id sid tid token lemma pos en-wikipedia-org-8287 1 1 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1 3 Wikipedia wikipedia NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1 4 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1 5 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1 6 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1 9 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1 10 encyclopedia encyclopedia NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1 11 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1 13 navigation navigation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1 14 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 1 16 search search VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1 17 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1 18 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1 19 uses use NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1 21 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1 22 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1 24 disambiguation disambiguation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 2 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 2 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 2 3 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 2 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 2 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 2 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 2 7 personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 2 8 sense sense NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 2 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 2 10 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 2 11 Personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 2 12 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 2 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 2 14 Everyday everyday JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 2 15 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 2 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 3 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 3 2 technical technical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 3 3 reasons reason NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 3 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 3 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 3 6 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 3 7 # # NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 3 8 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 3 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 3 10 redirects redirect NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 3 11 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 3 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 4 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 4 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 4 3 song song NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 4 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 4 5 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 4 6 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 4 7 Number Number NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 4 8 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 4 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 5 1 Characteristic characteristic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 5 2 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 5 3 distinguishes distinguish VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 5 4 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 5 5 entities entity NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 5 6 having have VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 5 7 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 5 8 processes process NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 5 9 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 5 10 Temporal Temporal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 5 11 range range NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 5 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 5 13 4280–0 4280–0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 5 14   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 5 15 Ma Ma NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 5 16 Pha Pha NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 5 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 6 1 Proterozoic Proterozoic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 6 2 Archean Archean NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 6 3 Had'n Had'n NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 6 4 Hadean Hadean NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 6 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 6 6 Present Present NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 6 7 Plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 6 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 6 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 6 10 Rwenzori Rwenzori NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 6 11 Mountains Mountains NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 6 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 6 13 Uganda Uganda NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 6 14 Scientific Scientific NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 6 15 classification classification NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 6 16 Domains domain NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 6 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 6 18 Supergroups Supergroups NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 6 19 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 6 20 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 6 21 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 6 22 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 6 23 Non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 6 24 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 6 25 cellular cellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 6 26 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 6 27 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 2 note note NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 3 1][note 1][note CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 4 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 6 Viruses[note viruses[note CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 7 3 3 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 8 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 9 Viroids Viroids NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 10 Cellular Cellular NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 11 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 12 Domain Domain NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 13 Bacteria Bacteria NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 14 Domain Domain NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 15 Archaea Archaea NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 16 Domain Domain NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 17 Eukarya Eukarya NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 18 Archaeplastida Archaeplastida NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 19 SAR SAR NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 20 Excavata Excavata NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 21 Amoebozoa Amoebozoa NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 22 Opisthokonta Opisthokonta NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 23 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 24 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 25 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 26 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 29 series series NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 30 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 31 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 32 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 35 Universe Universe NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 36 Astrobiology Astrobiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 37 Habitability Habitability NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 38 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 40 Solar Solar NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 41 System System NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 42 Habitability Habitability NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 43 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 44 Mercury Mercury NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 45 Habitability Habitability NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 46 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 47 Venus Venus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 48 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 49 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 50 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 51 Habitability Habitability NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 52 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 53 Mars Mars NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 54 Habitability Habitability NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 55 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 56 Enceladus Enceladus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 57 Habitability Habitability NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 58 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 59 Europa Europa NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 60 Habitability Habitability NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 61 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 62 Titan Titan NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 63 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 64 outside outside IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 65 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 66 Solar Solar NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 67 System System NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 68 Circumstellar Circumstellar NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 69 habitable habitable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 70 zone zone NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 71 Exoplanetology Exoplanetology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 72 Planetary Planetary NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 73 habitability habitability NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 74 SETI SETI NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 75 v v IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 76 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 77 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 78 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 79 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 80 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 81 characteristic characteristic NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 82 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 83 distinguishes distinguish VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 84 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 85 entities entity NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 86 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 87 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 88 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 89 processes process NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 90 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 91 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 92 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 93 signaling signaling NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 94 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 95 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 96 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 97 sustaining sustain VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 98 processes process NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 99 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 100 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 101 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 102 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 103 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 104 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 105 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 106 either either RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 107 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 108 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 109 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 110 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 111 ceased cease VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 112 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 113 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 114 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 115 died die VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 116 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 117 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 118 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 119 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 120 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 121 never never RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 122 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 123 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 124 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 125 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 126 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 127 classified classify VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 128 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 129 inanimate inanimate JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 7 130 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 8 1 Various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 8 2 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 8 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 8 4 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 8 5 exist exist VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 8 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 8 7 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 8 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 8 9 plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 8 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 8 11 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 8 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 8 13 fungi fungus NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 8 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 8 15 protists protist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 8 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 8 17 archaea archaea NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 8 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 8 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 8 20 bacteria bacteria NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 8 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 9 1 Biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 9 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 9 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 9 4 science science NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 9 5 concerned concern VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 9 6 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 9 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 9 8 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 9 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 9 10 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 9 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 10 1 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-8287 10 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 10 3 currently currently RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 10 4 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 10 5 consensus consensus NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 10 6 regarding regard VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 10 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 10 8 definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 10 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 10 10 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 10 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 1 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 2 popular popular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 3 definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 5 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 6 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 8 open open JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 9 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 10 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 11 maintain maintain VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 12 homeostasis homeostasis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 14 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 15 composed compose VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 17 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 19 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 21 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 22 cycle cycle NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 24 undergo undergo VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 25 metabolism metabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 27 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 28 grow grow VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 30 adapt adapt VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 31 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 32 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 33 environment environment NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 35 respond respond VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 36 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 37 stimuli stimulus NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 39 reproduce reproduce VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 40 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 41 evolve evolve VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 11 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 12 1 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 12 2 definitions definition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 12 3 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 12 4 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 12 5 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 12 6 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 12 7 cellular cellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 12 8 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 12 9 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 12 10 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 12 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 12 12 viruses virus NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 12 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 12 14 viroids viroid NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 12 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 13 1 Abiogenesis abiogenesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 13 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 13 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 13 4 natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 13 5 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 13 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 13 7 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 13 8 arising arise VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 13 9 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 13 10 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 13 11 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 13 12 living living JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 13 13 matter matter NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 13 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 13 15 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 13 16 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 13 17 simple simple JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 13 18 organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 13 19 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 13 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 14 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 14 2 prevailing prevail VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 14 3 scientific scientific JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 14 4 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 14 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 14 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 14 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 14 8 transition transition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 14 9 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 14 10 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 14 11 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 14 12 living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 14 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 14 14 living living NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 14 15 entities entity NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 14 16 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 14 17 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 14 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 14 19 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 14 20 event event NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 14 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 14 22 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 14 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 14 24 gradual gradual JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 14 25 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 14 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 14 27 increasing increase VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 14 28 complexity complexity NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 14 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 1 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 2 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 3 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 4 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 5 appeared appear VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 6 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 7 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 9 4.28 4.28 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 10 billion billion CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 11 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 12 ago ago RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 14 soon soon RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 15 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 16 ocean ocean NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 17 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 18 4.41 4.41 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 19 billion billion CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 20 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 21 ago ago RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 24 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 25 long long RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 26 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 28 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 31 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 32 4.54 4.54 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 33 billion billion CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 34 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 35 ago ago RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 15 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 16 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 16 2 1][2][3][4 1][2][3][4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 16 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 16 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 16 5 earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 16 6 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 16 7 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 16 8 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 16 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 16 10 microfossils microfossil NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 16 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 16 12 bacteria bacteria NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 16 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 2 5][6 5][6 VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 4 Researchers researcher NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 5 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 6 think think VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 8 current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 9 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 10 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 11 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 12 descends descend VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 13 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 14 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 15 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 16 world,[7 world,[7 NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 17 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 18 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 19 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 21 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 22 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 23 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 24 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 25 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 26 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 28 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 29 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 30 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 31 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 32 existed exist VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 17 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 2 8][9 8][9 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 5 classic classic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 6 1952 1952 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 7 Miller Miller NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 8 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 9 Urey Urey NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 10 experiment experiment NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 12 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 13 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 14 demonstrated demonstrate VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 15 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 16 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 17 amino amino JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 18 acids acid NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 21 chemical chemical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 22 constituents constituent NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 25 proteins protein NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 26 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 28 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 29 living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 30 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 32 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 33 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 34 synthesized synthesize VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 35 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 36 inorganic inorganic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 37 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 38 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 39 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 40 intended intend VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 41 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 42 replicate replicate VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 43 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 44 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 46 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 47 Earth earth NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 18 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 19 1 Complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 19 2 organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 19 3 molecules molecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 19 4 occur occur VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 19 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 19 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 19 7 Solar Solar NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 19 8 System System NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 19 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 19 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 19 11 interstellar interstellar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 19 12 space space NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 19 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 19 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 19 15 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 19 16 molecules molecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 19 17 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 19 18 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 19 19 provided provide VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 19 20 starting start VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 19 21 material material NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 19 22 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 19 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 19 24 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 19 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 19 26 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 19 27 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 19 28 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 19 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 2 10][11][12][13 10][11][12][13 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 4 Since since IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 5 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 6 primordial primordial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 7 beginnings beginning NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 9 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 10 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 11 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 12 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 13 changed change VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 14 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 15 environment environment NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 16 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 18 geologic geologic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 19 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 20 scale scale NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 22 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 23 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 24 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 25 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 26 adapted adapt VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 27 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 28 survive survive VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 30 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 31 ecosystems ecosystem NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 33 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 20 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 21 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 21 2 microorganisms microorganism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 21 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 21 4 called call VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 21 5 extremophiles extremophile NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 21 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 21 7 thrive thrive VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 21 8 in in RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 21 9 physically physically RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 21 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 21 11 geochemically geochemically RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 21 12 extreme extreme JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 21 13 environments environment NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 21 14 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 21 15 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 21 16 detrimental detrimental JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 21 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 21 18 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 21 19 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 21 20 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 21 21 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 21 22 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 21 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 22 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 22 2 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 22 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 22 4 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 22 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 22 6 structural structural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 22 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 22 8 functional functional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 22 9 unit unit NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 22 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 22 11 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 22 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 2 14][15 14][15 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 4 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 6 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 7 kinds kind NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 9 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 11 prokaryotic prokaryotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 13 eukaryotic eukaryotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 15 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 17 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 18 consist consist VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 20 cytoplasm cytoplasm NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 21 enclosed enclose VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 22 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 24 membrane membrane NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 26 contain contain VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 27 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 28 biomolecules biomolecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 29 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 30 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 31 proteins protein NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 33 nucleic nucleic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 34 acids acid NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 23 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 24 1 Cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 24 2 reproduce reproduce VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 24 3 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 24 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 24 5 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 24 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 24 7 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 24 8 division division NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 24 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 24 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 24 11 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 24 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 24 13 parent parent NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 24 14 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 24 15 divides divide VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 24 16 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 24 17 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 24 18 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 24 19 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-8287 24 20 daughter daughter NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 24 21 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 24 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 3 past past NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 5 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 6 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 7 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 8 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 9 attempts attempt NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 11 define define VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 12 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 14 meant mean VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 15 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 16 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 17 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 19 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 20 obsolete obsolete JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 21 concepts concept NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 22 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 23 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 24 odic odic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 25 force force NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 27 hylomorphism hylomorphism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 29 spontaneous spontaneous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 30 generation generation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 32 vitalism vitalism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 34 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 35 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 36 now now RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 37 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 38 disproved disprove VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 39 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 40 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 41 discoveries discovery NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 25 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 26 1 Aristotle Aristotle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 26 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 26 3 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 26 4 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 26 5 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 26 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 26 7 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 26 8 person person NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 26 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 26 10 classify classify VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 26 11 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 26 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 27 1 Later later RBR en-wikipedia-org-8287 27 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 27 3 Carl Carl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 27 4 Linnaeus Linnaeus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 27 5 introduced introduce VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 27 6 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 27 7 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 27 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 27 9 binomial binomial NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 27 10 nomenclature nomenclature NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 27 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 27 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 27 13 classification classification NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 27 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 27 15 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 27 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 28 1 Eventually eventually RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 28 2 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 28 3 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 28 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 28 5 categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 28 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 28 7 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 28 8 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 28 9 discovered discover VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 28 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 28 11 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 28 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 28 13 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 28 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 28 15 microorganisms microorganism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 28 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 28 17 forcing force VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 28 18 dramatic dramatic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 28 19 revisions revision NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 28 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 28 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 28 22 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 28 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 28 24 relationships relationship NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 28 25 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 28 26 living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 28 27 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 28 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 29 1 Though though IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 29 2 currently currently RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 29 3 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 29 4 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 29 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 29 6 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 29 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 29 8 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 29 9 need nee MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 29 10 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 29 11 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 29 12 restricted restrict VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 29 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 29 14 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 29 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 29 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 29 17 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 29 18 scientists scientist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 29 19 speculate speculate VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 29 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 29 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 29 22 existence existence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 29 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 29 24 extraterrestrial extraterrestrial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 29 25 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 29 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 30 1 Artificial artificial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 30 2 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 30 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 30 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 30 5 computer computer NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 30 6 simulation simulation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 30 7 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 30 8 human human NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 30 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 30 10 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 30 11 reconstruction reconstruction NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 30 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 30 13 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 30 14 aspect aspect NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 30 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 30 16 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 30 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 30 18 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 30 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 30 20 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 30 21 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 30 22 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 30 23 examine examine VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 30 24 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 30 25 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 30 26 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 30 27 natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 30 28 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 30 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 31 1 Death death NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 31 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 31 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 31 4 permanent permanent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 31 5 termination termination NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 31 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 31 7 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 31 8 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 31 9 processes process NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 31 10 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 31 11 sustain sustain VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 31 12 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 31 13 organism organism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 31 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 31 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 31 16 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 31 17 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 31 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 31 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 31 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 31 21 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 31 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 31 23 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 31 24 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 31 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 32 1 Extinction extinction NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 32 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 32 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 32 4 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 32 5 describing describe VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 32 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 32 7 dying dying NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 32 8 out out IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 32 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 32 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 32 11 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 32 12 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 32 13 taxon taxon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 32 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 32 15 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 32 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 32 17 species species NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 32 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 33 1 Fossils fossil NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 33 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 33 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 33 4 preserved preserve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 33 5 remains remain NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 33 6 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 33 7 traces trace NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 33 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 33 9 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 33 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 1 Contents content NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 2 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 3 Definitions definition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 4 1.1 1.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 5 Biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 6 1.1.1 1.1.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 7 Alternative alternative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 8 definitions definition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 9 1.1.2 1.1.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 10 Viruses Viruses NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 11 1.2 1.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 12 Biophysics Biophysics NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 13 1.3 1.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 14 Living living NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 15 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 16 theories theory NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 17 1.3.1 1.3.1 VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 18 Gaia Gaia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 19 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 20 1.3.2 1.3.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 21 Nonfractionability Nonfractionability NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 22 1.3.3 1.3.3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 23 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 24 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 26 property property NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 28 ecosystems ecosystem NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 29 1.3.4 1.3.4 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 30 Complex Complex NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 31 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 32 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 33 1.3.5 1.3.5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 34 Darwinian darwinian JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 35 dynamic dynamic NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 36 1.3.6 1.3.6 NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 37 Operator operator NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 38 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 39 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 40 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 41 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 42 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 43 2.1 2.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 44 Materialism Materialism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 45 2.2 2.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 46 Hylomorphism Hylomorphism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 47 2.3 2.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 48 Spontaneous spontaneous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 49 generation generation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 50 2.4 2.4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 51 Vitalism vitalism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 52 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 53 Origin origin NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 54 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 55 Environmental environmental JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 56 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 57 4.1 4.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 58 Biosphere biosphere $ en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 59 4.2 4.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 60 Range range NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 61 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 62 tolerance tolerance NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 63 4.3 4.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 64 Extremophiles extremophile NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 65 4.4 4.4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 66 Chemical Chemical NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 67 elements element NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 68 4.4.1 4.4.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 69 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 70 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 71 Classification Classification NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 72 5.1 5.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 73 Antiquity Antiquity NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 74 5.2 5.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 75 Linnaean Linnaean NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 76 5.3 5.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 77 Cladistic cladistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 78 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 79 Cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 80 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 81 Extraterrestrial extraterrestrial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 82 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 83 Artificial artificial NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 84 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 85 Death Death NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 86 9.1 9.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 87 Extinction Extinction NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 88 9.2 9.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 89 Fossils fossil NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 90 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 91 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 92 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 93 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 94 Notes note NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 95 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 96 References reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 97 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 98 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 99 reading read VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 100 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 101 External external JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 102 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 103 Definitions definition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 104 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 105 definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 106 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 107 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 108 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 109 long long RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 110 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 111 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 112 challenge challenge NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 113 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 114 scientists scientist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 115 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 116 philosophers philosopher NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 117 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 118 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 119 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 120 varied varied JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 121 definitions definition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 122 put put VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 123 forward forward RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 34 124 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 35 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 35 2 16][17][18 16][17][18 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 35 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 35 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 35 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 35 6 partially partially RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 35 7 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 35 8 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 35 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 35 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 35 11 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 35 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 35 13 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 35 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 35 15 substance substance NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 35 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 36 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 36 2 19][20][21 19][20][21 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 36 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 36 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 36 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 36 6 complicated complicate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 36 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 36 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 36 9 lack lack NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 36 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 36 11 knowledge knowledge NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 36 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 36 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 36 14 characteristics characteristic NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 36 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 36 16 living living NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 36 17 entities entity NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 36 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 36 19 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 36 20 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 36 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 36 22 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 36 23 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 36 24 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 36 25 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 36 26 outside outside RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 36 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 36 28 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 36 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 37 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 37 2 22][23 22][23 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 37 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 37 4 Philosophical philosophical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 37 5 definitions definition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 37 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 37 7 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 37 8 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 37 9 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 37 10 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 37 11 put put VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 37 12 forward forward RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 37 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 37 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 37 15 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 37 16 difficulties difficulty NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 37 17 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 37 18 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 37 19 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 37 20 distinguish distinguish VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 37 21 living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 37 22 things thing NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 37 23 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 37 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 37 25 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 37 26 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 37 27 living living JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 37 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 2 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 4 Legal legal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 5 definitions definition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 7 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 8 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 9 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 10 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 11 described describe VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 13 debated debate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 15 though though IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 16 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 17 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 18 focus focus VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 19 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 21 decision decision NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 22 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 23 declare declare VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 25 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 26 dead dead NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 30 legal legal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 31 ramifications ramification NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 33 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 34 decision decision NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 38 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 39 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 39 2 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 39 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 39 4 Biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 39 5 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 39 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 39 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 39 8 Organism organism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 39 9 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 39 10 characteristics characteristic NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 39 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 39 12 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 39 13 Since since IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 39 14 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-8287 39 15 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 39 16 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 39 17 unequivocal unequivocal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 39 18 definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 39 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 39 20 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 39 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 39 22 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 39 23 current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 39 24 definitions definition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 39 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 39 26 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 39 27 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 39 28 descriptive descriptive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 39 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 40 1 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 40 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 40 3 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 40 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 40 5 characteristic characteristic NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 40 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 40 7 something something NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 40 8 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 40 9 preserves preserve NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 40 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 40 11 furthers further NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 40 12 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 40 13 reinforces reinforce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 40 14 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 40 15 existence existence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 40 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 40 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 40 18 given give VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 40 19 environment environment NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 40 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 2 characteristic characteristic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 3 exhibits exhibit VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 4 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 5 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 6 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 9 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 10 traits:[18][26][27][28][29][30][31 traits:[18][26][27][28][29][30][31 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 11 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 12 Homeostasis homeostasis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 13 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 14 regulation regulation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 17 internal internal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 18 environment environment NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 19 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 20 maintain maintain VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 22 constant constant JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 23 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 24 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 25 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 26 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 28 sweating sweat VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 29 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 30 reduce reduce VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 31 temperature temperature NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 32 Organization Organization NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 33 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 34 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 35 structurally structurally RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 36 composed compose VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 38 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 39 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 40 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 41 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 42   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 43 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 44 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 45 basic basic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 46 units unit NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 47 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 48 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 49 Metabolism metabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 50 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 51 transformation transformation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 52 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 53 energy energy NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 54 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 55 converting convert VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 56 chemicals chemical NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 57 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 58 energy energy NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 59 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 60 cellular cellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 61 components component NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 62 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 63 anabolism anabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 64 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 65 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 66 decomposing decompose VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 67 organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 68 matter matter NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 69 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 70 catabolism catabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 71 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 41 72 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 42 1 Living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 42 2 things thing NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 42 3 require require VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 42 4 energy energy NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 42 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 42 6 maintain maintain VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 42 7 internal internal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 42 8 organization organization NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 42 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 42 10 homeostasis homeostasis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 42 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 42 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 42 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 42 14 produce produce VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 42 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 42 16 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 42 17 phenomena phenomenon NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 42 18 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 42 19 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 42 20 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 42 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 43 1 Growth growth NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 43 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 43 3 maintenance maintenance NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 43 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 43 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 43 6 higher high JJR en-wikipedia-org-8287 43 7 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 43 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 43 9 anabolism anabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 43 10 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 43 11 catabolism catabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 43 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 44 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 44 2 growing grow VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 44 3 organism organism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 44 4 increases increase VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 44 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 44 6 size size NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 44 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 44 8 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 44 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 44 10 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 44 11 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 44 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 44 13 rather rather RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 44 14 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 44 15 simply simply RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 44 16 accumulating accumulate VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 44 17 matter matter NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 44 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 45 1 Adaptation adaptation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 45 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 45 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 45 4 ability ability NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 45 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 45 6 change change VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 45 7 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 45 8 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 45 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 45 10 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 45 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 45 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 45 13 environment environment NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 45 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 46 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 46 2 ability ability NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 46 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 46 4 fundamental fundamental JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 46 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 46 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 46 7 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 46 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 46 9 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 46 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 46 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 46 12 determined determine VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 46 13 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 46 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 46 15 organism organism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 46 16 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 46 17 heredity heredity NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 46 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 46 19 diet diet NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 46 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 46 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 46 22 external external JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 46 23 factors factor NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 46 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 1 Response response NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 2 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 3 stimuli stimulus NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 6 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 7 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 8 take take VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 9 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 10 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 12 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 14 contraction contraction NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 17 unicellular unicellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 18 organism organism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 20 external external JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 21 chemicals chemical NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 24 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 25 reactions reaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 26 involving involve VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 27 all all PDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 29 senses sense NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 31 multicellular multicellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 32 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 47 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 48 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 48 2 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 48 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 48 4 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 48 5 expressed express VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 48 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 48 7 motion motion NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 48 8 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 48 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 48 10 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 48 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 48 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 48 13 leaves leave NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 48 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 48 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 48 16 plant plant NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 48 17 turning turn VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 48 18 toward toward IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 48 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 48 20 sun sun NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 48 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 48 22 phototropism phototropism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 48 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 48 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 48 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 48 26 chemotaxis chemotaxi NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 48 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 49 1 Reproduction reproduction NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 49 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 49 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 49 4 ability ability NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 49 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 49 6 produce produce VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 49 7 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 49 8 individual individual JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 49 9 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 49 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 49 11 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 49 12 asexually asexually RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 49 13 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 49 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 49 15 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 49 16 parent parent NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 49 17 organism organism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 49 18 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 49 19 sexually sexually RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 49 20 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 49 21 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 49 22 parent parent NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 49 23 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 49 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 50 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 50 2 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 50 3 processes process NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 50 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 50 5 called call VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 50 6 physiological physiological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 50 7 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 50 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 50 9 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 50 10 underlying underlie VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 50 11 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 50 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 50 13 chemical chemical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 50 14 bases basis NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 50 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 50 16 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 50 17 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 50 18 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 50 19 signaling signal VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 50 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 50 21 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 50 22 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 50 23 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 50 24 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 50 25 essential essential JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 50 26 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 50 27 maintaining maintain VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 50 28 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 50 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 1 Alternative alternative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 2 definitions definition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 3 See see VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 4 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 6 Entropy entropy JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 8 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 9 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 11 physics physics NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 12 perspective perspective NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 14 living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 15 beings being NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 16 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 17 thermodynamic thermodynamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 18 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 19 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 20 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 21 organized organize VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 22 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 23 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 24 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 25 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 26 reproduce reproduce VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 27 itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 29 evolve evolve VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 30 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 31 survival survival NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 32 dictates dictate NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 51 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 52 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 52 2 32][33 32][33 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 52 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 52 4 Thermodynamically thermodynamically RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 52 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 52 6 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 52 7 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 52 8 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 52 9 described describe VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 52 10 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 52 11 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 52 12 open open JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 52 13 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 52 14 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 52 15 makes make VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 52 16 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 52 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 52 18 gradients gradient NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 52 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 52 20 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 52 21 surroundings surrounding NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 52 22 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 52 23 create create VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 52 24 imperfect imperfect JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 52 25 copies copy NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 52 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 52 27 itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 52 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 2 34 34 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 4 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 5 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 7 putting put VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 8 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 11 define define VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 12 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 14 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 16 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 18 sustained sustain VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 19 chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 20 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 21 capable capable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 23 undergoing undergo VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 24 Darwinian darwinian JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 25 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 26 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 29 definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 30 adopted adopt VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 31 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 32 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 33 NASA NASA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 34 committee committee NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 35 attempting attempt VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 36 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 37 define define VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 38 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 39 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 41 purposes purpose NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 42 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 43 exobiology exobiology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 45 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 46 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 47 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 48 suggestion suggestion NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 49 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 50 Carl Carl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 51 Sagan Sagan NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 53 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 54 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 54 2 35][36][37 35][36][37 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 54 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 54 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 54 5 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 54 6 strength strength NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 54 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 54 8 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 54 9 definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 54 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 54 11 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 54 12 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 54 13 distinguishes distinguish VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 54 14 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 54 15 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 54 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 54 17 evolutionary evolutionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 54 18 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 54 19 rather rather RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 54 20 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 54 21 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 54 22 chemical chemical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 54 23 composition composition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 54 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 55 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 55 2 38 38 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 55 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 55 4 Others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 55 5 take take VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 55 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 55 7 systemic systemic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 55 8 viewpoint viewpoint NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 55 9 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 55 10 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 55 11 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 55 12 necessarily necessarily RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 55 13 depend depend VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 55 14 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 55 15 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 55 16 chemistry chemistry NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 55 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 56 1 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 56 2 systemic systemic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 56 3 definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 56 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 56 5 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 56 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 56 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 56 8 living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 56 9 things thing NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 56 10 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 56 11 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 56 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 56 13 organizing organize VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 56 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 56 15 autopoietic autopoietic NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 56 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 56 17 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 56 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 56 19 producing produce VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 56 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 56 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 1 Variations variation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 4 definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 5 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 6 Stuart Stuart NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 7 Kauffman Kauffman NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 8 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 9 definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 10 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 11 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 12 autonomous autonomous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 13 agent agent NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 14 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 16 multi multi JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 17 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 18 agent agent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 19 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 20 capable capable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 22 reproducing reproduce VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 23 itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 24 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 25 themselves -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 29 completing complete VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 30 at at RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 31 least least RBS en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 32 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 33 thermodynamic thermodynamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 34 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 35 cycle cycle NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 57 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 58 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 58 2 39 39 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 58 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 58 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 58 5 definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 58 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 58 7 extended extend VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 58 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 58 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 58 10 apparition apparition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 58 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 58 12 novel novel JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 58 13 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 58 14 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 58 15 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 58 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 59 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 59 2 40 40 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 59 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 59 4 Viruses Viruses NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 59 5 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 59 6 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 59 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 59 8 Virus Virus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 59 9 Adenovirus Adenovirus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 59 10 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 59 11 seen see VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 59 12 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 59 13 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 59 14 electron electron NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 59 15 microscope microscope NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 59 16 Whether whether IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 59 17 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 59 18 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 59 19 viruses virus NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 59 20 should should MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 59 21 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 59 22 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 59 23 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 59 24 alive alive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 59 25 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 59 26 controversial controversial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 59 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 60 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 60 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 60 3 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-8287 60 4 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 60 5 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 60 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 60 7 just just JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 60 8 replicators replicator NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 60 9 rather rather RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 60 10 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 60 11 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 60 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 60 13 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 60 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 2 41 41 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 4 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 5 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 6 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 7 described describe VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 10 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 11 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 13 edge edge NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 15 life"[42 life"[42 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 16 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 17 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 18 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 19 possess possess VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 20 genes gene NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 22 evolve evolve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 23 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 24 natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 25 selection,[43][44 selection,[43][44 NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 26 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 28 replicate replicate VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 29 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 30 creating create VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 31 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 32 copies copy NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 34 themselves -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 35 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 36 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 37 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 38 assembly assembly NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 61 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 62 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 62 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 62 3 viruses virus NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 62 4 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 62 5 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 62 6 metabolize metabolize VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 62 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 62 8 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 62 9 require require VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 62 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 62 11 host host NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 62 12 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 62 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 62 14 make make VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 62 15 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 62 16 products product NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 62 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 1 Virus virus NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 2 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 4 assembly assembly NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 5 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 6 host host NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 7 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 8 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 9 implications implication NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 10 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 12 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 15 origin origin NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 17 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 19 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 20 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 21 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 22 support support VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 24 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 25 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 26 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 27 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 28 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 29 started start VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 30 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 31 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 32 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 33 assembling assemble VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 34 organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 35 molecules molecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 63 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 64 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 64 2 45][46][47 45][46][47 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 64 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 64 4 Biophysics biophysic NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 64 5 To to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 64 6 reflect reflect VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 64 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 64 8 minimum minimum JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 64 9 phenomena phenomenon NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 64 10 required require VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 64 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 64 12 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 64 13 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 64 14 definitions definition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 64 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 64 16 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 64 17 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 64 18 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 64 19 proposed,[48 proposed,[48 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 64 20 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 64 21 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 64 22 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 64 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 64 24 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 64 25 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 64 26 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 64 27 upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 64 28 chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 64 29 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 64 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 65 1 Biophysicists biophysicist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 65 2 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 65 3 commented comment VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 65 4 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 65 5 living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 65 6 things thing NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 65 7 function function VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 65 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 65 9 negative negative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 65 10 entropy entropy NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 65 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 2 49][50 49][50 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 5 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 6 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 8 living living NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 9 processes process NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 10 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 11 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 12 viewed view VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 15 delay delay NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 18 spontaneous spontaneous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 19 diffusion diffusion NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 20 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 21 dispersion dispersion NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 24 internal internal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 25 energy energy NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 27 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 28 molecules molecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 29 towards towards IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 30 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 31 potential potential JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 32 microstates microstate NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 66 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 2 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 5 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 6 detail detail NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 8 according accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 10 physicists physicist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 11 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 13 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 14 Bernal Bernal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 16 Erwin Erwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 17 Schrödinger Schrödinger NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 19 Eugene Eugene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 20 Wigner Wigner NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 23 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 24 Avery Avery NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 26 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 27 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 29 member member NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 32 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 34 phenomena phenomenon NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 35 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 36 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 37 open open JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 38 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 39 continuous continuous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 40 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 41 able able JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 42 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 43 decrease decrease VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 44 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 45 internal internal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 46 entropy entropy NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 47 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 49 expense expense NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 50 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 51 substances substance NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 52 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 53 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 54 energy energy NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 55 taken take VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 56 in in RP en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 57 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 58 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 59 environment environment NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 60 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 61 subsequently subsequently RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 62 rejected reject VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 63 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 64 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 65 degraded degrade VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 66 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 67 67 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 68 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 68 2 51][52 51][52 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 68 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 68 4 Living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 68 5 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 68 6 theories theory NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 68 7 Living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 68 8 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 68 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 68 10 open open JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 68 11 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 68 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 68 13 organizing organize VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 68 14 living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 68 15 things thing NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 68 16 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 68 17 interact interact VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 68 18 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 68 19 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 68 20 environment environment NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 68 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 69 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 69 2 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 69 3 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 69 4 maintained maintain VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 69 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 69 6 flows flow NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 69 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 69 8 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 69 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 69 10 energy energy NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 69 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 69 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 69 13 matter matter NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 69 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 70 1 Definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 70 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 70 3 cellular cellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 70 4 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 70 5 according accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 70 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 70 7 Budisa Budisa NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 70 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 70 9 Kubyshkin Kubyshkin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 70 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 70 11 Schmidt Schmidt NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 70 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 1 Budisa Budisa NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 3 Kubyshkin Kubyshkin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 5 Schmidt Schmidt NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 6 defined define VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 7 cellular cellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 8 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 10 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 11 organizational organizational JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 12 unit unit NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 13 resting rest VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 14 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 15 four four CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 16 pillars pillar NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 17 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 18 cornerstones cornerstone NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 19 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 21 i i NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 23 energy energy NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 26 ii ii NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 28 metabolism metabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 30 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 31 iii iii NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 33 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 35 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 36 iv iv NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 37 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 38 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 71 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 72 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 72 2 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 72 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 72 4 able able JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 72 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 72 6 regulate regulate VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 72 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 72 8 control control VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 72 9 metabolism metabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 72 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 72 11 energy energy NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 72 12 supply supply NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 72 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 72 14 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 72 15 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 72 16 least least RBS en-wikipedia-org-8287 72 17 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 72 18 subsystem subsystem NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 72 19 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 72 20 functions function VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 72 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 72 22 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 72 23 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 72 24 carrier carrier NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 72 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 72 26 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 72 27 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 72 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 72 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 73 1 Cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 73 2 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 73 3 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 73 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 73 5 sustaining sustain VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 73 6 units unit NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 73 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 73 8 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 73 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 73 10 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 73 11 populations population NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 73 12 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 73 13 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 73 14 involved involve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 73 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 73 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 73 17 unidirectional unidirectional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 73 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 73 19 irreversible irreversible JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 73 20 open open JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 73 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 73 22 ended ended JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 73 23 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 73 24 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 73 25 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 73 26 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 73 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 74 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 74 2 53 53 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 74 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 74 4 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 74 5 scientists scientist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 74 6 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 74 7 proposed propose VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 74 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 74 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 74 10 last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 74 11 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 74 12 decades decade NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 74 13 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 74 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 74 15 general general JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 74 16 living living NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 74 17 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 74 18 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 74 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 74 20 required require VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 74 21 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 74 22 explain explain VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 74 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 74 24 nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 74 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 74 26 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 74 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 75 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 75 2 54 54 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 75 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 75 4 Such such PDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 75 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 75 6 general general JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 75 7 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 75 8 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 75 9 arise arise VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 75 10 out out IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 75 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 75 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 75 13 ecological ecological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 75 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 75 15 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 75 16 sciences science NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 75 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 75 18 attempt attempt NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 75 19 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 75 20 map map VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 75 21 general general JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 75 22 principles principle NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 75 23 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 75 24 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 75 25 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 75 26 living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 75 27 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 75 28 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 75 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 1 Instead instead RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 3 examining examine VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 4 phenomena phenomenon NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 6 attempting attempt VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 8 break break VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 9 things thing NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 10 down down RP en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 11 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 12 components component NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 15 general general JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 16 living living NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 17 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 18 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 19 explores explore VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 20 phenomena phenomenon NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 22 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 24 dynamic dynamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 25 patterns pattern NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 28 relationships relationship NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 30 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 31 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 32 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 33 environment environment NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 76 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 2 55 55 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 4 Gaia Gaia NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 5 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 6 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 7 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 9 Gaia Gaia NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 10 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 11 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 12 idea idea NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 13 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 15 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 17 alive alive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 18 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 19 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 21 philosophy philosophy NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 23 religion religion NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 25 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 27 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 28 scientific scientific JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 29 discussion discussion NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 31 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 32 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 33 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 35 Scottish scottish JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 36 scientist scientist NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 37 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 38 Hutton Hutton NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 77 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 78 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 78 2 1785 1785 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 78 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 78 4 he -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 78 5 stated state VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 78 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 78 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 78 8 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 78 9 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 78 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 78 11 superorganism superorganism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 78 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 78 13 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 78 14 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 78 15 proper proper JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 78 16 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 78 17 should should MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 78 18 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 78 19 physiology physiology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 78 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 79 1 Hutton Hutton NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 79 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 79 3 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 79 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 79 5 father father NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 79 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 79 7 geology geology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 79 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 79 9 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 79 10 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 79 11 idea idea NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 79 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 79 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 79 14 living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 79 15 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 79 16 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 79 17 forgotten forget VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 79 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 79 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 79 20 intense intense JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 79 21 reductionism reductionism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 79 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 79 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 79 24 19th 19th JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 79 25 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 79 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 2 56]:10 56]:10 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 3 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 4 Gaia Gaia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 5 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 7 proposed propose VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 10 1960s 1960 NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 12 scientist scientist NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 13 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 14 Lovelock,[57][58 Lovelock,[57][58 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 15 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 16 suggests suggest VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 17 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 18 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 19 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 20 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 21 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 22 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 24 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 25 organism organism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 26 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 27 defines define VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 29 maintains maintain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 30 environmental environmental JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 31 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 32 necessary necessary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 33 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 34 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 35 survival survival NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 80 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 81 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 81 2 56 56 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 81 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 81 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 81 5 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 81 6 served serve VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 81 7 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 81 8 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 81 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 81 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 81 11 foundations foundation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 81 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 81 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 81 14 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 81 15 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 81 16 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 81 17 science science NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 81 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 82 1 Nonfractionability Nonfractionability NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 82 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 82 3 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 82 4 attempt attempt NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 82 5 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 82 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 82 7 general general JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 82 8 living living NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 82 9 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 82 10 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 82 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 82 12 explaining explain VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 82 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 82 14 nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 82 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 82 16 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 82 17 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 82 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 82 19 1978 1978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 82 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 82 21 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 82 22 American american JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 82 23 biologist biologist NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 82 24 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 82 25 Grier Grier NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 82 26 Miller Miller NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 82 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 2 59 59 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 4 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 5 Rosen Rosen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 7 1991 1991 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 9 built build VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 10 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 11 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 13 defining define VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 15 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 16 component component NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 17 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 18 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 20 unit unit NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 22 organization organization NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 23 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 25 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 26 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 28 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 30 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 32 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 33 definite definite JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 34 relation relation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 35 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 36 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 37 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 38 whole whole NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 83 40 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 84 1 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 84 2 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 84 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 84 4 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 84 5 starting start VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 84 6 concepts concept NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 84 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 84 8 he -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 84 9 developed develop VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 84 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 84 11 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 84 12 relational relational JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 84 13 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 84 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 84 15 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 84 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 84 17 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 84 18 attempts attempt VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 84 19 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 84 20 explain explain VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 84 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 84 22 special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 84 23 properties property NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 84 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 84 25 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 84 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 85 1 Specifically specifically RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 85 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 85 3 he -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 85 4 identified identify VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 85 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 85 6 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 85 7 nonfractionability nonfractionability NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 85 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 85 9 components component NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 85 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 85 11 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 85 12 organism organism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 85 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 85 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 85 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 85 16 fundamental fundamental JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 85 17 difference difference NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 85 18 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 85 19 living living NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 85 20 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 85 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 85 22 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 85 23 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 85 24 machines machine NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 85 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 2 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 3 60 60 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 5 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 8 property property NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 10 ecosystems ecosystem NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 11 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 12 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 13 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 15 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 16 treats treat VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 17 environmental environmental JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 18 fluxes flux NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 20 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 21 fluxes flux NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 22 together together RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 23 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 25 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 26 reciprocity reciprocity NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 28 influence,"[61 influence,"[61 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 29 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 31 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 32 reciprocal reciprocal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 33 relation relation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 34 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 35 environment environment NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 36 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 37 arguably arguably RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 38 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 39 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 40 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 41 understanding understand VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 42 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 43 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 44 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 45 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 46 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 47 understanding understanding NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 48 ecosystems ecosystem NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 86 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 87 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 87 2 Harold Harold NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 87 3 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 87 4 Morowitz Morowitz NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 87 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 87 6 1992 1992 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 87 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 87 8 explains explain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 87 9 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 87 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 87 11 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 87 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 87 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 87 14 property property NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 87 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 87 16 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 87 17 ecological ecological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 87 18 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 87 19 rather rather RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 87 20 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 87 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 87 22 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 87 23 organism organism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 87 24 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 87 25 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 87 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 88 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 88 2 62 62 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 88 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 88 4 He -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 88 5 argues argue VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 88 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 88 7 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 88 8 ecosystemic ecosystemic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 88 9 definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 88 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 88 11 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 88 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 88 13 preferable preferable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 88 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 88 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 88 16 strictly strictly RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 88 17 biochemical biochemical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 88 18 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 88 19 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 88 20 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 88 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 89 1 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 89 2 Ulanowicz Ulanowicz NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 89 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 89 4 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 89 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 89 6 highlights highlight VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 89 7 mutualism mutualism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 89 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 89 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 89 10 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 89 11 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 89 12 understand understand VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 89 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 89 14 systemic systemic NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 89 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 89 16 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 89 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 89 18 generating generate VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 89 19 behavior behavior NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 89 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 89 21 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 89 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 89 23 ecosystems ecosystem NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 89 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 2 63 63 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 4 Complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 5 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 6 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 7 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 8 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 10 Complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 11 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 12 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 13 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 14 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 15 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 16 Mathematical mathematical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 17 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 18 Complex Complex NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 19 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 20 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 22 CSB CSB NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 24 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 26 field field NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 28 science science NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 29 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 30 studies study VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 32 emergence emergence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 34 complexity complexity NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 35 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 36 functional functional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 37 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 38 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 40 viewpoint viewpoint NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 41 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 42 dynamic dynamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 43 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 44 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 90 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 91 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 91 2 64 64 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 91 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 91 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 91 5 latter latter NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 91 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 91 7 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 91 8 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 91 9 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 91 10 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 91 11 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 91 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 91 13 aims aim VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 91 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 91 15 understand understand VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 91 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 91 17 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-8287 91 18 fundamental fundamental JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 91 19 aspects aspect NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 91 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 91 21 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 91 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 2 closely closely RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 3 related related JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 4 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 6 CSB CSB NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 8 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 9 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 10 called call VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 11 relational relational NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 12 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 14 concerned concern VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 15 mainly mainly RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 17 understanding understand VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 18 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 19 processes process NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 21 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 24 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 25 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 26 relations relation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 29 categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 31 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 32 relations relation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 33 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 35 essential essential JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 36 functional functional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 37 components component NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 39 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 40 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 41 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 42 multicellular multicellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 43 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 45 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 46 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 47 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 48 defined define VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 49 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 50 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 51 categorical categorical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 52 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 53 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 54 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 55 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 56 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 57 model model NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 58 representation representation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 59 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 60 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 61 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 62 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 63 category category NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 64 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 65 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 66 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 67 relations relation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 68 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 69 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 70 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 71 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 72 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 73 algebraic algebraic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 74 topology topology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 75 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 76 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 77 functional functional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 78 organization organization NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 79 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 80 living living NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 81 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 82 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 83 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 84 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 85 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 86 dynamic dynamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 87 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 88 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 89 networks network NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 90 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 91 metabolic metabolic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 92 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 93 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 94 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 95 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 96 epigenetic epigenetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 97 processes process NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 98 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 99 signaling signal VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 100 pathways pathway NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 92 101 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 2 65][66 65][66 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 4 Alternative alternative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 5 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 6 closely closely RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 7 related related JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 8 approaches approach NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 9 focus focus VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 10 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 12 interdependance interdependance NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 14 constraints constraint NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 16 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 17 constraints constraint NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 18 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 19 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 20 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 21 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 23 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 24 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 25 enzymes enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 27 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 28 macroscopic macroscopic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 30 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 31 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 33 geometry geometry NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 35 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 36 bone bone NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 37 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 40 vascular vascular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 41 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 93 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 2 67 67 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 4 Darwinian darwinian JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 5 dynamic dynamic NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 6 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 7 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 8 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 9 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 10 argued argue VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 11 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 13 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 15 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 17 living living NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 18 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 20 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 21 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 22 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 23 obeys obey VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 25 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 26 fundamental fundamental JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 27 principle principle NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 28 termed term VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 30 Darwinian darwinian JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 31 dynamic dynamic NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 94 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 2 68][69 68][69 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 5 Darwinian darwinian JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 6 dynamic dynamic NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 8 formulated formulate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 10 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 11 considering consider VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 12 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 13 macroscopic macroscopic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 14 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 15 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 16 generated generate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 19 simple simple JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 20 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 21 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 22 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 23 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 24 far far RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 25 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 26 thermodynamic thermodynamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 27 equilibrium equilibrium NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 30 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 31 extending extend VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 32 consideration consideration NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 33 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 34 short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 36 replicating replicate VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 37 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 38 molecules molecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 95 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 96 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 96 2 underlying underlie VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 96 3 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 96 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 96 5 generating generate VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 96 6 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 96 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 96 8 concluded conclude VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 96 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 96 10 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 96 11 basically basically RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 96 12 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 96 13 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 96 14 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 96 15 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 96 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 96 17 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 96 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 2 68 68 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 4 Operator operator NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 5 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 6 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 7 systemic systemic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 8 definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 9 called call VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 11 operator operator NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 12 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 13 proposes propose VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 14 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 15 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 16 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 17 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 19 general general JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 20 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 21 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 23 presence presence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 26 typical typical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 27 closures closure NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 28 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 30 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 31 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 33 typical typical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 34 closures closure NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 35 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 36 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 37 membrane membrane NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 39 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 40 autocatalytic autocatalytic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 41 set set NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 42 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 43 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 44 cell"[70 cell"[70 NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 45 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 46 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 47 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 48 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 49 organism organism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 50 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 51 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 52 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 53 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 54 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 55 organisation organisation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 56 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 57 complies comply VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 58 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 59 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 60 operator operator NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 61 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 62 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 63 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 64 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 65 least least JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 66 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 67 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 68 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 69 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 70 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 97 71 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 2 71][72][73][74 71][72][73][74 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 4 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 5 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 7 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 8 modeled model VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 11 network network NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 13 inferior inferior JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 14 negative negative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 15 feedbacks feedback NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 17 regulatory regulatory JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 18 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 19 subordinated subordinate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 20 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 22 superior superior JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 23 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 24 feedback feedback NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 25 formed form VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 26 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 28 potential potential NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 30 expansion expansion NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 32 reproduction reproduction NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 98 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 2 75 75 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 4 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 6 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 7 Materialism Materialism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 8 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 9 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 11 Materialism Materialism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 12 Plant Plant NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 13 growth growth NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 16 Hoh Hoh NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 17 Rainforest Rainforest NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 18 Herds Herds NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 20 zebra zebra NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 22 impala impala NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 23 gathering gathering NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 24 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 26 Maasai Maasai NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 27 Mara Mara NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 28 plain plain JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 29 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 30 aerial aerial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 31 photo photo NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 33 microbial microbial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 34 mats mat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 35 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 37 Grand Grand NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 38 Prismatic Prismatic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 39 Spring Spring NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 41 Yellowstone Yellowstone NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 42 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 43 Park Park NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 44 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 45 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 46 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 47 earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 48 theories theory NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 49 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 50 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 51 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 52 materialist materialist JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 53 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 54 holding hold VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 55 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 56 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 57 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 58 exists exist VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 59 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 60 matter matter NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 61 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 62 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 63 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 64 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 65 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 66 merely merely RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 67 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 68 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 69 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 70 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 71 arrangement arrangement NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 72 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 73 matter matter NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 99 74 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 1 Empedocles empedocle NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 3 430 430 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 4 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 6 argued argue VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 8 everything everything NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 11 universe universe NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 13 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 14 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 17 combination combination NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 19 four four CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 20 eternal eternal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 21 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 22 elements element NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 24 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 25 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 26 roots root NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 28 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 29 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 30 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 31 earth earth NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 33 water water NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 35 air air NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 37 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 38 fire fire NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 100 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 101 1 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 101 2 change change NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 101 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 101 4 explained explain VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 101 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 101 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 101 7 arrangement arrangement NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 101 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 101 9 rearrangement rearrangement NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 101 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 101 11 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 101 12 four four CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 101 13 elements element NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 101 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 102 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 102 2 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 102 3 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 102 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 102 5 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 102 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 102 7 caused cause VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 102 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 102 9 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 102 10 appropriate appropriate JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 102 11 mixture mixture NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 102 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 102 13 elements element NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 102 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 103 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 103 2 76 76 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 103 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 103 4 Democritus Democritus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 103 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 103 6 460 460 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 103 7 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 103 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 103 9 thought think VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 103 10 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 103 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 103 12 essential essential JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 103 13 characteristic characteristic NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 103 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 103 15 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 103 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 103 17 having have VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 103 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 103 19 soul soul NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 103 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 103 21 psyche psyche NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 103 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 103 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 104 1 Like like IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 104 2 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 104 3 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 104 4 writers writer NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 104 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 104 6 he -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 104 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 104 8 attempting attempt VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 104 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 104 10 explain explain VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 104 11 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-8287 104 12 makes make VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 104 13 something something NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 104 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 104 15 living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 104 16 thing thing NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 104 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 105 1 His -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 105 2 explanation explanation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 105 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 105 4 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 105 5 fiery fiery JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 105 6 atoms atom NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 105 7 make make VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 105 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 105 9 soul soul NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 105 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 