrite nitrite JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1365 Ketamine Ketamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1366 MXE MXE NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1367 Muscimol Muscimol NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1368 Amanita Amanita NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1369 muscaria muscaria NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1370 PCP PCP NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1371 Salvinorin Salvinorin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1372 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1373 Salvia Salvia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1374 divinorum divinorum NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1375 Deliriants Deliriants NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1376 Atropine Atropine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1377 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1378 Scopolamine Scopolamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1379 Atropa Atropa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1380 belladonna belladonna NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1381 Datura Datura NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1382 Hyoscyamus Hyoscyamus NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1383 niger niger NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1384 Mandragora Mandragora NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1385 officinarum officinarum NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1386 Dimenhydrinate Dimenhydrinate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1387 Diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1388 Cannabinoids Cannabinoids NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1389 JWH-018 JWH-018 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1390 THC THC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1391 Cannabis Cannabis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1392 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1393 Marijuana Marijuana NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1394 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1395 Hashish Hashish NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1396 Hash Hash NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1397 oil oil NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1398 Oneirogens Oneirogens NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1399 Calea Calea NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1400 zacatechichi zacatechichi NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1401 Silene Silene NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1402 capensis capensis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1403 Club Club NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1404 drugs drug VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1405 Cocaine Cocaine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1406 Quaaludes Quaaludes NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1407 MDMA mdma NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1408 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1409 Ecstasy Ecstasy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1410 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1411 Nitrous nitrous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1412 oxide oxide NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1413 Poppers Poppers NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1414 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1415 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1416 Cannabis Cannabis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1417 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1418 420 420 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1419 Cannabis Cannabis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1420 cultivation cultivation NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1421 Cannabis Cannabis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1422 smoking smoke VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1423 Head Head NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1424 shop shop NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1425 Legal legal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1426 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1427 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1428 cannabis cannabis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1429 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1430 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1431 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1432 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1433 Legality Legality NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1434 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1435 cannabis cannabis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1436 Marijuana Marijuana NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1437 Policy Policy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1438 Project Project NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1439 Medical Medical NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1440 cannabis cannabis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1441 NORML NORML NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1442 Cannabis Cannabis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1443 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1444 religion religion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1445 Stoner stoner NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1446 film film NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1447 Coffee coffee NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1448 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1449 Coffee Coffee NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1450 break break VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1451 Coffeehouse Coffeehouse NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1452 Latte Latte NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1453 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1454 Tea tea NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1455 house house NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1456 Drinking drink VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1457 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1458 Bartending Bartending NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1459 Beer Beer NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1460 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1461 Beer beer NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1462 festival festival NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1463 Binge Binge NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1464 drinking drink VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1465 Diethyl Diethyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1466 ether ether NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1467 Drinking Drinking NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1468 games game NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1469 Drinking drinking NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1470 song song NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1471 Happy happy JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1472 hour hour NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1473 Hip Hip NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1474 flask flask NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1475 Nightclub Nightclub NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1476 Pub Pub NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1477 Pub Pub NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1478 crawl crawl NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1479 Sommelier sommeli JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1480 Sports Sports NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1481 bar bar NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1482 Tailgate Tailgate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1483 party party NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1484 Wine wine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1485 bar bar NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1486 Wine Wine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1487 tasting taste VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1488 Psychedelia Psychedelia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1489 Psychonautics Psychonautics NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1490 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1491 Drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1492 Era era NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1493 Experience experience NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1494 Literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1495 Music music NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1496 Microdosing Microdosing NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1497 Therapy Therapy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1498 Smoking Smoking NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1499 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1500 Cigarette Cigarette NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1501 card card NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1502 Fashion Fashion NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1503 cigarettes cigarette VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1504 Cloud Cloud NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1505 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1506 chasing chase VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1507 Loosie Loosie NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1508 Smokeasy Smokeasy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1509 Smoking Smoking NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1510 fetishism fetishism NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1511 Tobacco Tobacco NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1512 smoking smoke VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1513 Other Other NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1514 Club Club NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1515 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1516 Counterculture Counterculture NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1517 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1518 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1519 1960s 1960s CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1520 Dance Dance NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1521 party party NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1522 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1523 paraphernalia paraphernalia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1524 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1525 tourism tourism NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1526 Entheogen Entheogen NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1527 Hippie Hippie NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1528 Needle Needle NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1529 sharing share VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1530 