id sid tid token lemma pos en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 1 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 2 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 4 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 5 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 6 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 7 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 8 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 11 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 12 encyclopedia encyclopedia NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 13 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 15 navigation navigation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 16 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 18 search search VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 19 Period Period NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 21 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 22 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 23 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 25 5th 5th NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 26 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 28 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 29 15th 15th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 30 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 31 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 32 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 33 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 34 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 35 medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 36 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 2 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 2 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 2 3 global global JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 2 4 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 2 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 2 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 2 7 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 2 8 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 2 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 2 10 5th 5th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 2 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 2 12 15th 15th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 2 13 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 2 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 2 15 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 2 16 Post post JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 2 17 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 2 18 classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 2 19 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 2 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 3 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 3 2 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 3 3 uses use NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 3 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 3 5 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 3 6 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 3 7 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 3 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 3 9 disambiguation disambiguation NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 3 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 3 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 4 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 4 2 Medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 4 3 times time NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 4 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 4 5 redirects redirect VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 4 6 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 4 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 5 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 5 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 5 3 dinner dinner NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 5 4 theatre theatre NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 5 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 5 6 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 5 7 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 5 8 Times Times NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 5 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 2 Cross Cross NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 4 Mathilde Mathilde NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 7 crux crux NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 8 gemmata gemmata NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 9 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 10 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 11 Mathilde Mathilde NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 13 Abbess Abbess NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 15 Essen Essen NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 17 973–1011 973–1011 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 20 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 21 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 22 shown show VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 23 kneeling kneel VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 24 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 26 Virgin Virgin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 28 Child Child NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 31 enamel enamel NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 32 plaque plaque NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 6 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 7 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 7 2 figure figure NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 7 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 7 4 Christ Christ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 7 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 7 6 slightly slightly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 7 7 later later JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 7 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 1 Probably probably RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 2 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 4 Cologne Cologne NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 5 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 6 Essen Essen NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 9 cross cross NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 10 demonstrates demonstrate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 11 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 12 medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 13 techniques technique NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 14 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 15 cast cast VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 16 figurative figurative JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 17 sculpture sculpture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 19 filigree filigree JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 21 enamelling enamelling NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 23 gem gem VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 24 polishing polishing NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 26 setting set VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 30 reuse reuse NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 32 Classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 33 cameos cameo NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 35 engraved engraved JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 36 gems gem NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 8 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 9 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 9 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 9 3 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 9 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 9 5 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 9 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 9 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 9 8 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 9 9 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 9 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 9 11 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 9 12 Period Period NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 9 13 lasted last VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 9 14 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 9 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 9 16 5th 5th NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 9 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 9 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 9 19 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 9 20 15th 15th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 9 21 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 9 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 10 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 10 2 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 10 3 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 10 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 10 5 fall fall NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 10 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 10 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 10 8 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 10 9 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 10 10 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 10 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 10 12 merged merge VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 10 13 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 10 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 10 15 Renaissance Renaissance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 10 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 10 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 10 18 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 10 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 10 20 Discovery Discovery NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 10 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 11 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 11 2 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 11 3 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 11 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 11 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 11 6 middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 11 7 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 11 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 11 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 11 10 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 11 11 traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 11 12 divisions division NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 11 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 11 14 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 11 15 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 11 16 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 11 17 classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 11 18 antiquity antiquity NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 11 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 11 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 11 21 medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 11 22 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 11 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 11 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 11 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 11 26 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 11 27 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 11 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 12 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 12 2 medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 12 3 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 12 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 12 5 itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 12 6 subdivided subdivide VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 12 7 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 12 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 12 9 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 12 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 12 11 High high JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 12 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 12 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 12 14 Late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 12 15 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 12 16 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 12 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 13 1 Population population NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 13 2 decline decline NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 13 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 13 4 counterurbanisation counterurbanisation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 13 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 13 6 collapse collapse NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 13 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 13 8 centralized centralize VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 13 9 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 13 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 13 11 invasions invasion NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 13 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 13 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 13 14 mass mass JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 13 15 migrations migration NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 13 16 of of IN 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en-wikipedia-org-9529 14 9 Period Period NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 14 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 14 11 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 14 12 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 14 13 Germanic Germanic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 14 14 peoples people NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 14 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 14 16 formed form VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 14 17 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 14 18 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 14 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 14 20 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 14 21 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 14 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 14 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 14 24 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 14 25 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 14 26 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 14 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 3 7th 7th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 4 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 6 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 7 Africa Africa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 10 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 11 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 12 — — : en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 13 once once RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 14 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 17 Byzantine Byzantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 18 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 19 — — : en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 20 came come VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 21 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 23 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 26 Umayyad Umayyad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 27 Caliphate Caliphate NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 29 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 30 Islamic islamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 31 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 33 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 34 conquest conquest NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 35 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 36 Muhammad Muhammad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 37 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 38 successors successor NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 15 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 16 1 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 16 2 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-9529 16 3 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 16 4 substantial substantial JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 16 5 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 16 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 16 7 society society NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 16 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 16 9 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 16 10 structures structure NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 16 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 16 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 16 13 break break NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 16 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 16 15 classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 16 16 antiquity antiquity NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 16 17 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 16 18 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 16 19 complete complete JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 16 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 17 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 17 2 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 17 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 17 4 sizeable sizeable JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 17 5 Byzantine Byzantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 17 6 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 17 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 17 8 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 17 9 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 17 10 direct direct JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 17 11 continuation continuation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 17 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 17 13 survived survive VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 17 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 17 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 17 16 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 17 17 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 17 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 17 19 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 17 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 17 21 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 17 22 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 17 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 18 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 18 2 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 18 3 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 18 4 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 18 5 code code NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 18 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 18 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 18 8 Corpus Corpus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 18 9 Juris Juris NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 18 10 Civilis Civilis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 18 11 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 18 12 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 18 13 Code Code NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 18 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 18 15 Justinian Justinian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 18 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 18 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 18 18 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 18 19 rediscovered rediscover VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 18 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 18 21 Northern Northern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 18 22 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 18 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 18 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 18 25 11th 11th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 18 26 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 18 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 19 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 19 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 19 3 West West NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 19 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 19 5 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-9529 19 6 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 19 7 incorporated incorporate VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 19 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 19 9 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 19 10 extant extant JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 19 11 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 19 12 institutions institution NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 19 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 20 1 Monasteries monastery 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Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 21 14 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 21 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 21 16 later later JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 21 17 8th 8th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 21 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 21 19 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 21 20 9th 9th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 21 21 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 21 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 2 covered cover VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 3 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 5 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 7 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 8 later later RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 9 succumbed succumb VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 12 pressures pressure NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 14 internal internal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 15 civil civil JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 16 wars war NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 17 combined combine VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 18 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 19 external external JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 20 invasions invasion NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 21 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 22 Vikings viking NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 23 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 25 north north NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 27 Magyars magyar NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 28 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 30 east east NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 33 Saracens Saracens NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 34 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 36 south south NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 22 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 23 1 During during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 23 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 23 3 High High NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 23 4 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 23 5 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 23 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 23 7 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 23 8 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 23 9 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 23 10 1000 1000 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 23 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 23 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 23 13 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 23 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 23 15 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 23 16 increased increase VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 23 17 greatly greatly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 23 18 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 23 19 technological technological JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 23 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 23 21 agricultural agricultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 23 22 innovations innovation NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 23 23 allowed allow VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 23 24 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villages village NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 9 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 10 owed owe VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 11 rent rent NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 13 labour labour NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 14 services service NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 17 nobles noble NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 20 feudalism feudalism NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 23 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 24 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 25 whereby whereby WRB en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 26 knights knight NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 28 lower low JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 29 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 30 status status NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 31 nobles noble NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 32 owed owe VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 33 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 34 service service NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 35 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 36 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 37 overlords overlord NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 38 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 39 return return NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 40 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 42 right right NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 43 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 44 rent rent VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 45 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 46 lands land NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 47 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 48 manors manor NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 50 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 51 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 52 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 53 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 54 ways way NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 55 society society NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 56 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 57 organised organise VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 58 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 59 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 60 High High NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 61 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 62 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 24 63 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 25 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 25 2 Crusades Crusades NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 25 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 25 4 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 25 5 preached preach VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 25 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 25 7 1095 1095 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 25 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 25 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 25 10 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 25 11 attempts attempt NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 25 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 25 13 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 25 14 European European NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 25 15 Christians Christians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 25 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 25 17 regain regain VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 25 18 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 25 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 25 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 25 21 Holy Holy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 25 22 Land Land NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 25 23 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 25 24 Muslims Muslims NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 25 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 26 1 Kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 26 2 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 26 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 26 4 heads head NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 26 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 26 6 centralised centralised JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 26 7 nation nation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 26 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 26 9 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 26 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 26 11 reducing reduce VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 26 12 crime crime NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 26 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 26 14 violence violence NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 26 15 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 26 16 making make VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 26 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 26 18 ideal ideal NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 26 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 26 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 26 21 unified unify VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 26 22 Christendom Christendom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 26 23 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-9529 26 24 distant distant JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 26 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 27 1 Intellectual intellectual JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 27 2 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 27 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 27 4 marked mark VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 27 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 27 6 scholasticism scholasticism NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 27 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 27 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 27 9 philosophy philosophy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 27 10 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 27 11 emphasised emphasise VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 27 12 joining join VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 27 13 faith faith NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 27 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 27 15 reason reason NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 27 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 27 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 27 18 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 27 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 27 20 founding founding NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 27 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 27 22 universities university NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 27 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 2 theology theology NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 4 Thomas Thomas NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 5 Aquinas Aquinas NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 8 paintings painting NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 10 Giotto Giotto NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 13 poetry poetry NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 15 Dante Dante NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 17 Chaucer Chaucer NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 20 travels travel NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 22 Marco Marco NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 23 Polo Polo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 27 Gothic gothic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 28 architecture architecture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 30 cathedrals cathedral NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 31 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 32 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 33 Chartres chartre NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 34 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 35 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 37 outstanding outstanding JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 38 achievements achievement NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 39 toward toward IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 41 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 42 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 43 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 44 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 45 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 46 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 47 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 48 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 49 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 50 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 28 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 2 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 3 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 4 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 5 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 6 marked mark VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 8 difficulties difficulty NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 10 calamities calamity NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 11 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 12 famine famine NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 14 plague plague NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 17 war war NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 19 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 20 significantly significantly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 21 diminished diminish VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 23 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 25 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 26 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 27 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 28 1347 1347 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 30 1350 1350 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 33 Black Black NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 34 Death Death NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 35 killed kill VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 36 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 37 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 38 third third NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 40 Europeans Europeans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 29 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 30 1 Controversy controversy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 30 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 30 3 heresy heresy VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 30 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 30 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 30 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 30 7 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 30 8 Schism Schism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 30 9 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 30 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 30 11 Catholic Catholic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 30 12 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 30 13 paralleled parallel VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 30 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 30 15 interstate interstate JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 30 16 conflict conflict NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 30 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 30 18 civil civil JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 30 19 strife strife NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 30 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 30 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 30 22 peasant peasant NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 30 23 revolts revolt NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 30 24 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 30 25 occurred occur VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 30 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 30 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 30 28 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 30 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 31 1 Cultural cultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 31 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 31 3 technological technological JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 31 4 developments development NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 31 5 transformed transform VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 31 6 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 31 7 society society NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 31 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 31 9 concluding conclude VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 31 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 31 11 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 31 12 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 31 13 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 31 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 31 15 beginning begin VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 31 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 31 17 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 31 18 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 31 19 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 31 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 1 Contents content NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 2 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 3 Terminology terminology NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 5 periodisation periodisation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 6 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 7 Later later JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 8 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 9 Empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 10 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 11 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 12 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 13 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 14 3.1 3.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 15 New new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 16 societies society NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 17 3.2 3.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 18 Byzantine byzantine JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 19 survival survival NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 20 3.3 3.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 21 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 22 society society NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 23 3.4 3.4 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 24 Rise rise NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 26 Islam Islam NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 27 3.5 3.5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 28 Trade Trade NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 30 economy economy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 31 3.6 3.6 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 32 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 34 monasticism monasticism NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 35 3.7 3.7 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 36 Carolingian Carolingian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 37 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 38 3.8 3.8 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 39 Carolingian carolingian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 40 Renaissance Renaissance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 41 3.9 3.9 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 42 Breakup Breakup NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 43 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 44 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 45 Carolingian Carolingian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 46 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 47 3.10 3.10 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 48 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 49 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 50 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 51 Byzantine byzantine JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 52 revival revival NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 53 3.11 3.11 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 54 Art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 55 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 56 architecture architecture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 57 3.12 3.12 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 58 Military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 59 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 60 technological technological JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 61 developments development NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 62 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 63 High High NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 64 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 65 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 66 4.1 4.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 67 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 68 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 69 economic economic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 70 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 71 4.2 4.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 72 Rise rise NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 73 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 74 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 75 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 76 4.3 4.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 77 Crusades Crusades NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 78 4.4 4.4 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 79 Intellectual intellectual JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 80 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 81 4.5 4.5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 82 Technology technology NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 83 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 84 military military NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 85 4.6 4.6 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 86 Architecture Architecture NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 87 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 88 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 89 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 90 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 91 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 92 4.7 4.7 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 93 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 94 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 95 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 96 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 97 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 98 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 99 5.1 5.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 100 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 101 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 102 famine famine NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 103 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 104 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 105 plague plague NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 106 5.2 5.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 107 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 108 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 109 economy economy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 110 5.3 5.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 111 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 112 resurgence resurgence NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 113 5.4 5.4 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 114 Collapse Collapse NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 115 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 116 Byzantium Byzantium NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 117 5.5 5.5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 118 Controversy Controversy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 119 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 120 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 121 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 122 5.6 5.6 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 123 Scholars Scholars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 124 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 125 intellectuals intellectual NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 126 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 127 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 128 exploration exploration NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 129 5.7 5.7 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 130 Technological technological JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 131 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 132 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 133 developments development NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 134 5.8 5.8 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 135 Late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 136 medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 137 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 138 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 139 architecture architecture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 140 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 141 Modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 142 perceptions perception NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 143 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 144 Notes note NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 145 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 146 Citations citation NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 147 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 148 References reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 149 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 150 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 151 reading read VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 152 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 153 External external JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 154 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 155 Terminology terminology NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 156 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 157 periodisation periodisation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 158 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 159 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 160 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 161 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 162 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 163 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 164 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 165 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 166 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 167 periods period NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 168 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 169 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 170 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 171 enduring enduring JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 172 scheme scheme NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 173 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 174 analysing analyse VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 175 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 176 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 177 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 178 classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 179 civilisation civilisation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 180 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 181 Antiquity antiquity NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 182 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 183 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 184 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 185 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 186 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 187 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 188 Modern Modern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 189 Period Period NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 32 190 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 33 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 33 2 1 1 LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 33 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 33 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 33 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 33 6 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 33 7 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 33 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 33 9 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 33 10 appears appear VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 33 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 33 12 Latin Latin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 33 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 33 14 1469 1469 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 33 15 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 33 16 media medium NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 33 17 tempestas tempesta NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 33 18 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 33 19 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 33 20 middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 33 21 season season NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 33 22 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 33 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 2 2 2 LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 5 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 6 usage usage NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 8 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 10 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 11 variants variant NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 13 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 14 medium medium JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 15 aevum aevum NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 17 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 18 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 19 middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 20 age age NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 21 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 23 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 24 recorded record VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 26 1604,[3 1604,[3 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 27 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 29 media medium NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 30 saecula saecula NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 32 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 33 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 34 middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 35 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 36 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 38 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 39 recorded record VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 40 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 41 1625 1625 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 34 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 35 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 35 2 4 4 LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 35 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 35 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 35 5 adjective adjective JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 35 6 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 35 7 medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 35 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 35 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 35 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 35 11 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 35 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the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 36 31 last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 36 32 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 36 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 36 34 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 36 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 36 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 36 37 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 36 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 37 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 37 2 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 37 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 37 4 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-9529 37 5 referring refer VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 37 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 37 7 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 37 8 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 37 9 times time NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 37 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 37 11 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 37 12 spoke speak VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 37 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 37 14 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 37 15 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 37 16 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 37 17 " " `` 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JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 51 74 territories territory NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 51 75 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 4 Economic economic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 5 issues issue NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 7 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 8 inflation inflation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 11 external external JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 12 pressure pressure NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 13 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 15 frontiers frontier NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 16 combined combine VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 18 create create VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 20 Crisis Crisis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 23 Third Third NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 24 Century Century NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 26 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 27 emperors emperor NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 28 coming come VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 29 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 31 throne throne NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 32 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 33 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 34 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 35 rapidly rapidly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 36 replaced replace VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 37 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 38 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 39 usurpers usurper NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 52 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 4 Military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 5 expenses expense NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 6 increased increase VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 7 steadily steadily RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 8 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 10 3rd 3rd JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 11 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 13 mainly mainly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 15 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 16 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 18 war war NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 19 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 21 Sasanian Sasanian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 22 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 24 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 25 revived revive VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 28 middle middle NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 31 3rd 3rd JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 32 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 53 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 54 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 54 2 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 54 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 54 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 54 5 army army NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 54 6 doubled double VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 54 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 54 8 size size NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 54 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 54 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 54 11 cavalry cavalry NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 54 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 54 13 smaller small JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 54 14 units unit NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 54 15 replaced replace VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 54 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 54 17 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 54 18 legion legion NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 54 19 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 54 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 54 21 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 54 22 tactical tactical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 54 23 unit unit NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 54 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 2 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 5 need need NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 7 revenue revenue NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 8 led lead VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 10 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 11 taxes taxis NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 14 decline decline NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 16 numbers number NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 19 curial curial NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 21 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 22 landowning landowning NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 24 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 27 decreasing decrease VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 28 numbers number NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 30 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 31 willing willing JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 32 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 33 shoulder shoulder VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 35 burdens burden NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 37 holding hold VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 38 office office NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 39 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 40 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 41 native native JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 42 towns town NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 55 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 2 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 4 More More JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 5 bureaucrats bureaucrat NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 7 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 10 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 11 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 13 deal deal VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 16 needs need NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 19 army army NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 21 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 22 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 24 complaints complaint NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 25 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 26 civilians civilian NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 27 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 28 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 29 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 30 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 31 tax tax NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 32 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 33 collectors collector NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 36 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 37 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 38 tax tax NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 39 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 40 payers payer NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 56 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 2 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 5 Emperor Emperor NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 6 Diocletian Diocletian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 8 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 9 284–305 284–305 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 11 split split VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 13 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 14 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 15 separately separately RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 16 administered administer VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 17 eastern eastern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 19 western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 20 halves half NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 22 286 286 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 23 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 25 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 26 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 27 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 28 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 29 divided divide VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 30 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 31 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 32 inhabitants inhabitant NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 33 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 34 rulers ruler NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 36 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 37 legal legal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 39 administrative administrative JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 40 promulgations promulgation NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 41 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 42 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 43 division division NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 44 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 45 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 46 valid valid JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 47 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 49 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 57 50 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 2 25][B 25][b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 5 330 330 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 7 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 9 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 11 civil civil JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 12 war war NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 14 Constantine Constantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 16 Great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 18 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 19 306–337 306–337 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 21 refounded refounde VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 23 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 25 Byzantium Byzantium NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 26 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 28 newly newly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 29 renamed rename VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 30 eastern eastern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 31 capital capital NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 33 Constantinople Constantinople NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 58 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 2 26 26 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 4 Diocletian Diocletian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 5 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 6 reforms reform NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 7 strengthened strengthen VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 9 governmental governmental JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 10 bureaucracy bureaucracy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 12 reformed reform VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 13 taxation taxation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 16 strengthened strengthen VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 18 army army NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 20 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 21 bought buy VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 23 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 24 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 25 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 26 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 27 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 28 resolve resolve VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 30 problems problem NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 31 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 32 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 33 facing face VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 34 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 35 excessive excessive JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 36 taxation taxation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 38 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 39 declining decline VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 40 birthrate birthrate NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 42 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 43 pressures pressure NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 44 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 45 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 46 frontiers frontier NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 47 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 48 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 49 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 59 50 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 2 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 4 Civil civil JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 5 war war NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 6 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 7 rival rival JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 8 emperors emperor NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 9 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 10 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 13 middle middle NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 16 4th 4th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 17 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 19 diverting divert VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 20 soldiers soldier NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 21 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 23 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 24 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 25 frontier frontier NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 26 forces force NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 28 allowing allow VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 29 invaders invader NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 30 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 31 encroach encroach VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 60 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 2 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 4 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 5 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 8 4th 4th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 9 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 11 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 12 society society NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 13 stabilised stabilise VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 16 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 17 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 18 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 19 differed differ VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 20 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 22 earlier early JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 23 classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 24 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 26 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 28 widening widen VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 29 gulf gulf NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 30 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 32 rich rich JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 34 poor poor JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 37 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 38 decline decline NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 39 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 41 vitality vitality NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 42 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 43 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 44 smaller small JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 45 towns town NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 61 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 62 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 62 2 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 62 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 62 4 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 62 5 change change NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 62 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 62 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 62 8 Christianisation christianisation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 62 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 62 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 62 11 conversion conversion NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 62 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 62 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 62 14 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 62 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 62 16 Christianity Christianity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 62 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 62 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 62 19 gradual gradual JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 62 20 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 62 21 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 62 22 lasted last VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 62 23 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 62 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 62 25 2nd 2nd NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 62 26 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 62 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 62 28 5th 5th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 62 29 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 62 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 2 30][31 30][31 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 4 Map Map NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 7 approximate approximate JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 8 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 9 boundaries boundary NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 11 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 12 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 13 450 450 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 14 AD ad NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 15 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 16 376 376 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 19 Goths Goths NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 21 fleeing flee VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 22 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 24 Huns Huns NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 26 received receive VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 27 permission permission NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 28 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 29 Emperor Emperor NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 30 Valens Valens NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 31 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 32 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 33 364–378 364–378 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 35 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 36 settle settle VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 37 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 39 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 40 province province NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 41 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 42 Thracia Thracia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 43 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 44 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 45 Balkans Balkans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 63 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 64 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 64 2 settlement settlement NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 64 3 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 64 4 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 64 5 go go VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 64 6 smoothly smoothly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 64 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 64 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 64 9 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-9529 64 10 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 64 11 officials official NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 64 12 mishandled mishandle VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 64 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 64 14 situation situation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 64 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 64 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 64 17 Goths Goths NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 64 18 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 64 19 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 64 20 raid raid VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 64 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 64 22 plunder plunder VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 64 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 65 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 65 2 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 65 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 65 4 Valens Valens NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 65 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 65 6 attempting attempt VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 65 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 65 8 put put VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 65 9 down down RP en-wikipedia-org-9529 65 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 65 11 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 65 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 65 13 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 65 14 killed kill VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 65 15 fighting fight VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 65 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 65 17 Goths Goths NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 65 18 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 65 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 65 20 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 65 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 65 22 Adrianople Adrianople NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 65 23 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 65 24 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 65 25 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 65 26 378 378 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 65 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 66 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 66 2 33 33 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 66 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 66 4 As as RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 66 5 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 66 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 66 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 66 8 threat threat NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 66 9 from from IN 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NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 100 12 509–511 509–511 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 100 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 100 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 100 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 100 16 founder founder NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 100 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 100 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 100 19 Merovingian merovingian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 100 20 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 100 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 100 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 100 23 Frankish frankish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 100 24 kingdom kingdom NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 100 25 expanded expand VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 100 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 100 27 converted convert VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 100 28 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 100 29 Christianity Christianity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 100 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 101 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 101 2 Britons Britons NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 101 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 101 4 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 101 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 101 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 101 7 natives native NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 101 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 101 9 Britannia Britannia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 101 10   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 101 11 – – : en-wikipedia-org-9529 101 12 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 101 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 101 14 day day NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 101 15 Great Great NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 101 16 Britain Britain NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 101 17   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 101 18 – – : en-wikipedia-org-9529 101 19 settled settle VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 101 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 101 21 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 101 22 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 101 23 now now RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 101 24 Brittany Brittany NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 101 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 102 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 102 2 55][F 55][f NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 102 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 102 4 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 102 5 monarchies monarchy NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 102 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 102 7 established establish VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 102 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 102 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 102 10 Visigothic Visigothic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 102 11 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 102 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 102 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 102 14 Iberian Iberian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 102 15 Peninsula Peninsula NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 102 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 102 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 102 18 Suebi Suebi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 102 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 102 20 northwestern northwestern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 102 21 Iberia Iberia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 102 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 102 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 102 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 102 25 Vandal Vandal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 102 26 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 102 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 102 28 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 102 29 Africa Africa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 102 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 103 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 103 2 53 53 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 103 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 103 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 103 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 103 6 sixth sixth JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 103 7 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 103 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 103 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 103 10 Lombards Lombards NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 103 11 settled settle VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 103 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 103 13 Northern Northern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 103 14 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 103 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 103 16 replacing replace VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 103 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 103 18 Ostrogothic ostrogothic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 103 19 kingdom kingdom 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arrangement arrangement NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 104 9 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 104 10 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 104 11 replaced replace VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 104 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 104 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 104 14 permanent permanent JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 104 15 monarchy monarchy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 104 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 104 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 104 18 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 104 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 104 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 104 21 Lombards Lombards NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 104 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 105 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 105 2 56 56 LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 105 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 105 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 105 5 invasions invasion NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 105 6 brought bring VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 105 7 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 105 8 ethnic ethnic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 105 9 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 105 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 105 11 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 105 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 105 13 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 105 14 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 105 15 regions region NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 105 16 received receive VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 105 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 105 18 larger large JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 105 19 influx influx NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 105 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 105 21 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 105 22 peoples people NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 105 23 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 105 24 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 105 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 106 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 106 2 Gaul Gaul NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 106 3 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 106 4 instance instance NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 106 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 106 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 106 7 invaders invader NNS 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107 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 107 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 107 10 Balkan Balkan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 107 11 Peninsula Peninsula NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 107 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 108 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 108 2 settlement settlement NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 108 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 108 4 peoples people NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 108 5 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 108 6 accompanied accompany VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 108 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 108 8 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 108 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 108 10 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 108 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 109 1 Latin Latin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 109 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 109 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 109 4 literary literary JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 109 5 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 109 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 109 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 109 8 Western 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en-wikipedia-org-9529 109 31 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 109 32 Romance Romance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 109 33 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 109 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 110 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 110 2 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 110 3 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 110 4 Latin Latin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 110 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 110 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 110 7 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 110 8 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 110 9 took take VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 110 10 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 110 11 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 110 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 111 1 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 111 2 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 111 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 111 4 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 111 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 111 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 111 7 Byzantine Byzantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 111 8 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 111 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 111 10 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 111 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 111 12 migrations migration NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 111 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 111 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 111 15 Slavs Slavs NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 111 16 added add VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 111 17 Slavic slavic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 111 18 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 111 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 111 20 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 111 21 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 111 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 112 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 112 2 57 57 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 112 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 112 4 Byzantine byzantine JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 112 5 survival survival NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 112 6 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 112 7 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 112 8 : : : 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11 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 115 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 115 13 lasted last VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 115 14 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 115 15 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-9529 115 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 115 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 115 18 5th 5th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 115 19 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 115 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 2 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 3 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 4 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 5 marked mark VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 7 closer close JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 8 relations relation NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 9 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 11 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 12 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 14 Christian Christian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 15 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 17 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 18 doctrinal doctrinal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 19 matters matter NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 20 assuming assume VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 21 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 22 importance importance NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 24 Eastern eastern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 25 politics politic NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 26 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 27 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 28 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 29 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 30 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 32 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 33 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 116 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 117 1 Legal legal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 117 2 developments development 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under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 118 5 Emperor Emperor NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 118 6 Justinian Justinian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 118 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 118 8 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 118 9 527–565 527–565 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 118 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 118 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 118 12 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 118 13 compilation compilation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 118 14 took take VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 118 15 place place NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 118 16 — — : en-wikipedia-org-9529 118 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 118 18 Corpus Corpus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 118 19 Juris Juris NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 118 20 Civilis Civilis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 118 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 2 60 60 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 4 Justinian Justinian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 5 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 6 oversaw oversee VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 8 construction construction NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 11 Hagia Hagia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 12 Sophia Sophia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 14 Constantinople Constantinople NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 17 reconquest reconquest NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 19 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 20 Africa Africa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 21 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 23 Vandals Vandals NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 25 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 26 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 28 Ostrogoths,[61 ostrogoths,[61 NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 29 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 30 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 31 Belisarius Belisarius NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 119 33 d. d. 