105 11 exactly exactly RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 105 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 105 13 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 105 14 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 105 15 atoms atom NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 105 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 105 17 void void JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 105 18 account account NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 105 19 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 105 20 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 105 21 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 105 22 thing thing NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 105 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 106 1 He -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 106 2 elaborates elaborate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 106 3 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 106 4 fire fire NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 106 5 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 106 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 106 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 106 8 apparent apparent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 106 9 connection connection NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 106 10 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 106 11 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 106 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 106 13 heat heat NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 106 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 106 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 106 16 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 106 17 fire fire NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 106 18 moves move NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 106 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 2 77 77 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 4 Plato Plato NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 5 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 6 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 8 eternal eternal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 10 unchanging unchanging JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 11 Forms Forms NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 13 imperfectly imperfectly RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 14 represented represent VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 16 matter matter NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 17 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 19 divine divine JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 20 Artisan Artisan NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 22 contrasts contrast VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 23 sharply sharply RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 24 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 26 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 27 mechanistic mechanistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 28 Weltanschauungen Weltanschauungen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 31 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 32 atomism atomism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 33 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 35 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 37 fourth fourth JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 38 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 39 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 40 least least JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 43 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 44 prominent prominent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 45   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 107 46 ... ... . en-wikipedia-org-8287 108 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 108 2 debate debate NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 108 3 persisted persist VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 108 4 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 108 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 108 6 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 108 7 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 108 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 109 1 Atomistic atomistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 109 2 mechanism mechanism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 109 3 got get VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 109 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 109 5 shot shot NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 109 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 109 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 109 8 arm arm NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 109 9 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 109 10 Epicurus Epicurus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 109 11   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 109 12 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-8287 109 13 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 109 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 109 15 Stoics Stoics NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 109 16 adopted adopt VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 109 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 109 18 divine divine JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 109 19 teleology teleology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 109 20   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 109 21 ... ... . en-wikipedia-org-8287 110 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 110 2 choice choice NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 110 3 seems seem VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 110 4 simple simple JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 110 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 110 6 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 110 7 show show VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 110 8 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 110 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 110 10 structured structured JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 110 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 110 12 regular regular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 110 13 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 110 14 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 110 15 arise arise VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 110 16 out out IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 110 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 110 18 undirected undirected JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 110 19 processes process NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 110 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 110 21 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 110 22 inject inject VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 110 23 intelligence intelligence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 110 24 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 110 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 110 26 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 110 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 2 78 78 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 4 — — : en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 5     _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 6 R.J. R.J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 7 Hankinson Hankinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 9 Cause Cause NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 11 Explanation Explanation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 13 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 14 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 15 Thought Thought NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 16 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 17 mechanistic mechanistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 18 materialism materialism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 19 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 20 originated originate VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 22 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 23 Greece Greece NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 24 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 25 revived revive VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 27 revised revise VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 28 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 30 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 31 philosopher philosopher NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 32 René René NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 33 Descartes Descartes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 35 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 36 held hold VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 37 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 38 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 39 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 40 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 41 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 42 assemblages assemblage NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 43 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 44 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 45 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 46 together together RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 47 functioned function VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 48 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 49 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 50 machine machine NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 111 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 112 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 112 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 112 3 19th 19th JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 112 4 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 112 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 112 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 112 7 advances advance NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 112 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 112 9 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 112 10 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 112 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 112 12 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 112 13 science science NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 112 14 encouraged encourage VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 112 15 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 112 16 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 112 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 113 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 113 2 evolutionary evolutionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 113 3 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 113 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 113 5 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 113 6 Darwin Darwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 113 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 113 8 1859 1859 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 113 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 113 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 113 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 113 12 mechanistic mechanistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 113 13 explanation explanation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 113 14 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 113 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 113 16 origin origin NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 113 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 113 18 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 113 19 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 113 20 means mean NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 113 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 113 22 natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 113 23 selection selection NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 113 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 2 79 79 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 4 Hylomorphism Hylomorphism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 5 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 6 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 8 Hylomorphism hylomorphism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 9 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 10 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 13 souls soul NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 15 plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 17 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 20 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 22 according accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 24 Aristotle Aristotle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 25 Hylomorphism Hylomorphism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 26 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 28 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 29 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 30 expressed express VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 31 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 33 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 34 philosopher philosopher NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 35 Aristotle Aristotle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 36 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 37 322 322 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 38 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 39 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 114 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 115 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 115 2 application application NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 115 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 115 4 hylomorphism hylomorphism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 115 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 115 6 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 115 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 115 8 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 115 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 115 10 Aristotle Aristotle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 115 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 115 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 115 13 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 115 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 115 15 extensively extensively RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 115 16 covered cover VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 115 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 115 18 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 115 19 extant extant JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 115 20 writings writing NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 115 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 2 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 3 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 5 everything everything NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 8 material material JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 9 universe universe NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 10 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 11 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 12 matter matter NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 14 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 18 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 21 living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 22 thing thing NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 23 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 24 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 25 soul soul NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 27 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 28 psyche psyche NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 30 Latin latin JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 31 anima anima NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 116 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 1 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 3 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 4 kinds kind NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 6 souls soul NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 9 vegetative vegetative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 10 soul soul NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 12 plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 14 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 15 causes cause VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 16 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 18 grow grow VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 20 decay decay VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 22 nourish nourish VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 23 themselves -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 25 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 26 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 27 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 28 cause cause VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 29 motion motion NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 31 sensation sensation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 32 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 34 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 35 soul soul NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 37 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 38 causes cause VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 39 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 40 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 41 move move VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 42 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 43 feel feel VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 44 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 45 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 46 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 47 rational rational JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 48 soul soul NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 50 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 51 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 52 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 53 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 54 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 55 consciousness consciousness NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 56 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 57 reasoning reasoning NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 58 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 59 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 60 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 61 Aristotle Aristotle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 62 believed believe VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 63 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 64 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 65 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 66 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 67 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 68 man man NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 117 69 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 118 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 118 2 80 80 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 118 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 118 4 Each each DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 118 5 higher high JJR en-wikipedia-org-8287 118 6 soul soul NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 118 7 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 118 8 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 118 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 118 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 118 11 attributes attribute NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 118 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 118 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 118 14 lower low JJR en-wikipedia-org-8287 118 15 ones one NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 118 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 119 1 Aristotle Aristotle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 119 2 believed believe VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 119 3 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 119 4 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 119 5 matter matter NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 119 6 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 119 7 exist exist VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 119 8 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 119 9 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 119 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 119 11 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 119 12 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 119 13 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 119 14 exist exist VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 119 15 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 119 16 matter matter NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 119 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 119 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 119 19 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 119 20 therefore therefore RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 119 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 119 22 soul soul NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 119 23 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 119 24 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 119 25 exist exist VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 119 26 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 119 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 119 28 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 119 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 120 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 120 2 81 81 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 120 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 120 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 120 5 account account NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 120 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 120 7 consistent consistent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 120 8 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 120 9 teleological teleological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 120 10 explanations explanation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 120 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 120 12 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 120 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 120 14 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 120 15 account account VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 120 16 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 120 17 phenomena phenomenon NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 120 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 120 19 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 120 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 120 21 purpose purpose NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 120 22 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 120 23 goal goal NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 120 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 120 25 directedness directedness NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 120 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 121 1 Thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 121 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 121 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 121 4 whiteness whiteness NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 121 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 121 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 121 7 polar polar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 121 8 bear bear NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 121 9 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 121 10 coat coat NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 121 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 121 12 explained explain VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 121 13 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 121 14 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 121 15 purpose purpose NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 121 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 121 17 camouflage camouflage NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 121 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 2 direction direction NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 4 causality causality NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 6 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 8 future future NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 11 past past NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 15 contradiction contradiction NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 18 scientific scientific JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 19 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 20 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 21 natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 22 selection selection NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 24 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 25 explains explain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 27 consequence consequence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 29 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 31 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 32 prior prior JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 33 cause cause NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 122 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 1 Biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 2 features feature NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 3 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 4 explained explain VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 5 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 7 looking look VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 8 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 9 future future JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 10 optimal optimal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 11 results result NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 13 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 15 looking look VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 16 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 18 past past JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 19 evolutionary evolutionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 20 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 23 species species NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 25 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 26 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 27 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 29 natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 30 selection selection NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 33 features feature NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 35 question question NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 123 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 124 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 124 2 82 82 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 124 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 124 4 Spontaneous spontaneous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 124 5 generation generation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 124 6 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 124 7 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 124 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 124 9 Spontaneous spontaneous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 124 10 generation generation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 124 11 Spontaneous spontaneous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 124 12 generation generation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 124 13 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 124 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 124 15 belief belief NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 124 16 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 124 17 living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 124 18 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 124 19 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 124 20 form form VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 124 21 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 124 22 descent descent NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 124 23 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 124 24 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 124 25 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 124 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 1 Typically typically RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 4 idea idea NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 5 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 7 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 8 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 9 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 10 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 11 fleas flea NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 12 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 13 arise arise VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 14 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 15 inanimate inanimate JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 16 matter matter NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 17 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 18 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 19 dust dust NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 20 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 22 supposed suppose VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 23 seasonal seasonal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 24 generation generation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 26 mice mouse NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 28 insects insect NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 29 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 30 mud mud NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 31 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 32 garbage garbage NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 125 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 2 83 83 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 5 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 7 spontaneous spontaneous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 8 generation generation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 9 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 10 proposed propose VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 12 Aristotle,[84 Aristotle,[84 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 13 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 14 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 15 compiled compile VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 17 expanded expand VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 19 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 21 prior prior JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 22 natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 23 philosophers philosopher NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 26 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 27 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 28 explanations explanation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 31 appearance appearance NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 33 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 34 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 35 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 36 held hold VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 37 sway sway NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 38 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 39 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 40 millennia millennium NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 126 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 127 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 127 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 127 3 decisively decisively RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 127 4 dispelled dispel VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 127 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 127 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 127 7 experiments experiment NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 127 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 127 9 Louis Louis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 127 10 Pasteur Pasteur NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 127 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 127 12 1859 1859 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 127 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 127 14 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-8287 127 15 expanded expand VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 127 16 upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 127 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 127 18 investigations investigation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 127 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 127 20 predecessors predecessor NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 127 21 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 127 22 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 127 23 Francesco Francesco NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 127 24 Redi Redi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 127 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 128 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 128 2 85][86 85][86 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 128 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 128 4 Disproof Disproof NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 128 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 128 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 128 7 traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 128 8 ideas idea NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 128 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 128 10 spontaneous spontaneous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 128 11 generation generation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 128 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 128 13 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 128 14 longer long RBR en-wikipedia-org-8287 128 15 controversial controversial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 128 16 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 128 17 biologists biologist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 128 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 129 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 129 2 87][88][89 87][88][89 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 129 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 129 4 Vitalism Vitalism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 129 5 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 129 6 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 129 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 129 8 Vitalism Vitalism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 129 9 Vitalism Vitalism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 129 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 129 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 129 12 belief belief NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 129 13 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 129 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 129 15 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 129 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 129 17 principle principle NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 129 18 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 129 19 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 129 20 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 129 21 material material JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 129 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 130 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 130 2 originated originate VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 130 3 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 130 4 Georg Georg NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 130 5 Ernst Ernst NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 130 6 Stahl Stahl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 130 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 130 8 17th 17th JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 130 9 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 130 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 130 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 130 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 130 13 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 130 14 popular popular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 130 15 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 130 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 130 17 middle middle NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 130 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 130 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 130 20 19th 19th JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 130 21 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 130 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 131 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 131 2 appealed appeal VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 131 3 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 131 4 philosophers philosopher NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 131 5 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 131 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 131 7 Henri Henri NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 131 8 Bergson Bergson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 131 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 131 10 Friedrich Friedrich NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 131 11 Nietzsche Nietzsche NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 131 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 131 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 131 14 Wilhelm Wilhelm NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 131 15 Dilthey,[90 Dilthey,[90 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 131 16 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 131 17 anatomists anatomist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 131 18 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 131 19 Xavier Xavier NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 131 20 Bichat Bichat NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 131 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 131 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 131 23 chemists chemist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 131 24 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 131 25 Justus Justus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 131 26 von von NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 131 27 Liebig Liebig NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 131 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 2 91 91 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 4 Vitalism vitalism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 5 included include VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 7 idea idea NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 9 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 10 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 12 fundamental fundamental JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 13 difference difference NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 14 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 15 organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 17 inorganic inorganic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 18 material material NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 22 belief belief NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 23 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 24 organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 25 material material NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 26 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 27 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 28 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 29 derived derive VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 30 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 31 living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 32 things thing NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 132 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 133 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 133 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 133 3 disproved disprove VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 133 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 133 5 1828 1828 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 133 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 133 7 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 133 8 Friedrich Friedrich NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 133 9 Wöhler Wöhler NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 133 10 prepared prepare VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 133 11 urea urea NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 133 12 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 133 13 inorganic inorganic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 133 14 materials material NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 133 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 134 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 134 2 92 92 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 134 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 134 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 134 5 Wöhler Wöhler NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 134 6 synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 134 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 134 8 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 134 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 134 10 starting starting NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 134 11 point point NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 134 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 134 13 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 134 14 organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 134 15 chemistry chemistry NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 134 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 135 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 135 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 135 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 135 4 historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 135 5 significance significance NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 135 6 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 135 7 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 135 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 135 9 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 135 10 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 135 11 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 135 12 organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 135 13 compound compound NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 135 14 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 135 15 produced produce VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 135 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 135 17 inorganic inorganic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 135 18 reactions reaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 135 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 2 91 91 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 4 During during IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 6 1850s 1850s CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 8 Hermann Hermann NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 9 von von NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 10 Helmholtz Helmholtz NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 12 anticipated anticipate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 13 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 14 Julius Julius NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 15 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 16 von von NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 17 Mayer Mayer NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 19 demonstrated demonstrate VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 20 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 21 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 22 energy energy NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 23 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 24 lost lose VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 26 muscle muscle NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 27 movement movement NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 29 suggesting suggest VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 30 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 31 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 32 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 33 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 34 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 35 vital vital JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 36 forces force NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 37 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 38 necessary necessary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 39 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 40 move move VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 41 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 42 muscle muscle NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 136 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 2 93 93 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 4 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 5 results result NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 6 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 9 abandonment abandonment NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 11 scientific scientific JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 12 interest interest NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 14 vitalistic vitalistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 15 theories theory NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 17 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 19 belief belief NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 20 lingered linger VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 21 on on RP en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 23 pseudoscientific pseudoscientific JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 24 theories theory NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 25 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 26 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 27 homeopathy homeopathy NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 29 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 30 interprets interpret VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 31 diseases disease NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 33 sickness sickness NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 34 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 35 caused cause VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 36 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 37 disturbances disturbance NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 38 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 39 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 40 hypothetical hypothetical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 41 vital vital JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 42 force force NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 43 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 44 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 45 force force NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 137 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 2 94 94 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 4 Origin Origin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 5 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 6 timeline timeline NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 7 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 8 box box NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 10 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 11 talk talk NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 12 edit edit NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 13 -4500 -4500 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 14   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 15 — — : en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 16 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 17 -4000 -4000 VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 18   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 19 — — : en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 20 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 21 -3500 -3500 : en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 22   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 23 — — : en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 24 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 25 -3000 -3000 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 26   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 27 — — : en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 28 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 29 -2500 -2500 XX en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 30   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 31 — — : en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 32 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 33 -2000 -2000 XX en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 34   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 35 — — : en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 36 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 37 -1500 -1500 ADD en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 38   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 39 — — : en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 40 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 41 -1000 -1000 VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 42   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 43 — — : en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 44 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 45 -500 -500 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 46   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 47 — — : en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 48 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 49 0 0 NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 50   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 51 — — : en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 52 Water Water NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 53 Single Single NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 54 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 55 celled celle VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 56 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 57 Photosynthesis Photosynthesis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 58 Eukaryotes Eukaryotes NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 59 Multicellular Multicellular NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 60 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 61 Arthropods arthropod NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 62 Molluscs Molluscs NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 63 Plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 64 Dinosaurs Dinosaurs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 65           _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 66 Mammals mammal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 67 Flowers Flowers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 68 Birds Birds NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 69 Primates Primates NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 70                                             _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 71 ← ← NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 72 Earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 73 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 74 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 75 −4540 −4540 NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 76 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 77 ← ← VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 78 Earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 79 water water NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 80 ← ← NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 81 Earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 82 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 83 ← ← NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 84 LHB lhb RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 85 meteorites meteorite VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 86 ← ← NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 87 Earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 88 oxygen oxygen NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 89 ← ← NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 90 Atmospheric atmospheric JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 91 oxygen oxygen NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 92 ← ← NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 93 Oxygen oxygen NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 94 crisis crisis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 95 ← ← NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 96 Earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 97 fungi fungi NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 98 ← ← VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 99 Sexual sexual JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 100 reproduction reproduction NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 101 ← ← NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 102 Earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 103 plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 104 ← ← NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 105 Earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 106 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 107 ← ← NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 108 Ediacaran Ediacaran NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 109 biota biota NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 110 ← ← NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 111 Cambrian cambrian JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 112 explosion explosion NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 113 ← ← NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 114 Tetrapoda Tetrapoda NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 115 ← ← VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 116 Earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 117 apes ape NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 118 P p NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 119 h h NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 120 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 121 n n NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 122 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 123 r r NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 124 o o NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 125 z z NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 126 o o NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 127 i i NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 128 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 129 P p NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 130 r r NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 131 o o NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 132 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 133 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 134 r r NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 135 o o NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 136 z z NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 137 o o NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 138 i i NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 139 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 140 A a NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 141 r r NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 142 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 143 h h NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 144 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 145 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 146 n n NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 147 H h NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 148 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 149 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 150 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 151 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 152 n n NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 153 Pongola Pongola NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 154 Huronian huronian JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 155 Cryogenian cryogenian JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 156 Andean Andean NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 157 Karoo Karoo NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 158 Quaternary Quaternary NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 159 Ice Ice NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 160 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 161 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 162 million million CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 163 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 164 ago ago RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 165 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 166 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 167 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 168 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 169 Abiogenesis abiogenesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 170 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 171 age age NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 172 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 173 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 174 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 175 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 176 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 177 4.54 4.54 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 178 billion billion CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 179 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 138 180 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 2 95][96][97 95][96][97 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 4 Evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 5 suggests suggest VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 7 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 9 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 10 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 11 existed exist VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 13 at at RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 14 least least RBS en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 15 3.5 3.5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 16   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 17 billion billion CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 18 years,[98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106 years,[98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106 NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 19 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 20 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 22 oldest old JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 23 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 24 traces trace NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 26 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 27 dating date VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 28 back back RP en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 29 3.7 3.7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 30 billion billion CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 31 years;[107][108][109 years;[107][108][109 NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 32 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 33 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 35 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 36 theories theory NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 38 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 39 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 41 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 42 Heavy Heavy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 43 Bombardment Bombardment NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 44 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 45 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 46 suggest suggest VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 47 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 48 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 49 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 50 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 51 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 52 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 53 started start VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 54 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 55 earlier early RBR en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 56 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 57 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 58 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 59 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 60 4.1–4.4 4.1–4.4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 61 billion billion CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 62 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 63 ago,[98][99][100][101][102 ago,[98][99][100][101][102 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 64 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 65 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 66 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 67 chemistry chemistry NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 68 leading lead VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 69 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 70 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 71 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 72 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 73 begun begin VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 74 shortly shortly RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 75 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 76 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 77 Big Big NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 78 Bang Bang NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 79 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 80 13.8 13.8 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 81 billion billion CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 82 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 83 ago ago RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 84 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 85 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 86 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 87 epoch epoch NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 88 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 89 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 90 universe universe NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 91 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 92 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 93 10–17 10–17 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 94 million million CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 95 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 96 old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 139 97 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 2 110][111][112 110][111][112 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 4 More More JJR en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 5 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 6 99 99 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 7 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 9 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 10 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 12 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 13 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 15 amounting amount VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 16 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 17 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 18 five five CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 19 billion billion CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 20 species,[113 species,[113 NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 21 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 22 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 23 ever ever RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 24 lived live VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 25 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 26 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 27 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 28 estimated estimate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 29 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 30 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 31 extinct extinct VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 140 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 2 114][115 114][115 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 4 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 6 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 8 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 9 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 10 catalogued catalogue VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 11 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 13 lifeforms lifeform NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 15 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 16 1.2 1.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 17 million million CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 19 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 20 million,[116][117 million,[116][117 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 21 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 23 total total JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 24 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 26 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 29 planet planet NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 30 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 31 uncertain uncertain JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 141 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 1 Estimates estimate NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 2 range range VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 3 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 4 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 5 million million CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 7 100 100 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 8 million,[116][117 million,[116][117 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 9 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 10 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 12 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 13 narrow narrow JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 14 range range NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 15 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 16 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 18 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 19 million,[116 million,[116 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 20 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 21 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 22 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 23 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 24 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 25 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 26 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 27 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 28 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 29 trillion trillion CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 30 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 31 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 32 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 33 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 34 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 35 thousandth thousandth NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 37 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 38 percent percent NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 41 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 42 described describe VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 43 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 44 according accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 45 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 46 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 47 realized realize VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 48 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 49 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 50 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 142 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 143 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 143 2 118][119 118][119 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 143 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 143 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 143 5 total total JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 143 6 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 143 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 143 8 related related JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 143 9 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 143 10 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 143 11 pairs pair NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 143 12 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 143 13 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 143 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 143 15 estimated estimate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 143 16 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 143 17 5.0 5.0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 143 18 x x SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 143 19 1037 1037 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 143 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 143 21 weighs weigh VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 143 22 50 50 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 143 23 billion billion CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 143 24 tonnes tonne NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 143 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 144 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 144 2 120 120 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 144 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 144 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 144 5 comparison comparison NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 144 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 144 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 144 8 total total JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 144 9 mass mass NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 144 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 144 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 144 12 biosphere biosphere NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 144 13 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 144 14 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 144 15 estimated estimate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 144 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 144 17 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 144 18 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 144 19 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 144 20 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 144 21 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 144 22 TtC ttc NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 144 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 144 24 trillion trillion CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 144 25 tons ton NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 144 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 144 27 carbon carbon NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 144 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 144 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 2 121 121 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 5 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 6 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 8 scientists scientist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 9 reported report VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 10 identifying identify VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 12 set set NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 14 355 355 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 15 genes gene NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 16 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 18 Last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 19 Universal Universal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 20 Common Common NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 21 Ancestor Ancestor NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 23 LUCA LUCA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 26 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 27 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 28 living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 29 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 30 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 145 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 2 122 122 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 4 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 5 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 6 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 7 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 8 share share VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 9 fundamental fundamental JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 10 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 11 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 13 reflecting reflect VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 14 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 15 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 16 descent descent NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 17 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 18 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 19 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 20 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 21 observations observation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 23 hypotheses hypothesis NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 24 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 26 origin origin NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 28 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 29 attempt attempt NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 30 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 31 find find VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 32 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 33 mechanism mechanism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 34 explaining explain VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 36 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 38 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 39 universal universal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 40 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 41 ancestor ancestor NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 43 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 44 simple simple JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 45 organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 46 molecules molecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 47 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 48 pre pre JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 49 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 50 cellular cellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 51 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 52 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 53 protocells protocell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 54 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 55 metabolism metabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 146 56 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 1 Models model NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 2 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 3 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 4 divided divide VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 5 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 6 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 7 genes gene NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 8 - - , en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 9 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 12 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 13 metabolism metabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 15 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 17 categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 19 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 21 recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 22 trend trend NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 23 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 25 emergence emergence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 27 hybrid hybrid JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 28 models model NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 29 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 30 combine combine VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 31 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 32 categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 147 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 148 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 148 2 123 123 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 148 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 148 4 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-8287 148 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 148 6 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 148 7 current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 148 8 scientific scientific JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 148 9 consensus consensus NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 148 10 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 148 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 148 12 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 148 13 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 148 14 originated originate VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 148 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 3 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 4 accepted accept VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 5 scientific scientific JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 6 models model NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 7 build build VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 10 Miller Miller NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 11 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 12 Urey Urey NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 13 experiment experiment NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 16 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 18 Sidney Sidney NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 19 Fox Fox NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 21 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 22 show show VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 23 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 24 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 25 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 27 primitive primitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 28 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 29 favored favor VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 30 chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 31 reactions reaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 32 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 33 synthesize synthesize VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 34 amino amino JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 35 acids acid NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 37 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 38 organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 39 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 40 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 41 inorganic inorganic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 42 precursors,[124 precursors,[124 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 43 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 44 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 45 phospholipids phospholipid NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 46 spontaneously spontaneously RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 47 form form VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 48 lipid lipid NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 49 bilayers bilayer NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 50 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 51 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 52 basic basic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 53 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 54 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 55 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 56 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 57 membrane membrane NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 149 58 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 150 1 Living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 150 2 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 150 3 synthesize synthesize VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 150 4 proteins protein NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 150 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 150 6 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 150 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 150 8 polymers polymer NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 150 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 150 10 amino amino JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 150 11 acids acid NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 150 12 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 150 13 instructions instruction NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 150 14 encoded encode VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 150 15 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 150 16 deoxyribonucleic deoxyribonucleic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 150 17 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 150 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 150 19 DNA DNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 150 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 150 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 151 1 Protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 151 2 synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 151 3 entails entail VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 151 4 intermediary intermediary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 151 5 ribonucleic ribonucleic NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 151 6 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 151 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 151 8 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 151 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 151 10 polymers polymer NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 151 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 152 1 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 152 2 possibility possibility NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 152 3 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 152 4 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 152 5 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 152 6 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 152 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 152 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 152 9 genes gene NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 152 10 originated originate VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 152 11 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 152 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 152 13 followed follow VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 152 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 152 15 proteins;[125 proteins;[125 NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 152 16 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 152 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 152 18 alternative alternative NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 152 19 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 152 20 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 152 21 proteins protein NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 152 22 came come VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 152 23 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 152 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 152 25 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 152 26 genes gene NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 152 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 2 126 126 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 4 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 6 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 7 genes gene NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 9 proteins protein NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 10 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 11 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 12 required require VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 14 produce produce VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 16 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 19 problem problem NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 21 considering considering NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 22 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 23 came come VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 24 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 25 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 26 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 27 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 30 chicken chicken NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 31 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 33 egg egg NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 153 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 154 1 Most Most JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 154 2 scientists scientist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 154 3 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 154 4 adopted adopt VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 154 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 154 6 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 154 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 154 8 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 154 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 154 10 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 154 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 154 12 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 154 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 154 14 unlikely unlikely JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 154 15 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 154 16 genes gene NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 154 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 154 18 proteins protein NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 154 19 arose arise VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 154 20 independently independently RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 154 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 2 127 127 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 4 Therefore therefore RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 7 possibility possibility NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 9 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 10 suggested suggest VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 12 Francis Francis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 13 Crick,[128 Crick,[128 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 14 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 15 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 16 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 18 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 19 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 20 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 21 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 22 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 23 RNA,[127 RNA,[127 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 24 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 25 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 26 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 28 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 29 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 30 like like JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 31 properties property NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 33 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 34 storage storage NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 37 catalytic catalytic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 38 properties property NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 40 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 41 proteins protein NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 155 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 3 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 5 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 6 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 7 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 10 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 12 supported support VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 13 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 15 observation observation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 16 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 17 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 20 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 21 critical critical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 22 components component NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 24 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 26 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 27 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 28 evolve evolve VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 30 slowest slow JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 31 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 32 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 33 composed compose VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 34 mostly mostly RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 35 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 36 entirely entirely RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 38 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 156 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 157 1 Also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 157 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 157 3 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 157 4 critical critical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 157 5 cofactors cofactor NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 157 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 157 7 ATP ATP NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 157 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 157 9 Acetyl Acetyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 157 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 157 11 CoA CoA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 157 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 157 13 NADH NADH NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 157 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 157 15 etc etc FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 157 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 157 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 158 1 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 158 2 either either DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 158 3 nucleotides nucleotide NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 158 4 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 158 5 substances substance NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 158 6 clearly clearly RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 158 7 related related JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 158 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 158 9 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 158 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 159 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 159 2 catalytic catalytic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 159 3 properties property NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 159 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 159 5 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 159 6 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 159 7 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 159 8 yet yet RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 159 9 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 159 10 demonstrated demonstrate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 159 11 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 159 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 159 13 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 159 14 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 159 15 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 159 16 proposed,[129 proposed,[129 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 159 17 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 159 18 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 159 19 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 159 20 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 159 21 confirmed confirm VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 159 22 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 159 23 Thomas Thomas NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 159 24 Cech Cech NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 159 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 159 26 1986 1986 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 159 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 160 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 160 2 130 130 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 160 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 160 4 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 160 5 issue issue NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 160 6 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 160 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 160 8 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 160 9 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 160 10 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 160 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 160 12 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 160 13 synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 160 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 160 15 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 160 16 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 160 17 simple simple JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 160 18 inorganic inorganic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 160 19 precursors precursor NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 160 20 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 160 21 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-8287 160 22 difficult difficult JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 160 23 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 160 24 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 160 25 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 160 26 organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 160 27 molecules molecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 160 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 1 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 2 reason reason NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 3 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 4 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 7 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 8 precursors precursor NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 10 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 11 stable stable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 13 react react VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 15 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 16 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 17 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 18 slowly slowly RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 19 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 20 ambient ambient JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 21 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 24 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 25 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 26 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 27 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 28 proposed propose VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 29 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 30 living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 31 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 32 consisted consist VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 34 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 35 molecules molecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 36 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 37 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 161 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 2 131 131 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 4 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 7 successful successful JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 8 synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 10 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 11 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 12 molecules molecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 13 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 15 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 16 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 17 existed exist VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 18 prior prior RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 20 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 21 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 22 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 23 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 24 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 25 achieved achieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 26 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 27 adding add VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 28 alternative alternative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 29 precursors precursor NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 31 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 32 specified specified JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 33 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 34 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 36 precursor precursor NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 37 phosphate phosphate NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 38 present present NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 39 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 41 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 162 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 163 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 163 2 132 132 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 163 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 163 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 163 5 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 163 6 makes make VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 163 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 163 8 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 163 9 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 163 10 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 163 11 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-8287 163 12 plausible plausible JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 163 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 2 133 133 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 4 Geological geological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 5 findings finding NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 7 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 8 showed show VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 9 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 10 reactive reactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 11 phosphorus phosphorus NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 12 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 14 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 15 phosphite phosphite NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 17 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 19 abundance abundance NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 22 ocean ocean NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 23 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 24 3.5 3.5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 25 Ga Ga NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 28 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 29 Schreibersite Schreibersite NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 30 easily easily RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 31 reacts react VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 32 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 33 aqueous aqueous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 34 glycerol glycerol NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 35 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 36 generate generate VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 37 phosphite phosphite NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 39 glycerol glycerol NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 40 3-phosphate 3-phosphate CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 164 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 2 134 134 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 4 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 6 hypothesized hypothesize VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 8 Schreibersite Schreibersite NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 10 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 11 meteorites meteorite NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 12 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 14 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 15 Heavy Heavy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 16 Bombardment Bombardment NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 17 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 18 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 19 provided provide VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 20 early early RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 21 reduced reduce VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 22 phosphorus phosphorus NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 24 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 25 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 26 react react VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 27 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 28 prebiotic prebiotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 29 organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 30 molecules molecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 31 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 32 form form VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 33 phosphorylated phosphorylated JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 34 biomolecules biomolecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 36 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 37 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 165 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 166 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 166 2 134 134 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 166 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 166 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 166 5 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 166 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 166 7 experiments experiment NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 166 8 demonstrated demonstrate VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 166 9 Darwinian darwinian JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 166 10 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 166 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 166 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 166 13 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 166 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 166 15 component component NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 166 16 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 166 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 166 18 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 166 19 enzymes enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 166 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 166 21 ribozymes ribozyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 166 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 166 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 166 24 vitro vitro FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 166 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 2 135 135 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 5 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 7 performed perform VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 10 laboratory laboratory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 12 Gerald Gerald NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 13 Joyce Joyce NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 15 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 16 stated state VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 17 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 18 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 21 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 22 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 24 outside outside IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 26 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 29 evolutionary evolutionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 30 adaptation adaptation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 32 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 33 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 34 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 35 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 167 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 168 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 168 2 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 168 3 136 136 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 168 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 168 5 Prebiotic prebiotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 168 6 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 168 7 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 168 8 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 168 9 originated originate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 168 10 extraterrestrially extraterrestrially RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 168 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 1 NASA NASA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 2 findings finding NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 4 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 6 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 7 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 8 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 10 meteorites meteorite NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 11 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 12 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 13 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 15 suggest suggest VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 16 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 18 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 19 components component NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 21 adenine adenine NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 23 guanine guanine JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 25 related related JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 26 organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 27 molecules molecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 29 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 30 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 31 formed form VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 32 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 33 outer outer JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 34 space space NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 169 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 2 137][138][139][140 137][138][139][140 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 5 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 6 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 8 NASA NASA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 9 scientists scientist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 10 reported report VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 11 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 13 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 15 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 16 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 18 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 19 DNA DNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 21 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 22 organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 23 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 25 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 27 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 28 uracil uracil NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 30 cytosine cytosine NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 32 thymine thymine NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 34 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 35 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 36 formed form VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 37 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 39 laboratory laboratory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 40 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 41 outer outer JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 42 space space NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 43 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 45 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 46 starting start VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 47 chemicals chemical NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 48 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 49 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 50 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 51 pyrimidine pyrimidine NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 52 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 53 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 54 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 55 meteorites meteorite NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 170 56 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 1 Pyrimidine Pyrimidine NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 3 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 4 polycyclic polycyclic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 5 aromatic aromatic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 6 hydrocarbons hydrocarbon NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 8 PAHs PAHs NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 12 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 13 carbon carbon NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 15 rich rich JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 16 chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 17 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 20 universe universe NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 22 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 23 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 24 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 25 formed form VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 27 red red JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 28 giants giant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 29 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 31 interstellar interstellar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 32 dust dust NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 34 gas gas NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 35 clouds cloud NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 37 according accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 38 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 40 scientists scientist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 171 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 172 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 172 2 141 141 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 172 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 172 4 According accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 172 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 172 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 172 7 panspermia panspermia NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 172 8 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 172 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 172 10 microscopic microscopic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 172 11 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 172 12 — — : en-wikipedia-org-8287 172 13 distributed distribute VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 172 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 172 15 meteoroids meteoroid NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 172 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 172 17 asteroids asteroid NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 172 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 172 19 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 172 20 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 172 21 Solar Solar NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 172 22 System System NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 172 23 bodies body NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 172 24 — — : en-wikipedia-org-8287 172 25 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 172 26 exist exist VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 172 27 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 172 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 172 29 universe universe NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 172 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 173 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 173 2 142][143 142][143 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 173 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 173 4 Environmental environmental JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 173 5 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 173 6 Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 173 7 dramatically dramatically RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 173 8 changed change VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 173 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 173 10 composition composition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 173 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 173 12 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 173 13 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 173 14 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 173 15 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 173 16 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 173 17 leading lead VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 173 18 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 173 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 173 20 near near JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 173 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 173 22 extinction extinction NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 173 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 173 24 oxygen oxygen NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 173 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 173 26 intolerant intolerant JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 173 27 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 173 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 174 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 174 2 diversity diversity NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 174 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 174 4 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 174 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 174 6 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 174 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 174 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 174 9 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 174 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 174 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 174 12 dynamic dynamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 174 13 interplay interplay NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 174 14 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 174 15 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 174 16 opportunity opportunity NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 174 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 174 18 metabolic metabolic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 174 19 capability capability NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 174 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 174 21 environmental environmental JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 174 22 challenges,[144 challenges,[144 NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 174 23 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 174 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 174 25 symbiosis symbiosis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 174 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 175 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 175 2 145][146][147 145][146][147 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 175 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 175 4 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 175 5 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 175 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 175 7 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 175 8 existence existence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 175 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 175 10 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 175 11 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 175 12 habitable habitable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 175 13 environment environment NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 175 14 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 175 15 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 175 16 dominated dominate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 175 17 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 175 18 microorganisms microorganism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 175 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 175 20 subjected subject VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 175 21 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 175 22 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 175 23 metabolism metabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 175 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 175 25 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 175 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 3 consequence consequence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 5 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 6 microbial microbial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 7 activities activity NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 10 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 12 chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 13 environment environment NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 14 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 15 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 16 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 17 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 18 changing change VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 19 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 21 geologic geologic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 22 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 23 scale scale NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 25 thereby thereby RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 26 affecting affect VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 28 path path NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 30 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 32 subsequent subsequent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 33 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 176 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 177 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 177 2 144 144 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 177 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 177 4 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 177 5 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 177 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 177 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 177 8 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 177 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 177 10 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 177 11 oxygen oxygen NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 177 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 177 13 cyanobacteria cyanobacteria NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 177 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 177 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 177 16 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 177 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 177 18 product product NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 177 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 177 20 photosynthesis photosynthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 177 21 induced induce VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 177 22 global global JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 177 23 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 177 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 177 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 177 26 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 177 27 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 177 28 environment environment NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 177 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 1 Because because IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 2 oxygen oxygen NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 4 toxic toxic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 6 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 7 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 9 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 10 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 12 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 14 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 15 posed pose VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 16 novel novel JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 17 evolutionary evolutionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 18 challenges challenge NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 21 ultimately ultimately RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 22 resulted result VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 25 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 27 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 28 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 29 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 30 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 32 plant plant NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 33 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 178 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 179 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 179 2 interplay interplay NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 179 3 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 179 4 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 179 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 179 6 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 179 7 environment environment NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 179 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 179 9 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 179 10 inherent inherent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 179 11 feature feature NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 179 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 179 13 living living NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 179 14 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 179 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 180 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 180 2 144 144 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 180 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 180 4 Biosphere Biosphere NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 180 5 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 180 6 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 180 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 180 8 Biosphere Biosphere NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 180 9 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 180 10 biosphere biosphere NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 180 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 180 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 180 13 global global JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 180 14 sum sum NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 180 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 180 16 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 180 17 ecosystems ecosystem NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 180 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 2 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 4 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 5 termed term VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 8 zone zone NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 10 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 11 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 12 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 15 closed closed JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 16 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 18 apart apart RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 19 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 20 solar solar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 22 cosmic cosmic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 23 radiation radiation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 25 heat heat NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 26 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 28 interior interior NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 31 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 35 largely largely RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 36 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 37 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 38 regulating regulating NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 181 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 2 148 148 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 4 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 6 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 7 general general JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 8 biophysiological biophysiological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 9 definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 12 biosphere biosphere NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 15 global global JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 16 ecological ecological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 17 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 18 integrating integrate VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 19 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 20 living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 21 beings being NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 23 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 24 relationships relationship NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 26 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 27 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 28 interaction interaction NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 29 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 31 elements element NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 34 lithosphere lithosphere NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 36 geosphere geosphere NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 38 hydrosphere hydrosphere NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 40 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 41 atmosphere atmosphere NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 182 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 1 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 2 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 3 live live VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 5 every every DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 6 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 9 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 10 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 11 biosphere biosphere JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 13 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 14 soil soil NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 16 hot hot JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 17 springs spring NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 19 inside inside IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 20 rocks rock NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 21 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 22 least least JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 23 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 24   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 25 km km NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 27 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 28   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 29 mi mi JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 30 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 31 deep deep RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 32 underground underground NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 35 deepest deep JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 36 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 39 ocean ocean NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 41 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 42 at at RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 43 least least JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 44 64 64 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 45   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 46 km km NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 47 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 48 40 40 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 49   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 50 mi mi JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 51 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 52 high high RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 53 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 54 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 55 atmosphere atmosphere NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 183 56 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 2 149][150][151 149][150][151 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 4 Under under IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 5 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 6 test test NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 7 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 9 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 10 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 11 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 12 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 13 observed observe VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 15 thrive thrive VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 18 near near JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 20 weightlessness weightlessness NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 22 space[152][153 space[152][153 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 23 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 25 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 26 survive survive VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 29 vacuum vacuum NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 31 outer outer JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 32 space space NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 184 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 185 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 185 2 154][155 154][155 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 185 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 185 4 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 185 5 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 185 6 appear appear VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 185 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 185 8 thrive thrive VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 185 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 185 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 185 11 Mariana Mariana NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 185 12 Trench Trench NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 185 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 185 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 185 15 deepest deep JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 185 16 spot spot NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 185 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 185 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 185 19 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 185 20 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 185 21 oceans ocean NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 185 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 2 156][157 156][157 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 4 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 5 researchers researcher NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 6 reported report VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 7 related related JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 8 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 9 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 10 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 11 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 12 thrive thrive VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 13 inside inside RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 14 rocks rock VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 15 up up IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 17 580 580 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 18   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 19 m m NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 21 1,900 1,900 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 22   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 23 ft ft FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 24 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 25 0.36 0.36 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 26   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 27 mi mi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 29 below below IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 31 sea sea NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 32 floor floor NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 33 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 34 2,590 2,590 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 35   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 36 m m NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 37 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 38 8,500 8,500 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 39   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 40 ft ft FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 41 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 42 1.61 1.61 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 43   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 44 mi mi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 45 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 46 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 47 ocean ocean NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 48 off off IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 49 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 50 coast coast NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 51 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 52 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 53 northwestern northwestern JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 54 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 55 States,[156][158 States,[156][158 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 56 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 57 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 58 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 59 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 60 2,400 2,400 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 61   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 62 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 63 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 64 7,900 7,900 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 65   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 66 ft ft FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 67 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 68 1.5 1.5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 69   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 70 mi mi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 71 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 72 beneath beneath IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 73 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 74 seabed seabed NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 75 off off IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 76 Japan Japan NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 186 77 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 2 159 159 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 5 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 6 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 8 scientists scientist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 9 confirmed confirm VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 11 existence existence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 13 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 14 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 15 living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 16 800 800 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 17   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 18 m m NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 20 2,600 2,600 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 21   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 22 ft ft FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 23 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 24 0.50 0.50 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 25   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 26 mi mi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 28 below below IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 30 ice ice NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 32 Antarctica Antarctica NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 187 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 188 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 188 2 160][161 160][161 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 188 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 188 4 According accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 188 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 188 6 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 188 7 researcher researcher NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 188 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 188 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 188 10 You -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 188 11 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 188 12 find find VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 188 13 microbes microbe NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 188 14 everywhere everywhere RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 188 15 — — : en-wikipedia-org-8287 188 16 they're they're NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 188 17 extremely extremely RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 188 18 adaptable adaptable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 188 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 188 20 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 188 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 188 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 188 23 survive survive VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 188 24 wherever wherever WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 188 25 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 188 26 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 188 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 2 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 3 156 156 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 6 biosphere biosphere NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 8 postulated postulate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 10 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 11 evolved evolve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 13 beginning begin VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 16 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 18 biopoesis biopoesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 20 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 21 created create VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 22 naturally naturally RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 23 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 24 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 25 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 26 living living JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 27 matter matter NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 29 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 30 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 31 simple simple JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 32 organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 33 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 35 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 36 biogenesis biogenesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 37 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 38 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 39 created create VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 40 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 41 living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 42 matter matter NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 43 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 45 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 46 least least JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 47 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 48 3.5 3.5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 49 billion billion CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 50 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 51 ago ago RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 189 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 2 162][163 162][163 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 5 earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 6 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 7 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 8 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 9 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 10 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 11 includes include VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 12 biogenic biogenic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 13 graphite graphite NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 14 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 16 3.7 3.7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 17 billion billion CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 19 year year NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 21 old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 22 metasedimentary metasedimentary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 23 rocks rock NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 24 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 25 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 26 Greenland[107 Greenland[107 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 27 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 29 microbial microbial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 30 mat mat NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 31 fossils fossil NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 32 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 34 3.48 3.48 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 35 billion billion CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 36 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 37 year year NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 38 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 39 old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 40 sandstone sandstone NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 41 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 42 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 43 Australia Australia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 190 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 191 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 191 2 108][109 108][109 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 191 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 191 4 More more RBR en-wikipedia-org-8287 191 5 recently recently RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 191 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 191 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 191 8 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 191 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 191 10 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 191 11 remains remain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 191 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 191 13 biotic biotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 191 14 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 191 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 191 16 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 191 17 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 191 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 191 19 4.1 4.