id sid tid token lemma pos en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 1 Emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 3 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 5 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 6 Emotion Emotion NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 8 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 9 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 10 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 13 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 14 encyclopedia encyclopedia NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 15 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 16 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 17 navigation navigation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 18 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 19 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 20 search search VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 21 Research research NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 22 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 23 similarities similarity NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 24 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 25 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 27 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 28 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 29 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 30 drawing drawing NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 32 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 33 cat cat NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 34 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 35 T. T. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 36 W. W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 37 Wood Wood NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 38 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 39 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 40 Darwin Darwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 41 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 42 book book NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 43 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 44 Expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 45 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 46 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 47 Emotions Emotions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 48 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 49 Man Man NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 50 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 51 Animals Animals NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 52 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 53 described describe VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 54 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 55 acting act VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 56 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 57 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 58 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 59 affectionate affectionate JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 60 frame frame NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 61 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 62 mind mind NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 63 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 1 64 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 1 v v NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 2 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 3 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 4 Worldwide Worldwide NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 5 laws law NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 6 regarding regard VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 8 formal formal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 9 recognition recognition NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 11 nonhuman nonhuman NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 12 animal animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 13 sentience sentience NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 15 suffering suffer VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 16       _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 17 National national JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 18 recognition recognition NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 20 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 21 sentience sentience NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 22       _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 23 Partial partial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 24 recognition recognition NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 26 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 27 sentience1 sentience1 NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 28       _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 29 National national JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 30 recognition recognition NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 32 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 33 suffering suffering NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 34       _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 35 Partial partial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 36 recognition recognition NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 38 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 39 suffering2 suffering2 NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 40       _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 41 No no DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 42 official official JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 43 recognition recognition NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 44 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 45 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 46 sentience sentience NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 47 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 48 suffering suffer VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 49       _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 50 Unknown unknown JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 51 1certain 1certain CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 52 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 53 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 54 excluded exclude VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 55 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 56 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 57 mental mental JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 58 health health NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 59 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 60 acknowledged acknowledge VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 61 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 62 and/or and/or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 63 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 64 laws law NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 65 vary vary VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 66 internally internally RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 67 2only 2only CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 68 includes include VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 69 domestic domestic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 70 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 71 Emotion Emotion NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 72 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 73 defined define VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 74 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 75 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 76 mental mental JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 77 experience experience NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 78 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 79 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 80 intensity intensity NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 81 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 82 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 83 hedonic hedonic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 84 content content NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 2 85 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 3 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 3 2 1 1 LS en-wikipedia-org-8130 3 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 3 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 3 5 existence existence NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 3 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 3 7 nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 3 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 3 9 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 3 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 3 11 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 3 12 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 3 13 believed believe VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 3 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 3 15 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 3 16 correlated correlate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 3 17 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 3 18 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 3 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 3 20 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 3 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 3 22 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 3 23 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 3 24 evolved evolve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 3 25 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 3 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 3 27 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 3 28 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 3 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 1 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 2 Darwin Darwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 4 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 7 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 8 scientists scientist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 10 write write VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 11 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 13 subject subject NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 16 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 17 observational observational NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 20 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 21 anecdotal anecdotal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 23 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 24 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 25 since since IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 26 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 27 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 29 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 30 robust robust JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 32 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 33 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 34 driven drive VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 36 scientific scientific JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 37 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 4 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 2 2][3][4][5 2][3][4][5 LS en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 4 Cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 5 bias bias NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 6 tests test NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 8 learned learn VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 9 helplessness helplessness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 10 models model NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 11 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 12 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 13 feelings feeling NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 15 optimism optimism NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 17 pessimism pessimism NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 20 wide wide JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 21 range range NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 23 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 25 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 26 rats rat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 28 dogs dog NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 30 cats cat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 32 rhesus rhesus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 33 macaques macaque NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 35 sheep sheep NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 37 chicks chick NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 39 starlings starling NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 41 pigs pig NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 43 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 44 honeybees honeybee NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 5 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 6 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 6 2 6][7][8 6][7][8 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 6 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 6 4 Jaak Jaak NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 6 5 Panksepp Panksepp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 6 6 played play VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 6 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 6 8 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 6 9 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 6 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 6 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 6 12 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 6 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 6 14 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 6 15 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 6 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 6 17 basing base VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 6 18 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 6 19 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 6 20 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 6 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 6 22 neurological neurological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 6 23 aspect aspect NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 6 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 1 Mentioning mention VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 2 seven seven CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 3 core core NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 4 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 5 feelings feeling NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 6 reflected reflect VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 7 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 9 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 11 neuro neuro NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 13 dynamic dynamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 14 limbic limbic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 15 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 16 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 17 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 19 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 20 seeking seeking NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 22 fear fear NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 24 rage rage NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 26 lust lust NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 28 care care NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 30 panic panic NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 32 play play NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 7 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 8 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 8 2 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 8 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 8 4 Through through IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 8 5 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 8 6 stimulation stimulation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 8 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 8 8 pharmacological pharmacological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 8 9 challenges challenge NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 8 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 8 11 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 8 12 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 8 13 responses response NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 8 14 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 8 15 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 8 16 effectively effectively RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 8 17 monitored monitor VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 8 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 2 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 4 Emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 5 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 6 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 7 observed observe VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 9 further far RBR en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 10 researched research VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 11 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 12 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 13 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 14 approaches approach NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 15 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 16 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 18 behaviourism behaviourism NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 20 comparative comparative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 22 anecdotal anecdotal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 24 specifically specifically RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 25 Darwin Darwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 26 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 27 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 29 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 30 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 31 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 32 widely widely RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 33 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 34 today today NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 36 scientific scientific JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 37 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 38 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 39 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 40 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 41 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 42 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 43 subfields subfield NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 44 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 45 functional functional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 47 mechanistic mechanistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 48 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 49 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 50 bias bias NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 51 tests test NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 52 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 53 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 54 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 55 medicating medicate VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 56 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 57 spindle spindle JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 58 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 59 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 60 vocalizations vocalization NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 61 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 62 neurology neurology NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 9 63 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 1 While while IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 2 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 4 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 6 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 7 quite quite PDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 9 controversial controversial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 10 topic topic NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 11 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 12 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 13 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 14 studied study VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 16 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 17 extensive extensive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 18 array array NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 20 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 21 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 22 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 24 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 25 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 26 primates primate NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 28 rodents rodent NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 30 elephants elephant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 32 horses horse NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 34 birds bird NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 36 dogs dog NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 38 cats cat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 40 honeybees honeybee NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 41 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 42 crayfish crayfish NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 10 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 1 Contents content NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 2 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 3 Etymology etymology NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 5 definitions definition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 8 differentiation differentiation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 9 1.1 1.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 10 Laterality laterality NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 11 1.2 1.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 12 Basic basic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 14 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 15 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 16 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 17 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 18 Background Background NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 19 2.1 2.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 20 Behaviourist Behaviourist NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 21 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 22 2.2 2.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 23 Comparative comparative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 24 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 25 2.3 2.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 26 Darwin Darwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 27 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 28 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 29 2.4 2.4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 30 Anecdotal anecdotal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 31 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 32 2.5 2.5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 33 Scientific scientific JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 34 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 35 2.5.1 2.5.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 36 Functional functional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 37 2.5.2 2.5.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 38 Mechanistic mechanistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 39 2.5.3 2.5.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 40 Cognitive Cognitive NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 41 bias bias NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 42 test test NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 43 2.5.4 2.5.4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 44 Self self NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 45 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 46 medication medication NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 47 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 48 psychoactive psychoactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 49 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 50 2.5.5 2.5.5 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 51 Spindle Spindle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 52 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 53 2.5.6 2.5.6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 54 Vocalizations Vocalizations NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 55 2.5.7 2.5.7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 56 Neurological neurological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 57 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 58 Criticism Criticism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 59 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 60 Examples example NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 61 4.1 4.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 62 Primates primate NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 63 4.2 4.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 64 Rodents rodent NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 65 4.3 4.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 66 Horses horse NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 67 4.4 4.4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 68 Birds bird NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 69 4.5 4.5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 70 Dogs dog NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 71 4.6 4.6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 72 Elephants elephant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 73 4.7 4.7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 74 Cats cat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 75 4.8 4.8 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 76 Honeybees honeybee NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 77 4.9 4.9 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 78 Crayfish crayfish NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 79 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 80 See see VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 81 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 82 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 83 References reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 84 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 85 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 86 reading read VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 87 Etymology etymology NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 88 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 89 definitions definition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 90 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 91 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 92 differentiation[edit differentiation[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 93 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 94 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 95 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 96 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 97 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 98 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 99 dates date VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 100 back back RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 101 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 102 1579 1579 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 103 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 104 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 105 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 106 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 107 adapted adapt VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 108 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 109 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 110 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 111 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 112 émouvoir émouvoir NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 113 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 114 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 115 means mean VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 116 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 117 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 118 stir stir VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 119 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 120 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 11 121 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 12 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 12 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 12 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 12 4 earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-8130 12 5 precursors precursor NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 12 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 12 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 12 8 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 12 9 likely likely JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 12 10 date date NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 12 11 back back RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 12 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 12 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 12 14 very very JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 12 15 origins origin NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 12 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 12 17 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 12 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 13 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 13 2 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 13 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 13 4 Emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 13 5 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 13 6 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 13 7 described describe VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 13 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 13 9 discrete discrete JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 13 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 13 11 consistent consistent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 13 12 responses response NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 13 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 13 14 internal internal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 13 15 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 13 16 external external JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 13 17 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 13 18 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 13 19 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 13 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 13 21 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 13 22 significance significance NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 13 23 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 13 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 13 25 organism organism NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 13 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 14 1 Emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 14 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 14 3 brief brief JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 14 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 14 5 duration duration NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 14 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 14 7 consist consist VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 14 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 14 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 14 10 coordinated coordinated JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 14 11 set set NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 14 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 14 13 responses response NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 14 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 14 15 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 14 16 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 14 17 include include VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 14 18 physiological physiological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 14 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 14 20 behavioural behavioural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 14 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 14 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 14 23 neural neural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 14 24 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 14 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 15 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 15 2 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 15 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 15 4 Emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 15 5 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 15 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 15 7 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 15 8 described describe VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 15 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 15 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 15 11 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 15 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 15 13 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 15 14 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 15 15 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 15 16 provided provide VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 15 17 good good JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 15 18 solutions solution NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 15 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 15 20 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 15 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 15 22 recurring recur VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 15 23 problems problem NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 15 24 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 15 25 faced face VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 15 26 ancestors ancestor NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 15 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 2 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 4 Laterality[edit laterality[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 6 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 7 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 8 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 9 proposed propose VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 10 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 11 negative negative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 13 withdrawal withdrawal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 15 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 16 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 17 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 18 processed process VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 19 predominantly predominantly RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 20 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 22 right right NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 23 hemisphere hemisphere NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 25 whereas whereas IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 27 left left JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 28 hemisphere hemisphere NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 29 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 30 largely largely RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 31 responsible responsible JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 32 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 33 processing process VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 34 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 36 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 37 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 38 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 39 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 16 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 17 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 17 2 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 17 3 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 17 4 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 17 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 17 6 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 17 7 laterality laterality NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 17 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 17 9 valence valence NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 17 10 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 17 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 17 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 18 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 18 2 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 18 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 18 4 Basic basic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 18 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 18 6 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 18 7 human human NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 18 8 emotions[edit emotions[edit NFP en-wikipedia-org-8130 18 9 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 18 10 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 18 11 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 18 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 18 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 18 14 distinction distinction NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 18 15 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 18 16 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 18 17 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 18 18 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 18 19 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 18 20 basic basic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 18 21 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 18 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 18 23 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 18 24 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 18 25 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 18 26 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 18 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 19 1 Six six CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 19 2 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 19 3 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 19 4 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 19 5 classified classify VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 19 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 19 7 basic basic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 19 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 19 9 anger anger NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 19 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 19 11 disgust disgust NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 19 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 19 13 fear fear NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 19 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 19 15 happiness happiness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 19 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 19 17 sadness sadness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 19 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 19 19 surprise surprise NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 19 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 20 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 20 2 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 20 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 20 4 Complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 20 5 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 20 6 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 20 7 include include VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 20 8 contempt contempt NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 20 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 20 10 jealousy jealousy NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 20 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 20 12 sympathy sympathy NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 20 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 21 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 21 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 21 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 21 4 distinction distinction NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 21 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 21 6 difficult difficult JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 21 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 21 8 maintain maintain VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 21 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 21 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 21 11 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 21 12 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 21 13 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 21 14 said say VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 21 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 21 16 express express VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 21 17 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 21 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 21 19 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 21 20 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 21 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 2 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 4 Background[edit Background[edit `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 6 Behaviourist Behaviourist NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 7 approach[edit approach[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 8 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 9 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 10 squirrel squirrel NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 11 communicating communicate VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 12 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 13 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 14 pup pup NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 15 Prior prior RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 16 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 18 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 20 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 21 sciences science NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 22 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 23 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 24 comparative comparative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 25 psychology psychology NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 27 ethology ethology NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 29 interpretation interpretation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 31 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 32 behaviour behaviour NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 33 tended tend VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 34 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 35 favour favour VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 36 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 37 minimalistic minimalistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 38 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 39 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 40 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 41 behaviourism behaviourism NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 22 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 23 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 23 2 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 23 3 refuses refuse VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 23 4 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 23 5 ascribe ascribe VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 23 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 23 7 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 23 8 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 23 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 23 10 capability capability NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 23 11 beyond beyond IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 23 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 23 13 least least JJS en-wikipedia-org-8130 23 14 demanding demand VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 23 15 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 23 16 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 23 17 explain explain VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 23 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 23 19 behaviour behaviour NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 23 20 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 23 21 anything anything NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 23 22 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-8130 23 23 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 23 24 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 23 25 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 23 26 seen see VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 23 27 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 23 28 unwarranted unwarranted JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 23 29 anthropomorphism anthropomorphism NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 23 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 2 behaviourist behaviourist NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 3 argument argument NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 6 why why WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 7 should should MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 8 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 9 postulate postulate VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 10 consciousness consciousness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 12 all all PDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 13 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 14 near near JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 16 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 17 implications implication NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 19 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 20 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 21 explain explain VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 22 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 23 behaviour behaviour NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 25 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 26 mere mere JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 27 stimulus stimulus JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 28 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 29 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 30 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 31 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 32 sufficient sufficient JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 33 explanation explanation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 34 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 35 produce produce VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 37 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 38 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 24 39 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 2 behaviourists behaviourist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 4 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 5 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 6 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 7 B. B. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 8 Watson Watson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 10 claim claim VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 11 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 12 stimulus stimulus NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 13 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 14 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 15 models model NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 16 provide provide VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 18 sufficient sufficient JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 19 explanation explanation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 20 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 21 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 22 behaviours behaviour NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 23 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 24 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 25 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 26 described describe VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 27 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 28 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 31 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 32 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 33 behaviour behaviour NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 35 no no RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 36 matter matter RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 37 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 38 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 40 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 41 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 42 reduced reduce VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 43 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 44 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 45 simple simple JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 46 stimulus stimulus JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 47 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 48 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 49 association association NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 25 50 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 2 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 4 Watson Watson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 5 described describe VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 8 purpose purpose NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 10 psychology psychology NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 11 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 12 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 14 predict predict VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 16 given give VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 18 stimulus stimulus NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 20 what what WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 21 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 22 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 23 take take VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 24 place place NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 25 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 26 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 27 given give VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 29 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 31 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 32 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 34 situation situation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 35 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 36 stimulus stimulus NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 37 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 38 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 39 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 40 caused cause VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 42 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 43 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 26 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 2 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 5 cautious cautious JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 6 wording wording NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 8 Dixon Dixon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 9 exemplifies exemplify VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 10 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 11 viewpoint:[17 viewpoint:[17 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 12 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 13 Recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 14 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 17 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 19 ethics ethic NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 21 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 22 suggests suggest VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 23 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 24 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 25 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 26 philosophically philosophically RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 27 legitimate legitimate JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 28 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 29 ascribe ascribe VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 30 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 31 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 32 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 27 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 28 1 Furthermore furthermore RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 28 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 28 3 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 28 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 28 5 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 28 6 argued argue VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 28 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 28 8 emotionality emotionality NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 28 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 28 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 28 11 morally morally RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 28 12 relevant relevant JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 28 13 psychological psychological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 28 14 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 28 15 shared share VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 28 16 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 28 17 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 28 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 28 19 non non NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 28 20 - - NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 28 21 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 28 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 1 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 3 missing miss VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 4 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 6 philosophical philosophical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 7 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 8 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 9 makes make VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 10 reference reference NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 12 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 14 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 15 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 16 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 17 attempt attempt NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 18 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 19 clarify clarify VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 21 defend defend VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 22 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 23 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 24 account account NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 27 nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 29 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 33 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 34 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 35 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 36 play play VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 37 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 38 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 39 characterization characterization NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 41 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 42 nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 29 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 30 1 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 30 2 argue argue VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 30 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 30 4 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 30 5 paper paper NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 30 6 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 30 7 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 30 8 analyses analysis NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 30 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 30 10 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 30 11 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 30 12 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-8130 30 13 credible credible JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 30 14 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 30 15 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 30 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 31 1 Because because IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 31 2 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 31 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 31 4 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 31 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 31 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 31 7 thesis thesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 31 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 31 9 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 31 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 31 11 nonhumans nonhumans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 31 12 share share VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 31 13 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 31 14 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 31 15 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 31 16 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 31 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 31 18 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-8130 31 19 difficult difficult JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 31 20 case case NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 31 21 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 31 22 make make VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 31 23 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 31 24 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 31 25 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 31 26 recognized recognize VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 31 27 thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 31 28 far far RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 31 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 1 Moussaieff Moussaieff NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 2 Masson Masson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 4 McCarthy McCarthy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 5 describe describe VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 7 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 8 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 10 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 11 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 12 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 13 disagree):[18 disagree):[18 VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 14 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 15 While while IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 17 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 19 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 20 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 22 respectable respectable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 23 field field NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 25 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 26 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 27 work work VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 29 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 30 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 31 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 32 academic academic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 33 psychologists psychologist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 34 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 35 confine confine VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 36 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 37 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 38 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 39 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 40 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 32 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 2 standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 3 reference reference NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 4 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 6 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 7 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 8 Companion Companion NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 10 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 11 Behaviour Behaviour NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 13 advises advise VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 14 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 15 behaviourists behaviourist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 16 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 17 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 18 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 20 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 21 advised advise VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 22 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 23 study study VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 25 behaviour behaviour NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 27 rather rather RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 28 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 29 attempting attempt VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 30 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 31 get get VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 32 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 33 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 34 underlying underlie VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 35 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 33 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 1 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 3 considerable considerable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 4 uncertainty uncertainty NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 6 difficulty difficulty NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 7 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 10 interpretation interpretation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 12 ambiguity ambiguity NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 14 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 15 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 16 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 17 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 18 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 19 make make VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 20 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 21 movements movement NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 23 sounds sound NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 26 show show VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 27 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 28 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 30 chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 31 signals signal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 32 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 33 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 34 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 35 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 36 damaged damage VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 37 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 38 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 39 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 40 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 34 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 1 But but CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 2 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 4 mean mean VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 5 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 6 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 7 feels feel VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 8 — — : en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 10 aware aware JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 12 — — : en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 13 pain pain NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 15 we -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 16 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 18 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 19 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 20 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 21 merely merely RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 22 mean mean VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 23 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 24 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 25 programmed program VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 26 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 27 act act VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 29 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 30 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 31 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 32 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 33 stimuli stimulus NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 35 34 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8130 36 1 Similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 36 2 questions question NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 36 3 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 36 4 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 36 5 asked ask VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 36 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 36 7 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 36 8 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 36 9 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 36 10 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 36 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 36 12 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 36 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 36 14 human human NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 36 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 36 16 might may MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 36 17 undertake undertake VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 36 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 36 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 36 20 principle principle NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 36 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 37 1 Many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 37 2 scientists scientist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 37 3 regard regard VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 37 4 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 37 5 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 37 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 37 7 cognition cognition NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 37 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 37 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 37 10 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 37 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 37 12 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 37 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 37 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 37 15 having have VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 37 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 37 17 purely purely RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 37 18 mechanistic mechanistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 37 19 basis basis NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 37 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 1 Because because IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 4 philosophical philosophical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 5 questions question NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 7 consciousness consciousness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 9 mind mind NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 10 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 11 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 12 involved involve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 14 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 15 scientists scientist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 16 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 17 stayed stay VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 18 away away RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 19 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 20 examining examine VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 21 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 23 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 24 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 27 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 28 instead instead RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 29 studied study VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 30 measurable measurable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 31 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 32 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 33 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 34 neuroscience neuroscience NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 38 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 1 Comparative comparative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 2 approach[edit approach[edit CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 5 1903 1903 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 7 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 8 Lloyd Lloyd NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 9 Morgan Morgan NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 10 published publish VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 11 Morgan Morgan NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 12 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 13 Canon Canon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 16 specialised specialise VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 17 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 19 Occam Occam NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 20 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 21 razor razor NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 22 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 24 ethology ethology NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 27 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 28 he -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 29 stated:[19][20 stated:[19][20 , en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 30 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 31 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 32 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 33 case case NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 34 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 35 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 36 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 37 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 38 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 39 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 40 interpreted interpret VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 41 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 42 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 43 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 44 higher high JJR en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 45 psychological psychological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 46 processes process NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 47 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 48 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 49 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 50 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 51 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 52 fairly fairly RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 53 interpreted interpret VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 54 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 55 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 56 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 57 processes process NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 58 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 59 stand stand VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 60 lower low JJR en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 61 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 62 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 63 scale scale NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 64 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 65 psychological psychological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 66 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 67 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 68 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 39 69 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 1 Darwin Darwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 2 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 3 approach[edit approach[edit CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 5 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 6 Darwin Darwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 7 initially initially RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 8 planned plan VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 10 include include VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 12 chapter chapter NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 13 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 14 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 16 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 17 Descent Descent NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 19 Man Man NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 20 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 22 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 23 ideas idea NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 24 progressed progress VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 25 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 26 expanded expand VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 27 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 29 book book NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 31 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 32 Expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 35 Emotions Emotions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 36 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 37 Man Man NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 39 Animals Animals NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 40 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 4 Darwin Darwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 5 proposed propose VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 7 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 8 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 9 adaptive adaptive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 11 serve serve VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 13 communicative communicative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 15 motivational motivational JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 16 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 19 he -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 20 stated state VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 21 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 22 principles principle NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 23 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 24 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 25 useful useful JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 27 understanding understand VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 28 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 29 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 30 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 31 First first RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 33 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 34 Principle Principle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 36 Serviceable Serviceable NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 37 Habits Habits NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 38 takes take VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 39 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 40 Lamarckian lamarckian JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 41 stance stance NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 42 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 43 suggesting suggest VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 44 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 45 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 46 expressions expression NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 47 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 48 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 49 useful useful JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 50 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 51 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 52 passed pass VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 53 on on RP en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 54 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 55 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 56 offspring offspring NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 41 57 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 42 1 Second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 42 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 42 3 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 42 4 Principle Principle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 42 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 42 6 Antithesis Antithesis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 42 7 suggests suggest VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 42 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 42 9 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 42 10 expressions expression NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 42 11 exist exist VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 42 12 merely merely RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 42 13 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 42 14 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 42 15 oppose oppose VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 42 16 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 42 17 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 42 18 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 42 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 42 20 useful useful JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 42 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 1 Third third JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 3 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 4 Principle Principle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 7 Direct Direct NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 8 Action Action NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 11 Excited excited JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 12 Nervous Nervous NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 13 System System NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 14 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 16 Body body NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 17 suggests suggest VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 18 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 19 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 20 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 21 occurs occur VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 22 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 23 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 24 energy energy NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 25 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 26 passed pass VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 28 threshold threshold NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 30 needs need VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 31 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 32 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 33 released release VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 43 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 44 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 44 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 44 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 44 4 Darwin Darwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 44 5 saw see VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 44 6 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 44 7 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 44 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 44 9 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 44 10 outward outward JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 44 11 communication communication NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 44 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 44 13 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 44 14 inner inner JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 44 15 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 44 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 44 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 44 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 44 19 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 44 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 44 21 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 44 22 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 44 23 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 44 24 carries carry VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 44 25 beyond beyond IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 44 26 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 44 27 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 44 28 adaptive adaptive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 44 29 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 44 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 4 Darwin Darwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 5 remarks remark VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 7 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 8 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 9 present present VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 10 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 11 canine canine NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 12 teeth tooth NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 13 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 14 sneering sneer VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 16 rage rage NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 19 he -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 20 suggests suggest VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 21 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 22 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 23 means mean VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 24 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 26 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 27 ancestor ancestor NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 28 probably probably RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 29 utilized utilize VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 30 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 31 teeth tooth NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 32 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 33 aggressive aggressive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 34 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 45 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 5 domestic domestic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 6 dog dog NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 7 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 8 simple simple JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 9 tail tail NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 10 wag wag NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 11 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 12 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 13 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 15 subtly subtly RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 16 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 17 ways way NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 18 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 19 convey convey VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 20 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 21 meanings meaning NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 22 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 23 illustrated illustrate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 25 Darwin Darwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 26 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 27 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 28 Expression Expression NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 31 Emotions Emotions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 32 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 33 Man Man NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 35 Animals Animals NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 36 published publish VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 37 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 38 1872 1872 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 46 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 1 Examples example NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 3 tail tail NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 4 position position NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 5 indicating indicate VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 6 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 7 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 9 dogs dog NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 10 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 11 Small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 12 dog dog NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 13 watching watch VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 15 cat cat NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 16 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 18 table table NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 19 