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NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 137 23 525 525 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 137 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 137 25 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 137 26 typical typical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 137 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 137 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 137 29 age age NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 137 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 138 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 138 2 68 68 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 138 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 138 4 Changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 138 5 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 138 6 took take VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 138 7 place place NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 138 8 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 138 9 laymen layman NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 138 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 138 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 138 12 aristocratic aristocratic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 138 13 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 138 14 focused focus VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 138 15 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 138 16 great 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uniform uniform JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 150 12 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9529 150 13 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 150 14 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 150 15 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 150 16 greatly greatly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 150 17 fragmented fragment VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 150 18 landholding landholding NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 150 19 patterns pattern NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 150 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 150 21 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 150 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 150 23 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 150 24 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 150 25 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 150 26 contiguous contiguous JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 150 27 blocks block NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 150 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 150 29 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 150 30 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 150 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 150 32 norm norm NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 150 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 151 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 151 2 differences difference NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 151 3 allowed allow VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 151 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 151 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 151 6 wide wide JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 151 7 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 151 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 151 9 peasant peasant NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 151 10 societies society NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 151 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 151 12 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 151 13 dominated dominate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 151 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 151 15 aristocratic aristocratic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 151 16 landholders landholder NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 151 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 151 18 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 151 19 having have VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 151 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 151 21 great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 151 22 deal deal NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 151 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 151 24 autonomy autonomy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 151 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 152 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 152 2 74 74 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 152 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 152 4 Land land NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 152 5 settlement settlement NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 152 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 152 7 varied vary VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 152 8 greatly greatly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 152 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 153 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 153 2 peasants peasant NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 153 3 lived live VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 153 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 153 5 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 153 6 settlements settlement NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 153 7 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 153 8 numbered number VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 153 9 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 153 10 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 153 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 153 12 700 700 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 153 13 inhabitants inhabitant NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 153 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 154 1 Others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 154 2 lived live VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 154 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 154 4 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 154 5 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 154 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 154 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 154 8 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 154 9 families family NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 154 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 154 11 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 154 12 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 154 13 lived live VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 154 14 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 154 15 isolated isolated JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 154 16 farms farm NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 154 17 spread spread VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 154 18 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 154 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 154 20 countryside countryside NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 154 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 155 1 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-9529 155 2 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 155 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 155 4 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 155 5 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-9529 155 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 155 7 pattern pattern NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 155 8 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 155 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 155 10 mix mix NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 155 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 155 12 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 155 13 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 155 14 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 155 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 155 16 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 155 17 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 155 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 2 75 75 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 4 Unlike unlike IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 7 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 8 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 9 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 11 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 12 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 13 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 14 sharp sharp JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 15 break break NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 16 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 18 legal legal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 19 status status NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 22 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 23 peasant peasant NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 26 aristocrat aristocrat NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 29 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 30 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 31 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 32 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 33 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 34 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 35 peasant peasant NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 36 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 37 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 38 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 39 rise rise VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 40 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 42 aristocracy aristocracy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 43 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 44 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 45 generations generation NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 46 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 47 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 48 service service NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 49 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 50 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 51 powerful powerful JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 52 lord lord NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 156 53 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 157 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 157 2 76 76 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 157 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 157 4 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 157 5 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 157 6 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 157 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 157 8 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 157 9 changed change VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 157 10 greatly greatly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 157 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 157 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 157 13 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 157 14 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 157 15 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 157 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 158 1 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 158 2 Italian italian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 158 3 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 158 4 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 158 5 inhabited inhabited JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 158 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 158 7 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 158 8 contracted contract VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 158 9 significantly significantly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 158 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 158 11 size size NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 158 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 159 1 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 159 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 159 3 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 159 4 instance instance NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 159 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 159 6 shrank shrink VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 159 7 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 159 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 159 9 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 159 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 159 11 hundreds hundred NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 159 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 159 13 thousands thousand NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 159 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 159 15 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 159 16 30,000 30,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 159 17 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 159 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 159 19 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 159 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 159 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 159 22 6th 6th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 159 23 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 159 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 160 1 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 160 2 temples temple NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 160 3 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 160 4 converted convert VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 160 5 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 160 6 Christian christian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 160 7 churches church NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 160 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 160 9 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 160 10 walls wall NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 160 11 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 160 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 160 13 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 160 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 161 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 161 2 77 77 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 161 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 161 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 161 5 Northern Northern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 161 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 161 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 161 8 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 161 9 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 161 10 shrank shrink VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 161 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 161 12 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 161 13 civic civic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 161 14 monuments monument NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 161 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 161 16 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 161 17 public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 161 18 buildings building NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 161 19 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 161 20 raided raid VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 161 21 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 161 22 building build VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 161 23 materials material NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 161 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 162 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 162 2 establishment establishment NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 162 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 162 4 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 162 5 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 162 6 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 162 7 meant mean VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 162 8 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 162 9 growth growth NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 162 10 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 162 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 162 12 towns town NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 162 13 chosen choose VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 162 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 162 15 capitals capital NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 162 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 163 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 163 2 78 78 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 163 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 163 4 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 163 5 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-9529 163 6 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 163 7 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 163 8 Jewish jewish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 163 9 communities community NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 163 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 163 11 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 163 12 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 163 13 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 163 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 163 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 163 16 Jews Jews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 163 17 suffered suffer VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 163 18 periods period NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 163 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 163 20 persecution persecution NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 163 21 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 163 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 163 23 conversion conversion NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 163 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 163 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 163 26 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 163 27 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 163 28 Christianity Christianity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 163 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 164 1 Officially officially RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 164 2 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 164 3 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 164 4 tolerated tolerate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 164 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 164 6 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 164 7 subject subject JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 164 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 164 9 conversion conversion NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 164 10 efforts effort NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 164 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 164 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 164 13 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 164 14 times time NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 164 15 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 164 16 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 164 17 encouraged encourage VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 164 18 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 164 19 settle settle VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 164 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 164 21 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 164 22 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 164 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 2 79 79 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 4 Rise rise NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 6 Islam Islam NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 7 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 8 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 10 Spread Spread NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 12 Islam Islam NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 14 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 15 Muslim muslim JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 16 conquests conquest NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 17 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 18 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 19 Muslim muslim JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 20 conquests conquest NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 21       _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 22 Expansion Expansion NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 23 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 24 Muhammad Muhammad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 26 622–632 622–632 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 27       _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 28 Expansion expansion NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 29 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 31 Rashidun Rashidun NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 32 Caliphate Caliphate NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 34 632–661 632–661 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 35       _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 36 Expansion expansion NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 37 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 39 Umayyad Umayyad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 40 Caliphate Caliphate NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 42 661–750 661–750 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 43 Religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 44 beliefs belief NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 45 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 46 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 47 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 48 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 49 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 50 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 51 Iran Iran NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 52 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 53 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 54 flux flux NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 55 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 56 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 57 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 58 sixth sixth JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 59 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 60 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 61 seventh seventh JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 62 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 165 63 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 166 1 Judaism Judaism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 166 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 166 3 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 166 4 active active JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 166 5 proselytising proselytise VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 166 6 faith faith NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 166 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 166 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 166 9 at at RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 166 10 least least JJS en-wikipedia-org-9529 166 11 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 166 12 Arab arab JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 166 13 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 166 14 leader leader NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 166 15 converted convert VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 166 16 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 166 17 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 166 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 167 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 167 2 H h NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 167 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 167 4 Christianity Christianity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 167 5 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 167 6 active active JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 167 7 missions mission NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 167 8 competing compete VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 167 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 167 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 167 11 Persians Persians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 167 12 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 167 13 Zoroastrianism Zoroastrianism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 167 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 167 15 seeking seek VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 167 16 converts convert NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 167 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 167 18 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 167 19 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 167 20 residents resident NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 167 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 167 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 167 23 Arabian Arabian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 167 24 Peninsula Peninsula NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 167 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 168 1 All all PDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 168 2 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 168 3 strands strand NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 168 4 came come VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 168 5 together together RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 168 6 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 168 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 168 8 emergence emergence NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 168 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 168 10 Islam Islam NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 168 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 168 12 Arabia Arabia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 168 13 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 168 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 168 15 lifetime lifetime NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 168 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 168 17 Muhammad Muhammad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 168 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 168 19 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 169 1 632 632 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 169 2 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 169 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 2 81 81 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 4 After after IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 5 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 6 death death NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 8 Islamic islamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 9 forces force NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 10 conquered conquer VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 11 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 14 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 15 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 16 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 18 Persia Persia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 20 starting start VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 21 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 22 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 24 634–635 634–635 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 26 continuing continue VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 27 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 28 Persia Persia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 29 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 30 637 637 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 32 642 642 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 34 reaching reach VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 35 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 36 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 37 640–641 640–641 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 39 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 40 Africa Africa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 41 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 43 later later JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 44 seventh seventh JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 45 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 47 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 49 Iberian Iberian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 50 Peninsula Peninsula NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 51 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 52 711 711 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 170 53 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 171 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 171 2 82 82 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 171 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 171 4 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 171 5 714 714 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 171 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 171 7 Islamic islamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 171 8 forces force NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 171 9 controlled control VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 171 10 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 171 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 171 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 171 13 peninsula peninsula NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 171 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 171 15 a a DT 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the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 173 26 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 173 27 reason reason NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 173 28 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 173 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 173 30 halt halt NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 173 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 173 32 Islamic islamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 173 33 growth growth NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 173 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 173 35 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 173 36 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 173 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 173 38 overthrow overthrow NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 173 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 173 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 173 41 Umayyad Umayyad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 173 42 Caliphate Caliphate NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 173 43 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 173 44 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 173 45 replacement replacement NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 173 46 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 173 47 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 173 48 Abbasid Abbasid NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 173 49 Caliphate Caliphate NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 173 50 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 174 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 174 2 Abbasids Abbasids NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 174 3 moved move VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 174 4 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 174 5 capital capital NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 174 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 174 7 Baghdad Baghdad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 174 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 174 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 174 10 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-9529 174 11 concerned concerned JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 174 12 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 174 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 174 14 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 174 15 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 174 16 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 174 17 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 174 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 174 19 losing lose VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 174 20 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 174 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 174 22 sections section NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 174 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 174 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 174 25 Muslim muslim JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 174 26 lands land NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 174 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 175 1 Umayyad Umayyad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 175 2 descendants descendant NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 175 3 took take VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 175 4 over over RP en-wikipedia-org-9529 175 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 175 6 Iberian Iberian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 175 7 Peninsula Peninsula NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 175 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 175 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 175 10 Aghlabids Aghlabids NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 175 11 controlled control VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 175 12 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 175 13 Africa Africa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 175 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 175 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 175 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 175 17 Tulunids Tulunids NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 175 18 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 175 19 rulers ruler NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 175 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 175 21 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 175 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 176 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 176 2 84 84 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 176 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 176 4 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 176 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 176 6 middle middle NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 176 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 176 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 176 9 8th 8th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 176 10 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 176 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 176 12 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 176 13 trading trading NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 176 14 patterns pattern NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 176 15 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 176 16 emerging emerge VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 176 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 176 18 the the DT 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en-wikipedia-org-9529 177 9 slaves slave NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 177 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 177 11 return return NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 177 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 177 13 silks silk NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 177 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 177 15 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 177 16 fabrics fabric NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 177 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 177 18 spices spice NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 177 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 177 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 177 21 precious precious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 177 22 metals metal NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 177 23 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 177 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 177 25 Arabs Arabs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 177 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 178 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 178 2 85 85 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 178 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 178 4 Trade Trade NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 178 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 178 6 economy economy 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179 23 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 179 24 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 179 25 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 179 26 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 179 27 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 179 28 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 179 29 Naples Naples NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 179 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 180 1 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 180 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 180 3 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 180 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 180 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 180 6 7th 7th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 180 7 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 180 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 180 9 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 180 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 180 11 impact impact NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 180 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 180 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 180 14 Muslim muslim JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 180 15 conquests conquest NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 180 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 180 17 African african JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 180 18 products product NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 180 19 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 180 20 no no RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 180 21 longer long RBR en-wikipedia-org-9529 180 22 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 180 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 180 24 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 180 25 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 180 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 181 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 181 2 replacement replacement NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 181 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 181 4 goods good NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 181 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 181 6 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 181 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 181 8 range range NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 181 9 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 181 10 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 181 11 local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 181 12 products product NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 181 13 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 181 14 a a DT 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traded trade VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 185 14 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 185 15 medium medium JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 185 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 185 17 range range NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 185 18 networks network NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 185 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 185 20 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 185 21 just just RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 185 22 produced produce VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 185 23 locally locally RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 185 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 186 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 186 2 86 86 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 186 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 186 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 186 5 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 186 6 Germanic Germanic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 186 7 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 186 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 186 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 186 10 west west NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 186 11 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 186 12 had have VBD 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188 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 188 12 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 188 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 188 14 Anglo Anglo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 188 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 188 16 Saxon Saxon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 188 17 version version NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 188 18 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 188 19 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 188 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 188 21 penny penny NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 188 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 189 1 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 189 2 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 189 3 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 189 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 189 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 189 6 denier deni JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 189 7 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 189 8 penny penny NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 189 9 spread spread NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 189 10 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 189 11 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 189 12 from from IN 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en-wikipedia-org-9529 193 5 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 193 6 differed differ VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 193 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 193 8 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 193 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 193 10 practices practice NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 193 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 193 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 193 13 liturgy liturgy VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 193 14 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 193 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 193 16 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 193 17 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 193 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 194 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 194 2 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 194 3 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 194 4 used use VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 194 5 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 194 6 instead instead RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 194 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 194 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 194 9 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 194 10 Latin Latin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 194 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 195 1 Theological theological JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 195 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 195 3 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 195 4 differences difference NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 195 5 emerged emerge VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 195 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 195 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 195 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 195 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 195 10 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 195 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 195 12 middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 195 13 8th 8th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 195 14 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 195 15 issues issue NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 195 16 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 195 17 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 195 18 iconoclasm iconoclasm NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 195 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 195 20 clerical clerical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 195 21 marriage 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similarities similarity NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 195 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 2 88 88 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 5 formal formal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 6 break break NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 8 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 11 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 12 – – : en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 13 West West NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 14 Schism Schism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 16 came come VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 18 1054 1054 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 20 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 22 papacy papacy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 25 patriarchy patriarchy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 27 Constantinople Constantinople NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 28 clashed clash VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 29 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 30 papal papal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 31 supremacy supremacy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 33 excommunicated excommunicate VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 34 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 35 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 37 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 38 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 39 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 41 division division NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 42 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 43 Christianity Christianity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 44 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 45 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 46 Churches Churches NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 47 — — : en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 49 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 50 branch branch NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 51 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 52 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 53 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 54 Catholic Catholic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 55 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 56 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 57 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 58 Eastern eastern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 59 branch branch NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 60 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 61 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 62 Orthodox Orthodox NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 63 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 196 64 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 2 89 89 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 5 ecclesiastical ecclesiastical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 6 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 9 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 10 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 11 survived survive VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 13 movements movement NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 15 invasions invasion NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 18 west west NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 19 mostly mostly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 20 intact intact JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 22 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 24 papacy papacy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 25 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 26 little little RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 27 regarded regarded JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 30 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 33 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 34 bishops bishop NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 35 looked look VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 36 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 38 bishop bishop NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 40 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 41 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 42 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 43 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 44 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 45 leadership leadership NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 197 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 198 1 Many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 198 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 198 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 198 4 popes pope NNS 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199 33 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 199 34 concerned concern VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 199 35 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 199 36 affairs affair NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 199 37 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 199 38 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 199 39 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 199 40 Constantinople Constantinople NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 199 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 200 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 200 2 only only JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 200 3 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 200 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 200 5 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 200 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 200 7 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-9529 200 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 200 9 papacy papacy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 200 10 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 200 11 influence influence NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 200 12 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 200 13 Britain Britain NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 200 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 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NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 202 14 615 615 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 202 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 202 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 202 17 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 202 18 founded found VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 202 19 monasteries monastery NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 202 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 202 21 taught teach VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 202 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 202 23 Latin Latin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 202 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 202 25 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 202 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 202 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 202 28 authored author VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 202 29 secular secular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 202 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 202 31 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 202 32 works work NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 202 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 203 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 203 2 91 91 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 203 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 203 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 203 5 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 203 6 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 203 7 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 203 8 witnessed witness VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 203 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 203 10 rise rise NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 203 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 203 12 monasticism monasticism NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 203 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 203 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 203 15 West West NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 203 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 204 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 204 2 shape shape NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 204 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 204 4 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 204 5 monasticism monasticism NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 204 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 204 7 determined determine VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 204 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 204 9 traditions tradition NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 204 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 204 11 ideas idea NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 204 12 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 204 13 originated originate VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 204 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 204 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 204 16 Desert Desert NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 204 17 Fathers Fathers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 204 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 204 19 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 204 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 204 21 Syria Syria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 204 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 1 Most Most JJS en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 2 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 3 monasteries monastery NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 4 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 7 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 8 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 9 focuses focus VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 10 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 11 community community NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 12 experience experience NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 15 spiritual spiritual JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 16 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 18 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 19 cenobitism cenobitism NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 21 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 22 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 23 pioneered pioneer VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 24 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 25 Pachomius Pachomius NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 27 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 28 348 348 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 32 4th 4th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 33 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 205 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 206 1 Monastic monastic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 206 2 ideals ideal NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 206 3 spread spread VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 206 4 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 206 5 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 206 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 206 7 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 206 8 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 206 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 206 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 206 11 5th 5th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 206 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 206 13 6th 6th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 206 14 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 206 15 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 206 16 hagiographical hagiographical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 206 17 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 206 18 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 206 19 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 206 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 206 21 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 206 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 206 23 Anthony Anthony NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 206 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 207 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 207 2 92 92 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 207 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 207 4 Benedict Benedict NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 207 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 207 6 Nursia Nursia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 207 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 207 8 d. d. 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life life NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 19 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 20 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 21 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 24 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 25 cases case NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 26 acting act VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 27 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 28 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 29 trusts trust NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 30 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 31 powerful powerful JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 32 families family NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 34 centres centre NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 36 propaganda propaganda NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 37 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 38 royal royal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 39 support support NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 40 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 41 newly newly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 42 conquered conquer VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 43 regions region NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 45 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 46 bases basis NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 47 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 48 missions mission NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 49 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 50 proselytisation proselytisation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 208 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 209 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 209 2 94 94 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 209 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 209 4 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 209 5 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 209 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 209 7 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 209 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 209 9 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 209 10 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 209 11 outposts outpost NNS 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en-wikipedia-org-9529 210 16 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 210 17 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 210 18 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 210 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 2 95 95 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 4 Monks monk NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 5 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 8 authors author NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 10 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 11 works work NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 13 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 14 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 16 theology theology NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 19 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 20 subjects subject 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NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 30 735 735 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 31 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 33 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 34 native native NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 36 northern northern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 37 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 38 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 39 wrote write VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 40 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 42 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 43 7th 7th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 44 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 45 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 46 8th 8th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 47 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 211 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 2 96 96 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 4 Carolingian carolingian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 5 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 6 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 7 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 9 Francia Francia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 11 Carolingian Carolingian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 12 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 13 Map Map NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 14 showing show VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 15 growth growth NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 17 Frankish frankish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 18 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 19 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 20 481 481 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 21 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 22 814 814 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 23 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 24 Frankish frankish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 25 kingdom kingdom NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 27 northern northern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 28 Gaul Gaul NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 29 split split VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 30 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 31 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 32 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 33 Austrasia Austrasia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 35 Neustria Neustria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 37 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 38 Burgundy Burgundy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 39 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 41 6th 6th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 42 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 43 7th 7th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 44 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 45 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 46 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 47 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 48 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 49 ruled rule VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 50 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 51 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 52 Merovingian merovingian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 53 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 54 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 55 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 56 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 57 descended descend VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 58 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 59 Clovis Clovis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 212 60 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 213 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 213 2 7th 7th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 213 3 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 213 4 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 213 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 213 6 tumultuous tumultuous JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 213 7 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 213 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 213 9 wars war NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 213 10 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 213 11 Austrasia Austrasia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 213 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 213 13 Neustria Neustria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 213 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 214 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 214 2 97 97 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 214 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 214 4 Such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 214 5 warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 214 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 214 7 exploited exploit VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 214 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 214 9 Pippin Pippin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 214 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 214 11 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 214 12 640 640 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 214 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 214 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 214 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 214 16 Mayor Mayor NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 214 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 214 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 214 19 Palace Palace NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 214 20 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 214 21 Austrasia Austrasia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 214 22 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 214 23 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 214 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 214 25 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 214 26 behind behind IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 214 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 214 28 Austrasian austrasian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 214 29 throne throne NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 214 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 215 1 Later later JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 215 2 members member NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 215 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 215 4 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 215 5 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 215 6 inherited inherit VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 215 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 215 8 office office NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 215 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 215 10 acting act VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 215 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 215 12 advisers adviser NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 215 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 215 14 regents regent NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 215 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 216 1 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 216 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 216 3 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 216 4 descendants descendant NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 216 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 216 6 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 216 7 Martel Martel NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 216 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 216 9 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 216 10 741 741 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 216 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 216 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 216 13 won win VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 216 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 216 15 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 216 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 216 17 Poitiers Poitiers NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 216 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 216 19 732 732 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 216 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 216 21 halting halt VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 216 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 216 23 advance advance NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 216 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 216 25 Muslim muslim JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 216 26 armies army NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 216 27 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 216 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 216 29 Pyrenees Pyrenees NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 216 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 2 98][I 98][i NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 4 Great Great NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 5 Britain Britain NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 7 divided divide VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 8 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 9 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 10 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 11 dominated dominate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 14 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 16 Northumbria Northumbria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 18 Mercia Mercia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 20 Wessex Wessex NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 23 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 24 Anglia Anglia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 25 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 26 descended descend VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 27 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 29 Anglo Anglo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 30 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 31 Saxon saxon NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 32 invaders invader NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 217 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 218 1 Smaller small JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 218 2 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 218 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 218 4 present present JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 218 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 218 6 day day NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 218 7 Wales Wales NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 218 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 218 9 Scotland Scotland NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 218 10 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 218 11 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 218 12 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 218 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 218 14 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 218 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 218 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 218 17 native native JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 218 18 Britons Britons NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 218 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 218 20 Picts Picts NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 218 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 219 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 219 2 100 100 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 219 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 219 4 Ireland Ireland NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 219 5 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 219 6 divided divide VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 219 7 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 219 8 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 219 9 smaller small JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 219 10 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 219 11 units unit NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 219 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 219 13 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 219 14 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 219 15 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 219 16 tribal tribal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 219 17 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 219 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 219 19 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 219 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 219 21 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 219 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 219 23 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 219 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 220 1 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-9529 220 2 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 220 3 perhaps perhaps RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 220 4 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 220 5 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 220 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 220 7 150 150 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 220 8 local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 220 9 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 220 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 220 11 Ireland Ireland NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 220 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 220 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 220 14 varying vary VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 220 15 importance importance NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 220 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 2 101 101 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 5 Carolingian carolingian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 6 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 10 successors successor NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 12 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 13 Martel Martel NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 14 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 15 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 17 officially officially RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 18 took take VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 19 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 22 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 24 Austrasia Austrasia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 26 Neustria Neustria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 29 coup coup NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 31 753 753 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 32 led lead VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 33 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 34 Pippin Pippin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 35 III III NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 36 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 37 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 38 752–768 752–768 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 39 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 221 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 222 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 222 2 contemporary contemporary JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 222 3 chronicle chronicle NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 222 4 claims claim VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 222 5 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 222 6 Pippin Pippin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 222 7 sought seek VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 222 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 222 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 222 10 gained gain VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 222 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 222 12 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 222 13 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 222 14 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 222 15 coup coup NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 222 16 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 222 17 Pope Pope NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 222 18 Stephen Stephen NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 222 19 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 222 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 222 21 pope pope NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 222 22 752–757 752–757 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 222 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 222 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 1 Pippin Pippin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 2 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 3 takeover takeover NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 4 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 5 reinforced reinforce VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 6 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 7 propaganda propaganda NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 8 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 9 portrayed portray VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 11 Merovingians Merovingians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 13 inept inept JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 14 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 15 cruel cruel JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 16 rulers ruler NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 18 exalted exalt VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 20 accomplishments accomplishment NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 22 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 23 Martel Martel NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 26 circulated circulate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 27 stories story NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 30 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 31 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 32 great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 33 piety piety NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 223 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 224 1 At at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 224 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 224 3 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 224 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 224 5 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 224 6 death death NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 224 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 224 8 768 768 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 224 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 224 10 Pippin Pippin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 224 11 left leave VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 224 12 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 224 13 kingdom kingdom NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 224 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 224 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 224 16 hands hand NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 224 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 224 18 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 224 19 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 224 20 sons son NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 224 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 224 22 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 224 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 224 24 r. r. 