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 191 20 billion billion CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 191 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 191 22 year year NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 191 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 191 24 old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 191 25 rocks rock NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 191 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 191 27 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 191 28 Australia Australia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 191 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 2 99][100 99][100 RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 5 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 7 putative putative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 8 fossilized fossilized JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 9 microorganisms microorganism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 11 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 12 microfossils microfossil NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 14 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 15 announced announce VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 17 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 18 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 19 discovered discover VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 21 hydrothermal hydrothermal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 22 vent vent NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 23 precipitates precipitate NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 26 Nuvvuagittuq Nuvvuagittuq NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 27 Belt Belt NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 29 Quebec Quebec NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 31 Canada Canada NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 32 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 33 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 34 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 35 old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 36 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 37 4.28 4.28 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 38 billion billion CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 39 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 42 oldest old JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 43 record record NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 44 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 45 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 46 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 47 earth earth NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 48 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 49 suggesting suggest VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 50 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 51 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 52 almost almost RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 53 instantaneous instantaneous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 54 emergence emergence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 55 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 56 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 57 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 58 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 59 ocean ocean NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 60 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 61 4.4 4.4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 62 billion billion CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 63 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 64 ago ago RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 65 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 66 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 67 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 68 long long RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 69 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 70 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 71 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 72 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 73 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 74 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 75 4.54 4.54 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 76 billion billion CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 77 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 78 ago ago RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 192 79 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 193 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 193 2 1][2][3][4 1][2][3][4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 193 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 193 4 According accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 193 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 193 6 biologist biologist NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 193 7 Stephen Stephen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 193 8 Blair Blair NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 193 9 Hedges Hedges NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 193 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 193 11 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 193 12 If if IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 193 13 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 193 14 arose arise VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 193 15 relatively relatively RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 193 16 quickly quickly RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 193 17 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 193 18 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 193 19   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 193 20 ... ... . en-wikipedia-org-8287 193 21 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 193 22 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 193 23 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 193 24 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 193 25 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 193 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 193 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 193 28 universe universe NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 193 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 194 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 194 2 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 194 3 99 99 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 194 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 194 5 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 194 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 194 7 general general JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 194 8 sense sense NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 194 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 194 10 biospheres biosphere NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 194 11 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 194 12 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 194 13 closed closed JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 194 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 194 15 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 194 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 194 17 regulating regulate VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 194 18 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 194 19 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 194 20 ecosystems ecosystem NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 194 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 195 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 195 2 includes include VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 195 3 artificial artificial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 195 4 biospheres biosphere NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 195 5 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 195 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 195 7 Biosphere Biosphere NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 195 8 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 195 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 195 10 BIOS-3 bios-3 NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 195 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 195 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 195 13 potentially potentially RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 195 14 ones one NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 195 15 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 195 16 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 195 17 planets planet NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 195 18 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 195 19 moons moon NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 195 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 196 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 196 2 164 164 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 196 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 196 4 Range range NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 196 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 196 6 tolerance tolerance NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 196 7 Deinococcus Deinococcus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 196 8 radiodurans radioduran NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 196 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 196 10 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 196 11 extremophile extremophile NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 196 12 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 196 13 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 196 14 resist resist VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 196 15 extremes extreme NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 196 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 196 17 cold cold JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 196 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 196 19 dehydration dehydration NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 196 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 196 21 vacuum vacuum NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 196 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 196 23 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 196 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 196 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 196 26 radiation radiation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 196 27 exposure exposure NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 196 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 2 inert inert JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 3 components component NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 5 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 6 ecosystem ecosystem NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 9 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 11 chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 12 factors factor NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 13 necessary necessary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 14 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 15 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 16 — — : en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 17 energy energy NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 19 sunlight sunlight NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 20 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 21 chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 22 energy energy NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 25 water water NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 27 heat heat NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 29 atmosphere atmosphere NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 31 gravity gravity NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 33 nutrients nutrient NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 36 ultraviolet ultraviolet JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 37 solar solar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 38 radiation radiation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 39 protection protection NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 197 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 198 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 198 2 165 165 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 198 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 198 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 198 5 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 198 6 ecosystems ecosystem NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 198 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 198 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 198 9 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 198 10 vary vary VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 198 11 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 198 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 198 13 day day NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 198 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 198 15 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 198 16 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 198 17 season season NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 198 18 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 198 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 198 20 next next JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 198 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 199 1 To to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 199 2 live live VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 199 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 199 4 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 199 5 ecosystems ecosystem NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 199 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 199 7 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 199 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 199 9 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 199 10 must must MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 199 11 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 199 12 able able JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 199 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 199 14 survive survive VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 199 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 199 16 range range NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 199 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 199 18 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 199 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 199 20 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 199 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 199 22 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 199 23 range range NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 199 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 199 25 tolerance tolerance NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 199 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 200 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 200 2 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 200 3 166 166 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 200 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 200 5 Outside outside IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 200 6 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 200 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 200 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 200 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 200 10 zones zone NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 200 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 200 12 physiological physiological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 200 13 stress stress NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 200 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 200 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 200 16 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 200 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 200 18 survival survival NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 200 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 200 20 reproduction reproduction NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 200 21 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 200 22 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 200 23 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 200 24 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 200 25 optimal optimal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 200 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 201 1 Beyond beyond IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 201 2 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 201 3 zones zone NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 201 4 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 201 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 201 6 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 201 7 zones zone NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 201 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 201 9 intolerance intolerance NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 201 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 201 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 201 12 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 201 13 survival survival NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 201 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 201 15 reproduction reproduction NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 201 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 201 17 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 201 18 organism organism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 201 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 201 20 unlikely unlikely JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 201 21 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 201 22 impossible impossible JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 201 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 202 1 Organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 202 2 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 202 3 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 202 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 202 5 wide wide JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 202 6 range range NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 202 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 202 8 tolerance tolerance NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 202 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 202 10 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-8287 202 11 widely widely RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 202 12 distributed distribute VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 202 13 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 202 14 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 202 15 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 202 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 202 17 narrow narrow JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 202 18 range range NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 202 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 202 20 tolerance tolerance NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 202 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 2 166 166 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 4 Extremophiles Extremophiles NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 5 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 6 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 8 Extremophile extremophile NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 9 To to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 10 survive survive VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 12 selected select VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 13 microorganisms microorganism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 14 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 15 assume assume VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 16 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 17 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 18 enable enable VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 19 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 20 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 21 withstand withstand VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 22 freezing freezing NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 24 complete complete JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 25 desiccation desiccation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 27 starvation starvation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 29 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 30 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 32 radiation radiation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 33 exposure exposure NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 36 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 37 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 38 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 39 chemical chemical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 40 challenges challenge NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 203 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 204 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 204 2 microorganisms microorganism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 204 3 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 204 4 survive survive VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 204 5 exposure exposure NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 204 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 204 7 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 204 8 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 204 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 204 10 weeks week NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 204 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 204 12 months month NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 204 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 204 14 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 204 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 204 16 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 204 17 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 204 18 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 204 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 205 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 205 2 144 144 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 205 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 205 4 Extremophiles extremophile NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 205 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 205 6 microbial microbial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 205 7 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 205 8 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 205 9 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 205 10 thrive thrive VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 205 11 outside outside IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 205 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 205 13 ranges range NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 205 14 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 205 15 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 205 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 205 17 commonly commonly RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 205 18 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 205 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 206 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 206 2 167 167 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 206 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 206 4 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 206 5 excel excel VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 206 6 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 206 7 exploiting exploit VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 206 8 uncommon uncommon JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 206 9 sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 206 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 206 11 energy energy NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 206 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 207 1 While while IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 207 2 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 207 3 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 207 4 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 207 5 composed compose VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 207 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 207 7 nearly nearly RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 207 8 identical identical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 207 9 molecules molecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 207 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 207 11 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 207 12 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 207 13 enabled enable VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 207 14 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 207 15 microbes microbe NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 207 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 207 17 cope cope VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 207 18 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 207 19 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 207 20 wide wide JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 207 21 range range NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 207 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 207 23 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 207 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 207 25 chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 207 26 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 207 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 208 1 Characterization characterization NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 208 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 208 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 208 4 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 208 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 208 6 metabolic metabolic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 208 7 diversity diversity NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 208 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 208 9 microbial microbial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 208 10 communities community NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 208 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 208 12 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 208 13 extreme extreme JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 208 14 environments environment NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 208 15 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 208 16 ongoing ongoing JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 208 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 209 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 209 2 168 168 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 209 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 209 4 Microbial microbial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 209 5 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 209 6 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 209 7 thrive thrive VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 209 8 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 209 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 209 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 209 11 Mariana Mariana NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 209 12 Trench Trench NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 209 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 209 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 209 15 deepest deep JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 209 16 spot spot NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 209 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 209 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 209 19 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 209 20 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 209 21 oceans ocean NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 209 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 2 156][157 156][157 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 4 Microbes microbe NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 5 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 6 thrive thrive VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 7 inside inside RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 8 rocks rock NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 9 up up RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 11 1,900 1,900 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 12 feet foot NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 14 580 580 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 15   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 16 m m NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 18 below below IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 20 sea sea NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 21 floor floor NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 22 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 23 8,500 8,500 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 24 feet foot NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 26 2,600 2,600 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 27   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 28 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 31 ocean ocean NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 210 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 2 156][158 156][158 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 4 Investigation investigation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 7 tenacity tenacity NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 9 versatility versatility NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 11 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 12 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 13 Earth,[167 Earth,[167 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 14 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 15 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 16 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 17 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 18 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 19 understanding understanding NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 22 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 23 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 24 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 25 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 26 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 27 utilize utilize VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 28 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 29 survive survive VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 30 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 31 extremes extreme NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 33 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 34 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 35 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 37 search search NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 38 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 39 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 40 beyond beyond IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 41 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 211 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 212 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 212 2 144 144 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 212 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 212 4 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 212 5 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 212 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 212 7 lichen lichen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 212 8 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 212 9 survive survive VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 212 10 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 212 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 212 12 month month NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 212 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 212 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 212 15 simulated simulate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 212 16 Martian martian JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 212 17 environment environment NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 212 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 213 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 213 2 169][170 169][170 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 213 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 213 4 Chemical chemical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 213 5 elements element NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 213 6 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 213 7 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 213 8 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 213 9 require require VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 213 10 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 213 11 core core NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 213 12 chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 213 13 elements element NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 213 14 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 213 15 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 213 16 biochemical biochemical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 213 17 functioning functioning NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 213 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 214 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 214 2 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 214 3 carbon carbon NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 214 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 214 5 hydrogen hydrogen NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 214 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 214 7 nitrogen nitrogen NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 214 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 214 9 oxygen oxygen NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 214 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 214 11 phosphorus phosphorus NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 214 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 214 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 214 14 sulfur sulfur NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 214 15 — — : en-wikipedia-org-8287 214 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 214 17 elemental elemental JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 214 18 macronutrients macronutrient NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 214 19 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 214 20 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 214 21 organisms[171]—often organisms[171]—often CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 214 22 represented represent VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 214 23 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 214 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 214 25 acronym acronym NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 214 26 CHNOPS CHNOPS NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 214 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 215 1 Together together RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 215 2 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 215 3 make make VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 215 4 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-8287 215 5 nucleic nucleic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 215 6 acids acid NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 215 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 215 8 proteins protein NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 215 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 215 10 lipids lipid NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 215 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 215 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 215 13 bulk bulk NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 215 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 215 15 living living NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 215 16 matter matter NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 215 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 216 1 Five five CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 216 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 216 3 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 216 4 six six CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 216 5 elements element NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 216 6 comprise comprise VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 216 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 216 8 chemical chemical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 216 9 components component NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 216 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 216 11 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 216 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 216 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 216 14 exception exception NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 216 15 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 216 16 sulfur sulfur NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 216 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 217 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 217 2 latter latter NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 217 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 217 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 217 5 component component NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 217 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 217 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 217 8 amino amino NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 217 9 acids acid NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 217 10 cysteine cysteine NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 217 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 217 12 methionine methionine NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 217 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 218 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 218 2 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-8287 218 3 biologically biologically RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 218 4 abundant abundant JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 218 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 218 6 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 218 7 elements element NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 218 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 218 9 carbon carbon NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 218 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 218 11 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 218 12 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 218 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 218 14 desirable desirable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 218 15 attribute attribute NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 218 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 218 17 forming form VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 218 18 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 218 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 218 20 stable stable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 218 21 covalent covalent NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 218 22 bonds bond NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 218 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 219 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 219 2 allows allow VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 219 3 carbon carbon NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 219 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 219 5 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 219 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 219 7 organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 219 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 219 9 molecules molecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 219 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 219 11 form form VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 219 12 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 219 13 immense immense JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 219 14 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 219 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 219 16 chemical chemical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 219 17 arrangements arrangement NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 219 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 2 172 172 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 4 Alternative alternative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 5 hypothetical hypothetical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 6 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 8 biochemistry biochemistry NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 9 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 10 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 11 proposed propose VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 12 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 13 eliminate eliminate VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 14 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 15 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 16 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 18 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 19 elements element NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 21 swap swap VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 22 out out RP en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 23 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 24 element element NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 25 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 26 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 27 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 28 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 30 list list NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 32 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 33 change change VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 34 required require VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 35 chiralities chiralitie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 36 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 37 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 38 chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 39 properties property NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 220 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 2 173][174 173][174 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 4 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 5 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 6 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 8 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 9 Deoxyribonucleic Deoxyribonucleic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 10 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 13 molecule molecule NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 14 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 15 carries carry VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 16 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 19 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 20 instructions instruction NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 21 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 24 growth growth NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 26 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 28 functioning functioning NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 30 reproduction reproduction NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 32 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 33 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 34 living living NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 35 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 37 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 38 viruses virus NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 221 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 1 DNA DNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 3 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 4 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 5 nucleic nucleic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 6 acids acid NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 7 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 8 alongside alongside IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 9 proteins protein NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 11 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 12 carbohydrates carbohydrate NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 14 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 15 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 16 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 19 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 20 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 21 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 23 macromolecule macromolecule NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 24 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 25 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 26 essential essential JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 27 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 28 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 29 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 30 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 32 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 222 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 223 1 Most Most JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 223 2 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 223 3 molecules molecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 223 4 consist consist VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 223 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 223 6 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 223 7 biopolymer biopolymer JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 223 8 strands strand NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 223 9 coiled coil VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 223 10 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 223 11 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 223 12 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 223 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 223 14 form form VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 223 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 223 16 double double JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 223 17 helix helix NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 223 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 224 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 224 2 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 224 3 DNA DNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 224 4 strands strand NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 224 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 224 6 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 224 7 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 224 8 polynucleotides polynucleotide NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 224 9 since since IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 224 10 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 224 11 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 224 12 composed compose VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 224 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 224 14 simpler simple JJR en-wikipedia-org-8287 224 15 units unit NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 224 16 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 224 17 nucleotides nucleotide NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 224 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 2 175 175 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 4 Each each DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 5 nucleotide nucleotide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 7 composed compose VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 10 nitrogen nitrogen NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 12 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 13 nucleobase nucleobase NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 14 — — : en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 15 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 16 cytosine cytosine NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 18 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 21 guanine guanine NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 23 G g NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 26 adenine adenine NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 28 A a NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 31 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 32 thymine thymine NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 33 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 34 T)—as t)—as UH en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 35 well well UH en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 36 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 37 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 38 sugar sugar NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 39 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 40 deoxyribose deoxyribose VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 41 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 42 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 43 phosphate phosphate NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 44 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 225 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 2 nucleotides nucleotide NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 3 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 4 joined join VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 6 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 7 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 10 chain chain NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 12 covalent covalent NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 13 bonds bond NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 14 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 16 sugar sugar NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 18 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 19 nucleotide nucleotide JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 22 phosphate phosphate NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 25 next next JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 27 resulting result VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 29 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 30 alternating alternate VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 31 sugar sugar NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 32 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 33 phosphate phosphate NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 34 backbone backbone NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 226 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 1 According accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 2 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 3 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 4 pairing pair VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 5 rules rule NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 7 A a NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 8 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 9 T t NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 12 C c NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 13 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 14 G G NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 17 hydrogen hydrogen NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 18 bonds bond NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 19 bind bind VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 21 nitrogenous nitrogenous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 22 bases basis NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 25 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 26 separate separate JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 27 polynucleotide polynucleotide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 28 strands strand NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 29 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 30 make make VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 31 double double JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 32 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 33 stranded strand VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 34 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 227 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 228 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 228 2 total total JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 228 3 amount amount NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 228 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 228 5 related related JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 228 6 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 228 7 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 228 8 pairs pair NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 228 9 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 228 10 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 228 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 228 12 estimated estimate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 228 13 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 228 14 5.0 5.0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 228 15 x x SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 228 16 1037 1037 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 228 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 228 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 228 19 weighs weigh VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 228 20 50 50 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 228 21 billion billion CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 228 22 tonnes tonne NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 228 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 229 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 229 2 120 120 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 229 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 229 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 229 5 comparison comparison NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 229 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 229 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 229 8 total total JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 229 9 mass mass NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 229 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 229 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 229 12 biosphere biosphere NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 229 13 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 229 14 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 229 15 estimated estimate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 229 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 229 17 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 229 18 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 229 19 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 229 20 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 229 21 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 229 22 TtC ttc NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 229 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 229 24 trillion trillion CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 229 25 tons ton NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 229 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 229 27 carbon carbon NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 229 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 229 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 230 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 230 2 121 121 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 230 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 230 4 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 230 5 stores store NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 230 6 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 230 7 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 230 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 231 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 231 2 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 231 3 backbone backbone NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 231 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 231 5 resistant resistant JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 231 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 231 7 cleavage cleavage VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 231 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 231 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 231 10 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 231 11 strands strand NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 231 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 231 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 231 14 double double RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 231 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 231 16 stranded strand VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 231 17 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 231 18 store store NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 231 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 231 20 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 231 21 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 231 22 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 231 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 232 1 Biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 232 2 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 232 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 232 4 replicated replicate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 232 5 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 232 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 232 7 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 232 8 strands strand NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 232 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 232 10 separated separate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 232 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 2 significant significant JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 3 portion portion NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 5 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 7 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 8 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 9 98 98 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 10 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 12 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 15 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 16 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 17 coding coding JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 19 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 20 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 21 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 22 sections section NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 23 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 24 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 25 serve serve VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 26 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 27 patterns pattern NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 28 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 29 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 30 sequences sequence NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 233 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 234 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 234 2 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 234 3 strands strand NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 234 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 234 5 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 234 6 run run VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 234 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 234 8 opposite opposite JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 234 9 directions direction NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 234 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 234 11 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 234 12 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 234 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 234 14 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 234 15 therefore therefore RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 234 16 anti anti JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 234 17 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 234 18 parallel parallel JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 234 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 235 1 Attached attach VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 235 2 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 235 3 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 235 4 sugar sugar NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 235 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 235 6 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 235 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 235 8 four four CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 235 9 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 235 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 235 11 nucleobases nucleobase NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 235 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 235 13 informally informally RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 235 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 235 15 bases basis NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 235 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 235 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 236 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 236 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 236 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 236 4 sequence sequence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 236 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 236 6 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 236 7 four four CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 236 8 nucleobases nucleobase NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 236 9 along along IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 236 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 236 11 backbone backbone NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 236 12 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 236 13 encodes encode VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 236 14 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 236 15 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 236 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 237 1 Under under IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 237 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 237 3 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 237 4 code code NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 237 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 237 6 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 237 7 strands strand NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 237 8 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 237 9 translated translate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 237 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 237 11 specify specify VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 237 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 237 13 sequence sequence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 237 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 237 15 amino amino JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 237 16 acids acid NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 237 17 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 237 18 proteins protein NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 237 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 238 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 238 2 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 238 3 strands strand NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 238 4 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 238 5 initially initially RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 238 6 created create VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 238 7 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 238 8 DNA DNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 238 9 strands strand NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 238 10 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 238 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 238 12 template template NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 238 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 238 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 238 15 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 238 16 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 238 17 transcription transcription NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 238 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 239 1 Within within IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 239 2 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 239 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 239 4 DNA DNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 239 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 239 6 organized organize VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 239 7 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 239 8 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 239 9 structures structure NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 239 10 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 239 11 chromosomes chromosome NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 239 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 240 1 During during IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 240 2 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 240 3 division division NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 240 4 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 240 5 chromosomes chromosome NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 240 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 240 7 duplicated duplicate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 240 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 240 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 240 10 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 240 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 240 12 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 240 13 replication replication NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 240 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 240 15 providing provide VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 240 16 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 240 17 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 240 18 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 240 19 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 240 20 complete complete JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 240 21 set set NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 240 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 240 23 chromosomes chromosome NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 240 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 1 Eukaryotic eukaryotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 2 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 4 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 6 plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 8 fungi fungi NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 11 protists protist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 13 store store VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 14 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 16 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 17 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 18 inside inside IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 20 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 21 nucleus nucleus NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 23 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 25 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 26 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 28 organelles organelle NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 30 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 31 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 32 mitochondria mitochondrion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 33 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 34 chloroplasts chloroplast NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 241 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 242 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 242 2 176 176 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 242 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 242 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 242 5 contrast contrast NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 242 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 242 7 prokaryotes prokaryote NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 242 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 242 9 bacteria bacteria NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 242 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 242 11 archaea archaea NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 242 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 242 13 store store VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 242 14 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 242 15 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 242 16 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 242 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 242 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 242 19 cytoplasm cytoplasm NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 242 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 243 1 Within within IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 243 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 243 3 chromosomes chromosome NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 243 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 243 5 chromatin chromatin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 243 6 proteins protein NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 243 7 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 243 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 243 9 histones histone NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 243 10 compact compact JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 243 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 243 12 organize organize VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 243 13 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 243 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 244 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 244 2 compact compact JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 244 3 structures structure NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 244 4 guide guide VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 244 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 244 6 interactions interaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 244 7 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 244 8 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 244 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 244 10 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 244 11 proteins protein NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 244 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 244 13 helping help VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 244 14 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 244 15 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 244 16 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 244 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 244 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 244 19 DNA DNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 244 20 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 244 21 transcribed transcribe VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 244 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 245 1 DNA DNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 245 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 245 3 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 245 4 isolated isolate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 245 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 245 6 Friedrich Friedrich NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 245 7 Miescher Miescher NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 245 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 245 9 1869 1869 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 245 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 2 177 177 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 4 Its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 5 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 6 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 8 identified identify VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 10 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 11 Watson Watson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 13 Francis Francis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 14 Crick Crick NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 16 1953 1953 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 18 whose whose WP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 19 model model NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 21 building building NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 22 efforts effort NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 23 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 24 guided guide VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 25 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 26 X x NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 27 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 28 ray ray NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 29 diffraction diffraction NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 30 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 31 acquired acquire VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 32 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 33 Rosalind Rosalind NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 34 Franklin Franklin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 246 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 247 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 247 2 178 178 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 247 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 247 4 Classification Classification NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 247 5 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 247 6 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 247 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 247 8 Biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 247 9 classification classification NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 247 10 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 247 11 hierarchy hierarchy NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 247 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 247 13 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 247 14 classification classification NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 247 15 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 247 16 eight eight CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 247 17 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 247 18 taxonomic taxonomic NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 247 19 ranks rank NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 247 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 248 1 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 248 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 248 3 divided divide VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 248 4 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 248 5 domains domain NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 248 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 248 7 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 248 8 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 248 9 subdivided subdivide VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 248 10 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 248 11 further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 248 12 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 248 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 249 1 Intermediate intermediate JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 249 2 minor minor JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 249 3 rankings ranking NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 249 4 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 249 5 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 249 6 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 249 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 1 Antiquity antiquity NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 3 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 4 known known JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 5 attempt attempt NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 7 classify classify VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 8 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 9 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 10 conducted conduct VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 13 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 14 philosopher philosopher NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 15 Aristotle Aristotle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 17 384–322 384–322 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 18 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 21 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 22 classified classify VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 23 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 24 living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 25 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 26 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 27 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 28 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 29 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 30 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 31 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 32 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 33 plant plant NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 34 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 35 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 36 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 38 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 39 mainly mainly RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 40 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 41 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 42 ability ability NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 43 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 44 move move VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 250 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 1 He -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 2 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 3 distinguished distinguish VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 4 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 5 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 6 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 7 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 8 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 9 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 10 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 12 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 13 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 14 least least JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 15 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 16 red red JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 17 blood blood NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 20 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 21 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 22 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 23 compared compare VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 24 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 26 concepts concept NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 28 vertebrates vertebrate NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 30 invertebrates invertebrate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 31 respectively respectively RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 34 divided divide VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 36 blooded blooded JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 37 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 38 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 39 five five CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 40 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 41 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 42 viviparous viviparous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 43 quadrupeds quadruped NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 44 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 45 mammals mammal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 46 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 47 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 48 oviparous oviparous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 49 quadrupeds quadruped NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 50 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 51 reptiles reptile NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 52 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 53 amphibians amphibian NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 54 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 55 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 56 birds bird NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 57 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 58 fishes fish NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 59 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 60 whales whale NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 251 61 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 2 bloodless bloodless NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 3 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 4 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 5 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 6 divided divide VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 7 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 8 five five CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 9 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 11 cephalopods cephalopod NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 13 crustaceans crustacean NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 15 insects insect NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 17 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 18 included include VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 20 spiders spider NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 22 scorpions scorpion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 25 centipedes centipede NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 28 addition addition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 29 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 30 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 31 we -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 32 define define VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 33 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 34 insects insect NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 35 today today NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 38 shelled shell VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 39 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 40 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 41 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 42 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 43 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 44 molluscs mollusc NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 45 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 46 echinoderms echinoderm NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 47 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 48 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 49 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 50 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 51 zoophytes zoophyte VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 52 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 53 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 54 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 55 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 56 resemble resemble VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 57 plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 58 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 252 59 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 1 Though though IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 2 Aristotle Aristotle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 3 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 4 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 6 zoology zoology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 8 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 9 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 10 errors error NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 12 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 13 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 15 grandest grand JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 16 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 17 synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 20 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 22 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 24 ultimate ultimate JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 25 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 26 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 27 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 28 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 29 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 30 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 31 death death NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 253 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 254 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 254 2 179 179 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 254 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 254 4 Linnaean linnaean JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 254 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 254 6 exploration exploration NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 254 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 254 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 254 9 Americas Americas NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 254 10 revealed reveal VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 254 11 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 254 12 numbers number NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 254 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 254 14 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 254 15 plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 254 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 254 17 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 254 18 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 254 19 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 254 20 descriptions description NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 254 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 254 22 classification classification NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 254 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 3 latter latter JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 4 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 7 16th 16th JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 8 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 11 beginning beginning NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 14 17th 17th JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 16 careful careful JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 17 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 19 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 20 commenced commence VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 22 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 23 gradually gradually RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 24 extended extend VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 25 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 26 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 27 formed form VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 29 sufficient sufficient JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 30 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 32 knowledge knowledge NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 33 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 34 serve serve VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 35 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 36 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 37 anatomical anatomical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 38 basis basis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 39 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 40 classification classification NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 255 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 256 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 256 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 256 3 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 256 4 1740s 1740 NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 256 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 256 6 Carl Carl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 256 7 Linnaeus Linnaeus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 256 8 introduced introduce VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 256 9 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 256 10 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 256 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 256 12 binomial binomial NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 256 13 nomenclature nomenclature NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 256 14 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 256 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 256 16 classification classification NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 256 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 256 18 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 256 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 1 Linnaeus Linnaeus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 2 attempted attempt VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 3 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 4 improve improve VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 6 composition composition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 8 reduce reduce VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 10 length length NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 13 previously previously RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 14 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 15 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 17 worded word VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 18 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 19 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 20 abolishing abolish VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 21 unnecessary unnecessary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 22 rhetoric rhetoric NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 24 introducing introduce VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 25 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 26 descriptive descriptive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 27 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 29 precisely precisely RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 30 defining define VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 31 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 32 meaning meaning NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 257 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 258 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 258 2 180 180 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 258 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 258 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 258 5 Linnaean linnaean JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 258 6 classification classification NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 258 7 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 258 8 eight eight CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 258 9 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 258 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 258 11 domains domain NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 258 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 258 13 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 258 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 258 15 phyla phyla NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 258 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 258 17 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 258 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 258 19 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 258 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 258 21 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 258 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 258 23 genus genus NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 258 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 258 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 258 26 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 258 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 259 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 259 2 fungi fungus NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 259 3 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 259 4 originally originally RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 259 5 treated treat VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 259 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 259 7 plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 259 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 260 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 260 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 260 3 short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 260 4 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 260 5 Linnaeus Linnaeus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 260 6 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 260 7 classified classify VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 260 8 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 260 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 260 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 260 11 taxon taxon NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 260 12 Vermes Vermes NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 260 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 260 14 Animalia Animalia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 260 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 260 16 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 260 17 later later RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 260 18 placed place VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 260 19 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 260 20 back back RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 260 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 260 22 Plantae Plantae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 260 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 261 1 Copeland Copeland NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 261 2 classified classify VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 261 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 261 4 Fungi Fungi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 261 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 261 6 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 261 7 Protoctista Protoctista NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 261 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 261 9 thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 261 10 partially partially RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 261 11 avoiding avoid VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 261 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 261 13 problem problem NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 261 14 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 261 15 acknowledging acknowledge VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 261 16 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 261 17 special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 261 18 status status NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 261 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 262 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 262 2 181 181 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 262 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 262 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 262 5 problem problem NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 262 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 262 7 eventually eventually RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 262 8 solved solve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 262 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 262 10 Whittaker Whittaker NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 262 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 262 12 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 262 13 he -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 262 14 gave give VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 262 15 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 262 16 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 262 17 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 262 18 kingdom kingdom NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 262 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 262 20 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 262 21 five five CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 262 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 262 23 kingdom kingdom NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 262 24 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 262 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 263 1 Evolutionary evolutionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 263 2 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 263 3 shows show VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 263 4 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 263 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 263 6 fungi fungus NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 263 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 263 8 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-8287 263 9 closely closely RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 263 10 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 263 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 263 12 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 263 13 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 263 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 263 15 plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 263 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 2 182 182 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 4 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 5 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 6 discoveries discovery NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 7 enabled enable VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 8 detailed detailed JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 9 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 11 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 13 microorganisms microorganism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 15 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 16 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 18 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 19 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 20 revealed reveal VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 24 fields field NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 26 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 27 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 29 microbiology microbiology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 30 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 31 created create VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 264 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 2 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 3 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 4 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 5 originally originally RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 6 described describe VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 7 separately separately RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 9 protozoa protozoa NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 10 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 11 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 13 protophyta protophyta JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 14 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 15 thallophyta thallophyta NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 16 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 17 plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 19 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 20 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 21 united unite VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 22 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 23 Haeckel Haeckel NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 26 kingdom kingdom NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 27 Protista Protista NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 28 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 29 later later RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 32 prokaryotes prokaryotes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 33 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 34 split split VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 35 off off RP en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 36 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 38 kingdom kingdom NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 39 Monera Monera NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 41 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 42 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 43 eventually eventually RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 44 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 45 divided divide VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 46 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 47 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 48 separate separate JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 49 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 50 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 51 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 52 Bacteria Bacteria NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 53 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 54 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 55 Archaea Archaea NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 265 56 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 266 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 266 2 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 266 3 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 266 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 266 5 six six CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 266 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 266 7 kingdom kingdom NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 266 8 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 266 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 266 10 eventually eventually RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 266 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 266 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 266 13 current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 266 14 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 266 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 266 16 domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 266 17 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 266 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 266 19 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 266 20 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 266 21 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 266 22 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 266 23 evolutionary evolutionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 266 24 relationships relationship NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 266 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 267 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 267 2 183 183 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 267 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 267 4 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 267 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 267 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 267 7 classification classification NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 267 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 267 9 eukaryotes eukaryote NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 267 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 267 11 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 267 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 267 13 protists protist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 267 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 267 15 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 267 16 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 267 17 controversial controversial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 267 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 268 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 268 2 184 184 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 268 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 268 4 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 268 5 microbiology microbiology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 268 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 268 7 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 268 8 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 268 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 268 10 virology virology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 268 11 developed develop VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 268 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 268 13 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 268 14 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 268 15 cellular cellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 268 16 reproducing reproducing NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 268 17 agents agent NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 268 18 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 268 19 discovered discover VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 268 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 268 21 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 268 22 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 268 23 viruses virus NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 268 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 268 25 viroids viroid NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 268 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 1 Whether whether IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 2 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 3 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 4 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 5 alive alive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 6 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 7 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 9 matter matter NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 11 debate debate NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 12 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 13 viruses virus NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 14 lack lack VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 15 characteristics characteristic NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 17 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 18 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 19 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 20 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 21 membranes membrane NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 23 metabolism metabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 26 ability ability NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 27 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 28 grow grow VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 29 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 30 respond respond VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 31 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 32 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 33 environments environment NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 269 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 270 1 Viruses virus NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 270 2 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 270 3 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 270 4 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 270 5 classed class VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 270 6 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 270 7 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 270 8 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 270 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 270 10 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 270 11 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 270 12 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 270 13 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 270 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 270 15 genetics genetic NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 270 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 270 17 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 270 18 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 270 19 aspects aspect NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 270 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 270 21 such such PDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 270 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 270 23 classification classification NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 270 24 remain remain VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 270 25 controversial controversial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 270 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 271 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 271 2 185 185 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 271 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 271 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 271 5 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 271 6 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 271 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 271 8 scientists scientist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 271 9 reported report VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 271 10 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 271 11 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 271 12 trillion trillion CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 271 13 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 271 14 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 271 15 estimated estimate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 271 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 271 17 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 271 18 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 271 19 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 271 20 currently currently RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 271 21 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 271 22 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 271 23 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 271 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 271 25 thousandth thousandth NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 271 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 271 27 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 271 28 percent percent NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 271 29 described describe VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 271 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 2 118 118 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 5 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 6 Linnaean linnaean JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 7 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 8 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 9 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 10 modified modify VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 11 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 12 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 14 follows follow VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 15 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 16 Linnaeus Linnaeus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 17 1735[186 1735[186 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 18 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 19 Haeckel Haeckel NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 20 1866[187 1866[187 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 21 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 22 Chatton Chatton NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 23 1925[188 1925[188 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 24 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 25 Copeland Copeland NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 26 1938[189 1938[189 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 27 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 28 Whittaker whittaker NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 29 1969[190 1969[190 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 30 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 31 Woese Woese NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 32 et et FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 33 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 272 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 1 1990[183 1990[183 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 3 Cavalier Cavalier NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 5 Smith Smith NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 6 1998[191 1998[191 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 7 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 8 Cavalier Cavalier NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 10 Smith Smith NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 11 2015[192 2015[192 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 12 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 13 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 14 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 15 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 16 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 17 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 18 empires empire VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 19 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 20 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 21 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 22 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 23 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 24 domains domain NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 25 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 26 empires empire NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 28 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 29 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 30 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 31 empires empire NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 33 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 34 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 35 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 36 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 37 treated treat VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 38 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 39 Protista Protista NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 40 Prokaryota Prokaryota NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 41 Monera Monera NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 42 Monera Monera NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 43 Bacteria Bacteria NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 44 Bacteria Bacteria NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 45 Bacteria Bacteria NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 46 Archaea Archaea NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 47 Archaea Archaea NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 48 Eukaryota Eukaryota NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 49 Protoctista Protoctista NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 50 Protista Protista NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 51 Eucarya Eucarya NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 52 Protozoa Protozoa NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 53 Protozoa Protozoa NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 54 Chromista chromista JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 55 Chromista chromista JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 56 Vegetabilia Vegetabilia VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 57 Plantae Plantae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 58 Plantae Plantae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 59 Plantae Plantae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 60 Plantae Plantae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 61 Plantae Plantae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 62 Fungi Fungi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 63 Fungi Fungi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 64 Fungi fungi NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 65 Animalia animalia NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 66 Animalia animalia NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 67 Animalia animalia NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 68 Animalia animalia NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 69 Animalia Animalia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 70 Animalia Animalia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 71 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 72 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 73 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 74 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 75 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 76 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 77 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 78 § § ADD en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 79   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 80 Summary Summary NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 81 Cladistic Cladistic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 82 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 83 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 84 1960s 1960 NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 85 cladistics cladistic NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 86 emerged emerge VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 87 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 88 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 89 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 90 arranging arrange VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 91 taxa taxa NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 92 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 93 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 94 clades clade NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 95 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 96 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 97 evolutionary evolutionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 98 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 99 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 100 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 273 101 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 2 193 193 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 4 Cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 5 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 6 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 8 Cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 10 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 12 Cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 13 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 15 basic basic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 16 unit unit NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 18 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 20 every every DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 21 living living NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 22 thing thing NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 25 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 26 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 27 arise arise VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 28 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 29 pre pre JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 30 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 31 existing existing JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 32 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 33 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 34 division division NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 274 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 275 1 Cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 275 2 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 275 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 275 4 formulated formulate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 275 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 275 6 Henri Henri NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 275 7 Dutrochet Dutrochet NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 275 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 275 9 Theodor Theodor NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 275 10 Schwann Schwann NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 275 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 275 12 Rudolf Rudolf NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 275 13 Virchow Virchow NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 275 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 275 15 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 275 16 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 275 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 275 18 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 275 19 nineteenth nineteenth JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 275 20 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 275 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 275 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 275 23 subsequently subsequently RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 275 24 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 275 25 widely widely RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 275 26 accepted accept VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 275 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 276 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 276 2 194 194 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 276 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 276 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 276 5 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 276 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 276 7 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 276 8 organism organism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 276 9 depends depend VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 276 10 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 276 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 276 12 total total JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 276 13 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 276 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 276 15 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 276 16 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 276 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 276 18 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 276 19 energy energy NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 276 20 flow flow NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 276 21 occurring occur VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 276 22 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 276 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 276 24 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 276 25 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 276 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 277 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 277 2 195 195 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 277 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 277 4 Cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 277 5 contain contain VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 277 6 hereditary hereditary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 277 7 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 277 8 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 277 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 277 10 carried carry VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 277 11 forward forward RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 277 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 277 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 277 14 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 277 15 code code NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 277 16 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 277 17 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 277 18 division division NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 277 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 278 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 278 2 196 196 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 278 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 278 4 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-8287 278 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 278 6 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 278 7 primary primary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 278 8 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 278 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 278 10 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 278 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 279 1 Prokaryotes prokaryote NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 279 2 lack lack VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 279 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 279 4 nucleus nucleus NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 279 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 279 6 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 279 7 membrane membrane NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 279 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 279 9 bound bind VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 279 10 organelles organelle NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 279 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 279 12 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 279 13 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 279 14 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 279 15 circular circular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 279 16 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 279 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 279 18 ribosomes ribosome NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 279 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 280 1 Bacteria Bacteria NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 280 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 280 3 Archaea Archaea NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 280 4 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 280 5 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 280 6 domains domain NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 280 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 280 8 prokaryotes prokaryote NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 280 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 2 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 3 primary primary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 4 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 6 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 9 eukaryotes eukaryote NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 11 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 12 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 13 distinct distinct JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 14 nuclei nucleus NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 15 bound bind VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 16 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 18 nuclear nuclear JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 19 membrane membrane NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 21 membrane membrane NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 23 bound bind VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 24 organelles organelle NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 26 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 27 mitochondria mitochondrion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 29 chloroplasts chloroplast NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 31 lysosomes lysosome NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 33 rough rough JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 35 smooth smooth JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 36 endoplasmic endoplasmic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 37 reticulum reticulum NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 39 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 40 vacuoles vacuole NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 281 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 282 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 282 2 addition addition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 282 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 282 4 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 282 5 possess possess VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 282 6 organized organized JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 282 7 chromosomes chromosome NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 282 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 282 9 store store VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 282 10 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 282 11 material material NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 282 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 283 1 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 283 2 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 283 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 283 4 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 283 5 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 283 6 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 283 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 283 8 eukaryotes eukaryote NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 283 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 283 10 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 283 11 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 283 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 283 13 plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 283 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 283 15 fungi fungus NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 283 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 283 17 though though IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 283 18 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 283 19 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 283 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 283 21 eukaryote eukaryote NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 283 22 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 283 23 protist protist JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 283 24 microorganisms microorganism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 283 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 2 197 197 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 5 conventional conventional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 6 model model NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 9 eukaryotes eukaryote NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 10 evolved evolve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 11 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 12 prokaryotes prokaryote NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 16 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 17 organelles organelle NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 20 eukaryotes eukaryote NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 21 forming form VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 22 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 23 endosymbiosis endosymbiosis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 24 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 25 bacteria bacteria NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 28 progenitor progenitor NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 29 eukaryotic eukaryotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 30 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 284 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 285 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 285 2 198 198 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 285 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 285 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 285 5 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 285 6 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 285 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 285 8 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 285 9 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 285 10 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 285 11 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 285 12 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 285 13 proteins protein NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 285 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 286 1 Most Most JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 286 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 286 3 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 286 4 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 286 5 synthesized synthesize VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 286 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 286 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 286 8 ribosomes ribosome NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 286 9 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 286 10 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 286 11 enzyme enzyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 286 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 286 13 catalyzed catalyzed JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 286 14 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 286 15 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 286 16 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 286 17 biosynthesis biosynthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 286 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 287 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 287 2 sequence sequence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 287 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 287 4 amino amino JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 287 5 acids acid NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 287 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 287 7 assembled assemble VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 287 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 287 9 joined join VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 287 10 together together RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 287 11 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 287 12 upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 287 13 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 287 14 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 287 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 287 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 287 17 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 287 18 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 287 19 nucleic nucleic NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 287 20 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 287 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 288 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 288 2 199 199 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 288 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 288 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 288 5 eukaryotic eukaryotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 288 6 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 288 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 288 8 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 288 9 proteins protein NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 288 10 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 288 11 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 288 12 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 288 13 transported transport VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 288 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 288 15 processed process VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 288 16 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 288 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 288 18 Golgi Golgi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 288 19 apparatus apparatus NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 288 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 288 21 preparation preparation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 288 22 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 288 23 dispatch dispatch NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 288 24 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 288 25 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 288 26 destination destination NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 288 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 289 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 289 2 200 200 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 289 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 289 4 Cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 289 5 reproduce reproduce VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 289 6 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 289 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 289 8 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 289 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 289 10 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 289 11 division division NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 289 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 289 13 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 289 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 289 15 parent parent NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 289 16 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 289 17 divides divide VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 289 18 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 289 19 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 289 20 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 289 21 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-8287 289 22 daughter daughter NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 289 23 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 289 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 2 prokaryotes prokaryote NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 4 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 5 division division NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 6 occurs occur VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 7 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 9 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 11 fission fission NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 13 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 15 DNA DNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 17 replicated replicate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 19 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 21 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 22 copies copy NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 23 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 24 attached attach VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 25 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 26 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 29 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 30 membrane membrane NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 290 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 291 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 291 2 eukaryotes eukaryote NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 291 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 291 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 291 5 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-8287 291 6 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 291 7 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 291 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 291 9 mitosis mitosis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 291 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 291 11 followed follow VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 291 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 4 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 5 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 8 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 11 resulting result VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 12 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 13 copies copy NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 14 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 15 identical identical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 16 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 17 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 18 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 20 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 22 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 23 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 25 except except IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 26 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 27 mutations mutation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 31 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 32 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 33 capable capable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 35 further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 36 division division NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 37 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 38 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 39 interphase interphase JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 40 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 292 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 293 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 293 2 201 201 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 293 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 293 4 Multicellular multicellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 293 5 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 293 6 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 293 7 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 293 8 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 293 9 evolved evolve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 293 10 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 293 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 293 12 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 293 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 293 14 colonies colony NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 293 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 293 16 identical identical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 293 17 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 293 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 294 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 294 2 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 294 3 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 294 4 form form VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 294 5 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 294 6 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 294 7 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 294 8 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 294 9 adhesion adhesion NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 294 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 2 individual individual JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 3 members member NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 6 colony colony NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 8 capable capable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 10 surviving survive VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 11 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 12 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 13 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 15 whereas whereas IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 17 members member NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 20 true true JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 21 multi multi JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 22 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 23 cellular cellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 24 organism organism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 25 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 26 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 27 specializations specialization NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 29 making make VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 30 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 31 dependent dependent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 32 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 34 remainder remainder NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 37 organism organism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 38 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 39 survival survival NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 295 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 296 1 Such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 296 2 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 296 3 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 296 4 formed form VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 296 5 clonally clonally RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 296 6 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 296 7 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 296 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 296 9 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 296 10 germ germ NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 296 11 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 296 12 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 296 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 296 14 capable capable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 296 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 296 16 forming form VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 296 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 296 18 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 296 19 specialized specialized JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 296 20 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 296 21 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 296 22 form form VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 296 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 296 24 adult adult NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 296 25 organism organism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 296 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 297 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 297 2 specialization specialization NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 297 3 allows allow VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 297 4 multicellular multicellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 297 5 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 297 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 297 7 exploit exploit VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 297 8 resources resource NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 297 9 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-8287 297 10 efficiently efficiently RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 297 11 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 297 12 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 297 13 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 297 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 2 202 202 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 5 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 6 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 8 scientists scientist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 9 reported report VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 10 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 12 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 13 800 800 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 14 million million CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 15 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 16 ago ago RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 19 minor minor JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 20 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 21 change change NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 24 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 25 molecule molecule NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 27 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 28 GK GK NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 29 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 30 PID PID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 32 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 33 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 34 allowed allow VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 35 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 36 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 37 go go VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 38 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 39 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 40 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 41 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 42 organism organism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 43 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 44 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 45 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 46 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 47 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 298 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 299 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 299 2 203 203 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 299 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 299 4 Cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 299 5 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 299 6 evolved evolve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 299 7 methods method NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 299 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 299 9 perceive perceive VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 299 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 299 11 respond respond VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 299 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 299 13 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 299 14 microenvironment microenvironment NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 299 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 299 16 thereby thereby RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 299 17 enhancing enhance VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 299 18 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 299 19 adaptability adaptability NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 299 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 300 1 Cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 300 2 signaling signaling NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 300 3 coordinates coordinate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 300 4 cellular cellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 300 5 activities activity NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 300 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 300 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 300 8 hence hence RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 300 9 governs govern VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 300 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 300 11 basic basic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 300 12 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 300 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 300 14 multicellular multicellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 300 15 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 300 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 301 1 Signaling signal VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 301 2 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 301 3 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 301 4 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 301 5 occur occur VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 301 6 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 301 7 direct direct JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 301 8 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 301 9 contact contact NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 301 10 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 301 11 juxtacrine juxtacrine NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 301 12 signalling signal VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 301 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 301 14 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 301 15 indirectly indirectly RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 301 16 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 301 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 301 18 exchange exchange NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 301 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 301 20 agents agent NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 301 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 301 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 301 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 301 24 endocrine endocrine NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 301 25 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 301 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 302 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 302 2 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-8287 302 3 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 302 4 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 302 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 302 6 coordination coordination NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 302 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 302 8 activities activity NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 302 9 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 302 10 occur occur VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 302 11 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 302 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 302 13 dedicated dedicated JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 302 14 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 302 15 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 302 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 2 204 204 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 4 Extraterrestrial extraterrestrial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 5 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 6 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 8 Extraterrestrial extraterrestrial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 9 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 11 Astrobiology astrobiology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 14 Astroecology Astroecology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 15 Though though IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 16 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 17 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 18 confirmed confirm VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 19 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 20 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 21 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 23 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 24 think think VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 25 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 26 extraterrestrial extraterrestrial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 27 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 28 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 29 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 30 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 31 plausible plausible JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 33 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 34 probable probable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 35 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 36 inevitable inevitable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 303 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 2 205][206 205][206 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 4 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 5 planets planet NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 7 moons moon NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 10 Solar Solar NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 11 System System NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 13 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 14 planetary planetary NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 15 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 16 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 17 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 18 examined examine VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 19 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 20 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 22 having have VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 23 once once RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 24 supported support VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 25 simple simple JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 26 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 29 projects project NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 30 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 31 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 32 SETI SETI NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 33 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 34 trying try VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 35 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 36 detect detect VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 37 radio radio NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 38 transmissions transmission NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 39 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 40 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 41 alien alien JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 42 civilizations civilization NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 304 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 1 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 2 locations location NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 3 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 5 Solar Solar NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 6 System System NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 7 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 8 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 9 host host VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 10 microbial microbial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 11 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 12 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 14 subsurface subsurface NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 16 Mars Mars NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 19 upper upper JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 20 atmosphere atmosphere NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 22 Venus,[207 venus,[207 NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 23 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 25 subsurface subsurface NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 26 oceans ocean NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 27 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 28 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 31 moons moon NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 34 giant giant JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 35 planets planet NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 305 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 2 208][209 208][209 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 4 Beyond beyond IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 6 Solar Solar NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 7 System System NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 10 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 11 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 12 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 13 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 15 sequence sequence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 16 star star NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 17 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 18 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 19 support support VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 20 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 22 like like JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 23 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 24 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 25 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 26 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 27 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 28 like like JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 29 planet planet NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 30 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 31 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 32 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 34 habitable habitable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 35 zone zone NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 306 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 307 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 307 2 inner inner JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 307 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 307 4 outer outer JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 307 5 radii radii NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 307 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 307 7 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 307 8 zone zone NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 307 9 vary vary VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 307 10 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 307 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 307 12 luminosity luminosity NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 307 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 307 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 307 15 star star NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 307 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 307 17 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 307 18 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 307 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 307 20 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 307 21 interval interval NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 307 22 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 307 23 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 307 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 307 25 zone zone NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 307 26 survives survive VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 307 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 1 Stars star NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 2 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 3 massive massive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 4 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 6 Sun Sun NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 7 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 9 larger large JJR en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 10 habitable habitable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 11 zone zone NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 13 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 14 remain remain VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 15 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 17 Sun Sun NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 19 like like JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 20 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 21 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 22 sequence sequence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 25 stellar stellar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 26 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 27 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 29 shorter short JJR en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 30 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 31 interval interval NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 308 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 1 Small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 2 red red JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 3 dwarfs dwarf NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 4 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 6 opposite opposite JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 7 problem problem NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 11 smaller small JJR en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 12 habitable habitable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 13 zone zone NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 14 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 15 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 16 subject subject JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 18 higher high JJR en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 19 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 21 magnetic magnetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 22 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 25 effects effect NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 27 tidal tidal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 28 locking lock VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 29 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 30 close close JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 31 orbits orbit NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 309 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 310 1 Hence hence RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 310 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 310 3 stars star NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 310 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 310 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 310 6 intermediate intermediate JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 310 7 mass mass NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 310 8 range range NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 310 9 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 310 10 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 310 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 310 12 Sun Sun NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 310 13 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 310 14 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 310 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 310 16 greater great JJR en-wikipedia-org-8287 310 17 likelihood likelihood NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 310 18 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 310 19 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 310 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 310 21 like like JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 310 22 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 310 23 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 310 24 develop develop VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 310 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 311 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 311 2 210 210 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 311 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 311 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 311 5 location location NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 311 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 311 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 311 8 star star NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 311 9 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 311 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 311 11 galaxy galaxy NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 311 12 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 311 13 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 311 14 affect affect VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 311 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 311 16 likelihood likelihood NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 311 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 311 18 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 311 19 forming form VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 311 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 1 Stars star NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 3 regions region NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 4 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 6 greater great JJR en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 7 abundance abundance NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 9 heavier heavy JJR en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 10 elements element NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 11 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 12 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 13 form form VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 14 planets planet NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 17 combination combination NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 18 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 20 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 21 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 23 potentially potentially RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 24 habitat habitat NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 26 damaging damage VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 27 supernova supernova NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 28 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 30 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 31 predicted predict VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 32 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 33 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 34 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 35 higher high JJR en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 36 probability probability NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 38 hosting host VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 39 planets planet NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 40 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 41 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 42 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 312 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 313 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 313 2 211 211 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 313 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 313 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 313 5 variables variable NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 313 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 313 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 313 8 Drake Drake NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 313 9 equation equation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 313 10 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 313 11 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 313 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 313 13 discuss discuss VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 313 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 313 15 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 313 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 313 17 planetary planetary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 313 18 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 313 19 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 313 20 civilization civilization NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 313 21 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 313 22 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-8287 313 23 likely likely JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 313 24 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 313 25 exist exist VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 313 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 2 212 212 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 4 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 7 equation equation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 9 predict predict VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 11 amount amount NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 13 extraterrestrial extraterrestrial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 14 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 16 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 18 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 19 difficult difficult JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 20 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 21 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 22 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 25 variables variable NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 26 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 27 unknown unknown JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 30 equation equation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 31 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 32 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 33 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 35 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 36 mirror mirror NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 37 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 38 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 39 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 40 user user NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 41 already already RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 42 thinks think VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 314 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 3 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 6 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 8 civilizations civilization NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 11 galaxy galaxy NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 12 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 13 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 14 estimated estimate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 15 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 16 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 17 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 18 9.1 9.