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 20 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 21 Dog Dog NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 22 approaching approach VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 23 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 24 dog dog NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 25 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 26 hostile hostile JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 27 intentions intention NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 28 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 29 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 30 Dog Dog NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 32 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 33 humble humble JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 35 affectionate affectionate JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 36 frame frame NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 38 mind mind NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 39 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 40 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 41 Half half RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 42 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 43 bred breed VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 44 shepherd shepherd NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 45 dog dog NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 46 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 47 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 48 Dog Dog NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 49 caressing caress VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 50 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 51 master master NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 52 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 53 Anecdotal anecdotal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 54 approach[edit approach[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 55 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 56 Evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 57 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 58 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 59 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 60 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 61 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 62 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 63 primarily primarily RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 64 anecdotal anecdotal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 65 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 66 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 67 individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 68 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 69 interact interact VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 70 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 71 pets pet NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 72 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 73 captive captive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 74 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 75 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 76 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 77 regular regular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 78 basis basis NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 47 79 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 48 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 48 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 48 3 critics critic NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 48 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 48 5 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 48 6 having have VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 48 7 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 48 8 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 48 9 suggest suggest VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 48 10 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 48 11 anthropomorphism anthropomorphism NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 48 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 48 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 48 14 motivating motivate VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 48 15 factor factor NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 48 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 48 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 48 18 interpretation interpretation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 48 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 48 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 48 21 observed observed JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 48 22 behaviours behaviour NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 48 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 49 1 Much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 49 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 49 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 49 4 debate debate NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 49 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 49 6 caused cause VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 49 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 49 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 49 9 difficulty difficulty NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 49 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 49 11 defining define VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 49 12 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 49 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 49 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 49 15 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 49 16 requirements requirement NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 49 17 thought think VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 49 18 necessary necessary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 49 19 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 49 20 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 49 21 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 49 22 experience experience VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 49 23 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 49 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 49 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 49 26 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 49 27 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 49 28 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 49 29 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 49 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 50 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 50 2 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 50 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 50 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 50 5 problem problem NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 50 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 50 7 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 50 8 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-8130 50 9 problematic problematic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 50 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 50 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 50 12 difficulties difficulty NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 50 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 50 14 testing test VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 50 15 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 50 16 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 50 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 50 18 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 50 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 51 1 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-8130 51 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 51 3 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 51 4 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 51 5 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 51 6 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 51 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 51 8 almost almost RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 51 9 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 51 10 related related JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 51 11 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 51 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 51 13 relation relation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 51 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 51 15 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 51 16 communication communication NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 51 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 52 1 Scientific scientific JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 52 2 approach[edit approach[edit CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 52 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 52 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 52 5 recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 52 6 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 52 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 52 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 52 9 scientific scientific JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 52 10 community community NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 52 11 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 52 12 become become VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 52 13 increasingly increasingly RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 52 14 supportive supportive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 52 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 52 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 52 17 idea idea NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 52 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 52 19 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 52 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 52 21 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 52 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 53 1 Scientific scientific JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 53 2 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 53 3 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 53 4 provided provide VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 53 5 insight insight NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 53 6 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 53 7 similarities similarity NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 53 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 53 9 physiological physiological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 53 10 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 53 11 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 53 12 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 53 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 53 14 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 53 15 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 53 16 experiencing experience VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 53 17 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 53 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 2 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 4 Much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 5 support support NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 7 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 8 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 10 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 11 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 12 results result VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 13 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 15 notion notion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 16 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 17 feeling feeling NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 18 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 19 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 20 n't not RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 21 require require VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 22 significant significant JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 23 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 24 processes,[15 processes,[15 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 25 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 26 rather rather RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 28 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 29 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 30 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 31 motivated motivate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 32 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 34 processes process NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 35 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 36 act act VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 37 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 38 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 39 adaptive adaptive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 40 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 42 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 43 suggested suggest VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 44 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 45 Darwin Darwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 54 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 55 1 Recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 55 2 attempts attempt NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 55 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 55 4 studying study VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 55 5 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 55 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 55 7 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 55 8 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 55 9 led lead VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 55 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 55 11 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 55 12 constructions construction NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 55 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 55 14 experimental experimental JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 55 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 55 16 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 55 17 gathering gathering NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 55 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 56 1 Professor Professor NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 56 2 Marian Marian NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 56 3 Dawkins Dawkins NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 56 4 suggested suggest VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 56 5 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 56 6 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 56 7 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 56 8 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 56 9 studied study VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 56 10 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 56 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 56 12 functional functional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 56 13 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 56 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 56 15 mechanistic mechanistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 56 16 basis basis NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 56 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 1 Dawkins Dawkins NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 2 suggests suggest VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 3 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 4 merely merely RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 5 mechanistic mechanistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 6 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 7 functional functional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 8 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 9 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 10 provide provide VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 12 answer answer NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 13 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 14 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 15 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 17 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 18 suggests suggest VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 19 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 21 mixture mixture NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 24 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 25 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 26 yield yield VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 28 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 29 significant significant JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 30 results result NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 57 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 58 1 Functional[edit functional[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-8130 58 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 58 3 Functional functional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 58 4 approaches approach NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 58 5 rely rely VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 58 6 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 58 7 understanding understand VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 58 8 what what WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 58 9 roles role NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 58 10 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 58 11 play play VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 58 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 58 13 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 58 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 58 15 examining examine VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 58 16 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 58 17 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 58 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 58 19 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 58 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 2 widely widely RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 3 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 4 framework framework NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 5 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 6 viewing view VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 7 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 10 functional functional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 11 context context NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 13 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 14 described describe VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 15 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 16 Oatley Oatley NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 18 Jenkins[24 Jenkins[24 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 19 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 20 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 21 see see VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 22 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 23 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 24 having have VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 25 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 26 stages stage NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 27 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 29 i i NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 30 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 31 appraisal appraisal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 32 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 33 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 34 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 35 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 36 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 37 conscious conscious JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 38 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 39 unconscious unconscious JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 40 evaluation evaluation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 41 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 42 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 43 event event NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 44 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 45 relevant relevant JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 46 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 47 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 48 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 49 goal goal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 59 50 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 1 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 2 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 4 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 5 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 6 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 7 goal goal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 9 advanced advanced JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 11 negative negative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 12 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 13 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 15 impeded impede VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 17 ii ii NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 19 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 20 readiness readiness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 21 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 23 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 24 gives give VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 25 priority priority NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 26 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 27 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 28 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 29 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 30 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 31 kinds kind NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 33 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 35 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 36 give give VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 37 urgency urgency NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 38 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 39 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 40 so so IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 41 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 42 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 43 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 44 interrupt interrupt VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 45 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 46 compete compete VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 47 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 48 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 49 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 50 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 51 iii iii NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 52 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 53 physiological physiological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 54 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 55 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 56 facial facial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 57 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 58 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 59 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 60 behavioural behavioural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 61 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 60 62 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 61 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 61 2 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 61 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 61 4 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 61 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 61 6 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 61 7 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 61 8 too too RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 61 9 broad broad JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 61 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 61 11 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 61 12 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 61 13 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 61 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 61 15 include include VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 61 16 all all PDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 61 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 61 18 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 61 19 kingdom kingdom NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 61 20 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 61 21 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 61 22 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 61 23 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 61 24 plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 61 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 62 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 62 2 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 62 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 62 4 Mechanistic[edit mechanistic[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 62 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 62 6 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 62 7 second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 62 8 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 62 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 62 10 mechanistic mechanistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 62 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 62 12 requires require VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 62 13 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 62 14 examination examination NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 62 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 62 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 62 17 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 62 18 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 62 19 drive drive VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 62 20 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 62 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 62 22 search search VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 62 23 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 62 24 similarities similarity NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 62 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 62 26 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 62 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 63 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 63 2 mechanistic mechanistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 63 3 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 63 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 63 5 utilized utilize VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 63 6 extensively extensively RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 63 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 63 8 Paul Paul NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 63 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 63 10 Harding Harding NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 63 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 63 12 Mendl Mendl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 63 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 64 1 Recognizing recognize VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 64 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 64 3 difficulty difficulty NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 64 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 64 5 studying study VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 64 6 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 64 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 64 8 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 64 9 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 64 10 verbal verbal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 64 11 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 64 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 64 13 Paul Paul NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 64 14 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 64 15 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 64 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 65 1 demonstrate demonstrate VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 65 2 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 65 3 ways way NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 65 4 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 65 5 better better RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 65 6 examine examine VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 65 7 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 65 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 66 1 Observing observe VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 66 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 66 3 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 66 4 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 66 5 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 66 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 66 7 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 66 8 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 66 9 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 66 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 66 11 Paul Paul NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 66 12 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 66 13 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 66 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 67 1 suggest suggest VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 67 2 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 67 3 concentration concentration NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 67 4 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 67 5 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 67 6 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 67 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 67 8 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 67 9 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 67 10 provide provide VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 67 11 clear clear JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 67 12 insights insight NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 67 13 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 67 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 67 15 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 67 16 experience experience NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 67 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 68 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 68 2 noted note VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 68 3 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 68 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 68 5 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 68 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 68 7 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 68 8 biases bias NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 68 9 vary vary VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 68 10 according accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 68 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 68 12 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 68 13 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 68 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 68 15 suggested suggest VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 68 16 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 68 17 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 68 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 68 19 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 68 20 starting starting NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 68 21 point point NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 68 22 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 68 23 examine examine VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 68 24 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 68 25 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 68 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 2 propose propose VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 3 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 4 researchers researcher NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 5 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 6 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 7 able able JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 9 use use VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 10 controlled control VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 11 stimuli stimulus NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 12 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 13 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 15 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 16 meaning meaning NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 18 trained train VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 19 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 20 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 21 induce induce VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 22 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 23 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 25 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 26 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 28 assess assess VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 29 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 30 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 32 basic basic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 33 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 34 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 35 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 36 experience experience VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 69 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 70 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 70 2 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 70 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 70 4 Cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 70 5 bias bias NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 70 6 test[edit test[edit '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 70 7 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 70 8 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 70 9 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 70 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 70 11 Cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 70 12 bias bias NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 70 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 70 14 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 70 15 Is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 70 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 70 17 glass glass NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 70 18 half half RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 70 19 empty empty JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 70 20 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 70 21 half half RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 70 22 full full JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 70 23 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8130 71 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 71 2 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 71 3 bias bias NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 71 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 71 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 71 6 pattern pattern NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 71 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 71 8 deviation deviation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 71 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 71 10 judgment judgment NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 71 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 71 12 whereby whereby WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 71 13 inferences inference NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 71 14 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 71 15 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 71 16 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 71 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 71 18 situations situation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 71 19 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 71 20 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 71 21 drawn draw VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 71 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 71 23 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 71 24 illogical illogical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 71 25 fashion fashion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 71 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 72 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 72 2 26 26 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 72 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 72 4 Individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 72 5 create create VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 72 6 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 72 7 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 72 8 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 72 9 subjective subjective JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 72 10 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 72 11 reality reality NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 72 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 72 13 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 72 14 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 72 15 perception perception NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 72 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 72 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 72 18 input input NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 72 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 73 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 73 2 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 73 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 73 4 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 73 5 refers refer VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 73 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 73 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 73 8 question question NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 73 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 73 10 Is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 73 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 73 12 glass glass NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 73 13 half half RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 73 14 empty empty JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 73 15 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 73 16 half half RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 73 17 full full JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 73 18 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8130 74 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 74 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 74 3 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 74 4 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 74 5 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 74 6 indicator indicator NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 74 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 74 8 optimism optimism NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 74 9 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 74 10 pessimism pessimism NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 74 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 75 1 To to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 75 2 test test VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 75 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 75 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 75 5 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 75 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 75 7 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 75 8 individual individual NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 75 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 75 10 trained train VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 75 11 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 75 12 anticipate anticipate VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 75 13 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 75 14 stimulus stimulus NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 75 15 A a NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 75 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 75 17 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 76 1 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 76 2 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 76 3   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 76 4 Hz Hz NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 76 5 tone tone NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 76 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 76 7 precedes precede VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 76 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 76 9 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 76 10 event event NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 76 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 76 12 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 77 1 highly highly RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 77 2 desired desire VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 77 3 food food NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 77 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 77 5 delivered deliver VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 77 6 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 77 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 77 8 lever lever NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 77 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 77 10 pressed press VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 77 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 77 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 77 13 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 77 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 78 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 78 2 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 78 3 individual individual NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 78 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 78 5 trained train VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 78 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 78 7 anticipate anticipate VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 78 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 78 9 stimulus stimulus NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 78 10 B b NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 78 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 78 12 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 79 1 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 79 2 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 79 3   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 79 4 Hz Hz NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 79 5 tone tone NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 79 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 79 7 precedes precede VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 79 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 79 9 negative negative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 79 10 event event NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 79 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 79 12 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 80 1 bland bland JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 80 2 food food NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 80 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 80 4 delivered deliver VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 80 5 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 80 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 80 7 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 80 8 presses press VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 80 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 80 10 lever lever NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 80 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 81 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 81 2 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 81 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 81 4 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 81 5 tested test VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 81 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 81 7 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 81 8 played play VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 81 9 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 81 10 intermediate intermediate JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 81 11 stimulus stimulus NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 81 12 C c NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 81 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 81 14 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 1 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 2 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 3   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 4 Hz Hz NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 5 tone tone NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 8 observing observe VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 9 whether whether IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 11 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 12 presses press VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 14 lever lever NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 15 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 18 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 19 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 20 negative negative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 21 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 23 thereby thereby RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 24 indicating indicate VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 25 whether whether IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 27 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 28 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 30 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 31 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 32 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 33 negative negative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 34 mood mood NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 82 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 83 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 83 2 might may MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 83 3 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 83 4 influenced influence VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 83 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 83 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 83 7 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 83 8 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 83 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 83 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 83 11 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 83 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 83 13 housing housing NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 83 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 83 15 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 83 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 83 17 kept keep VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 83 18 in in RP en-wikipedia-org-8130 83 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 2 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 4 Using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 5 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 6 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 8 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 9 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 10 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 11 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 12 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 13 rats rat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 14 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 15 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 16 subjected subject VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 18 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 19 handling handling NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 20 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 21 tickling tickle VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 22 showed show VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 23 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 24 responses response NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 25 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 27 intermediate intermediate JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 28 stimulus stimulus NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 29 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 30 rats rat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 31 exposed expose VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 32 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 33 tickling tickle VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 34 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 35 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 36 optimistic optimistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 84 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 2 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 5 authors author NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 6 stated state VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 8 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 9 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 10 demonstrated demonstrate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 11 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 14 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 15 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 17 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 18 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 20 directly directly RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 21 measured measure VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 22 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 23 affective affective JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 24 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 26 decision decision NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 27 making make VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 28 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 29 uncertainty uncertainty NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 31 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 32 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 33 model model NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 34 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 85 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 86 1 Cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 86 2 biases bias NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 86 3 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 86 4 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 86 5 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 86 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 86 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 86 8 wide wide JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 86 9 range range NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 86 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 86 11 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 86 12 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 86 13 rats rat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 86 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 86 15 dogs dog NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 86 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 86 17 rhesus rhesus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 86 18 macaques macaque NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 86 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 86 20 sheep sheep NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 86 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 86 22 chicks chick NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 86 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 86 24 starlings starling NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 86 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 86 26 honeybees honeybee NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 86 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 2 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 4 Self self NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 6 medication medication NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 7 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 8 psychoactive psychoactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 9 drugs[edit drugs[edit NFP en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 10 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 11 Humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 12 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 13 suffer suffer VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 14 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 16 range range NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 18 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 19 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 20 mood mood NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 21 disorders disorder NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 22 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 23 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 24 depression depression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 26 anxiety anxiety NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 28 fear fear NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 30 panic panic NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 87 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 88 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 88 2 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 88 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 88 4 To to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 88 5 treat treat VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 88 6 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 88 7 disorders disorder NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 88 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 88 9 scientists scientist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 88 10 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 88 11 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 88 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 88 13 range range NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 88 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 88 15 psychoactive psychoactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 88 16 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 88 17 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 88 18 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 88 19 anxiolytics anxiolytic NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 88 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 89 1 Many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 89 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 89 3 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 89 4 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 89 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 89 6 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 89 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 89 8 tested test VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 89 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 89 10 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 89 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 89 12 range range NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 89 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 89 14 laboratory laboratory NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 89 15 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 89 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 3 inconsistent inconsistent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 4 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 5 argue argue VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 7 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 8 drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 10 effective effective JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 12 treating treat VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 13 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 14 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 15 whilst whilst IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 16 denying deny VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 18 experience experience NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 20 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 21 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 24 laboratory laboratory NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 25 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 26 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 27 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 28 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 29 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 30 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 31 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 33 tested test VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 90 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 91 1 Standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 91 2 laboratory laboratory NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 91 3 cages cage NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 91 4 prevent prevent VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 91 5 mice mouse NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 91 6 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 91 7 performing perform VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 91 8 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 91 9 natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 91 10 behaviours behaviour NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 91 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 91 12 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 91 13 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 91 14 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 91 15 highly highly RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 91 16 motivated motivated JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 91 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 92 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 92 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 92 3 consequence consequence NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 92 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 92 5 laboratory laboratory NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 92 6 mice mouse NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 92 7 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 92 8 develop develop VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 92 9 abnormal abnormal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 92 10 behaviours behaviour NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 92 11 indicative indicative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 92 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 92 13 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 92 14 disorders disorder NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 92 15 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 92 16 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 92 17 depression depression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 92 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 92 19 anxiety anxiety NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 92 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 93 1 To to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 93 2 improve improve VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 93 3 welfare welfare NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 93 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 93 5 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 93 6 cages cage NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 93 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 93 8 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 93 9 enriched enrich VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 93 10 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 93 11 items item NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 93 12 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 93 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 93 14 nesting nest VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 93 15 material material NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 93 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 93 17 shelters shelter NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 93 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 93 19 running run VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 93 20 wheels wheel NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 93 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 94 1 Sherwin Sherwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 94 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 94 3 Ollson[30 Ollson[30 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 94 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 94 5 tested test VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 94 6 whether whether IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 94 7 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 94 8 enrichment enrichment NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 94 9 influenced influence VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 94 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 94 11 consumption consumption NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 94 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 94 13 Midazolam Midazolam NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 94 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 94 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 94 16 drug drug NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 94 17 widely widely RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 94 18 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 94 19 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 94 20 treat treat VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 94 21 anxiety anxiety NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 94 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 94 23 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 94 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 1 Mice mouse NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 3 standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 4 cages cage NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 6 standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 7 cages cage NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 8 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 10 unpredictable unpredictable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 11 husbandry husbandry NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 13 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 14 enriched enrich VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 15 cages cage NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 17 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 18 given give VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 20 choice choice NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 22 drinking drink VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 23 either either DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 24 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 25 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 26 drugged drugged JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 27 water water NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 28 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 29 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 30 solution solution NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 33 Midazolam Midazolam NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 95 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 1 Mice mouse NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 4 standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 6 unpredictable unpredictable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 7 cages cage NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 8 drank drink VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 10 greater great JJR en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 11 proportion proportion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 14 anxiolytic anxiolytic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 15 solution solution NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 16 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 17 mice mouse NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 18 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 19 enriched enriched JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 20 cages cage NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 22 indicating indicate VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 23 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 24 mice mice NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 25 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 27 standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 29 unpredictable unpredictable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 30 laboratory laboratory NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 31 caging caging NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 32 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 33 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 34 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 35 experiencing experience VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 36 greater great JJR en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 37 anxiety anxiety NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 38 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 39 mice mouse NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 40 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 42 enriched enriched JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 43 cages cage NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 96 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 1 Spindle spindle NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 2 neurons[edit neurons[edit FW en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 4 Spindle spindle JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 5 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 7 specialised specialise VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 8 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 9 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 11 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 12 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 13 restricted restricted JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 14 regions region NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 17 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 18 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 19 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 21 anterior anterior NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 22 cingulate cingulate NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 23 cortex cortex NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 26 frontoinsular frontoinsular NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 27 cortex cortex NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 30 dorsolateral dorsolateral NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 31 prefrontal prefrontal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 32 cortex cortex NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 97 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 2 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 5 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 6 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 8 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 9 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 10 regulate regulate VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 11 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 12 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 13 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 15 empathy empathy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 17 speech speech NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 19 intuition intuition NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 21 rapid rapid JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 22 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 23 gut gut NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 24 reactions reaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 25 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 27 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 28 organization organization NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 30 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 98 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 2 32 32 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 4 Spindle spindle JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 5 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 7 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 8 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 11 brains brain NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 13 humpback humpback NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 14 whales whale NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 16 fin fin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 17 whales whale NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 19 killer killer NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 20 whales whale NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 22 sperm sperm JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 23 whales,[32][33 whales,[32][33 FW en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 24 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 25 bottlenose bottlenose JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 26 dolphin dolphin NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 28 Risso Risso NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 29 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 30 dolphin dolphin NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 32 beluga beluga NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 33 whales,[34 whales,[34 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 34 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 37 African african JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 39 Asian asian JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 40 elephants elephant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 99 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 100 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 100 2 35 35 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 100 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 100 4 Whales whale NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 100 5 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 100 6 spindle spindle JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 100 7 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 100 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 100 9 greater great JJR en-wikipedia-org-8130 100 10 numbers number NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 100 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 100 12 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 100 13 maintained maintain VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 100 14 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 100 15 twice twice RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 100 16 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 100 17 long long RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 100 18 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 100 19 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 100 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 2 32 32 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 5 exact exact JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 6 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 8 spindle spindle JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 9 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 11 whale whale JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 12 brains brain NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 14 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 15 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 16 understood understand VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 18 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 19 Hof Hof NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 21 Van Van NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 22 Der Der NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 23 Gucht Gucht NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 24 believe believe VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 25 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 26 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 27 act act VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 28 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 29 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 30 sort sort NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 32 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 33 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 34 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 35 speed speed NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 36 connections connection NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 37 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 38 fast fast JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 39 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 40 track track NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 41 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 42 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 43 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 44 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 45 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 46 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 47 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 49 cortex cortex NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 50 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 101 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 102 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 102 2 32 32 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 102 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 102 4 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 102 5 compared compare VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 102 6 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 102 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 102 8 express express VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 102 9 trains train NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 102 10 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 102 11 bypass bypass VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 102 12 unnecessary unnecessary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 102 13 connections connection NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 102 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 102 15 enabling enable VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 102 16 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 102 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 102 18 instantly instantly RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 102 19 process process VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 102 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 102 21 act act VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 102 22 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 102 23 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 102 24 cues cue NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 102 25 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 102 26 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 102 27 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 102 28 interactions interaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 102 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 3 Hof Hof NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 5 Van Van NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 6 Der Der NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 7 Gucht Gucht NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 8 clarify clarify VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 9 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 10 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 11 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 12 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 13 know know VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 15 nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 17 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 18 feelings feeling NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 20 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 21 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 23 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 24 we -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 25 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 26 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 27 just just RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 28 apply apply VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 29 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 30 we -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 31 see see VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 32 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 33 great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 34 apes ape NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 35 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 36 ourselves -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 37 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 38 whales whale NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 103 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 104 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 104 2 believe believe VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 104 3 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 104 4 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-8130 104 5 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 104 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 104 7 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 104 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 104 9 know know VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 104 10 whether whether IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 104 11 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 104 12 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 104 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 104 14 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 104 15 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 104 16 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 104 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 104 18 whales whale NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 104 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 1 Vocalizations[edit vocalizations[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 3 Though though IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 4 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 5 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 6 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 7 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 8 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 9 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 10 provide provide VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 11 useful useful JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 12 verbal verbal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 13 feedback feedback NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 14 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 16 experiential experiential JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 18 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 19 details detail NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 21 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 22 feelings feeling NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 24 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 25 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 26 vocalizations vocalization NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 28 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 29 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 30 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 31 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 32 indicators indicator NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 34 potential potential JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 35 affective affective JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 36 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 105 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 2 36 36 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 4 Beginning begin VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 5 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 6 Darwin Darwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 8 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 9 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 11 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 12 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 13 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 14 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 15 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 16 chimpanzees chimpanzee NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 18 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 19 great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 20 apes ape NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 21 perform perform VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 22 laugh laugh NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 24 like like JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 25 vocalizations vocalization NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 27 providing provide VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 28 scientists scientist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 29 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 30 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 31 symbolic symbolic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 32 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 33 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 34 reports report NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 36 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 37 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 38 experiences experience NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 106 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 2 37 37 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 4 Research research NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 5 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 6 rats rat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 7 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 8 revealed reveal VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 9 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 10 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 11 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 12 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 14 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 15 emit emit VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 16 50-kHz 50-khz CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 17 ultrasonic ultrasonic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 18 vocalisations vocalisation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 20 USV USV NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 22 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 23 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 24 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 25 postulated postulate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 26 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 27 reflect reflect VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 29 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 30 affective affective JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 31 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 33 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 35 analogous analogous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 36 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 37 primitive primitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 38 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 39 joy joy NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 40 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 41 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 42 calls call NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 43 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 44 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 45 termed term VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 46 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 47 laughter laughter NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 48 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 107 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 2 38][39 38][39 LS en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 5 50 50 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 6   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 7 kHz kHz NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 8 USVs usv NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 10 rats rat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 11 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 12 uniquely uniquely RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 13 elevated elevate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 15 hedonic hedonic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 16 stimuli stimulus NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 17 — — : en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 18 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 19 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 20 tickling tickling JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 22 rewarding rewarding JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 23 electrical electrical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 24 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 25 stimulation stimulation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 27 amphetamine amphetamine NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 28 injections injection NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 30 mating mating NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 32 play play NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 35 aggression aggression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 36 — — : en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 37 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 38 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 39 suppressed suppress VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 40 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 41 aversive aversive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 42 stimuli stimulus NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 108 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 109 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 109 2 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 109 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 