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NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 224 31 768–771 768–771 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 224 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 224 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 225 1 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-9529 225 2 Carloman Carloman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 225 3 died die VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 225 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 225 5 natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 225 6 causes cause NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 225 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 225 8 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 225 9 blocked block VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 225 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 225 11 succession succession NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 225 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 225 13 Carloman Carloman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 225 14 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 225 15 young young JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 225 16 son son NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 225 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 225 18 installed instal VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 225 19 himself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 225 20 as as IN 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northern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 226 38 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 226 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 226 40 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 226 41 Saxony Saxony NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 226 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 227 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 227 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 227 3 wars war NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 227 4 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 227 5 lasted last VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 227 6 beyond beyond IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 227 7 800 800 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 227 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 227 9 he -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 227 10 rewarded reward VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 227 11 allies ally NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 227 12 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 227 13 war war NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 227 14 booty booty NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 227 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 227 16 command command VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 227 17 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 227 18 parcels parcel NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 227 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 227 20 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 227 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 228 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 228 2 102 102 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 228 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 228 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 228 5 774 774 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 228 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 228 7 Charlemagne Charlemagne NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 228 8 conquered conquer VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 228 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 228 10 Lombards Lombards NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 228 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 228 12 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 228 13 freed free VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 228 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 228 15 papacy papacy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 228 16 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 228 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 228 18 fear fear NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 228 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 228 20 Lombard Lombard NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 228 21 conquest conquest NNP 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en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 15 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 16 coronation coronation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 18 Charlemagne Charlemagne NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 19 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 20 emperor emperor NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 21 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 22 Christmas Christmas NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 23 Day Day NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 24 800 800 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 25 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 26 regarded regard VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 27 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 29 turning turning NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 30 point point NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 32 medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 33 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 35 marking mark VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 36 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 37 return return NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 40 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 41 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 42 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 44 since since IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 46 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 47 emperor emperor NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 48 ruled rule VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 49 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 50 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 51 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 52 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 53 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 54 previously previously RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 55 controlled control VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 56 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 57 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 58 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 59 emperors emperor NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 229 60 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 2 106 106 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 4 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 5 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 6 marks mark VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 8 change change NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 10 Charlemagne Charlemagne NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 11 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 12 relationship relationship NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 13 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 15 Byzantine Byzantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 16 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 18 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 20 assumption assumption NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 23 imperial imperial JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 24 title title NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 25 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 27 Carolingians Carolingians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 28 asserted assert VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 29 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 30 equivalence equivalence NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 31 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 33 Byzantine byzantine JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 34 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 230 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 231 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 231 2 107 107 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 231 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 231 4 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-9529 231 5 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 231 6 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 231 7 differences difference NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 231 8 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 231 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 231 10 newly newly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 231 11 established establish VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 231 12 Carolingian Carolingian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 231 13 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 231 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 231 15 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 231 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 231 17 older old JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 231 18 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 231 19 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 231 20 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 231 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 231 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 231 23 concurrent concurrent JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 231 24 Byzantine Byzantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 231 25 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 231 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 232 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 232 2 Frankish frankish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 232 3 lands land NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 232 4 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 232 5 rural rural JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 232 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 232 7 character character NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 232 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 232 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 232 10 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 232 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 232 12 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 232 13 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 232 14 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 232 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 233 1 Most Most JJS en-wikipedia-org-9529 233 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 233 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 233 4 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 233 5 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 233 6 peasants peasant NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 233 7 settled settle VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 233 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 233 9 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 233 10 farms farm NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 233 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 234 1 Little little JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 234 2 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 234 3 existed exist VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 234 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 234 5 much much 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en-wikipedia-org-9529 234 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 234 30 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 234 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 2 106 106 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 5 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 7 administered administer VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 9 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 10 itinerant itinerant JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 11 court court NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 12 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 13 travelled travel VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 16 emperor emperor NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 18 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 19 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 20 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 21 approximately approximately RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 22 300 300 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 23 imperial imperial JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 24 officials official NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 25 called call VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 26 counts count NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 28 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 29 administered administer VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 31 counties county NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 33 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 34 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 35 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 36 divided divide VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 37 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 235 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 236 1 Clergy Clergy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 236 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 236 3 local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 236 4 bishops bishop NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 236 5 served serve VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 236 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 236 7 officials official NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 236 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 236 9 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 236 10 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 236 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 236 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 236 13 imperial imperial JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 236 14 officials official NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 236 15 called call VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 236 16 missi missi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 236 17 dominici dominici NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 236 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 236 19 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 236 20 served serve VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 236 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 236 22 roving rove VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 236 23 inspectors inspector NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 236 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 236 25 troubleshooters troubleshooter NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 236 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 2 108 108 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 4 Carolingian carolingian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 5 Renaissance Renaissance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 6 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 7 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 9 Carolingian carolingian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 10 Renaissance Renaissance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 11 Charlemagne Charlemagne NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 12 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 13 court court NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 15 Aachen Aachen NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 16 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 18 centre centre NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 21 cultural cultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 22 revival revival NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 23 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 24 referred refer VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 25 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 26 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 28 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 29 Carolingian carolingian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 30 Renaissance Renaissance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 31 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 237 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 238 1 Literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 238 2 increased increase VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 238 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 238 4 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 238 5 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 238 6 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 238 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 238 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 238 9 arts art NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 238 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 238 11 architecture architecture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 238 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 238 13 jurisprudence jurisprudence NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 238 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 238 15 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 238 16 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 238 17 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 238 18 liturgical liturgical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 238 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 238 20 scriptural scriptural JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 238 21 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 238 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 239 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 239 2 English english JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 239 3 monk monk NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 239 4 Alcuin Alcuin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 239 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 239 6 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 239 7 804 804 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 239 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 239 9 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 239 10 invited invite VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 239 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 239 12 Aachen Aachen NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 239 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 239 14 brought bring VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 239 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 239 16 education education NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 239 17 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 239 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 239 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 239 20 monasteries monastery NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 239 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 239 22 Northumbria Northumbria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 239 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 240 1 Charlemagne Charlemagne NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 240 2 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 240 3 chancery chancery NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 240 4 — — : en-wikipedia-org-9529 240 5 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 240 6 writing 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en-wikipedia-org-9529 240 29 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 240 30 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 240 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 240 32 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 240 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 1 Charlemagne Charlemagne NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 2 sponsored sponsor VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 3 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 5 church church NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 6 liturgy liturgy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 8 imposing impose VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 10 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 11 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 13 church church NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 14 service service NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 15 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 16 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 17 domains domain NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 19 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 20 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 23 Gregorian gregorian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 24 chant chant NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 26 liturgical liturgical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 27 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 28 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 30 churches church NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 241 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 1 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 2 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 3 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 5 scholars scholar NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 6 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 7 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 8 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 9 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 11 copying copying NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 13 correcting correct VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 16 dissemination dissemination NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 18 basic basic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 19 works work NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 20 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 21 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 23 secular secular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 24 topics topic NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 26 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 28 aim aim NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 30 encouraging encourage VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 31 learning learning NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 242 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 243 1 New new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 243 2 works work NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 243 3 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 243 4 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 243 5 topics topic NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 243 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 243 7 schoolbooks schoolbook NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 243 8 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 243 9 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 243 10 produced produce VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 243 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 244 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 244 2 110 110 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 244 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 244 4 Grammarians Grammarians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 244 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 244 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 244 7 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 244 8 modified modify VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 244 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 244 10 Latin latin JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 244 11 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 244 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 244 13 changing change VBG 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en-wikipedia-org-9529 244 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 245 1 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 245 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 245 3 reign reign NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 245 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 245 5 Charlemagne Charlemagne NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 245 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 245 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 245 8 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 245 9 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 245 10 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 245 11 diverged diverge VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 245 12 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 245 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 245 14 classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 245 15 Latin Latin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 245 16 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 245 17 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 245 18 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 245 19 later later RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 245 20 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 245 21 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 245 22 Latin Latin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 245 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 2 111 111 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 4 Breakup Breakup NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 7 Carolingian carolingian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 8 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 9 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 10 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 12 Holy Holy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 13 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 14 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 16 Viking Viking NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 17 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 18 Territorial territorial JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 19 divisions division NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 22 Carolingian Carolingian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 23 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 25 843 843 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 27 855 855 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 30 870 870 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 31 Charlemagne Charlemagne NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 32 planned plan VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 33 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 34 continue continue VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 36 Frankish frankish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 37 tradition tradition NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 39 dividing divide VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 40 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 41 kingdom kingdom NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 42 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 43 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 44 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 45 heirs heir NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 47 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 48 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 49 unable unable JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 50 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 51 do do VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 52 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 53 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 54 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 55 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 56 son son NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 57 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 58 Louis Louis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 59 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 60 Pious Pious NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 61 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 62 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 63 814–840 814–840 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 64 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 65 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 66 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 67 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 68 alive alive JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 69 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 70 813 813 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 246 71 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 247 1 Just just RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 247 2 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 247 3 Charlemagne Charlemagne NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 247 4 died die VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 247 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 247 6 814 814 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 247 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 247 8 he -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 247 9 crowned crown VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 247 10 Louis Louis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 247 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 247 12 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 247 13 successor successor NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 247 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 1 Louis Louis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 2 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 3 reign reign NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 5 26 26 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 6 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 8 marked mark VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 10 numerous numerous JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 11 divisions division NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 14 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 15 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 16 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 17 sons son NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 20 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 21 829 829 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 23 civil civil JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 24 wars war NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 25 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 26 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 27 alliances alliance NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 29 father father NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 31 sons son NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 32 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 34 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 36 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 37 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 40 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 248 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 249 1 Eventually eventually RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 249 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 249 3 Louis Louis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 249 4 recognised recognise VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 249 5 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 249 6 eldest eld JJS en-wikipedia-org-9529 249 7 son son NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 249 8 Lothair Lothair NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 249 9 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 249 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 249 11 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 249 12 855 855 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 249 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 249 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 249 15 emperor emperor NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 249 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 249 17 gave give VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 249 18 him -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 249 19 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 249 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 250 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 250 2 L L NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 250 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 250 4 Louis Louis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 250 5 divided divide VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 250 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 250 7 rest rest NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 250 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 250 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 250 10 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 250 11 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 250 12 Lothair Lothair NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 250 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 250 14 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 250 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 250 16 Bald Bald NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 250 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 250 18 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 250 19 877 877 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 250 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 250 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 250 22 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 250 23 youngest young JJS en-wikipedia-org-9529 250 24 son son NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 250 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 1 Lothair Lothair NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 2 took take VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 3 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 4 Francia Francia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 6 comprising comprise VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 7 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 8 banks bank NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 11 Rhine Rhine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 13 eastwards eastward NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 15 leaving leave VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 16 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 17 West West NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 18 Francia Francia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 19 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 21 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 22 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 24 west west NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 27 Rhineland Rhineland NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 30 Alps Alps NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 251 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 1 Louis Louis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 3 German German NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 5 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 6 876 876 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 10 middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 11 child child NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 13 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 14 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 15 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 16 rebellious rebellious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 19 last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 21 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 22 allowed allow VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 23 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 24 keep keep VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 25 Bavaria Bavaria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 26 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 28 suzerainty suzerainty NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 30 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 31 elder eld JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 32 brother brother NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 252 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 253 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 253 2 division division NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 253 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 253 4 disputed dispute VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 253 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 1 Pepin Pepin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 2 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 4 Aquitaine Aquitaine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 6 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 7 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 8 864 864 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 12 emperor emperor NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 13 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 14 grandson grandson NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 16 rebelled rebel VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 19 contest contest NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 20 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 21 Aquitaine Aquitaine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 23 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 24 Louis Louis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 26 German German NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 27 tried try VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 28 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 29 annex annex NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 30 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 32 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 33 Francia Francia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 254 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 255 1 Louis Louis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 255 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 255 3 Pious Pious NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 255 4 died die VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 255 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 255 6 840 840 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 255 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 255 8 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 255 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 255 10 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 255 11 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 255 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 255 13 chaos chaos NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 255 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 256 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 256 2 113 113 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 256 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 256 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 256 5 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 256 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 256 7 year year NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 256 8 civil civil JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 256 9 war war NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 256 10 followed follow VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 256 11 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 256 12 death death NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 256 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 1 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 3 Treaty Treaty NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 5 Verdun Verdun NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 7 843 843 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 11 kingdom kingdom NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 12 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 14 Rhine Rhine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 16 Rhone Rhone NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 17 rivers river NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 18 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 19 created create VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 20 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 21 Lothair Lothair NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 22 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 23 go go VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 24 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 25 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 26 lands land NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 28 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 31 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 32 imperial imperial JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 33 title title NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 34 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 35 recognised recognise VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 257 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 258 1 Louis Louis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 258 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 258 3 German German NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 258 4 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 258 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 258 6 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 258 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 258 8 Bavaria Bavaria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 258 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 258 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 258 11 eastern eastern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 258 12 lands land NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 258 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 258 14 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 258 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 258 16 day day NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 258 17 Germany Germany NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 258 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 259 1 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 259 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 259 3 Bald Bald NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 259 4 received receive VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 259 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 259 6 western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 259 7 Frankish frankish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 259 8 lands land NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 259 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 259 10 comprising comprise VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 259 11 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-9529 259 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 259 13 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 259 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 259 15 day day NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 259 16 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 259 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 260 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 260 2 113 113 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 260 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 260 4 Charlemagne Charlemagne NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 260 5 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 260 6 grandsons grandson NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 260 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 260 8 great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 260 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 260 10 grandsons grandson NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 260 11 divided divide VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 260 12 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 260 13 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 260 14 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 260 15 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 260 16 descendants descendant NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 260 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 260 18 eventually eventually RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 260 19 causing cause VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 260 20 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 260 21 internal internal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 260 22 cohesion cohesion NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 260 23 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 260 24 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 260 25 lost lose VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 260 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 261 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 261 2 114][M 114][m NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 261 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 261 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 261 5 987 987 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 261 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 261 7 Carolingian carolingian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 261 8 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 261 9 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 261 10 replaced replace VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 261 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 261 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 261 13 western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 261 14 lands land NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 261 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 261 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 261 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 261 18 crowning crowning NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 261 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 261 20 Hugh Hugh NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 261 21 Capet Capet NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 261 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 261 23 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 261 24 987–996 987–996 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 261 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 261 26 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 261 27 king king NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 261 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 2 N][O N][O NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 6 eastern eastern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 7 lands land VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 9 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 10 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 11 died die VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 12 out out RP en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 13 earlier early RBR en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 16 911 911 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 18 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 20 death death NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 22 Louis Louis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 24 Child,[117 Child,[117 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 25 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 28 selection selection NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 31 unrelated unrelated JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 32 Conrad Conrad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 33 I I NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 34 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 35 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 36 911–918 911–918 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 37 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 38 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 39 king king NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 262 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 263 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 263 2 118 118 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 263 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 263 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 263 5 breakup breakup NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 263 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 263 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 263 8 Carolingian Carolingian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 263 9 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 263 10 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 263 11 accompanied accompany VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 263 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 263 13 invasions invasion NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 263 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 263 15 migrations migration NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 263 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 263 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 263 18 raids raid NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 263 19 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 263 20 external external JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 263 21 foes foe NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 263 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 264 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 264 2 Atlantic Atlantic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 264 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 264 4 northern northern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 264 5 shores shore NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 264 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 264 7 harassed harass VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 264 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 264 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 264 10 Vikings viking NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 264 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 264 12 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 264 13 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 264 14 raided raid VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 264 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 264 16 British British NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 264 17 Isles Isles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 264 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 264 19 settled settle VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 264 20 there there RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 264 21 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 264 22 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 264 23 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 264 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 264 25 Iceland Iceland NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 264 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 2 911 911 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 5 Viking Viking NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 6 chieftain chieftain NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 7 Rollo Rollo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 9 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 10 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 11 931 931 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 13 received receive VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 14 permission permission NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 15 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 17 Frankish frankish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 18 King King NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 19 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 21 Simple Simple NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 23 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 24 898–922 898–922 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 26 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 27 settle settle VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 29 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 30 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 31 Normandy Normandy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 265 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 2 119][P 119][p NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 5 eastern eastern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 6 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 9 Frankish frankish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 10 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 12 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 13 Germany Germany NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 15 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 17 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 18 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 19 continual continual JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 20 Magyar Magyar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 21 assault assault NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 22 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 24 invader invader NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 25 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 26 defeat defeat NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 27 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 29 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 31 Lechfeld Lechfeld NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 32 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 33 955 955 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 266 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 2 121 121 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 5 breakup breakup NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 8 Abbasid Abbasid NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 9 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 10 meant mean VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 11 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 13 Islamic islamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 14 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 15 fragmented fragment VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 16 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 17 smaller small JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 18 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 19 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 21 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 23 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 24 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 25 expanding expand VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 26 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 27 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 29 Sicily Sicily NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 31 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 32 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 33 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 34 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 36 Pyrenees Pyrenees NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 37 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 39 southern southern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 40 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 41 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 43 Frankish frankish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 44 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 267 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 2 122 122 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 4 New new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 5 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 7 Byzantine byzantine JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 8 revival revival NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 9 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 10 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 12 Byzantine Byzantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 13 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 14 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 16 Macedonian macedonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 17 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 19 Byzantine Byzantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 20 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 21 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 23 Isaurian isaurian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 24 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 26 First First NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 27 Bulgarian Bulgarian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 28 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 30 Christianisation Christianisation NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 32 Bulgaria Bulgaria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 34 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 36 Germany Germany NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 38 Christianisation Christianisation NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 40 Scandinavia Scandinavia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 42 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 43 Christianisation Christianisation NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 44 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 45 Kievan Kievan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 46 Rus Rus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 47 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 48 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 49 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 50 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 51 Byzantine byzantine JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 52 – – : en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 53 Arab arab JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 54 wars war NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 55 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 56 780–1180 780–1180 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 57 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 58 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 59 Byzantine byzantine JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 60 – – : en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 61 Bulgarian bulgarian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 62 wars war NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 63 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 64 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 65 900 900 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 66 Efforts effort NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 67 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 68 local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 69 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 70 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 71 fight fight VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 72 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 73 invaders invader NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 74 led lead VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 75 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 76 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 77 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 78 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 79 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 80 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 81 entities entity NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 268 82 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 2 Anglo Anglo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 4 Saxon Saxon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 5 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 7 King King NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 8 Alfred Alfred NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 10 Great Great NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 12 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 13 871–899 871–899 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 15 came come VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 16 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 17 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 18 agreement agreement NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 19 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 21 Viking Viking NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 22 invaders invader NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 25 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 26 9th 9th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 27 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 29 resulting result VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 31 Danish danish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 32 settlements settlement NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 34 Northumbria Northumbria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 36 Mercia Mercia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 39 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 41 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 42 Anglia Anglia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 269 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 2 123 123 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 4 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 6 middle middle NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 9 10th 10th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 10 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 12 Alfred Alfred NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 13 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 14 successors successor NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 15 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 16 conquered conquer VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 17 Northumbria Northumbria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 20 restored restore VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 21 English english JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 22 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 23 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 24 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 27 southern southern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 28 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 30 Great Great NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 31 Britain Britain NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 270 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 271 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 271 2 124 124 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 271 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 271 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 271 5 northern northern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 271 6 Britain Britain NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 271 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 271 8 Kenneth Kenneth NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 271 9 MacAlpin MacAlpin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 271 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 271 11 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 271 12 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 271 13 860 860 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 271 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 271 15 united unite VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 271 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 271 17 Picts Picts NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 271 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 271 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 271 20 Scots Scots NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 271 21 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 271 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 271 23 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 271 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 271 25 Alba Alba NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 271 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 272 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 272 2 125 125 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 272 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 272 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 272 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 272 6 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 272 7 10th 10th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 272 8 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 272 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 272 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 272 11 Ottonian ottonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 272 12 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 272 13 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 272 14 established establish VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 272 15 itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 272 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 272 17 Germany Germany NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 272 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 272 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 272 20 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 272 21 engaged engage VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 272 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 272 23 driving drive VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 272 24 back back RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 272 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 272 26 Magyars Magyars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 272 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 273 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 273 2 efforts effort NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 273 3 culminated culminate VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 273 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 273 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 273 6 coronation coronation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 273 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 273 8 962 962 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 273 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 273 10 Otto Otto NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 273 11 I I NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 273 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 273 13 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 273 14 936–973 936–973 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 273 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 273 16 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 273 17 Holy Holy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 273 18 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 273 19 Emperor Emperor NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 273 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 2 126 126 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 5 972 972 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 7 he -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 8 secured secure VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 9 recognition recognition NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 11 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 12 title title NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 13 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 15 Byzantine Byzantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 16 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 18 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 19 he -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 20 sealed seal VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 21 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 23 marriage marriage NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 25 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 26 son son NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 27 Otto Otto NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 28 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 30 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 31 967–983 967–983 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 33 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 34 Theophanu Theophanu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 35 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 36 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 37 991 991 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 38 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 40 daughter daughter NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 41 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 42 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 43 earlier early JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 44 Byzantine byzantine JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 45 Emperor Emperor NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 46 Romanos Romanos NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 47 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 48 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 274 49 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 275 1 959–963 959–963 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 275 2 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 275 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 2 127 127 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 4 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 6 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 7 10th 10th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 8 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 9 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 10 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 11 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 12 drawn draw VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 13 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 15 Ottonian ottonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 16 sphere sphere NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 17 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 19 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 21 instability;[128 instability;[128 NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 22 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 23 Otto Otto NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 24 III III NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 26 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 27 996–1002 996–1002 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 29 spent spend VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 30 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 32 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 33 later later JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 34 reign reign NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 35 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 37 kingdom kingdom NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 276 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 277 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 277 2 129 129 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 277 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 277 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 277 5 western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 277 6 Frankish frankish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 277 7 kingdom kingdom NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 277 8 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 277 9 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-9529 277 10 fragmented fragmented JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 277 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 277 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 277 13 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 277 14 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 277 15 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 277 16 nominally nominally RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 277 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 277 18 charge charge NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 277 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 277 20 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 277 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 277 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 277 23 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 277 24 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 277 25 devolved devolve VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 277 26 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 277 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 277 28 local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 277 29 lords lord NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 277 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 2 130 130 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 4 10th 10th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 6 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 7 Ottonian ottonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 8 ivory ivory NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 9 plaque plaque NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 10 depicting depict VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 11 Christ Christ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 12 receiving receive VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 14 church church NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 15 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 16 Otto Otto NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 17 I I NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 18 Missionary missionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 19 efforts effort NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 20 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 21 Scandinavia Scandinavia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 22 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 24 9th 9th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 26 10th 10th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 27 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 28 helped help VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 29 strengthen strengthen VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 31 growth growth NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 33 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 34 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 35 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 36 Sweden Sweden NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 38 Denmark Denmark NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 40 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 41 Norway Norway NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 43 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 44 gained gain VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 45 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 46 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 47 territory territory NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 278 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 279 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 279 2 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 279 3 converted convert VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 279 4 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 279 5 Christianity Christianity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 279 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 279 7 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 279 8 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 279 9 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 279 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 279 11 1000 1000 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 279 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 280 1 Scandinavians scandinavian NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 280 2 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 280 3 expanded expand VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 280 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 280 5 colonised colonise VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 280 6 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 280 7 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 280 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 281 1 Besides besides IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 281 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 281 3 settlements settlement NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 281 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 281 5 Ireland Ireland NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 281 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 281 7 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 281 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 281 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 281 10 Normandy Normandy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 281 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 281 12 further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 281 13 settlement settlement NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 281 14 took take VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 281 15 place place NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 281 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 281 17 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 281 18 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 281 19 Russia Russia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 281 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 281 21 Iceland Iceland NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 281 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 282 1 Swedish swedish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 282 2 traders trader NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 282 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 282 4 raiders raider NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 282 5 ranged range VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 282 6 down down RP en-wikipedia-org-9529 282 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 282 8 rivers river NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 282 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 282 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 282 11 Russian russian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 282 12 steppe steppe NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 282 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 282 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 282 15 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 282 16 attempted attempt VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 282 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 282 18 seize seize VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 282 19 Constantinople Constantinople NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 282 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 282 21 860 860 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 282 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 282 23 907 907 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 282 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 2 131 131 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 4 Christian Christian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 5 Spain Spain NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 7 initially initially RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 8 driven drive VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 9 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 11 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 12 section section NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 15 peninsula peninsula NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 18 north north NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 20 expanded expand VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 21 slowly slowly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 22 south south RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 23 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 25 9th 9th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 27 10th 10th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 28 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 30 establishing establish VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 32 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 34 Asturias Asturias NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 36 León León NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 283 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 2 132 132 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 5 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 8 Byzantium Byzantium NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 9 revived revive VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 10 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 11 fortunes fortune NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 12 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 13 Emperor Emperor NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 14 Basil Basil NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 15 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 17 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 18 867–886 867–886 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 21 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 22 successors successor NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 23 Leo Leo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 24 VI VI NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 26 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 27 886–912 886–912 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 30 Constantine Constantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 31 VII VII NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 33 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 34 913–959 913–959 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 35 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 37 members member NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 40 Macedonian macedonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 41 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 284 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 285 1 Commerce Commerce NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 285 2 revived revive VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 285 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 285 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 285 5 emperors emperor NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 285 6 oversaw oversee VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 285 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 285 8 extension extension NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 285 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 285 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 285 11 uniform uniform JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 285 12 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 285 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 285 14 all all PDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 285 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 285 16 provinces province NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 285 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 2 military military NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 4 reorganised reorganise VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 6 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 7 allowed allow VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 9 emperors emperor NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 10 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 11 I I NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 13 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 14 969–976 969–976 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 17 Basil Basil NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 18 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 20 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 21 976–1025 976–1025 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 23 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 24 expand expand VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 26 frontiers frontier NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 29 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 30 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 31 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 32 fronts front NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 286 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 287 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 287 2 imperial imperial JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 287 3 court court NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 287 4 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 287 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 287 6 centre centre NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 287 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 287 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 287 9 revival revival NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 287 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 287 11 classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 287 12 learning learning NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 287 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 287 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 287 15 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 287 16 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 287 17 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 287 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 287 19 Macedonian macedonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 287 20 Renaissance Renaissance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 287 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 288 1 Writers writer NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 288 2 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 288 3 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 288 4 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 288 5 Geometres Geometres NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 288 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 288 7 fl fl NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 288 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 289 1 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 289 2 10th 10th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 289 3 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 289 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 289 5 composed compose VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 289 6 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 289 7 hymns hymn NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 289 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 289 9 poems poem NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 289 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 289 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 289 12 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 289 13 works work NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 289 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 2 133 133 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 4 Missionary missionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 5 efforts effort NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 7 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 8 Eastern eastern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 10 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 11 clergy clergy NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 12 resulted result VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 15 conversion conversion NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 18 Moravians Moravians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 20 Bulgars Bulgars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 22 Bohemians Bohemians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 24 Poles Poles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 26 Magyars Magyars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 29 Slavic slavic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 30 inhabitants inhabitant NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 33 Kievan Kievan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 34 Rus Rus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 35 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 290 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 2 conversions conversion NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 3 contributed contribute VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 4 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 6 founding founding NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 8 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 9 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 12 lands land NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 14 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 15 peoples people NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 16 — — : en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 18 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 20 Moravia Moravia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 22 Bulgaria Bulgaria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 24 Bohemia Bohemia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 26 Poland Poland NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 28 Hungary Hungary NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 32 Kievan Kievan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 33 Rus Rus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 34 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 291 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 2 134 134 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 4 Bulgaria Bulgaria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 6 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 8 founded found VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 9 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 10 680 680 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 12 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 13 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 14 height height NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 15 reached reach VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 16 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 17 Budapest Budapest NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 18 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 20 Black Black NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 21 Sea Sea NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 23 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 25 Dnieper Dnieper NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 26 River River NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 28 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 29 Ukraine Ukraine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 30 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 32 Adriatic Adriatic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 33 Sea Sea NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 292 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 293 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 293 2 135 135 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 293 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 293 4 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 293 5 1018 1018 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 293 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 293 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 293 8 last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 293 9 Bulgarian bulgarian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 293 10 nobles noble NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 293 11 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 293 12 surrendered surrender VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 293 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 293 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 293 15 Byzantine Byzantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 293 16 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 293 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 2 136 136 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 4 Art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 6 architecture architecture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 7 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 8 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 10 Medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 11 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 13 Medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 14 architecture architecture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 15 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 16 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 17 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 18 Migration Migration NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 19 Period Period NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 20 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 22 Pre pre JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 23 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 24 Romanesque romanesque JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 25 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 27 architecture architecture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 30 Carolingian carolingian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 31 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 32 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 33 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 34 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 36 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 38 Kells Kells NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 40 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 41 illuminated illuminate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 42 manuscript manuscript NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 43 created create VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 44 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 46 British British NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 47 Isles Isles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 48 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 49 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 50 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 51 8th 8th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 52 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 53 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 54 9th 9th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 55 century[137 century[137 NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 56 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 57 Few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 58 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 59 stone stone NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 60 buildings building NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 61 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 62 constructed construct VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 63 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 64 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 65 Constantinian constantinian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 66 basilicas basilicas NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 67 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 68 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 69 4th 4th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 70 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 71 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 72 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 73 8th 8th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 74 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 75 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 76 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 77 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 78 smaller small JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 79 ones one NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 80 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 81 built build VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 82 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 83 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 84 6th 6th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 85 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 86 7th 7th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 87 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 294 88 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 295 1 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 295 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 295 3 beginning beginning NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 295 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 295 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 295 6 8th 8th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 295 7 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 295 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 295 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 295 10 Carolingian Carolingian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 295 11 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 295 12 revived revive VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 295 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 295 14 basilica basilica NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 295 15 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 295 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 295 17 architecture architecture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 295 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 2 138 138 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 4 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 5 feature feature NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 8 basilica basilica NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 11 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 14 transept,[139 transept,[139 NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 15 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 16 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 18 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 19 arms arm NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 20 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 23 cross cross JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 24 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 25 shaped shaped JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 26 building building NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 27 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 28 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 29 perpendicular perpendicular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 30 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 32 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 33 nave nave NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 296 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 297 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 297 2 140 140 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 297 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 297 4 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 297 5 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 297 6 features feature NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 297 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 297 8 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 297 9 architecture architecture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 297 10 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 297 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 297 12 crossing cross VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 297 13 tower tower NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 297 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 297 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 297 16 monumental monumental JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 297 17 entrance entrance NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 297 18 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 297 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 297 20 church church NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 297 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 297 22 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 297 23 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 297 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 297 25 west west JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 297 26 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 297 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 297 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 297 29 building building NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 297 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 298 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 298 2 141 141 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 298 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 298 4 Carolingian carolingian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 298 5 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 298 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 298 7 produced produce VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 298 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 298 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 298 10 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 298 11 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 298 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 298 13 figures figure NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 298 14 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 298 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 298 16 court court NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 298 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 298 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 298 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 298 20 monasteries monastery NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 298 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 298 22 churches church NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 298 23 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 298 24 supported support VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 298 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 3 dominated dominate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 4 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 5 efforts effort NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 7 regain regain VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 9 dignity dignity NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 11 classicism classicism NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 13 imperial imperial JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 14 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 16 Byzantine byzantine JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 17 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 19 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 20 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 21 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 22 influenced influence VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 23 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 25 Insular Insular NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 26 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 29 British british JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 30 Isles Isles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 299 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 1 Insular insular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 2 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 3 integrated integrate VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 5 energy energy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 7 Irish Irish NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 8 Celtic Celtic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 10 Anglo Anglo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 12 Saxon Saxon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 13 Germanic Germanic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 14 styles style NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 16 ornament ornament NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 17 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 18 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 19 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 20 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 23 book book NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 26 established establish VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 27 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 28 characteristics characteristic NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 30 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 31 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 33 rest rest NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 36 medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 37 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 300 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 301 1 Surviving survive VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 301 2 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 301 3 works work NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 301 4 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 301 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 301 6 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 301 7 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 301 8 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 301 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 301 10 mostly mostly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 301 11 illuminated illuminate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 301 12 manuscripts manuscript NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 301 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 301 14 carved carve VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 301 15 ivories ivory NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 301 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 301 17 originally originally RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 301 18 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 301 19 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 301 20 metalwork metalwork NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 301 21 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 301 22 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 301 23 since since IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 301 24 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 301 25 melted melt VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 301 26 down down RP en-wikipedia-org-9529 301 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 2 142][143 142][143 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 4 Objects object NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 6 precious precious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 7 metals metal NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 8 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 10 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 11 prestigious prestigious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 12 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 14 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 16 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 17 almost almost RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 18 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 19 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 20 lost lose VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 21 except except IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 22 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 24 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 25 crosses crosse NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 26 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 27 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 29 Cross Cross NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 31 Lothair Lothair NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 33 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 34 reliquaries reliquary NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 37 finds find NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 38 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 39 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 41 Anglo Anglo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 42 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 43 Saxon Saxon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 44 burial burial NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 45 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 46 Sutton Sutton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 47 Hoo Hoo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 48 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 49 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 50 hoards hoard NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 51 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 52 Gourdon Gourdon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 53 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 54 Merovingian Merovingian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 55 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 56 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 57 Guarrazar Guarrazar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 58 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 59 Visigothic Visigothic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 60 Spain Spain NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 61 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 62 Nagyszentmiklós Nagyszentmiklós NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 63 near near IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 64 Byzantine byzantine JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 65 territory territory NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 302 66 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 303 1 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-9529 303 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 303 3 survivals survival NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 303 4 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 303 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 303 6 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 303 7 brooches brooch NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 303 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 303 9 fibula fibula NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 303 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 303 11 penannular penannular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 303 12 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 303 13 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 303 14 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 303 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 303 16 key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 303 17 piece piece NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 303 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 303 19 personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 303 20 adornment adornment NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 303 21 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 303 22 elites elite NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 303 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 303 24 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 303 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 303 26 Irish Irish NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 303 27 Tara Tara NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 303 28 Brooch Brooch NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 303 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 2 144 144 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 4 Highly highly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 5 decorated decorate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 6 books book NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 7 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 8 mostly mostly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 9 Gospel Gospel NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 10 Books Books NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 12 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 13 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 14 survived survive VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 16 larger large JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 17 numbers number NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 19 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 21 Insular Insular NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 22 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 24 Kells Kells NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 27 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 29 Lindisfarne Lindisfarne NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 33 imperial imperial JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 34 Codex Codex NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 35 Aureus Aureus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 37 St. St. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 38 Emmeram Emmeram NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 40 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 41 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 42 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 43 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 44 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 45 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 46 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 47 retain retain VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 48 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 49 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 50 treasure treasure NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 51 binding binding NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 52 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 53 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 54 gold gold NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 55 encrusted encrust VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 56 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 57 jewels jewel NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 304 58 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 2 145 145 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 4 Charlemagne Charlemagne NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 5 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 6 court court NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 7 seems seem VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 9 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 10 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 11 responsible responsible JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 14 acceptance acceptance NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 16 figurative figurative JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 17 monumental monumental JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 18 sculpture sculpture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 20 Christian Christian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 21 art,[146 art,[146 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 22 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 24 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 26 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 29 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 30 near near IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 31 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 32 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 33 sized sized JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 34 figures figure NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 35 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 36 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 38 Gero Gero NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 39 Cross Cross NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 40 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 41 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 42 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 43 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 44 churches church NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 305 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 2 147 147 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 4 Military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 6 technological technological JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 7 developments development NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 8 During during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 10 later later JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 11 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 12 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 15 principal principal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 16 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 17 developments development NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 18 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 19 attempts attempt NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 20 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 21 create create VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 22 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 23 effective effective JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 24 cavalry cavalry NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 25 force force NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 26 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 27 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 28 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 30 continued continue VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 31 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 33 highly highly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 34 specialised specialise VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 35 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 37 troops troop NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 306 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 307 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 307 2 creation creation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 307 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 307 4 heavily heavily RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 307 5 armoured armoured JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 307 6 cataphract cataphract NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 307 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 307 8 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 307 9 soldiers soldier NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 307 10 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 307 11 cavalry cavalry NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 307 12 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 307 13 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 307 14 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 307 15 feature feature NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 307 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 307 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 307 18 5th 5th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 307 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 307 20 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 307 21 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 307 22 military military NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 307 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 2 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 3 invading invade VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 4 tribes tribe NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 5 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 6 differing differ VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 7 emphases emphasis NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 9 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 11 soldiers soldier NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 12 — — : en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 13 ranging range VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 14 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 16 primarily primarily RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 17 infantry infantry NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 18 Anglo Anglo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 20 Saxon saxon NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 21 invaders invader NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 23 Britain Britain NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 24 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 26 Vandals vandal NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 28 Visigoths Visigoths NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 29 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 30 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 31 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 32 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 33 proportion proportion NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 35 cavalry cavalry NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 36 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 37 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 38 armies army NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 308 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 2 148 148 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 4 During during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 6 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 7 invasion invasion NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 8 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 11 stirrup stirrup NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 12 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 13 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 14 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 15 introduced introduce VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 16 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 17 warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 19 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 20 limited limit VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 22 usefulness usefulness NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 24 cavalry cavalry NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 25 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 26 shock shock NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 27 troops troop NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 28 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 29 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 30 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 31 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 32 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 33 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 34 put put VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 36 full full JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 37 force force NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 40 horse horse NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 41 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 42 rider rider NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 43 behind behind IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 44 blows blow NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 45 struck strike VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 46 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 47 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 48 rider rider NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 309 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 2 149 149 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 5 greatest great JJS en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 6 change change NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 8 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 9 affairs affair NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 10 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 12 invasion invasion NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 13 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 14 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 16 adoption adoption NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 19 Hunnic hunnic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 20 composite composite JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 21 bow bow NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 23 place place NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 26 earlier early JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 29 weaker weak JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 31 Scythian scythian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 32 composite composite JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 33 bow bow NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 310 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 311 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 311 2 150 150 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 311 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 311 4 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 311 5 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 311 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 311 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 311 8 increasing increase VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 311 9 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 311 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 311 11 longswords[151 longswords[151 NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 311 12 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 311 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 311 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 311 15 progressive progressive JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 311 16 replacement replacement NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 311 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 311 18 scale scale NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 311 19 armour armour NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 311 20 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 311 21 mail mail NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 311 22 armour armour NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 311 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 311 24 lamellar lamellar JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 311 25 armour armour NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 311 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 312 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 312 2 152 152 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 312 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 312 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 312 5 importance importance NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 312 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 312 7 infantry infantry NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 312 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 312 9 light light NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 312 10 cavalry cavalry NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 312 11 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 312 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 312 13 decline decline VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 312 14 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 312 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 312 16 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 312 17 Carolingian carolingian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 312 18 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 312 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 312 20 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 312 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 312 22 growing grow VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 312 23 dominance dominance NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 312 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 312 25 elite elite JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 312 26 heavy heavy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 312 27 cavalry cavalry NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 312 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 313 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 313 2 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 313 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 313 4 militia militia NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 313 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 313 6 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 313 7 levies levy NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 313 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 313 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 313 10 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 313 11 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 313 12 declined decline VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 313 13 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 313 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 313 15 Carolingian carolingian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 313 16 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 313 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 2 153 153 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 4 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 5 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 8 Carolingian carolingian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 9 armies army NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 10 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 11 mounted mount VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 14 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 15 proportion proportion NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 16 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 18 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 19 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 20 appear appear VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 21 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 22 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 23 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 24 mounted mount VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 25 infantry infantry NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 27 rather rather RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 28 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 29 true true JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 30 cavalry cavalry NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 314 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 2 154 154 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 4 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 5 exception exception NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 7 Anglo Anglo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 9 Saxon Saxon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 10 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 12 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 14 armies army NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 15 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 16 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 17 composed compose VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 19 regional regional JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 20 levies levy NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 22 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 23 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 25 fyrd fyrd NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 27 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 28 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 29 led lead VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 30 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 32 local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 33 elites elite NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 315 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 2 155 155 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 5 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 6 technology technology NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 8 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 11 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 12 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 13 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 15 return return NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 18 crossbow crossbow NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 20 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 21 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 22 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 23 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 25 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 26 times time NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 28 reappeared reappear VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 29 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 30 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 31 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 32 weapon weapon NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 33 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 35 last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 36 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 39 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 40 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 41 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 316 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 317 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 317 2 156 156 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 317 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 317 4 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 317 5 change change NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 317 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 317 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 317 8 introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 317 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 317 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 317 11 stirrup stirrup NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 317 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 317 13 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 317 14 increased increase VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 317 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 317 16 effectiveness effectiveness NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 317 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 317 18 cavalry cavalry NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 317 19 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 317 20 shock shock NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 317 21 troops troop NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 317 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 318 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 318 2 technological technological JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 318 3 advance advance NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 318 4 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 318 5 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 318 6 implications implication NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 318 7 beyond beyond IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 318 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 318 9 military military NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 318 10 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 318 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 318 12 horseshoe horseshoe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 318 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 318 14 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 318 15 allowed allow VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 318 16 horses horse NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 318 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 318 18 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 318 19 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 318 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 318 21 rocky rocky JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 318 22 terrain terrain NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 318 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 2 157 157 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 4 High High NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 5 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 6 Ages age NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 7 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 8 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 10 High High NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 11 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 12 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 13 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 15 economic economic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 16 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 17 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 18 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 19 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 20 Agriculture agriculture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 23 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 24 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 25 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 26 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 27 manuscript manuscript NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 28 illustration illustration NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 31 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 32 classes class NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 34 medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 35 society society NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 36 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 37 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 38 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 39 prayed pray VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 40 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 42 clergy clergy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 43 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 44 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 45 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 46 fought fight VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 47 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 49 knights knights NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 50 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 51 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 52 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 53 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 54 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 55 worked work VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 56 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 57 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 58 peasantry peasantry NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 59 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 319 60 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 320 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 320 2 158 158 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 320 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 320 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 320 5 relationship relationship NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 320 6 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 320 7 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 320 8 classes class NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 320 9 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 320 10 governed govern VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 320 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 320 12 feudalism feudalism NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 320 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 320 14 manorialism manorialism NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 320 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 321 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 321 2 159 159 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 321 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 321 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 321 5 Li Li NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 321 6 Livres Livres NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 321 7 dou dou FW en-wikipedia-org-9529 321 8 Sante Sante NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 321 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 321 10 13th 13th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 321 11 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 321 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 321 13 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 321 14 High High NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 321 15 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 321 16 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 321 17 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 321 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 321 19 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 321 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 321 21 tremendous tremendous JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 321 22 expansion expansion NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 321 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 321 24 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 321 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 2 estimated estimate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 3 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 5 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 6 grew grow VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 7 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 8 35 35 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 10 80 80 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 11   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 12 million million CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 13 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 14 1000 1000 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 16 1347 1347 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 18 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 20 exact exact JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 21 causes cause NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 22 remain remain VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 23 unclear unclear JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 24 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 25 improved improve VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 26 agricultural agricultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 27 techniques technique NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 30 decline decline NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 32 slaveholding slaveholding NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 34 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 35 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 36 clement clement JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 37 climate climate NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 40 lack lack NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 41 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 42 invasion invasion NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 43 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 44 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 45 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 46 suggested suggest VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 322 47 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 323 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 323 2 160][161 160][161 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 323 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 323 4 As as RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 323 5 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 323 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 323 7 90 90 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 323 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 323 9 per per IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 323 10 cent cent NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 323 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 323 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 323 13 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 323 14 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 323 15 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 323 16 rural rural JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 323 17 peasants peasant NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 323 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 324 1 Many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 324 2 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 324 3 no no RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 324 4 longer long RBR en-wikipedia-org-9529 324 5 settled settle VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 324 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 324 7 isolated isolated JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 324 8 farms farm NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 324 9 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 324 10 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 324 11 gathered gather VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 324 12 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 324 13 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 324 14 communities community NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 324 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 324 16 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 324 17 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 324 18 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 324 19 manors manor NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 324 20 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 324 21 villages village NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 324 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 325 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 325 2 161 161 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 325 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 325 4 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 325 5 peasants peasant NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 325 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 325 7 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 325 8 subject subject JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 325 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 325 10 noble noble JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 325 11 overlords overlord NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 325 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 325 13 owed owe VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 325 14 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 325 15 rents rent NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 325 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 325 17 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 325 18 services service NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 325 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 325 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 325 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 325 22 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 325 23 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 325 24 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 325 25 manorialism manorialism NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 325 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 326 1 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-9529 326 2 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 326 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 326 4 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 326 5 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 326 6 peasants peasant NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 326 7 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 326 8 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 326 9 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 326 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 326 11 beyond,[162 beyond,[162 NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 326 12 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 326 13 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 326 14 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 326 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 326 16 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 326 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 326 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 326 19 regions region NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 326 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 326 21 Southern Southern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 326 22 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 326 23 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 326 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 326 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 326 26 north north NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 326 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 327 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 327 2 practice practice NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 327 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 327 4 assarting assarte VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 327 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 327 6 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 327 7 bringing bring VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 327 8 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 327 9 lands land NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 327 10 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 327 11 production production NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 327 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 327 13 offering offer VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 327 14 incentives incentive NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 327 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 327 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 327 17 peasants peasant NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 327 18 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 327 19 settled settle VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 327 20 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 327 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 327 22 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 327 23 contributed contribute VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 327 24 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 327 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 327 26 expansion expansion NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 327 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 327 28 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 327 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 328 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 328 2 163 163 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 328 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 328 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 328 5 open open JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 328 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 328 7 field field NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 328 8 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 328 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 328 10 agriculture agriculture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 328 11 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 328 12 commonly commonly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 328 13 practiced practice VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 328 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 328 15 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-9529 328 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 328 17 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 328 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 328 19 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 328 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 328 21 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 328 22 northwestern northwestern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 328 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 328 24 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 328 25 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 328 26 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 328 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 2 164 164 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 4 Such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 5 agricultural agricultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 6 communities community NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 7 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 8 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 9 basic basic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 10 characteristics characteristic NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 12 individual individual JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 13 peasant peasant NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 14 holdings holding NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 17 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 19 strips strip NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 21 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 22 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 23 scattered scatter VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 24 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 26 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 27 fields field NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 28 belonging belong VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 29 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 31 manor manor NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 32 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 33 crops crop NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 34 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 35 rotated rotate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 36 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 37 year year NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 38 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 39 year year NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 40 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 41 preserve preserve VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 42 soil soil NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 43 fertility fertility NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 44 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 45 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 46 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 47 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 48 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 49 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 50 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 51 grazing graze VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 52 livestock livestock NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 53 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 54 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 55 purposes purpose NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 329 56 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 330 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 330 2 regions region NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 330 3 used use VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 330 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 330 5 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 330 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 330 7 field field NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 330 8 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 330 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 330 10 crop crop NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 330 11 rotation rotation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 330 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 330 13 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 330 14 retained retain VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 330 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 330 16 older old JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 330 17 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 330 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 330 19 field field NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 330 20 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 330 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 331 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 331 2 165 165 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 331 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 331 4 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 331 5 sections section NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 331 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 331 7 society society NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 331 8 included include VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 331 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 331 10 nobility nobility NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 331 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 331 12 clergy clergy NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 331 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 331 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 331 15 townsmen townsman NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 331 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 1 Nobles noble NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 3 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 5 titled title VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 6 nobility nobility NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 8 simple simple JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 9 knights knight NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 11 exploited exploit VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 13 manors manor NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 16 peasants peasant NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 18 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 19 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 20 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 21 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 22 own own VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 23 lands land NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 24 outright outright RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 25 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 26 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 27 granted grant VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 28 rights right NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 29 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 31 income income NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 32 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 33 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 34 manor manor NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 35 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 36 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 37 lands land NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 38 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 39 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 40 overlord overlord NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 41 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 43 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 44 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 45 feudalism feudalism NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 332 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 1 During during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 3 11th 11th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 5 12th 12th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 6 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 8 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 9 lands land NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 11 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 12 fiefs fiefs NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 14 came come VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 16 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 17 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 18 hereditary hereditary JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 22 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 23 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 24 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 25 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 26 no no RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 27 longer long RBR en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 28 divisible divisible JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 29 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 30 all all PDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 32 heirs heir NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 33 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 34 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 35 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 37 case case NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 38 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 40 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 41 medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 42 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 333 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 334 1 Instead instead RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 334 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 334 3 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-9529 334 4 fiefs fief NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 334 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 334 6 lands land NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 334 7 went go VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 334 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 334 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 334 10 eldest eld JJS en-wikipedia-org-9529 334 11 son son NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 334 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 2 166][Q 166][q NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 5 dominance dominance NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 8 nobility nobility NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 9 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 10 built build VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 11 upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 12 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 13 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 16 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 18 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 19 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 20 service service NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 22 heavy heavy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 23 cavalry cavalry NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 25 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 27 castles castle NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 30 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 31 immunities immunity NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 32 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 33 taxes taxis NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 34 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 35 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 36 impositions imposition NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 335 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 2 R r NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 4 Castles Castles NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 6 initially initially RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 8 wood wood NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 9 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 10 later later RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 12 stone stone NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 14 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 16 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 17 constructed construct VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 20 9th 9th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 22 10th 10th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 23 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 25 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 26 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 28 disorder disorder NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 31 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 34 provided provide VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 35 protection protection NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 36 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 37 invaders invader NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 38 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 39 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 40 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 41 allowing allow VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 42 lords lord NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 43 defence defence NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 44 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 45 rivals rival NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 336 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 337 1 Control control NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 337 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 337 3 castles castle NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 337 4 allowed allow VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 337 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 337 6 nobles noble NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 337 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 337 8 defy defy VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 337 9 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 337 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 337 11 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 337 12 overlords overlord NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 337 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 2 168 168 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 4 Nobles noble NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 5 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 6 stratified stratified JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 7 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 8 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 11 highest highest RBS en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 13 ranking rank VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 14 nobility nobility NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 15 controlled control VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 16 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 17 numbers number NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 19 commoners commoner NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 21 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 22 tracts tract NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 24 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 26 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 27 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 28 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 29 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 30 nobles noble NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 338 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 339 1 Beneath beneath IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 339 2 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 339 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 339 4 lesser less JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 339 5 nobles noble NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 339 6 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 339 7 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 339 8 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 339 9 smaller small JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 339 10 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 339 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 339 12 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 339 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 339 14 fewer few JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 339 15 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 339 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 340 1 Knights Knights NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 340 2 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 340 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 340 4 lowest low JJS en-wikipedia-org-9529 340 5 level level NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 340 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 340 7 nobility nobility NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 340 8 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9529 340 9 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 340 10 controlled control VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 340 11 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 340 12 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 340 13 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 340 14 own own VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 340 15 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 340 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 340 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 340 18 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 340 19 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 340 20 serve serve VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 340 21 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 340 22 nobles noble NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 340 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 2 169][S 169][s LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 5 clergy clergy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 7 divided divide VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 8 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 9 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 10 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 13 secular secular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 14 clergy clergy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 16 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 17 lived live VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 18 out out RP en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 21 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 25 regular regular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 26 clergy clergy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 28 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 29 lived live VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 30 isolated isolate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 31 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 32 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 33 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 34 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 36 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 37 consisted consist VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 39 monks monk NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 341 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 342 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 342 2 171 171 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 342 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 342 4 Throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 342 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 342 6 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 342 7 monks monk NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 342 8 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 342 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 342 10 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 342 11 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 342 12 proportion proportion NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 342 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 342 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 342 15 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 342 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 342 17 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 342 18 less less JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 342 19 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 342 20 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 342 21 percent percent NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 342 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 2 172 172 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 4 Most Most JJS en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 7 regular regular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 8 clergy clergy NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 10 drawn draw VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 11 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 13 nobility nobility NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 16 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 17 social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 18 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 19 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 20 served serve VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 23 recruiting recruiting NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 24 ground ground NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 25 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 27 upper upper JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 28 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 31 secular secular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 32 clergy clergy NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 343 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 344 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 344 2 local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 344 3 parish parish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 344 4 priests priest NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 344 5 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 344 6 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 344 7 drawn draw VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 344 8 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 344 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 344 10 peasant peasant NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 344 11 class class NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 344 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 2 173 173 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 4 Townsmen townsman NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 5 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 8 somewhat somewhat RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 9 unusual unusual JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 10 position position NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 13 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 14 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 15 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 16 fit fit VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 17 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 19 traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 20 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 22 fold fold JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 23 division division NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 25 society society NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 26 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 27 nobles noble NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 29 clergy clergy NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 32 peasants peasant NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 345 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 346 1 During during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 346 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 346 3 12th 12th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 346 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 346 5 13th 13th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 346 6 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 346 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 346 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 346 9 ranks rank NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 346 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 346 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 346 12 townsmen townsman NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 346 13 expanded expand VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 346 14 greatly greatly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 346 15 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 346 16 existing exist VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 346 17 towns town NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 346 18 grew grow VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 346 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 346 20 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 346 21 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 346 22 centres centre NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 346 23 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 346 24 founded found VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 346 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 347 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 347 2 174 174 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 347 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 347 4 But but CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 347 5 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 347 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 347 7 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 347 8 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 347 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 347 10 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 347 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 347 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 347 13 towns town NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 347 14 probably probably RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 347 15 never never RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 347 16 exceeded exceed VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 347 17 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 347 18 percent percent NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 347 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 347 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 347 21 total total JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 347 22 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 347 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 2 175 175 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 4 13th 13th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 6 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 7 illustration illustration NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 10 Jew Jew NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 13 pointed pointed JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 14 Jewish jewish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 15 hat hat NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 19 Christian Christian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 20 Petrus Petrus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 21 Alphonsi Alphonsi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 22 debating debate VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 23 Jews Jews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 24 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 25 spread spread VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 26 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 27 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 28 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 30 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 348 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 1 Communities community NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 2 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 3 established establish VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 5 Germany Germany NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 7 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 10 11th 11th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 12 12th 12th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 13 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 15 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 16 Spanish spanish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 17 Jews Jews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 19 long long RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 20 settled settle VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 22 Spain Spain NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 23 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 25 Muslims Muslims NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 27 came come VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 28 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 29 Christian christian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 30 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 32 increasing increase VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 33 pressure pressure NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 34 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 35 convert convert VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 36 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 37 Christianity Christianity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 349 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 350 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 350 2 79 79 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 350 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 350 4 Most Most JJS en-wikipedia-org-9529 350 5 Jews Jews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 350 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 350 7 confined confine VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 350 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 350 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 350 10 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 350 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 350 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 350 13 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 350 14 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 350 15 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 350 16 allowed allow VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 350 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 350 18 own own VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 350 19 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 350 20 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 350 21 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 350 22 peasants peasant NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 350 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 351 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 351 2 176][T 176][t NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 351 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 351 4 Besides besides IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 351 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 351 6 Jews Jews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 351 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 351 8 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-9529 351 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 351 10 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 351 11 non non AFX en-wikipedia-org-9529 351 12 - - NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 351 13 Christians Christians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 351 14 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 351 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 351 16 edges edge NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 351 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 351 18 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 351 19 — — : en-wikipedia-org-9529 351 20 pagan pagan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 351 21 Slavs Slavs NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 351 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 351 23 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 351 24 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 351 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 351 26 Muslims Muslims NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 351 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 351 28 Southern Southern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 351 29 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 351 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 352 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 352 2 177 177 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 352 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 352 4 Women woman NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 352 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 352 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 352 7 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 352 8 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 352 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 352 10 officially officially RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 352 11 required require VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 352 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 352 13 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 352 14 subordinate subordinate JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 352 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 352 16 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 352 17 male male NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 352 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 352 19 whether whether IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 352 20 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 352 21 father father NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 352 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 352 23 husband husband NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 352 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 352 25 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 352 26 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 352 27 kinsman kinsman NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 352 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 353 1 Widows widow NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 353 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 353 3 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 353 4 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 353 5 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 353 6 allowed allow VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 353 7 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 353 8 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 353 9 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 353 10 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 353 11 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 353 12 lives life NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 353 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 353 14 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 353 15 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 353 16 restricted restrict VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 353 17 legally legally RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 353 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 354 1 Women woman NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 354 2 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 354 3 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 354 4 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 354 5 consisted consist VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 354 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 354 7 household household NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 354 8 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 354 9 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 354 10 domestically domestically RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 354 11 inclined inclined JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 354 12 tasks task NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 354 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 355 1 Peasant peasant JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 355 2 women woman NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 355 3 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 355 4 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 355 5 responsible responsible JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 355 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 355 7 taking take VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 355 8 care care NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 355 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 355 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 355 11 household household NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 355 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 355 13 child child NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 355 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 355 15 care care NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 355 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 355 17 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 355 18 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 355 19 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 355 20 gardening gardening NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 355 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 355 22 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 355 23 husbandry husbandry NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 355 24 near near IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 355 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 355 26 house house NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 355 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 356 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 356 2 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-9529 356 3 supplement supplement VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 356 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 356 5 household household NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 356 6 income income NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 356 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 356 8 spinning spin VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 356 9 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 356 10 brewing brew VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 356 11 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 356 12 home home NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 356 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 357 1 At at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 357 2 harvest harvest NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 357 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 357 4 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 357 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 357 6 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 357 7 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 357 8 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 357 9 expected expect VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 357 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 357 11 help help VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 357 12 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 357 13 field field NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 357 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 357 15 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 357 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 358 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 358 2 178 178 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 358 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 358 4 Townswomen townswoman NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 358 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 358 6 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 358 7 peasant peasant NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 358 8 women woman NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 358 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 358 10 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 358 11 responsible responsible JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 358 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 358 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 358 14 household household NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 358 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 358 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 358 17 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-9529 358 18 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 358 19 engage engage VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 358 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 358 21 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 358 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 359 1 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 359 2 trades trade NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 359 3 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 359 4 open open JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 359 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 359 6 women woman NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 359 7 varied vary VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 359 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 359 9 country country NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 359 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 359 11 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 359 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 2 179 179 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 4 Noblewomen noblewoman NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 5 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 6 responsible responsible JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 7 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 8 running run VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 10 household household NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 13 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 14 occasionally occasionally RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 15 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 16 expected expect VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 18 handle handle VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 19 estates estate NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 22 absence absence NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 24 male male JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 25 relatives relative NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 27 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 28 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 29 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 30 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 31 restricted restrict VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 32 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 33 participation participation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 35 military military NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 36 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 37 government government NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 38 affairs affair NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 360 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 361 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 361 2 only only JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 361 3 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 361 4 open open JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 361 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 361 6 women woman NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 361 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 361 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 361 9 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 361 10 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 361 11 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 361 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 361 13 nuns nun NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 361 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 361 15 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 361 16 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 361 17 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 361 18 unable unable JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 361 19 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 361 20 become become VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 361 21 priests priest NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 361 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 2 178 178 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 5 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 7 northern northern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 8 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 11 Flanders Flanders NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 14 rise rise NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 16 towns town NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 17 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 18 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 21 degree degree NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 22 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 24 governing govern VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 25 stimulated stimulate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 26 economic economic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 27 growth growth NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 29 created create VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 30 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 31 environment environment NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 32 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 33 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 34 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 36 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 37 associations association NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 362 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 1 Commercial commercial JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 2 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 3 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 5 shores shore NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 8 Baltic Baltic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 9 entered enter VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 10 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 11 agreements agreement NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 12 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 15 Hanseatic Hanseatic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 16 League League NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 20 Italian italian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 21 Maritime Maritime NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 22 republics republic NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 23 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 24 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 25 Venice Venice NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 27 Genoa Genoa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 30 Pisa Pisa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 31 expanded expand VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 32 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 33 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 34 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 36 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 363 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 2 U u NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 4 Great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 5 trading trading NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 6 fairs fair NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 7 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 8 established establish VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 10 flourished flourish VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 12 northern northern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 13 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 14 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 16 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 18 allowing allow VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 19 Italian italian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 21 German german JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 22 merchants merchant NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 23 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 24 trade trade VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 25 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 26 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 27 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 28 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 29 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 30 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 31 local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 32 merchants merchant NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 364 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 2 181 181 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 6 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 7 13th 13th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 8 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 9 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 10 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 12 sea sea NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 13 routes route NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 16 Far Far NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 17 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 18 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 19 pioneered pioneer VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 21 famously famously RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 22 described describe VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 24 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 25 Travels travel NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 27 Marco Marco NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 28 Polo Polo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 29 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 30 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 31 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 34 traders trader NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 36 Marco Marco NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 37 Polo Polo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 38 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 365 39 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 366 1 1324 1324 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 366 2 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 366 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 367 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 367 2 182 182 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 367 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 367 4 Besides besides IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 367 5 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 367 6 trading trading NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 367 7 opportunities opportunity NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 367 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 367 9 agricultural agricultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 367 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 367 11 technological technological JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 367 12 improvements improvement NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 367 13 enabled enable VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 367 14 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 367 15 increase increase NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 367 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 367 17 crop crop NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 367 18 yields yield NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 367 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 367 20 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 367 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 367 22 turn turn NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 367 23 allowed allow VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 367 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 367 25 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 367 26 networks network NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 367 27 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 367 28 expand expand VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 367 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 2 183 183 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 4 Rising rise VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 5 trade trade NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 6 brought bring VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 7 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 8 methods method NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 10 dealing deal VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 11 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 12 money money NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 15 gold gold NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 16 coinage coinage NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 17 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 18 again again RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 19 minted mint VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 21 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 23 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 25 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 27 later later RBR en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 29 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 31 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 32 countries country NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 368 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 