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 19 x x SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 20 10−13 10−13 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 22 suggesting suggest VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 24 minimum minimum JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 25 value value NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 27 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 29 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 30 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 31 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 32 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 33 15.6 15.6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 34 million million CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 35 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 36 0.156 0.156 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 37 x x SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 38 109 109 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 39 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 40 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 41 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 43 calculations calculation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 45 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 46 Drake Drake NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 47 equation equation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 315 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 316 1 Artificial Artificial NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 316 2 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 316 3 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 316 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 316 5 Artificial artificial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 316 6 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 316 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 316 8 Synthetic synthetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 316 9 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 316 10 Artificial artificial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 316 11 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 316 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 316 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 316 14 simulation simulation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 316 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 316 16 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 316 17 aspect aspect NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 316 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 316 19 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 316 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 316 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 316 22 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 316 23 computers computer NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 316 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 316 25 robotics robotic NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 316 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 316 27 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 316 28 biochemistry biochemistry NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 316 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 317 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 317 2 213 213 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 317 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 317 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 317 5 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 317 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 317 7 artificial artificial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 317 8 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 317 9 imitates imitate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 317 10 traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 317 11 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 317 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 317 13 recreating recreate VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 317 14 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 317 15 aspects aspect NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 317 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 317 17 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 317 18 phenomena phenomenon NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 317 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 318 1 Scientists scientist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 318 2 study study VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 318 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 318 4 logic logic NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 318 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 318 6 living living NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 318 7 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 318 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 318 9 creating create VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 318 10 artificial artificial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 318 11 environments environment NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 318 12 — — : en-wikipedia-org-8287 318 13 seeking seek VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 318 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 318 15 understand understand VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 318 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 318 17 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 318 18 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 318 19 processing processing NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 318 20 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 318 21 defines define VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 318 22 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 318 23 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 318 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 319 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 319 2 195 195 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 319 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 319 4 While while IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 319 5 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 319 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 319 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 319 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 319 9 definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 319 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 319 11 alive alive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 319 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 319 13 artificial artificial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 319 14 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 319 15 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 319 16 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 319 17 referred refer VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 319 18 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 319 19 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 319 20 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 319 21 confined confine VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 319 22 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 319 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 319 24 digital digital JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 319 25 environment environment NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 319 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 319 27 existence existence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 319 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 320 1 Synthetic synthetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 320 2 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 320 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 320 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 320 5 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 320 6 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 320 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 320 8 biotechnology biotechnology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 320 9 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 320 10 combines combine VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 320 11 science science NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 320 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 320 13 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 320 14 engineering engineering NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 320 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 321 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 321 2 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 321 3 goal goal NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 321 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 321 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 321 6 design design NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 321 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 321 8 construction construction NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 321 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 321 10 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 321 11 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 321 12 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 321 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 321 14 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 321 15 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 321 16 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 321 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 321 18 nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 321 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 1 Synthetic synthetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 2 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 3 includes include VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 5 broad broad JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 6 redefinition redefinition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 8 expansion expansion NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 10 biotechnology biotechnology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 12 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 14 ultimate ultimate JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 15 goals goal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 17 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 18 able able JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 19 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 20 design design VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 22 build build VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 23 engineered engineer VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 24 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 25 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 26 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 27 process process VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 28 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 30 manipulate manipulate NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 31 chemicals chemical NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 33 fabricate fabricate VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 34 materials material NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 36 structures structure NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 38 produce produce VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 39 energy energy NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 41 provide provide VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 42 food food NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 44 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 45 maintain maintain VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 46 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 47 enhance enhance VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 48 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 49 health health NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 50 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 51 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 52 environment environment NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 322 53 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 2 214 214 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 4 Death death NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 5 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 6 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 8 Death Death NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 9 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 10 corpses corpse VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 12 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 13 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 14 African african JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 15 buffalo buffalo NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 17 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 18 recycled recycle VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 19 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 21 ecosystem ecosystem NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 23 providing provide VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 24 energy energy NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 26 nutrients nutrient NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 27 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 28 living living NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 29 creatures creature NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 30 Death death NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 31 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 33 permanent permanent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 34 termination termination NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 36 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 37 vital vital JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 38 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 39 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 40 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 41 processes process NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 42 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 43 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 44 organism organism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 45 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 46 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 323 47 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 324 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 324 2 215][216 215][216 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 324 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 324 4 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 324 5 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 324 6 occur occur VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 324 7 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 324 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 324 9 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 324 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 324 11 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 324 12 accident accident NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 324 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 324 14 medical medical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 324 15 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 324 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 324 17 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 324 18 interaction interaction NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 324 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 324 20 malnutrition malnutrition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 324 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 324 22 poisoning poisoning NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 324 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 324 24 senescence senescence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 324 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 324 26 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 324 27 suicide suicide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 324 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 325 1 After after IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 325 2 death death NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 325 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 325 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 325 5 remains remain NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 325 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 325 7 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 325 8 organism organism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 325 9 re re VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 325 10 - - VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 325 11 enter enter VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 325 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 325 13 biogeochemical biogeochemical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 325 14 cycle cycle NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 325 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 1 Organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 2 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 3 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 4 consumed consume VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 7 predator predator NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 8 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 10 scavenger scavenger NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 12 leftover leftover JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 13 organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 14 material material NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 15 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 16 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 17 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 18 further further RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 19 decomposed decompose VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 20 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 21 detritivores detritivore NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 23 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 24 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 25 recycle recycle NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 26 detritus detritus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 28 returning return VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 29 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 30 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 32 environment environment NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 33 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 34 reuse reuse NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 35 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 37 food food NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 38 chain chain NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 326 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 327 1 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 327 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 327 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 327 4 challenges challenge NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 327 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 327 6 defining define VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 327 7 death death NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 327 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 327 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 327 10 distinguishing distinguish VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 327 11 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 327 12 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 327 13 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 327 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 328 1 Death death NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 328 2 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 328 3 seem seem VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 328 4 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 328 5 refer refer VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 328 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 328 7 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 328 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 328 9 moment moment NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 328 10 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 328 11 ends end VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 328 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 328 13 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 328 14 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 328 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 328 16 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 328 17 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 328 18 follows follow VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 328 19 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 328 20 begins begin VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 328 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 329 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 329 2 216 216 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 329 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 329 4 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 329 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 329 6 determining determine VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 329 7 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 329 8 death death NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 329 9 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 329 10 occurred occur VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 329 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 329 12 difficult difficult JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 329 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 329 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 329 15 cessation cessation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 329 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 329 17 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 329 18 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 329 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 329 20 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 329 21 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 329 22 simultaneous simultaneous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 329 23 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 329 24 organ organ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 329 25 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 329 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 330 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 330 2 217 217 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 330 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 330 4 Such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 330 5 determination determination NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 330 6 therefore therefore RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 330 7 requires require VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 330 8 drawing draw VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 330 9 conceptual conceptual JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 330 10 lines line NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 330 11 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 330 12 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 330 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 330 14 death death NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 330 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 331 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 331 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 331 3 problematic problematic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 331 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 331 5 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 331 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 331 7 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 331 8 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-8287 331 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 331 10 little little JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 331 11 consensus consensus NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 331 12 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 331 13 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 331 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 331 15 define define VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 331 16 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 331 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 332 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 332 2 nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 332 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 332 4 death death NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 332 5 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 332 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 332 7 millennia millennium NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 332 8 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 332 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 332 10 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 332 11 concern concern NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 332 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 332 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 332 14 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 332 15 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 332 16 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 332 17 traditions tradition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 332 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 332 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 332 20 philosophical philosophical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 332 21 inquiry inquiry NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 332 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 333 1 Many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 333 2 religions religion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 333 3 maintain maintain VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 333 4 faith faith NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 333 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 333 6 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 333 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 333 8 kind kind NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 333 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 333 10 afterlife afterlife NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 333 11 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 333 12 reincarnation reincarnation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 333 13 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 333 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 333 15 soul soul NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 333 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 333 17 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 333 18 resurrection resurrection NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 333 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 333 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 333 21 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 333 22 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 333 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 333 24 later later JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 333 25 date date NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 333 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 334 1 Extinction Extinction NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 334 2 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 334 3 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 334 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 334 5 Extinction Extinction NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 334 6 Extinction Extinction NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 334 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 334 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 334 9 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 334 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 334 11 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 334 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 334 13 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 334 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 334 15 taxa taxa NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 334 16 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 334 17 species species NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 334 18 dies die VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 334 19 out out RP en-wikipedia-org-8287 334 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 334 21 reducing reduce VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 334 22 biodiversity biodiversity NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 334 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 335 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 335 2 218 218 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 335 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 335 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 335 5 moment moment NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 335 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 335 7 extinction extinction NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 335 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 335 9 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 335 10 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 335 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 335 12 death death NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 335 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 335 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 335 15 last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 335 16 individual individual NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 335 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 335 18 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 335 19 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 335 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 336 1 Because because IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 336 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 336 3 species species NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 336 4 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 336 5 potential potential JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 336 6 range range NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 336 7 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 336 8 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 336 9 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 336 10 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 336 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 336 12 determining determine VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 336 13 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 336 14 moment moment NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 336 15 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 336 16 difficult difficult JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 336 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 336 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 336 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 336 20 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 336 21 done do VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 336 22 retrospectively retrospectively RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 336 23 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 336 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 336 25 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 336 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 336 27 apparent apparent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 336 28 absence absence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 336 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 337 1 Species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 337 2 become become VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 337 3 extinct extinct JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 337 4 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 337 5 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 337 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 337 7 no no RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 337 8 longer long RBR en-wikipedia-org-8287 337 9 able able JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 337 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 337 11 survive survive VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 337 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 337 13 changing change VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 337 14 habitat habitat NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 337 15 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 337 16 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 337 17 superior superior JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 337 18 competition competition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 337 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 2 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 3 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 4 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 6 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 7 99 99 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 8 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 10 all all PDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 12 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 13 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 14 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 15 ever ever RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 16 lived live VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 17 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 18 extinct;[219][113][114][115 extinct;[219][113][114][115 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 19 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 20 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 22 mass mass JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 23 extinctions extinction NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 24 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 25 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 26 accelerated accelerate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 27 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 28 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 29 providing provide VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 30 opportunities opportunity NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 31 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 32 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 33 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 35 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 36 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 37 diversify diversify VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 338 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 339 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 339 2 220 220 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 339 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 339 4 Fossils Fossils NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 339 5 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 339 6 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 339 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 339 8 Fossils Fossils NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 339 9 Fossils Fossils NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 339 10 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 339 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 339 12 preserved preserve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 339 13 remains remain NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 339 14 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 339 15 traces trace NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 339 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 339 17 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 339 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 339 19 plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 339 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 339 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 339 22 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 339 23 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 339 24 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 339 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 339 26 remote remote JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 339 27 past past NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 339 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 2 totality totality NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 4 fossils fossil NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 6 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 7 discovered discover VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 9 undiscovered undiscovered JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 12 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 13 placement placement NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 15 fossil fossil NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 17 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 18 rock rock NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 19 formations formation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 21 sedimentary sedimentary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 22 layers layer NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 24 strata strata NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 26 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 27 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 28 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 30 fossil fossil NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 31 record record NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 340 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 341 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 341 2 preserved preserve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 341 3 specimen speciman NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 341 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 341 5 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 341 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 341 7 fossil fossil NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 341 8 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 341 9 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 341 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 341 11 older old JJR en-wikipedia-org-8287 341 12 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 341 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 341 14 arbitrary arbitrary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 341 15 date date NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 341 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 341 17 10,000 10,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 341 18 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 341 19 ago ago RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 341 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 2 221 221 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 4 Hence hence RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 6 fossils fossil NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 7 range range VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 9 age age NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 12 youngest young JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 13 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 15 start start NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 18 Holocene Holocene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 19 Epoch Epoch NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 20 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 22 oldest old JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 23 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 25 Archaean Archaean NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 26 Eon Eon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 28 up up RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 29 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 30 3.4 3.4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 31 billion billion CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 32 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 33 old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 342 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 2 222][223 222][223 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 4 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 5 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 6 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 9 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 11 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 12 Astrobiology astrobiology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 13 Biosignature Biosignature NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 14 Evolutionary evolutionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 15 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 17 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 18 Lists list NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 20 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 21 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 22 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 23 Phylogenetics phylogenetic NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 24 Viable viable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 25 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 26 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 27 Central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 28 dogma dogma NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 30 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 31 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 32 Epigenetics Epigenetics NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 33 Synthetic synthetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 34 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 35 Hypothetical hypothetical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 36 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 38 biochemistry biochemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 39 Carbon carbon NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 40 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 41 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 42 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 43 Notes note NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 44 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 45 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 46 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 47 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 48 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 49 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 50 classification classification NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 51 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 52 viruses virus NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 53 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 54 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 55 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 56 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 57 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 58 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 59 uncertain uncertain JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 343 60 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 344 1 Therefore therefore RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 344 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 344 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 344 4 listing listing NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 344 5 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 344 6 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 344 7 paraphyletic paraphyletic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 344 8 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 344 9 cellular cellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 344 10 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 344 11 evolved evolve VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 344 12 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 344 13 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 344 14 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 344 15 cellular cellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 344 16 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 344 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 344 18 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 344 19 polyphyletic polyphyletic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 344 20 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 344 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 344 22 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-8287 344 23 recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 344 24 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 344 25 ancestor ancestor NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 344 26 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 344 27 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 344 28 included include VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 344 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 345 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 345 2 Infectious infectious JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 345 3 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 345 4 molecules molecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 345 5 prions prion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 345 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 345 7 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 345 8 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 345 9 living living NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 345 10 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 345 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 345 12 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 345 13 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 345 14 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 345 15 described describe VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 345 16 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 345 17 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 345 18 organism organism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 345 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 345 20 comparable comparable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 345 21 organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 345 22 structures structure NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 345 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 345 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 1 ^ ^ : en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 2 Certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 3 specific specific JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 4 organism organism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 6 comparable comparable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 7 organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 8 structures structure NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 9 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 10 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 11 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 12 subviral subviral JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 13 agents agent NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 15 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 16 virus virus NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 18 dependent dependent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 19 entities entity NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 20 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 21 satellites satellite NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 23 defective defective JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 24 interfering interfere VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 25 particles particle NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 27 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 29 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 30 require require VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 31 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 32 virus virus NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 33 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 34 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 35 replication replication NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 346 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 1 References reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 2 ^ ^ VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 4 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 5 Dodd Dodd NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 7 Matthew Matthew NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 8 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 10 Papineau Papineau NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 12 Dominic Dominic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 13 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 14 Grenne Grenne NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 16 Tor Tor NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 17 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 18 Slack Slack NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 20 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 21 F. F. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 22 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 23 Rittner Rittner NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 25 Martin Martin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 26 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 27 Pirajno Pirajno NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 29 Franco Franco NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 30 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 31 O'Neil O'Neil NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 33 Jonathan Jonathan NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 34 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 35 Little Little NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 37 Crispin Crispin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 347 38 T.S. T.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 348 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 348 2 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 348 3 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 348 4 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 348 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 348 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 349 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 349 2 Evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 349 3 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 349 4 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 349 5 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 349 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 349 7 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 349 8 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 349 9 oldest old JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 349 10 hydrothermal hydrothermal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 349 11 vent vent NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 349 12 precipitates precipitate NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 349 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 349 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 350 1 Nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 350 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 351 1 543 543 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 351 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 351 3 7643 7643 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 351 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 351 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 351 6 60–64 60–64 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 351 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 352 1 Bibcode:2017Natur.543 bibcode:2017natur.543 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 352 2 ... ... . en-wikipedia-org-8287 352 3 60D. 60d. ADD en-wikipedia-org-8287 353 1 doi:10.1038 doi:10.1038 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 353 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 353 3 nature21377 nature21377 JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 353 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 354 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 354 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 354 3 28252057 28252057 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 354 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 355 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 355 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 355 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 355 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 355 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 355 6 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 355 7 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 355 8 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 355 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 356 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 356 2 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 356 3 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 356 4 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 356 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 357 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 357 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 357 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 357 4 Zimmer Zimmer NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 357 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 357 6 Carl Carl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 357 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 357 8 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 357 9 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 357 10 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 357 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 357 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 358 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 358 2 Scientists scientist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 358 3 Say say VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 358 4 Canadian canadian JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 358 5 Bacteria Bacteria NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 358 6 Fossils fossil NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 358 7 May May MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 358 8 Be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 358 9 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 358 10 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 358 11 Oldest old JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 358 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 358 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 359 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 359 2 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 359 3 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 359 4 Times Times NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 359 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 360 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 360 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 360 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 360 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 360 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 360 6 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 360 7 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 360 8 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 360 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 361 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 361 2 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 361 3 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 361 4 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 361 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 362 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 362 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 362 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 362 4 Ghosh Ghosh NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 362 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 362 6 Pallab Pallab NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 362 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 362 8 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 362 9 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 362 10 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 362 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 362 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 363 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 363 2 Earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 363 3 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 363 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 363 5 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 363 6 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 363 7 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 363 8 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 363 9 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 363 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 363 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 364 1 BBC BBC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 364 2 News News NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 364 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 365 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 365 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 365 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 365 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 365 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 365 6 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 365 7 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 365 8 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 365 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 366 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 366 2 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 366 3 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 366 4 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 366 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 367 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 367 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 367 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 367 4 Dunham Dunham NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 367 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 367 6 Will Will NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 367 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 367 8 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 367 9 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 367 10 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 367 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 367 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 368 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 368 2 Canadian canadian JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 368 3 bacteria bacteria NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 368 4 - - : en-wikipedia-org-8287 368 5 like like JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 368 6 fossils fossil NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 368 7 called call VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 368 8 oldest old JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 368 9 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 368 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 368 11 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 368 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 368 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 369 1 Reuters Reuters NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 369 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 370 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 370 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 370 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 370 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 370 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 370 6 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 370 7 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 370 8 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 370 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 371 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 371 2 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 371 3 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 371 4 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 371 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 372 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 372 2 Tyrell Tyrell NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 372 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 372 4 Kelly Kelly NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 372 5 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 372 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 372 7 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 372 8 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 372 9 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 372 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 372 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 373 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 373 2 Oldest old JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 373 3 fossils fossil NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 373 4 ever ever RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 373 5 found find VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 373 6 show show NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 373 7 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 373 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 373 9 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 373 10 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 373 11 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 373 12 3.5 3.5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 373 13 billion billion CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 373 14 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 373 15 ago ago RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 373 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 373 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 374 1 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 374 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 374 3 Wisconsin Wisconsin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 374 4 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8287 374 5 Madison Madison NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 374 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 375 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 375 2 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 375 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 375 4 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 375 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 376 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 376 2 Schopf Schopf NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 376 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 376 4 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 376 5 William William NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 376 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 376 7 Kitajima Kitajima NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 376 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 376 9 Kouki Kouki NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 376 10 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 376 11 Spicuzza Spicuzza NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 376 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 376 13 Michael Michael NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 376 14 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 376 15 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 376 16 Kudryavtsev Kudryavtsev NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 376 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 376 18 Anatolly Anatolly NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 376 19 B. B. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 376 20 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 376 21 Valley Valley NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 376 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 376 23 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 376 24 W. W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 376 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 376 26 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 376 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 376 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 377 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 377 2 SIMS sims VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 377 3 analyses analysis NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 377 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 377 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 377 6 oldest old JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 377 7 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 377 8 assemblage assemblage NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 377 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 377 10 microfossils microfossil NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 377 11 document document VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 377 12 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 377 13 taxon taxon NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 377 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 377 15 correlated correlate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 377 16 carbon carbon NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 377 17 isotope isotope NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 377 18 compositions composition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 377 19 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 377 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 378 1 PNAS pna NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 378 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 379 1 115 115 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 379 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 379 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 379 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 379 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 379 6 53–58 53–58 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 379 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 380 1 Bibcode:2018PNAS bibcode:2018pnas UH en-wikipedia-org-8287 380 2 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 380 3 115 115 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 380 4 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-8287 380 5 53S. 53s. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 381 1 doi:10.1073 doi:10.1073 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 381 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 381 3 pnas.1718063115 pnas.1718063115 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 381 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 382 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 382 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 382 3 5776830 5776830 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 382 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 383 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 383 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 383 3 29255053 29255053 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 383 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 384 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 384 2 Copley Copley NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 384 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 384 4 Shelley Shelley NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 384 5 D. D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 384 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 384 7 Smith Smith NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 384 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 384 9 Eric Eric NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 384 10 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 384 11 Morowitz Morowitz NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 384 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 384 13 Harold Harold NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 384 14 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 385 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 385 2 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 385 3 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 385 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 385 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 386 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 386 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 386 3 origin origin NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 386 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 386 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 386 6 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 386 7 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 386 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 386 9 Co co NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 386 10 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 386 11 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 386 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 386 13 genes gene NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 386 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 386 15 metabolism metabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 386 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 386 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 386 18 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 386 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 386 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 387 1 Bioorganic Bioorganic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 387 2 Chemistry Chemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 387 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 388 1 35 35 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 388 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 388 3 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 388 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 388 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 388 6 430–443 430–443 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 388 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 389 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 389 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 389 3 j.bioorg.2007.08.001 j.bioorg.2007.08.001 NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 389 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 390 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 390 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 390 3 17897696 17897696 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 390 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 391 1 Archived Archived NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 391 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 391 3 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 391 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 391 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 391 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 391 7 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 391 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 391 9 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 391 10 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 391 11 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 391 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 392 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 392 2 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 392 3 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 392 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 392 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 393 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 393 2 proposal proposal NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 393 3 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 393 4 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 393 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 393 6 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 393 7 arose arise VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 393 8 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 393 9 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 393 10 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 393 11 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 393 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 393 13 widely widely RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 393 14 accepted accept VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 393 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 394 1 Orgel Orgel NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 394 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 394 3 Leslie Leslie NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 394 4 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 394 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 394 6 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 394 7 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 394 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 394 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 395 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 395 2 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 395 3 consequences consequence NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 395 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 395 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 395 6 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 395 7 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 395 8 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 395 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 395 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 396 1 Origins Origins NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 396 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 396 3 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 396 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 396 5 Evolution Evolution NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 396 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 396 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 396 8 Biosphere Biosphere NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 396 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 397 1 33 33 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 397 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 397 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 397 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 397 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 397 6 211–218 211–218 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 397 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 398 1 Bibcode:2003OLEB bibcode:2003oleb CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 398 2 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-8287 398 3 33 33 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 398 4 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 398 5 211O. 211o. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 399 1 doi:10.1023 doi:10.1023 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 399 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 399 3 A:1024616317965 a:1024616317965 ADD en-wikipedia-org-8287 399 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 400 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 400 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 400 3 12967268 12967268 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 400 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 401 1 S2CID S2CID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 401 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 401 3 32779859 32779859 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 401 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 2 now now RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 3 seems seem VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 4 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 5 likely likely JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 7 our -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 8 familiar familiar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 9 DNA DNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 10 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 11 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 12 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 13 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 14 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 15 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 16 preceded precede VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 17 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 18 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 19 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 20 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 21 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 22 Robertson Robertson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 23 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 24 Joyce Joyce NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 25 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 26 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 27 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 28 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 29 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 30 now now RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 31 strong strong JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 32 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 33 indicating indicate VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 34 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 35 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 36 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 37 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 38 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 39 indeed indeed RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 40 exist exist VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 41 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 42 DNA- DNA- NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 43 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 44 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 45 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 46 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 47 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 402 49 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 1 Neveu neveu RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 3 Kim Kim NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 4 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 5 Benner Benner NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 6 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 7 harvnb harvnb NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 8 error error NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 10 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 11 target target NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 13 CITEREFNeveuKimBenner2013 CITEREFNeveuKimBenner2013 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 15 help)[broken help)[broken NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 16 footnote footnote NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 17 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 18 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 19 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 20 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 21 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 22 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 23 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 24 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 25 existence existence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 26 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 27 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 28 broad broad JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 29 support support NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 30 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 32 community community NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 33 today today NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 403 35 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 404 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 404 2 Robertson Robertson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 404 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 404 4 Michael Michael NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 404 5 P. P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 404 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 404 7 Joyce Joyce NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 404 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 404 9 Gerald Gerald NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 404 10 F. F. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 404 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 404 12 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 404 13 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 404 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 404 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 405 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 405 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 405 3 origins origin NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 405 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 405 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 405 6 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 405 7 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 405 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 405 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 406 1 Cold Cold NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 406 2 Spring Spring NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 406 3 Harbor Harbor NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 406 4 Perspectives Perspectives NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 406 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 406 6 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 406 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 407 1 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 407 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 407 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 407 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 407 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 407 6 a003608 a003608 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 407 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 408 1 doi:10.1101 doi:10.1101 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 408 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 408 3 cshperspect.a003608 cshperspect.a003608 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 408 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 409 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 409 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 409 3 3331698 3331698 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 409 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 410 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 410 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 410 3 20739415 20739415 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 410 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 411 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 411 2 Cech Cech NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 411 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 411 4 Thomas Thomas NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 411 5 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 411 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 411 7 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 411 8 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 411 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 411 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 412 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 412 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 412 3 RNA RNA JJR en-wikipedia-org-8287 412 4 Worlds Worlds NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 412 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 412 6 Context Context NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 412 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 412 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 413 1 Cold Cold NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 413 2 Spring Spring NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 413 3 Harbor Harbor NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 413 4 Perspectives Perspectives NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 413 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 413 6 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 413 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 414 1 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 414 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 414 3 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 414 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 414 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 414 6 a006742 a006742 NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 414 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 415 1 doi:10.1101 doi:10.1101 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 415 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 415 3 cshperspect.a006742 cshperspect.a006742 NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 415 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 416 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 416 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 416 3 3385955 3385955 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 416 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 417 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 417 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 417 3 21441585 21441585 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 417 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 418 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 418 2 Ehrenfreund Ehrenfreund NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 418 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 418 4 Pascale Pascale NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 418 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 418 6 Cami Cami NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 418 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 418 8 Jan Jan NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 418 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 418 10 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 418 11 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 418 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 418 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 419 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 419 2 Cosmic cosmic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 419 3 carbon carbon NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 419 4 chemistry chemistry NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 419 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 419 6 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 419 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 419 8 interstellar interstellar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 419 9 medium medium NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 419 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 419 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 419 12 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 419 13 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 419 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 419 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 420 1 Cold Cold NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 420 2 Spring Spring NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 420 3 Harbor Harbor NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 420 4 Perspectives Perspectives NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 420 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 420 6 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 420 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 421 1 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 421 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 421 3 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 421 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 421 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 421 6 a002097 a002097 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 421 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 422 1 doi:10.1101 doi:10.1101 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 422 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 422 3 cshperspect.a002097 cshperspect.a002097 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 422 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 423 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 423 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 423 3 2982172 2982172 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 423 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 424 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 424 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 424 3 20554702 20554702 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 424 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 425 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 425 2 Perkins Perkins NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 425 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 425 4 Sid Sid NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 425 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 425 6 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 425 7 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 425 8 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 425 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 425 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 426 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 426 2 Organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 426 3 molecules molecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 426 4 found find VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 426 5 circling circle VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 426 6 nearby nearby JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 426 7 star star NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 426 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 426 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 427 1 Science science NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 427 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 428 1 doi:10.1126 doi:10.1126 VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 428 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 428 3 science.aab2455 science.aab2455 ADD en-wikipedia-org-8287 428 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 429 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 429 2 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 429 3 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 429 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 429 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 430 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 430 2 King King NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 430 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 430 4 Anthony Anthony NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 430 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 430 6 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 430 7 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 430 8 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 430 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 430 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 431 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 431 2 Chemicals chemical NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 431 3 formed form VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 431 4 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 431 5 meteorites meteorite NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 431 6 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 431 7 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 431 8 started start VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 431 9 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 431 10 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 431 11 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 431 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 431 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 432 1 Chemistry chemistry NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 432 2 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 432 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 432 4 News News NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 432 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 432 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 433 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 433 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 433 3 Royal Royal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 433 4 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 433 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 433 6 Chemistry Chemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 433 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 434 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 434 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 434 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 434 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 434 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 434 6 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 434 7 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 434 8 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 434 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 435 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 435 2 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 435 3 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 435 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 435 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 436 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 436 2 Saladino Saladino NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 436 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 436 4 Raffaele Raffaele NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 436 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 436 6 Carota Carota NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 436 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 436 8 Eleonora Eleonora NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 436 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 436 10 Botta Botta NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 436 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 436 12 Giorgia Giorgia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 436 13 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 436 14 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 436 15 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 436 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 437 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 437 2 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 437 3 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 437 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 437 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 437 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 438 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 438 2 Meteorite Meteorite NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 438 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 438 4 catalyzed catalyzed JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 438 5 syntheses synthesis NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 438 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 438 7 nucleosides nucleoside NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 438 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 438 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 438 10 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 438 11 prebiotic prebiotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 438 12 compounds compound NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 438 13 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 438 14 formamide formamide JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 438 15 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 438 16 proton proton NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 438 17 irradiation irradiation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 438 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 438 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 439 1 Proc Proc NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 439 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 440 1 Natl Natl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 440 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 441 1 Acad Acad NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 441 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 442 1 Sci Sci NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 442 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 443 1 U.S.A. U.S.A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 443 2 112 112 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 443 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 443 4 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 443 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 443 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 443 7 E2746–E2755 e2746–e2755 ADD en-wikipedia-org-8287 443 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 444 1 Bibcode:2015PNAS Bibcode:2015PNAS NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 444 2 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 444 3 112E2746S. 112e2746s. LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 445 1 doi:10.1073 doi:10.1073 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 445 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 445 3 pnas.1422225112 pnas.1422225112 NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 445 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 446 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 446 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 446 3 4450408 4450408 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 446 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 447 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 447 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 447 3 25870268 25870268 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 447 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 448 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 448 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 448 3 2.2 2.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 448 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 448 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 448 6 Basic Basic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 448 7 Structural Structural NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 448 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 448 9 Functional Functional NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 448 10 Unit Unit NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 448 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 448 12 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 448 13 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 448 14 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 448 15 Cell Cell NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 448 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 448 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 449 1 LibreTexts LibreTexts NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 449 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 450 1 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 450 2 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 450 3 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 450 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 451 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 451 2 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 451 3 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 451 4 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 451 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 452 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 452 2 Bose Bose NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 452 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 452 4 Debopriya Debopriya NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 452 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 452 6 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 452 7 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 452 8 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 452 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 452 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 453 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 453 2 Six six CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 453 3 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 453 4 Cell Cell NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 453 5 Functions Functions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 453 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 453 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 454 1 Leaf Leaf NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 454 2 Group Group NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 454 3 Ltd./Leaf Ltd./Leaf NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 454 4 Group Group NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 454 5 Media Media NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 454 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 455 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 455 2 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 455 3 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 455 4 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 455 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 456 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 456 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 456 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 456 4 Tsokolov Tsokolov NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 456 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 456 6 Serhiy Serhiy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 456 7 A. a. NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 457 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 457 2 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 457 3 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 457 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 457 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 458 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 458 2 Why why WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 458 3 Is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 458 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 458 5 Definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 458 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 458 7 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 458 8 So so RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 458 9 Elusive Elusive NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 458 10 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8287 459 1 Epistemological Epistemological NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 459 2 Considerations Considerations NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 459 3 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 459 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 460 1 Astrobiology astrobiology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 460 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 461 1 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 461 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 461 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 461 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 461 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 461 6 401–12 401–12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 461 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 462 1 Bibcode:2009AsBio bibcode:2009asbio NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 462 2 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 462 3 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 462 4 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 462 5 401T. 401t. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 463 1 doi:10.1089 doi:10.1089 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 463 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 463 3 ast.2007.0201 ast.2007.0201 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 463 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 464 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 464 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 464 3 19519215 19519215 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 464 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 465 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 465 2 Emmeche Emmeche NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 465 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 465 4 Claus Claus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 465 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 465 6 1997 1997 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 465 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 465 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 466 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 466 2 Defining define VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 466 3 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 466 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 466 5 Explaining Explaining NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 466 6 Emergence Emergence NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 466 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 466 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 467 1 Niels Niels NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 467 2 Bohr Bohr NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 467 3 Institute Institute NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 467 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 468 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 468 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 468 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 468 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 468 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 468 6 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 468 7 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 468 8 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 468 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 469 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 469 2 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 469 3 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 469 4 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 469 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 470 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 470 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 470 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 470 4 McKay McKay NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 470 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 470 6 Chris Chris NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 470 7 P. P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 470 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 470 9 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 470 10 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 470 11 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 470 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 470 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 471 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 471 2 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-8287 471 3 Is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 471 4 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 471 5 — — : en-wikipedia-org-8287 471 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 471 7 How how WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 471 8 Do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 471 9 We -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 471 10 Search search VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 471 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 471 12 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 471 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 471 14 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 471 15 Worlds world NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 471 16 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8287 471 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 471 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 472 1 PLOS PLOS NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 472 2 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 472 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 473 1 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 473 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 473 3 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 473 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 473 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 473 6 302 302 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 473 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 473 8 doi:10.1371 doi:10.1371 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 473 9 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 473 10 journal.pbio.0020302 journal.pbio.0020302 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 473 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 474 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 474 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 474 3 516796 516796 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 474 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 475 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 475 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 475 3 15367939 15367939 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 475 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 476 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 476 2 Mautner Mautner NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 476 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 476 4 Michael Michael NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 476 5 N. N. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 476 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 476 7 1997 1997 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 476 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 476 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 477 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 477 2 Directed direct VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 477 3 panspermia panspermia NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 477 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 478 1 3 3 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 478 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 479 1 Strategies strategy NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 479 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 479 3 motivation motivation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 479 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 479 5 seeding seed VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 479 6 star star NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 479 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 479 8 forming form VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 479 9 clouds cloud NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 479 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 479 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 479 12 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 479 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 479 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 480 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 480 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 480 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 480 4 British British NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 480 5 Interplanetary Interplanetary NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 480 6 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 480 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 481 1 50 50 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 481 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 481 3 93–102 93–102 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 481 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 482 1 Bibcode:1997JBIS Bibcode:1997JBIS NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 482 2 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-8287 482 3 50 50 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 482 4 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-8287 482 5 93M. 93m. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 483 1 Archived Archived NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 483 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 483 3 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 483 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 483 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 483 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 483 7 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 483 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 483 9 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 483 10 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 483 11 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 483 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 484 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 484 2 Mautner Mautner NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 484 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 484 4 Michael Michael NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 484 5 N. N. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 484 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 484 7 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 484 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 484 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 485 1 Seeding seed VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 485 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 485 3 Universe Universe NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 485 4 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 485 5 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 485 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 485 7 Securing secure VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 485 8 Our -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 485 9 Cosmological cosmological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 485 10 Future future NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 485 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 485 12 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 485 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 485 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 486 1 Washington Washington NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 486 2 D.C. D.C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 486 3 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 486 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 486 5 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 486 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 486 7 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 486 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 486 9 476 476 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 486 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 486 11 00330 00330 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 486 12 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 486 13 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 486 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 487 1 Archived Archived NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 487 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 487 3 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 487 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 487 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 487 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 487 7 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 487 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 487 9 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 487 10 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 487 11 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 487 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 488 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 488 2 McKay McKay NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 488 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 488 4 Chris Chris NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 488 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 488 6 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 488 7 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 488 8 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 488 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 488 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 489 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 489 2 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-8287 489 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 489 4 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 489 5 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8287 490 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 490 2 's be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 490 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 490 4 Tricky Tricky NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 490 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 490 6 Often often RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 490 7 Confusing Confusing NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 490 8 Question Question NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 490 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 490 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 491 1 Astrobiology Astrobiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 491 2 Magazine Magazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 491 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 492 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 492 2 Nealson Nealson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 492 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 492 4 K.H. K.H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 493 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 493 2 Conrad Conrad NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 493 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 493 4 P.G. P.G. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 494 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 494 2 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 494 3 1999 1999 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 494 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 494 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 495 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 495 2 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 495 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 495 4 past past JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 495 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 495 6 present present JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 495 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 495 8 future future JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 495 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 495 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 495 11 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 495 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 495 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 496 1 Philosophical philosophical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 496 2 Transactions Transactions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 496 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 496 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 496 5 Royal Royal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 496 6 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 496 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 496 8 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 496 9 B. B. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 497 1 354 354 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 497 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 497 3 1392 1392 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 497 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 497 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 497 6 1923–39 1923–39 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 497 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 498 1 doi:10.1098 doi:10.1098 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 498 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 498 3 rstb.1999.0532 rstb.1999.0532 ADD en-wikipedia-org-8287 498 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 499 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 499 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 499 3 1692713 1692713 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 499 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 500 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 500 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 500 3 10670014 10670014 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 500 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 501 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 501 2 Mautner Mautner NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 501 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 501 4 Michael Michael NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 501 5 N. N. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 501 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 501 7 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 501 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 501 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 502 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 502 2 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 502 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 502 4 centered center VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 502 5 ethics ethic NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 502 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 502 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 502 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 502 9 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 502 10 future future NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 502 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 502 12 space space NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 502 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 502 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 502 15 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 502 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 502 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 503 1 Bioethics bioethic NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 503 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 504 1 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 504 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 504 3 8) 8) CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 504 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 504 5 433–40 433–40 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 504 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 505 1 doi:10.1111 doi:10.1111 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 505 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 505 3 j.1467 j.1467 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 505 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 505 5 8519.2008.00688.x 8519.2008.00688.x NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 505 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 506 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 506 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 506 3 19077128 19077128 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 506 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 507 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 507 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 507 3 25203457 25203457 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 507 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 508 1 Archived Archived NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 508 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 508 3 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 508 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 508 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 508 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 508 7 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 508 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 508 9 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 508 10 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 508 11 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 508 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 509 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 509 2 Jeuken Jeuken NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 509 3 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 509 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 509 5 1975 1975 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 509 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 509 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 510 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 510 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 510 3 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 510 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 510 5 philosophical philosophical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 510 6 defitions defition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 510 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 510 8 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 510 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 510 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 511 1 Acta Acta NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 511 2 Biotheoretica Biotheoretica NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 511 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 512 1 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 512 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 512 3 1–2 1–2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 512 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 512 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 512 6 14–21 14–21 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 512 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 513 1 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 513 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 513 3 BF01556737 BF01556737 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 513 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 514 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 514 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 514 3 811024 811024 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 514 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 515 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 515 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 515 3 44573374 44573374 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 515 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 516 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 516 2 Capron Capron NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 516 3 AM AM NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 516 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 516 5 1978 1978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 516 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 516 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 517 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 517 2 Legal legal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 517 3 definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 517 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 517 5 death death NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 517 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 517 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 518 1 Annals annal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 518 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 518 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 518 4 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 518 5 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 518 6 Academy Academy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 518 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 518 8 Sciences Sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 518 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 519 1 315 315 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 519 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 519 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 519 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 519 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 519 6 349–62 349–62 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 519 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 520 1 Bibcode:1978NYASA.315 Bibcode:1978NYASA.315 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 520 2 .. .. . en-wikipedia-org-8287 520 3 349C. 349c. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 521 1 doi:10.1111 doi:10.1111 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 521 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 521 3 j.1749 j.1749 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 521 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 521 5 6632.1978.tb50352.x 6632.1978.tb50352.x NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 521 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 522 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 522 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 522 3 284746 284746 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 522 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 523 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 523 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 523 3 36535062 36535062 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 523 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 524 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 524 2 Koshland Koshland NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 524 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 524 4 Jr. Jr. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 524 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 524 6 Daniel Daniel NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 524 7 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 524 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 524 9 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 524 10 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 524 11 2002 2002 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 524 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 524 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 525 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 525 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 525 3 Seven Seven NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 525 4 Pillars Pillars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 525 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 525 6 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 525 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 525 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 526 1 Science science NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 526 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 527 1 295 295 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 527 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 527 3 5563 5563 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 527 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 527 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 527 6 2215–16 2215–16 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 527 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 528 1 doi:10.1126 doi:10.1126 VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 528 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 528 3 science.1068489 science.1068489 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 528 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 529 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 529 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 529 3 11910092 11910092 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 529 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 530 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 530 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 530 3 life life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 530 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 530 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 531 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 531 2 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 531 3 Heritage Heritage NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 531 4 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 531 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 531 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 531 7 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 531 8 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 531 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 531 10 4th 4th NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 531 11 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 531 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 531 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 531 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 532 1 Houghton Houghton NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 532 2 Mifflin Mifflin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 532 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 533 1 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 533 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 534 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 534 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 534 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 534 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 534 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 534 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 534 7 618 618 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 534 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 534 9 70173 70173 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 534 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 534 11 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 534 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 535 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 535 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 535 3 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 535 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 535 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 536 1 Merriam Merriam NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 536 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 536 3 Webster Webster NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 536 4 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 536 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 537 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 537 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 537 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 537 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 537 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 537 6 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 537 7 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 537 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 537 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 538 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 538 2 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 538 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 538 4 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 538 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 539 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 539 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 539 3 Habitability Habitability NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 539 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 539 5 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 539 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 539 7 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-8287 539 8 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 539 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 539 10 Properties Properties NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 539 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 539 12 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 539 13 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8287 539 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 539 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 540 1 Phoenix Phoenix NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 540 2 Mars Mars NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 540 3 Mission Mission NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 540 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 541 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 541 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 541 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 541 4 Arizona Arizona NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 541 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 542 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 542 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 542 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 542 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 542 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 542 6 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 542 7 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 542 8 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 542 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 543 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 543 2 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 543 3 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 543 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 543 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 544 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 544 2 Trifonov Trifonov NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 544 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 544 4 Edward Edward NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 544 5 N. N. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 544 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 544 7 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 544 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 544 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 545 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 545 2 Definition Definition NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 545 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 545 4 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 545 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 545 6 Navigation navigation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 545 7 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 545 8 Uncertainties Uncertainties NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 545 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 545 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 545 11 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 545 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 545 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 546 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 546 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 546 3 Biomolecular Biomolecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 546 4 Structure Structure NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 546 5 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 546 6 Dynamics Dynamics NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 546 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 547 1 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 547 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 547 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 547 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 547 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 547 6 647–50 647–50 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 547 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 548 1 doi:10.1080/073911012010525017 doi:10.1080/073911012010525017 NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 548 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 549 1 ISSN issn NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 549 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 549 3 0739 0739 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 549 4 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 549 5 1102 1102 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 549 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 550 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 550 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 550 3 22208269 22208269 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 550 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 551 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 551 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 551 3 8616562 8616562 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 551 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 552 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 552 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 552 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 552 4 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 552 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 552 6 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 552 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 552 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 552 9 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 552 10 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 552 11 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 552 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 553 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 553 2 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 553 3 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 553 4 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 553 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 554 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 554 2 Zimmer Zimmer NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 554 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 554 4 Carl Carl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 554 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 554 6 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 554 7 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 554 8 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 554 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 554 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 555 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 555 2 Can Can MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 555 3 scientists scientist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 555 4 define define VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 555 5 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 555 6 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 555 7 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 555 8 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-8287 555 9 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 555 10 just just RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 555 11 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 555 12 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 555 13 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8287 555 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 555 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 556 1 NBC NBC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 556 2 News News NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 556 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 557 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 557 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 557 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 557 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 557 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 557 6 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 557 7 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 557 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 557 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 558 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 558 2 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 558 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 558 4 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 558 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 559 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 559 2 Luttermoser Luttermoser NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 559 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 559 4 Donald Donald NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 559 5 G. G. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 559 6 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 559 7 ASTR-1020 ASTR-1020 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 559 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 559 9 Astronomy Astronomy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 559 10 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 559 11 Course Course NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 559 12 Lecture Lecture NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 559 13 Notes Notes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 559 14 Section section NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 559 15 XII XII NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 559 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 559 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 559 18 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 559 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 559 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 560 1 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 560 2 Tennessee Tennessee NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 560 3 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 560 4 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 560 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 561 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 561 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 561 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 561 4 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 561 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 561 6 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 561 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 561 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 561 9 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 561 10 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 561 11 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 561 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 562 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 562 2 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 562 3 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 562 4 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 562 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 563 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 563 2 Luttermoser Luttermoser NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 563 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 563 4 Donald Donald NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 563 5 G. G. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 563 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 563 7 Spring Spring NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 563 8 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 563 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 563 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 564 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 564 2 Physics physics NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 564 3 2028 2028 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 564 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 564 5 Great Great NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 564 6 Ideas Ideas NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 564 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 564 8 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 564 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 564 10 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 564 11 Exobiology Exobiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 564 12 Module Module NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 564 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 564 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 564 15 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 564 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 564 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 565 1 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 565 2 Tennessee Tennessee NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 565 3 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 565 4 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 565 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 566 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 566 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 566 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 566 4 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 566 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 566 6 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 566 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 566 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 566 9 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 566 10 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 566 11 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 566 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 567 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 567 2 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 567 3 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 567 4 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 567 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 568 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 568 2 Lammer Lammer NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 568 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 568 4 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 568 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 568 6 Bredehöft Bredehöft NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 568 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 568 8 J.H. J.H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 569 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 569 2 Coustenis Coustenis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 569 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 569 4 A. a. NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 569 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 569 6 Khodachenko Khodachenko NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 569 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 569 8 M.L. M.L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 570 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 570 2 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 570 3 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 570 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 571 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 571 2 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 571 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 571 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 572 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 572 2 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-8287 572 3 makes make VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 572 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 572 5 planet planet NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 572 6 habitable habitable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 572 7 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8287 572 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 573 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 573 2 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 573 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 573 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 574 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 574 2 Astronomy Astronomy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 574 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 574 4 Astrophysics Astrophysics NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 574 5 Review Review NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 574 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 575 1 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 575 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 575 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 575 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 575 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 575 6 181–249 181–249 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 575 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 576 1 Bibcode:2009A&ARv Bibcode:2009A&ARv NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 576 2 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 576 3 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 576 4 .. .. SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 576 5 181L. 181l. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 577 1 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 577 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 577 3 s00159 s00159 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 577 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 577 5 009 009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 577 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 577 7 0019-z 0019-z NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 577 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 578 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 578 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 578 3 123220355 123220355 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 578 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 579 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 579 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 579 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 579 4 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 579 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 579 6 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 579 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 579 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 579 9 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 579 10 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 579 11 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 579 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 580 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 580 2 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 580 3 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 580 4 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 580 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 581 1 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 581 2 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 581 3 we -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 581 4 know know VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 581 5 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 581 6 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 581 7 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 581 8 described describe VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 581 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 581 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 581 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 581 12 thermodynamically thermodynamically RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 581 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 581 14 open open JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 581 15 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 581 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 581 17 Prigogine Prigogine NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 581 18 et et FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 581 19 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 581 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 582 1 1972 1972 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 582 2 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 582 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 582 4 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 582 5 makes make VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 582 6 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 582 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 582 8 gradients gradient NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 582 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 582 10 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 582 11 surroundings surrounding NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 582 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 582 13 create create VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 582 14 imperfect imperfect JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 582 15 copies copy NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 582 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 582 17 itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 582 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 583 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 583 2 Benner Benner NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 583 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 583 4 Steven Steven NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 583 5 A. a. NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 584 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 584 2 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 584 3 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 584 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 584 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 585 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 585 2 Defining define VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 585 3 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 585 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 585 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 586 1 Astrobiology astrobiology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 586 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 587 1 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 587 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 587 3 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 587 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 587 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 587 6 1021–1030 1021–1030 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 587 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 588 1 Bibcode:2010AsBio Bibcode:2010AsBio NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 588 2 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 588 3 10.1021B. 10.1021b. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 589 1 doi:10.1089 doi:10.1089 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 589 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 589 3 ast.2010.0524 ast.2010.0524 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 589 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 590 1 ISSN issn NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 590 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 590 3 1531 1531 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 590 4 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 590 5 1074 1074 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 590 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 591 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 591 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 591 3 3005285 3005285 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 591 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 592 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 592 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 592 3 21162682 21162682 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 592 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 593 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 593 2 Joyce Joyce NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 593 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 593 4 Gerald Gerald NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 593 5 F. F. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 593 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 593 7 1995 1995 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 593 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 593 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 594 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 594 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 594 3 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 594 4 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 594 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 594 6 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 594 7 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 594 8 DNA DNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 594 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 594 10 Protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 594 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 594 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 595 1 Extraterrestrials extraterrestrial NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 595 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 596 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 596 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 596 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 596 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 597 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 597 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 598 1 139–51 139–51 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 598 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 599 1 doi:10.1017 doi:10.1017 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 599 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 599 3 CBO9780511564970.017 CBO9780511564970.017 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 599 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 600 1 hdl:2060/19980211165 hdl:2060/19980211165 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 600 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 601 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 601 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 601 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 601 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 601 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 601 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 601 7 511 511 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 601 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 601 9 56497 56497 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 601 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 601 11 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 601 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 602 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 602 2 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 602 3 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 602 4 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 602 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 603 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 603 2 Overbye Overbye NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 603 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 603 4 Dennis Dennis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 603 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 603 6 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 603 7 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 603 8 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 603 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 603 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 604 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 604 2 Cassini Cassini NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 604 3 Seeks Seeks NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 604 4 Insights insight NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 604 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 604 6 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 604 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 604 8 Plumes Plumes NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 604 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 604 10 Enceladus Enceladus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 604 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 604 12 Saturn Saturn NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 604 13 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 604 14 Icy Icy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 604 15 Moon Moon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 604 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 604 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 605 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 605 2 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 605 3 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 605 4 Times Times NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 605 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 606 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 606 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 606 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 606 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 606 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 606 6 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 606 7 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 606 8 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 606 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 607 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 607 2 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 607 3 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 607 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 607 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 608 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 608 2 Domagal Domagal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 608 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 608 4 Goldman Goldman NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 608 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 608 6 Shawn Shawn NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 608 7 D. D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 608 8 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 608 9 Wright Wright NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 608 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 608 11 Katherine Katherine NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 608 12 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 608 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 608 14 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 608 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 608 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 609 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 609 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 609 3 Astrobiology astrobiology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 609 4 Primer Primer NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 609 5 v2.0 v2.0 NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 609 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 609 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 610 1 Astrobiology astrobiology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 610 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 611 1 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 611 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 611 3 8) 8) CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 611 4 : : SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 611 5 561–53 561–53 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 611 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 612 1 Bibcode:2016AsBio bibcode:2016asbio NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 612 2 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 612 3 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 612 4 .. .. . en-wikipedia-org-8287 612 5 561D. 561d. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 613 1 doi:10.1089 doi:10.1089 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 613 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 613 3 ast.2015.1460 ast.2015.1460 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 613 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 614 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 614 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 614 3 5008114 5008114 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 614 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 615 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 615 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 615 3 27532777 27532777 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 615 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 616 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 616 2 Kaufmann Kaufmann NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 616 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 616 4 Stuart Stuart NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 616 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 616 6 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 616 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 616 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 617 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 617 2 Autonomous autonomous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 617 3 agents agent NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 617 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 617 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 618 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 618 2 Barrow Barrow NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 618 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 618 4 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 618 5 D. D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 618 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 618 7 Davies Davies NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 618 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 618 9 P.C.W. P.C.W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 619 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 619 2 Harper Harper NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 619 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 619 4 Jr. Jr. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 619 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 619 6 C.L. C.L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 620 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 620 2 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 620 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 620 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 620 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 621 1 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 621 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 621 3 Ultimate Ultimate NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 621 4 Reality reality NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 621 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 622 1 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 622 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 622 3 Ultimate ultimate JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 622 4 Reality reality NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 622 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 622 6 Quantum Quantum NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 622 7 Theory Theory NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 622 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 622 9 Cosmology Cosmology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 622 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 622 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 622 12 Complexity complexity NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 622 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 623 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 623 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 624 1 654–66 654–66 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 624 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 625 1 doi:10.1017 doi:10.1017 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 625 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 625 3 CBO9780511814990.032 CBO9780511814990.032 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 625 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 626 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 626 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 626 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 626 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 626 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 626 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 626 7 521 521 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 626 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 626 9 83113 83113 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 626 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 626 11 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 626 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 627 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 627 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 627 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 627 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 627 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 627 6 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 627 7 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 627 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 627 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 628 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 628 2 Longo Longo NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 628 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 628 4 Giuseppe Giuseppe NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 628 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 628 6 Montévil Montévil NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 628 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 628 8 Maël Maël NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 628 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 628 10 Kauffman Kauffman NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 628 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 628 12 Stuart Stuart NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 628 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 628 14 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 628 15 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 628 16 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 628 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 628 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 629 1 No no DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 629 2 Entailing entail VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 629 3 Laws Laws NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 629 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 629 5 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 629 6 Enablement enablement NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 629 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 629 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 629 9 Evolution Evolution NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 629 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 629 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 629 12 Biosphere Biosphere NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 629 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 630 1 Proceedings proceeding NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 630 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 630 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 630 4 14th 14th JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 630 5 Annual Annual NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 630 6 Conference Conference NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 630 7 Companion Companion NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 630 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 630 9 Genetic Genetic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 630 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 630 11 Evolutionary Evolutionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 630 12 Computation Computation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 630 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 631 1 GECCO GECCO NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 631 2 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 631 3 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 631 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 632 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 632 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 633 1 1379–92 1379–92 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 633 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 634 1 arXiv:1201.2069 arXiv:1201.2069 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 634 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 635 1 Bibcode:2012arXiv1201.2069L. bibcode:2012arxiv1201.2069l. FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 636 1 CiteSeerX CiteSeerX NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 636 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 636 3 10.1.1.701.3838 10.1.1.701.3838 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 636 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 636 5 doi:10.1145/2330784.2330946 doi:10.1145/2330784.2330946 XX en-wikipedia-org-8287 636 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 637 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 637 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 637 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 637 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 637 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 637 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 637 7 4503 4503 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 637 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 637 9 1178 1178 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 637 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 637 11 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 637 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 638 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 638 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 638 3 15609415 15609415 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 638 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 639 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 639 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 639 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 639 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 639 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 639 6 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 639 7 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 639 8 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 639 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 640 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 640 2 Koonin Koonin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 640 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 640 4 E.V. E.V. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 641 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 641 2 Starokadomskyy Starokadomskyy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 641 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 641 4 P. P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 641 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 641 6 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 641 7 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 641 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 641 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 641 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 642 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 642 2 Are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 642 3 viruses virus NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 642 4 alive alive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 642 5 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8287 643 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 643 2 replicator replicator NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 643 3 paradigm paradigm NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 643 4 sheds shed VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 643 5 decisive decisive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 643 6 light light NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 643 7 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 643 8 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 643 9 old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 643 10 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 643 11 misguided misguided JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 643 12 question question NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 643 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 643 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 644 1 Stud Stud NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 644 2 Hist Hist NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 644 3 Philos Philos NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 644 4 Biol Biol NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 644 5 Biomed Biomed NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 644 6 Sci Sci NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 644 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 645 1 59 59 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 645 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 645 3 125–34 125–34 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 645 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 646 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 646 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 646 3 j.shpsc.2016.02.016 j.shpsc.2016.02.016 JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 646 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 647 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 647 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 647 3 5406846 5406846 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 647 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 648 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 648 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 648 3 26965225 26965225 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 648 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 649 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 649 2 Rybicki Rybicki NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 649 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 649 4 EP EP NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 649 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 649 6 1990 1990 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 649 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 649 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 650 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 650 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 650 3 classification classification NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 650 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 650 5 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 650 6 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 650 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 650 8 edge edge NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 650 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 650 10 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 650 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 650 12 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 650 13 problems problem NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 650 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 650 15 virus virus NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 650 16 systematics systematic NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 650 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 650 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 651 1 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 651 2 Afr Afr NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 651 3 J J NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 651 4 Sci Sci NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 651 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 652 1 86 86 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 652 2 : : SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 652 3 182–86 182–86 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 652 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 653 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 653 2 Holmes Holmes NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 653 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 653 4 E.C. E.C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 654 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 654 2 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 654 3 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 654 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 654 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 655 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 655 2 Viral viral JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 655 3 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 655 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 655 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 655 6 genomic genomic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 655 7 age age NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 655 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 655 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 656 1 PLOS PLOS NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 656 2 Biol Biol NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 656 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 657 1 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 657 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 657 3 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 657 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 657 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 657 6 e278 e278 XX en-wikipedia-org-8287 657 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 658 1 doi:10.1371 doi:10.1371 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 658 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 658 3 journal.pbio.0050278 journal.pbio.0050278 XX en-wikipedia-org-8287 658 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 659 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 659 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 659 3 1994994 1994994 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 659 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 660 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 660 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 660 3 17914905 17914905 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 660 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 661 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 661 2 Forterre Forterre NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 661 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 661 4 Patrick Patrick NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 661 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 661 6 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 661 7 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 661 8 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 661 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 661 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 662 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 662 2 Defining define VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 662 3 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 662 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 662 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 662 6 Virus Virus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 662 7 Viewpoint Viewpoint NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 662 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 662 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 663 1 Orig Orig NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 663 2 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 663 3 Evol Evol NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 663 4 Biosph Biosph NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 663 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 664 1 40 40 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 664 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 664 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 664 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 664 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 664 6 151–60 151–60 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 664 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 665 1 Bibcode:2010OLEB bibcode:2010oleb LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 665 2 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-8287 665 3 40 40 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 665 4 .. .. . en-wikipedia-org-8287 665 5 151F. 151f. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 666 1 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 666 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 666 3 s11084 s11084 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 666 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 666 5 010 010 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 666 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 666 7 9194 9194 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 666 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 666 9 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 666 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 667 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 667 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 667 3 2837877 2837877 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 667 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 668 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 668 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 668 3 20198436 20198436 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 668 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 669 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 669 2 Koonin Koonin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 669 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 669 4 E.V. E.V. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 670 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 670 2 Senkevich Senkevich NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 670 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 670 4 T.G. T.G. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 671 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 671 2 Dolja Dolja NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 671 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 671 4 V.V. V.V. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 672 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 672 2 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 672 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 672 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 673 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 673 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 673 3 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 673 4 Virus Virus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 673 5 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 673 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 673 7 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 673 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 673 9 cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 673 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 673 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 674 1 Biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 674 2 Direct Direct NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 674 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 675 1 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 675 2 : : SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 675 3 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 675 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 675 5 doi:10.1186/1745 doi:10.1186/1745 NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 675 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 675 7 6150 6150 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 675 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 675 9 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 675 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 675 11 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 675 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 676 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 676 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 676 3 1594570 1594570 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 676 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 677 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 677 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 677 3 16984643 16984643 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 677 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 678 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 678 2 Rybicki Rybicki NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 678 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 678 4 Ed Ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 678 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 678 6 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 678 7 1997 1997 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 678 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 678 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 679 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 679 2 Origins Origins NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 679 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 679 4 Viruses Viruses NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 679 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 679 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 680 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 680 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 680 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 680 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 680 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 680 6 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 680 7 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 680 8 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 680 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 681 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 681 2 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 681 3 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 681 4 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 681 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 682 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 682 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 682 3 Giant giant JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 682 4 Viruses virus NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 682 5 Shake shake VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 682 6 Up up RP en-wikipedia-org-8287 682 7 Tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 682 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 682 9 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 682 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 682 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 683 1 Astrobiology Astrobiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 683 2 Magazine Magazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 683 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 684 1 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 684 2 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 684 3 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 684 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 685 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 685 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 685 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 685 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 685 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 685 6 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 685 7 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 685 8 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 685 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 686 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 686 2 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 686 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 686 4 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 686 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 687 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 687 2 Popa Popa NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 687 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 687 4 Radu Radu NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 687 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 687 6 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 687 7 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 687 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 687 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 688 1 Between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 688 2 Necessity Necessity NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 688 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 688 4 Probability Probability NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 688 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 688 6 Searching search VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 688 7 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 688 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 688 9 Definition Definition NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 688 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 688 11 Origin Origin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 688 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 688 13 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 688 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 688 15 Advances Advances NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 688 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 688 17 Astrobiology Astrobiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 688 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 688 19 Biogeophysics Biogeophysics NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 688 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 688 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 689 1 Springer Springer NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 689 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 690 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 690 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 690 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 690 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 690 5 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 690 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 690 7 540 540 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 690 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 690 9 20490 20490 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 690 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 690 11 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 690 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 691 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 691 2 Schrödinger Schrödinger NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 691 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 691 4 Erwin Erwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 691 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 691 6 1944 1944 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 691 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 691 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 692 1 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-8287 692 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 692 3 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 692 4 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8287 692 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 693 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 693 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 693 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 693 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 694 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 694 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 694 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 694 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 694 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 694 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 694 7 521 521 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 694 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 694 9 42708 42708 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 694 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 694 11 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 694 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 695 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 695 2 Margulis Margulis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 695 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 695 4 Lynn Lynn NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 695 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 695 6 Sagan Sagan NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 695 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 695 8 Dorion Dorion NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 695 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 695 10 1995 1995 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 695 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 695 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 696 1 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-8287 696 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 696 3 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 696 4 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8287 696 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 697 1 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 697 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 697 3 California California NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 697 4 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 697 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 698 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 698 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 698 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 698 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 698 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 698 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 698 7 520 520 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 698 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 698 9 22021 22021 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 698 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 698 11 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 698 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 699 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 699 2 Lovelock Lovelock NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 699 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 699 4 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 699 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 699 6 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 699 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 699 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 700 1 Gaia Gaia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 700 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 700 3 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8287 700 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 700 5 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 700 6 Look Look NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 700 7 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 700 8 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 700 9 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 700 10 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 700 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 701 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 701 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 701 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 701 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 702 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 702 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 702 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 702 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 702 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 702 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 702 7 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 702 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 702 9 286218 286218 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 702 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 702 11 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 702 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 703 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 703 2 Avery Avery NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 703 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 703 4 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 703 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 703 6 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 703 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 703 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 704 1 Information Information NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 704 2 Theory Theory NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 704 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 704 4 Evolution Evolution NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 704 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 705 1 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 705 2 Scientific Scientific NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 705 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 706 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 706 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 706 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 706 4 - - CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 706 5 981 981 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 706 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 706 7 238 238 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 706 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 706 9 399 399 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 706 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 706 11 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 706 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 707 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 707 2 Budisa Budisa NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 707 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 707 4 Nediljko Nediljko NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 707 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 707 6 Kubyshkin Kubyshkin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 707 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 707 8 Vladimir Vladimir NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 707 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 707 10 Schmidt Schmidt NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 707 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 707 12 Markus Markus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 707 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 707 14 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 707 15 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 707 16 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 707 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 707 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 708 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 708 2 Xenobiology xenobiology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 708 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 708 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 708 5 Journey Journey NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 708 6 towards towards IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 708 7 Parallel Parallel NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 708 8 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 708 9 Forms Forms NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 708 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 708 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 709 1 ChemBioChem chembiochem LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 709 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 710 1 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 710 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 710 3 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 710 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 710 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 710 6 2228–2231 2228–2231 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 710 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 711 1 doi:10.1002 doi:10.1002 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 711 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 711 3 cbic.202000141 cbic.202000141 NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 711 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 712 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 712 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 712 3 32323410 32323410 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 712 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 713 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 713 2 Woodruff Woodruff NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 713 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 713 4 T. T. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 713 5 Sullivan Sullivan NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 713 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 713 7 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 713 8 Baross Baross NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 713 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 713 10 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 713 11 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 713 12 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 713 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 713 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 714 1 Planets planet NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 714 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 714 3 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 714 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 714 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 714 6 Emerging Emerging NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 714 7 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 714 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 714 9 Astrobiology Astrobiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 714 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 715 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 715 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 715 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 715 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 1 Cleland Cleland NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 3 Chyba Chyba NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 4 wrote write VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 6 chapter chapter NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 8 Planets Planets NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 10 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 12 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 13 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 15 absence absence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 17 such such PDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 19 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 21 we -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 22 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 25 position position NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 26 analogous analogous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 27 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 28 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 30 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 31 16th 16th JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 32 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 33 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 34 investigator investigator NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 35 trying try VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 36 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 37 define define VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 38 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 39 water water NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 40 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 41 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 43 absence absence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 44 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 45 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 46 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 47 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 716 48 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 2 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 5 Without without IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 6 access access NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 8 living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 9 things thing NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 10 having have VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 12 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 13 historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 14 origin origin NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 16 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 17 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 18 difficult difficult JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 20 perhaps perhaps RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 21 ultimately ultimately RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 22 impossible impossible JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 23 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 24 formulate formulate VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 25 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 26 adequately adequately RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 27 general general JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 28 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 31 nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 33 living living NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 34 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 35 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 717 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 718 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 718 2 Brown Brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 718 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 718 4 Molly Molly NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 718 5 Young Young NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 718 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 718 7 2002 2002 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 718 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 718 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 719 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 719 2 Patterns Patterns NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 719 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 719 4 Flows flow NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 719 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 719 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 719 7 Interrelationship Interrelationship NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 719 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 719 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 720 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 720 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 720 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 720 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 720 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 720 6 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 720 7 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 720 8 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 720 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 721 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 721 2 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 721 3 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 721 4 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 721 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 722 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 722 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 722 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 722 4 Lovelock Lovelock NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 722 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 722 6 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 722 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 722 8 1979 1979 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 722 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 722 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 723 1 Gaia Gaia NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 723 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 723 3 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 723 4 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 723 5 Look look NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 723 6 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 723 7 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 723 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 723 9 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 723 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 724 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 724 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 724 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 724 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 725 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 725 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 725 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 725 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 725 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 725 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 725 7 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 725 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 725 9 286030 286030 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 725 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 725 11 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 725 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 726 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 726 2 Lovelock Lovelock NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 726 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 726 4 J.E. J.E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 727 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 727 2 1965 1965 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 727 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 727 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 728 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 728 2 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 728 3 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 728 4 basis basis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 728 5 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 728 6 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 728 7 detection detection NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 728 8 experiments experiment NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 728 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 728 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 729 1 Nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 729 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 730 1 207 207 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 730 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 730 3 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 730 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 730 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 730 6 568–70 568–70 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 730 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 731 1 Bibcode:1965Natur.207 Bibcode:1965Natur.207 NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 731 2 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 731 3 568L. 568l. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 732 1 doi:10.1038/207568a0 doi:10.1038/207568a0 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 732 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 733 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 733 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 733 3 5883628 5883628 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 733 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 734 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 734 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 734 3 33821197 33821197 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 734 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 735 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 735 2 Lovelock Lovelock NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 735 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 735 4 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 735 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 736 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 736 2 Geophysiology Geophysiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 736 3 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 736 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 737 1 Papers paper NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 737 2 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 737 3 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 737 4 Lovelock Lovelock NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 737 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 738 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 738 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 738 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 738 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 738 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 738 6 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 738 7 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 738 8 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 738 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 739 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 739 2 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 739 3 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 739 4 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 739 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 740 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 740 2 Woodruff Woodruff NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 740 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 740 4 T. T. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 740 5 Sullivan Sullivan NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 740 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 740 7 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 740 8 Baross Baross NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 740 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 740 10 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 740 11 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 740 12 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 740 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 740 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 741 1 Planets planet NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 741 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 741 3 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 741 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 741 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 741 6 Emerging Emerging NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 741 7 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 741 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 741 9 Astrobiology Astrobiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 741 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 742 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 742 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 742 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 742 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 743 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 743 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 743 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 743 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 743 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 743 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 743 7 521 521 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 743 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 743 9 82421 82421 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 743 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 743 11 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 743 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 1 Cleland Cleland NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 3 Chyba Chyba NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 4 wrote write VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 6 chapter chapter NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 8 Planets Planets NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 10 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 12 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 13 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 15 absence absence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 17 such such PDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 19 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 21 we -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 22 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 25 position position NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 26 analogous analogous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 27 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 28 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 30 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 31 16th 16th JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 32 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 33 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 34 investigator investigator NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 35 trying try VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 36 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 37 define define VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 38 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 39 water water NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 40 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 41 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 43 absence absence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 44 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 45 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 46 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 47 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 48 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 744 49 ... ... . en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 2 Without without IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 3 access access NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 4 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 5 living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 6 things thing NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 7 having have VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 9 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 10 historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 11 origin origin NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 13 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 15 difficult difficult JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 17 perhaps perhaps RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 18 ultimately ultimately RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 19 impossible impossible JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 20 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 21 formulate formulate VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 22 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 23 adequately adequately RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 24 general general JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 25 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 28 nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 30 living living NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 31 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 32 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 745 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 746 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 746 2 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 746 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 746 4 Rosen Rosen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 746 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 746 6 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 746 7 1991 1991 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 746 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 746 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 747 1 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 747 2 Itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 747 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 747 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 747 5 Comprehensive comprehensive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 747 6 Inquiry Inquiry NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 747 7 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 747 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 747 9 Nature Nature NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 747 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 747 11 Origin Origin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 747 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 747 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 747 14 Fabrication Fabrication NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 747 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 747 16 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 747 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 748 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 748 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 748 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 748 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 748 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 748 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 748 7 231 231 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 748 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 748 9 07565 07565 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 748 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 748 11 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 748 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 749 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 749 2 Fiscus Fiscus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 749 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 749 4 Daniel Daniel NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 749 5 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 750 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 750 2 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 750 3 2002 2002 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 750 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 750 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 751 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 751 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 751 3 Ecosystemic Ecosystemic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 751 4 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 751 5 Hypothesis Hypothesis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 751 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 751 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 752 1 Bulletin bulletin NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 752 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 752 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 752 4 Ecological Ecological NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 752 5 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 752 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 752 7 America America NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 752 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 753 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 753 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 753 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 753 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 753 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 753 6 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 753 7 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 753 8 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 753 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 754 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 754 2 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 754 3 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 754 4 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 754 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 755 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 755 2 Morowitz Morowitz NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 755 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 755 4 Harold Harold NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 755 5 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 756 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 756 2 1992 1992 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 756 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 756 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 757 1 Beginnings beginning NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 757 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 757 3 cellular cellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 757 4 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 757 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 757 6 metabolism metabolism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 757 7 recapitulates recapitulate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 757 8 biogenesis biogenesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 757 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 758 1 Yale Yale NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 758 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 758 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 758 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 759 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 759 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 759 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 759 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 759 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 759 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 759 7 300 300 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 759 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 759 9 05483 05483 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 759 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 759 11 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 759 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 760 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 760 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 760 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 760 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 760 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 760 6 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 760 7 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 760 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 760 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 761 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 761 2 Ulanowicz Ulanowicz NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 761 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 761 4 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 761 5 W. W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 761 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 761 7 Ulanowicz Ulanowicz NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 761 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 761 9 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 761 10 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 761 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 761 12 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 761 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 761 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 762 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 762 2 third third JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 762 3 window window NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 762 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 762 5 natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 762 6 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 762 7 beyond beyond IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 762 8 Newton Newton NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 762 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 762 10 Darwin Darwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 762 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 763 1 Templeton Templeton NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 763 2 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 763 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 763 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 764 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 764 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 764 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 764 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 764 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 764 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 764 7 59947 59947 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 764 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 764 9 154 154 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 764 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 764 11 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 764 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 765 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 765 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 765 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 765 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 765 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 765 6 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 765 7 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 765 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 765 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 766 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 766 2 Baianu Baianu NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 766 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 766 4 I.C. I.C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 767 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 767 2 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 767 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 767 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 768 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 768 2 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 768 3 Rosen Rosen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 768 4 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 768 5 Work Work NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 768 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 768 7 Complex Complex NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 768 8 Systems Systems NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 768 9 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 768 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 768 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 769 1 Axiomathes Axiomathes NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 769 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 770 1 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 770 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 770 3 1–2 1–2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 770 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 770 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 770 6 25–34 25–34 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 770 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 771 1 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 771 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 771 3 s10516 s10516 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 771 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 771 5 005 005 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 771 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 771 7 4204-z 4204-z NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 771 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 772 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 772 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 772 3 4673166 4673166 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 772 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 773 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 773 2 * * NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 773 3 Rosen Rosen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 773 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 773 5 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 773 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 773 7 1958a 1958a CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 773 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 773 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 774 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 774 2 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 774 3 Relational relational JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 774 4 Theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 774 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 774 6 Biological Biological NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 774 7 Systems Systems NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 774 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 774 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 775 1 Bulletin Bulletin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 775 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 775 3 Mathematical Mathematical NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 775 4 Biophysics Biophysics NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 775 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 776 1 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 776 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 776 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 776 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 776 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 776 6 245–60 245–60 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 776 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 777 1 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 777 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 777 3 bf02478302 bf02478302 FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 777 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 778 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 778 2 * * NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 778 3 Rosen Rosen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 778 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 778 5 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 778 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 778 7 1958b 1958b CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 778 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 778 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 779 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 779 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 779 3 Representation Representation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 779 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 779 5 Biological Biological NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 779 6 Systems Systems NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 779 7 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 779 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 779 9 Standpoint Standpoint NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 779 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 779 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 779 12 Theory Theory NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 779 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 779 14 Categories Categories NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 779 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 779 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 780 1 Bulletin Bulletin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 780 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 780 3 Mathematical Mathematical NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 780 4 Biophysics Biophysics NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 780 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 781 1 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 781 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 781 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 781 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 781 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 781 6 317–41 317–41 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 781 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 782 1 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 782 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 782 3 bf02477890 bf02477890 NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 782 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 783 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 783 2 Montévil Montévil NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 783 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 783 4 Maël Maël NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 783 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 783 6 Mossio Mossio NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 783 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 783 8 Matteo Matteo NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 783 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 783 10 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 783 11 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 783 12 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 783 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 783 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 784 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 784 2 Biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 784 3 organisation organisation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 784 4 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 784 5 closure closure NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 784 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 784 7 constraints constraint NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 784 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 784 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 785 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 785 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 785 3 Theoretical Theoretical NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 785 4 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 785 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 786 1 372 372 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 786 2 : : SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 786 3 179–91 179–91 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 786 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 787 1 CiteSeerX CiteSeerX NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 787 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 787 3 10.1.1.701.3373 10.1.1.701.3373 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 787 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 787 5 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 787 6 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 787 7 j.jtbi.2015.02.029 j.jtbi.2015.02.029 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 787 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 788 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 788 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 788 3 25752259 25752259 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 788 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 789 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 789 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 789 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 789 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 789 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 789 6 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 789 7 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 789 8 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 789 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 790 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 790 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 790 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 790 4 Harris Harris NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 790 5 Bernstein Bernstein NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 790 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 790 7 Henry Henry NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 790 8 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 790 9 Byerly Byerly NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 790 10 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 790 11 Frederick Frederick NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 790 12 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 790 13 Hopf Hopf NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 790 14 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 790 15 Richard Richard NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 790 16 A. a. NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 790 17 Michod Michod NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 790 18 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 790 19 G. G. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 790 20 Krishna Krishna NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 790 21 Vemulapalli Vemulapalli NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 790 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 790 23 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 790 24 1983 1983 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 790 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 790 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 791 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 791 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 791 3 Darwinian Darwinian NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 791 4 Dynamic Dynamic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 791 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 791 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 792 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 792 2 Quarterly Quarterly NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 792 3 Review Review NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 792 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 792 5 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 792 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 793 1 58 58 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 793 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 793 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 793 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 793 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 793 6 185 185 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 793 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 793 8 doi:10.1086/413216 doi:10.1086/413216 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 793 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 794 1 JSTOR JSTOR NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 794 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 794 3 2828805 2828805 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 794 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 795 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 795 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 795 3 83956410 83956410 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 795 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 796 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 796 2 Michod Michod NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 796 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 796 4 Richard Richard NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 796 5 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 796 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 796 7 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 796 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 796 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 797 1 Darwinian darwinian JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 797 2 Dynamics Dynamics NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 797 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 797 4 Evolutionary Evolutionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 797 5 Transitions Transitions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 797 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 797 7 Fitness Fitness NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 797 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 797 9 Individuality individuality NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 797 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 798 1 Princeton Princeton NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 798 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 798 3 Princeton Princeton NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 798 4 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 798 5 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 798 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 799 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 799 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 799 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 799 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 799 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 799 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 799 7 691 691 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 799 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 799 9 05011 05011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 799 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 799 11 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 799 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 800 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 800 2 Jagers jager NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 800 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 800 4 Gerard Gerard NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 800 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 800 6 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 800 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 800 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 801 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 801 2 Pursuit Pursuit NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 801 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 801 4 Complexity Complexity NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 801 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 801 6 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 801 7 Utility Utility NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 801 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 801 9 Biodiversity Biodiversity NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 801 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 801 11 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 801 12 Evolutionary Evolutionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 801 13 Perspective Perspective NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 801 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 802 1 KNNV KNNV NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 802 2 Publishing Publishing NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 802 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 803 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 803 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 803 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 803 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 803 5 90 90 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 803 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 803 7 5011 5011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 803 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 803 9 443 443 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 803 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 803 11 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 803 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 804 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 804 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 804 3 Towards towards IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 804 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 804 5 Hierarchical hierarchical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 804 6 Definition Definition NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 804 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 804 8 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 804 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 804 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 804 11 Organism Organism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 804 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 804 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 804 14 Death death NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 804 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 804 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 805 1 Foundations foundation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 805 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 805 3 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 805 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 806 1 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 806 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 807 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 807 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 807 3 Explaining explain VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 807 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 807 5 Origin origin NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 807 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 807 7 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 807 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 807 9 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 807 10 Enough enough NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 807 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 807 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 807 13 Definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 807 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 807 15 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 807 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 807 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 808 1 Foundations foundation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 808 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 808 3 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 808 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 809 1 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 809 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 810 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 810 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 810 3 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 810 4 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 810 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 810 6 logic logic NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 810 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 810 8 insight insight NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 810 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 810 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 810 11 search search NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 810 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 810 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 810 14 definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 810 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 810 16 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 810 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 810 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 811 1 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 811 2 Biomol Biomol NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 811 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 812 1 Struct struct NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 812 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 813 1 Dyn Dyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 813 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 814 1 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 814 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 815 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 815 2 Jagers Jagers NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 815 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 815 4 Gerald Gerald NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 815 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 815 6 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 815 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 815 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 816 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 816 2 Contributions contribution NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 816 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 816 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 816 5 Operator Operator NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 816 6 Hierarchy Hierarchy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 816 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 816 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 816 9 Field field NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 816 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 816 11 Biologically Biologically NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 816 12 Driven Driven NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 816 13 Mathematics Mathematics NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 816 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 816 15 Computation Computation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 816 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 816 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 817 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 817 2 Ehresmann Ehresmann NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 817 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 817 4 Andree Andree NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 817 5 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 817 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 817 7 Simeonov Simeonov NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 817 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 817 9 Plamen Plamen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 817 10 L. L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 817 11 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 817 12 Smith Smith NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 817 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 817 14 Leslie Leslie NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 817 15 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 818 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 818 2 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 818 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 818 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 818 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 819 1 Integral Integral NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 819 2 Biomathics Biomathics NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 819 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 820 1 Springer Springer NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 820 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 821 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 821 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 821 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 821 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 821 5 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 821 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 821 7 642 642 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 821 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 821 9 28110 28110 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 821 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 821 11 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 821 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 822 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 822 2 Korzeniewski Korzeniewski NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 822 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 822 4 Bernard Bernard NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 822 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 822 6 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 822 7 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 822 8 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 822 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 822 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 823 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 823 2 Cybernetic cybernetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 823 3 formulation formulation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 823 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 823 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 823 6 definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 823 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 823 8 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 823 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 823 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 824 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 824 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 824 3 Theoretical Theoretical NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 824 4 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 824 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 825 1 209 209 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 825 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 825 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 825 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 825 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 825 6 275–86 275–86 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 825 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 826 1 doi:10.1006 doi:10.1006 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 826 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 826 3 jtbi.2001.2262 jtbi.2001.2262 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 826 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 827 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 827 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 827 3 11312589 11312589 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 827 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 828 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 828 2 Parry Parry NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 828 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 828 4 Richard Richard NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 828 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 828 6 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 828 7 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 828 8 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 828 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 828 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 829 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 829 2 Empedocles Empedocles NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 829 3 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 829 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 830 1 Stanford Stanford NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 830 2 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 830 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 830 4 Philosophy Philosophy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 830 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 831 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 831 2 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 831 3 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 831 4 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 831 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 832 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 832 2 Parry Parry NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 832 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 832 4 Richard Richard NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 832 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 832 6 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 832 7 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 832 8 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 832 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 832 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 833 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 833 2 Democritus Democritus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 833 3 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 833 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 834 1 Stanford Stanford NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 834 2 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 834 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 834 4 Philosophy Philosophy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 834 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 835 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 835 2 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 835 3 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 835 4 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 835 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 836 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 836 2 Hankinson Hankinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 836 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 836 4 R.J. R.J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 836 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 836 6 1997 1997 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 836 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 836 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 837 1 Cause Cause NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 837 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 837 3 Explanation Explanation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 837 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 837 5 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 837 6 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 837 7 Thought Thought NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 837 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 838 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 838 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 838 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 838 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 839 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 839 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 839 3 125 125 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 839 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 840 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 840 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 840 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 840 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 840 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 840 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 840 7 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 840 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 840 9 924656 924656 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 840 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 840 11 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 840 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 841 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 841 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 841 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 841 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 841 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 841 6 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 841 7 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 841 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 841 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 842 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 842 2 Thagard Thagard NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 842 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 842 4 Paul Paul NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 842 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 842 6 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 842 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 842 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 843 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 843 2 Cognitive Cognitive NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 843 3 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 843 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 843 5 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 843 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 843 7 Explanation Explanation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 843 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 843 9 Discovery Discovery NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 843 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 843 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 843 12 Conceptual conceptual JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 843 13 Change Change NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 843 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 844 1 MIT MIT NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 844 2 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 844 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 845 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 845 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 846 1 204–05 204–05 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 846 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 847 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 847 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 847 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 847 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 847 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 847 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 847 7 262 262 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 847 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 847 9 01728 01728 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 847 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 847 11 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 847 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 848 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 848 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 848 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 848 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 848 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 848 6 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 848 7 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 848 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 848 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 849 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 849 2 Aristotle Aristotle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 849 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 850 1 On on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 850 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 850 3 Soul Soul NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 850 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 851 1 Book book NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 851 2 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 851 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 852 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 852 2 Marietta Marietta NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 852 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 852 4 Don Don NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 852 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 852 6 1998 1998 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 852 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 852 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 853 1 Introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 853 2 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 853 3 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 853 4 philosophy philosophy NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 853 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 854 1 M.E. M.E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 855 1 Sharpe Sharpe NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 855 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 856 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 856 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 856 3 104 104 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 856 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 857 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 857 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 857 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 857 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 857 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 857 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 857 7 7656 7656 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 857 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 857 9 0216 0216 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 857 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 857 11 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 857 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 858 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 858 2 Stewart Stewart NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 858 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 858 4 Williams Williams NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 858 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 858 6 Steve Steve NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 858 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 858 8 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 858 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 858 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 859 1 Darwin Darwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 859 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 859 3 God God NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 859 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 859 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 859 6 meaning meaning NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 859 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 859 8 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 859 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 859 10 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 859 11 evolutionary evolutionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 859 12 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 859 13 undermines undermine VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 859 14 everything everything NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 859 15 you -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 859 16 thought think VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 859 17 you -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 859 18 knew know VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 859 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 859 20 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 859 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 860 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 860 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 860 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 860 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 861 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 861 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 862 1 193–94 193–94 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 862 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 863 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 863 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 863 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 863 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 863 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 863 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 863 7 521 521 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 863 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 863 9 76278 76278 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 863 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 863 11 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 863 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 864 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 864 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 864 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 864 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 864 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 864 6 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 864 7 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 864 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 864 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 865 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 865 2 Stillingfleet Stillingfleet NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 865 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 865 4 Edward Edward NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 865 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 865 6 1697 1697 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 865 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 865 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 866 1 Origines Origines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 866 2 Sacrae Sacrae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 866 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 867 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 867 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 867 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 867 4 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8287 867 5 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 867 6 Internet Internet NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 867 7 Archive Archive NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 867 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 868 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 868 2 André André NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 868 3 Brack Brack NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 868 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 868 5 1998 1998 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 868 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 868 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 869 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 869 2 Introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 869 3 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 869 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 869 5 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 869 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 869 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 870 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 870 2 André André NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 870 3 Brack Brack NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 870 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 870 5 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 870 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 870 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 870 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 871 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 871 2 Molecular Molecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 871 3 Origins Origins NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 871 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 871 5 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 871 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 872 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 872 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 872 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 872 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 873 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 873 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 873 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 873 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 874 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 874 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 874 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 874 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 874 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 874 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 874 7 521 521 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 874 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 874 9 56475 56475 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 874 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 874 11 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 874 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 875 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 875 2 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 875 3 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 875 4 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 875 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 876 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 876 2 Levine Levine NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 876 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 876 4 Russell Russell NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 876 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 876 6 Evers Evers NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 876 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 876 8 Chris Chris NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 876 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 877 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 877 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 877 3 Slow slow JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 877 4 Death death NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 877 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 877 6 Spontaneous Spontaneous NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 877 7 Generation Generation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 877 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 877 9 1668–1859 1668–1859 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 877 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 877 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 877 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 878 1 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 878 2 Carolina Carolina NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 878 3 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 878 4 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 878 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 879 1 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 879 2 Health Health NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 879 3 Museum Museum NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 879 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 880 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 880 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 880 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 880 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 880 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 880 6 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 880 7 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 880 8 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 880 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 881 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 881 2 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 881 3 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 881 4 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 881 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 882 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 882 2 Tyndall Tyndall NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 882 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 882 4 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 882 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 882 6 1905 1905 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 882 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 882 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 883 1 Fragments fragment NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 883 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 883 3 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 883 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 884 1 2 2 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 884 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 885 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 885 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 885 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 885 4 P.F. P.F. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 886 1 Collier collier NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 886 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 887 1 Chapters Chapters NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 887 2 IV IV NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 887 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 887 4 XII XII NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 887 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 887 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 887 7 XIII xiii NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 887 8 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8287 887 9 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 887 10 Internet Internet NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 887 11 Archive Archive NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 887 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 888 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 888 2 Bernal Bernal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 888 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 888 4 J.D. J.D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 889 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 889 2 1967 1967 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 889 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 889 4 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 889 5 Reprinted reprint VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 889 6 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 889 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 889 8 A.I. A.I. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 890 1 Oparin Oparin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 890 2 originally originally RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 890 3 published publish VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 890 4 1924 1924 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 890 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 890 6 Moscow Moscow NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 890 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 890 8 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 890 9 Moscow Moscow NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 890 10 Worker Worker NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 890 11 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 890 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 891 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 891 2 Origin Origin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 891 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 891 4 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 891 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 892 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 892 2 Weidenfeld Weidenfeld NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 892 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 892 4 Nicolson Nicolson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 892 5 Natural Natural NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 892 6 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 892 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 893 1 Translation translation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 893 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 893 3 Oparin Oparin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 893 4 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 893 5 Ann Ann NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 893 6 Synge Synge NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 893 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 894 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 894 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 894 3 Weidenfeld Weidenfeld NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 894 4 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 894 5 Nicolson Nicolson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 894 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 895 1 LCCN LCCN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 895 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 895 3 67098482 67098482 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 895 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 896 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 896 2 Zubay Zubay NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 896 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 896 4 Geoffrey Geoffrey NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 896 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 896 6 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 896 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 896 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 897 1 Origins Origins NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 897 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 897 3 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 897 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 897 5 On on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 897 6 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 897 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 897 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 897 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 897 10 Cosmos Cosmos NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 897 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 897 12 2nd 2nd NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 897 13 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 897 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 897 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 897 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 898 1 Academic Academic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 898 2 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 898 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 899 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 899 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 899 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 899 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 899 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 899 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 899 7 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 899 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 899 9 781910 781910 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 899 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 899 11 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 899 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 900 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 900 2 Smith Smith NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 900 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 900 4 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 900 5 Maynard Maynard NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 900 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 900 7 Szathmary Szathmary NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 900 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 900 9 Eors eor NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 900 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 900 11 1997 1997 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 900 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 900 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 901 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 901 2 Major Major NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 901 3 Transitions Transitions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 901 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 901 5 Evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 901 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 902 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 902 2 Oxfordshire Oxfordshire NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 902 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 902 4 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 902 5 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 902 6 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 902 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 903 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 903 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 903 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 903 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 903 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 903 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 903 7 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 903 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 903 9 850294 850294 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 903 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 903 11 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 903 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 904 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 904 2 Schwartz Schwartz NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 904 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 904 4 Sanford Sanford NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 904 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 904 6 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 904 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 904 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 905 1 C.S. C.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 906 1 Lewis Lewis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 906 2 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 906 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 906 4 Final Final NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 906 5 Frontier Frontier NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 906 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 906 7 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 906 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 906 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 906 10 Supernatural Supernatural NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 906 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 906 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 906 13 Space Space NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 906 14 Trilogy Trilogy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 906 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 907 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 907 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 907 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 907 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 908 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 908 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 908 3 56 56 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 908 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 909 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 909 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 909 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 909 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 909 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 909 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 909 7 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 909 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 909 9 988839 988839 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 909 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 909 11 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 909 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 910 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 910 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 910 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 910 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 910 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 910 6 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 910 7 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 910 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 910 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 911 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 911 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 911 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 911 4 Wilkinson Wilkinson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 911 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 911 6 Ian Ian NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 911 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 911 8 1998 1998 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 911 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 911 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 912 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 912 2 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 912 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 912 4 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 912 5 Chemistry Chemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 912 6   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 912 7 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8287 912 8 Wöhler Wöhler NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 912 9 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 912 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 912 11 Birth Birth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 912 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 912 13 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 912 14 Chemistry Chemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 912 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 912 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 912 17 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 912 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 912 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 913 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 913 2 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 913 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 913 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 913 5 International International NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 913 6 Federation Federation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 913 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 913 8 Clinical Clinical NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 913 9 Chemistry Chemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 913 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 913 11 Laboratory Laboratory NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 913 12 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 913 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 914 1 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 914 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 914 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 914 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 914 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 915 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 915 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 915 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 915 4 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 915 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 915 6 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 915 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 915 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 915 9 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 915 10 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 915 11 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 915 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 916 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 916 2 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 916 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 916 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 916 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 917 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 917 2 Friedrich Friedrich NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 917 3 Wöhler Wöhler NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 917 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 917 5 1828 1828 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 917 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 917 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 918 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 918 2 Ueber Ueber NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 918 3 künstliche künstliche NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 918 4 Bildung Bildung NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 918 5 des des FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 918 6 Harnstoffs Harnstoffs NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 918 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 918 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 919 1 Annalen annalen NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 919 2 der der IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 919 3 Physik Physik NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 919 4 und und NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 919 5 Chemie Chemie NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 919 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 920 1 88 88 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 920 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 920 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 920 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 920 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 920 6 253–56 253–56 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 920 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 921 1 Bibcode:1828AnP bibcode:1828anp NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 921 2 .... .... NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 921 3 88 88 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 921 4 .. .. . en-wikipedia-org-8287 921 5 253W. 253w. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 922 1 doi:10.1002 doi:10.1002 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 922 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 922 3 andp.18280880206 andp.18280880206 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 922 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 923 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 923 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 923 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 923 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 923 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 923 6 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 923 7 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 923 8 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 923 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 924 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 924 2 Rabinbach Rabinbach NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 924 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 924 4 Anson Anson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 924 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 924 6 1992 1992 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 924 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 924 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 925 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 925 2 Human Human NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 925 3 Motor Motor NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 925 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 925 5 Energy Energy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 925 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 925 7 Fatigue Fatigue NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 925 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 925 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 925 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 925 11 Origins Origins NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 925 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 925 13 Modernity Modernity NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 925 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 926 1 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 926 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 926 3 California California NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 926 4 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 926 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 927 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 927 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 928 1 124–25 124–25 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 928 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 929 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 929 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 929 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 929 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 929 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 929 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 929 7 520 520 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 929 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 929 9 07827 07827 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 929 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 929 11 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 929 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 930 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 930 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 930 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 930 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 930 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 930 6 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 930 7 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 930 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 930 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 931 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 931 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 931 3 NCAHF NCAHF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 931 4 Position Position NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 931 5 Paper Paper NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 931 6 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 931 7 Homeopathy Homeopathy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 931 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 931 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 932 1 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 932 2 Council Council NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 932 3 Against Against NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 932 4 Health Health NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 932 5 Fraud Fraud NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 932 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 933 1 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 933 2 1994 1994 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 933 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 934 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 934 2 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 934 3 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 934 4 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 934 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 935 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 935 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 935 3 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 935 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 935 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 935 6 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 935 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 935 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 936 1 U.S. U.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 936 2 Geological Geological NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 936 3 Survey Survey NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 936 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 937 1 1997 1997 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 937 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 938 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 938 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 938 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 938 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 938 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 938 6 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 938 7 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 938 8 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 938 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 939 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 939 2 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 939 3 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 939 4 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 939 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 940 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 940 2 Dalrymple Dalrymple NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 940 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 940 4 G. G. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 940 5 Brent Brent NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 940 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 940 7 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 940 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 940 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 941 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 941 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 941 3 age age NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 941 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 941 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 941 6 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 941 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 941 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 941 9 twentieth twentieth JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 941 10 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 941 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 941 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 941 13 problem problem NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 941 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 941 15 mostly mostly RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 941 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 941 17 solved solve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 941 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 941 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 942 1 Special Special NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 942 2 Publications Publications NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 942 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 942 4 Geological Geological NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 942 5 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 942 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 942 7 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 942 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 943 1 190 190 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 943 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 943 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 943 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 943 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 943 6 205–21 205–21 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 943 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 944 1 Bibcode:2001GSLSP.190 Bibcode:2001GSLSP.190 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 944 2 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 944 3 205D. 205d. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 945 1 doi:10.1144 doi:10.1144 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 945 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 945 3 GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14 GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 945 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 946 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 946 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 946 3 130092094 130092094 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 946 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 947 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 947 2 Manhesa Manhesa NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 947 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 947 4 Gérard Gérard NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 947 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 947 6 Allègre Allègre NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 947 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 947 8 Claude Claude NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 947 9 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 947 10 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 947 11 Dupréa Dupréa NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 947 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 947 13 Bernard Bernard NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 947 14 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 947 15 Hamelin Hamelin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 947 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 947 17 Bruno Bruno NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 947 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 947 19 1980 1980 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 947 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 947 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 948 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 948 2 Lead lead NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 948 3 isotope isotope NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 948 4 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 948 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 948 6 basic basic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 948 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 948 8 ultrabasic ultrabasic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 948 9 layered layer VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 948 10 complexes complex NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 948 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 948 12 Speculations speculation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 948 13 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 948 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 948 15 age age NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 948 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 948 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 948 18 earth earth NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 948 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 948 20 primitive primitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 948 21 mantle mantle NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 948 22 characteristics characteristic NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 948 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 948 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 949 1 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 949 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 949 3 Planetary Planetary NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 949 4 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 949 5 Letters Letters NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 949 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 950 1 47 47 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 950 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 950 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 950 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 950 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 950 6 370–82 370–82 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 950 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 951 1 Bibcode:1980E&PSL bibcode:1980e&psl FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 951 2 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 951 3 47 47 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 951 4 .. .. . en-wikipedia-org-8287 951 5 370M. 370m. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 952 1 doi:10.1016/0012 doi:10.1016/0012 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 952 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 952 3 821X(80)90024 821X(80)90024 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 952 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 952 5 2 2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 952 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 953 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 953 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 953 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 953 4 Tenenbaum Tenenbaum NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 953 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 953 6 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 953 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 953 8 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 953 9 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 953 10 2002 2002 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 953 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 953 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 954 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 954 2 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 954 3 Did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 954 4 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 954 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 954 6 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 954 7 Begin begin VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 954 8 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8287 955 1 Ask ask VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 955 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 955 3 Rock Rock NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 955 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 955 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 956 1 Astrobiology Astrobiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 956 2 Magazine Magazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 956 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 957 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 957 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 957 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 957 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 957 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 957 6 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 957 7 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 957 8 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 957 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 958 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 958 2 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 958 3 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 958 4 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 958 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 959 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 959 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 959 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 959 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 959 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 959 6 Borenstein Borenstein NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 959 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 959 8 Seth Seth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 959 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 959 10 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 959 11 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 959 12 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 959 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 959 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 960 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 960 2 Hints hint NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 960 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 960 4 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 960 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 960 6 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-8287 960 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 960 8 thought think VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 960 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 960 10 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 960 11 desolate desolate JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 960 12 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 960 13 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 960 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 960 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 961 1 Associated Associated NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 961 2 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 961 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 962 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 962 2 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 962 3 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 962 4 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 962 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 963 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 963 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 963 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 963 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 963 5 Bell Bell NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 963 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 963 7 Elizabeth Elizabeth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 963 8 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 963 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 963 10 Boehnike Boehnike NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 963 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 963 12 Patrick Patrick NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 963 13 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 963 14 Harrison Harrison NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 963 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 963 16 T. T. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 963 17 Mark Mark NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 963 18 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 963 19 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 963 20 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 963 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 964 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 964 2 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 964 3 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 964 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 964 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 964 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 965 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 965 2 Potentially potentially RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 965 3 biogenic biogenic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 965 4 carbon carbon NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 965 5 preserved preserve VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 965 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 965 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 965 8 4.1 4.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 965 9 billion billion CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 965 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 965 11 year year NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 965 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 965 13 old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 965 14 zircon zircon NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 965 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 965 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 965 17 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 965 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 965 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 966 1 Proc Proc NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 966 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 967 1 Natl Natl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 967 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 968 1 Acad Acad NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 968 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 969 1 Sci Sci NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 969 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 970 1 U.S.A. U.S.A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 970 2 112 112 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 970 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 970 4 47 47 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 970 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 970 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 970 7 14518–21 14518–21 ADD en-wikipedia-org-8287 970 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 971 1 Bibcode:2015PNAS Bibcode:2015PNAS NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 971 2 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 971 3 11214518B. 11214518b. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 972 1 doi:10.1073 doi:10.1073 NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 972 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 972 3 pnas.1517557112 pnas.1517557112 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 972 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 973 1 ISSN issn NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 973 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 973 3 1091 1091 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 973 4 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 973 5 6490 6490 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 973 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 974 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 974 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 974 3 4664351 4664351 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 974 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 975 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 975 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 975 3 26483481 26483481 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 975 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 976 1 Archived Archived NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 976 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 976 3 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 976 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 976 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 976 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 976 7 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 976 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 976 9 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 976 10 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 976 11 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 976 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 977 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 977 2 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 977 3 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 977 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 977 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 978 1 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 978 2 edition edition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 978 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 978 4 published publish VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 978 5 online online RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 978 6 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 978 7 print print NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 978 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 979 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 979 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 979 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 979 4 Courtland Courtland NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 979 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 979 6 Rachel Rachel NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 979 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 979 8 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 979 9 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 979 10 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 979 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 979 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 980 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 980 2 Did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 980 3 newborn newborn JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 980 4 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 980 5 harbour harbour VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 980 6 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 980 7 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8287 980 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 980 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 981 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 981 2 Scientist Scientist NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 981 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 982 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 982 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 982 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 982 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 982 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 982 6 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 982 7 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 982 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 982 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 983 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 983 2 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 983 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 983 4 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 983 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 984 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 984 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 984 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 984 4 Steenhuysen Steenhuysen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 984 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 984 6 Julie Julie NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 984 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 984 8 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 984 9 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 984 10 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 984 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 984 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 985 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 985 2 Study study NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 985 3 turns turn VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 985 4 back back RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 985 5 clock clock NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 985 6 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 985 7 origins origin NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 985 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 985 9 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 985 10 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 985 11 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 985 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 985 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 986 1 Reuters Reuters NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 986 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 987 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 987 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 987 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 987 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 987 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 987 6 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 987 7 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 987 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 987 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 988 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 988 2 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 988 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 988 4 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 988 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 989 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 989 2 Schopf Schopf NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 989 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 989 4 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 989 5 William William NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 989 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 989 7 Kudryavtsev Kudryavtsev NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 989 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 989 9 Anatoliy Anatoliy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 989 10 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 989 11 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 989 12 Czaja Czaja NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 989 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 989 14 Andrew Andrew NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 989 15 D D NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 989 16 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 989 17 Tripathi Tripathi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 989 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 989 19 Abhishek Abhishek NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 989 20 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 989 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 989 22 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 989 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 989 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 990 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 990 2 Evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 990 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 990 4 Archean Archean NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 990 5 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 990 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 990 7 Stromatolites stromatolite NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 990 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 990 9 microfossils microfossil NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 990 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 990 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 991 1 Precambrian Precambrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 991 2 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 991 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 992 1 158 158 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 992 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 992 3 3–4 3–4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 992 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 992 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 992 6 141 141 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 992 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 993 1 Bibcode:2007PreR Bibcode:2007PreR NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 993 2 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 993 3 158 158 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 993 4 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 993 5 141S. 141s. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 994 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 994 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 994 3 j.precamres.2007.04.009 j.precamres.2007.04.009 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 994 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 995 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 995 2 Schopf Schopf NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 995 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 995 4 JW JW NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 995 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 995 6 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 995 7 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 995 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 995 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 996 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 996 2 Fossil fossil JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 996 3 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 996 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 996 5 Archaean archaean JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 996 6 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 996 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 996 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 997 1 Philos Philos NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 997 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 998 1 Trans tran NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 998 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 999 1 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 999 2 Soc Soc NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 999 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1000 1 Lond lond NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1000 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1001 1 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1001 2 Biol Biol NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1001 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1002 1 Sci Sci NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1002 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1003 1 361 361 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1003 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1003 3 1470 1470 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1003 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1003 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1003 6 869–85 869–85 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1003 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1004 1 doi:10.1098 doi:10.1098 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1004 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1004 3 rstb.2006.1834 rstb.2006.1834 NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1004 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1005 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1005 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1005 3 1578735 1578735 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1005 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1006 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1006 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1006 3 16754604 16754604 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1006 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1007 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1007 2 Hamilton Hamilton NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1007 3 Raven Raven NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1007 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1007 5 Peter Peter NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1007 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1007 7 Brooks Brooks NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1007 8 Johnson Johnson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1007 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1007 10 George George NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1007 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1007 12 2002 2002 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1007 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1007 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1008 1 Biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1008 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1009 1 McGraw McGraw NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1009 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1009 3 Hill Hill NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1009 4 Education Education NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1009 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1010 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1010 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1010 3 68 68 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1010 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1011 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1011 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1011 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1011 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1011 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1011 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1011 7 07 07 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1011 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1011 9 112261 112261 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1011 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1011 11 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1011 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1012 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1012 2 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1012 3 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1012 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1012 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1013 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1013 2 Milsom Milsom NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1013 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1013 4 Clare Clare NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1013 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1013 6 Rigby Rigby NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1013 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1013 8 Sue Sue NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1013 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1013 10 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1013 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1013 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1014 1 Fossils fossil NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1014 2 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1014 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1014 4 Glance Glance NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1014 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1014 6 2nd 2nd NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1014 7 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1014 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1014 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1014 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1015 1 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1015 2 Wiley Wiley NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1015 3 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1015 4 Sons Sons NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1015 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1016 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1016 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1016 3 134 134 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1016 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1017 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1017 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1017 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1017 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1017 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1017 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1017 7 4051 4051 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1017 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1017 9 9336 9336 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1017 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1017 11 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1017 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1018 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1018 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1018 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1018 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1018 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1018 6 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1018 7 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1018 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1018 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1019 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1019 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1019 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1019 4 Ohtomo Ohtomo NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1019 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1019 6 Yoko Yoko NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1019 7 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1019 8 Kakegawa Kakegawa NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1019 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1019 10 Takeshi Takeshi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1019 11 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1019 12 Ishida Ishida NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1019 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1019 14 Akizumi Akizumi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1019 15 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1019 16 Nagase Nagase NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1019 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1019 18 Toshiro Toshiro NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1019 19 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1019 20 Rosing Rosing NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1019 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1019 22 Minik Minik NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1019 23 T. T. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1019 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1019 25 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1019 26 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1019 27 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1019 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1019 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1020 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1020 2 Evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1020 3 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1020 4 biogenic biogenic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1020 5 graphite graphite NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1020 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1020 7 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1020 8 Archaean Archaean NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1020 9 Isua Isua NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1020 10 metasedimentary metasedimentary NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1020 11 rocks rock NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1020 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1020 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1021 1 Nature Nature NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1021 2 Geoscience Geoscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1021 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1022 1 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1022 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1022 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1022 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1022 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1022 6 25–28 25–28 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1022 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1023 1 Bibcode:2014NatGe bibcode:2014natge NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1023 2 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1023 3 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1023 4 ... ... SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1023 5 25O. 25o. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1024 1 doi:10.1038 doi:10.1038 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1024 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1024 3 ngeo2025 ngeo2025 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1024 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1025 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1025 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1025 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1025 4 Borenstein Borenstein NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1025 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1025 6 Seth Seth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1025 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1025 8 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1025 9 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1025 10 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1025 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1025 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1026 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1026 2 Oldest old JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1026 3 fossil fossil NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1026 4 found find VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1026 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1026 6 Meet meet VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1026 7 your -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1026 8 microbial microbial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1026 9 mom mom NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1026 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1026 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1027 1 Associated Associated NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1027 2 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1027 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1028 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1028 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1028 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1028 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1028 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1028 6 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1028 7 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1028 8 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1028 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1029 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1029 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1029 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1029 4 Noffke Noffke NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1029 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1029 6 Nora Nora NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1029 7 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1029 8 Christian Christian NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1029 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1029 10 Daniel Daniel NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1029 11 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1029 12 Wacey Wacey NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1029 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1029 14 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1029 15 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1029 16 Hazen Hazen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1029 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1029 18 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1029 19 M. M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1029 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1029 21 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1029 22 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1029 23 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1029 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1029 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1030 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1030 2 Microbially microbially RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1030 3 Induced induced JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1030 4 Sedimentary Sedimentary NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1030 5 Structures structure NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1030 6 Recording record VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1030 7 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1030 8 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1030 9 Ecosystem Ecosystem NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1030 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1030 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1030 12 ca ca NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1030 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1031 1 3.48 3.48 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1031 2 Billion billion CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1031 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1031 4 Year Year NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1031 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1031 6 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1031 7 Dresser Dresser NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1031 8 Formation Formation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1031 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1031 10 Pilbara Pilbara NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1031 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1031 12 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1031 13 Australia Australia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1031 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1031 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1032 1 Astrobiology astrobiology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1032 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1033 1 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1033 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1033 3 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1033 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1033 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1033 6 1103–24 1103–24 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1033 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1034 1 Bibcode:2013AsBio bibcode:2013asbio NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1034 2 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1034 3 13.1103N. 13.1103n. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1035 1 doi:10.1089 doi:10.1089 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1035 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1035 3 ast.2013.1030 ast.2013.1030 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1035 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1036 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1036 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1036 3 3870916 3870916 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1036 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1037 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1037 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1037 3 24205812 24205812 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1037 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1038 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1038 2 Loeb Loeb NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1038 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1038 4 Abraham Abraham NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1038 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1038 6 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1038 7 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1038 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1038 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1039 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1039 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1039 3 Habitable Habitable NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1039 4 Epoch Epoch NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1039 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1039 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1039 7 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1039 8 Universe Universe NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1039 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1039 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1040 1 International International NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1040 2 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1040 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1040 4 Astrobiology Astrobiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1040 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1041 1 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1041 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1041 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1041 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1041 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1041 6 337–39 337–39 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1041 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1042 1 arXiv:1312.0613 arxiv:1312.0613 UH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1042 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1043 1 Bibcode:2014IJAsB Bibcode:2014IJAsB NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1043 2 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1043 3 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1043 4 .. .. SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1043 5 337L. 337l. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1044 1 CiteSeerX CiteSeerX NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1044 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1044 3 10.1.1.680.4009 10.1.1.680.4009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1044 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1044 5 doi:10.1017 doi:10.1017 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1044 6 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1044 7 S1473550414000196 S1473550414000196 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1044 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1045 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1045 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1045 3 2777386 2777386 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1045 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1046 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1046 2 Loeb Loeb NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1046 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1046 4 Abraham Abraham NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1046 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1046 6 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1046 7 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1046 8 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1046 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1046 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1047 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1047 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1047 3 Habitable Habitable NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1047 4 Epoch Epoch NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1047 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1047 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1047 7 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1047 8 Universe Universe NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1047 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1047 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1048 1 International International NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1048 2 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1048 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1048 4 Astrobiology Astrobiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1048 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1049 1 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1049 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1049 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1049 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1049 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1049 6 337–39 337–39 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1049 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1050 1 arXiv:1312.0613v3 arxiv:1312.0613v3 FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 1050 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1051 1 Bibcode:2014IJAsB Bibcode:2014IJAsB NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1051 2 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1051 3 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1051 4 .. .. SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1051 5 337L. 337l. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1052 1 CiteSeerX CiteSeerX NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1052 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1052 3 10.1.1.748.4820 10.1.1.748.4820 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1052 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1052 5 doi:10.1017 doi:10.1017 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1052 6 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1052 7 S1473550414000196 S1473550414000196 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1052 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1053 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1053 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1053 3 2777386 2777386 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1053 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1054 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1054 2 Dreifus Dreifus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1054 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1054 4 Claudia Claudia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1054 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1054 6 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1054 7 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1054 8 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1054 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1054 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1055 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1055 2 Much much RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1055 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1055 4 Discussed discuss VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1055 5 Views view NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1055 6 That that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1055 7 Go go VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1055 8 Way way RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1055 9 Back back RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1055 10   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1055 11 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1055 12 Avi Avi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1055 13 Loeb Loeb NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1055 14 Ponders Ponders NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1055 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1055 16 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1055 17 Universe Universe NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1055 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1055 19 Nature Nature NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1055 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1055 21 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1055 22 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1055 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1056 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1056 2 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1056 3 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1056 4 Times Times NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1056 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1057 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1057 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1057 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1057 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1057 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1057 6 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1057 7 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1057 8 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1057 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1058 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1058 2 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1058 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1058 4 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1058 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1059 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1059 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1059 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1059 4 Kunin Kunin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1059 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1059 6 W.E. W.E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1060 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1060 2 Gaston Gaston NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1060 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1060 4 Kevin Kevin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1060 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1060 6 eds eds XX en-wikipedia-org-8287 1060 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1061 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1061 2 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1061 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1061 4 1996 1996 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1061 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1061 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1062 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1062 2 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1062 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1062 4 Rarity rarity NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1062 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1062 6 Causes cause NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1062 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1062 8 consequences consequence NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1062 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1062 10 rare rare JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1062 11 — — : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1062 12 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1062 13 differences difference NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1062 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1063 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1063 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1063 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1063 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1063 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1063 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1063 7 412 412 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1063 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1063 9 63380 63380 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1063 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1063 11 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1063 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1064 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1064 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1064 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1064 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1064 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1064 6 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1064 7 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1064 8 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1064 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1065 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1065 2 26 26 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1065 3 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1065 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1065 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1066 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1066 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1066 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1066 4 Stearns Stearns NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1066 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1066 6 Beverly Beverly NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1066 7 Peterson Peterson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1066 8 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1066 9 Stearns Stearns NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1066 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1066 11 S.C. South Carolina NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1066 12 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1066 13 Stearns Stearns NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1066 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1066 15 Stephen Stephen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1066 16 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1066 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1066 18 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1066 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1066 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1067 1 Watching watch VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1067 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1067 3 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1067 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1067 5 Edge Edge NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1067 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1067 7 Extinction Extinction NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1067 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1068 1 Yale Yale NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1068 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1068 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1068 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1069 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1069 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1069 3 preface preface NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1069 4 x. x. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1069 5 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1069 6   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1069 7 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1069 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1069 9 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1069 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1069 11 300 300 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1069 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1069 13 08469 08469 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1069 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1069 15 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1069 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1070 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1070 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1070 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1070 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1070 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1070 6 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1070 7 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1070 8 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1070 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1071 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1071 2 30 30 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1071 3 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1071 4 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1071 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1072 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1072 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1072 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1072 4 Novacek Novacek NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1072 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1072 6 Michael Michael NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1072 7 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1073 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1073 2 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1073 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1073 4 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1073 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1073 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1074 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1074 2 Prehistory Prehistory NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1074 3 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1074 4 Brilliant Brilliant NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1074 5 Future Future NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1074 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1074 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1075 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1075 2 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1075 3 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1075 4 Times Times NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1075 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1076 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1076 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1076 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1076 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1076 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1076 6 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1076 7 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1076 8 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1076 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1077 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1077 2 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1077 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1077 4 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1077 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1078 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1078 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1078 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1078 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1078 5 G. G. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1078 6 Miller Miller NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1078 7 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1078 8 Scott Scott NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1078 9 Spoolman Spoolman NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1078 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1078 11 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1078 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1078 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1079 1 Environmental Environmental NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1079 2 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1079 3 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1079 4 Biodiversity biodiversity NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1079 5 Is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1079 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1079 7 Crucial crucial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1079 8 Part Part NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1079 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1079 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1079 11 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1079 12 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1079 13 Natural Natural NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1079 14 Capital Capital NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1079 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1080 1 Cengage cengage NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1080 2 Learning Learning NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1080 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1081 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1081 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1081 3 62 62 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1081 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1082 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1082 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1082 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1082 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1082 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1082 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1082 7 133 133 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1082 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1082 9 70787 70787 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1082 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1082 11 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1082 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1083 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1083 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1083 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1083 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1083 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1083 6 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1083 7 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1083 8 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1083 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1084 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1084 2 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1084 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1084 4 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1084 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1085 1 We -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1085 2 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1085 3 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1085 4 know know VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1085 5 how how WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1085 6 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1085 7 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1085 8 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-8287 1085 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1085 10 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1085 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1085 12 earth earth NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1085 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1086 1 Estimates estimate NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1086 2 range range VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1086 3 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1086 4 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1086 5 million million CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1086 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 1086 7 100 100 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1086 8 million million CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1086 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1087 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1087 2 best good JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1087 3 guess guess NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1087 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1087 5 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1087 6 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-8287 1087 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1087 8 10–14 10–14 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1087 9 million million CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1087 10 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1087 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1088 1 So so RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1088 2 far far RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1088 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1088 4 biologists biologist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1088 5 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1088 6 identified identify VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1088 7 almost almost RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1088 8 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1088 9 million million CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1088 10 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1088 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1089 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1089 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1089 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1089 4 Mora Mora NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1089 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1089 6 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1089 7 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1089 8 Tittensor Tittensor NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1089 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1089 10 D.P. D.P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1090 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1090 2 Adl Adl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1090 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1090 4 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1090 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1090 6 Simpson Simpson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1090 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1090 8 A.G. A.G. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1090 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1090 10 Worm Worm NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1090 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1090 12 B. B. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1091 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1091 2 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1091 3 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1091 4 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1091 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1091 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1092 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1092 2 How how WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1092 3 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1092 4 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1092 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1092 6 there there RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1092 7 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1092 8 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1092 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1092 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1092 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1092 12 ocean ocean NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1092 13 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1092 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1092 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1093 1 PLOS PLOS NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1093 2 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1093 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1094 1 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1094 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1094 3 8) 8) CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1094 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1094 5 e1001127 e1001127 NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1094 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1095 1 doi:10.1371 doi:10.1371 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1095 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1095 3 journal.pbio.1001127 journal.pbio.1001127 ADD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1095 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1096 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1096 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1096 3 3160336 3160336 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1096 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1097 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1097 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1097 3 21886479 21886479 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1097 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 2 spite spite NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 4 250 250 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 5 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 7 taxonomic taxonomic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 8 classification classification NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 10 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 11 1.2 1.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 12 million million CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 13 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 14 already already RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 15 catalogued catalogue VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 18 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 19 database database NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 21 our -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 22 results result NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 23 suggest suggest VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 24 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 25 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 26 86 86 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 27 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 29 existing exist VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 30 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 31 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 32 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 34 91 91 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 35 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 37 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 38 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 40 ocean ocean NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 41 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 42 await await VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 43 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1098 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1099 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1099 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1099 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1099 4 Staff Staff NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1099 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1099 6 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1099 7 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1099 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1099 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1099 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1100 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1100 2 Researchers researcher NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1100 3 find find VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1100 4 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1100 5 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1100 6 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1100 7 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1100 8 home home NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1100 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1100 10 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1100 11 trillion trillion CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1100 12 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1100 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1100 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1101 1 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1101 2 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1101 3 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1101 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1102 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1102 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1102 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1102 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1102 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1102 6 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1102 7 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1102 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1102 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1103 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1103 2 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1103 3 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1103 4 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1103 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1104 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1104 2 Pappas Pappas NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1104 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1104 4 Stephanie Stephanie NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1104 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1104 6 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1104 7 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1104 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1104 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1104 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1105 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1105 2 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-8287 1105 3 Might may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1105 4 Be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1105 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1105 6 Trillion trillion CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1105 7 Species Species NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1105 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1105 9 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1105 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1105 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1106 1 LiveScience LiveScience NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1106 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1107 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1107 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1107 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1107 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1107 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1107 6 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1107 7 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1107 8 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1107 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1108 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1108 2 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1108 3 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1108 4 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1108 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1109 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1109 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1109 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1109 4 Nuwer Nuwer NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1109 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1109 6 Rachel Rachel NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1109 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1109 8 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1109 9 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1109 10 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1109 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1109 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1110 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1110 2 Counting count VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1110 3 All all PDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1110 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1110 5 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1110 6 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1110 7 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1110 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1110 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1111 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1111 2 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1111 3 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1111 4 Times Times NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1111 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1112 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1112 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1112 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1112 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1112 5 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1112 6 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1112 7 Times Times NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1112 8 Company Company NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1112 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1113 1 ISSN ISSN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1113 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1113 3 0362 0362 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1113 4 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1113 5 4331 4331 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1113 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1114 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1114 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1114 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1114 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1114 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1114 6 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1114 7 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1114 8 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1114 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1115 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1115 2 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1115 3 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1115 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1115 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1116 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1116 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1116 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1116 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1116 5 The The NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1116 6 Biosphere Biosphere NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1116 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1116 8 Diversity diversity NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1116 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1116 10 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1116 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1116 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1117 1 Aspen Aspen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1117 2 Global Global NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1117 3 Change Change NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1117 4 Institute Institute NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1117 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1118 1 Basalt Basalt NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1118 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1118 3 CO CO NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1118 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1118 5 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1118 6 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1118 7 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1118 8 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1118 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1119 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1119 2 Wade Wade NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1119 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1119 4 Nicholas Nicholas NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1119 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1119 6 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1119 7 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1119 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1119 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1119 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1120 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1120 2 Meet Meet NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1120 3 Luca Luca NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1120 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1120 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1120 6 Ancestor ancestor NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1120 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1120 8 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1120 9 Living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1120 10 Things thing NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1120 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1120 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1121 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1121 2 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1121 3 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1121 4 Times Times NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1121 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1122 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1122 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1122 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1122 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1122 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1122 6 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1122 7 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1122 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1122 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1123 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1123 2 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1123 3 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1123 4 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1123 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1124 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1124 2 Coveney Coveney NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1124 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1124 4 Peter Peter NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1124 5 V. V. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1124 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1124 7 Fowler Fowler NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1124 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1124 9 Philip Philip NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1124 10 W. W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1124 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1124 12 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1124 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1124 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1125 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1125 2 Modelling model VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1125 3 biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1125 4 complexity complexity NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1125 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1125 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1125 7 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1125 8 scientist scientist NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1125 9 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1125 10 perspective perspective NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1125 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1125 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1126 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1126 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1126 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1126 4 Royal Royal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1126 5 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1126 6 Interface Interface NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1126 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1127 1 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1127 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1127 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1127 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1127 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1127 6 267–80 267–80 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1127 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1128 1 doi:10.1098 doi:10.1098 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1128 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1128 3 rsif.2005.0045 rsif.2005.0045 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1128 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1129 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1129 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1129 3 1578273 1578273 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1129 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1130 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1130 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1130 3 16849185 16849185 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1130 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1131 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 1131 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1131 3 Habitability Habitability NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1131 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1131 5 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1131 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1131 7 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1131 8 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1131 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1131 10 Properties Properties NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1131 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1131 12 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1131 13 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1131 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1131 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1132 1 Phoenix Phoenix NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1132 2 Mars Mars NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1132 3 Mission Mission NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1132 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1133 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1133 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1133 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1133 4 Arizona Arizona NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1133 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1134 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1134 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1134 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1134 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1134 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1134 6 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1134 7 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1134 8 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1134 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1135 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1135 2 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1135 3 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1135 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1135 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1136 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1136 2 Senapathy Senapathy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1136 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1136 4 Periannan Periannan NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1136 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1136 6 1994 1994 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1136 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1136 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1137 1 Independent independent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1137 2 birth birth NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1137 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1137 4 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1137 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1138 1 Madison Madison NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1138 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1138 3 Wisconsin Wisconsin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1138 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1138 5 Genome Genome NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1138 6 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1138 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1139 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1139 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1139 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1139 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1139 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1139 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1139 7 9641304 9641304 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1139 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1139 9 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1139 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1139 11 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1139 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1140 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1140 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1140 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1140 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1140 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1140 6 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1140 7 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1140 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1140 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1141 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1141 2 Eigen Eigen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1141 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1141 4 Manfred Manfred NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1141 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1141 6 Winkler Winkler NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1141 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1141 8 Ruthild Ruthild NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1141 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1141 10 1992 1992 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1141 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1141 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1142 1 Steps step NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1142 2 towards towards IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1142 3 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1142 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1142 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1142 6 perspective perspective NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1142 7 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1142 8 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1142 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1142 10 German german JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1142 11 edition edition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1142 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1142 13 1987 1987 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1142 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1142 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1143 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1143 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1143 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1143 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1144 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1144 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1144 3 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1144 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1145 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1145 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1145 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1145 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1145 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1145 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1145 7 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1145 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1145 9 854751 854751 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1145 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1145 11 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1145 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1146 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1146 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1146 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1146 4 Barazesh Barazesh NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1146 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1146 6 Solmaz Solmaz NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1146 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1146 8 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1146 9 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1146 10 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1146 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1146 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1147 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1147 2 How how WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1147 3 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1147 4 Got Got NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1147 5 Started start VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1147 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1147 7 Scientists scientist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1147 8 Look look VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1147 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1147 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1147 11 Origins Origins NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1147 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1147 13 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1147 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1147 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1148 1 U.S. U.S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1148 2 News News NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1148 3 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1148 4 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1148 5 Report Report NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1148 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1149 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1149 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1149 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1149 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1149 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1149 6 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1149 7 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1149 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1149 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1150 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1150 2 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1150 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1150 4 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1150 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1151 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1151 2 Watson Watson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1151 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1151 4 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1151 5 D. D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1151 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1151 7 1993 1993 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1151 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1151 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1152 1 Gesteland Gesteland NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1152 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1152 3 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1152 4 F. F. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1152 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1152 6 Atkins Atkins NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1152 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1152 8 J.F. J.F. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1153 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1153 2 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1153 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1153 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1153 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1154 1 Prologue prologue NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1154 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1154 3 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1154 4 speculations speculation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1154 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1154 6 facts fact NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1154 7 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1154 8 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1154 9 templates template NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1154 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1155 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1155 2 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1155 3 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1155 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1156 1 Cold Cold NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1156 2 Spring Spring NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1156 3 Harbor Harbor NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1156 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1156 5 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1156 6 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1156 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1156 8 Cold Cold NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1156 9 Spring Spring NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1156 10 Harbor Harbor NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1156 11 Laboratory Laboratory NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1156 12 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1156 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1157 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1157 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1158 1 xv xv NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1158 2 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1158 3 xxiii xxiii NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1158 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1159 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1159 2 Gilbert Gilbert NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1159 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1159 4 Walter Walter NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1159 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1159 6 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1159 7 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1159 8 1986 1986 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1159 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1159 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1160 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1160 2 Origin origin NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1160 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1160 4 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1160 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1160 6 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1160 7 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1160 8 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1160 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1160 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1161 1 Nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1161 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1162 1 319 319 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1162 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1162 3 618 618 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1162 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1162 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1162 6 618 618 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1162 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1163 1 Bibcode:1986Natur.319 bibcode:1986natur.319 ADD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1163 2 .. .. . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1163 3 618G. 618g. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1164 1 doi:10.1038/319618a0 doi:10.1038/319618a0 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1164 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1165 1 S2CID s2cid UH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1165 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1165 3 8026658 8026658 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1165 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1166 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1166 2 Cech Cech NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1166 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1166 4 Thomas Thomas NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1166 5 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1166 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1166 7 1986 1986 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1166 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1166 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1167 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1167 2 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1167 3 model model NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1167 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1167 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1167 6 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1167 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1167 8 catalyzed catalyze VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1167 9 replication replication NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1167 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1167 11 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1167 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1167 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1168 1 Proceedings proceeding NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1168 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1168 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1168 4 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1168 5 Academy Academy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1168 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1168 7 Sciences Sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1168 8 USA USA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1168 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1169 1 83 83 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1169 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1169 3 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1169 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1169 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1169 6 4360–63 4360–63 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1169 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1170 1 Bibcode:1986PNAS bibcode:1986pnas UH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1170 2 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1170 3 83.4360C. 83.4360c. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1171 1 doi:10.1073 doi:10.1073 NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1171 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1171 3 pnas.83.12.4360 pnas.83.12.4360 NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1171 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1172 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1172 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1172 3 323732 323732 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1172 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1173 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1173 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1173 3 2424025 2424025 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1173 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1174 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1174 2 Cech Cech NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1174 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1174 4 T.R. T.R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1175 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1175 2 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1175 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1175 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1176 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1176 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1176 3 RNA RNA JJR en-wikipedia-org-8287 1176 4 Worlds Worlds NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1176 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1176 6 Context Context NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1176 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1176 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1177 1 Cold Cold NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1177 2 Spring Spring NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1177 3 Harb Harb NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1177 4 Perspect Perspect NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1177 5 Biol Biol NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1177 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1178 1 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1178 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1178 3 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1178 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1178 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1178 6 a006742 a006742 NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1178 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1179 1 doi:10.1101 doi:10.1101 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1179 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1179 3 cshperspect.a006742 cshperspect.a006742 NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1179 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1180 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1180 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1180 3 3385955 3385955 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1180 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1181 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1181 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1181 3 21441585 21441585 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1181 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1182 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1182 2 Powner Powner NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1182 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1182 4 Matthew Matthew NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1182 5 W. W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1182 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1182 7 Gerland Gerland NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1182 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1182 9 Béatrice Béatrice NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1182 10 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1182 11 Sutherland Sutherland NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1182 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1182 13 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1182 14 D. D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1182 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1182 16 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1182 17 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1182 18 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1182 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1182 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1183 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1183 2 Synthesis Synthesis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1183 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1183 4 activated activate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1183 5 pyrimidine pyrimidine NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1183 6 ribonucleotides ribonucleotide NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1183 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1183 8 prebiotically prebiotically RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1183 9 plausible plausible JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1183 10 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1183 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1183 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1184 1 Nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1184 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1185 1 459 459 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1185 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1185 3 7244 7244 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1185 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1185 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1185 6 239–42 239–42 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1185 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1186 1 Bibcode:2009Natur.459 Bibcode:2009Natur.459 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1186 2 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1186 3 239P. 239p. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1187 1 doi:10.1038 doi:10.1038 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1187 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1187 3 nature08013 nature08013 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1187 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1188 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1188 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1188 3 19444213 19444213 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1188 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1189 1 S2CID s2cid UH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1189 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1189 3 4412117 4412117 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1189 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1190 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1190 2 Szostak Szostak NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1190 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1190 4 Jack Jack NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1190 5 W. W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1190 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1190 7 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1190 8 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1190 9 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1190 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1190 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1191 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1191 2 Origins origin NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1191 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1191 4 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1191 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1191 6 Systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1191 7 chemistry chemistry NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1191 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1191 9 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1191 10 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1191 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1191 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1192 1 Nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1192 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1193 1 459 459 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1193 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1193 3 7244 7244 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1193 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1193 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1193 6 171–72 171–72 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1193 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1194 1 Bibcode:2009Natur.459 Bibcode:2009Natur.459 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1194 2 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1194 3 171S. 171s. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1195 1 doi:10.1038/459171a doi:10.1038/459171a NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1195 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1196 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1196 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1196 3 19444196 19444196 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1196 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1197 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1197 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1197 3 205046409 205046409 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1197 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1198 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1198 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1198 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1198 4 Pasek Pasek NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1198 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1198 6 Matthew Matthew NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1198 7 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1198 8 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1198 9 et et NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1198 10 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1198 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1199 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1199 2 Buick Buick NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1199 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1199 4 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1199 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1199 6 Gull Gull NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1199 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1199 8 M. M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1199 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1199 10 Atlas Atlas NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1199 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1199 12 Z. Z. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1200 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1200 2 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1200 3 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1200 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1200 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1200 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1201 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1201 2 Evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1201 3 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1201 4 reactive reactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1201 5 reduced reduce VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1201 6 phosphorus phosphorus NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1201 7 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1201 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1201 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1201 10 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1201 11 Archean Archean NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1201 12 ocean ocean NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1201 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1201 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1202 1 PNAS pna NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1202 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1203 1 110 110 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1203 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1203 3 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1203 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1203 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1203 6 10089–94 10089–94 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1203 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1204 1 Bibcode:2013PNAS bibcode:2013pnas UH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1204 2 .. .. . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1204 3 11010089P. 11010089p. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1205 1 doi:10.1073 doi:10.1073 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1205 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1205 3 pnas.1303904110 pnas.1303904110 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1205 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1206 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1206 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1206 3 3690879 3690879 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1206 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1207 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1207 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1207 3 23733935 23733935 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1207 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1208 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1208 2 Lincoln Lincoln NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1208 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1208 4 Tracey Tracey NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1208 5 A. a. NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1208 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1208 7 Joyce Joyce NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1208 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1208 9 Gerald Gerald NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1208 10 F. F. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1208 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1208 12 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1208 13 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1208 14 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1208 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1208 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1209 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1209 2 Self self NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1209 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1209 4 Sustained sustained JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1209 5 Replication Replication NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1209 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1209 7 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1209 8 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1209 9 Enzyme Enzyme NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1209 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1209 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1210 1 Science science NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1210 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1211 1 323 323 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1211 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1211 3 5918 5918 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1211 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1211 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1211 6 1229–32 1229–32 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1211 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1212 1 Bibcode:2009Sci Bibcode:2009Sci NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1212 2 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1212 3 323.1229L. 323.1229l. JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1213 1 doi:10.1126 doi:10.1126 VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1213 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1213 3 science.1167856 science.1167856 JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1213 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1214 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1214 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1214 3 2652413 2652413 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1214 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1215 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1215 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1215 3 19131595 19131595 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1215 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1216 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1216 2 Joyce Joyce NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1216 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1216 4 Gerald Gerald NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1216 5 F. F. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1216 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1216 7 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1216 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1216 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1217 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1217 2 Evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1217 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1217 4 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1217 5 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1217 6 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1217 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1217 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1218 1 Cold Cold NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1218 2 Spring Spring NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1218 3 Harbor Harbor NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1218 4 Symposia Symposia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1218 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1218 6 Quantitative Quantitative NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1218 7 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1218 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1219 1 74 74 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1219 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1219 3 17–23 17–23 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1219 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1220 1 doi:10.1101 doi:10.1101 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1220 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1220 3 sqb.2009.74.004 sqb.2009.74.004 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1220 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1221 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1221 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1221 3 2891321 2891321 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1221 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1222 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1222 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1222 3 19667013 19667013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1222 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1223 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1223 2 Callahan Callahan NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1223 3 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1223 4 Smith Smith NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1223 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1223 6 K.E. K.E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1224 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1224 2 Cleaves Cleaves NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1224 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1224 4 H.J. H.J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1225 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1225 2 Ruzica Ruzica NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1225 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1225 4 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1225 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1225 6 Stern Stern NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1225 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1225 8 J.C. J.C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1225 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1225 10 Glavin Glavin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1225 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1225 12 D.P. D.P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1226 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1226 2 House House NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1226 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1226 4 C.H. C.H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1227 1 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1227 2 Dworkin Dworkin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1227 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1227 4 J.P. J.P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1227 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1227 6 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1227 7 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1227 8 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1227 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1227 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1228 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1228 2 Carbonaceous carbonaceous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1228 3 meteorites meteorite NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1228 4 contain contain VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1228 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1228 6 wide wide JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1228 7 range range NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1228 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1228 9 extraterrestrial extraterrestrial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1228 10 nucleobases nucleobase NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1228 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1228 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1229 1 PNAS pna NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1229 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1230 1 108 108 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1230 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1230 3 34 34 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1230 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1230 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1230 6 13995–98 13995–98 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1230 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1231 1 Bibcode:2011PNAS Bibcode:2011PNAS NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1231 2 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1231 3 10813995C. 10813995c. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1232 1 doi:10.1073 doi:10.1073 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1232 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1232 3 pnas.1106493108 pnas.1106493108 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1232 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1233 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1233 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1233 3 3161613 3161613 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1233 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1234 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1234 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1234 3 21836052 21836052 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1234 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1235 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1235 2 Steigerwald Steigerwald NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1235 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1235 4 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1235 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1235 6 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1235 7 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1235 8 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1235 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1235 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1236 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1236 2 NASA NASA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1236 3 Researchers Researchers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1236 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1236 5 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1236 6 Building building NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1236 7 Blocks Blocks NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1236 8 Can Can MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1236 9 Be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1236 10 Made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1236 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1236 12 Space space NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1236 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1236 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1237 1 NASA NASA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1237 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1238 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1238 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1238 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1238 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1238 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1238 6 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1238 7 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1238 8 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1238 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1239 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1239 2 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1239 3 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1239 4 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1239 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1240 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 1240 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1240 3 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1240 4 Building Building NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1240 5 Blocks Blocks NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1240 6 Can Can MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1240 7 Be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1240 8 Made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1240 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1240 10 Space space NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1240 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1240 12 NASA NASA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1240 13 Evidence Evidence NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1240 14 Suggests suggest VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1240 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1240 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1241 1 ScienceDaily ScienceDaily NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1241 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1242 1 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1242 2 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1242 3 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1242 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1243 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1243 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1243 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1243 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1243 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1243 6 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1243 7 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1243 8 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1243 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1244 1 Retrieved retrieved JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1244 2 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1244 3 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1244 4 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1244 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1245 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1245 2 Gallori Gallori NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1245 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1245 4 Enzo Enzo NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1245 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1245 6 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1245 7 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1245 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1245 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1246 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1246 2 Astrochemistry Astrochemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1246 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1246 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1246 5 origin origin NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1246 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1246 7 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1246 8 material material NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1246 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1246 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1247 1 Rendiconti Rendiconti NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1247 2 Lincei Lincei NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1247 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1248 1 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1248 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1248 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1248 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1248 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1248 6 113–18 113–18 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1248 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1249 1 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1249 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1249 3 s12210 s12210 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1249 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1249 5 011 011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1249 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1249 7 0118 0118 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1249 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1249 9 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1249 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1250 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1250 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1250 3 96659714 96659714 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1250 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1251 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 1251 2 Marlaire Marlaire NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1251 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1251 4 Ruth Ruth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1251 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1251 6 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1251 7 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1251 8 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1251 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1251 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1252 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1252 2 NASA NASA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1252 3 Ames Ames NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1252 4 Reproduces reproduce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1252 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1252 6 Building Building NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1252 7 Blocks Blocks NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1252 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1252 9 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1252 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1252 11 Laboratory Laboratory NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1252 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1252 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1253 1 NASA NASA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1253 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1254 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1254 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1254 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1254 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1254 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1254 6 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1254 7 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1254 8 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1254 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1255 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1255 2 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1255 3 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1255 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1255 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1256 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1256 2 Rampelotto Rampelotto NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1256 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1256 4 P.H. P.H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1257 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1257 2 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1257 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1257 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1258 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1258 2 Panspermia panspermia NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1258 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1258 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1258 5 Promising Promising NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1258 6 Field Field NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1258 7 Of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1258 8 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1258 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1258 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1258 11 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1258 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1258 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1259 1 Archived Archived NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1259 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1259 3 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1259 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1259 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1259 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1259 7 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1259 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1259 9 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1259 10 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1259 11 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1259 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1260 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1260 2 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1260 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1260 4 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1260 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1261 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1261 2 Reuell Reuell NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1261 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1261 4 Peter Peter NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1261 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1261 6 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1261 7 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1261 8 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1261 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1261 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1262 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1262 2 Harvard Harvard NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1262 3 study study NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1262 4 suggests suggest VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1262 5 asteroids asteroid NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1262 6 might may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1262 7 play play VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1262 8 key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1262 9 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1262 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1262 11 spreading spread VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1262 12 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1262 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1262 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1263 1 Harvard Harvard NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1263 2 Gazette Gazette NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1263 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1264 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1264 2 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1264 3 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1264 4 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1264 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1265 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1265 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1265 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1265 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1265 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1265 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1265 7 Rothschild Rothschild NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1265 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1265 9 Lynn Lynn NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1265 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1265 11 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1265 12 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1265 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1265 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1266 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1266 2 Understand understand VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1266 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1266 4 evolutionary evolutionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1266 5 mechanisms mechanism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1266 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1266 7 environmental environmental JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1266 8 limits limit NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1266 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1266 10 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1266 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1266 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1267 1 NASA NASA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1267 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1268 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1268 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1268 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1268 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1268 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1268 6 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1268 7 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1268 8 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1268 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1269 1 Retrieved retrieved JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1269 2 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1269 3 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1269 4 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1269 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1270 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1270 2 King King NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1270 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1270 4 G.A.M. G.A.M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1271 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1271 2 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1271 3 1977 1977 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1271 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1271 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1272 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1272 2 Symbiosis Symbiosis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1272 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1272 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1272 5 origin origin NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1272 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1272 7 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1272 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1272 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1273 1 Origins Origins NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1273 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1273 3 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1273 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1273 5 Evolution Evolution NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1273 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1273 7 Biospheres Biospheres NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1273 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1274 1 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1274 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1274 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1274 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1274 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1274 6 39–53 39–53 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1274 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1275 1 Bibcode:1977OrLi bibcode:1977orli ADD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1275 2 .... .... SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1275 3 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1275 4 ... ... SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1275 5 39K. 39k. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1276 1 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1276 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1276 3 BF00930938 bf00930938 UH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1276 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1277 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1277 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1277 3 896191 896191 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1277 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1278 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1278 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1278 3 23615028 23615028 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1278 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1279 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1279 2 Margulis Margulis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1279 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1279 4 Lynn Lynn NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1279 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1279 6 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1279 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1279 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1280 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1280 2 Symbiotic Symbiotic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1280 3 Planet Planet NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1280 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1280 5 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1280 6 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1280 7 Look Look NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1280 8 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1280 9 Evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1280 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1281 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1281 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1281 3 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1281 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1281 5 Orion Orion NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1281 6 Books Books NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1281 7 Ltd. Ltd. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1281 8 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1281 9   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1281 10 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1281 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1281 12 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1281 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1281 14 7538 7538 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1281 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1281 16 0785 0785 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1281 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1281 18 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1281 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1282 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1282 2 Douglas Douglas NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1282 3 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1282 4 Futuyma Futuyma NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1282 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1282 6 Janis Janis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1282 7 Antonovics Antonovics NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1282 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1282 9 1992 1992 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1282 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1282 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1283 1 Oxford oxford JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1283 2 surveys survey NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1283 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1283 4 evolutionary evolutionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1283 5 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1283 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1283 7 Symbiosis symbiosis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1283 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1283 9 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1283 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1284 1 8 8 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1284 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1285 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1285 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1285 3 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1285 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1285 5 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1285 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1285 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1285 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1286 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1286 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1287 1 347–74 347–74 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1287 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1288 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1288 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1288 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1288 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1288 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1288 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1288 7 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1288 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1288 9 507623 507623 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1288 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1288 11 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1288 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1289 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 1289 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1289 3 Browse browse VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1289 4 online online JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1289 5 books book NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1289 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1289 7 journals journal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1289 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1289 9 magazines magazine NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1289 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1289 11 newspapers newspaper NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1289 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1289 13 topic topic NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1289 14 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1289 15 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1289 16 publication publication NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1289 17 | | NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1289 18 Online Online NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1289 19 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1289 20 Library Library NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1289 21 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1289 22 Questia Questia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1289 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1289 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1290 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1290 2 Columbia Columbia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1290 3 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1290 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1290 5 Sixth Sixth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1290 6 Edition Edition NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1290 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1291 1 Columbia Columbia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1291 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1291 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1291 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1292 1 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1292 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1293 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1293 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1293 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1293 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1293 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1293 6 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1293 7 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1293 8 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1293 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1294 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1294 2 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1294 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1294 4 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1294 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1295 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1295 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1295 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1295 4 Georgia Georgia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1295 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1295 6 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1295 7 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1295 8 1998 1998 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1295 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1295 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1296 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1296 2 First first RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1296 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1296 4 Ever ever RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1296 5 Scientific scientific JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1296 6 Estimate estimate NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1296 7 Of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1296 8 Total total JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1296 9 Bacteria Bacteria NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1296 10 On on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1296 11 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1296 12 Shows show VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1296 13 Far Far NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1296 14 Greater great JJR en-wikipedia-org-8287 1296 15 Numbers number NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1296 16 Than than IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1296 17 Ever ever RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1296 18 Known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1296 19 Before before IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1296 20 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1296 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1297 1 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1297 2 Daily Daily NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1297 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1298 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1298 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1298 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1298 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1298 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1298 6 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1298 7 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1298 8 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1298 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1299 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1299 2 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1299 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1299 4 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1299 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1300 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1300 2 Hadhazy Hadhazy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1300 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1300 4 Adam Adam NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1300 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1300 6 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1300 7 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1300 8 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1300 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1300 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1301 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1301 2 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1301 3 Might may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1301 4 Thrive thrive VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1301 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1301 6 Dozen dozen NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1301 7 Miles Miles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1301 8 Beneath Beneath NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1301 9 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1301 10 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1301 11 Surface Surface NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1301 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1301 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1302 1 Astrobiology Astrobiology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1302 2 Magazine Magazine NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1302 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1303 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1303 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1303 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1303 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1303 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1303 6 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1303 7 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1303 8 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1303 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1304 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1304 2 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1304 3 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1304 4 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1304 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1305 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1305 2 Fox Fox NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1305 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1305 4 Skelly Skelly NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1305 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1305 6 Jasmin Jasmin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1305 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1305 8 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1305 9 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1305 10 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1305 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1305 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1306 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1306 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1306 3 Strange strange JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1306 4 Beasts Beasts NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1306 5 That that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1306 6 Live live VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1306 7 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1306 8 Solid Solid NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1306 9 Rock Rock NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1306 10 Deep Deep NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1306 11 Underground Underground NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1306 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1306 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1307 1 BBC BBC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1307 2 online online RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1307 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1308 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1308 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1308 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1308 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1308 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1308 6 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1308 7 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1308 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1308 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1309 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1309 2 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1309 3 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1309 4 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1309 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1310 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1310 2 Dvorsky Dvorsky NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1310 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1310 4 George George NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1310 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1310 6 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1310 7 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1310 8 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1310 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1310 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1311 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1311 2 Alarming Alarming NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1311 3 Study study NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1311 4 Indicates indicate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1311 5 Why why WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1311 6 Certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1311 7 Bacteria Bacteria NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1311 8 Are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1311 9 More More JJR en-wikipedia-org-8287 1311 10 Resistant resistant JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1311 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1311 12 Drugs drug NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1311 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1311 14 Space Space NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1311 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1311 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1312 1 Gizmodo Gizmodo NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1312 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1313 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1313 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1313 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1313 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1313 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1313 6 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1313 7 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1313 8 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1313 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1314 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1314 2 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1314 3 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1314 4 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1314 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1315 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1315 2 Caspermeyer Caspermeyer NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1315 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1315 4 Joe Joe NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1315 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1315 6 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1315 7 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1315 8 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1315 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1315 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1316 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1316 2 Space space NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1316 3 flight flight NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1316 4 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1316 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 1316 6 alter alter VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1316 7 ability ability NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1316 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1316 9 bacteria bacteria NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1316 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 1316 11 cause cause VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1316 12 disease disease NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1316 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1316 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1317 1 Arizona Arizona NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1317 2 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1317 3 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1317 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1318 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1318 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1318 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1318 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1318 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1318 6 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1318 7 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1318 8 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1318 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1319 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1319 2 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1319 3 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1319 4 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1319 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 2 Dose Dose NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 4 K. K. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 6 Bieger Bieger NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 8 Dose Dose NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 10 A. a. NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 11 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 12 Dillmann Dillmann NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 14 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 15 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 16 Gill Gill NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 18 M. M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 19 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 20 Kerz Kerz NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 22 O. O. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 23 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 24 Klein Klein NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 26 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 27 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 28 Meinert Meinert NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 30 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 31 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 32 Nawroth Nawroth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 34 T. T. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 35 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 36 Risi Risi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 38 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 39 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 40 Stridde Stridde NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 42 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 43 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 44 1995 1995 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 45 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1320 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1321 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1321 2 ERA era NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1321 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1321 4 experiment experiment NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1321 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1321 6 space space NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1321 7 biochemistry biochemistry NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1321 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1321 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1321 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1322 1 Advances Advances NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1322 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1322 3 Space Space NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1322 4 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1322 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1323 1 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1323 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1323 3 8) 8) CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1323 4 : : SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1323 5 119–29 119–29 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1323 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1324 1 Bibcode:1995AdSpR bibcode:1995adspr NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1324 2 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1324 3 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1324 4 .. .. SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1324 5 119D. 119d. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1325 1 doi:10.1016/0273 doi:10.1016/0273 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1325 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1325 3 1177(95)00280-R. 1177(95)00280-R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1325 4 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1325 5   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1325 6 11542696 11542696 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1325 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1326 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1326 2 Horneck Horneck NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1326 3 G. G. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1326 4 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1326 5 Eschweiler Eschweiler NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1326 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1326 7 U. U. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1326 8 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1326 9 Reitz Reitz NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1326 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1326 11 G. G. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1326 12 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1326 13 Wehner Wehner NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1326 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1326 15 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1326 16 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1326 17 Willimek Willimek NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1326 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1326 19 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1326 20 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1326 21 Strauch Strauch NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1326 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1326 23 K. K. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1326 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1326 25 1995 1995 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1326 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1326 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1327 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1327 2 Biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1327 3 responses response NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1327 4 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1327 5 space space NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1327 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1327 7 results result NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1327 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1327 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1327 10 experiment experiment NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1327 11 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1327 12 Exobiological Exobiological NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1327 13 Unit Unit NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1327 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1327 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1327 16 ERA ERA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1327 17 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1327 18 EURECA EURECA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1327 19 I I NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1327 20 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1327 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1328 1 Adv Adv NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1328 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1329 1 Space space NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1329 2 Res Res NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1329 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1330 1 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1330 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1330 3 8) 8) CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1330 4 : : SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1330 5 105–18 105–18 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1330 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1331 1 Bibcode:1995AdSpR bibcode:1995adspr NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1331 2 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1331 3 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1331 4 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1331 5 105H. 105h. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1332 1 doi:10.1016/0273 doi:10.1016/0273 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1332 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1332 3 1177(95)00279-N. 1177(95)00279-N. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1332 4 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1332 5   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1332 6 11542695 11542695 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1332 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1333 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1333 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1333 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1333 4 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1333 5 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1333 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1333 7 Choi Choi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1333 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1333 9 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1333 10 Q. Q. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1334 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1334 2 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1334 3 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1334 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1334 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1334 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1335 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1335 2 Microbes microbe NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1335 3 Thrive thrive VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1335 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1335 5 Deepest Deepest NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1335 6 Spot spot NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1335 7 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1335 8 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1335 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1335 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1336 1 LiveScience LiveScience NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1336 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1337 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1337 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1337 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1337 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1337 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1337 6 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1337 7 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1337 8 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1337 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1338 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1338 2 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1338 3 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1338 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1338 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 4 Glud Glud NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 6 Ronnie Ronnie NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 7 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 8 Wenzhöfer Wenzhöfer NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 10 Frank Frank NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 11 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 12 Middelboe Middelboe NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 14 Mathias Mathias NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 15 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 16 Oguri Oguri NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 18 Kazumasa Kazumasa NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 19 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 20 Turnewitsch Turnewitsch NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 22 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 23 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 24 Canfield Canfield NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 26 Donald Donald NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 27 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 28 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 29 Kitazato Kitazato NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 31 Hiroshi Hiroshi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 33 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 34 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 35 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1339 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1340 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1340 2 High high JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1340 3 rates rate NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1340 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1340 5 microbial microbial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1340 6 carbon carbon NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1340 7 turnover turnover NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1340 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1340 9 sediments sediment NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1340 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1340 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1340 12 deepest deep JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1340 13 oceanic oceanic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1340 14 trench trench NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1340 15 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1340 16 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1340 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1340 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1341 1 Nature Nature NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1341 2 Geoscience Geoscience NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1341 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1342 1 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1342 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1342 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1342 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1342 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1342 6 284–88 284–88 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1342 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1343 1 Bibcode:2013NatGe bibcode:2013natge NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1343 2 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1343 3 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1343 4 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1343 5 284G. 284g. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1344 1 doi:10.1038 doi:10.1038 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1344 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1344 3 ngeo1773 ngeo1773 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1344 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1345 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1345 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1345 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1345 4 Oskin Oskin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1345 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1345 6 Becky Becky NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1345 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1345 8 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1345 9 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1345 10 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1345 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1345 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1346 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1346 2 Intraterrestrials intraterrestrial NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1346 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1346 4 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1346 5 Thrives Thrives NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1346 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1346 7 Ocean Ocean NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1346 8 Floor Floor NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1346 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1346 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1347 1 LiveScience LiveScience NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1347 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1348 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1348 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1348 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1348 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1348 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1348 6 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1348 7 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1348 8 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1348 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1349 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1349 2 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1349 3 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1349 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1349 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1350 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1350 2 Morelle Morelle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1350 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1350 4 Rebecca Rebecca NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1350 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1350 6 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1350 7 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1350 8 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1350 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1350 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1351 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1351 2 Microbes microbe NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1351 3 discovered discover VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1351 4 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1351 5 deepest deep JJS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1351 6 marine marine NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1351 7 drill drill NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1351 8 analysed analyse VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1351 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1351 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1352 1 BBC BBC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1352 2 News News NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1352 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1353 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1353 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1353 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1353 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1353 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1353 6 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1353 7 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1353 8 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1353 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1354 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1354 2 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1354 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1354 4 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1354 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1355 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1355 2 Fox Fox NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1355 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1355 4 Douglas Douglas NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1355 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1355 6 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1355 7 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1355 8 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1355 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1355 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1356 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1356 2 Lakes lake NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1356 3 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1356 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1356 5 ice ice NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1356 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1356 7 Antarctica Antarctica NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1356 8 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1356 9 secret secret JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1356 10 garden garden NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1356 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1356 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1357 1 Nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1357 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1358 1 512 512 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1358 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1358 3 7514 7514 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1358 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1358 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1358 6 244–46 244–46 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1358 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1359 1 Bibcode:2014Natur.512 Bibcode:2014Natur.512 NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1359 2 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1359 3 244F. 244f. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1360 1 doi:10.1038/512244a doi:10.1038/512244a NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1360 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1361 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1361 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1361 3 25143097 25143097 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1361 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1362 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1362 2 Mack Mack NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1362 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1362 4 Eric Eric NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1362 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1362 6 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1362 7 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1362 8 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1362 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1362 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1363 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1363 2 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1363 3 Confirmed confirm VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1363 4 Under under IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1363 5 Antarctic Antarctic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1363 6 Ice Ice NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1363 7 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1363 8 Is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1363 9 Space Space NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1363 10 Next next RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1363 11 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1363 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1363 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1364 1 Forbes Forbes NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1364 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1365 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1365 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1365 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1365 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1365 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1365 6 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1365 7 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1365 8 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1365 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1366 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1366 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1366 3 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1366 4 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1366 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1367 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1367 2 Campbell Campbell NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1367 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1367 4 Neil Neil NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1367 5 A. a. NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1367 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1367 7 Brad Brad NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1367 8 Williamson Williamson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1367 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1367 10 Robin Robin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1367 11 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1367 12 Heyden Heyden NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1367 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1367 14 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1367 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1367 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1368 1 Biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1368 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1368 3 Exploring explore VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1368 4 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1368 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1369 1 Boston Boston NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1369 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1369 3 Massachusetts Massachusetts NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1369 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1369 5 Pearson Pearson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1369 6 Prentice Prentice NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1369 7 Hall Hall NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1369 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1370 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1370 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1370 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1370 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1370 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1370 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1370 7 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1370 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1370 9 250882 250882 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1370 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1370 11 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1370 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1371 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1371 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1371 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1371 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1371 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1371 6 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1371 7 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1371 8 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1371 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1372 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1372 2 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1372 3 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1372 4 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1372 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1373 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1373 2 Zimmer Zimmer NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1373 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1373 4 Carl Carl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1373 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1373 6 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1373 7 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1373 8 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1373 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1373 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1374 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1374 2 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1374 3 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1374 4 Oxygen oxygen NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1374 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1374 6 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1374 7 Mystery mystery NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1374 8 Easy easy JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1374 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 1374 10 Take take VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1374 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1374 12 Granted Granted NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1374 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1374 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1375 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1375 2 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1375 3 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1375 4 Times Times NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1375 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1376 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1376 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1376 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1376 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1376 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1376 6 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1376 7 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1376 8 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1376 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1377 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1377 2 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1377 3 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1377 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1377 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1378 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 1378 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1378 3 Meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1378 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1378 5 biosphere biosphere RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1378 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1378 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1379 1 WebDictionary.co.uk WebDictionary.co.uk NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1379 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1380 1 WebDictionary.co.uk WebDictionary.co.uk NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1380 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1381 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1381 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1381 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1381 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1381 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1381 6 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1381 7 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1381 8 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1381 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1382 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1382 2 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1382 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1382 4 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1382 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1383 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 1383 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1383 3 Essential essential JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1383 4 requirements requirement NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1383 5 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1383 6 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1383 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1383 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1384 1 CMEX CMEX NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1384 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1384 3 NASA NASA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1384 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1385 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1385 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1385 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1385 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1385 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1385 6 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1385 7 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1385 8 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1385 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1386 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1386 2 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1386 3 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1386 4 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1386 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1387 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1387 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1387 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1387 4 Chiras Chiras NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1387 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1387 6 Daniel Daniel NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1387 7 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1387 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1387 9 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1387 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1387 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1388 1 Environmental Environmental NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1388 2 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1388 3   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1388 4 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1388 5 Creating create VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1388 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1388 7 Sustainable sustainable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1388 8 Future future NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1388 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1388 10 6th 6th JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1388 11 ed ed NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1388 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1388 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1388 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1389 1 Sudbury Sudbury NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1389 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1389 3 MA MA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1389 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1389 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1389 6 Jones Jones NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1389 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1389 8 Bartlett Bartlett NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1389 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1390 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1390 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1390 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1390 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1390 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1390 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1390 7 7637 7637 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1390 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1390 9 1316 1316 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1390 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1390 11 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1390 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1391 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1391 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1391 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1391 4 Chang Chang NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1391 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1391 6 Kenneth Kenneth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1391 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1391 8 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1391 9 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1391 10 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1391 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1391 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1392 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1392 2 Visions vision NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1392 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1392 4 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1392 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1392 6 Mars Mars NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1392 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1392 8 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1392 9 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1392 10 Depths Depths NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1392 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1392 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1393 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1393 2 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1393 3 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1393 4 Times Times NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1393 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1394 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1394 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1394 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1394 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1394 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1394 6 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1394 7 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1394 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1394 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1395 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1395 2 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1395 3 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1395 4 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1395 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1396 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1396 2 Rampelotto Rampelotto NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1396 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1396 4 Pabulo Pabulo NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1396 5 Henrique Henrique NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1396 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1396 7 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1396 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1396 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1397 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1397 2 Resistance resistance NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1397 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1397 4 microorganisms microorganism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1397 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1397 6 extreme extreme JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1397 7 environmental environmental JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1397 8 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1397 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1397 10 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1397 11 contribution contribution NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1397 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1397 13 astrobiology astrobiology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1397 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1397 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1398 1 Sustainability sustainability NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1398 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1399 1 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1399 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1399 3 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1399 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1399 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1399 6 1602–23 1602–23 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1399 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1400 1 Bibcode:2010Sust bibcode:2010sust LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1400 2 .... .... NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1400 3 2.1602R. 2.1602R. VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1401 1 doi:10.3390 doi:10.3390 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1401 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1401 3 su2061602 su2061602 ADD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1401 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1402 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1402 2 Baldwin Baldwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1402 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1402 4 Emily Emily NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1402 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1402 6 26 26 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1402 7 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1402 8 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1402 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1402 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1403 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1403 2 Lichen Lichen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1403 3 survives survive VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1403 4 harsh harsh JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1403 5 Mars Mars NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1403 6 environment environment NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1403 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1403 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1404 1 Skymania Skymania NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1404 2 News News NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1404 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1405 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1405 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1405 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1405 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1405 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1405 6 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1405 7 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1405 8 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1405 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1406 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1406 2 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1406 3 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1406 4 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1406 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1407 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1407 2 de de NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1407 3 Vera Vera NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1407 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1407 5 J.