109 4 Of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 109 5 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 109 6 manipulations manipulation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 109 7 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 109 8 elicit elicit NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 109 9 50 50 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 109 10   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 109 11 kHz kHz NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 109 12 chirps chirp NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 109 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 109 14 rats rat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 109 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 109 16 tickling tickle VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 109 17 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 109 18 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 109 19 elicits elicit VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 109 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 109 21 highest high JJS en-wikipedia-org-8130 109 22 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 109 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 109 24 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 109 25 calls call NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 109 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 2 40 40 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 4 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 5 vocalizations vocalization NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 7 domestic domestic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 8 cats cat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 10 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 12 purring purring NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 14 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 15 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 16 known known JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 18 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 19 produced produce VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 21 situations situation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 23 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 24 valence valence NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 26 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 27 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 28 mother mother NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 29 kitten kitten NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 30 interactions interaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 32 contacts contact NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 33 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 34 familiar familiar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 35 partner partner NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 37 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 38 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 39 tactile tactile JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 40 stimulation stimulation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 41 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 42 inanimate inanimate JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 43 objects object NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 44 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 45 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 46 rolling roll VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 47 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 48 rubbing rub VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 110 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 111 1 Therefore therefore RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 111 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 111 3 purring purring NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 111 4 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 111 5 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 111 6 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 111 7 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 111 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 111 9 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 111 10 indicator indicator NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 111 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 111 12 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 111 13 pleasure pleasure NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 111 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 111 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 111 16 cats cat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 111 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 2 41 41 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 4 Low Low NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 5 pitched pitch VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 6 bleating bleating NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 8 sheep sheep NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 9 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 10 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 11 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 12 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 13 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 14 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 16 valence valence NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 17 situations situation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 19 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 20 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 21 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 22 produced produce VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 23 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 24 males male NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 25 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 26 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 27 estrus estrus JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 28 female female NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 29 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 30 approaching approach VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 31 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 32 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 33 lactating lactate VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 34 mothers mother NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 35 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 36 licking lick VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 37 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 38 nursing nurse VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 39 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 40 lambs lamb NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 112 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 2 41 41 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 4 Neurological[edit Neurological[edit `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 6 Neuroscientific neuroscientific JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 7 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 8 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 9 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 11 instinctual instinctual JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 13 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 14 action action NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 15 tendencies tendency NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 17 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 18 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 19 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 20 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 21 accompanied accompany VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 22 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 24 brains brain NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 25 neurochemical neurochemical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 27 electrical electrical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 28 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 29 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 30 deemed deem VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 31 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 32 best good JJS en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 33 monitor monitor VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 34 relative relative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 35 primary primary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 36 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 37 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 38 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 39 affective affective JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 40 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 113 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 114 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 114 2 42 42 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 114 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 114 4 Predictions prediction NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 114 5 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 114 6 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 114 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 114 8 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 114 9 conducted conduct VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 114 10 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 114 11 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 114 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 114 13 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-8130 114 14 leads lead VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 114 15 analysis analysis NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 114 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 114 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 114 18 neural neural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 114 19 infrastructure infrastructure NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 114 20 relevant relevant JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 114 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 114 22 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 114 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 115 1 Psycho Psycho NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 115 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 115 3 neuro neuro NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 115 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 115 5 ethological ethological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 115 6 triangulation triangulation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 115 7 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 115 8 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 115 9 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 115 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 115 11 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 115 12 allows allow VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 115 13 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 115 14 further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 115 15 experimentation experimentation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 115 16 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 115 17 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 115 18 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 115 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 116 1 Utilizing utilize VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 116 2 specific specific JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 116 3 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 116 4 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 116 5 exhibit exhibit VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 116 6 indicators indicator NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 116 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 116 8 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 116 9 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 116 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 116 11 decode decode VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 116 12 underlying underlie VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 116 13 neural neural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 116 14 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 116 15 aids aid NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 116 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 116 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 116 18 discovery discovery NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 116 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 116 20 critical critical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 116 21 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 116 22 variables variable NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 116 23 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 116 24 regulate regulate VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 116 25 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 116 26 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 116 27 expressions expression NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 116 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 117 1 Comparing compare VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 117 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 117 3 results result NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 117 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 117 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 117 6 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 117 7 converse converse NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 117 8 experiments experiment NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 117 9 occur occur VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 117 10 predicting predict VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 117 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 117 12 affective affective JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 117 13 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 117 14 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 117 15 should should MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 117 16 result result VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 117 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 117 18 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 117 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 2 42 42 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 4 Specific specific JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 5 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 6 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 7 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 9 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 10 increase increase NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 11 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 12 decrease decrease NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 14 playfulness playfulness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 15 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 16 separation separation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 17 distress distress NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 18 vocalizations vocalization NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 20 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 22 comparing compare VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 23 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 24 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 25 exhibit exhibit VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 27 predicted predict VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 28 increases increase NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 29 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 30 decreases decrease NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 32 feelings feeling NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 34 joy joy NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 35 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 36 sadness sadness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 39 weight weight NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 41 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 42 constructs construct VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 43 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 44 concrete concrete JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 45 neural neural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 46 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 47 concerning concern VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 49 nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 50 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 51 affect affect NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 52 supporting support VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 53 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 54 relevant relevant JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 55 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 118 56 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 2 42 42 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 4 Criticism[edit Criticism[edit `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 6 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 7 argument argument NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 8 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 9 animals animal VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 10 experience experience NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 11 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 13 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 14 rejected reject VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 15 due due IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 16 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 18 lack lack NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 20 higher high JJR en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 21 quality quality NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 22 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 25 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 26 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 27 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 28 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 29 believe believe VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 32 idea idea NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 34 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 35 intelligence intelligence NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 37 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 38 argue argue VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 39 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 40 anthropomorphism anthropomorphism NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 41 plays play VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 42 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 43 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 44 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 45 individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 46 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 47 perspectives perspective NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 119 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 120 1 Those those DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 120 2 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-8130 120 3 reject reject VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 120 4 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 120 5 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 120 6 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 120 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 120 8 capacity capacity NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 120 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 120 10 experience experience VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 120 11 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 120 12 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 120 13 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 120 14 mainly mainly RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 120 15 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 120 16 referring refer VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 120 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 120 18 inconsistencies inconsistency NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 120 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 120 20 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 120 21 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 120 22 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 120 23 endorsed endorse VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 120 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 120 25 belief belief NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 120 26 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 120 27 exist exist VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 120 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 1 Having have VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 2 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 3 linguistic linguistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 4 means mean NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 6 communicate communicate VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 7 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 8 beyond beyond IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 9 behavioral behavioral JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 10 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 11 interpretation interpretation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 14 difficulty difficulty NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 16 providing provide VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 17 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 18 account account NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 20 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 22 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 23 relies rely VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 24 heavily heavily RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 25 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 26 interpretive interpretive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 27 experimentation experimentation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 29 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 30 relies rely VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 31 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 32 results result NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 33 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 34 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 35 subjects subject NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 121 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 122 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 122 2 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 122 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 122 4 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 122 5 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 122 6 oppose oppose VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 122 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 122 8 concept concept NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 122 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 122 10 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 122 11 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 122 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 122 13 suggest suggest VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 122 14 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 122 15 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 122 16 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 122 17 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 122 18 universal universal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 122 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 122 20 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 122 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 122 22 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 122 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 123 1 If if IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 123 2 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 123 3 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 123 4 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 123 5 universal universal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 123 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 123 7 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 123 8 indicates indicate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 123 9 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 123 10 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-8130 123 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 123 12 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 123 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 123 14 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 123 15 relationship relationship NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 123 16 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 123 17 human human NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 123 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 123 19 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 123 20 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 123 21 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 123 22 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 123 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 2 relationship relationship NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 3 drawn draw VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 4 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 5 proponents proponent NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 7 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 8 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 10 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 12 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 13 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 14 merely merely RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 16 suggestion suggestion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 18 mechanistic mechanistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 19 features feature NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 20 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 21 promote promote VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 22 adaptivity adaptivity NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 24 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 25 lack lack VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 27 complexity complexity NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 29 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 30 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 31 constructs construct NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 124 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 125 1 Thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 125 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 125 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 125 4 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 125 5 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 125 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 125 7 style style NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 125 8 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 125 9 play play VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 125 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 125 11 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 125 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 125 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 125 14 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 125 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 125 16 basic basic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 125 17 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 125 18 developing develop VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 125 19 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 125 20 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-8130 125 21 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 125 22 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 125 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 126 1 Darwin Darwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 126 2 concluded conclude VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 126 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 126 4 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 126 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 126 6 survey survey NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 126 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 126 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 126 9 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 126 10 share share VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 126 11 universal universal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 126 12 emotive emotive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 126 13 expressions expression NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 126 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 126 15 suggested suggest VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 126 16 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 126 17 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 126 18 likely likely RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 126 19 share share NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 126 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 126 21 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 126 22 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 126 23 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 126 24 degree degree NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 126 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 127 1 Social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 127 2 constructionists constructionist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 127 3 disregard disregard VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 127 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 127 5 concept concept NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 127 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 127 7 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 127 8 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 127 9 universal universal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 127 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 128 1 Others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 128 2 hold hold VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 128 3 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 128 4 intermediate intermediate JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 128 5 stance stance NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 128 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 128 7 suggesting suggest VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 128 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 128 9 basic basic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 128 10 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 128 11 expressions expression NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 128 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 128 13 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 128 14 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 128 15 universal universal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 128 16 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 128 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 128 18 intricacies intricacy NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 128 19 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 128 20 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 128 21 culturally culturally RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 128 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 129 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 129 2 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 129 3 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 129 4 Elfenbein Elfenbein NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 129 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 129 6 Ambady Ambady NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 129 7 indicated indicate VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 129 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 129 9 individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 129 10 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 129 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 129 12 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 129 13 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 129 14 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 129 15 better well JJR en-wikipedia-org-8130 129 16 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 129 17 recognising recognise VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 129 18 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 129 19 cultural cultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 129 20 members member NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 129 21 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-8130 129 22 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 129 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 2 43 43 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 4 Examples[edit examples[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 6 Primates[edit primates[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 7 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 8 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 9 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 11 Primate primate JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 12 cognition cognition NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 13 Primates primate NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 16 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 17 great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 18 apes ape NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 20 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 21 candidates candidate NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 22 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 23 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 24 able able JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 25 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 26 experience experience VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 27 empathy empathy NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 29 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 31 mind mind NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 130 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 1 Great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 2 apes ape NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 3 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 4 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 5 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 6 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 7 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 8 young young JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 9 apes ape NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 11 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 12 mothers mother NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 13 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 14 strong strong JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 15 bonds bond NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 17 attachment attachment NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 19 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 21 baby baby NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 22 chimpanzee[44 chimpanzee[44 NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 23 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 24 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 25 gorilla[45 gorilla[45 NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 26 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 27 dies die VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 30 mother mother NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 31 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 32 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 33 uncommonly uncommonly RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 34 carry carry VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 36 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 37 around around RP en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 38 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 39 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 40 days day NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 131 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 132 1 Jane Jane NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 132 2 Goodall Goodall NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 132 3 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 132 4 described describe VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 132 5 chimpanzees chimpanzee NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 132 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 132 7 exhibiting exhibit VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 132 8 mournful mournful JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 132 9 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 132 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 2 46 46 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 4 Koko Koko NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 7 gorilla gorilla NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 8 trained train VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 10 use use VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 11 sign sign NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 12 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 14 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 15 reported report VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 17 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 18 expressed express VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 19 vocalizations vocalization NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 20 indicating indicate VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 21 sadness sadness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 22 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 24 death death NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 26 her -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 27 pet pet JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 28 cat cat NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 30 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 31 Ball Ball NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 133 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 134 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 134 2 47 47 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 134 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 134 4 Beyond beyond IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 134 5 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 134 6 anecdotal anecdotal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 134 7 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 134 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 134 9 support support NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 134 10 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 134 11 empathetic empathetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 134 12 reactions reaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 134 13 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 134 14 come come VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 134 15 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 134 16 experimental experimental JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 134 17 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 134 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 134 19 rhesus rhesus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 134 20 macaques macaque NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 134 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 135 1 Macaques macaque NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 135 2 refused refuse VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 135 3 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 135 4 pull pull VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 135 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 135 6 chain chain NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 135 7 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 135 8 delivered deliver VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 135 9 food food NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 135 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 135 11 themselves -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 135 12 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 135 13 doing do VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 135 14 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 135 15 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 135 16 caused cause VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 135 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 135 18 companion companion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 135 19 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 135 20 receive receive VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 135 21 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 135 22 electric electric JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 135 23 shock shock NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 135 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 136 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 136 2 48][49 48][49 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 136 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 136 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 136 5 inhibition inhibition NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 136 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 136 7 hurting hurt VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 136 8 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 136 9 conspecific conspecific NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 136 10 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 136 11 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-8130 136 12 pronounced pronounced JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 136 13 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 136 14 familiar familiar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 136 15 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 136 16 unfamiliar unfamiliar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 136 17 macaques macaque NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 136 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 136 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 136 20 finding finding NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 136 21 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 136 22 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 136 23 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 136 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 136 25 empathy empathy NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 136 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 136 27 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 136 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 137 1 Furthermore furthermore RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 137 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 137 3 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-8130 137 4 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 137 5 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 137 6 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 137 7 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 137 8 consolation consolation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 137 9 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 137 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 137 11 chimpanzees chimpanzee NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 137 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 138 1 De De NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 138 2 Waal Waal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 138 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 138 4 Aureli Aureli NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 138 5 found find VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 138 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 138 7 third third JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 138 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 138 9 party party NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 138 10 contacts contact NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 138 11 attempt attempt NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 138 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 138 13 relieve relieve VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 138 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 138 15 distress distress NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 138 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 138 17 contact contact NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 138 18 participants participant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 138 19 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 138 20 consoling console VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 138 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 138 22 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 139 1 making make VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 139 2 contact contact NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 139 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 139 4 embracing embrace VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 139 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 139 6 grooming groom VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 139 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 139 8 recipients recipient NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 139 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 139 10 aggression aggression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 139 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 139 12 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 139 13 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 139 14 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 139 15 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 139 16 experienced experience VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 139 17 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-8130 139 18 intense intense JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 139 19 aggression aggression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 139 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 2 50 50 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 4 Researchers researcher NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 5 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 6 unable unable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 8 replicate replicate VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 9 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 10 results result NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 11 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 13 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 14 observation observation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 15 protocol protocol NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 17 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 19 monkeys monkey NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 21 demonstrating demonstrate VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 23 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 24 difference difference NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 26 empathy empathy NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 27 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 28 monkeys monkey NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 30 apes ape NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 140 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 141 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 141 2 51 51 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 141 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 141 4 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 141 5 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 141 6 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 141 7 examined examine VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 141 8 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 141 9 processing processing NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 141 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 141 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 141 12 great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 141 13 apes ape NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 141 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 2 52 52 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 4 Specifically specifically RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 6 chimpanzees chimpanzee NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 7 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 8 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 9 video video NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 10 clips clip NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 12 emotionally emotionally RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 13 charged charge VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 14 scenes scene NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 16 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 17 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 19 detested detest VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 20 veterinary veterinary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 21 procedure procedure NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 22 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 24 favorite favorite JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 25 food food NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 28 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 29 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 30 required require VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 31 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 32 match match VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 33 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 34 scenes scene NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 35 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 36 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 38 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 39 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 40 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 41 specific specific JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 42 facial facial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 43 expressions expression NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 44 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 45 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 46 happy happy JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 47 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 48 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 49 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 50 play play NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 51 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 52 face face NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 53 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 54 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 55 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 56 sad sad JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 57 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 58 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 59 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 60 teeth teeth NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 61 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 62 baring bare VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 63 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 64 seen see VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 65 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 66 frustration frustration NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 67 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 68 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 69 defeat defeat NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 70 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 142 71 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 143 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 143 2 chimpanzees chimpanzee NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 143 3 correctly correctly RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 143 4 matched match VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 143 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 143 6 clips clip NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 143 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 143 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 143 9 facial facial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 143 10 expressions expression NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 143 11 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 143 12 shared share VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 143 13 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 143 14 meaning meaning NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 143 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 143 16 demonstrating demonstrate VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 143 17 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 143 18 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 143 19 understand understand VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 143 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 143 21 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 143 22 significance significance NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 143 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 143 24 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 143 25 facial facial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 143 26 expressions expression NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 143 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 144 1 Measures measure NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 144 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 144 3 peripheral peripheral JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 144 4 skin skin NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 144 5 temperature temperature NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 144 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 144 7 indicated indicate VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 144 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 144 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 144 10 video video NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 144 11 clips clip NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 144 12 emotionally emotionally RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 144 13 affected affect VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 144 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 144 15 chimpanzees chimpanzee NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 144 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 145 1 Rodents[edit rodents[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-8130 145 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 145 3 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 145 4 1998 1998 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 145 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 145 6 Jaak Jaak NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 145 7 Panksepp Panksepp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 145 8 proposed propose VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 145 9 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 145 10 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 145 11 mammalian mammalian JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 145 12 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 145 13 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 145 14 equipped equip VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 145 15 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 145 16 brains brain NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 145 17 capable capable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 145 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 145 19 generating generate VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 145 20 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 145 21 experiences experience NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 145 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 146 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 146 2 53 53 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 146 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 146 4 Subsequent subsequent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 146 5 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 146 6 examined examine VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 146 7 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 146 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 146 9 rodents rodent NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 146 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 146 11 provide provide VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 146 12 foundational foundational JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 146 13 support support NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 146 14 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 146 15 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 146 16 claim claim NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 146 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 147 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 147 2 54 54 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 147 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 147 4 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 147 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 147 6 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 147 7 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 147 8 examined examine VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 147 9 whether whether IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 147 10 rats rat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 147 11 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 147 12 work work VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 147 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 147 14 alleviate alleviate VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 147 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 147 16 distress distress NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 147 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 147 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 147 19 conspecific conspecific NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 147 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 148 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 148 2 55 55 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 148 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 148 4 Rats rat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 148 5 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 148 6 trained train VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 148 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 148 8 press press VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 148 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 148 10 lever lever NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 148 11 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 148 12 avoid avoid VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 148 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 148 14 delivery delivery NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 148 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 148 16 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 148 17 electric electric JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 148 18 shock shock NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 148 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 148 20 signaled signal VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 148 21 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 148 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 148 23 visual visual JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 148 24 cue cue NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 148 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 148 26 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 148 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 148 28 conspecific conspecific NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 148 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 149 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 149 2 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 149 3 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 149 4 tested test VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 149 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 149 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 149 7 situation situation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 149 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 149 9 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 149 10 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 149 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 149 12 conspecific conspecific NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 149 13 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 149 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 149 15 Styrofoam Styrofoam NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 149 16 block block NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 149 17 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 149 18 hoisted hoist VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 149 19 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 149 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 149 21 air air NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 149 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 149 23 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 149 24 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 149 25 lowered lower VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 149 26 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 149 27 pressing press VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 149 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 149 29 lever lever NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 149 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 1 Rats rat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 2 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 3 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 4 previous previous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 5 experience experience NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 6 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 7 conspecific conspecific NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 8 distress distress NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 9 demonstrated demonstrate VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 10 greater great JJR en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 11 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 12 ten ten CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 13 - - : en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 14 fold fold VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 15 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 16 responses response NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 18 lower lower VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 20 distressed distressed JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 21 conspecific conspecific NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 22 compared compare VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 24 rats rat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 27 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 28 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 30 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 31 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 32 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 33 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 34 never never RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 35 experienced experience VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 36 conspecific conspecific NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 37 distress distress NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 38 expressed express VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 39 greater great JJR en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 40 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 41 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 42 - - RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 43 fold fold VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 44 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 45 responses response NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 46 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 47 lower lower VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 48 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 49 distressed distressed JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 50 conspecific conspecific NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 51 relative relative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 52 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 53 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 54 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 55 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 150 56 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 151 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 151 2 suggests suggest VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 151 3 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 151 4 rats rat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 151 5 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 151 6 actively actively RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 151 7 work work VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 151 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 151 9 reduce reduce VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 151 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 151 11 distress distress NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 151 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 151 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 151 14 conspecific conspecific NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 151 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 151 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 151 17 phenomenon phenomenon NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 151 18 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 151 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 151 20 empathy empathy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 151 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 152 1 Comparable comparable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 152 2 results result NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 152 3 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 152 4 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 152 5 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 152 6 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 152 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 152 8 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 152 9 experiments experiment NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 152 10 designed design VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 152 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 152 12 monkeys monkey NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 152 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 153 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 153 2 56 56 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 153 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 153 4 Langford Langford NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 153 5 et et FW en-wikipedia-org-8130 153 6 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 153 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 154 1 examined examine VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 154 2 empathy empathy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 154 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 154 4 rodents rodent NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 154 5 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 154 6 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 154 7 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 154 8 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 154 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 154 10 neuroscience neuroscience NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 154 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 2 57 57 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 4 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 5 reported report VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 8 1 1 LS en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 10 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 11 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 12 mice mouse NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 13 experienced experience VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 14 pain pain NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 15 together together RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 17 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 18 expressed express VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 19 greater great JJR en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 20 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 22 pain pain NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 24 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 25 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 26 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 27 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 28 pain pain NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 29 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 30 experienced experience VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 31 individually individually RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 33 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 34 2 2 LS en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 35 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 36 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 37 experiencing experience VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 38 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 39 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 41 pain pain NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 42 together together RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 44 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 45 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 46 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 47 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 48 mouse mouse NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 49 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 50 modulated modulate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 51 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 52 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 53 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 54 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 55 pain pain NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 56 experienced experience VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 57 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 58 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 59 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 60 partner partner NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 61 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 62 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 63 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 64 3 3 LS en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 65 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 66 sensitivity sensitivity NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 67 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 68 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 69 noxious noxious JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 70 stimulus stimulus NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 71 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 72 experienced experience VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 73 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 74 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 75 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 76 degree degree NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 77 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 78 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 79 mouse mouse NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 80 observing observe VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 81 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 82 conspecific conspecific NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 83 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 84 pain pain NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 85 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 86 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 87 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 88 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 89 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 90 mouse mouse NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 91 directly directly RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 92 experiencing experience VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 93 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 94 painful painful JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 95 stimulus stimulus NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 155 96 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 2 authors author NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 3 suggest suggest VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 4 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 5 responsiveness responsiveness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 8 pain pain NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 10 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 11 demonstrated demonstrate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 13 mice mouse NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 15 indicative indicative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 17 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 18 contagion contagion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 21 phenomenon phenomenon NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 22 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 23 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 24 empathy empathy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 26 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 27 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 28 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 29 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 30 reported report VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 32 pigs pig NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 156 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 157 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 157 2 58 58 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 157 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 157 4 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 157 5 behaviour behaviour NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 157 6 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 157 7 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 157 8 fear fear NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 157 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 157 10 rats rat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 157 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 157 12 freezing freeze VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 157 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 158 1 If if IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 158 2 female female JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 158 3 rats rat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 158 4 experience experience VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 158 5 electric electric JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 158 6 shocks shock NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 158 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 158 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 158 9 feet foot NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 158 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 158 11 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 158 12 witness witness VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 158 13 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 158 14 rat rat NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 158 15 experiencing experience VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 158 16 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 158 17 footshocks footshock NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 158 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 158 19 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 158 20 freeze freeze VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 158 21 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-8130 158 22 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 158 23 females female NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 158 24 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 158 25 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 158 26 experience experience NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 158 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 158 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 158 29 shocks shock NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 158 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 159 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 159 2 suggests suggest VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 159 3 empathy empathy NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 159 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 159 5 experienced experienced JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 159 6 rats rat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 159 7 witnessing witness VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 159 8 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 159 9 individual individual JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 159 10 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 159 11 shocked shock VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 159 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 160 1 Furthermore furthermore RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 160 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 160 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 160 4 demonstrator demonstrator NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 160 5 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8130 160 6 behaviour behaviour NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 160 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 160 8 changed change VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 160 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 160 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 160 11 behaviour behaviour NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 160 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 160 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 160 14 witness witness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 160 15 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 160 16 demonstrators demonstrator NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 160 17 froze freeze VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 160 18 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-8130 160 19 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 160 20 footshocks footshock NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 160 21 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 160 22 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 160 23 witness witness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 160 24 froze freeze VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 160 25 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-8130 160 26 creating create VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 160 27 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 160 28 empathy empathy JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 160 29 loop loop NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 160 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 2 59 59 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 4 Several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 5 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 6 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 7 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 8 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 9 rodents rodent NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 10 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 11 respond respond VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 14 conditioned condition VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 15 stimulus stimulus NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 16 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 17 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 18 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 19 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 20 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 22 distress distress NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 25 conspecific conspecific NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 27 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 28 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 29 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 30 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 31 paired pair VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 32 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 34 direct direct JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 35 experience experience NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 37 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 38 unconditioned unconditioned JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 39 stimulus stimulus NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 161 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 162 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 162 2 60][61][62][63][64 60][61][62][63][64 NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 162 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 162 4 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 162 5 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 162 6 suggest suggest VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 162 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 162 8 rodents rodent NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 162 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 162 10 capable capable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 162 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 162 12 shared share VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 162 13 affect affect NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 162 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 162 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 162 16 concept concept NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 162 17 critical critical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 162 18 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 162 19 empathy empathy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 162 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 1 Horses[edit horses[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 3 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 4 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 5 direct direct JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 6 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 7 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 8 horses horse VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 9 experience experience NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 10 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 13 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 14 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 15 showed show VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 16 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 17 domestic domestic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 18 horses horse NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 19 react react VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 20 differently differently RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 21 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 22 seeing see VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 23 photographs photograph NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 25 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 27 happy happy JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 29 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 30 negative negative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 31 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 32 angry angry JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 33 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 34 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 35 facial facial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 36 expressions expression NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 163 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 164 1 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 164 2 viewing view VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 164 3 angry angry JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 164 4 faces face NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 164 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 164 6 horses horse NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 164 7 look look VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 164 8 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-8130 164 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 164 10 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 164 11 left left JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 164 12 eye eye NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 164 13 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 164 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 164 15 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 164 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 164 17 perceiving perceive VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 164 18 negative negative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 164 19 stimuli stimulus NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 164 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 165 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 165 2 heart heart NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 165 3 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 165 4 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 165 5 increases increase VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 165 6 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-8130 165 7 quickly quickly RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 165 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 165 9 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 165 10 show show VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 165 11 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-8130 165 12 stress stress NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 165 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 165 14 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 165 15 behaviours behaviour NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 165 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 1 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 2 rider rider NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 3 wrote write VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 5 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 6 Experienced experienced JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 