369 1 New new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 369 2 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 369 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 369 4 commercial commercial JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 369 5 contracts contract NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 369 6 emerged emerge VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 369 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 369 8 allowing allow VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 369 9 risk risk NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 369 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 369 11 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 369 12 shared share VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 369 13 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 369 14 merchants merchant NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 369 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 370 1 Accounting accounting NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 370 2 methods method NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 370 3 improved improve VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 370 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 370 5 partly partly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 370 6 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 370 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 370 8 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 370 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 370 10 double double JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 370 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 370 12 entry entry NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 370 13 bookkeeping bookkeeping NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 370 14 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9529 370 15 letters letter NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 370 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 370 17 credit credit NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 370 18 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 370 19 appeared appear VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 370 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 370 21 allowing allow VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 370 22 easy easy JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 370 23 transmission transmission NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 370 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 370 25 money money NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 370 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 2 184 184 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 4 Rise rise NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 6 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 7 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 8 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 9 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 11 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 14 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 15 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 17 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 20 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 21 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 23 Germany Germany NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 26 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 27 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 29 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 32 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 33 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 35 Scotland Scotland NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 36 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 38 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 39 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 41 Spain Spain NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 42 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 43 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 44 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 45 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 47 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 48 Poland Poland NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 49 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 50 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 51 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 52 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 53 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 54 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 55 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 56 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 57 Sea Sea NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 58 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 59 1190 1190 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 60 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 61 High High NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 62 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 63 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 64 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 65 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 66 formative formative JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 67 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 68 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 69 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 70 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 71 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 72 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 73 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 74 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 75 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 371 76 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 372 1 Kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 372 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 372 3 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 372 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 372 5 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 372 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 372 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 372 8 Spain Spain NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 372 9 consolidated consolidate VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 372 10 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 372 11 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 372 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 372 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 372 14 set set VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 372 15 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-9529 372 16 lasting last VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 372 17 governing governing NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 372 18 institutions institution NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 372 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 373 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 373 2 185 185 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 373 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 373 4 New new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 373 5 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 373 6 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 373 7 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 373 8 Hungary Hungary NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 373 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 373 10 Poland Poland NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 373 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 373 12 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 373 13 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 373 14 conversion conversion NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 373 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 373 16 Christianity Christianity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 373 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 373 18 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 373 19 Central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 373 20 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 373 21 powers power NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 373 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 374 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 374 2 186 186 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 374 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 374 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 374 5 Magyars Magyars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 374 6 settled settle VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 374 7 Hungary Hungary NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 374 8 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 374 9 900 900 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 374 10 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 374 11 King King NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 374 12 Árpád Árpád NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 374 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 374 14 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 374 15 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 374 16 907 907 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 374 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 374 18 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 374 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 374 20 series series NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 374 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 374 22 invasions invasion NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 374 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 374 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 374 25 9th 9th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 374 26 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 374 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 2 187 187 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 5 papacy papacy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 7 long long RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 8 attached attach VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 10 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 11 ideology ideology NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 13 independence independence NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 14 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 15 secular secular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 16 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 18 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 19 asserted assert VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 20 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 21 claim claim NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 22 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 23 temporal temporal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 24 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 25 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 27 entire entire JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 28 Christian christian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 29 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 30 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 32 Papal Papal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 33 Monarchy Monarchy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 34 reached reach VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 35 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 36 apogee apogee NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 37 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 39 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 40 13th 13th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 41 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 42 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 43 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 44 pontificate pontificate NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 45 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 46 Innocent innocent JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 47 III III NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 48 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 49 pope pope NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 50 1198–1216 1198–1216 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 51 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 375 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 2 188 188 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 4 Northern Northern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 5 Crusades Crusades NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 8 advance advance NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 10 Christian christian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 11 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 13 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 14 orders order NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 15 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 16 previously previously RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 17 pagan pagan JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 18 regions region NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 21 Baltic Baltic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 23 Finnic Finnic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 24 north north NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 26 east east NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 27 brought bring VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 29 forced force VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 30 assimilation assimilation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 32 numerous numerous JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 33 native native JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 34 peoples people NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 35 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 36 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 37 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 376 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 2 189 189 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 4 During during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 6 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 7 High High NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 8 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 9 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 11 Germany Germany NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 12 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 13 ruled rule VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 16 Ottonian ottonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 17 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 19 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 20 struggled struggle VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 21 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 22 control control VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 24 powerful powerful JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 25 dukes duke NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 26 ruling rule VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 27 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 28 territorial territorial JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 29 duchies duchy NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 30 tracing trace VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 31 back back RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 32 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 34 Migration Migration NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 35 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 377 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 2 1024 1024 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 4 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 5 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 6 replaced replace VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 9 Salian salian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 10 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 12 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 13 famously famously RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 14 clashed clash VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 15 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 17 papacy papacy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 18 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 19 Emperor Emperor NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 20 Henry Henry NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 21 IV IV NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 23 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 24 1084–1105 1084–1105 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 26 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 27 Church church NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 28 appointments appointment NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 29 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 30 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 33 Investiture Investiture NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 34 Controversy Controversy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 378 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 379 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 379 2 190 190 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 379 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 379 4 His -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 379 5 successors successor NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 379 6 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 379 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 379 8 struggle struggle VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 379 9 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 379 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 379 11 papacy papacy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 379 12 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 379 13 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 379 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 379 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 379 16 German german JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 379 17 nobility nobility NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 379 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 2 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 4 instability instability NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 5 followed follow VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 7 death death NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 9 Emperor Emperor NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 10 Henry Henry NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 11 V V NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 13 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 14 1111–25 1111–25 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 17 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 18 died die VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 19 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 20 heirs heir NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 22 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 23 Frederick Frederick NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 24 I I NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 25 Barbarossa Barbarossa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 27 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 28 1155–90 1155–90 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 30 took take VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 32 imperial imperial JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 33 throne throne NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 380 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 381 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 381 2 191 191 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 381 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 381 4 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 381 5 he -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 381 6 ruled rule VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 381 7 effectively effectively RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 381 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 381 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 381 10 basic basic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 381 11 problems problem NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 381 12 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 381 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 381 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 381 15 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 381 16 successors successor NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 381 17 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 381 18 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 381 19 struggle struggle VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 381 20 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 381 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 381 22 13th 13th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 381 23 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 381 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 2 192 192 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 4 Barbarossa Barbarossa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 5 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 6 grandson grandson NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 7 Frederick Frederick NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 8 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 10 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 11 1220–1250 1220–1250 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 14 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 15 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 16 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 17 heir heir VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 18 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 20 throne throne NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 22 Sicily Sicily NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 23 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 24 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 25 mother mother NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 27 clashed clash VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 28 repeatedly repeatedly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 29 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 31 papacy papacy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 382 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 383 1 His -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 383 2 court court NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 383 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 383 4 famous famous JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 383 5 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 383 6 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 383 7 scholars scholar NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 383 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 383 9 he -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 383 10 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 383 11 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 383 12 accused accuse VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 383 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 383 14 heresy heresy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 383 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 384 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 384 2 193 193 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 384 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 384 4 He -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 384 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 384 6 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 384 7 successors successor NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 384 8 faced face VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 384 9 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 384 10 difficulties difficulty NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 384 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 384 12 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 384 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 384 14 invasion invasion NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 384 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 384 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 384 17 Mongols Mongols NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 384 18 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 384 19 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 384 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 384 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 384 22 mid-13th mid-13th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 384 23 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 384 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 385 1 Mongols mongol NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 385 2 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 385 3 shattered shatter VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 385 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 385 5 Kievan Kievan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 385 6 Rus Rus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 385 7 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 385 8 principalities principality NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 385 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 385 10 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 385 11 invaded invade VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 385 12 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 385 13 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 385 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 385 15 1241 1241 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 385 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 385 17 1259 1259 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 385 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 385 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 385 20 1287 1287 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 385 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 2 194 194 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 5 Bayeux Bayeux NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 6 Tapestry Tapestry NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 8 detail detail NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 10 showing show VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 11 William William NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 13 Conqueror Conqueror NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 15 centre centre NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 18 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 19 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 21 brothers brother NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 22 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 24 Count Count NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 26 Mortain Mortain NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 28 right right UH en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 31 Odo Odo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 33 Bishop Bishop NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 35 Bayeux Bayeux NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 36 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 38 Duchy Duchy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 40 Normandy Normandy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 41 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 42 left leave VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 43 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 44 Under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 46 Capetian capetian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 47 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 49 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 50 monarchy monarchy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 51 slowly slowly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 52 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 53 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 54 expand expand VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 55 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 56 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 57 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 58 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 59 nobility nobility NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 60 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 61 growing grow VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 62 out out IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 63 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 64 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 65 Île Île NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 66 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 67 de de NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 68 - - NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 69 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 70 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 71 exert exert VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 72 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 73 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 74 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 75 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 76 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 77 country country NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 78 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 79 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 80 11th 11th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 81 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 82 12th 12th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 83 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 386 84 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 2 195 195 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 4 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 5 faced face VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 7 powerful powerful JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 8 rival rival NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 11 Dukes Dukes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 13 Normandy Normandy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 15 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 17 1066 1066 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 18 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 19 William William NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 21 Conqueror Conqueror NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 23 duke duke NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 24 1035–1087 1035–1087 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 27 conquered conquer VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 28 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 30 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 31 1066–87 1066–87 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 34 created create VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 35 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 36 cross cross JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 37 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 38 channel channel JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 39 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 40 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 41 lasted last VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 43 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 44 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 45 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 47 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 49 rest rest NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 50 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 51 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 52 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 53 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 387 54 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 2 196][197 196][197 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 4 Normans Normans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 5 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 6 settled settle VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 8 Sicily Sicily NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 10 southern southern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 11 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 13 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 14 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 15 Guiscard Guiscard NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 17 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 18 1085 1085 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 20 landed land VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 21 there there RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 23 1059 1059 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 25 established establish VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 26 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 27 duchy duchy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 28 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 29 later later RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 30 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 32 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 34 Sicily Sicily NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 388 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 2 198 198 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 4 Under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 6 Angevin Angevin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 7 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 9 Henry Henry NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 10 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 12 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 13 1154–89 1154–89 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 16 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 17 son son NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 18 Richard Richard NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 19 I I NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 21 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 22 1189–99 1189–99 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 26 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 28 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 29 ruled rule VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 30 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 31 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 33 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 34 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 36 France,[199][V France,[199][V NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 37 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 38 brought bring VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 39 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 41 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 42 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 43 Henry Henry NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 44 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 45 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 46 marriage marriage NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 47 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 48 Eleanor Eleanor NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 49 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 50 Aquitaine Aquitaine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 51 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 52 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 53 1204 1204 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 54 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 55 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 56 heiress heiress NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 57 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 58 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 59 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 60 southern southern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 61 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 389 62 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 2 201][W 201][w NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 4 Richard Richard NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 5 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 6 younger young JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 7 brother brother NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 8 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 10 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 11 1199–1216 1199–1216 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 13 lost lose VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 14 Normandy Normandy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 17 rest rest NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 20 northern northern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 21 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 22 possessions possession NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 24 1204 1204 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 25 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 27 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 28 King King NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 29 Philip Philip NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 30 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 31 Augustus Augustus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 33 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 34 1180–1223 1180–1223 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 35 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 390 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 2 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 3 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 4 dissension dissension NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 5 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 7 English english JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 8 nobility nobility NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 10 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 11 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 12 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 13 financial financial JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 14 exactions exaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 16 pay pay VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 17 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 18 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 19 unsuccessful unsuccessful JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 20 attempts attempt NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 21 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 22 regain regain VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 23 Normandy Normandy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 24 led lead VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 26 1215 1215 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 27 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 28 Magna Magna NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 29 Carta Carta NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 31 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 32 charter charter NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 33 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 34 confirmed confirm VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 36 rights right NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 37 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 38 privileges privilege NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 40 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 41 men man NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 42 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 43 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 391 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 392 1 Under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 392 2 Henry Henry NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 392 3 III III NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 392 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 392 5 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 392 6 1216–72 1216–72 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 392 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 392 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 392 9 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 392 10 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 392 11 son son NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 392 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 392 13 further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 392 14 concessions concession NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 392 15 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 392 16 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 392 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 392 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 392 19 nobility nobility NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 392 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 392 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 392 22 royal royal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 392 23 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 392 24 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 392 25 diminished diminish VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 392 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 2 202 202 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 5 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 6 monarchy monarchy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 7 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 9 make make VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 10 gains gain NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 11 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 13 nobility nobility NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 14 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 16 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 17 12th 12th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 19 13th 13th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 20 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 22 bringing bring VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 23 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 24 territories territory NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 25 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 27 kingdom kingdom NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 28 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 30 king king NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 31 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 32 personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 33 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 35 centralising centralise VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 37 royal royal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 38 administration administration NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 393 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 394 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 394 2 203 203 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 394 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 394 4 Under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 394 5 Louis Louis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 394 6 IX IX NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 394 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 394 8 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 394 9 1226–70 1226–70 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 394 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 394 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 394 12 royal royal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 394 13 prestige prestige NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 394 14 rose rise VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 394 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 394 16 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 394 17 heights height NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 394 18 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 394 19 Louis Louis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 394 20 served serve VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 394 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 394 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 394 23 mediator mediator NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 394 24 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 394 25 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-9529 394 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 394 27 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 394 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 2 204][X 204][x CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 5 Iberia Iberia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 8 Christian christian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 9 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 11 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 12 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 13 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 14 confined confine VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 17 north north JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 19 western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 20 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 23 peninsula peninsula NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 25 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 26 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 27 push push VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 28 back back RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 29 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 31 Islamic islamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 32 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 35 south south NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 37 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 38 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 39 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 40 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 42 Reconquista Reconquista NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 395 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 396 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 396 2 206 206 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 396 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 396 4 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 396 5 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 396 6 1150 1150 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 396 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 396 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 396 9 Christian christian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 396 10 north north NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 396 11 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 396 12 coalesced coalesce VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 396 13 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 396 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 396 15 five five CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 396 16 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 396 17 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 396 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 396 19 León León NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 396 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 396 21 Castile Castile NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 396 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 396 23 Aragon Aragon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 396 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 396 25 Navarre Navarre NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 396 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 396 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 396 28 Portugal Portugal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 396 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 2 207 207 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 4 Southern Southern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 5 Iberia Iberia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 6 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 7 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 8 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 10 Islamic islamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 11 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 13 initially initially RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 14 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 16 Caliphate Caliphate NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 18 Córdoba Córdoba NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 20 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 21 broke break VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 22 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 24 1031 1031 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 25 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 26 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 27 shifting shift VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 28 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 30 petty petty JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 31 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 32 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 33 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 34 taifas,[206 taifas,[206 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 35 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 36 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 37 fought fight VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 38 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 40 Christians Christians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 41 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 43 Almohad Almohad NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 44 Caliphate Caliphate NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 45 re re NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 46 - - VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 47 established establish VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 48 centralised centralise VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 49 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 50 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 51 Southern Southern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 52 Iberia Iberia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 53 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 54 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 55 1170s 1170 NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 397 56 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 398 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 398 2 208 208 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 398 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 398 4 Christian christian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 398 5 forces force NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 398 6 advanced advance VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 398 7 again again RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 398 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 398 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 398 10 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 398 11 13th 13th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 398 12 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 398 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 398 14 culminating culminate VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 398 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 398 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 398 17 capture capture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 398 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 398 19 Seville Seville NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 398 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 398 21 1248 1248 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 398 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 2 209 209 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 4 Crusades Crusades NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 5 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 6 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 8 Crusades Crusades NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 10 Reconquista Reconquista NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 13 Northern Northern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 14 Crusades Crusades NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 15 See see VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 16 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 17 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 18 Byzantine Byzantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 19 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 20 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 22 Macedonian macedonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 23 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 25 Byzantine Byzantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 26 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 27 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 29 Komnenos Komnenos NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 30 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 31 Krak Krak NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 32 des des FW en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 33 Chevaliers Chevaliers NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 34 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 35 built build VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 36 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 38 Crusades Crusades NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 39 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 41 Knights Knights NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 42 Hospitallers Hospitallers NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 399 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 2 210 210 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 6 11th 11th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 7 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 10 Seljuk Seljuk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 11 Turks Turks NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 12 took take VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 13 over over RP en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 14 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 17 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 18 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 20 occupying occupy VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 21 Persia Persia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 22 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 24 1040s 1040 NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 26 Armenia Armenia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 29 1060s 1060s CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 32 Jerusalem Jerusalem NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 34 1070 1070 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 400 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 401 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 401 2 1071 1071 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 401 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 401 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 401 5 Turkish turkish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 401 6 army army NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 401 7 defeated defeat VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 401 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 401 9 Byzantine byzantine JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 401 10 army army NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 401 11 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 401 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 401 13 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 401 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 401 15 Manzikert Manzikert NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 401 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 401 17 captured capture VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 401 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 401 19 Byzantine Byzantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 401 20 Emperor Emperor NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 401 21 Romanus Romanus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 401 22 IV IV NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 401 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 401 24 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 401 25 1068–71 1068–71 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 401 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 401 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 2 Turks Turks NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 3 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 4 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 5 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 7 invade invade VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 8 Asia Asia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 9 Minor Minor NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 11 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 12 dealt deal VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 14 dangerous dangerous JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 15 blow blow NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 16 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 18 Byzantine Byzantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 19 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 20 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 21 seizing seize VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 23 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 24 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 26 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 27 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 29 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 30 economic economic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 31 heartland heartland NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 402 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 403 1 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 403 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 403 3 Byzantines Byzantines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 403 4 regrouped regroup VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 403 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 403 6 recovered recover VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 403 7 somewhat somewhat RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 403 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 403 9 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 403 10 never never RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 403 11 fully fully RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 403 12 regained regain VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 403 13 Asia Asia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 403 14 Minor Minor NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 403 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 403 16 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 403 17 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 403 18 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 403 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 403 20 defensive defensive NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 403 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 404 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 404 2 Turks Turks NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 404 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 404 4 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 404 5 difficulties difficulty NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 404 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 404 7 losing lose VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 404 8 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 404 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 404 10 Jerusalem Jerusalem NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 404 11 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 404 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 404 13 Fatimids Fatimids NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 404 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 404 15 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 404 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 404 17 suffering suffer VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 404 18 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 404 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 404 20 series series NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 404 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 404 22 internal internal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 404 23 civil civil JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 404 24 wars war NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 404 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 405 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 405 2 211 211 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 405 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 405 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 405 5 Byzantines Byzantines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 405 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 405 7 faced face VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 405 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 405 9 revived revive VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 405 10 Bulgaria Bulgaria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 405 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 405 12 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 405 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 405 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 405 15 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 405 16 12th 12th NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 405 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 405 18 13th 13th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 405 19 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 405 20 spread spread VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 405 21 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 405 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 405 23 Balkans Balkans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 405 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 406 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 406 2 212 212 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 406 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 406 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 406 5 crusades crusade NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 406 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 406 7 intended intend VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 406 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 406 9 seize seize VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 406 10 Jerusalem Jerusalem NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 406 11 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 406 12 Muslim muslim JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 406 13 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 406 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 2 First First NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 3 Crusade Crusade NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 4 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 5 proclaimed proclaim VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 7 Pope Pope NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 8 Urban Urban NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 9 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 11 pope pope NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 12 1088–99 1088–99 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 14 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 16 Council Council NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 18 Clermont Clermont NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 20 1095 1095 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 22 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 25 request request NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 26 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 28 Byzantine Byzantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 29 Emperor Emperor NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 30 Alexios Alexios NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 31 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 32 Komnenos Komnenos NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 33 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 34 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 35 1081–1118 1081–1118 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 37 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 38 aid aid NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 39 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 40 further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 41 Muslim muslim JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 42 advances advance NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 407 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 408 1 Urban urban JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 408 2 promised promise VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 408 3 indulgence indulgence NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 408 4 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 408 5 anyone anyone NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 408 6 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 408 7 took take VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 408 8 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 408 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 409 1 Tens ten NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 409 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 409 3 thousands thousand NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 409 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 409 5 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 409 6 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 409 7 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 409 8 levels level NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 409 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 409 10 society society NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 409 11 mobilised mobilise VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 409 12 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 409 13 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 409 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 409 15 captured capture VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 409 16 Jerusalem Jerusalem NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 409 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 409 18 1099 1099 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 409 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 410 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 410 2 213 213 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 410 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 410 4 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 410 5 feature feature NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 410 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 410 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 410 8 crusades crusade NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 410 9 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 410 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 410 11 pogroms pogrom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 410 12 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 410 13 local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 410 14 Jews Jews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 410 15 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 410 16 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 410 17 took take VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 410 18 place place NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 410 19 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 410 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 410 21 crusaders crusader NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 410 22 left leave VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 410 23 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 410 24 countries country NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 410 25 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 410 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 410 27 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 410 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 2 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 3 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 4 brutal brutal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 5 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 7 First First NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 8 Crusade,[79 Crusade,[79 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 9 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 10 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 12 Jewish jewish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 13 communities community NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 15 Cologne Cologne NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 17 Mainz Mainz NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 20 Worms worm NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 21 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 22 destroyed destroy VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 24 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 25 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 26 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 27 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 28 communities community NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 30 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 31 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 33 rivers river NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 34 Seine Seine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 37 Rhine Rhine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 411 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 2 214 214 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 4 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 5 outgrowth outgrowth NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 8 crusades crusade NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 9 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 11 foundation foundation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 14 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 15 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 17 monastic monastic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 18 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 21 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 22 orders order NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 25 Templars Templars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 27 Hospitallers Hospitallers NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 29 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 30 fused fuse VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 31 monastic monastic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 32 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 33 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 34 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 35 service service NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 412 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 413 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 413 2 215 215 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 413 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 413 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 413 5 crusaders crusader NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 413 6 consolidated consolidate VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 413 7 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 413 8 conquests conquest NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 413 9 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 413 10 crusader crusader NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 413 11 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 413 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 414 1 During during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 414 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 414 3 12th 12th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 414 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 414 5 13th 13th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 414 6 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 414 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 414 8 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-9529 414 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 414 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 414 11 series series NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 414 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 414 13 conflicts conflict NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 414 14 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 414 15 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 414 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 414 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 414 18 surrounding surround VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 414 19 Islamic islamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 414 20 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 414 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 1 Appeals appeal NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 4 crusader crusader NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 5 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 8 papacy papacy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 9 led lead VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 11 further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 12 crusades,[213 crusades,[213 NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 13 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 14 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 15 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 17 Third Third NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 18 Crusade Crusade NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 20 called call VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 21 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 22 try try VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 23 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 24 regain regain VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 25 Jerusalem Jerusalem NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 27 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 28 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 29 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 30 captured capture VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 31 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 32 Saladin Saladin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 33 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 34 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 35 1193 1193 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 37 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 38 1187 1187 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 415 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 2 216][Y 216][y LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 5 1203 1203 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 8 Fourth Fourth NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 9 Crusade Crusade NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 10 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 11 diverted divert VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 12 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 14 Holy Holy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 15 Land Land NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 16 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 17 Constantinople Constantinople NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 20 captured capture VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 22 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 24 1204 1204 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 26 setting set VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 27 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 29 Latin Latin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 30 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 32 Constantinople[218 Constantinople[218 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 33 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 35 greatly greatly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 36 weakening weaken VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 38 Byzantine Byzantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 39 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 416 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 417 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 417 2 Byzantines Byzantines NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 417 3 recaptured recapture VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 417 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 417 5 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 417 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 417 7 1261 1261 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 417 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 417 9 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 417 10 never never RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 417 11 regained regain VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 417 12 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 417 13 former former JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 417 14 strength strength NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 417 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 2 219 219 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 4 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 5 1291 1291 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 6 all all PDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 8 crusader crusader NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 9 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 10 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 11 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 12 captured capture VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 13 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 14 forced force VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 15 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 17 mainland mainland NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 19 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 21 titular titular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 22 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 24 Jerusalem Jerusalem NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 25 survived survive VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 26 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 28 island island NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 30 Cyprus Cyprus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 31 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 32 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 33 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 34 afterwards afterwards RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 418 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 419 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 419 2 220 220 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 419 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 419 4 Popes pope NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 419 5 called call VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 419 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 419 7 crusades crusade NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 419 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 419 9 take take VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 419 10 place place NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 419 11 elsewhere elsewhere RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 419 12 besides besides IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 419 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 419 14 Holy Holy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 419 15 Land Land NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 419 16 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 419 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 419 18 Spain Spain NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 419 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 419 20 southern southern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 419 21 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 419 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 419 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 419 24 along along IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 419 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 419 26 Baltic Baltic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 419 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 420 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 420 2 213 213 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 420 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 420 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 420 5 Spanish spanish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 420 6 crusades crusade NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 420 7 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 420 8 fused fuse VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 420 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 420 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 420 11 Reconquista Reconquista NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 420 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 420 13 Spain Spain NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 420 14 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 420 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 420 16 Muslims Muslims NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 420 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 1 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 3 Templars Templars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 5 Hospitallers Hospitallers NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 6 took take VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 7 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 10 Spanish spanish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 11 crusades crusade NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 13 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 14 Spanish spanish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 15 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 16 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 17 orders order NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 18 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 19 founded found VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 21 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 23 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 24 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 25 become become VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 26 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 29 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 30 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 31 orders order NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 33 Calatrava Calatrava NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 35 Santiago Santiago NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 36 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 38 beginning beginning NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 41 12th 12th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 42 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 421 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 2 221 221 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 4 Northern Northern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 5 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 7 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 8 outside outside IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 9 Christian christian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 10 influence influence NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 11 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 13 11th 11th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 14 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 15 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 16 later later RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 19 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 21 crusading crusading JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 22 venue venue NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 23 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 24 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 27 Northern Northern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 28 Crusades Crusades NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 31 12th 12th NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 32 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 33 14th 14th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 34 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 422 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 423 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 423 2 crusades crusade NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 423 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 423 4 spawned spawn VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 423 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 423 6 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 423 7 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 423 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 423 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 423 10 Order order NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 423 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 423 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 423 13 Sword Sword NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 423 14 Brothers Brothers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 423 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 1 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 2 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 5 Teutonic Teutonic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 6 Knights Knights NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 8 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 9 founded found VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 12 crusader crusader NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 13 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 15 focused focus VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 16 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 18 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 19 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 22 Baltic Baltic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 23 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 24 1225 1225 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 28 1309 1309 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 29 moved move VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 30 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 31 headquarters headquarters NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 32 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 33 Marienburg Marienburg NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 35 Prussia Prussia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 424 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 2 222 222 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 4 Intellectual intellectual JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 5 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 6 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 7 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 9 Renaissance Renaissance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 12 12th 12th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 13 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 15 Medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 16 philosophy philosophy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 18 Medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 19 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 21 Medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 22 poetry poetry NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 25 Medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 26 medicine medicine NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 28 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 29 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 30 During during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 32 11th 11th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 33 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 35 developments development NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 36 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 37 philosophy philosophy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 39 theology theology NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 40 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 41 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 42 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 43 intellectual intellectual JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 44 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 425 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 426 1 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-9529 426 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 426 3 debate debate NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 426 4 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 426 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 426 6 realists realist NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 426 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 426 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 426 9 nominalists nominalist NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 426 10 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 426 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 426 12 concept concept NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 426 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 426 14 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 426 15 universals universal NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 426 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 426 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 427 1 Philosophical philosophical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 427 2 discourse discourse NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 427 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 427 4 stimulated stimulate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 427 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 427 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 427 7 rediscovery rediscovery NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 427 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 427 9 Aristotle Aristotle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 427 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 427 11 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 427 12 emphasis emphasis NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 427 13 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 427 14 empiricism empiricism NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 427 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 427 16 rationalism rationalism NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 427 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 428 1 Scholars scholar NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 428 2 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 428 3 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 428 4 Peter Peter NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 428 5 Abelard Abelard NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 428 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 428 7 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 428 8 1142 1142 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 428 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 428 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 428 11 Peter Peter NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 428 12 Lombard Lombard NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 428 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 428 14 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 428 15 1164 1164 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 428 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 428 17 introduced introduce VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 428 18 Aristotelian aristotelian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 428 19 logic logic NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 428 20 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 428 21 theology theology NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 428 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 429 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 429 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 429 3 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 429 4 11th 11th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 429 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 429 6 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 429 7 12th 12th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 429 8 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 429 9 cathedral cathedral JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 429 10 schools school NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 429 11 spread spread VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 429 12 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 429 13 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 429 14 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 429 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 429 16 signalling signal VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 429 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 429 18 shift shift NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 429 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 429 20 learning learn VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 429 21 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 429 22 monasteries monastery NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 429 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 429 24 cathedrals cathedral NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 429 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 429 26 towns town NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 429 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 430 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 430 2 223 223 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 430 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 430 4 Cathedral cathedral JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 430 5 schools school NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 430 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 430 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 430 8 turn turn NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 430 9 replaced replace VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 430 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 430 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 430 12 universities university NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 430 13 established establish VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 430 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 430 15 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 430 16 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 430 17 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 430 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 2 224 224 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 4 Philosophy philosophy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 6 theology theology NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 7 fused fuse VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 9 scholasticism scholasticism NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 11 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 12 attempt attempt NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 13 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 14 12th- 12th- CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 16 13th 13th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 