Nootropic Nootropic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1531 Party Party NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1532 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1533 play play VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1534 Poly poly JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1535 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1536 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1537 Rave Rave NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1538 Religion religion NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1539 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1540 drugs drug VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1541 Self self NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1542 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1543 medication medication NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1544 Sex sex NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1545 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1546 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1547 Whoonga Whoonga NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1548 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1549 production production NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1550 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1551 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1552 Drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1553 production production NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1554 Coca Coca NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1555 production production NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1556 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1557 Colombia Colombia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1558 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1559 precursors precursor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1560 Opium Opium NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1561 production production NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1562 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1563 Afghanistan Afghanistan NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1564 Rolling Rolling NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1565 meth meth NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1566 lab lab NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1567 Drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1568 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1569 Illegal illegal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1570 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1571 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1572 Colombia Colombia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1573 Darknet Darknet NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1574 market market NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1575 Drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1576 distribution distribution NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1577 Beer beer NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1578 shop shop NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1579 Cannabis Cannabis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1580 shop shop NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1581 Liquor Liquor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1582 store store NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1583 Liquor Liquor NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1584 license license NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1585 Issues issue NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1586 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1587 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1588 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1589 Abuse Abuse NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1590 Date Date NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1591 rape rape NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1592 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1593 Impaired impaired JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1594 driving drive VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1595 Drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1596 harmfulness harmfulness NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1597 Effects Effects NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1598 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1599 cannabis cannabis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1600 Addiction Addiction NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1601 Dependence Dependence NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1602 Prevention Prevention NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1603 Opioid Opioid NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1604 replacement replacement NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1605 therapy therapy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1606 Rehabilitation Rehabilitation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1607 Responsible responsible JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1608 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1609 Drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1610 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1611 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1612 crime crime NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1613 Fetal fetal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1614 alcohol alcohol NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1615 spectrum spectrum NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1616 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1617 Long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1618 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1619 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1620 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1621 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1622 cannabis cannabis NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1623 Neurotoxicity Neurotoxicity NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1624 Overdose Overdose NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1625 Passive passive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1626 smoking smoking NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1627 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1628 tobacco tobacco NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1629 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1630 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1631 substances substance NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1632 Legality legality NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1633 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1634 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1635 use use VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1636 International international JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1637 1961 1961 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1638 Narcotic Narcotic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1639 Drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1640 1971 1971 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1641 Psychotropic Psychotropic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1642 Substances Substances NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1643 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1644 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1645 Trafficking Trafficking NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1646 Council Council NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1647 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1648 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1649 European European NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1650 Union Union NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1651 decisions decision NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1652 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1653 designer designer NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1654 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1655 State state NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1656 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1657 Drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1658 policy policy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1659 Decriminalization Decriminalization NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1660 Prohibition Prohibition NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1661 Supply Supply NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1662 reduction reduction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1663 Policy policy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1664 reform reform NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1665 Demand Demand NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1666 reduction reduction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1667 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1668 Policy Policy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1669 Alliance Alliance NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1670 Harm Harm NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1671 reduction reduction NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1672 Law Law NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1673 Enforcement Enforcement NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1674 Action Action NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1675 Partnership Partnership NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1676 Liberalization Liberalization NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1677 Latin Latin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1678 America America NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1679 Students student NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1680 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1681 Sensible Sensible NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1682 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1683 Policy Policy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1684 Transform Transform NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1685 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1686 Policy Policy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1687 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1688 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1689 policy policy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1690 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1691 country country NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1692 Australia Australia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1693 Canada Canada NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1694 Germany Germany NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1695 India India NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1696 Netherlands Netherlands NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1697 Portugal Portugal NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1698 Slovakia Slovakia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1699 Soviet