7 riders rider NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 9 trainers trainer NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 10 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 11 learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 13 read read VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 15 subtle subtle JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 16 moods mood NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 18 individual individual JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 19 horses horse NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 20 according accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 21 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 22 wisdom wisdom NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 23 passed pass VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 24 down down RP en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 25 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 26 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 27 horseman horseman NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 28 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 30 next next JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 32 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 33 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 34 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 35 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 37 trial trial NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 38 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 39 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 40 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 41 error error NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 166 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 1 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 2 suffered suffer VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 3 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 4 bruised bruise VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 5 toes toe NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 7 nipped nip VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 8 fingers finger NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 9 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 10 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 11 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 12 detect detect VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 14 curious curious JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 15 swivel swivel NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 18 ears ear NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 20 irritated irritated JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 21 flick flick NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 24 tail tail NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 26 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 27 concerned concerned JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 28 crinkle crinkle NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 29 above above IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 30 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 31 long long RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 32 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 33 lashed lash VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 34 eye eye NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 167 36 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 168 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 168 2 suggests suggest VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 168 3 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 168 4 horses horse NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 168 5 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 168 6 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 168 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 168 8 display display VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 168 9 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 168 10 physically physically RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 168 11 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 168 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 168 13 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 168 14 concrete concrete JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 168 15 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 168 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 2 65 65 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 4 Birds[edit birds[edit CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 6 Marc Marc NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 7 Bekoff Bekoff NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 8 reported report VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 9 accounts account NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 11 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 12 behaviour behaviour NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 13 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 14 he -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 15 believed believe VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 16 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 17 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 19 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 20 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 21 able able JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 22 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 23 experience experience VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 24 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 26 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 27 book book NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 28 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 29 Emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 30 Lives life NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 32 Animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 169 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 2 66 66 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 5 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 7 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 8 excerpt excerpt NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 9 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 10 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 11 book book NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 13 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 14 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 15 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 16 ago ago RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 17 my -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 18 friend friend NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 19 Rod Rod NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 21 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 22 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 23 riding ride VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 24 our -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 25 bicycles bicycle NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 26 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 27 Boulder Boulder NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 29 Colorado Colorado NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 31 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 32 we -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 33 witnessed witness VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 34 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 35 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 36 interesting interesting JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 37 encounter encounter NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 38 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 39 five five CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 40 magpies magpie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 170 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 171 1 Magpies magpie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 171 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 171 3 corvids corvid NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 171 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 171 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 171 6 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 171 7 intelligent intelligent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 171 8 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 171 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 171 10 birds bird NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 171 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 172 1 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 172 2 magpie magpie NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 172 3 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 172 4 obviously obviously RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 172 5 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 172 6 hit hit VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 172 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 172 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 172 9 car car NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 172 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 172 11 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 172 12 laying lay VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 172 13 dead dead JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 172 14 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 172 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 172 16 side side NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 172 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 172 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 172 19 road road NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 172 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 173 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 173 2 four four CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 173 3 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 173 4 magpies magpie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 173 5 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 173 6 standing stand VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 173 7 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 173 8 him -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 173 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 174 1 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 174 2 approached approach VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 174 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 174 4 corpse corpse NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 174 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 174 6 gently gently RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 174 7 pecked peck VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 174 8 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 174 9 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 174 10 - - : en-wikipedia-org-8130 174 11 just just RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 174 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 174 13 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 174 14 elephant elephant NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 174 15 noses nose VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 174 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 174 17 carcass carcass NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 174 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 174 19 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 174 20 elephant- elephant- NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 174 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 174 22 stepped step VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 174 23 back back RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 174 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 175 1 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 175 2 magpie magpie NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 175 3 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 175 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 175 5 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 175 6 thing thing NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 175 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 176 1 Next next RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 176 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 176 3 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 176 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 176 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 176 6 magpies magpie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 176 7 flew fly VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 176 8 off off RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 176 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 176 10 brought bring VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 176 11 back back RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 176 12 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 176 13 grass grass NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 176 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 176 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 176 16 laid lay VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 176 17 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 176 18 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 176 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 176 20 corpse corpse NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 176 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 177 1 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 177 2 magpie magpie NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 177 3 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 177 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 177 5 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 177 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 178 1 Then then RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 178 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 178 3 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 178 4 four four CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 178 5 magpies magpie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 178 6 stood stand VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 178 7 vigil vigil NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 178 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 178 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 178 10 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 178 11 seconds second NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 178 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 178 13 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 178 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 178 15 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 178 16 flew fly VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 178 17 off off RP en-wikipedia-org-8130 178 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 179 1 Bystander Bystander NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 179 2 affiliation affiliation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 179 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 179 4 believed believe VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 179 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 179 6 represent represent VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 179 7 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 179 8 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 179 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 179 10 empathy empathy NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 179 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 179 12 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 179 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 179 14 bystander bystander NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 179 15 tries try VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 179 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 179 17 console console VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 179 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 179 19 conflict conflict NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 179 20 victim victim NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 179 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 179 22 alleviate alleviate VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 179 23 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 179 24 distress distress NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 179 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 180 1 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-8130 180 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 180 3 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 180 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 180 5 bystander bystander NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 180 6 affiliation affiliation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 180 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 180 8 ravens ravens NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 180 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 180 10 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 1 contact contact NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 2 sitting sitting NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 4 preening preen VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 6 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 7 beak beak NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 11 beak beak NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 12 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 13 beak beak NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 17 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 18 touching touching NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 21 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 22 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 23 solicited solicited JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 24 bystander bystander NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 25 affiliation affiliation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 28 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 29 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 30 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 31 post post JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 32 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 33 conflict conflict JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 34 affiliation affiliation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 35 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 37 victim victim NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 38 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 40 bystander bystander NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 181 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 2 indicates indicate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 3 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 4 ravens raven NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 5 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 6 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 7 sensitive sensitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 10 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 12 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 14 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 16 relationship relationship NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 17 value value NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 18 plays play VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 19 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 20 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 21 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 24 prevalence prevalence NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 26 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 28 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 29 post post JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 30 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 31 conflict conflict JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 32 interactions interaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 182 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 183 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 183 2 67 67 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 183 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 183 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 183 5 capacity capacity NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 183 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 183 7 domestic domestic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 183 8 hens hen NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 183 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 183 10 experience experience VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 183 11 empathy empathy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 183 12 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 183 13 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 183 14 studied study VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 183 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 184 1 Mother mother NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 184 2 hens hen NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 184 3 show show VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 184 4 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 184 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 184 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 184 7 essential essential JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 184 8 underpinning underpinning NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 184 9 attributes attribute NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 184 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 184 11 empathy empathy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 184 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 184 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 184 14 ability ability NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 184 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 184 16 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 184 17 affected affect VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 184 18 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 184 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 184 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 184 21 share share VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 184 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 184 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 184 24 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 184 25 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 184 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 184 27 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 184 28 distressed distressed JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 184 29 chicks chick NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 184 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 185 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 185 2 68][69][70 68][69][70 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 185 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 185 4 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 185 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 185 6 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 185 7 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 185 8 empathy empathy NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 185 9 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 185 10 familiar familiar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 185 11 adult adult NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 185 12 hens hen NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 185 13 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 185 14 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 185 15 yet yet RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 185 16 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 185 17 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 185 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 2 71 71 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 4 Dogs[edit dogs[edit FW en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 6 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 7 drawing drawing NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 9 Konrad Konrad NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 10 Lorenz Lorenz NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 11 showing show VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 12 facial facial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 13 expressions expression NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 16 dog dog NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 17 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 18 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 19 indicates indicate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 20 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 21 domestic domestic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 22 dogs dog NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 23 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 24 experience experience VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 25 negative negative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 26 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 29 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 30 manner manner NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 31 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 32 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 34 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 36 equivalent equivalent NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 38 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 39 chronic chronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 40 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 41 acute acute JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 42 psychological psychological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 43 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 186 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 1 Much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 6 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 8 Martin Martin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 9 Seligman Seligman NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 10 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 12 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 14 learned learned JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 15 helplessness helplessness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 16 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 17 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 18 extension extension NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 20 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 21 interest interest NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 23 depression depression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 24 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 25 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 26 dog dog NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 27 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 28 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 29 earlier early RBR en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 30 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 31 repeatedly repeatedly RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 32 conditioned condition VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 33 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 34 associate associate VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 35 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 36 audible audible JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 37 stimulus stimulus NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 38 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 39 inescapable inescapable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 40 electric electric JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 41 shocks shock NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 42 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 43 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 44 subsequently subsequently RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 45 try try VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 46 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 47 escape escape VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 49 electric electric JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 50 shocks shock NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 51 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 52 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 53 warning warning NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 54 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 55 presented present VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 56 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 57 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 58 though though IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 59 all all PDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 60 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 61 dog dog NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 62 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 63 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 64 had have VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 65 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 66 do do VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 67 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 68 jump jump VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 69 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 70 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 71 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 72 divider divider NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 73 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 74 ten ten CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 75 seconds second NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 187 76 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 2 dog dog NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 3 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 4 n't not RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 5 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 6 try try VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 8 avoid avoid VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 10 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 11 aversive aversive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 12 stimulus stimulus NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 14 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 15 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 16 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 17 previously previously RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 18 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 19 learned learn VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 20 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 21 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 22 nothing nothing NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 23 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 24 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 25 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 26 reduce reduce VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 28 probability probability NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 30 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 31 receiving receive VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 32 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 33 shock shock NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 188 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 2 follow follow VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 4 up up NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 5 experiment experiment NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 6 involved involve VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 7 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 8 dogs dog NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 9 affixed affix VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 11 harnesses harness NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 13 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 14 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 15 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 16 received receive VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 17 shocks shock NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 19 identical identical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 20 intensity intensity NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 22 duration duration NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 25 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 27 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 29 lever lever NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 30 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 31 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 32 otherwise otherwise RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 33 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 34 allowed allow VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 36 dog dog NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 37 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 38 degree degree NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 40 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 41 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 42 left leave VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 43 disconnected disconnected JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 44 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 45 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 46 n't not RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 47 do do VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 48 anything anything NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 189 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 190 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 190 2 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 190 3 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 190 4 dogs dog NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 190 5 quickly quickly RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 190 6 recovered recover VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 190 7 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 190 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 190 9 experience experience NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 190 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 190 11 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 190 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 190 13 third third JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 190 14 dog dog NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 190 15 suffered suffer VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 190 16 chronic chronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 190 17 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 190 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 190 19 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 190 20 depression depression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 190 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 190 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 190 23 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 190 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 190 25 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 190 26 perceived perceive VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 190 27 helplessness helplessness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 190 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 2 further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 3 series series NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 5 experiments experiment NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 6 showed show VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 9 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 11 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 13 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 14 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 16 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 18 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 19 intense intense JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 20 psychological psychological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 21 stress stress NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 23 around around RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 24 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 25 third third NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 27 dogs dog NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 28 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 29 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 30 develop develop VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 31 learned learn VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 32 helplessness helplessness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 33 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 34 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 35 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 36 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 37 depression depression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 191 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 192 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 192 2 72][73 72][73 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 192 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 192 4 Instead instead RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 192 5 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 192 6 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 192 7 somehow somehow RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 192 8 managed manage VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 192 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 192 10 find find VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 192 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 192 12 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 192 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 192 14 handle handle VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 192 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 192 16 unpleasant unpleasant JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 192 17 situation situation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 192 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 192 19 spite spite NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 192 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 192 21 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 192 22 past past JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 192 23 experience experience NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 192 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 2 corresponding correspond VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 3 characteristic characteristic NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 5 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 6 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 7 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 8 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 10 correlate correlate VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 11 highly highly RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 12 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 13 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 14 explanatory explanatory JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 15 style style NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 17 optimistic optimistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 18 attitude attitude NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 19 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 20 views view VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 22 situation situation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 23 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 24 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 25 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 26 personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 28 pervasive pervasive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 30 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 31 permanent permanent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 193 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 1 Since since IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 2 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 3 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 5 symptoms symptom NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 6 analogous analogous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 8 clinical clinical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 9 depression depression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 11 neurosis neurosis NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 14 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 15 psychological psychological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 16 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 17 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 18 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 19 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 20 accepted accept VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 22 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 23 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 25 scope scope NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 27 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 29 domestic domestic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 30 dogs dog NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 194 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 195 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 195 2 postures posture NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 195 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 195 4 dogs dog NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 195 5 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 195 6 indicate indicate VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 195 7 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 195 8 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 195 9 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 195 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 196 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 196 2 74][75 74][75 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 196 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 196 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 196 5 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 196 6 instances instance NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 196 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 196 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 196 9 recognition recognition NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 196 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 196 11 specific specific JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 196 12 postures posture NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 196 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 196 14 behaviors behavior NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 196 15 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 196 16 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 196 17 learned learn VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 196 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 2 76 76 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 4 Psychology psychology NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 5 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 6 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 7 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 9 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 10 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 11 gaze gaze VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 12 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 14 face face NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 16 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 17 human human NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 20 gaze gaze NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 21 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 22 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 23 symmetrical symmetrical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 24 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 26 gaze gaze NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 27 instinctively instinctively RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 28 moves move VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 29 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 31 right right JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 32 side side NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 35 face face NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 36 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 37 obtain obtain VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 38 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 39 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 40 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 41 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 42 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 43 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 197 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 198 1 Research research NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 198 2 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 198 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 198 4 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 198 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 198 6 Lincoln Lincoln NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 198 7 shows show VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 198 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 198 9 dogs dog NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 198 10 share share VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 198 11 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 198 12 instinct instinct NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 198 13 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 198 14 meeting meet VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 198 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 198 16 human human NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 198 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 198 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 198 19 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 198 20 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 198 21 meeting meet VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 198 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 198 23 human human NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 198 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 198 25 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-8130 199 1 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 199 2 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 199 3 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 199 4 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 199 5 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 199 6 dogs dog NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 199 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 199 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 200 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 200 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 200 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 200 4 only only JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 200 5 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 200 6 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 200 7 primate primate JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 200 8 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 200 9 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 200 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 200 11 share share VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 200 12 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 200 13 instinct instinct NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 200 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 201 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 201 2 77][78 77][78 LS en-wikipedia-org-8130 201 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 201 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 201 5 existence existence NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 201 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 201 7 nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 201 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 201 9 personality personality NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 201 10 traits trait NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 201 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 201 12 dogs dog NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 201 13 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 201 14 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 201 15 studied study VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 201 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 201 17 15,329 15,329 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 201 18 dogs dog NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 201 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 201 20 164 164 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 201 21 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 201 22 breeds breed NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 201 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 201 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 202 1 Five five CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 202 2 consistent consistent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 202 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 202 4 stable stable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 202 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 202 6 narrow narrow JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 202 7 traits trait NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 202 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 202 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 202 10 identified identify VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 202 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 202 12 described describe VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 202 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 202 14 playfulness playfulness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 202 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 202 16 curiosity curiosity NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 202 17 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 202 18 fearlessness fearlessness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 202 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 202 20 chase chase NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 202 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 202 22 proneness proneness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 202 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 202 24 sociability sociability NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 202 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 202 26 aggressiveness aggressiveness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 202 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 203 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 203 2 further further RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 203 3 higher high JJR en-wikipedia-org-8130 203 4 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 203 5 axis axis NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 203 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 203 7 shyness shyness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 203 8 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8130 203 9 boldness boldness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 203 10 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 203 11 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 203 12 identified identify VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 203 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 2 79][80 79][80 LS en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 4 Dogs Dogs NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 5 presented present VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 6 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 7 images image NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 9 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 10 human human NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 11 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 12 dog dog NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 13 faces face NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 15 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 16 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 17 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 19 happy happy JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 20 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 21 playful playful JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 22 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 23 angry angry JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 24 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 25 aggressive aggressive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 27 paired pair VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 28 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 29 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 30 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 31 vocalization vocalization NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 33 voices voice NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 34 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 35 barks bark NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 37 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 39 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 40 individual individual NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 41 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 42 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 43 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 44 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 45 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 46 negative negative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 47 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 48 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 49 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 50 brown brown JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 51 noise noise NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 204 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 205 1 Dogs dog NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 205 2 look look VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 205 3 longer long RBR en-wikipedia-org-8130 205 4 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 205 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 205 6 face face NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 205 7 whose whose WP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 205 8 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 205 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 205 10 congruent congruent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 205 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 205 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 205 13 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 205 14 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 205 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 205 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 205 17 vocalization vocalization NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 205 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 205 19 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 205 20 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 205 21 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 205 22 dogs dog NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 205 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 205 24 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 205 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 206 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 206 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 206 3 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 206 4 ability ability NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 206 5 previously previously RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 206 6 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 206 7 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 206 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 206 9 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 206 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 207 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 207 2 81 81 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 207 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 207 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 207 5 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 207 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 207 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 207 8 dog dog NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 207 9 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 207 10 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 207 11 always always RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 207 12 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 207 13 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 207 14 indication indication NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 207 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 207 16 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 207 17 friendliness friendliness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 207 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 208 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 208 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 208 3 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 208 4 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 208 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 208 6 dog dog NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 208 7 wags wag VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 208 8 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 208 9 tail tail NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 208 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 208 11 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-8130 208 12 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 208 13 interpret interpret VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 208 14 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 208 15 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 208 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 208 17 dog dog NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 208 18 expressing express VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 208 19 happiness happiness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 208 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 208 21 friendliness friendliness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 208 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 1 Though though IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 2 indeed indeed RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 3 tail tail NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 4 wagging wagging NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 5 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 6 express express VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 7 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 8 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 9 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 11 tail tail NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 12 wagging wagging NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 14 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 15 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 16 indication indication NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 18 fear fear NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 20 insecurity insecurity NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 22 challenging challenging NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 24 dominance dominance NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 26 establishing establish VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 27 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 28 relationships relationship NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 29 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 30 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 31 warning warning NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 32 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 34 dog dog NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 35 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 36 bite bite VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 209 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 210 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 210 2 82 82 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 210 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 210 4 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 210 5 researchers researcher NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 210 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 210 7 beginning begin VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 210 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 210 9 investigate investigate VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 210 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 210 11 question question NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 210 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 210 13 whether whether IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 210 14 dogs dog NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 210 15 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 210 16 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 210 17 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 210 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 210 19 help help NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 210 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 210 21 magnetic magnetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 210 22 resonance resonance NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 210 23 imaging imaging NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 210 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 211 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 211 2 83 83 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 211 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 211 4 Elephants[edit Elephants[edit `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 211 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 211 6 Elephants elephant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 211 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 211 8 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 211 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 211 10 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 211 11 empathy empathy NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 211 12 towards towards IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 211 13 members member NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 211 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 211 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 211 16 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 211 17 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 211 18 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 211 19 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 211 20 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 211 21 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 211 22 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 211 23 memory memory NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 211 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 212 1 While while IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 212 2 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 212 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 212 4 true true JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 212 5 scientists scientist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 212 6 continuously continuously RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 212 7 debate debate VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 212 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 212 9 extent extent NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 212 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 212 11 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 212 12 elephants elephant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 212 13 feel feel VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 212 14 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 212 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 1 Observations observation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 2 show show VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 3 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 4 elephants elephant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 6 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 7 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 10 concerned concern VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 11 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 12 distressed distressed JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 13 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 14 deceased deceased JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 15 individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 18 render render VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 19 assistance assistance NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 20 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 22 ailing ail VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 24 show show VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 26 special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 27 interest interest NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 29 dead dead JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 30 bodies body NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 32 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 33 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 34 kind,[84 kind,[84 NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 35 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 36 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 37 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 38 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 39 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 40 interpreted interpret VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 41 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 42 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 43 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 44 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 45 anthropomorphic anthropomorphic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 213 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 214 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 214 2 citation citation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 214 3 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 214 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 214 5 Elephants elephant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 214 6 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 214 7 recently recently RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 214 8 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 214 9 suggested suggest VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 214 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 214 11 pass pass VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 214 12 mirror mirror NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 214 13 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 214 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 214 15 recognition recognition NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 214 16 tests test NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 214 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 214 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 214 19 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 214 20 tests test NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 214 21 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 214 22 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 214 23 linked link VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 214 24 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 214 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 214 26 capacity capacity NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 214 27 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 214 28 empathy empathy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 214 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 2 85 85 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 4 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 7 experiment experiment NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 8 showing show VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 9 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 10 actions action NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 11 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 12 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 13 follow follow VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 15 accepted accepted JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 16 protocol protocol NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 17 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 18 tests test NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 20 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 22 recognition recognition NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 25 earlier early JJR en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 26 attempts attempt NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 27 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 28 show show VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 29 mirror mirror NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 30 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 31 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 32 recognition recognition NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 34 elephants elephant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 35 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 36 failed fail VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 38 so so CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 39 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 40 remains remain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 41 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 42 contentious contentious JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 43 claim claim NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 215 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 216 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 216 2 citation citation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 216 3 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 216 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 216 5 Elephants elephant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 216 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 216 7 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 216 8 deemed deem VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 216 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 216 10 show show VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 216 11 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 216 12 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 216 13 vocal vocal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 216 14 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 216 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 216 16 specifically specifically RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 216 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 216 18 rumble rumble JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 216 19 vocalization vocalization NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 216 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 217 1 Rumbles rumble NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 217 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 217 3 frequency frequency NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 217 4 modulated modulate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 217 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 217 6 harmonically harmonically RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 217 7 rich rich JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 217 8 calls call NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 217 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 217 10 fundamental fundamental JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 217 11 frequencies frequency NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 217 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 217 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 217 14 infrasonic infrasonic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 217 15 range range NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 217 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 217 17 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 217 18 clear clear JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 217 19 formant formant JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 217 20 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 217 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 218 1 Elephants elephant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 218 2 exhibit exhibit VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 218 3 negative negative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 218 4 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 218 5 and/or and/or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 218 6 increased increase VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 218 7 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 218 8 intensity intensity NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 218 9 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 218 10 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 218 11 rumbles rumble NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 218 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 218 13 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 218 14 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 218 15 specific specific JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 218 16 periods period NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 218 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 218 18 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 218 19 interaction interaction NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 218 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 218 21 agitation agitation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 218 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 219 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 219 2 86 86 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 219 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 219 4 Cats[edit cats[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-8130 219 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 219 6 Cat Cat NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 219 7 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8130 219 8 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 219 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 219 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 219 11 fear fear NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 219 12 inducing induce VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 219 13 stimulus stimulus NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 219 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 220 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 220 2 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 220 3 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 220 4 postulated postulate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 220 5 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 220 6 domestic domestic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 220 7 cats cat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 220 8 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 220 9 learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 220 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 220 11 manipulate manipulate VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 220 12 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 220 13 owners owner NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 220 14 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 220 15 vocalizations vocalization NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 220 16 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 220 17 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 220 18 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 220 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 220 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 220 21 cries cry NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 220 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 220 23 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 220 24 babies baby NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 220 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 221 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 221 2 cats cat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 221 3 learn learn VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 221 4 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 221 5 add add VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 221 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 221 7 purr purr NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 221 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 221 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 221 10 vocalization vocalization NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 221 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 221 12 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 221 13 makes make VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 221 14 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 221 15 less less RBR en-wikipedia-org-8130 221 16 harmonious harmonious JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 221 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 221 18 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-8130 221 19 dissonant dissonant JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 221 20 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 221 21 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 221 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 221 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 221 24 therefore therefore RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 221 25 harder hard RBR en-wikipedia-org-8130 221 26 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 221 27 ignore ignore VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 221 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 1 Individual individual JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 2 cats cat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 3 learn learn VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 4 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 5 make make VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 6 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 7 vocalizations vocalization NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 8 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 9 trial trial NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 13 error error NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 14 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 15 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 17 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 18 vocalization vocalization NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 19 elicits elicit VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 21 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 22 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 23 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 25 human human NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 28 probability probability NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 29 increases increase VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 30 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 32 cat cat NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 33 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 34 use use VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 35 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 36 vocalization vocalization NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 37 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 39 future future NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 222 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 223 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 223 2 87 87 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 223 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 223 4 Growling Growling NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 223 5 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 223 6 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 223 7 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 223 8 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 223 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 223 10 annoyance annoyance NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 223 11 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 223 12 fear fear NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 223 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 223 14 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 223 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 223 16 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 223 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 224 1 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 224 2 annoyed annoyed JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 224 3 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 224 4 angry angry JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 224 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 224 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 224 7 cat cat NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 224 8 wriggles wriggle NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 224 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 224 10 thumps thump VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 224 11 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 224 12 tail tail NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 224 13 much much RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 224 14 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-8130 224 15 vigorously vigorously RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 224 16 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 224 17 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 224 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 224 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 224 20 contented contented JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 224 21 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 224 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 225 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 225 2 larger large JJR en-wikipedia-org-8130 225 3 felids felid NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 225 4 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 225 5 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 225 6 lions lion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 225 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 225 8 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-8130 225 9 appears appear VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 225 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 225 11 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 225 12 irritating irritate VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 225 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 225 14 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 225 15 varies vary VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 225 16 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 225 17 individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 225 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 226 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 226 2 male male JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 226 3 lion lion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 226 4 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 226 5 let let VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 226 6 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 226 7 cubs cub NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 226 8 play play VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 226 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 226 10 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 226 11 mane mane NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 226 12 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 226 13 tail tail NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 226 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 226 15 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 226 16 he -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 226 17 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 226 18 hiss hiss VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 226 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 226 20 hit hit VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 226 21 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 226 22 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 226 23 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 226 24 paws paw NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 226 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 2 88 88 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 4 Domestic domestic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 5 male male JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 6 cats cat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 7 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 8 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 9 variable variable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 10 attitudes attitude NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 11 towards towards IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 12 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 13 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 14 members member NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 16 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 17 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 19 older old JJR en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 20 male male JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 21 siblings sibling NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 22 tend tend VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 23 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 24 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 25 go go VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 26 near near RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 27 younger young JJR en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 28 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 29 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 30 siblings sibling NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 32 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 33 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 34 show show VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 35 hostility hostility NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 36 toward toward IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 37 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 227 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 228 1 Hissing hissing NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 228 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 228 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 228 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 228 5 vocalization vocalization NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 228 6 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 228 7 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 228 8 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 228 9 offensive offensive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 228 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 228 11 defensive defensive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 228 12 aggression aggression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 228 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 229 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 229 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 229 3 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 229 4 accompanied accompany VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 229 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 229 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 229 7 postural postural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 229 8 display display NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 229 9 intended intend VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 229 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 229 11 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 229 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 229 13 visual visual JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 229 14 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 229 15 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 229 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 229 17 perceived perceive VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 229 18 threat threat NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 229 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 230 1 Cats cat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 230 2 hiss hiss JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 230 3 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 230 4 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 230 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 230 6 startled startled JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 230 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 230 8 scared scared JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 230 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 230 10 angry angry JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 230 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 230 12 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 230 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 230 14 pain pain NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 230 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 230 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 230 17 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 230 18 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 230 19 scare scare VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 230 20 off off RP en-wikipedia-org-8130 230 21 intruders intruder NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 230 22 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 230 23 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 230 24 territory territory NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 230 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 231 1 If if IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 231 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 231 3 hiss his NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 231 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 231 5 growl growl VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 231 6 warning warning NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 231 7 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 231 8 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 231 9 remove remove VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 231 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 231 11 threat threat NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 231 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 231 13 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 231 14 attack attack NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 231 15 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 231 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 231 17 cat cat NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 231 18 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 231 19 follow follow VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 231 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 232 1 Kittens Kittens NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 232 2 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 232 3 young young JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 232 4 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 232 5 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 232 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 232 7 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 232 8 weeks week NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 232 9 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 232 10 potentially potentially RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 232 11 hiss hiss VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 232 12 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 232 13 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 232 14 picked pick VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 232 15 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-8130 232 16 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 232 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 232 18 human human NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 232 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 2 89 89 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 4 Honeybees[edit Honeybees[edit `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 6 Honeybees honeybee NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 7 become become VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 8 pessimistic pessimistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 9 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 10 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 11 shaken shake VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 12 Honeybees honeybee NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 14 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 15 Apis apis NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 16 mellifera mellifera NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 17 carnica carnica NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 20 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 21 trained train VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 22 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 23 extend extend VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 24 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 25 proboscis probosci NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 26 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 28 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 29 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 30 component component NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 31 odour odour NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 32 mixture mixture NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 33 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 34 CS+ cs+ NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 35 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 36 predicting predict VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 37 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 38 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 39 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 40 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 42 1.00 1.00 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 43 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 44 2.00 2.00 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 45 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 46 sucrose sucrose NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 47 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 48 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 49 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 50 withhold withhold VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 51 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 52 proboscis probosci NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 53 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 54 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 55 mixture mixture NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 56 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 57 CS− cs− VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 58 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 59 predicting predict VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 60 either either DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 61 punishment punishment NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 62 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 63 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 64 less less RBR en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 65 valuable valuable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 66 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 67 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 68 e.g. e.g. RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 69 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 70 0.01 0.01 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 71 M m NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 72 quinine quinine JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 73 solution solution NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 74 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 75 0.3 0.