-P. J.-P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1407 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1407 7 Kohler Kohler NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1407 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1407 9 Ulrich Ulrich NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1407 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1407 11 26 26 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1407 12 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1407 13 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1407 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1407 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1408 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1408 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1408 3 adaptation adaptation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1408 4 potential potential NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1408 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1408 6 extremophiles extremophile NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1408 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1408 8 Martian martian JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1408 9 surface surface NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1408 10 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1408 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1408 12 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1408 13 implication implication NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1408 14 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1408 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1408 16 habitability habitability NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1408 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1408 18 Mars Mars NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1408 19 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1408 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1408 21 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1408 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1408 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1409 1 Egu Egu NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1409 2 General General NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1409 3 Assembly Assembly NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1409 4 Conference Conference NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1409 5 Abstracts Abstracts NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1409 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1410 1 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1410 2 : : SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1410 3 2113 2113 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1410 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1411 1 Bibcode:2012EGUGA bibcode:2012eguga FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 1411 2 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1411 3 14.2113D. 14.2113d. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1412 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1412 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1412 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1412 4 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1412 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1412 6 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1412 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1412 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1412 9 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1412 10 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1412 11 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1412 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1413 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1413 2 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1413 3 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1413 4 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1413 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1414 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1414 2 Hotz Hotz NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1414 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1414 4 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1414 5 Lee Lee NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1414 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1414 7 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1414 8 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1414 9 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1414 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1414 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1415 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1415 2 New new JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1415 3 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1415 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1415 5 chain chain NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1415 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1415 7 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1415 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1415 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1416 1 Wall Wall NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1416 2 Street Street NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1416 3 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1416 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1417 1 Dow Dow NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1417 2 Jones Jones NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1417 3 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1417 4 Company Company NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1417 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1417 6 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1417 7 Archived archive VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1417 8 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1417 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1417 10 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1417 11 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1417 12 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1417 13 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1417 14 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1417 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1418 1 Until until IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1418 2 now now RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1418 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1418 4 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1418 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1418 6 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1418 7 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1418 8 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1418 9 thought think VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1418 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 1418 11 share share VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1418 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1418 13 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1418 14 biochemistry biochemistry NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1418 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1418 16 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1418 17 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1418 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1418 19 Big Big NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1418 20 Six Six NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1418 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1418 22 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 1418 23 build build VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1418 24 proteins protein NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1418 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1418 26 fats fat NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1418 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1418 28 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1418 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1419 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1419 2 Neuhaus Neuhaus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1419 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1419 4 Scott Scott NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1419 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1419 6 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1419 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1419 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1420 1 Handbook Handbook NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1420 2 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1420 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1420 4 Deep Deep NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1420 5 Ecologist Ecologist NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1420 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1420 7 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1420 8 Everyone everyone NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1420 9 Should Should MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1420 10 Know know VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1420 11 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1420 12 Self Self NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1420 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1420 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1420 15 Environment Environment NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1420 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1420 17 And and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1420 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1420 19 Planet Planet NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1420 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1421 1 iUniverse iUniverse NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1421 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1422 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1422 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1423 1 23–50 23–50 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1423 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1424 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1424 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1424 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1424 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1424 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1424 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1424 7 521 521 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1424 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1424 9 83113 83113 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1424 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1424 11 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1424 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1425 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1425 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1425 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1425 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1425 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1425 6 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1425 7 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1425 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1425 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1426 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1426 2 Committee Committee NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1426 3 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1426 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1426 5 Limits limit NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1426 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1426 7 Organic Organic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1426 8 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1426 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1426 10 Planetary Planetary NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1426 11 Systems Systems NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1426 12 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1426 13 Committee Committee NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1426 14 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1426 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1426 16 Origins Origins NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1426 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1426 18 Evolution Evolution NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1426 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1426 20 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1426 21 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1426 22 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1426 23 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1426 24 Council Council NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1426 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1426 26 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1426 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1426 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1427 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1427 2 Limits limit NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1427 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1427 4 Organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1427 5 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1427 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1427 7 Planetary Planetary NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1427 8 Systems Systems NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1427 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1428 1 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1428 2 Academy Academy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1428 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1428 4 Sciences Sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1428 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1429 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1429 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1429 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1429 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1429 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1429 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1429 7 309 309 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1429 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1429 9 66906 66906 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1429 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1429 11 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1429 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1430 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1430 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1430 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1430 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1430 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1430 6 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1430 7 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1430 8 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1430 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1431 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1431 2 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1431 3 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1431 4 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1431 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1432 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1432 2 Benner Benner NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1432 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1432 4 Steven Steven NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1432 5 A. a. NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1432 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1432 7 Ricardo Ricardo NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1432 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1432 9 Alonso Alonso NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1432 10 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1432 11 Carrigan Carrigan NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1432 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1432 13 Matthew Matthew NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1432 14 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1433 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1433 2 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1433 3 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1433 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1433 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1434 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1434 2 Is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1434 3 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-8287 1434 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1434 5 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1434 6 chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1434 7 model model NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1434 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1434 9 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1434 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1434 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1434 12 universe universe NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1434 13 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1434 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1435 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1435 2 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1435 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1435 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1436 1 Current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1436 2 Opinion Opinion NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1436 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1436 4 Chemical Chemical NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1436 5 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1436 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1437 1 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1437 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1437 3 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1437 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1437 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1437 6 672–89 672–89 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1437 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1438 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1438 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1438 3 j.cbpa.2004.10.003 j.cbpa.2004.10.003 JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1438 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1439 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1439 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1439 3 15556414 15556414 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1439 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1440 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1440 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1440 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1440 4 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1440 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1440 6 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1440 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1440 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1440 9 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1440 10 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1440 11 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1440 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1441 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1441 2 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1441 3 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1441 4 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1441 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1442 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1442 2 Purcell Purcell NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1442 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1442 4 Adam Adam NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1442 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1442 6 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1442 7 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1442 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1442 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1442 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1443 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1443 2 DNA DNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1443 3 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1443 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1444 1 Basic Basic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1444 2 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1444 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1445 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1445 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1445 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1445 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1445 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1445 6 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1445 7 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1445 8 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1445 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1446 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1446 2 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1446 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1446 4 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1446 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1447 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1447 2 Russell Russell NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1447 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1447 4 Peter Peter NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1447 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1447 6 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1447 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1447 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1448 1 iGenetics igenetic NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1448 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1449 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1449 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1449 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1449 4 Benjamin Benjamin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1449 5 Cummings Cummings NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1449 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1450 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1450 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1450 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1450 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1450 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1450 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1450 7 8053 8053 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1450 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1450 9 4553 4553 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1450 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1450 11 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1450 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1451 1 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1451 2 Dahm Dahm NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1451 3 R R NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1451 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1451 5 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1451 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1451 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1452 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1452 2 Discovering discovering JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1452 3 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1452 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1452 5 Friedrich Friedrich NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1452 6 Miescher Miescher NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1452 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1452 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1452 9 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1452 10 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1452 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1452 12 nucleic nucleic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1452 13 acid acid JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1452 14 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1452 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1452 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1453 1 Hum hum UH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1453 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1454 1 Genet Genet NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1454 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1455 1 122 122 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1455 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1455 3 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1455 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1455 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1455 6 565–81 565–81 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1455 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1456 1 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1456 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1456 3 s00439 s00439 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1456 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1456 5 007 007 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1456 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1456 7 0433 0433 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1456 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1456 9 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1456 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1457 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1457 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1457 3 17901982 17901982 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1457 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1458 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1458 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1458 3 915930 915930 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1458 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1459 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1459 2 Portin Portin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1459 3 P P NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1459 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1459 5 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1459 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1459 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1460 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1460 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1460 3 birth birth NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1460 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1460 5 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1460 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1460 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1460 8 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1460 9 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1460 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1460 11 inheritance inheritance NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1460 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1460 13 sixty sixty CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1460 14 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1460 15 since since IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1460 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1460 17 discovery discovery NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1460 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1460 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1460 20 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1460 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1460 22 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1460 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1460 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1461 1 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1461 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1461 3 Genetics Genetics NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1461 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1462 1 93 93 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1462 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1462 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1462 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1462 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1462 6 293–302 293–302 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1462 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1463 1 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1463 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1463 3 s12041 s12041 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1463 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1463 5 014 014 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1463 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1463 7 0337 0337 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1463 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1463 9 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1463 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1464 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1464 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1464 3 24840850 24840850 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1464 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1465 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1465 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1465 3 8845393 8845393 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1465 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1466 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 1466 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1466 3 Aristotle Aristotle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1466 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1466 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1467 1 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1467 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1467 3 California California NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1467 4 Museum Museum NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1467 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1467 6 Paleontology Paleontology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1467 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1468 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1468 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1468 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1468 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1468 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1468 6 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1468 7 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1468 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1468 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1469 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1469 2 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1469 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1469 4 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1469 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1470 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1470 2 Knapp Knapp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1470 3 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1470 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1470 5 Lamas Lamas NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1470 6 G G NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1470 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1470 8 Lughadha Lughadha NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1470 9 EN EN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1470 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1470 11 Novarino Novarino NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1470 12 G G NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1470 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1470 14 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1470 15 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1470 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1470 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1471 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1471 2 Stability stability NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1471 3 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1471 4 stasis stasi NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1471 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1471 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1471 7 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1471 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1471 9 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1471 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1471 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1471 12 evolving evolve VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1471 13 codes code NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1471 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1471 15 nomenclature nomenclature NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1471 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1471 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1472 1 Philosophical philosophical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1472 2 Transactions Transactions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1472 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1472 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1472 5 Royal Royal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1472 6 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1472 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1472 8 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1472 9 B. B. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1473 1 359 359 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1473 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1473 3 1444 1444 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1473 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1473 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1473 6 611–22 611–22 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1473 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1474 1 doi:10.1098 doi:10.1098 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1474 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1474 3 rstb.2003.1445 rstb.2003.1445 NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1474 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1475 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1475 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1475 3 1693349 1693349 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1475 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1476 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1476 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1476 3 15253348 15253348 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1476 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1477 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1477 2 Copeland Copeland NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1477 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1477 4 Herbert Herbert NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1477 5 F. F. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1477 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1477 7 1938 1938 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1477 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1477 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1478 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1478 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1478 3 Kingdoms Kingdoms NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1478 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1478 5 Organisms Organisms NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1478 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1478 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1479 1 Quarterly Quarterly NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1479 2 Review Review NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1479 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1479 4 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1479 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1480 1 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1480 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1480 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1480 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1480 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1480 6 383 383 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1480 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1480 8 doi:10.1086/394568 doi:10.1086/394568 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1480 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1481 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1481 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1481 3 84634277 84634277 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1481 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1482 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1482 2 Whittaker Whittaker NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1482 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1482 4 R.H. R.H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1482 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1482 6 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1482 7 1969 1969 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1482 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1482 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1483 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1483 2 New new JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1483 3 concepts concept NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1483 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1483 5 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1483 6 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1483 7 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1483 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1484 1 Evolutionary evolutionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1484 2 relations relation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1484 3 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1484 4 better well RBR en-wikipedia-org-8287 1484 5 represented represent VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1484 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1484 7 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1484 8 classifications classification NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1484 9 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1484 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1484 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1484 12 traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1484 13 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1484 14 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1484 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1484 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1485 1 Science science NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1485 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1486 1 163 163 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1486 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1486 3 3863 3863 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1486 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1486 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1486 6 150–60 150–60 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1486 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1487 1 Bibcode:1969Sci Bibcode:1969Sci NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1487 2 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1487 3 163 163 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1487 4 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1487 5 150W. 150w. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1488 1 CiteSeerX CiteSeerX NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1488 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1488 3 10.1.1.403.5430 10.1.1.403.5430 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1488 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1488 5 doi:10.1126 doi:10.1126 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1488 6 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1488 7 science.163.3863.150 science.163.3863.150 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1488 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1489 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1489 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1489 3 5762760 5762760 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1489 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1490 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1490 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1490 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1490 4 Woese Woese NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1490 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1490 6 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1490 7 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1490 8 Kandler Kandler NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1490 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1490 10 O. O. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1490 11 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1490 12 Wheelis Wheelis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1490 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1490 14 M. M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1490 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1490 16 1990 1990 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1490 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1490 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1491 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1491 2 Towards towards IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1491 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1491 4 natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1491 5 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1491 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1491 7 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1491 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1491 9 proposal proposal NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1491 10 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1491 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1491 12 domains domain NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1491 13 Archaea Archaea NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1491 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1491 15 Bacteria Bacteria NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1491 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1491 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1491 18 Eucarya Eucarya NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1491 19 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1491 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1492 1 Proceedings proceeding NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1492 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1492 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1492 4 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1492 5 Academy Academy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1492 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1492 7 Sciences Sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1492 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1492 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1492 10 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1492 11 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1492 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1492 13 America America NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1492 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1493 1 87 87 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1493 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1493 3 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1493 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1493 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1493 6 4576–9 4576–9 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1493 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1494 1 Bibcode:1990PNAS bibcode:1990pnas UH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1494 2 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1494 3 87.4576W. 87.4576w. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1495 1 doi:10.1073 doi:10.1073 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1495 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1495 3 pnas.87.12.4576 pnas.87.12.4576 JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1495 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1496 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1496 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1496 3 54159 54159 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1496 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1497 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1497 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1497 3 2112744 2112744 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1497 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1498 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1498 2 Adl Adl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1498 3 SM SM NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1498 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1498 5 Simpson Simpson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1498 6 AG AG NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1498 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1498 8 Farmer Farmer NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1498 9 MA MA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1498 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1498 11 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1498 12 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1498 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1499 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1499 2 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1499 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1499 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1500 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1500 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1500 3 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1500 4 higher high JJR en-wikipedia-org-8287 1500 5 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1500 6 classification classification NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1500 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1500 8 eukaryotes eukaryote NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1500 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1500 10 emphasis emphasis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1500 11 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1500 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1500 13 taxonomy taxonomy NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1500 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1500 15 protists protist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1500 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1500 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1501 1 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1501 2 Eukaryot Eukaryot NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1501 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1502 1 Microbiol Microbiol NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1502 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1503 1 52 52 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1503 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1503 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1503 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1503 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1503 6 399–451 399–451 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1503 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1504 1 doi:10.1111 doi:10.1111 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1504 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1504 3 j.1550 j.1550 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1504 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1504 5 7408.2005.00053.x 7408.2005.00053.x CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1504 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1505 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1505 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1505 3 16248873 16248873 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1505 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1506 1 S2CID s2cid UH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1506 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1506 3 8060916 8060916 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1506 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1507 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1507 2 Van Van NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1507 3 Regenmortel Regenmortel NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1507 4 MH MH NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1507 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1507 6 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1507 7 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1507 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1507 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1508 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1508 2 Virus virus NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1508 3 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1508 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1508 5 virus virus NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1508 6 identification identification NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1508 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1508 8 past past JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1508 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1508 10 current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1508 11 controversies controversy NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1508 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1508 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1509 1 Infection infection NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1509 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1509 3 Genetics Genetics NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1509 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1509 5 Evolution Evolution NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1509 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1510 1 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1510 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1510 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1510 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1510 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1510 6 133–44 133–44 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1510 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1511 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1511 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1511 3 j.meegid.2006.04.002 j.meegid.2006.04.002 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1511 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1512 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1512 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1512 3 16713373 16713373 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1512 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1513 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1513 2 Linnaeus Linnaeus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1513 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1513 4 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1513 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1513 6 1735 1735 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1513 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1513 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1514 1 Systemae Systemae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1514 2 Naturae Naturae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1514 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1514 4 sive sive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1514 5 regna regna NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1514 6 tria tria NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1514 7 naturae naturae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1514 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1514 9 systematics systematics FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 1514 10 proposita proposita FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 1514 11 per per IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1514 12 classes class NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1514 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1514 14 ordines ordine NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1514 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1514 16 genera genera NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1514 17 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1514 18 species species NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1514 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1515 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1515 2 Haeckel Haeckel NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1515 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1515 4 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1515 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1515 6 1866 1866 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1515 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1515 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1516 1 Generelle Generelle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1516 2 Morphologie Morphologie NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1516 3 der der VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1516 4 Organismen Organismen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1516 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1517 1 Reimer Reimer NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1517 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1517 3 Berlin Berlin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1517 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1518 1 ^ ^ : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1518 2 Chatton Chatton NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1518 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1518 4 É. É. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1519 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1519 2 1925 1925 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1519 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1519 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1520 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1520 2 Pansporella pansporella NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1520 3 perplexa perplexa VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1520 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1521 1 Réflexions réflexion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1521 2 sur sur NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1521 3 la la NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1521 4 biologie biologie NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1521 5 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1521 6 la la NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1521 7 phylogénie phylogénie NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1521 8 des des NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1521 9 protozoaires protozoaire VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1521 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1521 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1522 1 Annales Annales NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1522 2 des des FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 1522 3 Sciences Sciences NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1522 4 Naturelles Naturelles NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1522 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1522 6 Zoologie Zoologie NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1522 7 et et NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1522 8 Biologie Biologie NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1522 9 Animale Animale NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1522 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1523 1 10-VII 10-vii LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1523 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1523 3 1–84 1–84 ADD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1523 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1524 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1524 2 Copeland Copeland NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1524 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1524 4 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1524 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1524 6 1938 1938 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1524 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1524 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1525 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1525 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1525 3 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1525 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1525 5 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1525 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1525 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1526 1 Quarterly Quarterly NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1526 2 Review Review NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1526 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1526 4 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1526 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1527 1 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1527 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1527 3 383–420 383–420 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1527 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1528 1 doi:10.1086/394568 doi:10.1086/394568 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1528 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1529 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1529 2 Whittaker Whittaker NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1529 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1529 4 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1529 5 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1529 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1529 7 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1529 8 1969 1969 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1529 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1529 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1530 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1530 2 New new JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1530 3 concepts concept NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1530 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1530 5 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1530 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1530 7 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1530 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1530 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1531 1 Science science NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1531 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1532 1 163 163 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1532 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1532 3 3863 3863 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1532 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1532 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1532 6 150–60 150–60 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1532 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1533 1 Bibcode:1969Sci Bibcode:1969Sci NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1533 2 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1533 3 163 163 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1533 4 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1533 5 150W. 150w. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1534 1 doi:10.1126 doi:10.1126 VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1534 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1534 3 science.163.3863.150 science.163.3863.150 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1534 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1535 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1535 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1535 3 5762760 5762760 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1535 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1536 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1536 2 Cavalier Cavalier NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1536 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1536 4 Smith Smith NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1536 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1536 6 T. T. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1536 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1536 8 1998 1998 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1536 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1536 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1537 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1537 2 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1537 3 revised revise VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1537 4 six six CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1537 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1537 6 kingdom kingdom NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1537 7 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1537 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1537 9 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1537 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1537 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1538 1 Biological Biological NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1538 2 Reviews Reviews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1538 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1539 1 73 73 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1539 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1539 3 03 03 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1539 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1539 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1539 6 203–66 203–66 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1539 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1540 1 doi:10.1111 doi:10.1111 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1540 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1540 3 j.1469 j.1469 NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1540 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1540 5 185X.1998.tb00030.x 185x.1998.tb00030.x CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1540 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1541 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1541 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1541 3 9809012 9809012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1541 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 2 Ruggiero Ruggiero NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 4 Michael Michael NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 5 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 7 Gordon Gordon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 9 Dennis Dennis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 10 P. P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 11 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 12 Orrell Orrell NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 14 Thomas Thomas NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 15 M. M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 16 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 17 Bailly Bailly NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 19 Nicolas Nicolas NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 20 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 21 Bourgoin Bourgoin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 23 Thierry Thierry NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 24 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 25 Brusca Brusca NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 27 Richard Richard NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 28 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 29 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 30 Cavalier Cavalier NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 31 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 32 Smith Smith NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 34 Thomas Thomas NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 35 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 36 Guiry Guiry NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 38 Michael Michael NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 39 D. D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 40 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 41 Kirk Kirk NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 43 Paul Paul NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 44 M. M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 45 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 46 Thuesen Thuesen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 47 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 48 Erik Erik NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 49 V. V. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 50 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 51 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 52 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1542 53 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1543 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1543 2 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1543 3 higher high JJR en-wikipedia-org-8287 1543 4 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1543 5 classification classification NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1543 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1543 7 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1543 8 living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1543 9 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1543 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1543 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1544 1 PLOS PLOS NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1544 2 ONE one CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1544 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1545 1 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1545 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1545 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1545 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1545 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1545 6 e0119248 e0119248 NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1545 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1546 1 Bibcode:2015PLoSO Bibcode:2015PLoSO NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1546 2 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1546 3 1019248R. 1019248r. LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1547 1 doi:10.1371 doi:10.1371 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1547 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1547 3 journal.pone.0119248 journal.pone.0119248 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1547 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1548 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1548 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1548 3 4418965 4418965 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1548 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1549 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1549 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1549 3 25923521 25923521 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1549 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1550 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1550 2 Pennisi Pennisi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1550 3 E e NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1550 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1550 5 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1550 6 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1550 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1550 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1551 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1551 2 Taxonomy Taxonomy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1551 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1552 1 Linnaeus Linnaeus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1552 2 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1552 3 last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1552 4 stand stand NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1552 5 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1552 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1552 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1553 1 Science science NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1553 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1554 1 291 291 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1554 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1554 3 5512 5512 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1554 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1554 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1554 6 2304–07 2304–07 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1554 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1555 1 doi:10.1126 doi:10.1126 VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1555 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1555 3 science.291.5512.2304 science.291.5512.2304 NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1555 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1556 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1556 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1556 3 11269295 11269295 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1556 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1557 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1557 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1557 3 83724152 83724152 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1557 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1558 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1558 2 Sapp Sapp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1558 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1558 4 Jan Jan NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1558 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1558 6 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1558 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1558 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1559 1 Genesis genesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1559 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1559 3 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1559 4 Evolution Evolution NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1559 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1559 6 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1559 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1560 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1560 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1560 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1560 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1561 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1561 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1562 1 75–78 75–78 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1562 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1563 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1563 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1563 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1563 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1563 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1563 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1563 7 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1563 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1563 9 515619 515619 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1563 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1563 11 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1563 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1564 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1564 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1564 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1564 4 Wolfram Wolfram NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1564 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1564 6 Stephen Stephen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1564 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1564 8 2002 2002 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1564 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1564 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1565 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1565 2 New new JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1565 3 Kind kind NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1565 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1565 5 Science science NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1565 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1566 1 Wolfram Wolfram NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1566 2 Media Media NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1566 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1567 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1567 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1568 1 170–83 170–83 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1568 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1568 3 297–362 297–362 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1568 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1569 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1569 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1569 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1569 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1569 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1569 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1569 7 57955 57955 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1569 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1569 9 008 008 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1569 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1569 11 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1569 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1570 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1570 2 Lintilhac Lintilhac NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1570 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1570 4 P.M. P.M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1570 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1570 6 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1570 7 1999 1999 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1570 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1570 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1571 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1571 2 Thinking think VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1571 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1571 4 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1571 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1571 6 toward toward IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1571 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1571 8 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1571 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1571 10 cellularity cellularity NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1571 11 — — : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1571 12 speculations speculation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1571 13 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1571 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1571 15 nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1571 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1571 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1571 18 living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1571 19 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1571 20 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1571 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1571 22 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1571 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1571 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1572 1 BioScience BioScience NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1572 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1573 1 49 49 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1573 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1573 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1573 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1573 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1573 6 59–68 59–68 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1573 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1574 1 doi:10.2307/1313494 doi:10.2307/1313494 RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1574 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1575 1 JSTOR JSTOR NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1575 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1575 3 1313494 1313494 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1575 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1576 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1576 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1576 3 11543344 11543344 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1576 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1577 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1577 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1577 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1577 4 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1577 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1577 6 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1577 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1577 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1577 9 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1577 10 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1577 11 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1577 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1578 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1578 2 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1578 3 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1578 4 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1578 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1579 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1579 2 Whitman Whitman NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1579 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1579 4 W. W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1579 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1579 6 Coleman Coleman NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1579 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1579 8 D. D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1579 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1579 10 Wiebe Wiebe NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1579 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1579 12 W. W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1579 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1579 14 1998 1998 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1579 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1579 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1580 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1580 2 Prokaryotes Prokaryotes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1580 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1580 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1580 5 unseen unseen JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1580 6 majority majority NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1580 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1580 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1581 1 Proceedings proceeding NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1581 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1581 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1581 4 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1581 5 Academy Academy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1581 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1581 7 Sciences Sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1581 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1581 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1581 10 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1581 11 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1581 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1581 13 America America NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1581 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1582 1 95 95 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1582 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1582 3 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1582 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1582 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1582 6 6578–83 6578–83 ADD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1582 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1583 1 Bibcode:1998PNAS bibcode:1998pnas UH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1583 2 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1583 3 95.6578W. 95.6578w. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1584 1 doi:10.1073 doi:10.1073 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1584 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1584 3 pnas.95.12.6578 pnas.95.12.6578 NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1584 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1585 1 PMC PMC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1585 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1585 3 33863 33863 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1585 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1586 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1586 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1586 3 9618454 9618454 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1586 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1587 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1587 2 Pace Pace NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1587 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1587 4 Norman Norman NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1587 5 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1587 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1587 7 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1587 8 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1587 9 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1587 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1587 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1588 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1588 2 Concept Concept NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1588 3 Time Time NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1588 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1588 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1588 6 change change NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1588 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1588 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1588 9 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1588 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1588 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1589 1 Nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1589 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1590 1 441 441 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1590 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1590 3 7091 7091 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1590 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1590 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1590 6 289 289 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1590 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1591 1 Bibcode:2006Natur.441 Bibcode:2006Natur.441 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1591 2 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1591 3 289P. 289p. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1592 1 doi:10.1038/441289a doi:10.1038/441289a NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1592 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1593 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1593 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1593 3 16710401 16710401 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1593 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1594 1 S2CID s2cid UH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1594 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1594 3 4431143 4431143 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1594 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1595 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1595 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1595 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1595 4 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1595 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1595 6 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1595 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1595 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1595 9 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1595 10 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1595 11 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1595 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1596 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1596 2 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1596 3 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1596 4 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1596 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1597 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 1597 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1597 3 Scientific scientific JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1597 4 background background NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1597 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1597 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1598 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1598 2 Nobel Nobel NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1598 3 Prize Prize NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1598 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1598 5 Chemistry Chemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1598 6 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1598 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1599 1 Royal Royal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1599 2 Swedish Swedish NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1599 3 Academy Academy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1599 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1599 5 Sciences Sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1599 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1600 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1600 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1600 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1600 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1600 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1600 6 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1600 7 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1600 8 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1600 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1601 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1601 2 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1601 3 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1601 4 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1601 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1602 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1602 2 Nakano Nakano NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1602 3 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1602 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1602 5 Luini Luini NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1602 6 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1602 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1602 8 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1602 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1602 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1603 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1603 2 Passage passage NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1603 3 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1603 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1603 5 Golgi Golgi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1603 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1603 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1604 1 Curr Curr NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1604 2 Opin Opin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1604 3 Cell Cell NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1604 4 Biol Biol NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1604 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1605 1 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1605 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1605 3 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1605 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1605 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1605 6 471–78 471–78 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1605 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1606 1 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1606 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1606 3 j.ceb.2010.05.003 j.ceb.2010.05.003 JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1606 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1607 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1607 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1607 3 20605430 20605430 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1607 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1608 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1608 2 Panno Panno NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1608 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1608 4 Joseph Joseph NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1608 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1608 6 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1608 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1608 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1609 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1609 2 Cell Cell NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1609 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1610 1 Facts fact NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1610 2 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1610 3 File file NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1610 4 science science NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1610 5 library library NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1610 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1611 1 Infobase Infobase NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1611 2 Publishing Publishing NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1611 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1612 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1612 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1613 1 60–70 60–70 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1613 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1614 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1614 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1614 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1614 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1614 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1614 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1614 7 8160 8160 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1614 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1614 9 6736 6736 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1614 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1614 11 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1614 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1615 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1615 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1615 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1615 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1615 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1615 6 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1615 7 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1615 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1615 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1616 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1616 2 Alberts Alberts NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1616 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1616 4 Bruce Bruce NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1616 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1616 6 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1616 7 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1616 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1617 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1617 2 1994 1994 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1617 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1617 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1618 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1618 2 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1618 3 Single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1618 4 Cells cell NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1618 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1618 6 Multicellular Multicellular NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1618 7 Organisms Organisms NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1618 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1618 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1619 1 Molecular Molecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1619 2 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1619 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1619 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1619 5 Cell Cell NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1619 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1619 7 3rd 3rd NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1619 8 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1619 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1619 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1619 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1620 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1620 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1620 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1620 4 Garland Garland NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1620 5 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1620 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1621 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1621 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1621 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1621 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1621 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1621 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1621 7 8153 8153 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1621 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1621 9 1620 1620 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1621 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1621 11 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1621 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1622 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1622 2 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1622 3 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1622 4 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1622 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1623 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1623 2 Zimmer Zimmer NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1623 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1623 4 Carl Carl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1623 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1623 6 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1623 7 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1623 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1623 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1623 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1624 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1624 2 Genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1624 3 Flip Flip NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1624 4 Helped help VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1624 5 Organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1624 6 Go go VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1624 7 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1624 8 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1624 9 Cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1624 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1624 11 Many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1624 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1624 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1625 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1625 2 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1625 3 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1625 4 Times Times NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1625 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1626 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1626 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1626 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1626 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1626 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1626 6 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1626 7 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1626 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1626 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1627 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1627 2 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1627 3 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1627 4 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1627 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1628 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1628 2 Alberts Alberts NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1628 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1628 4 Bruce Bruce NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1628 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1628 6 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1628 7 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1628 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1629 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1629 2 2002 2002 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1629 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1629 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1630 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1630 2 General General NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1630 3 Principles Principles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1630 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1630 5 Cell Cell NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1630 6 Communication Communication NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1630 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1630 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1631 1 Molecular Molecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1631 2 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1631 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1631 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1631 5 Cell Cell NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1631 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1632 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1632 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1632 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1632 4 Garland Garland NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1632 5 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1632 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1633 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1633 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1633 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1633 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1633 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1633 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1633 7 8153 8153 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1633 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1633 9 3218 3218 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1633 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1633 11 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1633 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1634 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1634 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1634 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1634 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1634 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1634 6 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1634 7 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1634 8 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1634 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1635 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1635 2 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1635 3 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1635 4 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1635 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1636 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1636 2 Race Race NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1636 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1636 4 Margaret Margaret NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1636 5 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1636 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1636 7 Randolph Randolph NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1636 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1636 9 Richard Richard NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1636 10 O. O. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1637 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1637 2 2002 2002 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1637 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1637 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1638 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1638 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1638 3 need need NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1638 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1638 5 operating operate VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1638 6 guidelines guideline NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1638 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1638 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1638 9 decision decision NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1638 10 making make VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1638 11 framework framework NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1638 12 applicable applicable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1638 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1638 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1638 15 discovery discovery NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1638 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1638 17 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1638 18 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1638 19 intelligent intelligent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1638 20 extraterrestrial extraterrestrial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1638 21 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1638 22 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1638 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1639 1 Advances Advances NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1639 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1639 3 Space Space NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1639 4 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1639 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1640 1 30 30 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1640 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1640 3 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1640 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1640 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1640 6 1583–91 1583–91 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1640 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1641 1 Bibcode:2002AdSpR Bibcode:2002AdSpR NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1641 2 .. .. . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1641 3 30.1583R. 30.1583r. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1642 1 CiteSeerX CiteSeerX NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1642 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1642 3 10.1.1.528.6507 10.1.1.528.6507 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1642 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1642 5 doi:10.1016 doi:10.1016 JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1642 6 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1642 7 S0273 S0273 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1642 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1642 9 1177(02)00478 1177(02)00478 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1642 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1642 11 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1642 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1643 1 ISSN issn NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1643 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1643 3 0273 0273 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1643 4 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1643 5 1177 1177 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1643 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1644 1 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-8287 1644 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1644 3 growing grow VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1644 4 scientific scientific JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1644 5 confidence confidence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1644 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1644 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1644 8 discovery discovery NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1644 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1644 10 extraterrestrial extraterrestrial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1644 11 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1644 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1644 13 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1644 14 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1644 15 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1644 16 nearly nearly RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1644 17 inevitable inevitable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1644 18 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1644 19 Cantor Cantor NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1644 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1644 21 Matt Matt NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1644 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1644 23 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1644 24 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1644 25 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1644 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1644 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1645 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1645 2 Alien Alien NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1645 3 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1645 4 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1645 5 Inevitable inevitable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1645 6 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1645 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1645 8 Astronomer astronomer NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1645 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1645 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1646 1 Newser newser NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1646 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1647 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1647 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1647 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1647 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1647 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1647 6 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1647 7 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1647 8 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1647 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1648 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1648 2 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1648 3 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1648 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1648 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 1 Scientists scientist NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 2 now now RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 3 believe believe VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 4 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 5 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 6 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 7 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 8 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 9 habitable habitable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 10 planets planet NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 13 cosmos cosmo NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 15 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 16 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 17 stars star NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 20 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 21 makes make VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 22 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 23 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 24 existence existence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 25 elsewhere elsewhere RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 26 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 27 inevitable inevitable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 28 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 29 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 30 billions billion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 32 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 34 says say VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 35 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1649 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 2 Schulze Schulze NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 4 Makuch Makuch NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 6 Dirk Dirk NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 7 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 8 Dohm Dohm NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 10 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 11 M. M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 12 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 13 Fairén Fairén NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 15 Alberto Alberto NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 16 G. G. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 17 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 18 Baker Baker NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 20 Victor Victor NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 21 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 22 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 23 Fink Fink NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 25 Wolfgang Wolfgang NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 26 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 27 Strom Strom NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 29 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 30 G. G. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 31 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 32 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 33 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1650 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1651 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1651 2 Venus Venus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1651 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1651 4 Mars Mars NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1651 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1651 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1651 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1651 8 Ices Ices NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1651 9 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1651 10 Mercury Mercury NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1651 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1651 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1651 13 Moon Moon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1651 14 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1651 15 Astrobiological Astrobiological NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1651 16 Implications Implications NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1651 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1651 18 Proposed propose VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1651 19 Mission Mission NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1651 20 Designs Designs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1651 21 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1651 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1652 1 Astrobiology astrobiology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1652 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1653 1 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1653 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1653 3 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1653 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1653 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1653 6 778–95 778–95 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1653 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1654 1 Bibcode:2005AsBio bibcode:2005asbio NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1654 2 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1654 3 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1654 4 .. .. . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1654 5 778S. 778s. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1655 1 doi:10.1089 doi:10.1089 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1655 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1655 3 ast.2005.5.778 ast.2005.5.778 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1655 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1656 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1656 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1656 3 16379531 16379531 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1656 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1657 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1657 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1657 3 13539394 13539394 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1657 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1658 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1658 2 Woo Woo NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1658 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1658 4 Marcus Marcus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1658 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1658 6 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1658 7 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1658 8 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1658 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1658 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1659 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1659 2 Why why WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1659 3 We -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1659 4 're be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1659 5 Looking look VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1659 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1659 7 Alien Alien NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1659 8 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1659 9 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1659 10 Moons Moons NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1659 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1659 12 Not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1659 13 Just just RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1659 14 Planets planet NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1659 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1659 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1660 1 Wired wire VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1660 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1661 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1661 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1661 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1661 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1661 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1661 6 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1661 7 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1661 8 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1661 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1662 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1662 2 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1662 3 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1662 4 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1662 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1663 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1663 2 Strain Strain NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1663 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1663 4 Daniel Daniel NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1663 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1663 6 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1663 7 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1663 8 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1663 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1663 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1664 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1664 2 Icy Icy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1664 3 moons moon NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1664 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1664 5 Saturn Saturn NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1664 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1664 7 Jupiter Jupiter NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1664 8 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1664 9 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1664 10 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1664 11 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1664 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1664 13 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1664 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1664 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1665 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1665 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1665 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1665 4 Santa Santa NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1665 5 Cruz Cruz NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1665 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1666 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1666 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1666 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1666 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1666 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1666 6 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1666 7 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1666 8 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1666 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1667 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1667 2 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1667 3 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1667 4 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1667 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1668 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1668 2 Selis Selis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1668 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1668 4 Frank Frank NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1668 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1668 6 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1668 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1668 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1669 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1669 2 Habitability habitability NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1669 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1669 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1669 5 point point NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1669 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1669 7 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1669 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1669 9 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1669 10 astronomer astronomer NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1669 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1669 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1670 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1670 2 Gargaud Gargaud NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1670 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1670 4 Muriel Muriel NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1670 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1670 6 Martin Martin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1670 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1670 8 Hervé Hervé NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1670 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1670 10 Claeys Claeys NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1670 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1670 12 Philippe Philippe NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1670 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1670 14 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1670 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1670 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1670 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1671 1 Lectures lecture NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1671 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1671 3 Astrobiology astrobiology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1671 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1672 1 2 2 LS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1672 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1673 1 Springer Springer NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1673 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1674 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1674 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1675 1 210–14 210–14 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1675 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1676 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1676 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1676 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1676 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1676 5 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1676 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1676 7 540 540 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1676 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1676 9 33692 33692 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1676 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1676 11 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1676 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1677 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1677 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1677 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1677 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1677 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1677 6 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1677 7 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1677 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1677 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1678 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1678 2 Lineweaver Lineweaver NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1678 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1678 4 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1678 5 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1678 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1678 7 Fenner Fenner NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1678 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1678 9 Yeshe Yeshe NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1678 10 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1678 11 Gibson Gibson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1678 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1678 13 Brad Brad NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1678 14 K. K. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1678 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1678 16 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1678 17 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1678 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1678 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1679 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1679 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1679 3 Galactic Galactic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1679 4 Habitable Habitable NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1679 5 Zone Zone NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1679 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1679 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1679 8 age age NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1679 9 distribution distribution NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1679 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1679 11 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1679 12 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1679 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1679 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1679 15 Milky Milky NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1679 16 Way Way NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1679 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1679 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1680 1 Science science NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1680 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1681 1 303 303 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1681 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1681 3 5654 5654 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1681 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1681 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1681 6 59–62 59–62 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1681 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1682 1 arXiv arXiv NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1682 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1682 3 astro astro NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1682 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1682 5 ph/0401024 ph/0401024 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1682 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1683 1 Bibcode:2004Sci bibcode:2004sci UH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1683 2 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1683 3 303 303 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1683 4 ... ... . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1683 5 59L. 59l. XX en-wikipedia-org-8287 1684 1 doi:10.1126 doi:10.1126 VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1684 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1684 3 science.1092322 science.1092322 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1684 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1685 1 PMID PMID NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1685 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1685 3 14704421 14704421 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1685 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1686 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1686 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1686 3 18140737 18140737 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1686 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1687 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1687 2 Vakoch Vakoch NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1687 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1687 4 Douglas Douglas NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1687 5 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1687 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1687 7 Harrison Harrison NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1687 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1687 9 Albert Albert NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1687 10 A. a. NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1688 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1688 2 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1688 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1688 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1689 1 Civilizations civilization NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1689 2 beyond beyond IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1689 3 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1689 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1689 5 extraterrestrial extraterrestrial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1689 6 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1689 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1689 8 society society NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1689 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1690 1 Berghahn Berghahn NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1690 2 Series Series NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1690 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1691 1 Berghahn Berghahn NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1691 2 Books Books NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1691 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1692 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1692 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1693 1 37–41 37–41 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1693 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1694 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1694 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1694 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1694 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1694 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1694 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1694 7 85745 85745 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1694 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1694 9 211 211 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1694 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1694 11 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1694 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1695 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 1695 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1695 3 Artificial artificial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1695 4 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1695 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1695 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1696 1 Dictionary.com Dictionary.com NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1696 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1697 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1697 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1697 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1697 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1697 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1697 6 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1697 7 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1697 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1697 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1698 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1698 2 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1698 3 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1698 4 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1698 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1699 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1699 2 Chopra Chopra NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1699 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1699 4 Paras Paras NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1699 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1699 6 Akhil Akhil NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1699 7 Kamma Kamma NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1699 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1700 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1700 2 Engineering engineering NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1700 3 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1700 4 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1700 5 Synthetic synthetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1700 6 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1700 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1700 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1701 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1701 2 Silico Silico NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1701 3 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1701 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1702 1 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1702 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1703 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1703 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1703 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1703 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1703 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1703 6 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1703 7 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1703 8 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1703 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1704 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1704 2 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1704 3 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1704 4 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1704 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1705 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1705 2 Definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1705 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1705 4 death death NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1705 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1706 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1706 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1706 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1706 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1706 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1706 6 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1706 7 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1706 8 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1706 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1707 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1707 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1707 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1707 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1707 5 Definition Definition NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1707 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1707 7 death death NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1707 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1707 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1708 1 Encyclopedia encyclopedia NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1708 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1708 3 Death Death NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1708 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1708 5 Dying Dying NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1708 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1709 1 Advameg Advameg NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1709 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1709 3 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1709 4 Archived archive VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1709 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1709 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1709 7 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1709 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1709 9 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1709 10 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1709 11 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1709 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1710 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1710 2 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1710 3 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1710 4 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1710 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1711 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1711 2 Henig Henig NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1711 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1711 4 Robin Robin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1711 5 Marantz Marantz NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1711 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1711 7 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1711 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1711 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1711 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1712 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1712 2 Crossing Crossing NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1712 3 Over over IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1712 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1712 5 How how WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1712 6 Science science NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1712 7 Is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1712 8 Redefining redefine VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1712 9 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1712 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1712 11 Death Death NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1712 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1712 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1713 1 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1713 2 Geographic Geographic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1713 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1714 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1714 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1714 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1714 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1714 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1714 6 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1714 7 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1714 8 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1714 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1715 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1715 2 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1715 3 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1715 4 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1715 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1716 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1716 2 Extinction Extinction NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1716 3   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1716 4 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1716 5 definition definition NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1716 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1717 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1717 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1717 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1717 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1717 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1717 6 26 26 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1717 7 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1717 8 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1717 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1718 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 1718 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1718 3 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1718 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1718 5 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1718 6 extinction extinction NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1718 7 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1718 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1718 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1719 1 Late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1719 2 Triassic Triassic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1719 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1720 1 Bristol Bristol NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1720 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1720 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1721 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1721 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1721 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1721 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1721 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1721 6 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1721 7 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1721 8 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1721 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1722 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1722 2 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1722 3 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1722 4 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1722 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1723 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1723 2 Van Van NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1723 3 Valkenburgh Valkenburgh NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1723 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1723 5 B. B. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1724 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1724 2 1999 1999 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1724 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1724 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1725 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1725 2 Major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1725 3 patterns pattern NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1725 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1725 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1725 6 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1725 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1725 8 carnivorous carnivorous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1725 9 mammals mammal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1725 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1725 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1726 1 Annual Annual NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1726 2 Review Review NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1726 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1726 4 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1726 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1726 6 Planetary Planetary NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1726 7 Sciences Sciences NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1726 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1727 1 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1727 2 : : SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1727 3 463–93 463–93 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1727 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1728 1 Bibcode:1999AREPS Bibcode:1999AREPS NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1728 2 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1728 3 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1728 4 .. .. NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1728 5 463V. 463v. CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1729 1 doi:10.1146 doi:10.1146 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1729 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1729 3 annurev.earth.27.1.463 annurev.earth.27.1.463 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1729 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1730 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 1730 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1730 3 Frequently frequently RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1730 4 Asked ask VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1730 5 Questions Questions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1730 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1730 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1731 1 San San NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1731 2 Diego Diego NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1731 3 Natural Natural NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1731 4 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1731 5 Museum Museum NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1731 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1732 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1732 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1732 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1732 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1732 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1732 6 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1732 7 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1732 8 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1732 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1733 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1733 2 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1733 3 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1733 4 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1733 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1734 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1734 2 Vastag Vastag NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1734 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1734 4 Brian Brian NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1734 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1734 6 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1734 7 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1734 8 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1734 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1734 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1735 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1735 2 Oldest oldest JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1735 3 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1735 4 microfossils microfossil NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1735 5 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1735 6 raise raise VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1735 7 hopes hope NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1735 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1735 9 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1735 10 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1735 11 Mars Mars NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1735 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1735 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1736 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1736 2 Washington Washington NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1736 3 Post Post NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1736 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1737 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1737 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1737 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1737 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1737 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1737 6 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1737 7 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1737 8 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1737 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1738 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1738 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1738 3 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1738 4 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1738 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1739 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1739 2 Wade Wade NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1739 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1739 4 Nicholas Nicholas NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1739 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1739 6 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1739 7 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1739 8 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1739 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1739 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1740 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1740 2 Geological Geological NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1740 3 Team Team NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1740 4 Lays Lays NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1740 5 Claim Claim NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1740 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1740 7 Oldest Oldest NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1740 8 Known Known NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1740 9 Fossils fossil NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1740 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1740 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1741 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1741 2 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1741 3 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1741 4 Times Times NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1741 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1742 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1742 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1742 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1742 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1742 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1742 6 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1742 7 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1742 8 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1742 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1743 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1743 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1743 3 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1743 4 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1743 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1744 1 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1744 2 reading read VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1744 3 Kauffman Kauffman NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1744 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1744 5 Stuart Stuart NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1744 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 2 Adjacent adjacent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 3 Possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 5 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 6 Talk talk NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 7 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 8 Stuart Stuart NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 9 Kauffman Kauffman NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 10 Seeding seed VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 12 Universe Universe NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 13 With with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 14 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 15 Legacy Legacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 16 Books Books NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 18 Washington Washington NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 19 D.C. D.C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 21 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 23 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 24   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 25 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 26 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 27 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 28 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 29 476 476 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 30 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 31 00330 00330 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 32 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 33 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 34 Walker Walker NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 36 Martin Martin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 37 G. G. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 38 LIFE LIFE NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1745 39 ! ! . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1746 1 Why why WRB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1746 2 We -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1746 3 Exist exist VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1746 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1746 5 ... ... . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1746 6 And and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1746 7 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1746 8 We -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1746 9 Must Must MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1746 10 Do do VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1746 11 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 1746 12 Survive survive VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1746 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 1 Dog Dog NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 2 Ear Ear NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 3 Publishing Publishing NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 5 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 7 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 9 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 11 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 13 59858 59858 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 15 243 243 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 16 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 17 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 18 External external JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 19 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 20 Wikiquote Wikiquote NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 21 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 22 quotations quotation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 23 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 24 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 25 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 26 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 27 Look look VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 28 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 29 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 30   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 31 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 32 living live VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 34 Wiktionary Wiktionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 37 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 38 dictionary dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1747 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 1 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 3 Systema Systema NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 4 Naturae Naturae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 5 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 7 Vitae Vitae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 9 BioLib BioLib NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 11 Biota Biota NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 13 Taxonomicon Taxonomicon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 15 Wikispecies Wikispecies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 16   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 17 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 19 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 20 directory directory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 22 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 23 Resources resource NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 24 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 25 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 28 Solar Solar NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 29 System System NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 32 galaxy galaxy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 36 potential potential JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 37 scope scope NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 39 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 40 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 42 cosmological cosmological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 43 future future NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 44 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 45 The The NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 46 Adjacent Adjacent NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 47 Possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 48 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 49 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 50 Talk talk NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 51 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 52 Stuart Stuart NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 53 Kauffman Kauffman NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 54 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 55 Stanford Stanford NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 56 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 57 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 58 Philosophy Philosophy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 59 entry entry NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 60 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 61 Kingdoms Kingdoms NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 62 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 63 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 64 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 65 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 66 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 67 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 68 v v IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 69 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 70 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 71 Elements Elements NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 72 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 73 nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 74 Universe Universe NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 75 Space Space NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 76 Time Time NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 77 Energy Energy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 78 Matter Matter NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 79 particles particle NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 80 chemical chemical NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 81 elements element NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 82 Change change VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 83 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 84 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 85 science science NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 86 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 87   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 88 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 89 geological geological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 90 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 91 Structure Structure NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 92 Geology Geology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 93 Plate plate NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 94 tectonics tectonic NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 95 Oceans Oceans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 96 Gaia Gaia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 97 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 98 Future Future NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 99 Weather Weather NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 100 Meteorology Meteorology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 101 Atmosphere Atmosphere NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 102 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 103 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 104 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 105 Climate climate NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 106 Clouds Clouds NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 107 Rain rain VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 108 Snow Snow NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 109 Sunlight Sunlight NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 110 Tides Tides NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 111 Wind Wind NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 112 tornado tornado NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 113 tropical tropical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 114 cyclone cyclone NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 115 Natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 116 environment environment NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 117 Ecology Ecology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 118 Ecosystem Ecosystem NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 119 Field Field NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 120 Radiation Radiation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 121 Wilderness Wilderness NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 122 Wildfires wildfire VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 123 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 124 Origin Origin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 125 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 126 abiogenesis abiogenesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 127 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 128 Evolutionary evolutionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 129 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 130 Biosphere Biosphere NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 131 Hierarchy Hierarchy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 132 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 133   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 134 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 135 astrobiology astrobiology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 136 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 137 Biodiversity Biodiversity NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 138 Organism Organism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 139 Eukaryota Eukaryota NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 140 flora flora NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 141 plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 142 fauna fauna JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 143 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 144 fungi fungi NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 145 protista protista NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 146 Prokaryotes Prokaryotes NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 147 archaea archaea VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 148 bacteria bacteria NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 149 Viruses Viruses NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 150 Category Category NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 151 v v NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 152 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 153 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 154 Hierarchy hierarchy NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 155 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 156 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 157 Biosphere biosphere RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 158   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 159 > > XX en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 160 Biome biome NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 161   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 162 > > XX en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 163 Ecosystem ecosystem NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 164   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 165 > > XX en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 166 Biocenosis biocenosis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 167   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 168 > > XX en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 169 Population population NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 170   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 171 > > XX en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 172 Organism organism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 173   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 174 > > XX en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 175 Organ Organ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 176 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 177   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 178 > > XX en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 179 Organ organ NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 180   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 181 > > XX en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 182 Tissue tissue NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 183   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 184 > > XX en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 185 Cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 186   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 187 > > XX en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 188 Organelle Organelle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 189   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 190 > > XX en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 191 Biomolecular Biomolecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 192 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 193   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 194 > > XX en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 195 Macromolecule macromolecule NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 196   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 197 > > NFP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 198 Biomolecule biomolecule NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 199 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 200 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 201 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 202 Big Big NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 203 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 204 Themes theme NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 205 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 206 subjects subject NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 207 Chronology chronology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 208 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 209 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 210 universe universe JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 211 Cosmic cosmic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 212 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 213 Deep deep JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 214 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 215 Time Time NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 216 scales scale VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 217 Goldilocks Goldilocks NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 218 principle principle NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 219 Modernity modernity NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 220 Eight eight CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 221 thresholds threshold NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 222 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 223 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 224 Creation creation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 225 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 226 Big Big NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 227 Bang Bang NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 228 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 229 cosmogony cosmogony NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 230 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 231 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 232 Stars star NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 233 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 234 creation creation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 235 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 236 stars star NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 237 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 238 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 239 Elements elements NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 240 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 241 creation creation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 242 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 243 chemical chemical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 244 elements element NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 245 inside inside IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 246 dying die VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 247 stars star NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 248 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 249 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 250 Planets planets NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 251 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 252 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 253 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 254 planets planet NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 255 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 256 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 257 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 258 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 259 abiogenesis abiogenesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 260 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 261 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 262 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 263 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 264 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 265 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 266 Humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 267 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 268 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 269 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 270 Homo Homo NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 271 sapiens sapien VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 272 Stone Stone NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 273 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 274 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 275 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 276 Agriculture Agriculture NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 277 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 278 Agricultural Agricultural NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 279 Revolution Revolution NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 280 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 281 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 282 Modernity modernity NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 283 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 284 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 285 era era NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 286 Web web NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 287 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 288 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 289 education education NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 290 Big Big NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 291 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 292 Project Project NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 293 Crash Crash NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 294 Course course NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 295 Big Big NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 296 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 297 ChronoZoom ChronoZoom NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 298 Notable notable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 299 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 300 Walter Walter NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 301 Alvarez Alvarez NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 302 Cynthia Cynthia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 303 Stokes Stokes NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 304 Brown Brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 305 Eric Eric NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 306 Chaisson Chaisson NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 307 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 308 Christian Christian NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 309 Bill Bill NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 310 Gates Gates NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 311 Carl Carl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 312 Sagan Sagan NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 313 Graeme Graeme NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 314 Snooks snook VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 315 Jimmy Jimmy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 316 Wales Wales NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 317 Bill Bill NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 318 Wurtz Wurtz NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 319 Related Related NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 320 Big big JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 321 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 322 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 323 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 324 series series NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 325 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 326 v v NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 327 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 328 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 329 Evolutionary evolutionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 330 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 331 Introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 332 Outline Outline NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 333 Timeline Timeline NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 334 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 335 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 336 Evolutionary evolutionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 337 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 338 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 339 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 340 Index Index NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 341 Evolution Evolution NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 342 Abiogenesis Abiogenesis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 343 Adaptation adaptation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 344 Adaptive adaptive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 345 radiation radiation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 346 Cladistics cladistic NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 347 Coevolution Coevolution NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 348 Common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 349 descent descent NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 350 Convergence Convergence NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 351 Divergence Divergence NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 352 Earliest Earliest NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 353 known know VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 354 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 355 forms form VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 356 Evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 357 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 358 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 359 Extinction Extinction NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 360 Event Event NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 361 Gene Gene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 362 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 363 centered center VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 364 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 365 Homology Homology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 366 Last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 367 universal universal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 368 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 369 ancestor ancestor NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 370 Macroevolution Macroevolution NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 371 Microevolution Microevolution NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 372 Non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 373 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 374 adaptive adaptive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 375 radiation radiation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 376 Origin origin NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 377 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 378 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 379 Panspermia Panspermia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 380 Parallel Parallel NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 381 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 382 Speciation Speciation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 383 Taxonomy Taxonomy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 384 Population Population NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 385 genetics genetic NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 386 Biodiversity Biodiversity NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 387 Gene Gene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 388 flow flow NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 389 Genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 390 drift drift NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 391 Mutation Mutation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 392 Natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 393 selection selection NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 394 Artificial artificial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 395 selection selection NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 396 Variation Variation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 397 Sexual sexual JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 398 selection selection NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 399 Social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 400 selection selection NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 401 Development Development NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 402 Canalisation Canalisation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 403 Evolutionary evolutionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 404 developmental developmental JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 405 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 406 Genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 407 assimilation assimilation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 408 Inversion Inversion NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 409 Modularity Modularity NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 410 Phenotypic Phenotypic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 411 plasticity plasticity NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 412 Of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 413 taxa taxa NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 414 Bacteria Bacteria NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 415 Birds Birds NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 416 origin origin NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 417 Brachiopods Brachiopods NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 418 Molluscs Molluscs NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 419 Cephalopods Cephalopods NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 420 Dinosaurs dinosaurs IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 421 Fish fish VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 422 Fungi Fungi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 423 Insects Insects NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 424 butterflies butterfly VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 425 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 426 Mammals Mammals NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 427 cats cat VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 428 canids canid NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 429 wolves wolf NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 430 dogs dog VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 431 hyenas hyena NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 432 dolphins dolphin NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 433 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 434 whales whale NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 435 horses horse NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 436 Kangaroos Kangaroos NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 437 primates primate NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 438 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 439 lemurs lemur VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 440 sea sea NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 441 cows cow VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 442 Plants Plants NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 443 Reptiles Reptiles NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 444 Spiders Spiders NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 445 Tetrapods Tetrapods NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 446 Viruses Viruses NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 447 influenza influenza VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 448 Of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 449 organs organ NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 450 Cell Cell NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 451 DNA DNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 452 Flagella Flagella NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 453 Eukaryotes Eukaryotes NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 454 symbiogenesis symbiogenesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 455 chromosome chromosome NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 456 endomembrane endomembrane NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 457 system system NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 458 mitochondria mitochondria NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 459 nucleus nucleus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 460 plastids plastid NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 461 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 462 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 463 eye eye NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 464 hair hair NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 465 auditory auditory JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 466 ossicle ossicle NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 467 nervous nervous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 468 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 469 brain brain NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 470 Of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 471 processes process VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 472 Aging age VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 473 Death Death NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 474 Programmed Programmed NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 475 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 476 death death NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 477 Avian avian JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 478 flight flight NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 479 Biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 480 complexity complexity NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 481 Cooperation cooperation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 482 Color Color NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 483 vision vision NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 484 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 485 primates primate NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 486 Emotion Emotion NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 487 Empathy Empathy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 488 Ethics Ethics NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 489 Eusociality Eusociality NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 490 Immune Immune NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 491 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 492 Metabolism Metabolism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 493 Monogamy Monogamy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 494 Morality Morality NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 495 Mosaic Mosaic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 496 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 497 Multicellularity Multicellularity NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 498 Sexual sexual JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 499 reproduction reproduction NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 500 Gamete Gamete NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 501 differentiation differentiation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 502 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 503 sexes sex NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 504 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 505 cycles cycle NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 506 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 507 nuclear nuclear JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 508 phases phase NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 509 Mating Mating NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 510 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 511 Meiosis Meiosis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 512 Sex sex NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 513 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 514 determination determination NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 515 Snake Snake NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 516 venom venom NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 517 Tempo Tempo NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 518 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 519 modes mode NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 520 Gradualism Gradualism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 521 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 522 Punctuated Punctuated NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 523 equilibrium equilibrium NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 524 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 525 Saltationism Saltationism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 526 Micromutation Micromutation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 527 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 528 Macromutation Macromutation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 529 Uniformitarianism Uniformitarianism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 530 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 531 Catastrophism Catastrophism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 532 Speciation Speciation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 533 Allopatric Allopatric NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 534 Anagenesis Anagenesis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 535 Catagenesis Catagenesis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 536 Cladogenesis Cladogenesis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 537 Cospeciation Cospeciation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 538 Ecological Ecological NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 539 Hybrid Hybrid NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 540 Non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 541 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 542 ecological ecological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 543 Parapatric Parapatric NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 544 Peripatric Peripatric NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 545 Reinforcement Reinforcement NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 546 Sympatric Sympatric NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 547 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 548 Renaissance Renaissance NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 549 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 550 Enlightenment Enlightenment NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 551 Transmutation Transmutation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 552 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 553 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 554 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 555 Hume Hume NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 556 Dialogues dialogue VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 557 Concerning concern VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 558 Natural Natural NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 559 Religion religion NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 560 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 561 Darwin Darwin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 562 On on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 563 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 564 Origin Origin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 565 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 566 Species Species NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 567 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 568 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 569 paleontology paleontology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 570 Transitional transitional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 571 fossil fossil NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 572 Blending Blending NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 573 inheritance inheritance NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 574 Mendelian mendelian JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 575 inheritance inheritance NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 576 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 577 eclipse eclipse NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 578 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 579 Darwinism Darwinism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 580 Modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 581 synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 582 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 583 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 584 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 585 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 586 Extended extend VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 587 evolutionary evolutionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 588 synthesis synthesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 589 Philosophy Philosophy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 590 Darwinism Darwinism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 591 Alternatives Alternatives NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 592 Catastrophism Catastrophism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 593 Lamarckism Lamarckism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 594 Orthogenesis Orthogenesis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 595 Mutationism Mutationism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 596 Saltationism Saltationism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 597 Structuralism Structuralism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 598 Spandrel Spandrel NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 599 Theistic Theistic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 600 Vitalism Vitalism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 601 Teleology Teleology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 602 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 603 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 604 Related Related NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 605 Biogeography Biogeography NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 606 Ecological Ecological NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 607 genetics genetic NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 608 Molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 609 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 610 Phylogenetics Phylogenetics NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 611 Tree Tree NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 612 Polymorphism Polymorphism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 613 Protocell Protocell NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 614 Systematics Systematics NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 615 Category Category NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 616 Commons Commons NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 617 Portal Portal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 618 WikiProject WikiProject NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 619 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 620 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 621 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 622 Taxonomic Taxonomic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 623 ranks rank VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 624 Realm Realm NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 625 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 626 vir vir NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 627 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1748 628 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1749 1 Subrealm Subrealm NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1749 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1749 3 vir vir NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1749 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1749 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 1 Domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 3 Superkingdom Superkingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 4 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 5 Subkingdom Subkingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 6 Infrakingdom Infrakingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 7 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 8 Branch Branch NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 9 Superphylum Superphylum NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 10 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 11 Superdivision Superdivision NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 12 Phylum Phylum NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 13 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 14 Division Division NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 15 Subphylum Subphylum NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 16 Infraphylum Infraphylum NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 17 Microphylum Microphylum NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 18 Superclass Superclass NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 19 Class Class NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 20 Subclass Subclass NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 21 Infraclass Infraclass NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 22 Subterclass Subterclass NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 23 Parvclass Parvclass NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 24 Legion Legion NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 25 Cohort Cohort NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 26 Magnorder Magnorder NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 27 Superorder Superorder NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 28 Order Order NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 29 Suborder Suborder NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 30 Infraorder Infraorder NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 31 Parvorder Parvorder NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 32 Section Section NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 33 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 34 zoo zoo NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1750 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1751 1 Superfamily superfamily RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1751 2 Family Family NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1751 3 Subfamily Subfamily NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1751 4 Infrafamily infrafamily RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1751 5 Supertribe Supertribe NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1751 6 Tribe tribe NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1751 7 Subtribe subtribe NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1751 8 Infratribe infratribe NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1751 9 Genus Genus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1751 10 Subgenus Subgenus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1751 11 Section Section NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1751 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1751 13 bot bot NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1751 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1751 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1752 1 Series Series NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1752 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1752 3 bot bot NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1752 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1752 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1753 1 Superspecies Superspecies NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1753 2 Species Species NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1753 3 Subspecies Subspecies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1753 4 Variety Variety NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1753 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1753 6 bot bot NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1753 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1753 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1754 1 Form Form NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1754 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1754 3 bot bot NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1754 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1754 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1 v v NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 2 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 3 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 4 Natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 5 resources resource NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 6 Air Air NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 7 Pollution Pollution NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 9 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 10 quality quality NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 11 Ambient ambient JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 12 standards standard NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 14 USA USA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 16 Index Index NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 17 Indoor Indoor NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 18 developing develop VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 19 nations nation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 20 Law Law NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 21 Clean Clean NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 22 Air Air NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 23 Act Act NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 25 USA USA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 27 Ozone ozone NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 28 depletion depletion NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 29 Emissions emission NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 30 Airshed Airshed NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 31 Trading trading NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 32 Deforestation deforestation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 33 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 34 REDD REDD NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 35 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 36 Energy Energy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 37 Law Law NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 38 Resources Resources NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 39 Fossil Fossil NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 40 fuels fuel NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 41   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 42 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 43 peak peak NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 44 oil oil NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 45 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 46 Geothermal Geothermal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 47 Hydro Hydro NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 48 Nuclear Nuclear NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 49 Solar Solar NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 50 sunlight sunlight NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 51 shade shade NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 52 Wind Wind NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 53 Land Land NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 54 Arable arable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 55 peak peak NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 56 farmland farmland VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 57 Degradation Degradation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 58 Law Law NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 59 property property NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 60 Management Management NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 61 habitat habitat NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 62 conservation conservation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 63 Minerals Minerals NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 64 mining mining NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 65 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 66 sand sand VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 67 peak peak NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 68 rights rights NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 69 Soil soil NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 70 conservation conservation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 71 fertility fertility NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 72 health health NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 73 resilience resilience NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 74 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 75 planning plan VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 76 reserve reserve NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 77 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 78 Biodiversity Biodiversity NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 79 Bioprospecting bioprospecte VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 80 Biosphere Biosphere NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 81 Bushfood Bushfood NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 82 Bushmeat Bushmeat NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 83 Fisheries Fisheries NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 84 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 85 management management NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 86 Forests Forests NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 87 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 88 resources resource NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 89 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 90 management management NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 91 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 92 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 93 timber timber JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 94 products product NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 95 Game Game NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 96 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 97 Marine Marine NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 98 conservation conservation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 99 Plants Plants NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 100 FAO FAO NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 101 Plant Plant NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 102 Treaty Treaty NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 103 food food NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 104 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 105 resources resource NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 106 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 107 banks bank NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 108 herbal herbal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 109 medicines medicine NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 110 UPOV UPOV NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 111 Convention Convention NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 112 wood wood NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 113 Rangeland Rangeland NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 114 Seed Seed NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 115 bank bank NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 116 Wildlife Wildlife NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 117 conservation conservation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 118 management management NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 119 Water Water NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 120 Types Types NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 121   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 122 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 123 location location NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 124 Aquifer aquifer JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 125 storage storage NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 126 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 127 recovery recovery NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 128 Drinking Drinking NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 129 Fresh Fresh NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 130 Groundwater Groundwater NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 131 pollution pollution NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 132 recharge recharge NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 133 remediation remediation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 134 Hydrosphere Hydrosphere NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 135 Ice Ice NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 136 bergs berg VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 137 glacial glacial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 138 polar polar NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 139 Irrigation Irrigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 140 huerta huerta NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 141 Rain rain NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 142 harvesting harvesting NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 143 Stormwater Stormwater NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 144 Surface Surface NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 145 water water NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 146 Wastewater Wastewater NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 147 reclaimed reclaim VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 148 Aspects Aspects NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 149 Desalination Desalination NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 150 Floods Floods NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 151 Law Law NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 152 Leaching Leaching NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 153 Sanitation Sanitation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 154 Conflict Conflict NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 155 Conservation Conservation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 156 Peak Peak NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 157 water water NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 158 Pollution Pollution NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 159 Privatization Privatization NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 160 Quality Quality NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 161 Right Right NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 162 Resources Resources NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 163 management management NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 164 policy policy NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 165 Related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 166 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 167 enclosure enclosure NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 168 global global JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 169 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 170 tragedy tragedy NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 171 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 172 Economics Economics NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 173 ecological ecological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 174 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 175 Ecosystem Ecosystem NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 176 services services NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 177 Exploitation Exploitation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 178 overexploitation overexploitation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 179 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 180 Overshoot Overshoot NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 181 Day Day NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 182 Management Management NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 183 adaptive adaptive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 184 Natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 185 capital capital NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 186 accounting account VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 187 Nature Nature NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 188 reserve reserve NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 189 Systems Systems NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 190 ecology ecology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 191 Urban Urban NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 192 ecology ecology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 193 Wilderness wilderness NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 194 Resource Resource NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 195 Common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 196 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 197 pool pool NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 198 Conflict conflict NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 199 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 200 perpetuation perpetuation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 201 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 202 Curse Curse NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 203 Depletion Depletion NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 204 Extraction Extraction NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 205 Nationalism Nationalism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 206 Renewable renewable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 207   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 208 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 209 Non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 210 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 211 renewable renewable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 212 Category category NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 213 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 214 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 215 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 216 Extant extant JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 217 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 218 phyla phyla NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 219 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 220 divisions division NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 221 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 222 domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 223 Bacteria Bacteria NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 224 Acidobacteria Acidobacteria NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 225 Actinobacteria Actinobacteria NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 226 Aquificae Aquificae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 227 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 228 Chlamydiae Chlamydiae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 229 Chlorobi Chlorobi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 230 Chloroflexi Chloroflexi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 231 Chrysiogenetes Chrysiogenetes NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 232 Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 233 Deferribacteres Deferribacteres NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 234 Deinococcus Deinococcus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 235 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 236 Thermus Thermus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 237 Dictyoglomi Dictyoglomi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 238 Fibrobacteres Fibrobacteres NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 239 Firmicutes Firmicutes NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 240 Fusobacteria Fusobacteria NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 241 Gemmatimonadetes gemmatimonadete VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 242 Nitrospirae Nitrospirae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 243 Planctomycetes planctomycete NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 244 Proteobacteria Proteobacteria NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 245 Spirochaetes spirochaete VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 246 Thermodesulfobacteria Thermodesulfobacteria NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 247 Thermomicrobia Thermomicrobia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 248 Thermotogae Thermotogae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 249 Verrucomicrobia Verrucomicrobia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 250 Archaea Archaea NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 251 Crenarchaeota Crenarchaeota NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 252 Euryarchaeota Euryarchaeota NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 253 Korarchaeota Korarchaeota NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 254 Nanoarchaeota Nanoarchaeota NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 255 Archaeal Archaeal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 256 Richmond Richmond NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 257 Mine Mine NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 258 acidophilic acidophilic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 259 nanoorganisms nanoorganism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 260 Eukaryote Eukaryote NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 261 Protist Protist NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 262 Chromista Chromista NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 263 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 264 Heterokontophyta Heterokontophyta NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 265 Haptophyta Haptophyta NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 266 Cryptophyta Cryptophyta NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 267 Ciliophora Ciliophora NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 268 Apicomplexa Apicomplexa NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 269 Dinoflagellata Dinoflagellata NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 270 Radiolaria Radiolaria NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 271 Foraminifera Foraminifera NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 272 Cercozoa Cercozoa NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 273 Excavata excavata NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 274 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 275 Euglenozoa Euglenozoa NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 276 Percolozoa Percolozoa NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 277 Jakobea Jakobea NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 278 Metamonada Metamonada NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 279 Other Other NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 280 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 281 Amoebozoa Amoebozoa NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 282 Fungi Fungi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 283 Chytridiomycota Chytridiomycota NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 284 Blastocladiomycota Blastocladiomycota NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 285 Neocallimastigomycota Neocallimastigomycota NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 286 Glomeromycota Glomeromycota NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 287 Zygomycota Zygomycota NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 288 Ascomycota Ascomycota NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 289 Basidiomycota Basidiomycota NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 290 Plant Plant NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 291 Glaucophyta Glaucophyta NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 292 Rhodophyta Rhodophyta NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 293 Chlorophyta Chlorophyta NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 294 Charophyta Charophyta NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 295 Marchantiophyta Marchantiophyta NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 296 Anthocerotophyta Anthocerotophyta NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 297 Moss Moss NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 298 Lycopodiophyta Lycopodiophyta NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 299 Pteridophyta Pteridophyta NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 300 Cycadophyta Cycadophyta NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 301 Ginkgophyta Ginkgophyta NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 302 Pinophyta Pinophyta NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 303 Gnetophyta Gnetophyta NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 304 Flowering Flowering NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 305 plant plant NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 306 Animal Animal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 307 Sponge Sponge NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 308 Ctenophora Ctenophora NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 309 Placozoa Placozoa NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 310 Cnidaria Cnidaria NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 311 Xenacoelomorpha Xenacoelomorpha NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 312 Chordate Chordate NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 313 Hemichordate Hemichordate NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 314 Echinoderm Echinoderm NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 315 Chaetognatha Chaetognatha NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 316 Kinorhyncha Kinorhyncha NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 317 Loricifera Loricifera NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 318 Priapulida Priapulida NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 319 Nematoda Nematoda NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 320 Nematomorpha Nematomorpha NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 321 Onychophora Onychophora NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 322 Tardigrada Tardigrada NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 323 Arthropoda Arthropoda NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 324 Flatworm Flatworm NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 325 Gastrotricha Gastrotricha NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 326 Orthonectida Orthonectida NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 327 Dicyemida Dicyemida NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 328 Rotifera Rotifera NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 329 Acanthocephala Acanthocephala NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 330 Gnathostomulida Gnathostomulida NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 331 Micrognathozoa Micrognathozoa NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 332 Cycliophora Cycliophora NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 333 Nemertea Nemertea NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 334 Phoronid Phoronid NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 335 Bryozoa Bryozoa NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 336 Entoprocta Entoprocta NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 337 Brachiopoda Brachiopoda NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 338 Mollusca Mollusca NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 339 Annelida Annelida NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 340 Sipuncula Sipuncula NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 341 Incertae Incertae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 342 sedis sedis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 343 Parakaryon Parakaryon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 344 v v IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 345 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 346 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 347 Gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 348 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 349 Introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 350 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 351 genetics genetics NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 352 Genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 353 code code NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 354 Central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 355 dogma dogma NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 356 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 357   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 358 → → NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 359 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 360   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 361 → → NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 362 Protein Protein NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 363 Special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 364 transfers transfer NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 365 RNA→RNA rna→rna VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 366 RNA→DNA RNA→DNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 367 Protein→Protein Protein→Protein NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 368 Transcription Transcription NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 369 Types Types NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 370 Bacterial Bacterial NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 371 Archaeal Archaeal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 372 Eukaryotic eukaryotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 373 Key Key NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 374 elements element NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 375 Transcription Transcription NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 376 factor factor NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 377 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 378 polymerase polymerase NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 379 Promoter Promoter NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 380 Post Post NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 381 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 382 transcription transcription JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 383 Precursor Precursor NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 384 mRNA mrna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 385 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 386 pre pre NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 387 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 388 mRNA mrna JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 389   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 390 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 391 hnRNA hnRNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 392 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 393 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 394 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 395 capping cap VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 396 Splicing Splicing NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 397 Polyadenylation Polyadenylation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 398 Histone Histone NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 399 acetylation acetylation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 400 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 401 deacetylation deacetylation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 402 Translation translation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 403 Types Types NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 404 Bacterial Bacterial NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 405 Archaeal Archaeal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 406 Eukaryotic eukaryotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 407 Key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 408 elements element NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 409 Ribosome Ribosome NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 410 Transfer Transfer NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 411 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 412 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 413 tRNA trna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 414 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 415 Ribosome ribosome NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 416 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 417 nascent nascent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 418 chain chain NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 419 complex complex NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 420 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 421 RNC RNC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 422 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 423 Post post JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 424 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 425 translational translational JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 426 modification modification NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 427 Regulation Regulation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 428 Epigenetic Epigenetic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 429 imprinting imprint VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 430 Transcriptional Transcriptional NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 431 Gene Gene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 432 regulatory regulatory JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 433 network network NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 434 cis cis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 435 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 436 regulatory regulatory JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 437 element element NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 438 lac lac NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 439 operon operon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 440 Post post JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 441 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 442 transcriptional transcriptional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 443 sequestration sequestration NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 444 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 445 P p NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 446 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 447 bodies body NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 448 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 449 alternative alternative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 450 splicing splice VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 451 microRNA microRNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 452 Translational Translational NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 453 Post Post NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 454 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 455 translational translational JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 456 reversible reversible NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 457 irreversible irreversible JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 458 Influential influential JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 459 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 460 François François NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 461 Jacob Jacob NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 462 Jacques Jacques NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 463 Monod Monod NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 464 v v NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 465 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 466 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 467 Molecular Molecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 468 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 469 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 470 Index Index NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 471 Glossary Glossary NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 472 Overview Overview NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 473 Central Central NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 474 dogma dogma NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 475 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 476 replication replication NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 477 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 478 DNA DNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 479 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 480 Transcription Transcription NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 481 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 482 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 483 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 484 Translation translation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 485 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 486 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 487 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 488 Element Element NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 489 Genetic Genetic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 490 Heredity Heredity NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 491 Promoter Promoter NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 492 Pribnow Pribnow NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 493 box box NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 494 TATA TATA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 495 box box NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 496 Operon Operon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 497 gal gal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 498 operon operon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 499 lac lac NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 500 operon operon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 501 trp trp NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 502 operon operon NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 503 Intron Intron NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 504 Exon Exon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 505 Terminator Terminator NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 506 Enhancer Enhancer NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 507 Repressor Repressor NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 508 lac lac VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 509 repressor repressor NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 510 trp trp NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 511 repressor repressor VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 512 Silencer Silencer NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 513 Histone Histone NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 514 methylation methylation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 515 Linked link VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 516 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 517 Cell Cell NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 518 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 519 Biochemistry Biochemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 520 Computational Computational NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 521 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 522 Developmental Developmental NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 523 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 524 Functional Functional NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 525 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 526 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 527 medicine medicine NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 528 Genetics Genetics NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 529 Engineering Engineering NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 530 Concepts Concepts NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 531 Mitosis mitosis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 532 Cell Cell NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 533 signalling signal VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 534 Post post JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 535 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 536 transcriptional transcriptional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 537 modification modification NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 538 Post post JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 539 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 540 translational translational JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 541 modification modification NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 542 Dry Dry NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 543 lab lab NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 544 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 545 Wet wet NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 546 lab lab NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 547 Techniques Techniques NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 548 Cell Cell NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 549 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 550 Model model JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 551 organisms organism NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 552 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 553 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 554 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 555 C57BL/6 c57bl/6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 556 mice mouse NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 557 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 558 Methods Methods NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 559 Nucleic Nucleic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 560 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 561 Protein Protein NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 562 Fluorescence Fluorescence NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 563 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 564 Pigment Pigment NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 565 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 566 Radioactivity Radioactivity NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 567 High High NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 568 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 569 throughput throughput NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 570 technique technique NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 571 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 572 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 573 -omics -omic NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 574 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 575 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 576 DNA DNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 577 microarray microarray NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 578 Mass Mass NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 579 spectrometry spectrometry NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 580 Lab lab NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 581 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 582 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 583 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 584 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 585 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 586 chip chip NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 587 Gene Gene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 588 regulation regulation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 589 Epigenetic Epigenetic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 590 Genetic Genetic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 591 Post Post NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 592 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 593 transcriptional transcriptional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 594 Post post JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 595 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 596 translational translational JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 597 regulation regulation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 598 Molecular Molecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 599 biology biology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 600 WikiProject WikiProject NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 601 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 602 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 603 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 604 Molecules Molecules NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 605 detected detect VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 606 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 607 outer outer JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 608 space space NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 609 Molecules Molecules NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 610 Diatomic Diatomic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 611 Aluminium Aluminium NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 612 monochloride monochloride NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 613 Aluminium Aluminium NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 614 monofluoride monofluoride NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 615 Aluminium Aluminium NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 616 monoxide monoxide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 617 Argonium Argonium NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 618 Carbon Carbon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 619 monophosphide monophosphide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 620 Carbon Carbon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 621 monosulfide monosulfide VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 622 Carbon Carbon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 623 monoxide monoxide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 624 Carborundum Carborundum NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 625 Cyanogen Cyanogen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 626 radical radical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 627 Diatomic Diatomic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 628 carbon carbon NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 629 Fluoromethylidynium Fluoromethylidynium NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 630 Helium Helium NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 631 hydride hydride NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 632 ion ion NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 633 Hydrogen Hydrogen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 634 chloride chloride NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 635 Hydrogen Hydrogen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 636 fluoride fluoride NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 637 Hydrogen Hydrogen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 638 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 639 molecular molecular NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 640 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 641 Hydroxyl Hydroxyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 642 radical radical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 643 Iron(II Iron(II NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 644 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 645 oxide oxide VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 646 Magnesium Magnesium NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 647 monohydride monohydride NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 648 cation cation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 649 Methylidyne Methylidyne NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 650 radical radical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 651 Nitric nitric JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 652 oxide oxide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 653 Nitrogen Nitrogen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 654 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 655 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 656 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 657 Nitrogen nitrogen NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 658 monohydride monohydride NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 659 Nitrogen Nitrogen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 660 sulfide sulfide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 661 Oxygen Oxygen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 662 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 663 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 664 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 665 Phosphorus Phosphorus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 666 monoxide monoxide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 667 Phosphorus Phosphorus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 668 mononitride mononitride NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 669 Potassium Potassium NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 670 chloride chloride NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 671 Silicon Silicon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 672 carbide carbide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 673 Silicon Silicon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 674 mononitride mononitride NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 675 Silicon Silicon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 676 monoxide monoxide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 677 Silicon Silicon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 678 monosulfide monosulfide NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 679 Sodium Sodium NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 680 chloride chloride NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 681 Sodium Sodium NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 682 iodide iodide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 683 Sulfur Sulfur NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 684 monohydride monohydride NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 685 Sulfur Sulfur NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 686 monoxide monoxide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 687 Titanium Titanium NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 688 oxide oxide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 689 Triatomic Triatomic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 690 Aluminium(I Aluminium(I NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 691 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 692 hydroxide hydroxide NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 693 Aluminium Aluminium NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 694 isocyanide isocyanide NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 695 Amino Amino NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 696 radical radical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 697 Carbon carbon NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 698 dioxide dioxide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 699 Carbonyl Carbonyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 700 sulfide sulfide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 701 CCP CCP NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 702 radical radical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 703 Chloronium Chloronium NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 704 Diazenylium Diazenylium NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 705 Dicarbon Dicarbon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 706 monoxide monoxide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 707 Disilicon Disilicon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 708 carbide carbide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 709 Ethynyl Ethynyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 710 radical radical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 711 Formyl formyl JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 712 radical radical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 713 Hydrogen Hydrogen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 714 cyanide cyanide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 715 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 716 HCN HCN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 717 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 718 Hydrogen hydrogen NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 719 isocyanide isocyanide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 720 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 721 HNC HNC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 722 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 723 Hydrogen Hydrogen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 724 sulfide sulfide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 725 Hydroperoxyl Hydroperoxyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 726 Iron Iron NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 727 cyanide cyanide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 728 Isoformyl Isoformyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 729 Magnesium Magnesium NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 730 cyanide cyanide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 731 Magnesium Magnesium NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 732 isocyanide isocyanide JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 733 Methylene Methylene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 734 radical radical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 735 N2H+ n2h+ DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 736 Nitrous nitrous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 737 oxide oxide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 738 Nitroxyl Nitroxyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 739 Ozone Ozone NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 740 Phosphaethyne Phosphaethyne NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 741 Potassium Potassium NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 742 cyanide cyanide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 743 Protonated protonate VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 744 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 745 hydrogen hydrogen NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 746 Sodium Sodium NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 747 cyanide cyanide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 748 Sodium Sodium NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 749 hydroxide hydroxide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 750 Silicon Silicon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 751 carbonitride carbonitride NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 752 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 753 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 754 Silicon Silicon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 755 dicarbide dicarbide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 756 SiNC SiNC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 757 Sulfur Sulfur NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 758 dioxide dioxide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 759 Thioformyl Thioformyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 760 Thioxoethenylidene Thioxoethenylidene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 761 Titanium Titanium NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 762 dioxide dioxide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 763 Tricarbon Tricarbon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 764 Water Water NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 765 Four Four NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 766 atoms atom VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 767 Acetylene Acetylene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 768 Ammonia Ammonia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 769 Cyanic Cyanic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 770 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 771 Cyanoethynyl Cyanoethynyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 772 Cyclopropynylidyne Cyclopropynylidyne NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 773 Formaldehyde Formaldehyde NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 774 Fulminic Fulminic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 775 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 776 HCCN HCCN NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 777 Hydrogen Hydrogen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 778 peroxide peroxide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 779 Hydromagnesium Hydromagnesium NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 780 isocyanide isocyanide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 781 Isocyanic Isocyanic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 782 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 783 Isothiocyanic isothiocyanic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 784 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 785 Ketenyl Ketenyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 786 Methylene Methylene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 787 amidogen amidogen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 788 Methyl Methyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 789 radical radical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 790 Propynylidyne Propynylidyne NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 791 Protonated Protonated NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 792 carbon carbon NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 793 dioxide dioxide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 794 Protonated protonate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 795 hydrogen hydrogen NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 796 cyanide cyanide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 797 Silicon Silicon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 798 tricarbide tricarbide VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 799 Thioformaldehyde Thioformaldehyde NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 800 Tricarbon Tricarbon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 801 monoxide monoxide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 802 Tricarbon Tricarbon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 803 monosulfide monosulfide VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 804 Thiocyanic thiocyanic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 805 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 806 Five five CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 807 atoms atom NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 808 Ammonium Ammonium NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 809 ion ion NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 810 Butadiynyl Butadiynyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 811 Carbodiimide Carbodiimide NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 812 Cyanamide Cyanamide NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 813 Cyanoacetylene Cyanoacetylene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 814 Cyanoformaldehyde Cyanoformaldehyde NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 815 Cyanomethyl Cyanomethyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 816 Cyclopropenylidene Cyclopropenylidene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 817 Formic Formic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 818 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 819 Isocyanoacetylene Isocyanoacetylene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 820 Ketene Ketene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 821 Methane Methane NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 822 Methoxy Methoxy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 823 radical radical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 824 Methylenimine Methylenimine NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 825 Propadienylidene Propadienylidene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 826 Protonated Protonated NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 827 formaldehyde formaldehyde NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 828 Protonated Protonated NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 829 formaldehyde formaldehyde NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 830 Silane Silane NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 831 Silicon Silicon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 832 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 833 carbide carbide NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 834 cluster cluster NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 835 Six six CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 836 atoms atom NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 837 Acetonitrile Acetonitrile NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 838 Cyanobutadiynyl Cyanobutadiynyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 839 radical radical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 840 E E NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 841 - - : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 842 Cyanomethanimine Cyanomethanimine NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 843 Cyclopropenone Cyclopropenone NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 844 Diacetylene Diacetylene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 845 Ethylene Ethylene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 846 Formamide Formamide NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 847 HC4N HC4N NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 848 Ketenimine Ketenimine NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 849 Methanethiol Methanethiol NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 850 Methanol Methanol NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 851 Methyl Methyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 852 isocyanide isocyanide IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 853 Pentynylidyne Pentynylidyne NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 854 Propynal Propynal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 855 Protonated Protonated NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 856 cyanoacetylene cyanoacetylene NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 857 Seven Seven NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 858 atoms atom NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 859 Acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 860 Acrylonitrile Acrylonitrile NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 861 Vinyl Vinyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 862 cyanide cyanide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 863 Cyanodiacetylene Cyanodiacetylene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 864 Ethylene Ethylene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 865 oxide oxide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 866 Glycolonitrile Glycolonitrile NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 867 Hexatriynyl Hexatriynyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 868 radical radical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 869 Methylacetylene Methylacetylene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 870 Methylamine Methylamine NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 871 Methyl Methyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 872 isocyanate isocyanate VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 873 Vinyl Vinyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 874 alcohol alcohol NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 875 Eight eight CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 876 atoms atom NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 877 Acetic acetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 878 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 879 Aminoacetonitrile Aminoacetonitrile NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 880 Cyanoallene Cyanoallene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 881 Ethanimine Ethanimine NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 882 Glycolaldehyde Glycolaldehyde NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 883 Heptatrienyl Heptatrienyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 884 radical radical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 885 Hexapentaenylidene Hexapentaenylidene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 886 Methylcyanoacetylene Methylcyanoacetylene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 887 Methyl Methyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 888 formate formate NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 889 Propenal Propenal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 890 Nine Nine NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 891 atoms atom NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 892 Acetamide Acetamide NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 893 Cyanohexatriyne Cyanohexatriyne NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 894 Cyanotriacetylene Cyanotriacetylene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 895 Dimethyl Dimethyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 896 ether ether NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 897 Ethanol Ethanol NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 898 Methyldiacetylene Methyldiacetylene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 899 Octatetraynyl Octatetraynyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 900 radical radical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 901 Propene Propene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 902 Propionitrile Propionitrile NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 903 Ten ten CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 904 atoms atom NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 905 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 906 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 907 Acetone Acetone NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 908 Benzene Benzene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 909 Benzonitrile Benzonitrile NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 910 Buckminsterfullerene Buckminsterfullerene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 911 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 912 C60 C60 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 913 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 914 C60 C60 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 915 + + NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 916 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 917 fullerene fullerene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 918 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 919 buckyball buckyball NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 920 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 921 C70 C70 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 922 fullerene fullerene NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 923 Cyanodecapentayne Cyanodecapentayne NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 924 Cyanopentaacetylene Cyanopentaacetylene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 925 Cyanotetra Cyanotetra NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 926 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 927 acetylene acetylene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 928 Ethylene Ethylene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 929 glycol glycol NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 930 Ethyl Ethyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 931 formate formate NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 932 Methyl Methyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 933 acetate acetate NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 934 Methyl Methyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 935 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 936 cyano cyano NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 937 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 938 diacetylene diacetylene NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 939 Methyltriacetylene Methyltriacetylene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 940 Propanal Propanal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 941 n n JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 942 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 943 Propyl Propyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 944 cyanide cyanide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 945 Pyrimidine Pyrimidine NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 946 Deuterated Deuterated NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 947 molecules molecule NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 948 Ammonia Ammonia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 949 Ammonium Ammonium NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 950 ion ion NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 951 Formaldehyde Formaldehyde NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 952 Formyl Formyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 953 radical radical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 954 Heavy heavy JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 955 water water NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 956 Hydrogen Hydrogen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 957 cyanide cyanide NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 958 Hydrogen Hydrogen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 959 deuteride deuteride NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 960 Hydrogen Hydrogen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 961 isocyanide isocyanide JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 962 Methylacetylene Methylacetylene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 963 N2D+ N2D+ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 964 Trihydrogen Trihydrogen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 965 cation cation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 966 Unconfirmed Unconfirmed NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 967 Anthracene Anthracene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 968 Dihydroxyacetone Dihydroxyacetone NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 969 Ethyl Ethyl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 970 methyl methyl NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 971 ether ether NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 972 Glycine Glycine NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 973 Graphene Graphene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 974 Hemolithin Hemolithin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 975 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 976 possibly possibly RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 977 1st 1st JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 978 extraterrestrial extraterrestrial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 979 protein protein NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 980 found find VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 981 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 982 H2NCO+ H2NCO+ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 983 Linear Linear NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 984 C5 c5 NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 985 Naphthalene Naphthalene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 986 cation cation NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 987 Phosphine Phosphine NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 988 Pyrene Pyrene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 989 Silylidine Silylidine NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 990 Related Related NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 991 Abiogenesis Abiogenesis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 992 Astrobiology astrobiology NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 993 Astrochemistry Astrochemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 994 Atomic Atomic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 995 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 996 molecular molecular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 997 astrophysics astrophysic NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 998 Chemical Chemical NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 999 formula formula NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1000 Circumstellar Circumstellar NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1001 envelope envelope NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1002 Cosmic cosmic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1003 dust dust NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1004 Cosmic cosmic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1005 ray ray NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1006 Cosmochemistry Cosmochemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1007 Diffuse Diffuse NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1008 interstellar interstellar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1009 band band NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1010 Earliest early RBS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1011 known know VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1012 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1013 forms form VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1014 Extraterrestrial extraterrestrial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1015 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1016 Extraterrestrial extraterrestrial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1017 liquid liquid JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1018 water water NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1019 Forbidden forbid VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1020 mechanism mechanism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1021 Homochirality Homochirality NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1022 Intergalactic intergalactic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1023 dust dust NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1024 Interplanetary Interplanetary NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1025 medium medium JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1026 Interstellar interstellar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1027 medium medium NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1028 Photodissociation Photodissociation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1029 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1030 Iron Iron NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1031 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1032 sulfur sulfur NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1033 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1034 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1035 Kerogen Kerogen NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1036 Molecules Molecules NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1037 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1038 stars star NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1039 Nexus Nexus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1040 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1041 Exoplanet Exoplanet NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1042 System System NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1043 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1044 Organic Organic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1045 compound compound VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1046 Outer outer JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1047 space space NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1048 PAH PAH NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1049 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1050 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1051 Panspermia Panspermia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1052 Polycyclic Polycyclic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1053 aromatic aromatic NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1054 hydrocarbon hydrocarbon NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1055 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1056 PAH PAH NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1057 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1058 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1059 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1060 hypothesis hypothesis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1061 Spectroscopy Spectroscopy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1062 Tholin Tholin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1063 Category Category NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1064 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1065 Astrochemistry Astrochemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1066   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1067 Astronomy Astronomy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1068 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1069   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1070 Chemistry Chemistry NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1071 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1072 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1073 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1074 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1075 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1076 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1077 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1078 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1079 cellular cellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1080 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1081 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1082 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1083 comparable comparable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1084 organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1085 structures structure NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1086 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1087 Archaea Archaea NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1088 Bacteria Bacteria NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1089 Eukaryota Eukaryota NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1090 Animalia Animalia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1091 Fungi Fungi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1092 Plantae Plantae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1093 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1094 Protista Protista NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1095 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1096 Parakaryon Parakaryon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1097 Nanobacterium Nanobacterium NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1098 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1099 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1755 1100 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1756 1 Non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1756 2 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1756 3 cellular cellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1756 4 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1756 5 Virus Virus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1756 6 Incl Incl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1756 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1757 1 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1757 2 viroids viroids NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1757 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1757 4 satellites satellite NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1757 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1757 6 virophages virophage NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1757 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1757 8 virusoids virusoid NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1757 9 Duplodnaviria Duplodnaviria NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1757 10 Monodnaviria Monodnaviria NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1757 11 Riboviria Riboviria NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1757 12 Varidnaviria Varidnaviria NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1757 13 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1757 14 sed se VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1757 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1758 1 orders order NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1758 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1758 3 Ligamenvirales Ligamenvirales NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1758 4 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1758 5 sed se VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1758 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1759 1 families family NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1759 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1759 3 Alphasatellitidae alphasatellitidae NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1759 4 Ampullaviridae Ampullaviridae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1759 5 Anelloviridae Anelloviridae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1759 6 Avsunviroidae Avsunviroidae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1759 7 Baculoviridae Baculoviridae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1759 8 Bicaudaviridae Bicaudaviridae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1759 9 Clavaviridae Clavaviridae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1759 10 Finnlakeviridae Finnlakeviridae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1759 11 Fuselloviridae Fuselloviridae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1759 12 Globuloviridae globuloviridae NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1759 13 Guttaviridae Guttaviridae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1759 14 Halspiviridae Halspiviridae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1759 15 Hytrosaviridae Hytrosaviridae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1759 16 Nimaviridae Nimaviridae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1759 17 Nudiviridae Nudiviridae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1759 18 Ovaliviridae Ovaliviridae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1759 19 Plasmaviridae Plasmaviridae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1759 20 Polydnaviridae Polydnaviridae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1759 21 Portogloboviridae Portogloboviridae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1759 22 Pospiviroidae Pospiviroidae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1759 23 Spiraviridae Spiraviridae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1759 24 Thaspiviridae Thaspiviridae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1759 25 Tolecusatellitidae Tolecusatellitidae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1759 26 Tristromaviridae Tristromaviridae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1759 27 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1759 28 sed se VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1759 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1760 1 genera genera NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1760 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1760 3 Deltavirus Deltavirus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1760 4 Dinodnavirus Dinodnavirus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1760 5 Rhizidiovirus Rhizidiovirus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1760 6 Other Other NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1760 7 Nanobe Nanobe NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1760 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1760 9 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1760 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 1 Comparable comparable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 2 organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 3 structures structure NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 4 Prion Prion NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 5 Fungal Fungal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 6 prion prion NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 7 Defective defective JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 8 interfering interfere VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 9 particle particle NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 10 Plasmid Plasmid NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 11 Cosmid Cosmid NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 12 Phagemid Phagemid NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 13 Fosmid Fosmid NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 14 Transpoviron Transpoviron NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 15 Transposable Transposable NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 16 element element NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 17 Retroposon Retroposon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 18 Endogenous endogenous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 19 viral viral JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 20 element element NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 21 Tandem Tandem NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 22 repeat repeat NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 23 Ribozyme Ribozyme NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 24 Protocell Protocell NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 25 Coacervate Coacervate NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 26 Proteinoid Proteinoid NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 27 Model Model NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 28 lipid lipid NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 29 bilayer bilayer NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 30 Jeewanu Jeewanu NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 31 Sulphobe Sulphobe NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 32 Cancer Cancer NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 33 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 34 HeLa hela VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 35 Clonally clonally JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 36 transmissible transmissible JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 37 cancer cancer NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 38 Earliest early RBS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 39 known know VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 40 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 41 forms form VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 42 Biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 43 dark dark JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 44 matter matter NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 45 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 46 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 47 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 48 Self self NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 49 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 50 replicating replicate VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 51 organic organic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 52 structures structure NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 53 Cellular cellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 54 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 55 Bacteria Bacteria NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 56 Archaea Archaea NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 57 Eukaryota Eukaryota NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 58 Animalia Animalia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 59 Fungi Fungi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 60 Plantae Plantae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 61 Protista Protista NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 62 Incertae Incertae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 63 sedis sedi VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 64 Parakaryon Parakaryon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 65 myojinensis myojinensis NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 66 Biological biological JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 67 dark dark JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 68 matter matter NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 69 Virus Virus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 70 dsDNA dsdna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 71 virus virus NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 72 Giant giant JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 73 virus virus NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 74 ssDNA ssdna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 75 virus virus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 76 dsRNA dsRNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 77 virus virus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 78 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 79 + + SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 80 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 81 ssRNA ssRNA . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 82 virus virus NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 83 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 84 −)ssRNA −)ssrna ADD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 85 virus virus NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 86 ssRNA ssRNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 87 - - : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 88 RT rt NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 89 virus virus NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 90 dsDNA dsdna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 91 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 92 RT rt NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 93 virus virus NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 94 Subviral subviral JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 95 agents agent NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 96 Viroid Viroid NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 97 Pospiviroidae Pospiviroidae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 98 Avsunviroidae Avsunviroidae NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 99 Helper Helper NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 100 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 101 virus virus NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 102 dependent dependent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 103 Satellite Satellite NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 104 ssRNA ssrna CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 105 satellite satellite NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 106 virus virus NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 107 dsDNA dsDNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 108 satellite satellite NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 109 virus virus NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 110 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 111 Virophage virophage NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 112 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 113 ssDNA ssDNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 114 satellite satellite NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 115 virus virus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 116 ssDNA ssDNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 117 satellite satellite NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 118 dsRNA dsRNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 119 satellite satellite NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 120 ssRNA ssRNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 121 satellite satellite NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 122 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 123 Virusoid Virusoid NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 124 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 125 Satellite Satellite NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 126 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 127 like like JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 128 nucleic nucleic NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 129 acids acid NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 130 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 131 DNA DNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 132 Other Other NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 133 Defective Defective NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 134 interfering interfere VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 135 particle particle NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 136 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 137 DNA DNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 138 Prion prion NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 139 Mammalian mammalian JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 140 prion prion NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 141 Fungal fungal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 142 prion prion NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 143 Nucleic Nucleic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 144 acid acid NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 145 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 146 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 147 replication replication NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 148 Mobile mobile JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 149 genetic genetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 150 elements element NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 151 Mobilome Mobilome NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 152 Horizontal horizontal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 153 gene gene NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 154 transfer transfer NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 155 Genomic genomic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 156 island island NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 157 Transposable transposable NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 158 element element NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 159 Class Class NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 160 I i NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 161 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 162 retrotransposon retrotransposon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 163 Class Class NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 164 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 165 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 166 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 167 transposon transposon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 168 Plasmid Plasmid NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 169 Fertility Fertility NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 170 Resistance Resistance NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 171 Col Col NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 172 Degradative Degradative NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 173 Virulence Virulence NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 174 / / , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 175 Ti Ti NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 176 Cryptic Cryptic NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 177 Cosmid Cosmid NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 178 Fosmid Fosmid NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 179 Phagemid Phagemid NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 180 Group Group NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 181 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 182 intron intron VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 183 Group Group NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 184 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 185 intron intron NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 186 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 187 aspects aspect NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 188 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 189 replication replication NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 190 RNA RNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 191 replication replication NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 192 Chromosome Chromosome NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 193 Linear Linear NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 194 Circular Circular NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 195 Extrachromosomal Extrachromosomal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 196 DNA DNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 197 Genome Genome NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 198 Gene Gene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 199 Gene Gene NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 200 duplication duplication NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 201 Non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 202 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 203 coding coding JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 204 DNA dna NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 205 Origin Origin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 206 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 207 replication replication NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 208 Replicon Replicon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 209 Endogenous endogenous JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 210 viral viral JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 211 element element NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 212 Provirus Provirus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 213 Prophage Prophage NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 214 Endogenous Endogenous NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 215 retrovirus retrovirus NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 216 Transpoviron Transpoviron NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 217 Repeated repeat VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 218 sequences sequence NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 219 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 220 DNA DNA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 221 Tandem Tandem NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 222 repeat repeat NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 223 Interspersed interspersed JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 224 repeat repeat NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 225 Endosymbiosis Endosymbiosis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 226 Mitochondrion Mitochondrion NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 227 Mitosome Mitosome NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 228 Hydrogenosome Hydrogenosome NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 229 Plastid Plastid NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 230 Chloroplast Chloroplast NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 231 Chromoplast Chromoplast NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 232 Gerontoplast Gerontoplast NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 233 Leucoplast Leucoplast NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 234 Apicoplast Apicoplast NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 235 Kappa Kappa NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 236 organism organism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 237 Organs organ VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 238 Bacteriome Bacteriome NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 239 Trophosome Trophosome NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 240 Abiogenesis Abiogenesis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 241 Last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 242 universal universal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 243 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 244 ancestor ancestor NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 245 Earliest Earliest NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 246 known know VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 247 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 248 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 249 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 250 RNA rna VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 251 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 252 Ribozyme Ribozyme NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 253 †Protocell †Protocell NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 254 Coacervate Coacervate NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 255 Proteinoid Proteinoid NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 256 Sulphobe Sulphobe NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 257 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 258 Model Model NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 259 lipid lipid NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 260 bilayer bilayer NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 261 Jeewanu Jeewanu NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 262 See See NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 263 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 264 Organism Organism NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 265 Cell Cell NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 266 Cell Cell NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 267 division division NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 268 Artificial artificial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 269 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 270 Non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 271 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 272 cellular cellular JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 273 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 274 Synthetic synthetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 275 virus virus NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 276 Viral viral JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 277 vector vector NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 278 Helper helper NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 279 dependent dependent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 280 virus virus NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 281 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 282 Nanobacterium nanobacterium NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 283 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 284 Nanobe Nanobe NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 285 Cancer Cancer NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 286 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 287 HeLa hela VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 288 Clonally clonally JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 289 transmissible transmissible JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 290 cancer cancer NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 291 Astronomy Astronomy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 292 portal portal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 293 Biology Biology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 294 portal portal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 295 Authority Authority NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 296 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 297 BNF BNF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 298 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 299 cb11933780 cb11933780 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 300 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 301 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 302 data data NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 303 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 304 GND GND NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 305 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 306 4034831 4034831 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 307 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 308 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 309 NDL NDL NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 310 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 311 00570344 00570344 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 312 NLI NLI NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 313 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 314 000707709 000707709 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 315 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 316 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 317 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 318 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life&oldid=991367191 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life&oldid=991367191 NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 319 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 320 Categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 321 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 322 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 323 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 324 topic topic NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 325 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 326 Hidden hide VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 327 categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 328 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 329 Harv Harv NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 330 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 331 Sfn Sfn NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 332 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 333 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 334 target target NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 335 errors error NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 336 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 337 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 338 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 339 broken broken JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 340 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 341 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 342 citations citation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 343 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 344 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 345 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 346 unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 347 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 348 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 349 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 350 unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 351 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 352 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 353 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 354 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 355 CS1 CS1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 356 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 357 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 358 volume volume NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 359 value value NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 360 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 361 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 362 short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 363 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 364 Short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 365 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 366 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 367 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 368 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 369 Wikidata Wikidata NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 370 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 371 dmy dmy NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 372 dates date NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 373 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 374 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 375 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 376 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 377 pages page NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 378 semi semi RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 379 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 380 protected protect VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 381 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 382 vandalism vandalism NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 383 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 384 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 385 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 386 species specie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 387 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 388 microformats microformat VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 389 Taxoboxes Taxoboxes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 390 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 391 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 392 color color NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 393 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 394 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 395 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 396 BNF BNF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 397 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 398 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 399 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 400 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 401 GND GND NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 402 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 403 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 404 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 405 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 406 NDL NDL NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 407 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 408 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 409 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 410 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 411 NLI NLI NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 412 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 413 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 414 menu menu NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 415 Personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 416 tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 417 Not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 418 logged log VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 419 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 420 Talk Talk NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 421 Contributions Contributions NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 422 Create Create NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 423 account account NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 424 Log Log NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 425 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 426 Namespaces Namespaces NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 427 Article Article NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 428 Talk talk NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 429 Variants variant VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 430 Views view NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 431 Read read VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 432 View View NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 433 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 434 View View NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 435 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 436 More More JJR en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 437 Search Search NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 438 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 439 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 440 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 441 Contents content VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 442 Current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 443 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 444 Random random JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 445 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 446 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 447 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 448 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 449 us -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 450 Donate Donate NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 451 Contribute contribute NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 452 Help help NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 453 Learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 454 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 455 edit edit VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 456 Community community NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 457 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 458 Recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 459 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 460 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 461 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 462 Tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 463 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 464 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 465 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 466 Related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 467 changes change VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 468 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 469 file file VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 470 Special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 471 pages page NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 472 Permanent permanent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 473 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 474 Page Page NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 475 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 476 Cite cite VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 477 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 478 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 479 Wikidata wikidata NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 480 item item NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 481 Print print NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 482 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 483 export export NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 484 Download Download NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 485 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 486 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 487 Printable Printable NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 488 version version NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 489 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 490 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 491 projects project NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 492 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 493 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 494 Wikiquote Wikiquote NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 495 Wikiversity Wikiversity NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 496 Languages Languages NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 497 Адыгэбзэ Адыгэбзэ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 498 Afrikaans Afrikaans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 499 Alemannisch Alemannisch NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 500 አማርኛ አማርኛ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 501 Ænglisc Ænglisc NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 502 العربية العربية NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 503 Aragonés Aragonés NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 504 অসমীয়া অসমীয়া . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 505 Asturianu Asturianu NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 506 Avañe'ẽ Avañe'ẽ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 507 Aymar Aymar NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 508 aru aru VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 509 Azərbaycanca Azərbaycanca NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 510 تۆرکجه تۆرکجه NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 511 বাংলা বাংলা NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 512 Bân Bân NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 513 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 514 lâm lâm NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 515 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 516 gú gú NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 517 Башҡортса Башҡортса NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 518 Беларуская Беларуская NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 519 Беларуская Беларуская NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 520 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 521 тарашкевіца)‎ тарашкевіца)‎ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 522 भोजपुरी भोजपुरी NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 523 Български Български NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 524 བོད་ཡིག བོད་ཡིག NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 525 Bosanski Bosanski NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 526 Brezhoneg Brezhoneg NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 527 Буряад Буряад NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 528 Català Català NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 529 Cebuano Cebuano NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 530 Čeština Čeština NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 531 Cymraeg Cymraeg NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 532 Dansk Dansk NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 533 Deutsch Deutsch NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 534 Eesti Eesti NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 535 Ελληνικά Ελληνικά NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 536 Español Español NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 537 Esperanto Esperanto NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 538 Estremeñu Estremeñu NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 539 Euskara Euskara NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 540 فارسی فارسی JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 541 Fiji Fiji NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 542 Hindi Hindi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 543 Français Français NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 544 Frysk Frysk NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 545 Gaeilge Gaeilge NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 546 Galego Galego NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 547 客家語 客家語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 548 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 549 Hak Hak NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 550 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 551 kâ kâ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 552 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 553 ngî ngî NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 554 한국어 한국어 NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 555 Հայերեն Հայերեն NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 556 हिन्दी हिन्दी NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 557 Hrvatski Hrvatski NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 558 Ilokano Ilokano NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 559 Bahasa Bahasa NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 560 Indonesia Indonesia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 561 Interlingua Interlingua NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 562 Interlingue Interlingue NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 563 IsiXhosa IsiXhosa NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 564 Íslenska Íslenska NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 565 Italiano Italiano NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 566 עברית עברית NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 567 Jawa Jawa NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 568 ಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ XX en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 569 Къарачай Къарачай NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 570 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 571 малкъар малкъар NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 572 ქართული ქართული NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 573 Қазақша Қазақша NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 574 Kinyarwanda Kinyarwanda NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 575 Kiswahili Kiswahili NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 576 Kreyòl Kreyòl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 577 ayisyen ayisyen NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 578 Kriyòl Kriyòl NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 579 gwiyannen gwiyannen FW en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 580 Kurdî Kurdî NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 581 Кыргызча Кыргызча NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 582 ລາວ ລາວ NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 583 Latina Latina NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 584 Latviešu Latviešu NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 585 Lietuvių Lietuvių NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 586 Ligure Ligure NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 587 Limburgs Limburgs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 588 Lingála Lingála NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 589 La La NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 590 .lojban .lojban NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1761 591 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 1 Magyar Magyar NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 2 Македонски Македонски NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 3 Malagasy Malagasy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 4 മലയാളം മലയാളം IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 5 मराठी मराठी NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 6 მარგალური მარგალური VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 7 Bahasa Bahasa NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 8 Melayu Melayu NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 9 Minangkabau Minangkabau NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 10 Mìng Mìng NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 12 dĕ̤ng dĕ̤ng NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 14 ngṳ̄ ngṳ̄ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 15 Mirandés Mirandés NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 16 Монгол Монгол NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 17 မြန်မာဘာသာ မြန်မာဘာသာ . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 18 Na Na NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 19 Vosa Vosa NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 20 Vakaviti Vakaviti NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 21 Nederlands Nederlands NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 22 नेपाली नेपाली NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 23 नेपाल नेपाल NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 24 भाषा भाषा VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 25 日本語 日本語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 26 Norfuk Norfuk NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 27 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 28 Pitkern Pitkern NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 29 Norsk Norsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 30 bokmål bokmål NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 31 Norsk Norsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 32 nynorsk nynorsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 33 Occitan Occitan NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 34 Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 35 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 36 پنجابی پنجابی NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 37 Papiamentu Papiamentu NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 38 پښتو پښتو NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 39 Patois Patois NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 40 Polski Polski NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 41 Português Português NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 42 Română Română NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 43 Runa Runa NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 44 Simi Simi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 45 Русиньскый Русиньскый NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 46 Русский Русский NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 47 Саха Саха NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 48 тыла тыла NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 49 ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 50 Scots Scots NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 51 Shqip Shqip NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 52 Sicilianu Sicilianu NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 53 සිංහල සිංහල NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 54 Simple Simple NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 55 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 56 Slovenčina Slovenčina NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 57 Slovenščina Slovenščina NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 58 Ślůnski Ślůnski NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 59 Soomaaliga Soomaaliga NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 60 کوردی کوردی IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 61 Српски Српски NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 62 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 63 srpski srpski JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 64 Srpskohrvatski Srpskohrvatski NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 65 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 66 српскохрватски српскохрватски JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 67 Sunda Sunda NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 68 Suomi Suomi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 69 Svenska Svenska NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 70 Tagalog Tagalog NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 71 தமிழ் தமிழ் , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 72 Татарча Татарча NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 73 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 74 tatarça tatarça NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 75 తెలుగు తెలుగు NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 76 ไทย ไทย NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 77 Тоҷикӣ Тоҷикӣ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 78 Lea Lea NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 79 faka faka NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 80 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 81 Tonga Tonga NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 82 Türkçe Türkçe NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 83 Türkmençe Türkmençe NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 84 Українська Українська NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 85 اردو اردو NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 86 Vahcuengh Vahcuengh NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 87 Vèneto Vèneto NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 88 Vepsän Vepsän NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 89 kel kel NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 90 ’ ' '' en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 91 Tiếng Tiếng NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 92 Việt Việt NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 93 Volapük Volapük NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 94 Walon Walon NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 95 Winaray Winaray NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 96 吴语 吴语 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 97 Xitsonga Xitsonga NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 98 ייִדיש ייִדיש NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 99 粵語 粵語 IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 100 Žemaitėška Žemaitėška NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 101 中文 中文 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 102 Edit Edit NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 103 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 104 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 105 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 106 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 107 last last RB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 108 edited edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 109 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 110 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 111 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 112 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 113 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 114 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 115 18:00 18:00 CD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 116   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 117 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 118 UTC UTC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 119 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8287 1762 120 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1763 1 Text text NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1763 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1763 3 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1763 4 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1763 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1763 6 Creative Creative NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1763 7 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1763 8 Attribution Attribution NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1763 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8287 1763 10 ShareAlike ShareAlike NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1763 11 License License NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1763 12 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1763 13 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1763 14 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1763 15 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8287 1763 16 apply apply VB en-wikipedia-org-8287 1763 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1764 1 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1764 2 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-8287 1764 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1764 4 site site NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1764 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1764 6 you -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1764 7 agree agree VBP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1764 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1764 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1764 10 Terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1764 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1764 12 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1764 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8287 1764 14 Privacy Privacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1764 15 Policy Policy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1764 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1765 1 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1765 2 ® ® NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1765 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1765 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1765 5 registered registered JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1765 6 trademark trademark NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1765 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1765 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1765 9 Wikimedia 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Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1765 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8287 1765 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8287 1765 15 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1765 16 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1765 17 profit profit JJ en-wikipedia-org-8287 1765 18 organization organization NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1765 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8287 1766 1 Privacy privacy NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1766 2 policy policy NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1766 3 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1766 4 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1766 5 Disclaimers Disclaimers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8287 1766 6 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1766 7 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1766 8 Mobile Mobile NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1766 9 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-8287 1766 10 Developers Developers NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1766 11 Statistics Statistics NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1766 12 Cookie Cookie NNP en-wikipedia-org-8287 1766 13 statement statement NN