Soviet NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1700 Union Union NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1701 Sweden Sweden NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1702 Switzerland Switzerland NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1703 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1704 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1705 Just just RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1706 Say say VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1707 No No NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1708 Office Office NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1709 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1710 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1711 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1712 Control Control NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1713 Policy Policy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1714 School School NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1715 district district NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1716 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1717 policies policy NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1718 California California NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1719 Colorado Colorado NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1720 Maryland Maryland NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1721 Virginia Virginia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1722 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1723 Arguments Arguments NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1724 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1725 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1726 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1727 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1728 prohibition prohibition NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1729 Capital Capital NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1730 punishment punishment NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1731 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1732 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1733 trafficking traffic VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1734 Cognitive Cognitive NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1735 liberty liberty NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1736 Designer Designer NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1737 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1738 Drug Drug NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1739 court court NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1740 Drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1741 possession possession NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1742 Drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1743 test test NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1744 Narc Narc NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1745 Politics Politics NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1746 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1747 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1748 abuse abuse NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1749 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1750 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1751 drugs drug VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1752 Mexican mexican JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1753 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1754 war war NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1755 Plan Plan NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1756 Colombia Colombia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1757 Philippine philippine JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1758 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1759 war war NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1760 Zero zero CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1761 tolerance tolerance NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1762 Lists Lists NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1763 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1764 countries country NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1765 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1766 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1767 Alcohol alcohol NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1768 legality legality NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1769 Alcohol Alcohol NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1770 consumption consumption NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1771 Anabolic anabolic JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1772 steroid steroid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1773 legality legality NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1774 Cannabis Cannabis NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1775 legality legality NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1776 Annual annual JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1777 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1778 Lifetime Lifetime NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1779 use use VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1780 Cigarette Cigarette NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1781 consumption consumption NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1782 Cocaine Cocaine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1783 legality legality NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1784 Cocaine Cocaine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1785 use use VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1786 Methamphetamine methamphetamine JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1787 legality legality NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1788 Opiates opiate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1789 use use VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1790 Psilocybin Psilocybin NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1791 mushrooms mushroom VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1792 legality legality NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1793 Salvia Salvia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1794 legality legality NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1795 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1796 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1797 Chemistry Chemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1798 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1799 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1800 portal portal NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1801 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1802 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1803 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1804 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amphetamine&oldid=992127067 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=amphetamine&oldid=992127067 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1805 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1806 Categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1807 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1808 Amphetamine amphetamine VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1809 5-HT1A 5-ht1a CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1810 agonists agonist NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1811 Anorectics Anorectics NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1812 Aphrodisiacs Aphrodisiacs NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1813 Carbonic Carbonic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1814 anhydrase anhydrase VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1815 activators activator NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1816 Drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1817 acting act VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1818 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1819 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1820 cardiovascular cardiovascular JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1821 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1822 Drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1823 acting act VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1824 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1825 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1826 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1827 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1828 Drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1829 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1830 sport sport NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1831 Ergogenic Ergogenic NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1832 aids aids NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1833 Euphoriants Euphoriants NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1834 Excitatory Excitatory NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1835 amino amino NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1836 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1837 reuptake reuptake NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1838 inhibitors inhibitor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1839 German german JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1840 inventions invention NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1841 Management Management NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1842 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1843 obesity obesity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1844 Narcolepsy Narcolepsy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1845 Nootropics Nootropics NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1846 Norepinephrine Norepinephrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1847 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1848 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1849 releasing release VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1850 agents agent NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1851 Phenethylamines Phenethylamines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1852 Stimulants stimulant NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1853 Substituted substitute VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1854 amphetamines amphetamine NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1855 TAAR1 taar1 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1856 agonists agonist NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1857 Treatment Treatment NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1858 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1859 management management NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1860 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1861 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1862 deficit deficit NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1863 hyperactivity hyperactivity NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1864 disorder disorder NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1865 