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 76 M m NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 77 sucrose sucrose NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 78 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 233 79 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 234 1 Immediately immediately RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 234 2 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 234 3 training training NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 234 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 234 5 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 234 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 234 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 234 8 honeybees honeybee NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 234 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 234 10 subjected subject VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 234 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 234 12 vigorous vigorous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 234 13 shaking shaking NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 234 14 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 234 15 60 60 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 234 16 s s NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 234 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 234 18 simulate simulate VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 234 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 234 20 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 234 21 produced produce VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 234 22 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 234 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 234 24 predatory predatory JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 234 25 attack attack NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 234 26 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 234 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 234 28 concealed conceal VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 234 29 colony colony NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 234 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 2 shaking shake VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 3 reduced reduced JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 4 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 6 octopamine octopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 8 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 11 serotonin serotonin NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 14 hemolymph hemolymph NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 17 separate separate JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 18 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 20 honeybees honeybee NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 21 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 23 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 24 point point NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 25 corresponding correspond VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 26 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 27 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 29 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 30 bias bias NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 31 tests test NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 32 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 33 performed perform VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 235 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 236 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 236 2 honeybees honeybee NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 236 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 236 4 octopamine octopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 236 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 236 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 236 7 local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 236 8 neurotransmitter neurotransmitter NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 236 9 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 236 10 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 236 11 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 236 12 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 236 13 learning learning NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 236 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 236 15 whereas whereas IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 236 16 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 236 17 mediates mediate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 236 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 236 19 ability ability NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 236 20 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 236 21 learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 236 22 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 236 23 associate associate VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 236 24 odours odour NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 236 25 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 236 26 quinine quinine JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 236 27 punishment punishment NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 236 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 237 1 If if IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 237 2 flies fly NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 237 3 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 237 4 fed fed NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 237 5 serotonin serotonin NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 237 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 237 7 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 237 8 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 237 9 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-8130 237 10 aggressive aggressive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 237 11 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 237 12 flies fly NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 237 13 depleted deplete VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 237 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 237 15 serotonin serotonin NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 237 16 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 237 17 exhibit exhibit VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 237 18 aggression aggression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 237 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 237 20 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 237 21 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 237 22 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 237 23 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 237 24 much much RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 237 25 less less RBR en-wikipedia-org-8130 237 26 frequently frequently RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 237 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 1 Within within IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 2 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 3 minutes minute NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 6 shaking shaking NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 8 all all PDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 10 trained train VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 11 bees bee NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 12 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 14 sequence sequence NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 16 unreinforced unreinforced JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 17 test test NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 18 trials trial NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 19 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 20 five five CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 21 odour odour NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 22 stimuli stimulus NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 23 presented present VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 26 random random JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 27 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 28 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 29 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 30 bee bee NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 31 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 33 CS+ CS+ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 36 CS− CS− NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 39 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 40 novel novel NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 41 odours odour NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 42 composed compose VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 43 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 44 ratios ratio NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 45 intermediate intermediate JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 46 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 47 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 48 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 49 learned learn VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 50 mixtures mixture NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 238 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 239 1 Shaken shake VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 239 2 honeybees honeybee NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 239 3 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 239 4 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-8130 239 5 likely likely JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 239 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 239 7 withhold withhold VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 239 8 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 239 9 mouthparts mouthpart NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 239 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 239 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 239 12 CS− CS− NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 239 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 239 14 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 239 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 239 16 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-8130 239 17 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 239 18 novel novel JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 239 19 odour odour NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 239 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 240 1 Therefore therefore RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 240 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 240 3 agitated agitate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 240 4 honeybees honeybee NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 240 5 display display VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 240 6 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 240 7 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 240 8 expectation expectation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 240 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 240 10 bad bad JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 240 11 outcomes outcome NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 240 12 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 240 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 240 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 240 15 vertebrate vertebrate NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 240 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 240 17 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 240 18 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 240 19 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 240 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 2 researchers researcher NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 5 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 6 stated state VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 10 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 11 our -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 12 results result NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 13 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 14 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 15 allow allow VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 16 us -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 18 make make VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 19 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 20 claims claim NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 21 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 23 presence presence NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 25 negative negative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 26 subjective subjective JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 27 feelings feeling NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 29 honeybees honeybee NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 31 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 32 call call VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 33 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 34 question question NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 35 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 36 we -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 37 identify identify VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 38 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 39 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 40 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 41 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 42 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 43 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 44 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 241 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 3 logically logically RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 4 inconsistent inconsistent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 6 claim claim VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 9 presence presence NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 11 pessimistic pessimistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 12 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 13 biases bias NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 14 should should MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 15 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 16 taken take VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 17 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 18 confirmation confirmation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 19 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 20 dogs dog VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 21 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 22 rats rat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 23 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 24 anxious anxious JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 25 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 26 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 27 deny deny VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 29 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 30 conclusion conclusion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 33 case case NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 35 honeybees honeybee NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 242 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 243 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 243 2 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 243 3 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 243 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 243 5 Crayfish[edit crayfish[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 243 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 243 7 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 243 8 freshwater freshwater NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 243 9 crayfish crayfish NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 243 10 Procambarus Procambarus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 243 11 clarkii clarkii NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 243 12 Crayfish Crayfish NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 243 13 naturally naturally RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 243 14 explore explore VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 243 15 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 243 16 environments environment NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 243 17 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 243 18 display display VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 243 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 243 20 general general JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 243 21 preference preference NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 243 22 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 243 23 dark dark JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 243 24 places place NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 243 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 2 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 3 study[90 study[90 NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 7 freshwater freshwater NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 8 crayfish crayfish NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 9 Procambarus Procambarus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 10 clarkii clarkii NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 11 tested test VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 12 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 13 responses response NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 16 fear fear NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 17 paradigm paradigm NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 20 elevated elevated JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 21 plus plus CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 22 maze maze NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 24 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 25 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 26 choose choose VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 27 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 28 walk walk VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 29 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 30 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 31 elevated elevated JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 32 cross cross NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 33 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 34 offers offer VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 35 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 36 aversive aversive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 37 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 38 preferable preferable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 39 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 40 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 41 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 42 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 43 case case NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 45 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 46 arms arm NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 47 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 48 lit light VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 49 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 50 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 51 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 52 dark dark JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 53 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 244 54 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 245 1 Crayfish Crayfish NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 245 2 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 245 3 experienced experience VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 245 4 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 245 5 electric electric JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 245 6 shock shock NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 245 7 displayed display VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 245 8 enhanced enhanced JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 245 9 fearfulness fearfulness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 245 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 245 11 anxiety anxiety NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 245 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 245 13 demonstrated demonstrate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 245 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 245 15 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 245 16 preference preference NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 245 17 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 245 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 245 19 dark dark JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 245 20 arms arm NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 245 21 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-8130 245 22 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 245 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 245 24 light light NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 245 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 246 1 Furthermore furthermore RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 246 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 246 3 shocked shocked JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 246 4 crayfish crayfish NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 246 5 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 246 6 relatively relatively RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 246 7 higher high JJR en-wikipedia-org-8130 246 8 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 246 9 serotonin serotonin NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 246 10 concentrations concentration NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 246 11 coupled couple VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 246 12 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 246 13 elevated elevated JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 246 14 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 246 15 glucose glucose NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 246 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 246 17 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 246 18 indicates indicate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 246 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 246 20 stress stress NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 246 21 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 246 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 2 91 91 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 4 Moreover moreover RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 7 crayfish crayfish NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 8 calmed calm VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 9 down down RP en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 10 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 11 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 12 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 13 injected inject VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 16 benzodiazepine benzodiazepine NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 17 anxiolytic anxiolytic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 19 chlordiazepoxide chlordiazepoxide NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 21 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 22 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 23 treat treat VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 24 anxiety anxiety NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 26 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 29 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 30 entered enter VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 32 dark dark NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 33 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 34 normal normal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 247 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 248 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 248 2 authors author NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 248 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 248 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 248 5 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 248 6 concluded conclude VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 248 7 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 248 8 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-8130 248 9 stress stress NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 248 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 248 11 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 248 12 avoidance avoidance NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 248 13 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 248 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 248 15 crayfish crayfish NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 248 16 exhibits exhibit NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 248 17 striking strike VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 248 18 homologies homology NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 248 19 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 248 20 vertebrate vertebrate NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 248 21 anxiety anxiety NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 248 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 248 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 2 follow follow VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 4 up up NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 5 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 6 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 8 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 9 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 10 confirmed confirm VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 12 anxiolytic anxiolytic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 13 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 15 chlordiazepoxide chlordiazepoxide NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 17 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 18 moreover moreover RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 21 intensity intensity NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 24 anxiety anxiety NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 26 like like JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 27 behaviour behaviour NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 28 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 29 dependent dependent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 30 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 32 intensity intensity NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 35 electric electric JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 36 shock shock NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 37 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 38 reaching reach VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 39 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 40 plateau plateau NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 249 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 250 1 Such such PDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 250 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 250 3 quantitative quantitative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 250 4 relationship relationship NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 250 5 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 250 6 stress stress NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 250 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 250 8 anxiety anxiety NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 250 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 250 10 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 250 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 250 12 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 250 13 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 250 14 feature feature NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 250 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 250 16 human human NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 250 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 250 18 vertebrate vertebrate NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 250 19 anxiety anxiety NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 250 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 2 92 92 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 4 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 5 also[edit also[edit CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 7 Animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 8 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 9 Altruism Altruism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 11 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 12 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 13 cognition cognition NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 14 Animal animal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 15 communication communication NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 16 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 17 consciousness consciousness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 18 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 19 faith faith NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 20 Animal animal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 21 sexual sexual JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 22 behaviour behaviour NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 23 § § ADD en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 24 Sex sex NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 25 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 26 pleasure pleasure NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 27 Empathy Empathy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 28 § § ADD en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 29 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 30 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 31 Evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 33 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 34 Fear fear NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 35 § § . en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 36 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 37 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 38 Monkey Monkey NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 39 painting paint VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 40 Neuroethology Neuroethology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 41 Pain Pain NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 42 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 43 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 44 Reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 45 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 46 § § -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 47 Animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 48 vs. vs. IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 49 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 50 Self self NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 51 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 52 awareness awareness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 53 § § '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 54 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 55 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 56 Thomas Thomas NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 57 Nagel Nagel NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 58 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 59 seminal seminal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 60 paper paper NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 61 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 62 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 63 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 64 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 65 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 66 like like JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 67 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 68 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 69 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 70 bat bat NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 71 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 72 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 251 73 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 252 1 References[edit references[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-8130 252 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 252 3 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8130 252 4 Cabanac Cabanac NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 252 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 252 6 Michel Michel NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 252 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 252 8 2002 2002 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 252 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 252 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 253 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 253 2 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-8130 253 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 253 4 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 253 5 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8130 253 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 253 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 254 1 Behavioural behavioural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 254 2 Processes process NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 254 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 255 1 60 60 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 255 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 255 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 255 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 255 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 255 6 69–83 69–83 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 255 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 256 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 256 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 256 3 S0376 S0376 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 256 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 256 5 6357(02)00078 6357(02)00078 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 256 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 256 7 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 256 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 257 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 257 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 257 3 12426062 12426062 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 257 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 258 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 258 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 258 3 24365776 24365776 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 258 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 259 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 259 2 Panksepp Panksepp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 259 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 259 4 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 260 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 260 2 1982 1982 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 260 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 260 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 261 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 261 2 Toward toward IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 261 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 261 4 general general JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 261 5 psychobiological psychobiological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 261 6 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 261 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 261 8 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 261 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 261 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 262 1 Behavioral Behavioral NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 262 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 262 3 Brain Brain NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 262 4 Sciences Sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 262 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 263 1 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 263 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 263 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 263 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 263 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 263 6 407–422 407–422 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 263 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 264 1 doi:10.1017 doi:10.1017 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 264 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 264 3 S0140525X00012759 S0140525X00012759 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 264 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 265 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8130 265 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 265 3 Emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 265 4 help help VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 265 5 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 265 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 265 7 make make VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 265 8 choices choice NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 265 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 265 10 press press NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 265 11 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 265 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 265 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 265 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 266 1 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 266 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 266 3 Bristol Bristol NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 266 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 267 1 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 267 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 268 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 268 2 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 268 3 26 26 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 268 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 268 5 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 268 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 269 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-8130 269 2 Jacky Jacky NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 269 3 Turner Turner NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 269 4 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 269 5 Joyce Joyce NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 269 6 D'Silva D'Silva NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 269 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 269 8 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 269 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 270 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 270 2 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 270 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 270 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 271 1 Animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 271 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 271 3 Ethics Ethics NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 271 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 271 5 Trade Trade NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 271 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 271 7 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 271 8 Challenge Challenge NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 271 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 271 10 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 271 11 Sentience Sentience NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 271 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 272 1 Earthscan Earthscan NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 272 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 273 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 273 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 273 3 9781844072545 9781844072545 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 273 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 274 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 274 2 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 274 3 26 26 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 274 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 274 5 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 274 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 275 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 275 2 Wong Wong NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 275 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 275 4 K. K. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 275 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 275 6 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 275 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 275 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 276 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 276 2 How how WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 276 3 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 276 4 identify identify VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 276 5 grief grief NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 276 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 276 7 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 276 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 276 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 277 1 Scientific scientific JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 277 2 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 277 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 278 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 278 2 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 278 3 26 26 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 278 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 278 5 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 278 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 279 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 279 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 279 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 279 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 279 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 279 6 Rygula Rygula NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 279 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 279 8 R r NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 279 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 279 10 Pluta Pluta NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 279 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 279 12 H h NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 279 13 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 279 14 P p NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 279 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 279 16 Popik Popik NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 279 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 279 18 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 279 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 279 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 280 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 280 2 laughing laugh VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 280 3 rats rat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 280 4 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 280 5 optimistic optimistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 280 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 280 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 281 1 PLOS PLOS NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 281 2 ONE one CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 281 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 282 1 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 282 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 282 3 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 282 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 282 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 282 6 e51959 e51959 NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 282 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 283 1 Bibcode:2012PLoSO bibcode:2012ploso UH en-wikipedia-org-8130 283 2 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-8130 283 3 751959R. 751959r. CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 284 1 doi:10.1371 doi:10.1371 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 284 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 284 3 journal.pone.0051959 journal.pone.0051959 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 284 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 285 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 285 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 285 3 3530570 3530570 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 285 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 286 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 286 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 286 3 23300582 23300582 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 286 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 287 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 287 2 Douglas Douglas NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 287 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 287 4 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 287 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 287 6 Bateson Bateson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 287 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 287 8 M.last2 m.last2 LS en-wikipedia-org-8130 287 9 = = -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 287 10 Bateson Bateson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 287 11 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 287 12 Walsh Walsh NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 287 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 287 14 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 287 15 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 287 16 Béduéc Béduéc NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 287 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 287 18 A. a. NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 287 19 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 287 20 Edwards Edwards NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 287 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 287 22 S.A. S.A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 287 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 287 24 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 287 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 287 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 288 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 288 2 Environmental environmental JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 288 3 enrichment enrichment NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 288 4 induces induce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 288 5 optimistic optimistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 288 6 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 288 7 biases bias NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 288 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 288 9 pigs pig NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 288 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 288 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 289 1 Applied Applied NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 289 2 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 289 3 Behaviour Behaviour NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 289 4 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 289 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 290 1 139 139 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 290 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 290 3 1–2 1–2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 290 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 290 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 290 6 65–73 65–73 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 290 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 291 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 291 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 291 3 j.applanim.2012.02.018 j.applanim.2012.02.018 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 291 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 292 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 292 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 292 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 292 4 Bateson Bateson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 292 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 292 6 M. M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 292 7 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 292 8 Desire Desire NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 292 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 292 10 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 292 11 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 292 12 Gartside Gartside NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 292 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 292 14 S.E. S.E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 293 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 293 2 Wright Wright NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 293 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 293 4 G.A. G.A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 294 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 294 2 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 294 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 294 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 295 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 295 2 Agitated agitated JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 295 3 honeybees honeybee NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 295 4 exhibit exhibit VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 295 5 pessimistic pessimistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 295 6 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 295 7 biases bias NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 295 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 295 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 296 1 Current Current NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 296 2 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 296 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 297 1 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 297 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 297 3 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 297 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 297 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 297 6 1070–1073 1070–1073 ADD en-wikipedia-org-8130 297 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 298 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 298 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 298 3 j.cub.2011.05.017 j.cub.2011.05.017 NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 298 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 299 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 299 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 299 3 3158593 3158593 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 299 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 300 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 300 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 300 3 21636277 21636277 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 300 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 301 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 301 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 301 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 301 4 Panksepp Panksepp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 301 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 301 6 Jaak Jaak NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 301 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 301 8 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 301 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 301 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 302 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 302 2 Affective affective JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 302 3 consciousness consciousness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 302 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 302 5 Core core VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 302 6 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 302 7 feelings feeling NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 302 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 302 9 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 302 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 302 11 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 302 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 302 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 303 1 Consciousness Consciousness NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 303 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 303 3 Cognition Cognition NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 303 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 304 1 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 304 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 304 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 304 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 304 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 304 6 30–80 30–80 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 304 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 305 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 305 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 305 3 j.concog.2004.10.004 j.concog.2004.10.004 NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 305 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 306 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 306 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 306 3 15766890 15766890 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 306 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 307 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 307 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 307 3 8416255 8416255 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 307 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 308 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 308 2 Merriam Merriam NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 308 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 308 4 Webster Webster NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 308 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 308 6 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 308 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 308 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 309 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 309 2 Merriam Merriam NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 309 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 309 4 Webster Webster NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 309 5 dictionary dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 309 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 309 7 11th 11th JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 309 8 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 309 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 309 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 309 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 310 1 Springfield Springfield NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 310 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 310 3 MA MA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 310 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 310 5 Author author NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 310 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 311 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 311 2 Fox Fox NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 311 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 311 4 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 311 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 311 6 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 311 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 311 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 312 1 Emotion Emotion NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 312 2 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 312 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 312 4 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 312 5 Integration Integration NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 312 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 312 7 Cognitive Cognitive NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 312 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 312 9 Neuroscientific Neuroscientific NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 312 10 Approaches Approaches NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 312 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 313 1 Palgrave Palgrave NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 313 2 MacMillan MacMillan NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 313 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 314 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 314 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 315 1 16–17 16–17 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 315 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 316 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 316 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 316 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 316 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 316 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 316 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 316 7 230 230 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 316 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 316 9 00517 00517 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 316 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 316 11 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 316 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 317 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 317 2 Ekman Ekman NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 317 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 317 4 P. P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 317 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 317 6 1992 1992 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 317 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 317 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 318 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 318 2 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 318 3 argument argument NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 318 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 318 5 basic basic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 318 6 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 318 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 318 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 319 1 Cognition Cognition NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 319 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 319 3 Emotion Emotion NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 319 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 320 1 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 320 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 320 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 320 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 320 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 320 6 169–200 169–200 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 320 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 321 1 CiteSeerX CiteSeerX NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 321 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 321 3 10.1.1.454.1984 10.1.1.454.1984 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 321 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 321 5 doi:10.1080/02699939208411068 doi:10.1080/02699939208411068 NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 321 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 322 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 322 2 Barnard Barnard NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 322 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 322 4 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 322 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 322 6 Matthews Matthews NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 322 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 322 8 L. L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 322 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 322 10 Messori Messori NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 322 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 322 12 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 322 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 322 14 Podaliri Podaliri NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 322 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 322 16 Vulpiani Vulpiani NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 322 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 322 18 M. M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 322 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 322 20 Ferri Ferri NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 322 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 322 22 N. N. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 322 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 322 24 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 322 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 322 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 323 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 323 2 Laterality laterality NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 323 3 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 323 4 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 323 5 indicator indicator NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 323 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 323 7 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 323 8 stress stress NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 323 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 323 10 ewes ewes NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 323 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 323 12 lambs lamb NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 323 13 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 323 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 323 15 separation separation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 323 16 test test NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 323 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 323 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 324 1 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 324 2 Cognition Cognition NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 324 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 325 1 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 325 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 325 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 325 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 325 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 325 6 1–8 1–8 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 325 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 326 1 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 326 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 326 3 s10071 s10071 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 326 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 326 5 015 015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 326 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 326 7 0928 0928 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 326 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 326 9 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 326 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 327 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 327 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 327 3 26433604 26433604 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 327 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 328 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 328 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 328 3 7008274.CS1 7008274.cs1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 328 4 maint maint NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 328 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 328 6 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 328 7 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 328 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 328 9 authors author NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 328 10 list list NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 328 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 328 12 link link NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 328 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 328 14 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-8130 328 15 Handel Handel NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 328 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 328 17 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 328 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 328 19 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 328 20 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 328 21 05 05 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 328 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 328 23 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 328 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 328 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 329 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 329 2 Classification Classification NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 329 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 329 4 Emotions Emotions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 329 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 329 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 330 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 330 2 30 30 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 330 3 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 330 4 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 330 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 331 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 331 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 331 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 331 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 331 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 331 6 Dawkins Dawkins NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 331 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 331 8 M. M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 331 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 331 10 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 331 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 331 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 332 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 332 2 Animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 332 3 minds mind NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 332 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 332 5 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 332 6 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 332 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 332 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 333 1 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 333 2 Zoologist Zoologist NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 333 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 334 1 40 40 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 334 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 334 3 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 334 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 334 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 334 6 883–888 883–888 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 334 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 335 1 CiteSeerX CiteSeerX NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 335 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 335 3 10.1.1.596.3220 10.1.1.596.3220 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 335 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 335 5 doi:10.1668/0003 doi:10.1668/0003 NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 335 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 335 7 1569(2000)040[0883 1569(2000)040[0883 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 335 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 335 9 amaae]2.0.co;2 amaae]2.0.co;2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 335 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 336 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 336 2 permanent permanent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 336 3 dead dead JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 336 4 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 336 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 336 6 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8130 336 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 336 8 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 336 9 Watson Watson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 336 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 336 11 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 337 1 B. B. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 338 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 338 2 1930 1930 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 338 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 338 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 339 1 Behaviorism Behaviorism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 339 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 339 3 Revised Revised NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 339 4 Ed Ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 339 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 339 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 339 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 340 1 Chicago Chicago NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 340 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 340 3 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 340 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 340 5 Chicago Chicago NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 340 6 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 340 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 341 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 341 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 341 3 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 341 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 342 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 342 2 Dixon Dixon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 342 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 342 4 B. B. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 343 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 343 2 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 343 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 343 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 344 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 344 2 Animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 344 3 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 344 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 344 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 345 1 Ethics ethic NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 345 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 346 1 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 346 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 346 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 346 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 346 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 346 6 22–30 22–30 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 346 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 347 1 doi:10.2979 doi:10.2979 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 347 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 347 3 ete.2001.6.2.22 ete.2001.6.2.22 NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 347 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 348 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 348 2 Moussaieff Moussaieff NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 348 3 Masson Masson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 348 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 348 5 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 348 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 348 7 McCarthy McCarthy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 348 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 348 9 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 348 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 348 11 1996 1996 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 348 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 348 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 349 1 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 349 2 Elephants elephant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 349 3 Weep weep VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 349 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 349 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 349 6 Emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 349 7 Lives life NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 349 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 349 9 Animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 349 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 350 1 Delta Delta NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 350 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 351 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 351 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 351 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 351 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 351 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 351 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 351 7 385 385 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 351 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 351 9 31428 31428 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 351 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 351 11 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 351 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 352 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 352 2 D.S. D.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 353 1 Mills mill NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 353 2 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 353 3 J.N. J.N. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 354 1 Marchant Marchant NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 354 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 354 3 Forde Forde NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 354 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 354 5 eds eds XX en-wikipedia-org-8130 354 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 355 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 355 2 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 355 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 355 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 356 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 356 2 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 356 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 356 4 Applied Applied NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 356 5 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 356 6 Behaviour Behaviour NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 356 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 356 8 Welfare Welfare NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 356 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 357 1 CABI CABI NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 357 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 358 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 358 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 358 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 358 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 358 5 0851997247 0851997247 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 358 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 359 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 359 2 Morgan Morgan NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 359 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 359 4 C.L. C.L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 360 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 360 2 1903 1903 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 360 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 360 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 361 1 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 361 2 Introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 361 3 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 361 4 Comparative Comparative NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 361 5 Psychology Psychology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 361 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 361 7 2nd 2nd NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 361 8 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 361 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 361 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 361 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 362 1 W. W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 362 2 Scott Scott NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 362 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 362 4 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 362 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 363 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 363 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 364 1 59 59 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 364 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 365 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 365 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 365 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 365 4 Darwin Darwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 365 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 365 6 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 365 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 365 8 1872 1872 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 365 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 365 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 366 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 366 2 Expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 366 3 Of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 366 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 366 5 Emotions Emotions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 366 6 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 366 7 Man Man NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 366 8 And and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 366 9 Animals Animals NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 366 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 367 1 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 367 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 367 3 Chicago Chicago NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 367 4 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 367 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 367 6 Chicago Chicago NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 367 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 368 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 368 2 Hess Hess NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 368 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 368 4 U. U. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 368 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 368 6 Thibault Thibault NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 368 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 368 8 P. P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 368 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 368 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 368 11 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 368 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 368 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 369 1 Darwin Darwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 369 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 369 3 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 369 4 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 369 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 370 1 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 370 2 Psychological Psychological NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 370 3 Association Association NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 370 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 370 5 64(2 64(2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 370 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 370 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 370 8 120 120 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 370 9 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 370 10 128 128 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 370 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 371 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 371 2 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 371 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 371 4 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 371 5 Scruton Scruton NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 371 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 371 7 R R NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 371 8 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 371 9 Tyler Tyler NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 371 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 371 11 A. a. NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 372 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 372 2 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 372 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 372 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 373 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 373 2 Debate debate NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 373 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 373 4 Do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 373 5 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 373 6 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 373 7 rights right NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 373 8 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8130 373 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 373 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 374 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 374 2 Ecologist Ecologist NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 374 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 375 1 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 375 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 375 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 375 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 375 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 375 6 20–23 20–23 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 375 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 376 1 ProQuest ProQuest NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 376 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 376 3 234917337 234917337 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 376 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 377 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 377 2 Oately oately RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 377 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 377 4 K. K. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 377 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 377 6 Jenkins Jenkins NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 377 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 377 8 J.M. J.M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 378 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 378 2 1996 1996 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 378 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 378 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 379 1 Understanding Understanding NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 379 2 Emotions Emotions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 379 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 380 1 Blackwell Blackwell NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 380 2 Publishers Publishers NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 380 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 381 1 Malden Malden NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 381 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 381 3 MA MA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 381 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 382 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 382 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 382 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 382 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 382 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 382 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 382 7 55786 55786 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 382 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 382 9 495 495 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 382 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 382 11 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 382 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 383 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 383 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 383 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 383 4 Paul Paul NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 383 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 383 6 E e NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 383 7 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 383 8 Harding Harding NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 383 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 383 10 E e NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 383 11 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 383 12 Mendl Mendl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 383 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 383 14 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 383 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 383 16 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 383 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 383 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 384 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 384 2 Measuring measure VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 384 3 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 384 4 processes process NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 384 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 384 6 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 384 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 384 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 384 9 utility utility NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 384 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 384 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 384 12 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 384 13 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 384 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 384 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 385 1 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 385 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 385 3 Biobehavioral Biobehavioral NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 385 4 Reviews Reviews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 385 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 386 1 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 386 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 386 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 386 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 386 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 386 6 469–491 469–491 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 386 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 387 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 387 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 387 3 j.neubiorev.2005.01.002 j.neubiorev.2005.01.002 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 387 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 388 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 388 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 388 3 15820551 15820551 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 388 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 389 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 389 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 389 3 14127825 14127825 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 389 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 390 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 390 2 Haselton Haselton NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 390 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 390 4 M. M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 390 5 G. G. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 390 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 390 7 Nettle Nettle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 390 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 390 9 D. D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 390 10 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 390 11 Andrews Andrews NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 390 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 390 13 P. P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 390 14 W. W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 390 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 390 16 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 390 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 390 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 391 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 391 2 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 391 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 391 4 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 391 5 bias bias NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 391 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 392 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 392 2 D. D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 392 3 M. M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 392 4 Buss Buss NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 392 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 392 6 Ed Ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 392 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 393 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 393 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 393 3 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 393 4 Handbook Handbook NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 393 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 393 6 Evolutionary Evolutionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 393 7 Psychology Psychology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 393 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 393 9 Hoboken Hoboken NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 393 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 393 11 NJ NJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 393 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 393 13 US US NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 393 14 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 393 15 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 393 16 Wiley Wiley NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 393 17 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 393 18 Sons Sons NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 393 19 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 393 20 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 393 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 394 1 724–746 724–746 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 394 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 395 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 395 2 Bless Bless NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 395 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 395 4 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 395 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 395 6 Fiedler Fiedler NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 395 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 395 8 K. K. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 395 9 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 395 10 Strack Strack NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 395 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 395 12 F. F. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 395 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 395 14 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 395 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 395 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 396 1 Social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 396 2 cognition cognition NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 396 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 396 4 How how WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 396 5 individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 396 6 construct construct VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 396 7 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 396 8 reality reality NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 396 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 397 1 Hove Hove NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 397 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 397 3 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 397 4 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 397 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 397 6 Psychology Psychology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 397 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 397 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 398 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 398 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 398 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 398 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 399 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 399 2 Harding Harding NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 399 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 399 4 EJ EJ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 399 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 399 6 Paul Paul NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 399 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 399 8 ES es NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 399 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 399 10 Mendl Mendl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 399 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 399 12 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 399 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 399 14 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 399 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 399 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 400 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 400 2 Animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 400 3 behaviour behaviour NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 400 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 400 5 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 400 6 bias bias NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 400 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 400 8 affective affective JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 400 9 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 400 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 400 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 401 1 Nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 401 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 402 1 427 427 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 402 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 402 3 6972 6972 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 402 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 402 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 402 6 312 312 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 402 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 403 1 Bibcode:2004Natur.427 Bibcode:2004Natur.427 NFP en-wikipedia-org-8130 403 2 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8130 403 3 312H. 312h. CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 404 1 doi:10.1038/427312a doi:10.1038/427312a NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 404 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 405 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 405 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 405 3 14737158 14737158 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 405 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 406 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 406 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 406 3 4411418 4411418 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 406 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 407 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-8130 407 2 Malhi Malhi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 407 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 407 4 Gin Gin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 407 5 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 407 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 407 7 Baune Baune NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 407 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 407 9 Berhard Berhard NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 407 10 T T NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 407 11 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 407 12 Porter Porter NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 407 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 407 14 Richard Richard NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 407 15 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 407 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 407 17 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 407 18 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 407 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 407 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 408 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 408 2 Re Re NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 408 3 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 408 4 Cognizing cognizing JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 408 5 mood mood NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 408 6 disorders disorder NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 408 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 408 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 409 1 Bipolar Bipolar NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 409 2 Disorders Disorders NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 409 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 410 1 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 410 2 : : SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 410 3 1–2 1–2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 410 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 411 1 doi:10.1111 doi:10.1111 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 411 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 411 3 bdi.12354 bdi.12354 NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 411 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 412 1 ISSN issn NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 412 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 412 3 1398 1398 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 412 4 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 412 5 5647 5647 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 412 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 413 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 413 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 413 3 26688286 26688286 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 413 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 414 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 414 2 Sherwin Sherwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 414 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 414 4 C.M. C.M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 415 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 415 2 Olsson Olsson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 415 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 415 4 I.A.S. I.A.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 416 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 416 2 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 416 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 416 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 417 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 417 2 Housing housing NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 417 3 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 417 4 affect affect VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 417 5 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 417 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 417 7 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 417 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 417 9 anxiolytic anxiolytic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 417 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 417 11 laboratory laboratory NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 417 12 mice mouse NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 417 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 417 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 418 1 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 418 2 Welfare Welfare NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 418 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 419 1 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 419 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 419 3 33–38 33–38 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 419 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 420 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 420 2 Fajardo Fajardo NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 420 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 420 4 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 420 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 420 6 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 420 7 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 420 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 421 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 421 2 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 421 3 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 421 4 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 421 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 421 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 422 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 422 2 Von Von NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 422 3 Economo Economo NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 422 4 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 422 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 422 6 present present JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 422 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 422 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 422 9 dorsolateral dorsolateral JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 422 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 422 11 dysgranular dysgranular NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 422 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 422 13 prefrontal prefrontal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 422 14 cortex cortex NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 422 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 422 16 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 422 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 422 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 423 1 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 423 2 Letters Letters NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 423 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 424 1 435 435 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 424 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 424 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 424 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 424 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 424 6 215–218 215–218 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 424 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 425 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 425 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 425 3 j.neulet.2008.02.048 j.neulet.2008.02.048 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 425 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 426 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 426 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 426 3 18355958 18355958 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 426 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 427 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 427 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 427 3 8454354 8454354 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 427 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 428 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 428 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 428 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 428 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 428 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 428 6 Hof Hof NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 428 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 428 8 P.R. P.R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 429 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 429 2 Van Van NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 429 3 Der Der NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 429 4 Gucht Gucht NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 429 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 429 6 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 429 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 429 8 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 429 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 429 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 430 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 430 2 Structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 430 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 430 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 430 5 cerebral cerebral JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 430 6 cortex cortex NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 430 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 430 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 430 9 humpback humpback NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 430 10 whale whale NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 430 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 430 12 Megaptera Megaptera NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 430 13 novaeangliae novaeangliae NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 430 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 430 15 Cetacea Cetacea NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 430 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 430 17 Mysticeti Mysticeti NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 430 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 430 19 Balaenopteridae Balaenopteridae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 430 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 430 21 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 430 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 431 1 Anatomical anatomical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 431 2 Record record NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 431 3 Part part NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 431 4 A. a. NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 432 1 290 290 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 432 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 432 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 432 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 432 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 432 6 1–31 1–31 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 432 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 433 1 doi:10.1002 doi:10.1002 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 433 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 433 3 ar.20407 ar.20407 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 433 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 434 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 434 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 434 3 17441195 17441195 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 434 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 435 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 435 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 435 3 15460266 15460266 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 435 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 436 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 436 2 Coghlan Coghlan NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 436 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 436 4 A. a. NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 437 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 437 2 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 437 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 437 4 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 437 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 437 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 438 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 438 2 Whales whale NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 438 3 boast boast VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 438 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 438 5 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 438 6 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 438 7 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 438 8 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 438 9 make make VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 438 10 us -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 438 11 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 438 12 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 438 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 438 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 439 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 439 2 Scientist Scientist NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 439 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 440 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 440 2 Butti Butti NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 440 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 440 4 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 440 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 440 6 Sherwood Sherwood NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 440 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 440 8 CC cc NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 440 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 440 10 Hakeem Hakeem NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 440 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 440 12 AY ay NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 440 13 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 440 14 Allman Allman NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 440 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 440 16 JM JM NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 440 17 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 440 18 Hof Hof NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 440 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 440 20 PR PR NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 440 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 440 22 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 440 23 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 440 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 440 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 441 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 441 2 Total total JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 441 3 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 441 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 441 5 volume volume NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 441 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 441 7 Von Von NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 441 8 Economo Economo NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 441 9 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 441 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 441 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 441 12 cerebral cerebral JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 441 13 cortex cortex NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 441 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 441 15 cetaceans cetaceans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 441 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 441 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 442 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 442 2 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 442 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 442 4 Comparative Comparative NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 442 5 Neurology Neurology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 442 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 443 1 515 515 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 443 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 443 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 443 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 443 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 443 6 243–59 243–59 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 443 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 444 1 doi:10.1002 doi:10.1002 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 444 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 444 3 cne.22055 cne.22055 IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 444 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 445 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 445 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 445 3 19412956 19412956 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 445 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 446 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 446 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 446 3 6876656 6876656 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 446 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 2 Hakeem Hakeem NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 4 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 5 Y. Y. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 7 Sherwood Sherwood NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 9 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 10 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 11 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 12 Bonar Bonar NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 14 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 15 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 16 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 17 Butti Butti NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 19 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 20 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 21 Hof Hof NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 23 P. P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 24 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 25 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 26 Allman Allman NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 28 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 29 M. M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 30 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 31 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 447 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 448 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 448 2 Von Von NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 448 3 Economo Economo NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 448 4 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 448 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 448 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 448 7 elephant elephant NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 448 8 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 448 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 448 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 449 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 449 2 Anatomical anatomical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 449 3 Record record NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 449 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 449 5 Hoboken Hoboken NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 449 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 449 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 450 1 292 292 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 450 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 450 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 450 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 450 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 450 6 242–8 242–8 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 450 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 451 1 doi:10.1002 doi:10.1002 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 451 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 451 3 ar.20829 ar.20829 NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 451 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 452 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 452 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 452 3 19089889 19089889 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 452 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 453 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 453 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 453 3 12131241 12131241 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 453 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 454 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 454 2 Panksepp Panksepp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 454 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 454 4 Jaak Jaak NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 454 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 454 6 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 454 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 454 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 455 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 455 2 Affective affective JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 455 3 consciousness consciousness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 455 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 455 5 Core core VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 455 6 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 455 7 feelings feeling NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 455 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 455 9 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 455 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 455 11 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 455 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 455 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 456 1 Consciousness Consciousness NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 456 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 456 3 Cognition Cognition NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 456 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 457 1 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 457 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 457 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 457 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 457 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 457 6 30–80 30–80 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 457 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 458 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 458 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 458 3 j.concog.2004.10.004 j.concog.2004.10.004 NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 458 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 459 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 459 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 459 3 15766890 15766890 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 459 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 460 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 460 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 460 3 8416255 8416255 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 460 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 461 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 461 2 Cabanac Cabanac NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 461 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 461 4 Michel Michel NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 461 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 461 6 2002 2002 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 461 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 461 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 462 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 462 2 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-8130 462 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 462 4 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 462 5 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8130 462 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 462 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 463 1 Behavioural behavioural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 463 2 Processes process NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 463 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 464 1 60 60 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 464 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 464 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 464 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 464 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 464 6 69–83 69–83 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 464 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 465 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 465 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 465 3 S0376 S0376 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 465 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 465 5 6357(02)00078 6357(02)00078 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 465 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 465 7 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 465 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 466 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 466 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 466 3 12426062 12426062 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 466 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 467 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 467 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 467 3 24365776 24365776 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 467 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 468 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 468 2 Panksepp Panksepp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 468 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 468 4 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 468 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 468 6 Burgdorf Burgdorf NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 468 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 468 8 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 468 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 468 10 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 468 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 468 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 469 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 469 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 469 3 Laughing laugh VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 469 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 469 5 rats rat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 469 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 469 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 469 8 evolutionary evolutionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 469 9 antecedents antecedent NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 469 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 469 11 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 469 12 joy joy NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 469 13 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8130 469 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 469 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 470 1 Physiology Physiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 470 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 470 3 Behavior Behavior NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 470 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 471 1 79 79 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 471 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 471 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 471 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 471 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 471 6 533–547 533–547 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 471 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 472 1 CiteSeerX CiteSeerX NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 472 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 472 3 10.1.1.326.9267 10.1.1.326.9267 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 472 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 472 5 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 472 6 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 472 7 s0031 s0031 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 472 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 472 9 9384(03)00159 9384(03)00159 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 472 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 472 11 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 472 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 473 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 473 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 473 3 12954448 12954448 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 473 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 474 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 474 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 474 3 14063615 14063615 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 474 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 475 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 475 2 Knutson Knutson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 475 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 475 4 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 475 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 475 6 Burgdorf Burgdorf NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 475 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 475 8 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 475 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 475 10 Panksepp Panksepp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 475 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 475 12 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 475 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 475 14 2002 2002 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 475 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 475 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 476 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 476 2 Ultrasonic ultrasonic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 476 3 vocalizations vocalization NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 476 4 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 476 5 indices index NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 476 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 476 7 affective affective JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 476 8 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 476 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 476 10 rats rat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 476 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 476 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 477 1 Psychological Psychological NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 477 2 Bulletin Bulletin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 477 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 478 1 128 128 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 478 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 478 3 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 478 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 478 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 478 6 961–977 961–977 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 478 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 479 1 doi:10.1037/0033 doi:10.1037/0033 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 479 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 479 3 2909.128.6.961 2909.128.6.961 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 479 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 480 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 480 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 480 3 12405139 12405139 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 480 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 481 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 481 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 481 3 4660938 4660938 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 481 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 482 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 482 2 Panksepp Panksepp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 482 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 482 4 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 482 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 482 6 Burgdorf Burgdorf NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 482 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 482 8 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 482 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 482 10 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 482 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 482 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 483 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 483 2 50-kHz 50-khz CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 483 3 chirping chirping NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 483 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 483 5 laughter laughter NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 483 6 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8130 483 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 484 1 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 484 2 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 484 3 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 484 4 conditioned conditioned JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 484 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 484 6 unconditioned unconditioned JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 484 7 tickle tickle NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 484 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 484 9 induced induce VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 484 10 reward reward NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 484 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 484 12 rats rat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 484 13 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 484 14 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 484 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 484 16 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 484 17 housing housing NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 484 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 484 19 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 484 20 variables variable NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 484 21 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 484 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 485 1 Behavioural Behavioural NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 485 2 Brain Brain NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 485 3 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 485 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 486 1 115 115 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 486 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 486 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 486 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 486 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 486 6 25–38 25–38 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 486 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 487 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 487 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 487 3 s0166 s0166 JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 487 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 487 5 4328(00)00238 4328(00)00238 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 487 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 487 7 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 487 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 488 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 488 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 488 3 10996405 10996405 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 488 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 489 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 489 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 489 3 29323849 29323849 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 489 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 490 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 490 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 490 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 490 4 Boissy Boissy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 490 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 490 6 A. a. NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 490 7 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 490 8 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 490 9 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 490 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 491 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 491 2 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 491 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 491 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 492 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 492 2 Assessment Assessment NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 492 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 492 4 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 492 5 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 492 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 492 7 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 492 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 492 9 improve improve VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 492 10 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 492 11 welfare welfare NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 492 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 492 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 493 1 Physiology Physiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 493 2 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 493 3 Behavior Behavior NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 493 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 494 1 92 92 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 494 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 494 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 494 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 494 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 494 6 375–397 375–397 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 494 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 495 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 495 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 495 3 j.physbeh.2007.02.003 j.physbeh.2007.02.003 NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 495 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 496 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 496 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 496 3 17428510 17428510 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 496 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 497 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 497 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 497 3 10730923 10730923 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 497 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 498 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 498 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 498 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 498 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 498 5 Panksepp Panksepp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 498 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 498 7 Jaak Jaak NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 498 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 498 9 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 498 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 498 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 499 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 499 2 Affective affective JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 499 3 consciousness consciousness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 499 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 499 5 Core core VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 499 6 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 499 7 feelings feeling NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 499 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 499 9 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 499 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 499 11 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 499 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 499 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 500 1 Consciousness Consciousness NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 500 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 500 3 Cognition Cognition NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 500 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 501 1 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 501 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 501 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 501 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 501 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 501 6 30–80 30–80 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 501 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 502 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 502 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 502 3 j.concog.2004.10.004 j.concog.2004.10.004 NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 502 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 503 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 503 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 503 3 15766890 15766890 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 503 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 504 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 504 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 504 3 8416255 8416255 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 504 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 505 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 505 2 Elfenbein Elfenbein NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 505 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 505 4 H.A. H.A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 506 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 506 2 Ambady Ambady NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 506 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 506 4 N. N. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 506 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 506 6 2002 2002 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 506 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 506 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 507 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 507 2 On on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 507 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 507 4 universality universality NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 507 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 507 6 cultural cultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 507 7 specificity specificity NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 507 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 507 9 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 507 10 recognition recognition NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 507 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 507 12 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 507 13 meta meta JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 507 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 507 15 analysis analysis NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 507 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 507 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 508 1 Psychological Psychological NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 508 2 Bulletin Bulletin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 508 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 509 1 128 128 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 509 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 509 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 509 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 509 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 509 6 203–235 203–235 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 509 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 510 1 doi:10.1037/0033 doi:10.1037/0033 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 510 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 510 3 2909.128.2.203 2909.128.2.203 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 510 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 511 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 511 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 511 3 11931516 11931516 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 511 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 512 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 512 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 512 3 16073381 16073381 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 512 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 513 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 513 2 Winford Winford NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 513 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 513 4 J.N. J.N. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 514 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 514 2 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 514 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 514 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 515 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 515 2 Almost almost RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 515 3 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 515 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 515 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 515 6 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 515 7 smarter smart JJR en-wikipedia-org-8130 515 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 515 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 516 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 516 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 516 3 Times Times NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 516 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 517 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 517 2 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 517 3 26 26 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 517 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 517 5 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 517 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 518 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8130 518 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 518 3 Mama Mama NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 518 4 gorilla gorilla NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 518 5 wo will MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 518 6 n't not RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 518 7 let let VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 518 8 go go VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 518 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 518 10 her -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 518 11 dead dead JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 518 12 baby baby NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 518 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 518 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 519 1 Associated Associated NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 519 2 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 519 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 520 1 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 520 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 521 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 521 2 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 521 3 26 26 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 521 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 521 5 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 521 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 522 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 522 2 Bekoff Bekoff NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 522 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 522 4 Marc Marc NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 522 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 522 6 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 522 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 522 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 523 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 523 2 Emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 523 3 Lives life NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 523 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 523 5 Animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 523 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 523 7 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 523 8 Leading lead VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 523 9 Scientist scientist NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 523 10 Explores Explores NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 523 11 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 523 12 Joy Joy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 523 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 523 14 Sorrow Sorrow NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 523 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 523 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 523 17 Empathy Empathy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 523 18 -- -- : en-wikipedia-org-8130 523 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 523 20 why why WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 523 21 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 523 22 Matter Matter NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 523 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 524 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 524 2 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 524 3 Library Library NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 524 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 525 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 525 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 525 3 9781577315025 9781577315025 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 525 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 526 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 526 2 McGraw McGraw NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 526 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 526 4 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 526 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 526 6 1985 1985 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 526 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 526 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 527 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 527 2 Gorilla Gorilla NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 527 3 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8130 527 4 Pets Pets NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 527 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 527 6 Koko Koko NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 527 7 Mourns Mourns NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 527 8 Kittens Kittens NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 527 9 Death Death NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 527 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 527 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 528 1 Los Los NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 528 2 Angeles Angeles NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 528 3 Times Times NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 528 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 529 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 529 2 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 529 3 26 26 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 529 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 529 5 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 529 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 530 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 530 2 Wechkin Wechkin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 530 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 530 4 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 530 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 530 6 Masserman Masserman NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 530 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 530 8 J.H. J.H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 531 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 531 2 Terris Terris NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 531 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 531 4 W. W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 531 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 531 6 1964 1964 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 531 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 531 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 532 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 532 2 Shock shock NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 532 3 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 532 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 532 5 conspecific conspecific NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 532 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 532 7 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 532 8 aversive aversive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 532 9 stimulus stimulus NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 532 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 532 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 533 1 Psychonomic Psychonomic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 533 2 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 533 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 534 1 1 1 LS en-wikipedia-org-8130 534 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 534 3 1–12 1–12 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 534 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 534 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 534 6 47–48 47–48 LS en-wikipedia-org-8130 534 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 535 1 doi:10.3758 doi:10.3758 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 535 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 535 3 bf03342783 bf03342783 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 535 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 536 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-8130 536 2 Masserman Masserman NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 536 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 536 4 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 536 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 536 6 Wechkin Wechkin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 536 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 536 8 M.S. M.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 537 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 537 2 Terris Terris NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 537 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 537 4 W. W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 537 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 537 6 1964 1964 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 537 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 537 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 538 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 538 2 Altruistic altruistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 538 3 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 538 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 538 5 rhesus rhesus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 538 6 monkeys monkey NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 538 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 538 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 539 1 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 539 2 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 539 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 539 4 Psychiatry Psychiatry NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 539 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 540 1 121 121 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 540 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 540 3 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 540 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 540 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 540 6 584–585 584–585 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 540 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 541 1 CiteSeerX CiteSeerX NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 541 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 541 3 10.1.1.691.4969 10.1.1.691.4969 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 541 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 541 5 doi:10.1176 doi:10.1176 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 541 6 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 541 7 ajp.121.6.584 ajp.121.6.584 NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 541 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 542 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 542 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 542 3 14239459 14239459 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 542 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 543 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 543 2 De De NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 543 3 Waal Waal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 543 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 543 5 F.B.M. F.B.M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 544 1 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 544 2 Aureli Aureli NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 544 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 544 4 F. F. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 544 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 544 6 1996 1996 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 544 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 544 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 545 1 Consolation consolation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 545 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 545 3 reconciliation reconciliation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 545 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 545 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 545 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 545 7 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 545 8 cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 545 9 difference difference NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 545 10 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 545 11 macaques macaque NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 545 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 545 13 chimpanzees chimpanzee NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 545 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 546 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 546 2 A.E. A.E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 547 1 Russon Russon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 547 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 547 3 K.A. K.A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 548 1 Bard Bard NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 548 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 548 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 548 4 S.T. S.T. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 549 1 Parker Parker NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 549 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 549 3 Eds Eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 549 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 550 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 550 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 550 3 Reaching reach VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 550 4 Into into IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 550 5 Thought Thought NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 550 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 550 7 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 550 8 Minds mind NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 550 9 Of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 550 10 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 550 11 Great Great NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 550 12 Apes Apes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 550 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 550 14 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 550 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 551 1 80 80 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 551 2 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 551 3 110 110 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 551 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 551 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 552 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 552 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 552 3 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 552 4 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 552 5 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 552 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 553 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 553 2 Watts Watts NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 553 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 553 4 D.P. D.P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 553 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 553 6 Colmenares Colmenares NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 553 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 553 8 F. F. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 553 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 553 10 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 553 11 Arnold Arnold NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 553 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 553 13 K. K. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 553 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 553 15 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 553 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 553 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 554 1 Redirection redirection NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 554 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 554 3 consolation consolation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 554 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 554 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 554 6 male male JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 554 7 policing policing NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 554 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 554 9 How how WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 554 10 targets target NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 554 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 554 12 aggression aggression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 554 13 interact interact VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 554 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 554 15 bystanders bystander NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 554 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 555 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 555 2 F. F. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 555 3 Aureli Aureli NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 555 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 555 5 F.B.M. F.B.M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 556 1 de de NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 556 2 Waal Waal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 556 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 556 4 Eds Eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 556 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 557 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 557 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 557 3 Natural Natural NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 557 4 Conflict Conflict NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 557 5 Resolution Resolution NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 557 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 557 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 557 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 558 1 281 281 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 558 2 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 558 3 301 301 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 558 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 558 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 559 1 Berkeley Berkeley NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 559 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 559 3 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 559 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 559 5 California California NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 559 6 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 559 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 560 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 560 2 Parr Parr NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 560 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 560 4 L.A. L.A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 560 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 560 6 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 560 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 560 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 561 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 561 2 Cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 561 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 561 4 physiological physiological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 561 5 markers marker NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 561 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 561 7 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 561 8 awareness awareness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 561 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 561 10 chimpanzees chimpanzee NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 561 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 561 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 562 1 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 562 2 Cognition Cognition NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 562 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 563 1 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 563 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 563 3 3–4 3–4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 563 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 563 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 563 6 223–229 223–229 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 563 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 564 1 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 564 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 564 3 s100710100085 s100710100085 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 564 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 565 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 565 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 565 3 24777512 24777512 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 565 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 566 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 566 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 566 3 28270455 28270455 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 566 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 567 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 567 2 Panksepp Panksepp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 567 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 567 4 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 568 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 568 2 1998 1998 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 568 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 568 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 569 1 Affective affective JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 569 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 570 1 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 570 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 570 3 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 570 4 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 570 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 570 6 Human Human NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 570 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 570 8 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 570 9 Emotions Emotions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 570 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 571 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 571 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 571 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 571 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 571 5 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 571 6 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 571 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 572 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 572 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 572 3 480 480 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 572 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 573 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 573 2 Panksepp Panksepp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 573 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 573 4 J.B. J.B. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 573 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 573 6 Lahvis Lahvis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 573 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 573 8 G.P. G.P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 574 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 574 2 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 574 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 574 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 575 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 575 2 Rodent rodent NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 575 3 empathy empathy NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 575 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 575 5 affective affective JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 575 6 neuroscience neuroscience NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 575 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 575 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 576 1 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 576 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 576 3 Biobehavioral Biobehavioral NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 576 4 Reviews Reviews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 576 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 577 1 35 35 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 577 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 577 3 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 577 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 577 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 577 6 1864–1875 1864–1875 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 577 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 578 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 578 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 578 3 j.neubiorev.2011.05.013 j.neubiorev.2011.05.013 NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 578 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 579 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 579 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 579 3 3183383 3183383 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 579 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 580 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 580 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 580 3 21672550 21672550 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 580 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 581 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 581 2 Rice Rice NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 581 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 581 4 G.E. G.E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 582 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 582 2 Gainer Gainer NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 582 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 582 4 P P NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 582 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 582 6 1962 1962 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 582 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 582 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 583 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 583 2 Altruism Altruism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 583 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 583 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 583 5 albino albino JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 583 6 rat rat NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 583 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 583 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 584 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 584 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 584 3 Comparative Comparative NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 584 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 584 5 Physiological Physiological NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 584 6 Psychology Psychology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 584 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 585 1 55 55 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 585 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 585 3 123–125 123–125 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 585 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 586 1 doi:10.1037 doi:10.1037 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 586 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 586 3 h0042276 h0042276 NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 586 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 587 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 587 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 587 3 14491896 14491896 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 587 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 588 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 588 2 Mirsky Mirsky NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 588 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 588 4 I.A. I.A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 589 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 589 2 Miller Miller NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 589 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 589 4 R.E. R.E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 590 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 590 2 Murphy Murphy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 590 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 590 4 J.B. J.B. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 590 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 590 6 1958 1958 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 590 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 590 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 591 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 591 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 591 3 communication communication NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 591 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 591 5 affect affect NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 591 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 591 7 rhesus rhesus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 591 8 monkeys monkey NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 591 9 I. I. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 592 1 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 592 2 experimental experimental JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 592 3 method method NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 592 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 592 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 593 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 593 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 593 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 593 4 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 593 5 Psychoanalytic Psychoanalytic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 593 6 Association Association NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 593 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 594 1 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 594 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 594 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 594 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 594 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 594 6 433–441 433–441 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 594 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 595 1 doi:10.1177/000306515800600303 doi:10.1177/000306515800600303 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 595 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 596 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 596 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 596 3 13575267 13575267 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 596 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 597 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 597 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 597 3 2646373 2646373 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 597 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 598 1 ^ ^ : en-wikipedia-org-8130 598 2 Langford Langford NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 598 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 598 4 D.J. D.J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 599 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 599 2 Crager crager NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 599 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 599 4 S.E. S.E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 600 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 600 2 Shehzad Shehzad NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 600 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 600 4 Z. Z. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 600 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 600 6 Smith Smith NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 600 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 600 8 S.B. S.B. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 601 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 601 2 Sotocinal Sotocinal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 601 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 601 4 S.G. S.G. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 601 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 601 6 Levenstadt Levenstadt NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 601 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 601 8 J.S. J.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 602 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 602 2 Mogil Mogil NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 602 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 602 4 J.S. J.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 603 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 603 2 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 603 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 603 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 604 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 604 2 Social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 604 3 modulation modulation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 604 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 604 5 pain pain NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 604 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 604 7 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 604 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 604 9 empathy empathy NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 604 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 604 11 mice mouse NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 604 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 604 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 605 1 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 605 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 605 3 Submitted submit VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 605 4 manuscript manuscript NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 605 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 605 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 606 1 312 312 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 606 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 606 3 5782 5782 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 606 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 606 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 606 6 1967–1970 1967–1970 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 606 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 607 1 Bibcode:2006Sci bibcode:2006sci UH en-wikipedia-org-8130 607 2 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-8130 607 3 312.1967L. 312.1967L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 608 1 doi:10.1126 doi:10.1126 VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 608 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 608 3 science.1128322 science.1128322 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 608 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 609 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 609 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 609 3 16809545 16809545 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 609 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 610 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 610 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 610 3 26027821 26027821 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 610 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 611 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 611 2 Reimerta Reimerta NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 611 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 611 4 I. I. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 611 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 611 6 Bolhuis Bolhuis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 611 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 611 8 J.E J.E NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 611 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 611 10 Kemp Kemp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 611 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 611 12 B. B. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 611 13 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 611 14 Rodenburg Rodenburg NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 611 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 611 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 611 17 T.B. T.B. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 612 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 612 2 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 612 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 612 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 613 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 613 2 Indicators indicator NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 613 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 613 4 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 613 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 613 6 negative negative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 613 7 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 613 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 613 9 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 613 10 contagion contagion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 613 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 613 12 pigs pig NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 613 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 613 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 614 1 Physiology Physiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 614 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 614 3 Behavior Behavior NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 614 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 615 1 109 109 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 615 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 615 3 42–50 42–50 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 615 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 616 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 616 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 616 3 j.physbeh.2012.11.002 j.physbeh.2012.11.002 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 616 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 617 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 617 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 617 3 23159725 23159725 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 617 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 618 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 618 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 618 3 29192088 29192088 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 618 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 2 Atsak Atsak NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 4 P. P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 6 Ore Ore NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 8 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 10 Bakker Bakker NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 12 P. P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 13 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 14 Cerliani Cerliani NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 16 L. L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 17 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 18 Roozendaal Roozendaal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 20 B. B. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 21 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 22 Gazzola Gazzola NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 24 V. V. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 25 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 26 Moita Moita NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 28 M. M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 29 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 30 Keysers Keysers NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 32 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 33 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 34 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 35 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 619 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 620 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 620 2 Experience experience NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 620 3 modulates modulate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 620 4 vicarious vicarious JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 620 5 freezing freezing NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 620 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 620 7 rats rat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 620 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 620 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 620 10 model model NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 620 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 620 12 empathy empathy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 620 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 620 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 621 1 PLOS PLOS NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 621 2 ONE one CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 621 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 622 1 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 622 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 622 3 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 622 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 622 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 622 6 e21855 e21855 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 622 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 623 1 Bibcode:2011PLoSO Bibcode:2011PLoSO NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 623 2 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-8130 623 3 621855A. 621855a. IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 624 1 doi:10.1371 doi:10.1371 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 624 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 624 3 journal.pone.0021855 journal.pone.0021855 NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 624 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 625 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 625 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 625 3 3135600 3135600 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 625 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 626 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 626 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 626 3 21765921 21765921 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 626 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 627 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 627 2 Kavaliers Kavaliers NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 627 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 627 4 M. M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 627 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 627 6 Colwell Colwell NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 627 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 627 8 D.D. D.D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 628 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 628 2 Choleris Choleris NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 628 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 628 4 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 628 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 628 6 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 628 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 628 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 629 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 629 2 Learning learn VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 629 3 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 629 4 fear fear VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 629 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 629 6 cope cope VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 629 7 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 629 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 629 9 natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 629 10 stressor stressor NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 629 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 629 12 individually individually RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 629 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 629 14 socially socially RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 629 15 acquired acquire VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 629 16 corticosterone corticosterone NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 629 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 629 18 avoidance avoidance VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 629 19 responses response NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 629 20 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 629 21 biting bite VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 629 22 flies fly NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 629 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 629 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 630 1 Hormones Hormones NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 630 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 630 3 Behavior Behavior NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 630 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 631 1 43 43 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 631 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 631 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 631 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 631 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 631 6 99–107 99–107 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 631 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 632 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 632 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 632 3 s0018 s0018 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 632 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 632 5 506x(02)00021 506x(02)00021 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 632 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 632 7 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 632 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 633 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 633 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 633 3 12614639 12614639 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 633 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 634 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 634 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 634 3 24961207 24961207 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 634 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 635 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 635 2 Kim Kim NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 635 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 635 4 E.J. E.J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 636 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 636 2 Kim Kim NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 636 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 636 4 E.S. E.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 637 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 637 2 Covey Covey NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 637 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 637 4 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 637 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 637 6 Kim Kim NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 637 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 637 8 J.J. J.J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 637 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 637 10 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 637 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 637 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 638 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 638 2 Social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 638 3 transmission transmission NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 638 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 638 5 fear fear NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 638 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 638 7 rats rat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 638 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 638 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 638 10 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 638 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 638 12 22-kHz 22-khz CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 638 13 ultrasonic ultrasonic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 638 14 distress distress NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 638 15 vocalization vocalization NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 638 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 638 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 639 1 PLOS PLOS NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 639 2 ONE one CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 639 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 640 1 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 640 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 640 3 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 640 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 640 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 640 6 e15077 e15077 NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 640 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 641 1 Bibcode:2010PLoSO bibcode:2010ploso JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 641 2 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-8130 641 3 515077K. 515077k. JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 642 1 doi:10.1371 doi:10.1371 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 642 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 642 3 journal.pone.0015077 journal.pone.0015077 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 642 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 643 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 643 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 643 3 2995742 2995742 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 643 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 644 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 644 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 644 3 21152023 21152023 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 644 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 645 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-8130 645 2 Bruchey Bruchey NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 645 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 645 4 A.K. A.K. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 646 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 646 2 Jones Jones NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 646 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 646 4 C.E. C.E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 647 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 647 2 Monfils Monfils NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 647 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 647 4 M.H. M.H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 648 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 648 2 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 648 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 648 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 649 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 649 2 Fear fear NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 649 3 conditioning condition VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 649 4 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 649 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 649 6 proxy proxy NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 649 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 649 8 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 649 9 transmission transmission NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 649 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 649 11 fear fear NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 649 12 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 649 13 memory memory NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 649 14 retrieval retrieval NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 649 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 649 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 650 1 Behavioural Behavioural NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 650 2 Brain Brain NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 650 3 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 650 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 651 1 214 214 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 651 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 651 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 651 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 651 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 651 6 80–84 80–84 NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 651 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 652 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 652 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 652 3 j.bbr.2010.04.047 j.bbr.2010.04.047 NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 652 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 653 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 653 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 653 3 2975564 2975564 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 653 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 654 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 654 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 654 3 20441779 20441779 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 654 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 655 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 655 2 Jeon Jeon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 655 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 655 4 D. D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 655 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 655 6 Kim Kim NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 655 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 655 8 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 655 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 655 10 Chetana Chetana NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 655 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 655 12 M. M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 655 13 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 655 14 Jo Jo NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 655 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 655 16 D. D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 655 17 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 655 18 Ruley Ruley NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 655 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 655 20 H.E. H.E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 656 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 656 2 Lin Lin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 656 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 656 4 S.Y. S.Y. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 657 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 657 2 Shin Shin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 657 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 657 4 H.S. H.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 658 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 658 2 Kinet Kinet NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 658 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 658 4 Jean Jean NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 658 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 658 6 Pierre Pierre NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 658 7 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 658 8 Shin Shin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 658 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 658 10 Hee Hee NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 658 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 658 12 Sup Sup NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 658 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 658 14 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 658 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 658 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 659 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 659 2 Observational observational JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 659 3 fear fear NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 659 4 learning learning NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 659 5 involves involve VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 659 6 affective affective JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 659 7 pain pain NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 659 8 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 659 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 659 10 Cav1.2 cav1.2 NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 659 11 Ca2 ca2 NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 659 12 + + SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 659 13 channels channel NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 659 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 659 15 ACC ACC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 659 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 659 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 660 1 Nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 660 2 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 660 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 661 1 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 661 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 661 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 661 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 661 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 661 6 482–488 482–488 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 661 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 662 1 doi:10.1038 doi:10.1038 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 662 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 662 3 nn.2504 nn.2504 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 662 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 663 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 663 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 663 3 2958925 2958925 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 663 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 664 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 664 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 664 3 20190743 20190743 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 664 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 665 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 665 2 Chen Chen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 665 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 665 4 Q. Q. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 665 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 665 6 Panksepp Panksepp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 665 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 665 8 J.B. J.B. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 665 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 665 10 Lahvis Lahvis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 665 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 665 12 G.P. G.P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 666 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 666 2 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 666 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 666 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 667 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 667 2 Empathy Empathy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 667 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 667 4 moderated moderate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 667 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 667 6 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 667 7 background background NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 667 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 667 9 mice mouse NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 667 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 667 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 668 1 PLOS PLOS NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 668 2 ONE one CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 668 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 669 1 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 669 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 669 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 669 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 669 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 669 6 e4387 e4387 NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 669 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 670 1 Bibcode:2009PLoSO Bibcode:2009PLoSO NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 670 2 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-8130 670 3 4.4387C. 4.4387c. CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 671 1 doi:10.1371 doi:10.1371 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 671 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 671 3 journal.pone.0004387 journal.pone.0004387 ADD en-wikipedia-org-8130 671 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 672 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 672 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 672 3 2633046 2633046 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 672 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 673 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 673 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 673 3 19209221 19209221 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 673 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 674 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 674 2 Smith Smith NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 674 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 674 4 A.V. A.V. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 674 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 674 6 Proops Proops NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 674 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 674 8 L. L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 674 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 674 10 Grounds Grounds NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 674 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 674 12 K. K. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 674 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 674 14 Wathan Wathan NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 674 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 674 16 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 674 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 674 18 McComb McComb NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 674 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 674 20 K. K. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 674 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 674 22 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 674 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 674 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 675 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 675 2 Functionally functionally RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 675 3 relevant relevant JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 675 4 responses response NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 675 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 675 6 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 675 7 facial facial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 675 8 expressions expression NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 675 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 675 10 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 675 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 675 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 675 13 domestic domestic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 675 14 horse horse NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 675 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 675 16 Equus Equus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 675 17 caballus caballus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 675 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 675 19 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 675 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 676 1 Biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 676 2 Letters letter NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 676 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 677 1 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 677 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 677 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 677 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 677 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 677 6 20150907 20150907 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 677 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 677 8 doi:10.1098 doi:10.1098 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 677 9 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 677 10 rsbl.2015.0907 rsbl.2015.0907 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 677 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 678 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 678 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 678 3 4780548 4780548 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 678 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 679 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 679 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 679 3 26864784.CS1 26864784.cs1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 679 4 maint maint NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 679 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 679 6 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 679 7 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 679 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 679 9 authors author NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 679 10 list list NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 679 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 679 12 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 679 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 679 14 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-8130 679 15 Bekoff Bekoff NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 679 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 679 17 Marc Marc NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 679 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 679 19 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 679 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 679 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 680 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 680 2 Emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 680 3 Lives life NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 680 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 680 5 Animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 680 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 681 1 Novato Novato NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 681 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 681 3 California California NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 681 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 681 5 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 681 6 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 681 7 Library Library NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 681 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 682 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 682 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 682 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 682 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 683 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 683 2 Orlaith Orlaith NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 683 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 683 4 N.F. N.F. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 684 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 684 2 Bugnyar Bugnyar NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 684 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 684 4 T. T. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 684 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 684 6 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 684 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 684 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 685 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 685 2 Do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 685 3 Ravens Ravens NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 685 4 Show show VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 685 5 Consolation Consolation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 685 6 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8130 686 1 Responses response NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 686 2 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 686 3 Distressed Distressed NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 686 4 Others Others NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 686 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 686 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 687 1 PLOS PLOS NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 687 2 ONE one CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 687 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 688 1 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 688 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 688 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 688 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 688 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 688 6 e10605 e10605 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 688 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 689 1 Bibcode:2010PLoSO bibcode:2010ploso NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 689 2 ... ... . en-wikipedia-org-8130 689 3 510605F. 510605f. XX en-wikipedia-org-8130 690 1 doi:10.1371 doi:10.1371 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 690 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 690 3 journal.pone.0010605 journal.pone.0010605 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 690 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 691 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 691 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 691 3 2868892 2868892 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 691 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 692 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 692 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 692 3 20485685 20485685 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 692 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 693 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 693 2 Edgar Edgar NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 693 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 693 4 J.L. J.L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 693 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 693 6 Paul Paul NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 693 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 693 8 E.S. E.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 694 1 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 694 2 Nicol Nicol NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 694 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 694 4 C.J. C.J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 695 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 695 2 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 695 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 695 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 696 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 696 2 Protective protective JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 696 3 mother mother NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 696 4 hens hen VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 696 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 696 6 Cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 696 7 influences influence NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 696 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 696 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 696 10 avian avian JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 696 11 maternal maternal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 696 12 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 696 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 696 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 697 1 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 697 2 Behaviour Behaviour NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 697 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 698 1 86 86 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 698 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 698 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 698 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 698 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 698 6 223–229 223–229 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 698 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 699 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 699 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 699 3 j.anbehav.2013.05.004 j.anbehav.2013.05.004 PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8130 699 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 700 1 ISSN issn NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 700 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 700 3 0003 0003 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 700 4 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 700 5 3472 3472 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 700 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 701 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 701 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 701 3 53179718.CS1 53179718.cs1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 701 4 maint maint NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 701 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 701 6 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 701 7 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 701 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 701 9 authors author NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 701 10 list list NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 701 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 701 12 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 701 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 701 14 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-8130 701 15 Edgar Edgar NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 701 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 701 17 J.L. J.L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 701 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 701 19 Lowe Lowe NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 701 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 701 21 J.C. J.C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 701 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 701 23 Paul Paul NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 701 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 701 25 E.S. E.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 702 1 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 702 2 Nicol Nicol NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 702 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 702 4 C.J. C.J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 703 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 703 2 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 703 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 703 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 704 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 704 2 Avian avian JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 704 3 maternal maternal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 704 4 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 704 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 704 6 chick chick NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 704 7 distress distress NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 704 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 704 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 705 1 Proceedings proceeding NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 705 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 705 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 705 4 Royal Royal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 705 5 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 705 6 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 705 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 705 8 Biological Biological NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 705 9 Sciences Sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 705 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 706 1 278 278 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 706 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 706 3 1721 1721 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 706 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 706 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 706 6 3129–3134 3129–3134 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 706 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 707 1 doi:10.1098 doi:10.1098 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 707 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 707 3 rspb.2010.2701 rspb.2010.2701 : en-wikipedia-org-8130 707 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 708 1 ISSN issn NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 708 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 708 3 0962 0962 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 708 4 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 708 5 8452 8452 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 708 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 709 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 709 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 709 3 3158930 3158930 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 709 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 710 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 710 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 710 3 21389025.CS1 21389025.cs1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 710 4 maint maint NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 710 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 710 6 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 710 7 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 710 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 710 9 authors author NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 710 10 list list NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 710 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 710 12 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 710 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 710 14 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 710 15 Broom Broom NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 710 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 710 17 D.M. D.M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 711 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 711 2 Fraser Fraser NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 711 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 711 4 A.F. A.F. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 712 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 712 2 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 712 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 712 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 713 1 Domestic Domestic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 713 2 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 713 3 Behaviour Behaviour NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 713 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 713 5 Welfare Welfare NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 713 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 713 7 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 713 8 ed ed NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 713 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 713 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 713 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 714 1 CABI CABI NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 714 2 Publishers Publishers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 714 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 715 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 715 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 716 1 42 42 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 716 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 716 3 53 53 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 716 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 716 5 188 188 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 716 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 717 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 717 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 717 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 717 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 717 5 1780645391 1780645391 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 717 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 718 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 718 2 Edgar Edgar NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 718 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 718 4 J.L. J.L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 718 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 718 6 Paul Paul NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 718 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 718 8 E.S. E.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 718 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 718 10 Harris Harris NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 718 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 718 12 L. L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 718 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 718 14 Penturn Penturn NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 718 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 718 16 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 718 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 718 18 Nicol Nicol NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 718 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 718 20 C.J. C.J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 719 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 719 2 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 719 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 719 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 720 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 720 2 No no DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 720 3 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 720 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 720 5 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 720 6 empathy empathy NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 720 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 720 8 chickens chicken NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 720 9 observing observe VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 720 10 familiar familiar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 720 11 adult adult NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 720 12 conspecifics conspecific NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 720 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 720 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 721 1 PLOS PLOS NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 721 2 ONE one CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 721 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 722 1 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 722 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 722 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 722 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 722 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 722 6 e31542 e31542 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 722 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 723 1 Bibcode:2012PLoSO bibcode:2012ploso NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 723 2 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-8130 723 3 731542E. 731542e. CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 724 1 doi:10.1371 doi:10.1371 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 724 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 724 3 journal.pone.0031542 journal.pone.0031542 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 724 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 725 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 725 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 725 3 3278448 3278448 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 725 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 726 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 726 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 726 3 22348100.CS1 22348100.cs1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 726 4 maint maint NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 726 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 726 6 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 726 7 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 726 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 726 9 authors author NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 726 10 list list NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 726 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 726 12 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 726 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 726 14 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-8130 726 15 Seligman Seligman NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 726 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 726 17 M. M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 726 18 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 726 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 726 20 1972 1972 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 726 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 726 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 727 1 Learned learn VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 727 2 helplessness helplessness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 727 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 728 1 Annual Annual NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 728 2 Review Review NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 728 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 728 4 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 728 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 728 6 207 207 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 728 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 728 8 412 412 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 728 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 729 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 729 2 Seligman Seligman NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 729 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 729 4 M. M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 729 5 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 729 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 729 7 Groves Groves NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 729 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 729 9 D. D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 729 10 P. P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 729 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 729 12 1970 1970 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 729 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 729 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 730 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 730 2 Nontransient Nontransient NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 730 3 learned learn VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 730 4 helplessness helplessness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 730 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 730 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 731 1 Psychonomic Psychonomic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 731 2 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 731 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 732 1 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 732 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 732 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 732 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 732 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 732 6 191–192 191–192 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 732 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 733 1 doi:10.3758 doi:10.3758 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 733 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 733 3 BF03335546 BF03335546 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 733 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 734 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8130 734 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 734 3 How how WRB en-wikipedia-org-8130 734 4 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 734 5 Avoid avoid VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 734 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 734 7 Dog Dog NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 734 8 Bite Bite NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 734 9 -Be -be NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 734 10 polite polite JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 734 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 734 12 pay pay VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 734 13 attention attention NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 734 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 734 15 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 734 16 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 734 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 734 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 735 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 735 2 Humane Humane NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 735 3 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 735 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 735 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 735 6 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 735 7 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 735 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 736 1 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 736 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 737 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 737 2 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 737 3 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 737 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 737 5 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 737 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 738 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8130 738 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 738 3 Dog Dog NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 738 4 bite bite NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 738 5 prevention prevention NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 738 6 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 738 7 canine canine NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 738 8 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 738 9 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 738 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 738 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 738 12 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 738 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 738 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 739 1 San San NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 739 2 Diego Diego NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 739 3 Humane Humane NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 739 4 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 739 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 740 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 740 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 740 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 740 4 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 740 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 740 6 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 740 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 740 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 740 9 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 740 10 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 740 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 740 12 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 740 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 741 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 741 2 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 741 3 30 30 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 741 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 741 5 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 741 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 742 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8130 742 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 742 3 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 742 4 Bill Bill NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 742 5 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 742 6 California California NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 742 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 742 8 Protect protect VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 742 9 Dogs dog NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 742 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 742 11 Police Police NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 742 12 Altercations Altercations NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 742 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 742 14 PetGuide PetGuide NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 742 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 742 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 743 1 PetGuide PetGuide NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 743 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 744 1 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 744 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 744 3 02 02 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 744 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 744 5 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 744 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 745 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 745 2 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 745 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 745 4 06 06 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 745 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 745 6 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 745 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 746 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 746 2 Guo Guo NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 746 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 746 4 K. K. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 746 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 746 6 Hall Hall NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 746 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 746 8 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 746 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 746 10 Hall Hall NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 746 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 746 12 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 746 13 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 746 14 Meints Meints NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 746 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 746 16 K. K. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 746 17 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 746 18 Mills Mills NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 746 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 746 20 D. D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 746 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 746 22 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 746 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 746 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 747 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 747 2 Left leave VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 747 3 gaze gaze JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 747 4 bias bias NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 747 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 747 6 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 747 7 infants infant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 747 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 747 9 rhesus rhesus NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 747 10 monkeys monkey NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 747 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 747 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 747 13 domestic domestic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 747 14 dogs dog NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 747 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 747 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 748 1 Perception perception NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 748 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 749 1 3 3 LS en-wikipedia-org-8130 749 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 750 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 750 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 750 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 750 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 750 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 750 6 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 750 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 750 8 07 07 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 750 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 750 10 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 750 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 751 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 751 2 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 751 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 751 4 06 06 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 751 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 751 6 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 751 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 752 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 752 2 Alleyne Alleyne NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 752 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 752 4 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 752 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 752 6 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 752 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 752 8 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 752 9 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 752 10 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 752 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 752 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 753 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 753 2 Dogs dog NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 753 3 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 753 4 read read VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 753 5 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 753 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 753 7 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 753 8 faces face NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 753 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 753 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 754 1 Daily Daily NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 754 2 Telegraph Telegraph NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 754 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 755 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 755 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 756 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 756 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 756 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 756 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 756 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 756 6 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 756 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 756 8 01 01 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 756 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 756 10 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 756 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 757 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 757 2 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 757 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 757 4 06 06 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 757 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 757 6 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 757 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 758 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 758 2 Svartberg Svartberg NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 758 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 758 4 K. K. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 758 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 758 6 Tapper Tapper NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 758 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 758 8 I. i. NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 758 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 758 10 Temrin Temrin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 758 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 758 12 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 758 13 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 758 14 Radesäter Radesäter NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 758 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 758 16 T. T. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 758 17 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 758 18 Thorman Thorman NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 758 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 758 20 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 758 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 758 22 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 758 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 758 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 759 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 759 2 Consistency consistency NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 759 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 759 4 personality personality NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 759 5 traits trait NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 759 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 759 7 dogs dog NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 759 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 759 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 760 1 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 760 2 Behaviour Behaviour NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 760 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 761 1 69 69 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 761 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 761 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 761 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 761 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 761 6 283–291 283–291 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 761 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 762 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 762 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 762 3 j.anbehav.2004.04.011 j.anbehav.2004.04.011 JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 762 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 763 1 S2CID S2CID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 763 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 763 3 53154729 53154729 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 763 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 764 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 764 2 Svartberga Svartberga NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 764 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 764 4 K. K. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 764 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 764 6 Forkman Forkman NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 764 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 764 8 B. B. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 765 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 765 2 2002 2002 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 765 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 765 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 766 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 766 2 Personality personality NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 766 3 traits trait NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 766 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 766 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 766 6 domestic domestic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 766 7 dog dog NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 766 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 766 9 Canis Canis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 766 10 familiaris familiaris NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 766 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 766 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 766 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 766 14 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 766 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 766 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 767 1 Applied Applied NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 767 2 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 767 3 Behaviour Behaviour NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 767 4 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 767 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 768 1 79 79 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 768 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 768 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 768 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 768 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 768 6 133–155 133–155 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 768 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 769 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 LS en-wikipedia-org-8130 769 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 769 3 S0168 S0168 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 769 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 769 5 1591(02)00121 1591(02)00121 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 769 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 769 7 1 1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 769 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 770 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 770 2 Albuquerque Albuquerque NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 770 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 770 4 N. N. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 770 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 770 6 Guo Guo NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 770 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 770 8 K. K. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 770 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 770 10 Wilkinson Wilkinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 770 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 770 12 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 770 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 770 14 Savalli Savalli NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 770 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 770 16 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 770 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 770 18 Otta Otta NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 770 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 770 20 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 770 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 770 22 Mills Mills NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 770 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 770 24 D. D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 770 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 770 26 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 770 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 770 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 771 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 771 2 Dogs dog NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 771 3 recognize recognize VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 771 4 dog dog NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 771 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 771 6 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 771 7 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 771 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 771 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 772 1 Biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 772 2 Letters letter NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 772 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 773 1 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 773 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 773 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 773 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 773 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 773 6 20150883 20150883 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 773 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 773 8 doi:10.1098 doi:10.1098 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 773 9 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 773 10 rsbl.2015.0883 rsbl.2015.0883 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 773 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 774 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 774 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 774 3 4785927 4785927 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 774 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 775 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 775 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 775 3 26763220.CS1 26763220.cs1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 775 4 maint maint NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 775 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 775 6 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 775 7 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 775 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 775 9 authors author NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 775 10 list list NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 775 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 775 12 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 775 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 775 14 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-8130 775 15 Coren Coren NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 775 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 775 17 Stanley Stanley NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 775 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 775 19 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 775 20 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 775 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 775 22 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 775 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 775 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 776 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 776 2 What what WDT en-wikipedia-org-8130 776 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 776 4 Wagging Wagging NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 776 5 Dog Dog NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 776 6 Tail Tail NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 776 7 Really Really NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 776 8 Means mean VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 776 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 776 10 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 776 11 Scientific Scientific NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 776 12 Data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 776 13 Specific Specific NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 776 14 tail tail NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 776 15 wags wag NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 776 16 provide provide VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 776 17 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 776 18 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 776 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 776 20 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 776 21 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 776 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 776 23 dogs dog NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 776 24 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 776 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 777 1 Psychology psychology NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 777 2 Today today NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 777 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 778 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 778 2 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 778 3 30 30 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 778 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 778 5 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 778 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 779 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 779 2 Berns Berns NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 779 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 779 4 G. G. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 779 5 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 779 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 779 7 Brooks Brooks NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 779 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 779 9 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 779 10 M. M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 779 11 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 779 12 Spivak Spivak NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 779 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 779 14 M. M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 779 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 779 16 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 779 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 779 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 780 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 780 2 Functional functional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 780 3 MRI MRI NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 780 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 780 5 Awake awake JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 780 6 Unrestrained unrestrained JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 780 7 Dogs Dogs NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 780 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 780 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 781 1 PLOS PLOS NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 781 2 ONE one CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 781 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 782 1 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 782 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 782 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 782 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 782 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 782 6 e38027 e38027 VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 782 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 783 1 Bibcode:2012PLoSO bibcode:2012ploso NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 783 2 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-8130 783 3 738027B. 738027B. '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 784 1 doi:10.1371 doi:10.1371 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 784 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 784 3 journal.pone.0038027 journal.pone.0038027 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 784 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 785 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 785 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 785 3 3350478 3350478 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 785 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 786 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 786 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 786 3 22606363 22606363 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 786 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 787 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 787 2 Douglas Douglas NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 787 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 787 4 Hamilton Hamilton NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 787 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 787 6 Iain Iain NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 787 7 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 787 8 Bhalla Bhalla NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 787 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 787 10 Shivani Shivani NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 787 11 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 787 12 Wittemyer Wittemyer NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 787 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 787 14 George George NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 787 15 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 787 16 Vollrath Vollrath NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 787 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 787 18 Fritz Fritz NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 787 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 787 20 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 787 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 787 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 788 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 788 2 Behavioural behavioural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 788 3 reactions reaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 788 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 788 5 elephants elephant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 788 6 towards towards IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 788 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 788 8 dying die VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 788 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 788 10 deceased deceased JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 788 11 matriarch matriarch NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 788 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 788 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 789 1 Applied Applied NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 789 2 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 789 3 Behaviour Behaviour NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 789 4 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 789 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 790 1 100 100 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 790 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 790 3 1–2 1–2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 790 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 790 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 790 6 87–102 87–102 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 790 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 791 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 791 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 791 3 j.applanim.2006.04.014 j.applanim.2006.04.014 NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 791 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 792 1 ISSN issn NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 792 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 792 3 0168 0168 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 792 4 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 792 5 1591 1591 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 792 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 793 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 793 2 Bates Bates NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 793 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 793 4 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 793 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 793 6 A. a. NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 794 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 794 2 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 794 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 794 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 795 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 795 2 Do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 795 3 Elephants elephant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 795 4 Show show VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 795 5 Empathy Empathy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 795 6 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8130 795 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 795 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 796 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 796 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 796 3 Consciousness Consciousness NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 796 4 Studies Studies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 796 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 797 1 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 797 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 797 3 204–225 204–225 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 797 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 798 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 798 2 Altenmüller Altenmüller NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 798 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 798 4 Eckart Eckart NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 798 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 799 1 Schmidt Schmidt NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 799 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 799 3 Sabine Sabine NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 799 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 800 1 Zimmermann Zimmermann NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 800 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 800 3 Elke Elke NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 800 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 801 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 801 2 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 801 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 801 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 802 1 Evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 802 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 802 3 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 802 4 communication communication NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 802 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 802 6 sounds sound NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 802 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 802 8 nonhuman nonhuman NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 802 9 mammals mammal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 802 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 802 11 speech speech NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 802 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 802 13 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 802 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 802 15 man man NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 802 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 803 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 803 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 803 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 803 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 804 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 804 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 804 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 804 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 804 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 804 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 804 7 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 804 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 804 9 174748 174748 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 804 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 804 11 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 804 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 805 1 OCLC oclc NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 805 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 805 3 940556012.CS1 940556012.cs1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 805 4 maint maint NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 805 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 805 6 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 805 7 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 805 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 805 9 authors author NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 805 10 list list NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 805 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 805 12 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 805 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 805 14 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 805 15 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 805 16 Cats cat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 805 17 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 805 18 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 805 19 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 805 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 805 21 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 805 22 finds find VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 805 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 805 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 806 1 LiveScience.com livescience.com ADD en-wikipedia-org-8130 806 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 807 1 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 807 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 808 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 808 2 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 808 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 808 4 07 07 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 808 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 808 6 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 808 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 809 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 809 2 Lion#cite Lion#cite NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 809 3 ref-105 ref-105 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 809 4 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 809 5 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 809 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 809 7 Source source NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 809 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 810 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 810 2 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 810 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 810 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 811 1 Cat cat NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 811 2 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 811 3   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 811 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 811 5 cats cat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 811 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 811 7 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 811 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 811 9 cat cat NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 811 10 communication communication NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 811 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 811 12 cat cat NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 811 13 intelligence intelligence NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 811 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 811 15 cat cat NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 811 16 pheromone pheromone NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 811 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 811 18 cat cat NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 811 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 812 1 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 812 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 812 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 812 4 Org Org NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 812 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 813 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 813 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 813 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 813 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 813 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 813 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 813 7 230 230 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 813 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 813 9 50106 50106 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 813 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 813 11 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 813 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 814 1 OCLC oclc NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 814 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 814 3 923780361 923780361 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 814 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 815 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 815 2 Fossat Fossat NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 815 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 815 4 P. P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 815 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 815 6 Bacqué Bacqué NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 815 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 815 8 Cazenave Cazenave NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 815 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 815 10 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 815 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 815 12 De De NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 815 13 Deurwaerdère Deurwaerdère NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 815 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 815 15 P. P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 815 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 815 17 Delbecque Delbecque NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 815 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 815 19 J.-P. J.-P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 815 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 815 21 Cattaert Cattaert NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 815 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 815 23 D. D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 815 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 815 25 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 815 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 815 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 816 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 816 2 Anxiety anxiety NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 816 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 816 4 like like JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 816 5 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 816 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 816 7 crayfish crayfish NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 816 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 816 9 controlled control VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 816 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 816 11 serotonin serotonin NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 816 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 816 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 817 1 Science science NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 817 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 818 1 344 344 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 818 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 818 3 6189 6189 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 818 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 818 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 818 6 1293–1297 1293–1297 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 818 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 819 1 Bibcode:2014Sci Bibcode:2014Sci NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 819 2 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-8130 819 3 344.1293F. 344.1293f. CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 820 1 doi:10.1126 doi:10.1126 VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 820 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 820 3 science.1248811 science.1248811 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 820 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 821 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 821 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 821 3 24926022 24926022 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 821 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 822 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 822 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 822 3 43094402.CS1 43094402.cs1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 822 4 maint maint NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 822 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 822 6 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 822 7 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 822 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 822 9 authors author NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 822 10 list list NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 822 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 822 12 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 822 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 822 14 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-8130 822 15 Sneddon Sneddon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 822 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 822 17 L.U. L.U. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 823 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 823 2 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 823 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 823 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 824 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 824 2 Pain pain NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 824 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 824 4 aquatic aquatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 824 5 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 824 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 824 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 825 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 825 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 825 3 Experimental Experimental NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 825 4 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 825 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 826 1 218 218 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 826 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 826 3 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 826 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 826 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 826 6 967–976 967–976 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 826 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 827 1 doi:10.1242 doi:10.1242 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 827 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 827 3 jeb.088823 jeb.088823 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 827 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 828 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 828 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 828 3 25833131 25833131 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 828 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 829 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 829 2 Fossat Fossat NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 829 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 829 4 P. P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 829 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 829 6 Bacqué Bacqué NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 829 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 829 8 Cazenave Cazenave NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 829 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 829 10 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 829 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 829 12 De De NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 829 13 Deurwaerdère Deurwaerdère NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 829 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 829 15 P. P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 829 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 829 17 Cattaert Cattaert NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 829 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 829 19 D. D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 829 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 829 21 Delbecque Delbecque NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 829 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 829 23 J.P. J.P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 829 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 829 25 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 829 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 829 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 830 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 830 2 Serotonin Serotonin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 830 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 830 4 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 830 5 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 830 6 dopamine dopamine NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 830 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 830 8 controls control VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 830 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 830 10 stress stress NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 830 11 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 830 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 830 13 anxiety anxiety NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 830 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 830 15 like like JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 830 16 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 830 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 830 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 830 19 crayfish crayfish NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 830 20 Procambarus Procambarus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 830 21 clarkii clarkii NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 830 22 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 830 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 831 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 831 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 831 3 Experimental Experimental NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 831 4 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 831 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 832 1 218 218 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 832 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 832 3 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 832 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 832 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 832 6 2745–2752 2745–2752 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 832 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 833 1 doi:10.1242 doi:10.1242 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 833 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 833 3 jeb.120550 jeb.120550 NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 833 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 834 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 834 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 834 3 26139659.CS1 26139659.cs1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 834 4 maint maint NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 834 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 834 6 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 834 7 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 834 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 834 9 authors author NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 834 10 list list NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 834 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 834 12 link link VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 834 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 834 14 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 834 15 reading[edit reading[edit VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 834 16 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 834 17 Bekoff Bekoff NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 834 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 834 19 M. M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 834 20 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 834 21 Jane Jane NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 834 22 Goodall Goodall NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 834 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 834 24 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 834 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 834 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 835 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 835 2 Emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 835 3 Lives life NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 835 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 835 5 Animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 835 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 836 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 836 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 836 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 836 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 836 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 836 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 836 7 57731 57731 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 836 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 836 9 502 502 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 836 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 836 11 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 836 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 837 1 Holland Holland NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 837 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 837 3 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 838 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 838 2 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 838 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 838 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 839 1 Unlikely Unlikely NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 839 2 Friendships friendship NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 839 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 839 4 50 50 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 839 5 Remarkable remarkable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 839 6 Stories story NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 839 7 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 839 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 839 9 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 839 10 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 839 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 840 1 Swirski Swirski NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 840 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 840 3 P. P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 840 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 840 5 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 840 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 840 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 841 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 841 2 You -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 841 3 'll will MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 841 4 Never never RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 841 5 Make make VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 841 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 841 7 Monkey monkey NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 841 8 Out out IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 841 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 841 10 Me -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8130 841 11 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 841 12 Altruism Altruism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 841 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 841 14 Proverbial Proverbial NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 841 15 Wisdom Wisdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 841 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 841 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 841 18 Bernard Bernard NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 841 19 Malamud Malamud NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 841 20 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8130 841 21 God God NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 841 22 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8130 841 23 Grace Grace NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 841 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 841 25 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 842 1 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 842 2 Utopia Utopia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 842 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 842 4 Social Social NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 842 5 Engineering Engineering NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 842 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 842 7 Literature Literature NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 842 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 842 9 Social Social NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 842 10 Thought Thought NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 842 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 842 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 842 13 Political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 842 14 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 842 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 843 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 843 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 843 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 843 4 Routledge Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 843 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 844 1 Mendl Mendl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 844 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 844 3 M. M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 844 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 844 5 Burman Burman NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 844 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 844 7 O.H.P. O.H.P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 845 1 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 845 2 Paul Paul NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 845 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 845 4 E.S. E.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 846 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 846 2 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 846 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 846 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 847 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 847 2 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 847 3 integrative integrative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 847 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 847 5 functional functional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 847 6 framework framework NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 847 7 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 847 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 847 9 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 847 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 847 11 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 847 12 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 847 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 847 14 mood mood NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 847 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 847 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 848 1 Proceedings proceeding NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 848 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 848 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 848 4 Royal Royal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 848 5 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 848 6 B. B. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 849 1 277 277 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 849 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 849 3 1696 1696 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 849 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 849 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 849 6 2895–2904 2895–2904 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 849 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 850 1 doi:10.1098 doi:10.1098 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 850 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 850 3 rspb.2010.0303 rspb.2010.0303 , en-wikipedia-org-8130 850 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 851 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 851 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 851 3 2982018 2982018 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 851 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 852 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 852 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 852 3 20685706.CS1 20685706.cs1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 852 4 maint maint NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 852 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 852 6 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 852 7 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 852 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 852 9 authors author NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 852 10 list list NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 852 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 852 12 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 852 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 852 14 Anderson Anderson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 852 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 852 16 D. D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 852 17 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 852 18 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8130 852 19 Adolphs Adolphs NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 852 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 852 21 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 852 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 852 23 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 852 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 852 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 853 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 853 2 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 853 3 framework framework NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 853 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 853 5 studying study VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 853 6 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 853 7 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 853 8 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 853 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 853 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 854 1 Cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 854 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 855 1 157 157 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 855 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 855 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 855 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 855 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 855 6 187–200 187–200 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 855 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 856 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 856 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 856 3 j.cell.2014.03.003 j.cell.2014.03.003 NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 856 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 857 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 857 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 857 3 4098837 4098837 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 857 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 858 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 858 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 858 3 24679535 24679535 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 858 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 859 1 Wohlleben Wohlleben NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 859 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 859 3 Peter Peter NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 859 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 859 5 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 859 6 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 859 7 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 859 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 859 9 07 07 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 859 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 859 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 860 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 860 2 Inner inner JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 860 3 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 860 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 860 5 Animals Animals NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 860 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 860 7 Love love NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 860 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 860 9 Grief Grief NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 860 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 860 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 860 12 Compassion compassion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 860 13 — — : en-wikipedia-org-8130 860 14 Surprising surprising JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 860 15 Observations observation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 860 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 860 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 860 18 Hidden Hidden NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 860 19 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 860 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 861 1 Greystone Greystone NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 861 2 Books Books NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 861 3 Ltd. Ltd. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 861 4 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 861 5   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 861 6 9781771643023 9781771643023 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 861 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 862 1 Lay Lay NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 862 2 summary summary NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 862 3 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8130 862 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 862 5 Washington Washington NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 862 6 Post Post NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 862 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 862 8 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 862 9 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8130 862 10 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 862 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 862 12 08 08 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 862 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 862 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 863 1 Foreword Foreword NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 863 2 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 863 3 Jeffrey Jeffrey NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 863 4 Moussaieff Moussaieff NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 863 5 Masson Masson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 863 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 864 1 First first RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 864 2 published publish VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 864 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 864 4 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 864 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 864 6 German German NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 864 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 864 8 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 864 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 864 10 title title NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 864 11 Das Das NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 864 12 Seelenleben Seelenleben NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 864 13 der der VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 864 14 Tiere Tiere NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 864 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 865 1 Translated translate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 865 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 865 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 865 4 German German NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 865 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 865 6 Jane Jane NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 865 7 Billinghurst Billinghurst NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 865 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 866 1 Safina Safina NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 866 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8130 866 3 Carl Carl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 866 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 866 5 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 866 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 866 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 867 1 Beyond beyond IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 867 2 Words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 867 3 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-8130 867 4 Animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 867 5 Think think VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 867 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 867 7 Feel feel VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 867 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 1 Henry Henry NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 2 Holt Holt NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 3 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 4 Company Company NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 5 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 6 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 7   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 8 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 10 0805098884 0805098884 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 12 v v NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 13 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 14 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 15 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 16 cognition cognition NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 17 Cognition Cognition NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 18 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 19 communication communication NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 20 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 21 consciousness consciousness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 22 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 23 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 24 Cognitive Cognitive NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 25 bias bias NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 27 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 28 Cognitive Cognitive NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 29 ethology ethology NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 30 Comparative comparative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 31 cognition cognition NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 32 Emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 34 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 35 Mirror Mirror NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 36 test test NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 37 Neuroethology Neuroethology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 38 Observational observational JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 39 learning learn VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 40 Tool tool NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 41 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 42 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 43 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 44 Vocal vocal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 45 learning learn VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 46 Intelligence Intelligence NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 47 Bird Bird NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 48 talking talk VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 49 Cat Cat NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 50 Cephalopod Cephalopod NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 51 Cetacean Cetacean NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 52 Dinosaur Dinosaur NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 53 Dog Dog NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 54 Elephant Elephant NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 55 Fish Fish NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 56 Primate Primate NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 57 Hominid Hominid NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 58 Swarm Swarm NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 59 Pain Pain NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 60 Pain Pain NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 61 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 62 amphibians amphibian NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 63 Pain Pain NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 64 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 65 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 66 Pain Pain NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 67 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 68 cephalopods cephalopod NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 69 Pain Pain NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 70 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 71 crustaceans crustacean NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 72 Pain Pain NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 73 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 74 fish fish NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 75 Pain Pain NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 76 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 77 invertebrates invertebrate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 78 Relation relation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 79 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 80 brain brain VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 81 Brain Brain NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 82 size size NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 83 Brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 84 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 85 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 86 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 87 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 88 mass mass NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 89 ratio ratio NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 90 Encephalization encephalization NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 91 quotient quotient NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 92 Neuroscience Neuroscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 93 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 94 intelligence intelligence NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 95 Number number NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 96 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 97 neurons neuron NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 98 Category category NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 99 v v NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 100 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 101 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 102 Emotions Emotions NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 103 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 104 list list NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 105 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 106 Emotions Emotions NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 107 Acceptance Acceptance NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 108 Adoration Adoration NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 109 Aesthetic Aesthetic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 110 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 111 Affection Affection NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 112 Agitation Agitation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 113 Agony Agony NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 114 Amusement Amusement NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 115 Anger Anger NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 116 Angst Angst NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 117 Anguish Anguish NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 118 Annoyance Annoyance NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 119 Anticipation Anticipation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 120 Anxiety Anxiety NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 121 Apathy Apathy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 122 Arousal Arousal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 123 Attraction Attraction NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 124 Awe Awe NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 125 Boredom Boredom NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 126 Calmness Calmness NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 127 Compassion Compassion NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 128 Confidence Confidence NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 129 Contempt Contempt NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 130 Contentment Contentment NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 131 Courage Courage NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 132 Cruelty Cruelty NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 133 Curiosity Curiosity NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 134 Defeat Defeat NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 135 Depression Depression NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 136 Desire Desire NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 137 Despair despair NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 138 Disappointment disappointment NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 139 Disgust Disgust MD en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 140 Distrust distrust NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 141 Ecstasy Ecstasy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 142 Embarrassment Embarrassment NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 143 Vicarious Vicarious NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 144 Empathy Empathy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 145 Enthrallment Enthrallment NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 146 Enthusiasm Enthusiasm NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 147 Envy Envy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 148 Euphoria Euphoria NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 149 Excitement Excitement NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 150 Fear Fear NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 151 Flow Flow NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 152 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 153 psychology psychology NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 154 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 155 Frustration Frustration NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 156 Gratification Gratification NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 157 Gratitude Gratitude NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 158 Greed Greed NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 159 Grief Grief NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 160 Guilt Guilt NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 161 Happiness Happiness NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 162 Hatred Hatred NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 163 Hiraeth Hiraeth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 164 Homesickness Homesickness NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 165 Hope Hope NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 166 Horror Horror NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 167 Hostility Hostility NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 168 Humiliation Humiliation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 169 Hygge Hygge NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 170 Hysteria Hysteria NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 171 Indulgence Indulgence NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 172 Infatuation Infatuation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 173 Insecurity Insecurity NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 174 Inspiration Inspiration NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 175 Interest Interest NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 176 Irritation Irritation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 177 Isolation isolation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 178 Jealousy jealousy NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 179 Joy Joy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 180 Kindness Kindness NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 181 Loneliness Loneliness NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 182 Longing Longing NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 183 Love love NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 184 Limerence Limerence NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 185 Lust Lust NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 186 Mono Mono NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 187 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 188 aware aware JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 189 Neglect Neglect NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 190 Nostalgia Nostalgia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 191 Outrage Outrage NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 192 Panic Panic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 193 Passion Passion NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 194 Pity Pity NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 195 Self self NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 196 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 197 pity pity NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 198 Pleasure Pleasure NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 199 Pride Pride NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 200 Grandiosity Grandiosity NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 201 Hubris Hubris NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 202 Insult Insult NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 203 Vanity Vanity NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 204 Rage rage NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 205 Regret Regret NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 206 Social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 207 connection connection NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 208 Rejection rejection NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 209 Remorse Remorse NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 210 Resentment Resentment NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 211 Sadness Sadness NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 212 Melancholy Melancholy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 213 Saudade Saudade NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 214 Schadenfreude Schadenfreude NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 215 Sehnsucht Sehnsucht NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 216 Self self NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 217 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 218 confidence confidence NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 219 Sentimentality Sentimentality NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 220 Shame Shame NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 221 Shock Shock NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 222 Shyness Shyness NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 223 Sorrow Sorrow NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 224 Spite spite NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 225 Stress stress NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 226 Suffering Suffering NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 227 Surprise Surprise NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 228 Sympathy Sympathy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 229 Tenseness Tenseness NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 230 Trust Trust NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 231 Wonder Wonder NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 232 Worry worry NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 233 World world NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 234 views view VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 235 Cynicism Cynicism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 236 Defeatism Defeatism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 237 Nihilism Nihilism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 238 Optimism Optimism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 239 Pessimism Pessimism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 240 Reclusion Reclusion NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 241 Weltschmerz Weltschmerz NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 242 Related Related NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 243 Affect Affect NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 244 consciousness consciousness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 245 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 246 education education NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 247 measures measure NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 248 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 249 psychology psychology NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 250 Affective affective JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 251 computing computing NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 252 forecasting forecasting NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 253 neuroscience neuroscience NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 254 science science NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 255 spectrum spectrum NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 256 Affectivity Affectivity NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 257 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 258 negative negative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 259 Appeal appeal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 260 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 261 emotion emotion VB en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 262 Emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 263 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 264 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 265 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 266 memory memory NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 267 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 268 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 269 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 270 sex sex NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 271 classification classification NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 272 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 273 expressed express VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 274 functional functional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 275 accounts account NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 276 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 277 homeostatic homeostatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 278 perception perception NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 279 recognition recognition NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 280 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 281 conversation conversation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 282 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 283 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 284 regulation regulation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 285 interpersonal interpersonal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 286 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 287 Emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 288 aperture aperture NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 289 bias bias NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 290 blackmail blackmail VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 291 competence competence NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 292 conflict conflict NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 293 contagion contagion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 294 detachment detachment NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 295 dysregulation dysregulation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 296 eating eat VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 297 exhaustion exhaustion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 298 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 299 intelligence intelligence NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 300 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 301 bullying bully VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 302 intimacy intimacy NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 303 isolation isolation NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 304 lability lability NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 305 labor labor NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 306 lateralization lateralization NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 307 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 308 prosody prosody NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 309 reasoning reason VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 310 responsivity responsivity NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 311 security security NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 312 selection selection NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 313 symbiosis symbiosis NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 314 well well NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 315 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 316 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 317 Emotionality Emotionality NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 318 bounded bound VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 319 Emotions Emotions NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 320 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 321 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 322 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 323 decision decision NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 324 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 325 making making NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 326 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 327 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 328 workplace workplace NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 329 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 330 virtual virtual JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 331 communication communication NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 332 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 333 moral moral JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 334 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 335 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 336 conscious conscious JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 337 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 338 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 339 sharing share VBG en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 340 sociology sociology NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 341 Feeling Feeling NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 342 Gender gender NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 343 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 344 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 345 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 346 Group Group NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 347 affective affective JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 348 tone tone NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 349 Interactions Interactions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 350 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 351 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 352 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 353 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 354 executive executive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 355 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 356 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 357 Meta Meta NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 358 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 359 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 360 Pathognomy Pathognomy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 361 Pathos Pathos NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 362 Social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 363 emotional emotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 364 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 365 Stoic stoic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 366 passions passion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 367 Theory Theory NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 368 affect affect VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 369 appraisal appraisal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 370 discrete discrete JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 371 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 372 somatic somatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 373 marker marker NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 374 constructed construct VBD en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 375 emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 376 v v IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 377 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 378 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 379 Ethology Ethology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 380 Branches Branches NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 381 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 382 cognition cognition NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 383 Animal animal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 384 communication communication NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 385 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 386 consciousness consciousness NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 387 Animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 388 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 389 Animal animal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 390 sexual sexual JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 391 behaviour behaviour NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 392 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 393 welfare welfare NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 394 science science NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 395 Anthrozoology Anthrozoology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 396 Bee Bee NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 397 learning learning NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 398 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 399 communication communication NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 400 Behavioural behavioural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 401 ecology ecology NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 402 Behavioural behavioural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 403 genetics genetics NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 404 Cognitive cognitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 405 ethology ethology NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 406 Comparative comparative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 407 psychology psychology NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 408 Emotion emotion NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 409 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 410 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 411 Evolutionary evolutionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 412 neuroscience neuroscience VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 413 Human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 414 ethology ethology NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 415 Instinct Instinct NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 416 Learning Learning NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 417 Neuroethology Neuroethology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 418 Pain Pain NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 419 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 420 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 421 Sociobiology Sociobiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 422 Tool Tool NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 423 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 424 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 425 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 426 Zoosemiotics Zoosemiotics NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 427 Zoomusicology Zoomusicology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 428 Ethologists Ethologists NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 429 Patrick Patrick NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 430 Bateson Bateson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 431 Marc Marc NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 432 Bekoff Bekoff NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 433 Donald Donald NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 434 Broom Broom NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 435 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 436 B. B. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 437 Calhoun Calhoun NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 438 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 439 Darwin Darwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 440 Marian Marian NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 441 Dawkins Dawkins NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 442 Richard Richard NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 443 Dawkins Dawkins NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 444 Irenäus Irenäus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 445 Eibl Eibl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 446 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 447 Eibesfeldt Eibesfeldt NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 448 Dian Dian NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 449 Fossey Fossey NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 450 Karl Karl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 451 von von NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 452 Frisch Frisch NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 453 Jane Jane NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 454 Goodall Goodall NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 455 Heini Heini NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 456 Hediger Hediger NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 457 Julian julian JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 458 Huxley Huxley NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 459 Konrad Konrad NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 460 Lorenz Lorenz NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 461 Desmond Desmond NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 462 Morris Morris NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 463 Thomas Thomas NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 464 Sebeok Sebeok NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 465 William William NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 466 Homan Homan NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 467 Thorpe Thorpe VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 468 Nikolaas Nikolaas NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 469 Tinbergen Tinbergen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 470 Jakob Jakob NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 471 von von NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 472 Uexküll Uexküll NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 473 Wolfgang Wolfgang NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 474 Wickler Wickler NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 475 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 476 O. O. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 477 Wilson Wilson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 478 Solly Solly NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 479 Zuckerman Zuckerman NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 480 Societies Societies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 481 Association Association NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 482 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 483 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 484 Study Study NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 485 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 486 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 487 Behaviour Behaviour NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 488 International International NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 489 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 490 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 491 Applied Applied NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 492 Ethology Ethology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 493 Journals Journals NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 494 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 495 Behaviour Behaviour NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 496 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 497 Cognition Cognition NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 498 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 499 Welfare Welfare NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 500 Behavioral Behavioral NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 501 Ecology Ecology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 502 Behaviour Behaviour NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 503 Category Category NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 504 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 505 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 506 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 507 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emotion_in_animals&oldid=993416113 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emotion_in_animals&oldid=993416113 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 508 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 509 Categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 510 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 511 Animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 512 emotions emotion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 513 Animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 514 welfare welfare NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 515 Behavioural behavioural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 516 sciences science NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 517 Emotion Emotion NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 518 Ethology Ethology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 519 Animals Animals NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 520 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 521 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 522 Love love VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 523 Pets Pets NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 524 Zoology Zoology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 525 Hidden hide VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 526 categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 527 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 528 CS1 cs1 NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 529 maint maint NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 530 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 531 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 532 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 533 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 534 authors author NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 535 list list VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 536 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 537 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 538 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 539 dead dead JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 540 external external JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 541 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 542 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 543 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 544 dead dead JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 545 external external JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 546 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 547 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 548 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 549 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 550 Articles Articles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 551 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 552 permanently permanently RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 553 dead dead JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 554 external external JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 555 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 556 Articles article NNS 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577 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 578 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 579 menu menu NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 580 Personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 581 tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 582 Not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 583 logged log VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 584 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 585 Talk Talk NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 586 Contributions Contributions NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 587 Create Create NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 588 account account NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 589 Log Log NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 590 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 591 Namespaces Namespaces NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 592 Article Article NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 593 Talk talk NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 594 Variants variant VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 595 Views view NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 596 Read read VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 597 Edit edit NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 598 View View NNP 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en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 620 Community community NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 621 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 622 Recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 623 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 624 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 625 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 626 Tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 627 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 628 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 629 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 630 Related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 631 changes change VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 632 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 633 file file VBP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 634 Special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 635 pages page NNS en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 636 Permanent permanent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 637 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 638 Page Page NNP en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 639 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-8130 868 640 Cite cite VB 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