18 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 19 scholars scholar NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 20 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 21 reconcile reconcile VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 22 authoritative authoritative JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 23 texts text NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 25 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 26 notably notably RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 27 Aristotle Aristotle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 30 Bible Bible NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 431 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 2 movement movement NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 3 tried try VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 4 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 5 employ employ VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 7 systemic systemic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 8 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 10 truth truth NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 12 reason[225 reason[225 NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 13 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 15 culminated culminate VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 18 thought thought NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 20 Thomas Thomas NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 21 Aquinas Aquinas NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 23 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 24 1274 1274 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 27 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 28 wrote write VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 30 Summa Summa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 31 Theologica Theologica NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 33 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 34 Summary Summary NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 36 Theology Theology NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 432 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 433 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 433 2 226 226 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 433 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 433 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 433 5 medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 433 6 scholar scholar NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 433 7 making make VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 433 8 precise precise JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 433 9 measurements measurement NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 433 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 433 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 433 12 14th 14th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 433 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 433 14 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 433 15 manuscript manuscript NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 433 16 illustration illustration NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 433 17 Chivalry Chivalry NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 433 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 433 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 433 20 ethos ethos NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 433 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 433 22 courtly courtly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 433 23 love love NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 433 24 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 433 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 433 26 royal royal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 433 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 433 28 noble noble JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 433 29 courts court NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 433 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 2 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 4 expressed express VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 7 vernacular vernacular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 8 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 9 rather rather RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 10 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 11 Latin Latin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 14 comprised comprise VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 15 poems poem NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 17 stories story NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 19 legends legend NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 22 popular popular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 23 songs song NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 24 spread spread VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 25 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 26 troubadours troubadour NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 28 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 29 wandering wander VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 30 minstrels minstrel NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 434 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 1 Often often RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 3 stories story NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 4 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 5 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 6 down down RP en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 9 chansons chanson NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 10 de de FW en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 11 geste geste NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 13 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 14 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 15 songs song NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 17 great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 18 deeds deed NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 19 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 21 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 22 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 23 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 24 Song Song NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 26 Roland Roland NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 27 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 28 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 29 Song Song NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 31 Hildebrand Hildebrand NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 435 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 436 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 436 2 227 227 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 436 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 436 4 Secular secular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 436 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 436 6 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 436 7 histories history NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 436 8 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 436 9 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 436 10 produced produce VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 436 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 437 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 437 2 228 228 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 437 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 437 4 Geoffrey Geoffrey NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 437 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 437 6 Monmouth Monmouth NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 437 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 437 8 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 437 9 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 437 10 1155 1155 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 437 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 437 12 composed compose VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 437 13 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 437 14 Historia Historia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 437 15 Regum Regum NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 437 16 Britanniae Britanniae NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 437 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 437 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 437 19 collection collection NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 437 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 437 21 stories story NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 437 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 437 23 legends legend NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 437 24 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 437 25 Arthur Arthur NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 437 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 2 229 229 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 4 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 5 works work NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 7 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 8 clearly clearly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 9 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 11 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 13 Otto Otto NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 14 von von NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 15 Freising Freising NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 16 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 18 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 19 1158 1158 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 21 Gesta Gesta NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 22 Friderici Friderici NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 23 Imperatoris Imperatoris NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 24 detailing detail VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 26 deeds deed NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 28 Emperor Emperor NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 29 Frederick Frederick NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 30 Barbarossa Barbarossa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 32 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 33 William William NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 35 Malmesbury Malmesbury NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 36 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 37 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 38 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 39 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 40 1143 1143 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 41 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 42 Gesta Gesta NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 43 Regum Regum NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 44 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 46 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 47 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 48 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 438 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 439 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 439 2 228 228 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 439 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 439 4 Legal legal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 439 5 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 439 6 advanced advance VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 439 7 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 439 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 439 9 12th 12th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 439 10 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 439 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 440 1 Both both DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 440 2 secular secular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 440 3 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 440 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 440 5 canon canon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 440 6 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 440 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 440 8 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 440 9 ecclesiastical ecclesiastical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 440 10 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 440 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 440 12 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 440 13 studied study VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 440 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 440 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 440 16 High High NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 440 17 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 440 18 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 440 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 1 Secular secular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 2 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 4 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 5 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 6 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 8 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 9 advanced advance VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 10 greatly greatly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 13 discovery discovery NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 16 Corpus Corpus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 17 Juris Juris NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 18 Civilis Civilis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 21 11th 11th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 22 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 25 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 26 1100 1100 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 27 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 28 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 29 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 30 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 31 taught teach VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 32 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 33 Bologna Bologna NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 441 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 442 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 442 2 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 442 3 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 442 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 442 5 recording recording NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 442 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 442 7 standardisation standardisation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 442 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 442 9 legal legal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 442 10 codes code NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 442 11 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 442 12 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 442 13 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 442 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 443 1 Canon Canon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 443 2 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 443 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 443 4 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 443 5 studied study VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 443 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 443 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 443 8 around around RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 443 9 1140 1140 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 443 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 443 11 monk monk NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 443 12 named name VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 443 13 Gratian Gratian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 443 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 443 15 fl fl NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 443 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 444 1 12th 12th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 444 2 century century NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 444 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 444 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 444 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 444 6 teacher teacher NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 444 7 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 444 8 Bologna Bologna NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 444 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 444 10 wrote write VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 444 11 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 444 12 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 444 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 444 14 standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 444 15 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 444 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 444 17 canon canon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 444 18 law law NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 444 19 — — : en-wikipedia-org-9529 444 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 444 21 Decretum Decretum NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 444 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 2 230 230 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 4 Among among IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 6 results result NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 9 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 11 Islamic islamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 12 influence influence NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 13 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 14 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 15 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 17 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 18 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 19 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 21 replacement replacement NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 23 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 24 numerals numeral NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 25 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 27 decimal decimal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 28 positional positional JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 29 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 30 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 33 invention invention NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 35 algebra algebra NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 37 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 38 allowed allow VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 39 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 40 advanced advanced JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 41 mathematics mathematic NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 445 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 446 1 Astronomy Astronomy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 446 2 advanced advance VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 446 3 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 446 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 446 5 translation translation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 446 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 446 7 Ptolemy Ptolemy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 446 8 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 446 9 Almagest Almagest NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 446 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 446 11 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 446 12 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 446 13 Latin Latin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 446 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 446 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 446 16 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 446 17 12th 12th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 446 18 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 446 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 447 1 Medicine medicine NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 447 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 447 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 447 4 studied study VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 447 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 447 6 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 447 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 447 8 southern southern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 447 9 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 447 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 447 11 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-9529 447 12 Islamic islamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 447 13 medicine medicine NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 447 14 influenced influence VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 447 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 447 16 school school NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 447 17 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 447 18 Salerno Salerno NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 447 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 2 231 231 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 4 Technology technology NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 6 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 7 Main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 8 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 10 Medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 11 technology technology NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 13 Medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 14 warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 17 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 19 science science NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 20 § § CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 21   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 22 Science science NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 25 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 26 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 27 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 28 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 29 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 30 List list NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 32 medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 33 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 34 scientists scientist NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 35 Portrait Portrait NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 37 Cardinal Cardinal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 38 Hugh Hugh NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 40 Saint Saint NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 41 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 42 Cher Cher NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 43 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 44 Tommaso Tommaso NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 45 da da NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 46 Modena Modena NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 47 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 48 1352 1352 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 50 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 51 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 52 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 53 depiction depiction NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 54 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 55 spectacles[232 spectacles[232 NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 56 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 57 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 58 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 59 12th 12th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 60 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 61 13th 13th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 62 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 63 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 64 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 65 experienced experience VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 66 economic economic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 67 growth growth NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 68 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 69 innovations innovation NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 70 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 71 methods method NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 72 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 73 production production NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 448 74 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 449 1 Major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 449 2 technological technological JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 449 3 advances advance NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 449 4 included include VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 449 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 449 6 invention invention NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 449 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 449 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 449 9 windmill windmill NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 449 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 449 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 449 12 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 449 13 mechanical mechanical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 449 14 clocks clock NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 449 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 449 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 449 17 manufacture manufacture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 449 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 449 19 distilled distil VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 449 20 spirits spirit NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 449 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 449 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 449 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 449 24 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 449 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 449 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 449 27 astrolabe astrolabe NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 449 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 450 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 450 2 233 233 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 450 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 450 4 Concave Concave NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 450 5 spectacles spectacle NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 450 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 450 7 invented invent VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 450 8 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 450 9 1286 1286 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 450 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 450 11 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 450 12 unknown unknown JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 450 13 Italian italian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 450 14 artisan artisan NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 450 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 450 16 probably probably RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 450 17 working work VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 450 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 450 19 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 450 20 near near IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 450 21 Pisa Pisa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 450 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 2 234 234 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 5 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 8 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 10 field field NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 11 rotation rotation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 12 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 13 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 14 planting plant VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 15 crops[161][Z crops[161][Z NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 16 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 17 increased increase VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 19 usage usage NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 21 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 22 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 23 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 24 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 26 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 27 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 28 year year NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 29 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 31 old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 32 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 33 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 34 field field NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 35 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 36 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 37 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 38 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 39 thirds third NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 40 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 42 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 43 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 45 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 46 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 47 consequent consequent JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 48 increase increase NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 49 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 50 production production NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 451 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 2 235 235 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 5 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 8 heavy heavy JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 9 plough plough NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 10 allowed allow VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 11 heavier heavy JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 12 soils soil NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 14 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 15 farmed farm VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 16 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 17 efficiently efficiently RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 19 aided aid VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 20 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 22 spread spread NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 25 horse horse NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 26 collar collar NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 28 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 29 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 30 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 32 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 34 draught draught JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 35 horses horse NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 36 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 37 place place NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 39 oxen oxen NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 452 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 453 1 Horses horse NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 453 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 453 3 faster fast JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 453 4 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 453 5 oxen oxen NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 453 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 453 7 require require VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 453 8 less less JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 453 9 pasture pasture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 453 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 453 11 factors factor NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 453 12 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 453 13 aided aid VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 453 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 453 15 implementation implementation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 453 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 453 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 453 18 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 453 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 453 20 field field NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 453 21 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 453 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 2 236 236 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 4 Legumes Legumes NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 5 – – : en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 6 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 7 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 8 peas pea NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 10 beans bean NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 12 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 13 lentils lentil NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 14 – – : en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 15 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 16 grown grow VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 17 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 18 widely widely RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 19 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 20 crops crop NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 23 addition addition NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 24 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 26 usual usual JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 27 cereal cereal NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 28 crops crop NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 30 wheat wheat NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 32 oats oat NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 34 barley barley NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 37 rye rye NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 454 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 455 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 455 2 237 237 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 455 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 455 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 455 5 construction construction NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 455 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 455 7 cathedrals cathedral NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 455 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 455 9 castles castle NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 455 10 advanced advance VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 455 11 building building NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 455 12 technology technology NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 455 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 455 14 leading lead VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 455 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 455 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 455 17 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 455 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 455 19 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 455 20 stone stone NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 455 21 buildings building NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 455 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 456 1 Ancillary ancillary JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 456 2 structures structure NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 456 3 included include VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 456 4 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 456 5 town town NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 456 6 halls hall NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 456 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 456 8 houses house NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 456 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 456 10 bridges bridge NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 456 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 456 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 456 13 tithe tithe DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 456 14 barns barn NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 456 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 457 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 457 2 238 238 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 457 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 457 4 Shipbuilding shipbuilding NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 457 5 improved improve VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 457 6 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 457 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 457 8 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 457 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 457 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 457 11 rib rib NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 457 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 457 13 plank plank NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 457 14 method method NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 457 15 rather rather RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 457 16 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 457 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 457 18 old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 457 19 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 457 20 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 457 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 457 22 mortise mortise NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 457 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 457 24 tenon tenon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 457 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 458 1 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 458 2 improvements improvement NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 458 3 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 458 4 ships ship NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 458 5 included include VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 458 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 458 7 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 458 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 458 9 lateen lateen JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 458 10 sails sail NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 458 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 458 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 458 13 stern stern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 458 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 458 15 post post NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 458 16 rudder rudder NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 458 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 458 18 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 458 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 458 20 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 458 21 increased increase VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 458 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 458 23 speed speed NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 458 24 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 458 25 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 458 26 ships ship NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 458 27 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-9529 458 28 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 458 29 sailed sail VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 458 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 459 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 459 2 239 239 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 459 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 459 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 459 5 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 459 6 affairs affair NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 459 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 459 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 459 9 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 459 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 459 11 infantry infantry NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 459 12 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 459 13 specialised specialised JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 459 14 roles role NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 459 15 increased increase VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 459 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 460 1 Along along IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 460 2 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 460 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 460 4 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 460 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 460 6 dominant dominant JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 460 7 heavy heavy JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 460 8 cavalry cavalry NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 460 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 460 10 armies army NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 460 11 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 460 12 included include VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 460 13 mounted mount VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 460 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 460 15 infantry infantry NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 460 16 crossbowmen crossbowman NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 460 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 460 18 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 460 19 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 460 20 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 460 21 sappers sapper NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 460 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 460 23 engineers engineer NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 460 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 2 240 240 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 4 Crossbows crossbow NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 6 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 7 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 8 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 9 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 11 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 12 Antiquity Antiquity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 14 increased increase VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 16 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 17 partly partly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 18 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 21 increase increase NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 23 siege siege NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 24 warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 27 10th 10th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 29 11th 11th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 30 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 461 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 2 156][AA 156][aa LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 5 increasing increase VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 6 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 8 crossbows crossbow NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 9 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 11 12th 12th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 13 13th 13th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 14 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 15 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 16 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 18 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 20 closed closed JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 22 face face NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 23 helmets helmet NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 25 heavy heavy JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 26 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 27 armour armour NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 29 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 30 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 31 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 32 horse horse NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 33 armour armour NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 462 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 2 242 242 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 4 Gunpowder Gunpowder NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 5 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 6 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 8 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 11 mid-13th mid-13th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 12 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 13 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 15 recorded record VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 16 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 18 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 19 warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 20 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 22 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 23 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 25 Scots Scots NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 27 1304 1304 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 29 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 30 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 31 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 32 merely merely RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 33 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 34 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 35 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 36 explosive explosive NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 37 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 38 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 39 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 40 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 41 weapon weapon NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 463 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 464 1 Cannon cannon NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 464 2 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 464 3 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 464 4 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 464 5 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 464 6 sieges siege NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 464 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 464 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 464 9 1320s 1320 NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 464 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 464 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 464 12 hand hand NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 464 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 464 14 held hold VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 464 15 guns gun NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 464 16 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 464 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 464 18 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 464 19 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 464 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 464 21 1360s 1360s CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 464 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 2 243 243 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 4 Architecture architecture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 6 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 9 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 10 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 11 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 13 Medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 14 architecture architecture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 16 Medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 17 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 20 Medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 21 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 22 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 23 Romanesque Romanesque NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 24 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 26 Maria Maria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 27 Laach Laach NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 29 Germany Germany NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 30 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 32 10th 10th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 33 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 35 establishment establishment NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 37 churches church NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 39 monasteries monastery NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 40 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 41 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 43 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 44 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 45 stone stone NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 46 architecture architecture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 47 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 48 elaborated elaborate VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 49 vernacular vernacular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 50 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 51 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 52 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 53 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 54 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 55 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 56 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 57 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 58 Romanesque Romanesque NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 59 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 60 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 61 derived derive VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 465 62 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 466 1 Where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-9529 466 2 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 466 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 466 4 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 466 5 brick brick NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 466 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 466 7 stone stone NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 466 8 buildings building NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 466 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 466 10 recycled recycle VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 466 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 466 12 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 466 13 materials material NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 466 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 467 1 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 467 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 467 3 tentative tentative JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 467 4 beginnings beginning NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 467 5 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 467 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 467 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 467 8 First First NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 467 9 Romanesque Romanesque NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 467 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 467 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 467 12 style style NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 467 13 flourished flourish VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 467 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 467 15 spread spread VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 467 16 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 467 17 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 467 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 467 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 467 20 remarkably remarkably RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 467 21 homogeneous homogeneous JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 467 22 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 467 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 468 1 Just just RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 468 2 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 468 3 1000 1000 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 468 4 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-9529 468 5 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 468 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 468 7 great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 468 8 wave wave NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 468 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 468 10 building build VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 468 11 stone stone NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 468 12 churches church NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 468 13 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 468 14 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 468 15 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 468 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 2 244 244 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 4 Romanesque romanesque JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 5 buildings building NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 6 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 7 massive massive JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 8 stone stone NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 9 walls wall NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 11 openings opening NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 12 topped top VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 13 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 14 semi semi JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 15 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 16 circular circular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 17 arches arch NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 19 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 20 windows window NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 24 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 26 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 28 arched arch VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 29 stone stone NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 30 vaults vault NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 469 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 2 245 245 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 5 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 6 portal portal NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 7 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 8 coloured colour VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 9 sculpture sculpture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 11 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 12 relief relief NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 13 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 15 central central JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 16 feature feature NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 18 façades façade NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 20 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 22 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 26 capitals capital NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 28 columns column NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 29 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 30 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 31 carved carve VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 32 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 33 narrative narrative JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 34 scenes scene NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 36 imaginative imaginative JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 37 monsters monster NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 39 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 470 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 2 246 246 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 4 According accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 6 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 7 historian historian NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 8 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 9 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 10 Dodwell Dodwell NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 13 virtually virtually RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 14 all all PDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 16 churches church NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 19 West West NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 20 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 21 decorated decorate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 22 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 23 wall wall NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 25 paintings painting NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 26 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 29 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 30 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 31 survive survive VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 471 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 472 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 472 2 247 247 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 472 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 472 4 Simultaneous simultaneous JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 472 5 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 472 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 472 7 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 472 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 472 9 church church NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 472 10 architecture architecture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 472 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 472 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 472 13 distinctive distinctive JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 472 14 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 472 15 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 472 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 472 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 472 18 castle castle NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 472 19 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 472 20 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 472 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 472 22 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 472 23 crucial crucial JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 472 24 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 472 25 politics politics NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 472 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 472 27 warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 472 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 2 248 248 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 4 Romanesque romanesque JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 5 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 7 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 8 metalwork metalwork JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 10 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 11 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 12 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 13 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 14 sophisticated sophisticated JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 16 Mosan Mosan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 17 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 20 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 21 distinct distinct JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 22 artistic artistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 23 personalities personality NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 24 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 25 Nicholas Nicholas NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 27 Verdun Verdun NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 29 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 30 1205 1205 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 31 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 32 become become VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 33 apparent apparent JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 36 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 37 almost almost RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 38 classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 39 style style NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 40 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 41 seen see VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 42 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 43 works work NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 44 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 45 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 46 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 47 font font NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 48 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 49 Liège,[249 liège,[249 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 50 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 51 contrasting contrast VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 52 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 53 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 54 writhing writhe VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 55 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 56 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 57 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 58 exactly exactly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 59 contemporary contemporary JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 60 Gloucester Gloucester NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 61 Candlestick Candlestick NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 473 62 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 1 Large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 2 illuminated illuminate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 3 bibles bible NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 5 psalters psalter NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 8 typical typical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 9 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 11 luxury luxury NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 12 manuscripts manuscript NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 15 wall wall NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 17 painting painting NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 18 flourished flourish VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 20 churches church NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 22 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 23 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 25 scheme scheme NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 26 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 28 Last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 29 Judgement judgement NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 30 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 32 west west NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 33 wall wall NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 35 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 36 Christ Christ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 37 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 38 Majesty Majesty NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 39 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 41 east east JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 42 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 44 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 45 narrative narrative JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 46 biblical biblical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 47 scenes scene NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 48 down down IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 49 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 50 nave nave NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 51 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 52 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 53 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 54 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 55 best good JJS en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 56 surviving survive VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 57 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 58 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 59 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 60 Saint Saint NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 61 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 62 Savin Savin VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 63 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 64 sur sur NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 65 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 66 Gartempe Gartempe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 67 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 68 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 69 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 70 barrel barrel NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 71 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 72 vaulted vault VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 73 roof roof NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 474 74 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 2 250 250 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 5 Gothic gothic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 6 interior interior NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 8 Laon Laon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 9 Cathedral Cathedral NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 11 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 12 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 14 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 15 12th 12th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 16 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 18 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 19 builders builder NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 20 developed develop VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 22 Gothic gothic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 23 style style NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 25 marked mark VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 26 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 28 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 30 rib rib NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 31 vaults vault NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 33 pointed point VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 34 arches arch NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 36 flying fly VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 37 buttresses buttress NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 39 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 40 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 41 stained stained JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 42 glass glass NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 43 windows window NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 475 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 476 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 476 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 476 3 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 476 4 mainly mainly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 476 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 476 6 churches church NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 476 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 476 8 cathedrals cathedral NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 476 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 476 10 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 476 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 476 12 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 476 13 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 476 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 476 15 16th 16th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 476 16 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 476 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 476 18 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 476 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 476 20 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 476 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 477 1 Classic classic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 477 2 examples example NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 477 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 477 4 Gothic gothic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 477 5 architecture architecture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 477 6 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 477 7 Chartres Chartres NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 477 8 Cathedral Cathedral NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 477 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 477 10 Reims Reims NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 477 11 Cathedral Cathedral NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 477 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 477 13 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 477 14 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 477 15 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 477 16 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 477 17 Salisbury Salisbury NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 477 18 Cathedral Cathedral NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 477 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 477 20 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 477 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 478 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 478 2 251 251 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 478 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 478 4 Stained stain VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 478 5 glass glass NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 478 6 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 478 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 478 8 crucial crucial JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 478 9 element element NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 478 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 478 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 478 12 design design NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 478 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 478 14 churches church NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 478 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 478 16 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 478 17 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 478 18 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 478 19 use use VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 478 20 extensive extensive JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 478 21 wall wall NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 478 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 478 23 paintings painting NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 478 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 478 25 now now RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 478 26 almost almost RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 478 27 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 478 28 lost lost JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 478 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 2 252 252 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 4 During during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 5 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 6 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 8 practice practice NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 10 manuscript manuscript NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 11 illumination illumination NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 12 gradually gradually RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 13 passed pass VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 14 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 15 monasteries monastery NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 17 lay lay VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 18 workshops workshop NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 20 so so IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 21 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 22 according accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 24 Janetta Janetta NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 25 Benton Benton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 26 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 27 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 28 1300 1300 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 29 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 30 monks monk NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 31 bought buy VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 32 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 33 books book NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 35 shops",[253 shops",[253 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 36 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 37 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 39 book book NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 41 hours hour NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 42 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 43 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 44 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 45 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 46 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 47 devotional devotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 48 book book NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 49 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 50 lay lay NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 51 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 52 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 479 53 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 480 1 Metalwork metalwork NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 480 2 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 480 3 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 480 4 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 480 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 480 6 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-9529 480 7 prestigious prestigious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 480 8 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 480 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 480 10 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 480 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 480 12 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 480 13 Limoges Limoges NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 480 14 enamel enamel VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 480 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 480 16 popular popular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 480 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 480 18 relatively relatively RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 480 19 affordable affordable JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 480 20 option option NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 480 21 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 480 22 objects object NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 480 23 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 480 24 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 480 25 reliquaries reliquary NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 480 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 480 27 crosses crosse NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 480 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 2 254 254 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 5 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 7 innovations innovation NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 9 Cimabue Cimabue NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 11 Duccio Duccio NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 13 followed follow VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 16 Trecento Trecento NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 17 master master NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 18 Giotto Giotto NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 20 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 21 1337 1337 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 24 greatly greatly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 25 increased increase VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 27 sophistication sophistication NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 29 status status NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 31 panel panel NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 32 painting painting NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 34 fresco fresco NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 481 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 2 255 255 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 4 Increasing increase VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 5 prosperity prosperity NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 6 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 8 12th 12th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 9 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 10 resulted result VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 12 greater great JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 13 production production NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 15 secular secular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 16 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 17 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 18 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 19 carved carve VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 20 ivory ivory NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 21 objects object NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 22 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 23 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 24 gaming gaming NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 26 pieces piece NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 28 combs comb NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 31 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 32 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 33 figures figure NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 34 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 35 survived survive VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 482 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 2 256 256 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 4 Church church NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 5 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 6 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 7 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 9 Gregorian Gregorian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 10 Reform Reform NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 12 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 14 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 16 medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 17 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 18 Francis Francis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 20 Assisi Assisi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 22 depicted depict VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 23 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 24 Bonaventura Bonaventura NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 25 Berlinghieri Berlinghieri NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 27 1235 1235 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 29 founded found VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 31 Franciscan Franciscan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 32 Order Order NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 483 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 2 257 257 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 4 Monastic monastic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 5 reform reform NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 6 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 7 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 8 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 9 issue issue NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 10 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 12 11th 11th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 13 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 15 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 16 elites elite NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 17 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 18 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 19 worry worry VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 20 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 21 monks monk NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 22 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 23 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 24 adhering adhere VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 25 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 27 rules rule NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 28 binding bind VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 29 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 30 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 31 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 32 strictly strictly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 33 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 34 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 484 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 1 Cluny Cluny NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 2 Abbey Abbey NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 4 founded found VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 7 Mâcon Mâcon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 8 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 10 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 12 909 909 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 14 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 15 established establish VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 16 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 17 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 20 Cluniac Cluniac NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 21 Reforms Reforms NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 24 larger large JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 25 movement movement NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 27 monastic monastic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 28 reform reform NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 30 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 31 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 32 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 33 fear fear NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 485 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 486 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 486 2 258 258 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 486 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 486 4 Cluny Cluny NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 486 5 quickly quickly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 486 6 established establish VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 486 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 486 8 reputation reputation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 486 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 486 10 austerity austerity NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 486 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 486 12 rigour rigour NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 486 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 2 sought seek VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 3 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 4 maintain maintain VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 6 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 7 quality quality NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 9 spiritual spiritual JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 10 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 12 placing place VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 13 itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 14 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 16 protection protection NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 19 papacy papacy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 21 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 22 electing elect VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 23 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 24 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 25 abbot abbot NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 26 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 27 interference interference NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 28 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 29 laymen laymen NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 31 thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 32 maintaining maintain VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 33 economic economic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 35 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 36 independence independence NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 37 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 38 local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 39 lords lord NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 487 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 488 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 488 2 259 259 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 488 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 488 4 Monastic monastic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 488 5 reform reform NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 488 6 inspired inspire VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 488 7 change change NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 488 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 488 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 488 10 secular secular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 488 11 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 488 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 2 ideals ideal NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 3 upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 4 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 5 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 7 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 8 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 9 brought bring VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 12 papacy papacy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 13 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 14 Pope Pope NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 15 Leo Leo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 16 IX IX NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 18 pope pope NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 19 1049–1054 1049–1054 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 23 provided provide VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 25 ideology ideology NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 27 clerical clerical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 28 independence independence NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 29 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 30 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 31 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 33 Investiture Investiture NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 34 Controversy Controversy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 35 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 37 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 38 11th 11th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 39 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 489 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 2 involved involved JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 3 Pope Pope NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 4 Gregory Gregory NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 5 VII VII NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 7 pope pope NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 8 1073–85 1073–85 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 11 Emperor Emperor NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 12 Henry Henry NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 13 IV IV NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 15 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 16 initially initially RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 17 clashed clash VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 18 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 19 episcopal episcopal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 20 appointments appointment NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 23 dispute dispute NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 24 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 25 turned turn VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 26 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 28 battle battle NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 29 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 31 ideas idea NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 33 investiture investiture JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 35 clerical clerical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 36 marriage marriage NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 39 simony simony NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 490 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 2 emperor emperor NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 3 saw see VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 5 protection protection NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 8 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 10 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 12 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 13 responsibilities responsibility NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 14 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 15 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 16 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 17 wanting want VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 18 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 19 preserve preserve VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 21 right right NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 22 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 23 appoint appoint VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 24 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 25 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 26 choices choice NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 27 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 28 bishops bishop NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 29 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 30 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 31 lands land NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 33 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 35 papacy papacy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 36 insisted insist VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 37 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 39 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 40 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 41 independence independence NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 42 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 43 secular secular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 44 lords lord NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 491 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 492 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 492 2 issues issue NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 492 3 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 492 4 unresolved unresolved JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 492 5 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 492 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 492 7 compromise compromise NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 492 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 492 9 1122 1122 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 492 10 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 492 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 492 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 492 13 Concordat Concordat NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 492 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 492 15 Worms Worms NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 492 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 493 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 493 2 dispute dispute NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 493 3 represents represent VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 493 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 493 5 significant significant JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 493 6 stage stage NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 493 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 493 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 493 9 creation creation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 493 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 493 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 493 12 papal papal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 493 13 monarchy monarchy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 493 14 separate separate JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 493 15 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 493 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 493 17 equal equal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 493 18 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 493 19 lay lay VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 493 20 authorities authority NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 493 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 494 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 494 2 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 494 3 