VMAT VMAT NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1866 inhibitors inhibitor NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1867 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1868 Anti Anti NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1869 - - NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1870 Doping Doping NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1871 Agency Agency NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1872 prohibited prohibit VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1873 substances substance NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1874 Hidden hide VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1875 categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1876 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1877 CS1 cs1 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1878 maint maint NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1879 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1880 DOI doi NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1881 inactive inactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1882 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1883 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1884 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1885 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1886 CS1 CS1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1887 : : : en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1888 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1889 volume volume NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1890 value value NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1891 CS1 CS1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1892 Japanese japanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1893 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1894 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1895 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1896 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1897 ja ja NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1898 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1899 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1900 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1901 short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1902 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1903 Short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1904 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1905 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1906 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1907 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1908 Wikidata Wikidata NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1909 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1910 indefinitely indefinitely RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1911 semi semi RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1912 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1913 protected protect VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1914 pages page NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1915 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1916 dmy dmy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1917 dates date NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1918 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1919 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1920 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1921 Articles Articles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1922 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1923 hAudio hAudio NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1924 microformats microformat VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1925 Pages Pages NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1926 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1927 recorded record VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1928 pronunciations pronunciation NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1929 ECHA ECHA NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1930 InfoCard InfoCard NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1931 ID ID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1932 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1933 Wikidata Wikidata NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1934 Infobox Infobox NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1935 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1936 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1937 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1938 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1939 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1940 default default JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1941 infobox infobox NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1942 title title NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1943 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1944 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1945 potentially potentially RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1946 dated date VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1947 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1948 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1949 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1950 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1951 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1952 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1953 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1954 potentially potentially RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1955 dated date VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1956 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1957 Articles Articles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1958 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1959 potentially potentially RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1960 dated date VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1961 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1962 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1963 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1964 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1965 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1966 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1967 potentially potentially RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1968 dated date VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1969 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1970 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1971 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1972 PubChem PubChem NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1973 ID ID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1974 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1975 CID CID NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1976 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1977 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1978 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1979 Wikidata Wikidata NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1980 Featured Featured NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1981 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1982 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1983 menu menu NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1984 Personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1985 tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1986 Not not RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1987 logged log VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1988 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1989 Talk Talk NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1990 Contributions Contributions NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1991 Create Create NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1992 account account NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1993 Log Log NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1994 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1995 Namespaces Namespaces NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1996 Article Article NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1997 Talk talk NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1998 Variants variant VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 1999 Views view NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2000 Read read VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2001 View View NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2002 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2003 View View NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2004 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2005 More More JJR en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2006 Search Search NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2007 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2008 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2009 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2010 Contents content VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2011 Current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2012 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2013 Random random JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2014 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2015 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2016 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2017 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2018 us -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2019 Donate Donate NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2020 Contribute contribute NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2021 Help help NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2022 Learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2023 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2024 edit edit VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2025 Community community NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2026 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2027 Recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2028 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2029 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2030 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2031 Tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2032 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2033 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2034 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2035 Related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2036 changes change VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2037 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2038 file file VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2039 Special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2040 pages page NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2041 Permanent permanent JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2042 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2043 Page Page NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2044 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2045 Cite cite VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2046 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2047 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2048 Wikidata wikidata NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2049 item item NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2050 Print print NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2051 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2052 export export NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2053 Download Download NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2054 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2055 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2056 Printable Printable NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2057 version version NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2058 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2059 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2060 projects project NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2061 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2062 Commons Commons NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2063 Languages Languages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2064 العربية العربية NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2065 Azərbaycanca Azərbaycanca NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2066 Bân Bân NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2067 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2068 lâm lâm NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2069 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2070 gú gú NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2071 Български Български NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2072 Català Català NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2073 Čeština Čeština NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2074 Cymraeg Cymraeg NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2075 Dansk Dansk NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2076 Deutsch Deutsch NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2077 Eesti Eesti NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2078 Ελληνικά Ελληνικά NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2079 Español Español NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2080 Esperanto Esperanto NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2081 Euskara Euskara NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2082 فارسی فارسی JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2083 Føroyskt Føroyskt NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2084 Français Français NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2085 Gaeilge Gaeilge NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2086 Galego Galego NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2087 한국어 한국어 NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2088 Հայերեն Հայերեն NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2089 Hrvatski Hrvatski NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2090 Bahasa Bahasa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2091 Indonesia Indonesia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2092 Íslenska Íslenska NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2093 Italiano Italiano NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2094 עברית עברית NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2095 Kiswahili Kiswahili NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2096 Latviešu Latviešu NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2097 Lietuvių Lietuvių NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2098 Lingua Lingua NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2099 Franca Franca NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2100 Nova Nova NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2101 Magyar Magyar NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2102 Bahasa Bahasa NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2103 Melayu Melayu NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2104 Nederlands Nederlands NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2105 日本語 日本語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2106 Norsk Norsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2107 bokmål bokmål NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2108 Norsk Norsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2109 nynorsk nynorsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2110 ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଓଡ଼ିଆ NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2111 Polski Polski NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2112 Português Português NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2113 Română Română NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2114 Русский Русский NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2115 Scots Scots NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2116 Simple Simple NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2117 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2118 Slovenščina Slovenščina NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2119 Српски Српски NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2120 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2121 srpski srpski JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2122 Srpskohrvatski Srpskohrvatski NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2123 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2124 српскохрватски српскохрватски NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2125 Suomi Suomi NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2126 Svenska Svenska NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2127 ไทย ไทย NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2128 Türkçe Türkçe NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2129 Українська Українська NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2130 Tiếng Tiếng NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2131 Việt Việt NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2132 粵語 粵語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2133 中文 中文 NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2134 Edit Edit NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2135 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2136 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2137 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2138 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2139 last last RB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2140 edited edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2141 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2142 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2143 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2144 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2145 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2146 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2147 17:13 17:13 CD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2148   _SP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2149 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2150 UTC UTC NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2151 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-4107 2235 2152 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2236 1 Text text NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2236 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2236 3 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2236 4 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2236 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2236 6 Creative Creative NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2236 7 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2236 8 Attribution Attribution NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2236 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-4107 2236 10 ShareAlike ShareAlike NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2236 11 License License NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2236 12 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2236 13 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2236 14 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2236 15 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-4107 2236 16 apply apply VB en-wikipedia-org-4107 2236 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2237 1 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2237 2 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-4107 2237 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2237 4 site site NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2237 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2237 6 you -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2237 7 agree agree VBP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2237 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2237 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2237 10 Terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2237 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2237 12 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2237 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-4107 2237 14 Privacy Privacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2237 15 Policy Policy NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2237 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2238 1 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2238 2 ® ® NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2238 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2238 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2238 5 registered registered JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2238 6 trademark trademark NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2238 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2238 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2238 9 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2238 10 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2238 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2238 12 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2238 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-4107 2238 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-4107 2238 15 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2238 16 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2238 17 profit profit JJ en-wikipedia-org-4107 2238 18 organization organization NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2238 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-4107 2239 1 Privacy privacy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2239 2 policy policy NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2239 3 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2239 4 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2239 5 Disclaimers Disclaimers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-4107 2239 6 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2239 7 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2239 8 Mobile Mobile NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2239 9 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-4107 2239 10 Developers Developers NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2239 11 Statistics Statistics NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2239 12 Cookie Cookie NNP en-wikipedia-org-4107 2239 13 statement statement NN