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 494 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 494 5 permanent permanent JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 494 6 consequence consequence NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 494 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 494 8 empowering empower VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 494 9 German german JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 494 10 princes prince NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 494 11 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 494 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 494 13 expense expense NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 494 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 494 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 494 16 German german JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 494 17 emperors emperor NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 494 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 495 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 495 2 258 258 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 495 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 495 4 Sénanque Sénanque NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 495 5 Abbey Abbey NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 495 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 495 7 Gordes Gordes NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 495 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 495 9 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 495 10 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 495 11 High High NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 495 12 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 495 13 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 495 14 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 495 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 495 16 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 495 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 495 18 great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 495 19 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 495 20 movements movement NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 495 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 496 1 Besides besides IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 496 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 496 3 Crusades Crusades NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 496 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 496 5 monastic monastic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 496 6 reforms reform NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 496 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 496 8 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 496 9 sought seek VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 496 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 496 11 participate participate VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 496 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 496 13 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 496 14 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 496 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 496 16 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 496 17 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 496 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 497 1 New new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 497 2 monastic monastic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 497 3 orders order NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 497 4 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 497 5 founded found VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 497 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 497 7 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 497 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 497 9 Carthusians Carthusians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 497 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 497 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 497 12 Cistercians Cistercians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 497 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 498 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 498 2 latter latter JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 498 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 498 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 498 5 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 498 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 498 7 expanded expand VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 498 8 rapidly rapidly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 498 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 498 10 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 498 11 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 498 12 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 498 13 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 498 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 498 15 guidance guidance NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 498 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 498 17 Bernard Bernard NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 498 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 498 19 Clairvaux Clairvaux NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 498 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 498 21 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 498 22 1153 1153 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 498 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 498 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 2 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 3 orders order NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 4 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 5 formed form VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 7 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 10 feeling feeling NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 13 laity laity NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 14 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 15 Benedictine Benedictine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 16 monasticism monasticism NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 17 no no RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 18 longer long RBR en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 19 met meet VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 21 needs need NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 24 laymen layman NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 26 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 27 along along IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 28 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 29 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 30 wishing wish VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 31 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 32 enter enter VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 34 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 35 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 36 wanted want VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 37 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 38 return return NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 39 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 41 simpler simple JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 42 hermetical hermetical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 43 monasticism monasticism NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 44 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 45 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 46 Christianity Christianity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 47 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 48 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 49 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 50 live live VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 51 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 52 Apostolic Apostolic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 53 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 499 54 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 500 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 500 2 215 215 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 500 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 500 4 Religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 500 5 pilgrimages pilgrimage NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 500 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 500 7 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 500 8 encouraged encourage VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 500 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 501 1 Old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 501 2 pilgrimage pilgrimage NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 501 3 sites site NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 501 4 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 501 5 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 501 6 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 501 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 501 8 Jerusalem Jerusalem NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 501 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 501 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 501 11 Compostela Compostela NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 501 12 received receive VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 501 13 increasing increase VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 501 14 numbers number NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 501 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 501 16 visitors visitor NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 501 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 501 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 501 19 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 501 20 sites site NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 501 21 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 501 22 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 501 23 Monte Monte NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 501 24 Gargano Gargano NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 501 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 501 26 Bari Bari NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 501 27 rose rise VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 501 28 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 501 29 prominence prominence NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 501 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 2 260 260 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 6 13th 13th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 7 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 8 mendicant mendicant JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 9 orders order NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 10 — — : en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 12 Franciscans Franciscans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 15 Dominicans Dominicans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 16 — — : en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 17 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 18 swore swear VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 19 vows vow NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 21 poverty poverty NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 23 earned earn VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 24 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 25 living living NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 26 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 27 begging beg VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 29 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 30 approved approve VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 31 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 33 papacy papacy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 502 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 2 261 261 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 4 Religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 5 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 6 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 7 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 9 Waldensians Waldensians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 12 Humiliati Humiliati NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 13 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 14 attempted attempt VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 16 return return VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 19 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 21 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 22 Christianity Christianity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 25 middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 26 12th 12th NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 28 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 29 13th 13th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 30 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 32 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 33 heretical heretical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 34 movement movement NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 35 condemned condemn VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 36 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 38 papacy papacy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 503 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 504 1 Others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 504 2 joined join VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 504 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 504 4 Cathars Cathars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 504 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 504 6 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 504 7 movement movement NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 504 8 condemned condemn VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 504 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 504 10 heretical heretical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 504 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 504 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 504 13 papacy papacy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 504 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 505 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 505 2 1209 1209 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 505 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 505 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 505 5 crusade crusade NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 505 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 505 7 preached preach VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 505 8 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 505 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 505 10 Cathars Cathars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 505 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 505 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 505 13 Albigensian Albigensian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 505 14 Crusade Crusade NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 505 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 505 16 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 505 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 505 18 combination combination NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 505 19 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 505 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 505 21 medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 505 22 Inquisition Inquisition NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 505 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 505 24 eliminated eliminate VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 505 25 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 505 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 2 262 262 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 4 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 5 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 6 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 7 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 8 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 10 Late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 11 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 12 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 13 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 15 famine famine NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 18 plague plague NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 19 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 20 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 21 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 22 Crisis crisis NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 25 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 26 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 27 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 28 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 29 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 30 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 33 14th 14th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 34 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 35 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 36 marked mark VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 37 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 38 famines famine NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 40 culminating culminate VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 41 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 43 Great Great NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 44 Famine Famine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 45 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 46 1315–17 1315–17 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 506 47 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 2 263 263 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 5 causes cause NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 8 Great Great NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 9 Famine Famine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 10 included include VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 12 slow slow JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 13 transition transition NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 14 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 16 Medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 17 Warm Warm NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 18 Period Period NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 21 Little Little NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 22 Ice Ice NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 23 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 25 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 26 left leave VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 28 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 29 vulnerable vulnerable JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 30 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 31 bad bad JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 32 weather weather NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 33 caused cause VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 34 crop crop NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 35 failures failure NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 507 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 508 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 508 2 264 264 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 508 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 508 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 508 5 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 508 6 1313–14 1313–14 JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 508 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 508 8 1317–21 1317–21 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 508 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 508 10 excessively excessively RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 508 11 rainy rainy JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 508 12 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 508 13 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 508 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 508 15 resulting result VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 508 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 508 17 widespread widespread JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 508 18 crop crop NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 508 19 failures failure NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 508 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 509 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 509 2 265 265 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 509 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 509 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 509 5 climate climate NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 509 6 change change NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 509 7 — — : en-wikipedia-org-9529 509 8 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 509 9 resulted result VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 509 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 509 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 509 12 declining decline VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 509 13 average average JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 509 14 annual annual JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 509 15 temperature temperature NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 509 16 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 509 17 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 509 18 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 509 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 509 20 14th 14th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 509 21 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 509 22 — — : en-wikipedia-org-9529 509 23 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 509 24 accompanied accompany VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 509 25 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 509 26 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 509 27 economic economic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 509 28 downturn downturn NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 509 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 2 266 266 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 4 Execution execution NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 6 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 9 ringleaders ringleader NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 12 jacquerie jacquerie NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 14 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 16 14th 14th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 18 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 19 manuscript manuscript NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 22 Chroniques Chroniques NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 23 de de NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 24 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 25 ou ou NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 26 de de NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 27 St St NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 28 Denis Denis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 29 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 30 troubles trouble NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 31 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 32 followed follow VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 34 1347 1347 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 35 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 37 Black Black NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 38 Death Death NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 40 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 41 pandemic pandemic NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 42 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 43 spread spread VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 44 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 45 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 46 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 47 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 48 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 49 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 50 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 510 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 511 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 511 2 267][AB 267][ab LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 511 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 511 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 511 5 death death NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 511 6 toll toll NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 511 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 511 8 probably probably RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 511 9 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 511 10 35 35 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 511 11   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 511 12 million million CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 511 13 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 511 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 511 15 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 511 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 511 17 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 511 18 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 511 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 511 20 third third NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 511 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 511 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 511 23 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 511 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 512 1 Towns town NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 512 2 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 512 3 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 512 4 hard hard RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 512 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 512 6 hit hit VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 512 7 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 512 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 512 9 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 512 10 crowded crowded JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 512 11 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 512 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 513 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 513 2 AC AC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 513 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 513 4 Large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 513 5 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 513 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 513 7 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 513 8 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 513 9 left leave VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 513 10 sparsely sparsely RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 513 11 inhabited inhabit VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 513 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 513 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 513 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 513 15 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 513 16 places place NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 513 17 fields field NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 513 18 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 513 19 left leave VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 513 20 unworked unworked JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 513 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 514 1 Wages wage NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 514 2 rose rise VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 514 3 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 514 4 landlords landlord NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 514 5 sought seek VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 514 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 514 7 entice entice VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 514 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 514 9 reduced reduced JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 514 10 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 514 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 514 12 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 514 13 workers worker NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 514 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 514 15 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 514 16 fields field NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 514 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 515 1 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 515 2 problems problem NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 515 3 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 515 4 lower low JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 515 5 rents rent NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 515 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 515 7 lower low JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 515 8 demand demand NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 515 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 515 10 food food NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 515 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 515 12 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 515 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 515 14 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 515 15 cut cut VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 515 16 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 515 17 agricultural agricultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 515 18 income income NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 515 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 516 1 Urban urban JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 516 2 workers worker NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 516 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 516 4 felt feel VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 516 5 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 516 6 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 516 7 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 516 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 516 9 right right NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 516 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 516 11 greater great JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 516 12 earnings earning NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 516 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 516 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 516 15 popular popular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 516 16 uprisings uprising NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 516 17 broke break VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 516 18 out out RP en-wikipedia-org-9529 516 19 across across IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 516 20 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 516 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 2 270 270 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 4 Among among IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 6 uprisings uprising NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 7 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 9 jacquerie jacquerie NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 11 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 14 Peasants Peasants NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 15 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 16 Revolt Revolt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 18 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 21 revolts revolt NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 24 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 26 Florence Florence NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 28 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 30 Ghent Ghent NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 32 Bruges Bruges NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 34 Flanders Flanders NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 517 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 2 trauma trauma NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 5 plague plague NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 6 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 8 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 9 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 10 piety piety NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 11 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 12 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 14 manifested manifest VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 15 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 17 foundation foundation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 19 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 20 charities charity NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 23 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 25 mortification mortification NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 28 flagellants flagellant NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 32 scapegoating scapegoating NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 34 Jews Jews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 518 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 2 271 271 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 4 Conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 5 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 6 further further RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 7 unsettled unsettle VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 10 return return NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 13 plague plague NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 14 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 16 rest rest NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 19 14th 14th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 20 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 21 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 22 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 23 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 24 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 25 strike strike VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 26 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 27 periodically periodically RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 28 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 30 rest rest NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 33 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 34 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 519 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 520 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 520 2 267 267 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 520 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 520 4 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 520 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 520 6 economy economy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 520 7 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 520 8 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 520 9 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 520 10 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 520 11 disturbed disturb VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 520 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 520 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 520 14 dislocations dislocation NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 520 15 caused cause VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 520 16 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 520 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 520 18 Black Black NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 520 19 Death Death NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 520 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 521 1 Lands land NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 521 2 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 521 3 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 521 4 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 521 5 marginally marginally RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 521 6 productive productive JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 521 7 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 521 8 abandoned abandon VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 521 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 521 10 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 521 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 521 12 survivors survivor NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 521 13 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 521 14 able able JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 521 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 521 16 acquire acquire VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 521 17 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-9529 521 18 fertile fertile JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 521 19 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 521 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 2 272 272 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 4 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 5 serfdom serfdom NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 6 declined decline VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 8 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 9 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 10 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 11 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 12 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 13 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 15 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 16 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 18 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 19 landlords landlord NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 20 imposed impose VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 21 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 22 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 23 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 25 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 26 tenants tenant NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 27 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 28 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 29 previously previously RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 30 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 31 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 522 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 523 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 523 2 273 273 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 523 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 523 4 Most Most JJS en-wikipedia-org-9529 523 5 peasants peasant NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 523 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 523 7 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 523 8 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 523 9 managed manage VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 523 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 523 11 change change VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 523 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 523 13 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 523 14 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 523 15 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 523 16 previously previously RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 523 17 owed owe VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 523 18 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 523 19 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 523 20 landlords landlord NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 523 21 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 523 22 cash cash NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 523 23 rents rent NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 523 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 524 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 524 2 274 274 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 524 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 524 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 524 5 percentage percentage NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 524 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 524 7 serfs serf NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 524 8 amongst amongst IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 524 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 524 10 peasantry peasantry NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 524 11 declined decline VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 524 12 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 524 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 524 14 high high NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 524 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 524 16 90 90 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 524 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 524 18 closer close RBR en-wikipedia-org-9529 524 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 524 20 50 50 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 524 21 percent percent NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 524 22 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 524 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 524 24 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 524 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 524 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 524 27 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 524 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 525 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 525 2 170 170 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 525 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 525 4 Landlords Landlords NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 525 5 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 525 6 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 525 7 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-9529 525 8 conscious conscious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 525 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 525 10 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 525 11 interests interest NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 525 12 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 525 13 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 525 14 landholders landholder NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 525 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 525 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 525 17 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 525 18 joined join VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 525 19 together together RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 525 20 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 525 21 extort extort VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 525 22 privileges privilege NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 525 23 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 525 24 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 525 25 governments government NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 525 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 526 1 Partly partly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 526 2 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 526 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 526 4 urging urging NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 526 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 526 6 landlords landlord NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 526 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 526 8 governments government NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 526 9 attempted attempt VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 526 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 526 11 legislate legislate VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 526 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 526 13 return return NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 526 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 526 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 526 16 economic economic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 526 17 conditions condition NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 526 18 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 526 19 existed exist VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 526 20 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 526 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 526 22 Black Black NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 526 23 Death Death NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 526 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 527 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 527 2 274 274 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 527 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 527 4 Non non NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 527 5 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 527 6 clergy clergy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 527 7 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 527 8 increasingly increasingly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 527 9 literate literate JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 527 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 527 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 527 12 urban urban JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 527 13 populations population NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 527 14 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 527 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 527 16 imitate imitate VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 527 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 527 18 nobility nobility NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 527 19 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 527 20 interest interest NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 527 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 527 22 chivalry chivalry NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 527 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 528 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 528 2 275 275 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 528 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 528 4 Jewish jewish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 528 5 communities community NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 528 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 528 7 expelled expel VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 528 8 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 528 9 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 528 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 528 11 1290 1290 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 528 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 528 13 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 528 14 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 528 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 528 16 1306 1306 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 528 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 529 1 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 529 2 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 529 3 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 529 4 allowed allow VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 529 5 back back RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 529 6 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 529 7 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 529 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 529 9 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-9529 529 10 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 529 11 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 529 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 529 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 529 14 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 529 15 Jews Jews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 529 16 emigrated emigrate VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 529 17 eastwards eastward NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 529 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 529 19 settling settle VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 529 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 529 21 Poland Poland NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 529 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 529 23 Hungary Hungary NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 529 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 530 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 530 2 276 276 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 530 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 530 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 530 5 Jews Jews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 530 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 530 7 expelled expel VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 530 8 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 530 9 Spain Spain NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 530 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 530 11 1492 1492 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 530 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 530 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 530 14 dispersed disperse VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 530 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 530 16 Turkey Turkey NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 530 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 530 18 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 530 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 530 20 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 530 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 530 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 530 23 Holland Holland NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 530 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 2 79 79 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 5 rise rise NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 7 banking banking NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 9 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 10 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 12 13th 13th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 13 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 14 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 15 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 17 14th 14th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 18 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 20 fuelled fuel VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 21 partly partly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 22 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 24 increasing increase VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 25 warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 28 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 31 needs need NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 34 papacy papacy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 35 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 36 move move VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 37 money money NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 38 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 39 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 531 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 532 1 Many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 532 2 banking banking NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 532 3 firms firm NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 532 4 loaned loan VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 532 5 money money NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 532 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 532 7 royalty royalty NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 532 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 532 9 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 532 10 great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 532 11 risk risk NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 532 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 532 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 532 14 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 532 15 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 532 16 bankrupted bankrupt VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 532 17 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-9529 532 18 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 532 19 defaulted default VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 532 20 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 532 21 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 532 22 loans loan NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 532 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 2 277][AD 277][AD NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 4 State state NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 5 resurgence resurgence NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 6 Map Map NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 8 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 10 1360 1360 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 11 Strong strong JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 13 royalty royalty NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 15 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 16 nation nation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 17 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 18 rose rise VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 19 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 20 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 23 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 24 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 25 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 27 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 29 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 31 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 35 Christian christian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 36 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 39 Iberian Iberian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 40 Peninsula Peninsula NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 41 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 42 Aragon Aragon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 44 Castile Castile NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 45 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 46 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 47 Portugal Portugal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 533 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 534 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 534 2 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 534 3 conflicts conflict NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 534 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 534 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 534 6 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 534 7 strengthened strengthen VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 534 8 royal royal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 534 9 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 534 10 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 534 11 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 534 12 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 534 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 534 14 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 534 15 extremely extremely RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 534 16 hard hard JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 534 17 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 534 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 534 19 peasantry peasantry NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 534 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 535 1 Kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 535 2 profited profit VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 535 3 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 535 4 warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 535 5 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 535 6 extended extend VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 535 7 royal royal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 535 8 legislation legislation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 535 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 535 10 increased increase VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 535 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 535 12 lands land NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 535 13 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 535 14 directly directly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 535 15 controlled control VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 535 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 536 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 536 2 278 278 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 536 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 536 4 Paying pay VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 536 5 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 536 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 536 7 wars war NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 536 8 required require VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 536 9 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 536 10 methods method NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 536 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 536 12 taxation taxation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 536 13 become become VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 536 14 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-9529 536 15 effective effective JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 536 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 536 17 efficient efficient JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 536 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 536 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 536 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 536 21 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 536 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 536 23 taxation taxation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 536 24 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 536 25 increased increase VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 536 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 537 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 537 2 279 279 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 537 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 537 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 537 5 requirement requirement NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 537 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 537 7 obtain obtain VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 537 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 537 9 consent consent NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 537 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 537 11 taxpayers taxpayer NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 537 12 allowed allow VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 537 13 representative representative JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 537 14 bodies body NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 537 15 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 537 16 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 537 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 537 18 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 537 19 Parliament Parliament NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 537 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 537 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 537 22 French French NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 537 23 Estates Estates NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 537 24 General General NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 537 25 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 537 26 gain gain VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 537 27 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 537 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 537 29 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 537 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 2 280 280 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 4 Joan Joan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 6 Arc Arc NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 9 15th 15th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 11 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 12 depiction depiction NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 13 Throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 15 14th 14th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 16 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 18 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 19 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 20 sought seek VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 21 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 22 expand expand VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 23 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 24 influence influence NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 25 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 27 expense expense NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 30 territorial territorial JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 31 holdings holding NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 34 nobility nobility NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 538 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 2 281 281 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 4 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 5 ran run VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 6 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 7 difficulties difficulty NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 8 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 9 attempting attempt VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 11 confiscate confiscate VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 13 holdings holding NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 16 English english JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 17 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 19 southern southern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 20 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 22 leading lead VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 25 Hundred hundred CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 26 Years Years NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 27 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 28 War,[282 war,[282 NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 29 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 30 waged wage VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 31 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 32 1337 1337 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 33 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 34 1453 1453 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 539 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 2 283 283 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 4 Early early RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 7 war war NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 9 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 10 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 11 Edward Edward NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 12 III III NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 14 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 15 1327–77 1327–77 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 18 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 19 son son NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 20 Edward Edward NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 23 Black Black NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 24 Prince Prince NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 26 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 27 1376),[AE 1376),[AE NFP en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 28 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 29 won win VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 31 battles battle NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 33 Crécy Crécy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 35 Poitiers Poitiers NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 37 captured capture VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 39 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 41 Calais Calais NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 43 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 44 won win VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 45 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 46 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 47 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 48 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 49 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 540 50 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 541 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 541 2 AF AF NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 541 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 541 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 541 5 resulting result VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 541 6 stresses stress NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 541 7 almost almost RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 541 8 caused cause VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 541 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 541 10 disintegration disintegration NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 541 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 541 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 541 13 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 541 14 kingdom kingdom NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 541 15 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 541 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 541 17 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 541 18 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 541 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 541 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 541 21 war war NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 541 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 2 286 286 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 6 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 7 15th 15th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 8 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 10 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 11 again again RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 12 came come VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 13 close close RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 15 dissolving dissolving NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 17 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 20 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 21 1420s 1420 NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 23 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 24 successes success NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 26 Joan Joan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 28 Arc Arc NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 30 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 31 1431 1431 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 33 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 34 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 36 victory victory NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 39 French French NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 40 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 42 capture capture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 43 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 44 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 45 last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 46 English english JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 47 possessions possession NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 48 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 49 southern southern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 50 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 51 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 52 1453 1453 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 542 53 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 2 287 287 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 5 price price NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 7 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 11 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 13 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 14 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 16 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 19 Wars Wars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 20 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 21 likely likely RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 22 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 23 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 24 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 25 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 26 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 27 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 29 start start NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 32 conflict conflict NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 543 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 544 1 Conversely conversely RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 544 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 544 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 544 4 Wars Wars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 544 5 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 544 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 544 7 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 544 8 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 544 9 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 544 10 English english JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 544 11 national national JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 544 12 identity identity NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 544 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 544 14 doing do VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 544 15 much much RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 544 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 544 17 fuse fuse VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 544 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 544 19 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 544 20 local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 544 21 identities identity NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 544 22 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 544 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 544 24 national national JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 544 25 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 544 26 ideal ideal NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 544 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 545 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 545 2 conflict conflict NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 545 3 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 545 4 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 545 5 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 545 6 helped help VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 545 7 create create VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 545 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 545 9 national national JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 545 10 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 545 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 545 12 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 545 13 separate separate JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 545 14 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 545 15 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 545 16 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 545 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 545 18 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 545 19 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 545 20 previously previously RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 545 21 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 545 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 545 23 dominant dominant JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 545 24 influence influence NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 545 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 2 288 288 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 5 dominance dominance NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 8 English english JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 9 longbow longbow NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 10 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 11 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 12 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 13 stages stage NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 16 Hundred Hundred NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 17 Years Years NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 18 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 19 War,[289 war,[289 NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 20 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 22 cannon cannon NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 23 appeared appear VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 24 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 26 battlefield battlefield NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 27 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 28 Crécy Crécy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 30 1346 1346 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 546 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 2 243 243 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 5 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 7 day day NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 8 Germany Germany NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 11 Holy Holy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 12 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 13 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 14 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 16 rule rule VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 18 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 20 elective elective JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 21 nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 24 imperial imperial JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 25 crown crown NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 26 meant mean VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 27 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 28 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 29 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 30 enduring endure VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 31 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 32 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 33 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 34 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 35 strong strong JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 36 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 37 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 38 form form VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 547 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 548 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 548 2 290 290 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 548 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 548 4 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 548 5 east east NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 548 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 548 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 548 8 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 548 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 548 10 Poland Poland NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 548 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 548 12 Hungary Hungary NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 548 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 548 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 548 15 Bohemia Bohemia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 548 16 grew grow VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 548 17 powerful powerful JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 548 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 2 291 291 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 5 Iberia Iberia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 8 Christian christian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 9 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 10 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 11 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 12 gain gain VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 13 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 14 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 16 Muslim muslim JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 17 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 20 peninsula;[292 peninsula;[292 NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 21 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 22 Portugal Portugal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 23 concentrated concentrate VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 24 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 25 expanding expand VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 26 overseas overseas RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 27 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 29 15th 15th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 30 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 32 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 34 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 35 kingdoms kingdom NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 36 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 37 riven rive VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 38 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 39 difficulties difficulty NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 40 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 41 royal royal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 42 succession succession NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 43 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 44 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 45 concerns concern NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 549 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 2 293][294 293][294 LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 4 After after IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 5 losing lose VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 7 Hundred hundred CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 8 Years Years NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 9 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 10 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 12 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 13 went go VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 14 on on RP en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 16 suffer suffer VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 18 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 19 civil civil JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 20 war war NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 21 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 22 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 24 Wars Wars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 27 Roses Roses NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 29 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 30 lasted last VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 31 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 33 1490s[294 1490s[294 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 34 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 36 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 37 ended end VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 38 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 39 Henry Henry NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 40 Tudor Tudor NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 41 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 42 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 43 1485–1509 1485–1509 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 44 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 45 Henry Henry NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 46 VII VII NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 47 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 48 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 49 king king NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 50 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 51 consolidated consolidated JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 52 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 53 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 54 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 55 victory victory NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 56 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 57 Richard Richard NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 58 III III NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 59 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 60 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 61 1483–85 1483–85 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 62 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 63 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 64 Bosworth Bosworth NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 65 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 66 1485 1485 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 550 67 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 2 295 295 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 5 Scandinavia Scandinavia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 7 Margaret Margaret NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 8 I I NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 10 Denmark Denmark NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 12 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 14 Denmark Denmark NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 15 1387–1412 1387–1412 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 17 consolidated consolidated JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 18 Norway Norway NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 20 Denmark Denmark NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 23 Sweden Sweden NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 26 Union Union NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 28 Kalmar Kalmar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 30 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 31 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 32 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 33 1523 1523 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 551 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 552 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 552 2 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 552 3 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 552 4 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 552 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 552 6 Baltic Baltic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 552 7 Sea Sea NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 552 8 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 552 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 552 10 Hanseatic Hanseatic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 552 11 League League NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 552 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 552 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 552 14 commercial commercial JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 552 15 confederation confederation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 552 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 552 17 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 552 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 552 19 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 552 20 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 552 21 traded trade VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 552 22 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 552 23 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 552 24 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 552 25 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 552 26 Russia Russia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 552 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 553 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 553 2 296 296 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 553 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 553 4 Scotland Scotland NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 553 5 emerged emerge VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 553 6 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 553 7 English english JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 553 8 domination domination NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 553 9 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 553 10 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 553 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 553 12 Bruce Bruce NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 553 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 553 14 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 553 15 1306–29 1306–29 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 553 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 553 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 553 18 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 553 19 secured secure VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 553 20 papal papal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 553 21 recognition recognition NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 553 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 553 23 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 553 24 kingship kingship NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 553 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 553 26 1328 1328 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 553 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 2 297 297 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 4 Collapse Collapse NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 6 Byzantium Byzantium NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 7 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 8 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 10 Decline decline NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 13 Byzantine Byzantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 14 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 16 Byzantine Byzantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 17 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 18 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 20 Angelos Angelos NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 21 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 23 Byzantine Byzantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 24 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 25 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 27 Palaiologos Palaiologos NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 28 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 30 Byzantine byzantine JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 31 – – : en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 32 Ottoman Ottoman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 33 Wars Wars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 36 Rise rise NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 39 Ottoman Ottoman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 40 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 41 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 43 Palaeologi Palaeologi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 44 emperors emperor NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 45 recaptured recapture VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 46 Constantinople Constantinople NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 47 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 49 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 50 Europeans Europeans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 51 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 52 1261 1261 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 53 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 554 54 they -PRON- PRP 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555 10 Balkan Balkan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 555 11 Peninsula Peninsula NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 555 12 near near IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 555 13 Constantinople Constantinople NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 555 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 555 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 555 16 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 555 17 itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 555 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 555 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 555 20 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 555 21 coastal coastal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 555 22 lands land NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 555 23 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 555 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 555 25 Black Black NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 555 26 Sea Sea NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 555 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 555 28 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 555 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 555 30 Aegean Aegean NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 555 31 Sea Sea NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 555 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 556 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 556 2 former former JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 556 3 Byzantine byzantine JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 556 4 lands land NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 556 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 556 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 556 7 Balkans Balkans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 556 8 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 556 9 divided divide VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 556 10 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 556 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 556 12 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 556 13 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 556 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 556 15 Serbia Serbia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 556 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 556 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 556 18 Second Second NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 556 19 Bulgarian Bulgarian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 556 20 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 556 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 556 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 556 23 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 556 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 556 25 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 556 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 556 27 Venice Venice NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 556 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 2 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 5 Byzantine byzantine JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 6 emperors emperor NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 8 threatened threaten VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 11 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 12 Turkish turkish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 13 tribe tribe NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 16 Ottomans Ottomans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 18 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 19 established establish VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 20 themselves -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 22 Anatolia Anatolia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 25 13th 13th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 26 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 28 steadily steadily RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 29 expanded expand VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 30 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 32 14th 14th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 33 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 557 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 558 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 558 2 Ottomans Ottomans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 558 3 expanded expand VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 558 4 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 558 5 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 558 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 558 7 reducing reduce VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 558 8 Bulgaria Bulgaria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 558 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 558 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 558 11 vassal vassal NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 558 12 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 558 13 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 558 14 1366 1366 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 558 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 558 16 taking take VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 558 17 over over RP en-wikipedia-org-9529 558 18 Serbia Serbia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 558 19 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 558 20 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 558 21 defeat defeat NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 558 22 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 558 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 558 24 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 558 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 558 26 Kosovo Kosovo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 558 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 558 28 1389 1389 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 558 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 1 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 2 Europeans Europeans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 3 rallied rally VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 4 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 6 plight plight NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 9 Christians Christians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 12 Balkans Balkans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 14 declared declare VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 16 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 17 crusade crusade NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 19 1396 1396 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 20 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 22 great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 23 army army NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 24 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 25 sent send VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 26 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 28 Balkans Balkans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 30 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 31 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 32 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 33 defeated defeat VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 34 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 36 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 38 Nicopolis Nicopolis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 559 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 560 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 560 2 298 298 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 560 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 560 4 Constantinople Constantinople NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 560 5 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 560 6 finally finally RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 560 7 captured capture VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 560 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 560 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 560 10 Ottomans Ottomans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 560 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 560 12 1453 1453 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 560 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 2 299 299 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 4 Controversy controversy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 5 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 7 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 8 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 9 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 11 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 12 Schism Schism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 14 Bohemian Bohemian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 15 Reformation Reformation NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 18 Hussites Hussites NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 19 Guy Guy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 21 Boulogne Boulogne NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 22 crowning crowning NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 23 Pope Pope NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 24 Gregory Gregory NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 25 XI XI NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 28 15th 15th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 29 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 30 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 31 miniature miniature NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 32 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 33 Froissart Froissart NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 34 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 35 Chroniques Chroniques NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 36 During during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 38 tumultuous tumultuous JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 39 14th 14th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 40 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 42 disputes dispute NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 43 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 44 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 45 leadership leadership NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 46 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 47 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 48 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 49 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 50 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 51 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 52 Avignon Avignon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 53 Papacy Papacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 54 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 55 1309–76,[300 1309–76,[300 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 56 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 57 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 58 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 59 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 60 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 61 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 62 Captivity Captivity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 63 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 64 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 65 Papacy Papacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 66 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 67 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 68 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 69 reference reference NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 70 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 71 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 72 Babylonian babylonian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 73 captivity captivity NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 74 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 75 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 76 Jews),[301 jews),[301 NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 77 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 78 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 79 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 80 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 81 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 82 Great Great NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 83 Schism Schism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 84 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 85 lasting last VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 86 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 87 1378 1378 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 88 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 89 1418 1418 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 90 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 91 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 92 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 93 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 94 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 95 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 96 later later RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 97 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 98 rival rival JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 99 popes pope NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 100 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 101 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 102 supported support VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 103 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 104 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 105 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 561 106 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 2 302 302 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 4 Ecclesiastical ecclesiastical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 5 officials official NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 6 convened convene VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 7 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 9 Council Council NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 11 Constance Constance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 13 1414 1414 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 18 following following JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 19 year year NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 21 council council NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 22 deposed depose VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 23 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 26 rival rival JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 27 popes pope NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 29 leaving leave VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 30 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 31 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 32 claimants claimant NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 562 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 563 1 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 563 2 depositions deposition NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 563 3 followed follow VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 563 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 563 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 563 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 563 7 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 563 8 1417 1417 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 563 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 563 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 563 11 council council NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 563 12 elected elect VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 563 13 Martin Martin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 563 14 V V NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 563 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 563 16 pope pope NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 563 17 1417–31 1417–31 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 563 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 563 19 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 563 20 pope pope NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 563 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 564 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 564 2 303 303 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 564 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 564 4 Besides besides IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 564 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 564 6 schism schism NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 564 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 564 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 564 9 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 564 10 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 564 11 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 564 12 riven rive VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 564 13 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 564 14 theological theological JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 564 15 controversies controversy NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 564 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 564 17 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 564 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 564 19 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 564 20 turned turn VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 564 21 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 564 22 heresies heresy NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 564 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 1 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 2 Wycliffe Wycliffe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 4 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 5 1384 1384 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 8 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 9 English english JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 10 theologian theologian NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 12 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 13 condemned condemn VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 16 heretic heretic NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 18 1415 1415 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 19 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 20 teaching teach VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 21 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 23 laity laity NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 24 should should MD en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 25 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 26 access access NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 27 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 29 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 32 Bible Bible NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 33 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 34 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 35 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 36 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 37 holding hold VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 38 views view NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 39 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 41 Eucharist eucharist NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 42 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 43 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 44 contrary contrary JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 45 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 46 Church church NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 47 doctrine doctrine NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 565 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 566 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 566 2 304 304 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 566 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 566 4 Wycliffe Wycliffe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 566 5 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 566 6 teachings teaching NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 566 7 influenced influence VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 566 8 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 566 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 566 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 566 11 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 566 12 heretical heretical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 566 13 movements movement NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 566 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 566 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 566 16 later later JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 566 17 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 566 18 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 566 19 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 566 20 Lollardy Lollardy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 566 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 566 22 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 566 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 566 24 Hussitism Hussitism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 566 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 566 26 Bohemia Bohemia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 566 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 2 305 305 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 5 Bohemian bohemian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 6 movement movement NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 7 initiated initiate VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 8 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 10 teaching teaching NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 12 Jan Jan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 13 Hus Hus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 15 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 16 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 17 burned burn VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 18 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 20 stake stake NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 22 1415 1415 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 24 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 25 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 26 condemned condemn VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 27 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 29 heretic heretic NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 30 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 32 Council Council NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 34 Constance Constance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 567 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 568 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 568 2 Hussite Hussite NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 568 3 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 568 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 568 5 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 568 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 568 7 target target NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 568 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 568 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 568 10 crusade crusade NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 568 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 568 12 survived survive VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 568 13 beyond beyond IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 568 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 568 15 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 568 16 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 568 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 2 306 306 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 4 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 5 heresies heresy NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 7 manufactured manufacture VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 9 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 10 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 12 accusations accusation NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 13 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 15 Knights Knights NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 16 Templar Templar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 17 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 18 resulted result VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 20 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 21 suppression suppression NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 23 1312 1312 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 27 division division NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 29 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 30 great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 31 wealth wealth NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 32 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 34 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 35 King King NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 36 Philip Philip NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 37 IV IV NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 38 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 39 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 40 1285–1314 1285–1314 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 41 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 42 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 43 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 44 Hospitallers Hospitallers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 569 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 2 307 307 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 5 papacy papacy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 6 further far RBR en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 7 refined refine VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 9 practice practice NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 12 Mass Mass NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 15 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 16 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 17 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 19 holding hold VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 20 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 22 clergy clergy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 23 alone alone RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 24 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 25 allowed allow VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 26 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 27 partake partake VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 30 wine wine NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 33 Eucharist eucharist NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 570 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 571 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 571 2 further further RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 571 3 distanced distance VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 571 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 571 5 secular secular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 571 6 laity laity NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 571 7 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 571 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 571 9 clergy clergy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 571 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 572 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 572 2 laity laity NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 572 3 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 572 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 572 5 practices practice NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 572 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 572 7 pilgrimages pilgrimage NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 572 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 572 9 veneration veneration NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 572 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 572 11 relics relic NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 572 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 572 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 572 14 belief belief NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 572 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 572 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 572 17 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 572 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 572 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 572 20 Devil Devil NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 572 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 1 Mystics mystic NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 2 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 3 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 4 Meister Meister NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 5 Eckhart Eckhart NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 7 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 8 1327 1327 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 11 Thomas Thomas NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 12 à à NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 13 Kempis Kempis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 15 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 16 1471 1471 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 18 wrote write VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 19 works work NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 20 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 21 taught teach VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 23 laity laity NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 24 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 25 focus focus VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 26 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 27 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 28 inner inner JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 29 spiritual spiritual JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 30 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 32 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 33 laid lay VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 35 groundwork groundwork NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 36 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 38 Protestant Protestant NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 39 Reformation Reformation NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 573 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 1 Besides besides IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 2 mysticism mysticism NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 4 belief belief NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 6 witches witch NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 8 witchcraft witchcraft NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 9 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 10 widespread widespread JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 13 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 15 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 16 15th 15th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 17 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 19 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 20 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 21 begun begin VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 22 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 23 lend lend VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 24 credence credence NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 25 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 26 populist populist JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 27 fears fear NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 29 witchcraft witchcraft NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 30 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 31 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 32 condemnation condemnation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 34 witches witch NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 35 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 36 1484 1484 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 40 publication publication NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 41 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 42 1486 1486 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 43 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 44 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 45 Malleus Malleus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 46 Maleficarum Maleficarum NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 47 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 49 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 50 popular popular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 51 handbook handbook NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 52 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 53 witch witch NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 54 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 55 hunters hunter NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 574 56 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 2 308 308 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 4 Scholars scholar NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 6 intellectuals intellectual NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 9 exploration exploration NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 10 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 11 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 13 Europeans Europeans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 15 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 16 China China NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 17 During during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 19 Later later JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 20 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 21 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 23 theologians theologian NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 24 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 25 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 26 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 27 Duns Duns NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 28 Scotus Scotus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 29 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 30 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 31 1308 1308 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 34 William William NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 36 Ockham Ockham NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 37 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 38 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 39 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 40 1348)[225 1348)[225 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 41 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 42 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 43 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 44 reaction reaction NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 45 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 46 intellectualist intellectualist JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 47 scholasticism scholasticism NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 48 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 49 objecting object VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 50 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 51 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 52 application application NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 53 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 54 reason reason NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 55 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 56 faith faith NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 575 57 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 576 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 576 2 efforts effort NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 576 3 undermined undermine VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 576 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 576 5 prevailing prevail VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 576 6 Platonic platonic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 576 7 idea idea NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 576 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 576 9 universals universal NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 576 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 577 1 Ockham Ockham NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 577 2 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 577 3 insistence insistence NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 577 4 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 577 5 reason reason NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 577 6 operates operate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 577 7 independently independently RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 577 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 577 9 faith faith NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 577 10 allowed allow VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 577 11 science science NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 577 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 577 13 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 577 14 separated separate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 577 15 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 577 16 theology theology NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 577 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 577 18 philosophy philosophy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 577 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 578 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 578 2 309 309 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 578 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 578 4 Legal legal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 578 5 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 578 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 578 7 marked mark VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 578 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 578 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 578 10 steady steady JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 578 11 advance advance NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 578 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 578 13 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 578 14 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 578 15 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 578 16 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 578 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 578 18 jurisprudence jurisprudence NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 578 19 previously previously RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 578 20 governed govern VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 578 21 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 578 22 customary customary JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 578 23 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 578 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 579 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 579 2 lone lone JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 579 3 exception exception NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 579 4 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 579 5 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 579 6 trend trend NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 579 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 579 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 579 9 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 579 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 579 11 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-9529 579 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 579 13 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 579 14 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 579 15 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 579 16 pre pre JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 579 17 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 579 18 eminent eminent JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 579 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 580 1 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 580 2 countries country NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 580 3 codified codify VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 580 4 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 580 5 laws law NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 580 6 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-9529 580 7 legal legal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 580 8 codes code NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 580 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 580 10 promulgated promulgate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 580 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 580 12 Castile Castile NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 580 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 580 14 Poland Poland NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 580 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 580 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 580 17 Lithuania Lithuania NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 580 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 581 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 581 2 310 310 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 581 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 581 4 Clerics cleric NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 581 5 studying study VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 581 6 astronomy astronomy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 581 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 581 8 geometry geometry NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 581 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 581 10 French French NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 581 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 581 12 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 581 13 15th 15th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 581 14 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 581 15 Education Education NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 581 16 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 581 17 mostly mostly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 581 18 focused focused JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 581 19 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 581 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 581 21 training training NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 581 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 581 23 future future JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 581 24 clergy clergy NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 581 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 2 basic basic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 3 learning learning NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 6 letters letter NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 8 numbers number NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 9 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 11 province province NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 14 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 15 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 17 village village NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 18 priest priest NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 20 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 22 secondary secondary JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 23 subjects subject NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 26 trivium trivium NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 27 — — : en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 28 grammar grammar NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 30 rhetoric rhetoric NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 32 logic logic NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 33 — — : en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 34 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 35 studied study VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 36 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 37 cathedral cathedral JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 38 schools school NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 39 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 40 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 41 schools school NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 42 provided provide VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 43 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 44 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 582 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 583 1 Commercial commercial JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 583 2 secondary secondary JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 583 3 schools school NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 583 4 spread spread VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 583 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 583 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 583 7 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 583 8 Italian italian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 583 9 towns town NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 583 10 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 583 11 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 583 12 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 583 13 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 583 14 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 583 15 enterprise enterprise NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 583 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 584 1 Universities university NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 584 2 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 584 3 spread spread VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 584 4 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 584 5 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 584 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 584 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 584 8 14th 14th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 584 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 584 10 15th 15th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 584 11 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 584 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 1 Lay lay JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 2 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 3 rates rate NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 4 rose rise VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 6 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 7 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 8 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 9 low low JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 10 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 11 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 12 estimate estimate NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 13 gave give VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 15 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 16 rate rate NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 18 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 19 per per NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 20 cent cent NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 22 males male NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 24 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 25 per per NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 26 cent cent NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 28 females female NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 30 1500 1500 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 585 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 2 311 311 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 5 publication publication NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 7 vernacular vernacular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 8 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 9 increased increase VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 11 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 12 Dante Dante NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 14 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 15 1321 1321 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 18 Petrarch Petrarch NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 20 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 21 1374 1374 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 24 Giovanni Giovanni NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 25 Boccaccio Boccaccio NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 27 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 28 1375 1375 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 31 14th 14th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 32 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 33 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 34 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 36 Geoffrey Geoffrey NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 37 Chaucer Chaucer NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 38 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 39 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 40 1400 1400 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 41 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 42 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 43 William William NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 44 Langland Langland NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 45 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 46 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 47 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 48 1386 1386 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 49 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 50 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 51 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 52 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 53 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 54 François François NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 55 Villon Villon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 56 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 57 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 58 1464 1464 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 59 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 60 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 61 Christine Christine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 62 de de NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 63 Pizan Pizan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 64 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 65 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 66 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 67 1430 1430 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 68 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 69 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 70 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 586 71 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 1 Much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 2 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 3 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 4 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 6 character character NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 9 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 11 great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 12 deal deal NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 14 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 15 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 17 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 18 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 20 Latin Latin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 23 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 24 demand demand NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 25 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 26 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 27 saints saint NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 28 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 29 lives life NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 31 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 32 devotional devotional JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 33 tracts tract NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 36 vernacular vernacular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 37 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 587 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 2 310 310 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 5 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 6 fed feed VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 9 growth growth NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 12 Devotio Devotio NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 13 Moderna Moderna NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 14 movement movement NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 16 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 17 prominently prominently RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 20 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 23 Brethren Brethren NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 26 Common Common NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 27 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 29 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 30 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 33 works work NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 35 German german JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 36 mystics mystic NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 37 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 38 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 39 Meister Meister NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 40 Eckhart Eckhart NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 41 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 42 Johannes Johannes NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 43 Tauler Tauler NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 44 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 588 45 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 589 1 1361 1361 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 589 2 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 589 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 590 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 590 2 312 312 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 590 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 590 4 Theatre Theatre NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 590 5 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 590 6 developed develop VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 590 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 590 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 590 9 guise guise NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 590 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 590 11 miracle miracle NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 590 12 plays play VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 590 13 put put VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 590 14 on on RP en-wikipedia-org-9529 590 15 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 590 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 590 17 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 590 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 2 310 310 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 4 At at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 6 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 9 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 12 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 15 printing print VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 16 press press NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 18 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 19 1450 1450 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 20 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 21 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 23 establishment establishment NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 25 publishing publish VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 26 houses house NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 27 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 28 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 29 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 30 1500 1500 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 591 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 592 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 592 2 313 313 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 592 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 592 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 592 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 592 6 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 592 7 15th 15th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 592 8 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 592 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 592 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 592 11 countries country NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 592 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 592 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 592 14 Iberian Iberian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 592 15 Peninsula Peninsula NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 592 16 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 592 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 592 18 sponsor sponsor VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 592 19 exploration exploration NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 592 20 beyond beyond IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 592 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 592 22 boundaries boundary NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 592 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 592 24 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 592 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 593 1 Prince Prince NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 593 2 Henry Henry NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 593 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 593 4 Navigator Navigator NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 593 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 593 6 Portugal Portugal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 593 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 593 8 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 593 9 1460 1460 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 593 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 593 11 sent send VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 593 12 expeditions expedition NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 593 13 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 593 14 discovered discover VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 593 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 593 16 Canary Canary NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 593 17 Islands Islands NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 593 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 593 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 593 20 Azores Azores NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 593 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 593 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 593 23 Cape Cape NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 593 24 Verde Verde NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 593 25 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 593 26 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 593 27 lifetime lifetime NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 593 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 1 After after IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 2 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 3 death death NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 5 exploration exploration NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 6 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 7 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 8 Bartolomeu Bartolomeu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 9 Dias Dias NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 11 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 12 1500 1500 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 14 went go VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 15 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 17 Cape Cape NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 19 Good Good NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 20 Hope Hope NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 22 1486 1486 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 25 Vasco Vasco NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 26 da da NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 27 Gama Gama NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 29 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 30 1524 1524 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 31 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 32 sailed sail VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 33 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 34 Africa Africa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 35 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 36 India India NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 37 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 38 1498 1498 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 594 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 595 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 595 2 314 314 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 595 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 595 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 595 5 combined combine VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 595 6 Spanish spanish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 595 7 monarchies monarchy NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 595 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 595 9 Castile Castile NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 595 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 595 11 Aragon Aragon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 595 12 sponsored sponsor VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 595 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 595 14 voyage voyage NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 595 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 595 16 exploration exploration NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 595 17 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 595 18 Christopher Christopher NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 595 19 Columbus Columbus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 595 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 595 21 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 595 22 1506 1506 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 595 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 595 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 595 25 1492 1492 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 595 26 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 595 27 discovered discover VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 595 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 595 29 Americas Americas NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 595 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 596 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 596 2 315 315 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 596 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 596 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 596 5 English english JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 596 6 crown crown NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 596 7 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 596 8 Henry Henry NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 596 9 VII VII NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 596 10 sponsored sponsor VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 596 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 596 12 voyage voyage NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 596 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 596 14 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 596 15 Cabot Cabot NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 596 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 596 17 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 596 18 1498 1498 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 596 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 596 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 596 21 1497 1497 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 596 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 596 23 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 596 24 landed land VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 596 25 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 596 26 Cape Cape NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 596 27 Breton Breton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 596 28 Island Island NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 596 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 2 316 316 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 4 Technological technological JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 6 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 7 developments development NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 8 Agricultural agricultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 9 calendar calendar NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 11 c. c. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 12 1470 1470 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 14 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 16 manuscript manuscript NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 18 Pietro Pietro NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 19 de de IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 20 Crescenzi Crescenzi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 21 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 24 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 25 developments development NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 28 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 29 sphere sphere NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 30 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 32 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 33 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 34 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 35 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 37 increased increased JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 38 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 40 infantry infantry NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 41 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 42 light light NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 43 cavalry cavalry NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 597 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 598 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 598 2 317 317 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 598 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 598 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 598 5 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 598 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 598 7 employed employ VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 598 8 longbowmen longbowman NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 598 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 598 10 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 598 11 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 598 12 countries country NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 598 13 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 598 14 unable unable JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 598 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 598 16 create create VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 598 17 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 598 18 forces force NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 598 19 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 598 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 598 21 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 598 22 success success NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 598 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 2 318 318 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 4 Armour Armour NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 5 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 7 advance advance VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 9 spurred spur VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 12 increasing increase VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 13 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 15 crossbows crossbow NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 18 plate plate NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 19 armour armour NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 20 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 21 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 22 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 23 protect protect VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 24 soldiers soldier NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 25 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 26 crossbows crossbow NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 27 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 28 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 29 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 31 hand hand NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 32 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 33 held hold VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 34 guns gun NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 35 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 36 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 37 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 599 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 600 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 600 2 319 319 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 600 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 600 4 Pole Pole NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 600 5 arms arm NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 600 6 reached reach VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 600 7 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 600 8 prominence prominence NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 600 9 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 600 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 600 11 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 600 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 600 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 600 14 Flemish flemish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 600 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 600 16 Swiss swiss JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 600 17 infantry infantry NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 600 18 armed arm VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 600 19 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 600 20 pikes pike NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 600 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 600 22 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 600 23 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 600 24 spears spear NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 600 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 601 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 601 2 320 320 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 601 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 601 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 601 5 agriculture agriculture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 601 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 601 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 601 8 increased increase VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 601 9 usage usage NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 601 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 601 11 sheep sheep NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 601 12 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 601 13 long long RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 601 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 601 15 fibred fibre VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 601 16 wool wool NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 601 17 allowed allow VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 601 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 601 19 stronger strong JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 601 20 thread thread NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 601 21 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 601 22 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 601 23 spun spin VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 601 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 602 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 602 2 addition addition NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 602 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 602 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 602 5 spinning spinning NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 602 6 wheel wheel NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 602 7 replaced replace VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 602 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 602 9 traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 602 10 distaff distaff NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 602 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 602 12 spinning spin VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 602 13 wool wool NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 602 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 602 15 tripling triple VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 602 16 production production NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 602 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 2 321][AG 321][ag CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 5 less less RBR en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 6 technological technological JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 7 refinement refinement NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 8 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 9 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 10 greatly greatly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 11 affected affect VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 12 daily daily JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 13 life life NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 14 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 16 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 18 buttons button NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 19 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 20 closures closure NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 21 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 22 garments garment NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 24 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 25 allowed allow VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 26 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 27 better well JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 28 fitting fitting JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 29 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 30 having have VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 31 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 32 lace lace VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 33 clothing clothing NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 34 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 36 wearer wearer NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 603 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 2 323 323 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 4 Windmills windmill NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 5 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 6 refined refine VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 7 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 9 creation creation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 12 tower tower NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 13 mill mill NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 15 allowing allow VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 17 upper upper JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 18 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 21 windmill windmill NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 22 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 23 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 24 spun spin VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 25 around around RP en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 26 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 27 face face VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 29 direction direction NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 30 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 31 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 33 wind wind NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 34 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 35 blowing blow VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 604 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 605 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 605 2 324 324 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 605 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 605 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 605 5 blast blast NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 605 6 furnace furnace NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 605 7 appeared appear VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 605 8 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 605 9 1350 1350 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 605 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 605 11 Sweden Sweden NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 605 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 605 13 increasing increase VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 605 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 605 15 quantity quantity NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 605 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 605 17 iron iron NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 605 18 produced produce VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 605 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 605 20 improving improve VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 605 21 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 605 22 quality quality NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 605 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 606 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 606 2 325 325 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 606 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 606 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 606 5 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 606 6 patent patent NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 606 7 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 606 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 606 9 1447 1447 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 606 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 606 11 Venice Venice NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 606 12 protected protect VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 606 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 606 14 rights right NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 606 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 606 16 inventors inventor NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 606 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 606 18 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 606 19 inventions invention NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 606 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 2 326 326 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 4 Late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 5 medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 6 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 8 architecture architecture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 9 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 10 scene scene NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 11 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 13 15th 15th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 15 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 16 illuminated illuminate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 17 manuscript manuscript NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 18 Très Très NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 19 Riches Riches NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 20 Heures Heures NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 21 du du NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 22 Duc Duc NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 23 de de FW en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 24 Berry Berry NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 25 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 26 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 27 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 28 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 30 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 31 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 32 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 33 whole whole JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 34 correspond correspond NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 35 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 37 Trecento Trecento NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 39 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 40 Renaissance Renaissance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 41 cultural cultural JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 42 periods period NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 43 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 44 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 607 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 608 1 Northern Northern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 608 2 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 608 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 608 4 Spain Spain NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 608 5 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 608 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 608 7 use use VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 608 8 Gothic gothic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 608 9 styles style NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 608 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 608 11 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 608 12 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 608 13 increasingly increasingly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 608 14 elaborate elaborate JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 608 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 608 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 608 17 15th 15th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 608 18 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 608 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 608 20 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 608 21 almost almost RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 608 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 608 23 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 608 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 608 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 608 26 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 608 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 609 1 International International NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 609 2 Gothic Gothic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 609 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 609 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 609 5 courtly courtly JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 609 6 style style NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 609 7 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 609 8 reached reach VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 609 9 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 609 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 609 11 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 609 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 609 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 609 14 decades decade NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 609 15 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 609 16 1400 1400 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 609 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 609 18 producing produce VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 609 19 masterpieces masterpiece NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 609 20 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 609 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 609 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 609 23 Très Très NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 609 24 Riches Riches NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 609 25 Heures Heures NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 609 26 du du NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 609 27 Duc Duc NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 609 28 de de FW en-wikipedia-org-9529 609 29 Berry Berry NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 609 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 2 327 327 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 4 All all RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 5 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 7 secular secular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 8 art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 9 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 11 increase increase VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 13 quantity quantity NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 15 quality quality NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 20 15th 15th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 21 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 23 mercantile mercantile NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 24 classes class NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 26 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 28 Flanders Flanders NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 29 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 30 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 31 patrons patron NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 33 commissioning commission VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 34 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 35 portraits portrait NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 37 themselves -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 38 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 39 oils oil NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 40 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 41 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 42 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 43 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 44 growing grow VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 45 range range NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 46 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 47 luxury luxury NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 48 items item NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 49 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 50 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 51 jewellery jewellery NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 52 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 53 ivory ivory JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 54 caskets casket NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 55 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 56 cassone cassone NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 57 chests chest NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 58 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 59 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 60 maiolica maiolica NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 61 pottery pottery NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 610 62 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 611 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 611 2 objects object NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 611 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 611 4 included include VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 611 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 611 6 Hispano Hispano NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 611 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 611 8 Moresque Moresque NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 611 9 ware ware NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 611 10 produced produce VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 611 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 611 12 mostly mostly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 611 13 Mudéjar Mudéjar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 611 14 potters potter NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 611 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 611 16 Spain Spain NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 611 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 612 1 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 612 2 royalty royalty NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 612 3 owned own VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 612 4 huge huge JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 612 5 collections collection NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 612 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 612 7 plate plate NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 612 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 612 9 little little JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 612 10 survives survive NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 612 11 except except IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 612 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 612 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 612 14 Royal Royal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 612 15 Gold Gold NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 612 16 Cup Cup NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 612 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 613 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 613 2 328 328 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 613 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 613 4 Italian italian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 613 5 silk silk NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 613 6 manufacture manufacture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 613 7 developed develop VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 613 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 613 9 so so IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 613 10 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 613 11 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 613 12 churches church NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 613 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 613 14 elites elite NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 613 15 no no RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 613 16 longer long RBR en-wikipedia-org-9529 613 17 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 613 18 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 613 19 rely rely VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 613 20 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 613 21 imports import NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 613 22 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 613 23 Byzantium Byzantium NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 613 24 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 613 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 613 26 Islamic islamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 613 27 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 613 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 614 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 614 2 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 614 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 614 4 Flanders Flanders NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 614 5 tapestry tapestry NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 614 6 weaving weaving NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 614 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 614 8 sets set NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 614 9 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 614 10 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 614 11 Lady Lady NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 614 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 614 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 614 14 Unicorn Unicorn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 614 15 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 614 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 614 17 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 614 18 luxury luxury NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 614 19 industry industry NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 614 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 2 329 329 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 5 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 6 external external JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 7 sculptural sculptural JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 8 schemes scheme NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 10 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 11 Gothic gothic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 12 churches church NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 13 gave give VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 14 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 16 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 17 sculpture sculpture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 18 inside inside IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 20 building building NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 22 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 23 tombs tomb NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 24 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 25 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 26 elaborate elaborate JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 28 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 29 features feature NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 30 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 31 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 32 pulpits pulpit NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 33 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 34 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 35 lavishly lavishly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 36 carved carve VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 38 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 39 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 41 Pulpit Pulpit NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 42 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 43 Giovanni Giovanni NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 44 Pisano Pisano NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 45 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 46 Sant'Andrea Sant'Andrea NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 615 47 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 616 1 Painted paint VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 616 2 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 616 3 carved carve VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 616 4 wooden wooden JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 616 5 relief relief NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 616 6 altarpieces altarpiece NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 616 7 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 616 8 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 616 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 616 10 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 616 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 616 12 churches church NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 616 13 created create VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 616 14 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 616 15 side side NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 616 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 616 17 chapels chapel NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 616 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 1 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 2 Netherlandish netherlandish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 3 painting painting NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 4 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 5 artists artist NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 6 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 7 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 8 Jan Jan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 9 van van NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 10 Eyck Eyck NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 12 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 13 1441 1441 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 16 Rogier Rogier NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 17 van van NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 18 der der IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 19 Weyden Weyden NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 21 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 22 1464 1464 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 24 rivalled rival VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 25 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 27 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 29 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 30 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 31 northern northern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 32 illuminated illuminate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 33 manuscripts manuscript NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 35 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 36 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 38 15th 15th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 39 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 40 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 41 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 42 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 43 collected collect VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 44 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 45 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 46 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 47 scale scale NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 48 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 49 secular secular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 50 elites elite NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 51 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 52 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 53 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 54 commissioned commission VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 55 secular secular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 56 books book NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 57 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 58 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 59 histories history NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 617 60 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 618 1 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 618 2 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 618 3 1450 1450 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 618 4 printed print VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 618 5 books book NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 618 6 rapidly rapidly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 618 7 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 618 8 popular popular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 618 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 618 10 though though IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 618 11 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 618 12 expensive expensive JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 618 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 619 1 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-9529 619 2 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 619 3 around around RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 619 4 30,000 30,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 619 5 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 619 6 editions edition NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 619 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 619 8 incunabula incunabula NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 619 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 619 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 619 11 works work VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 619 12 printed print VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 619 13 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 619 14 1500,[330 1500,[330 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 619 15 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 619 16 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 619 17 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 619 18 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 619 19 illuminated illuminate VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 619 20 manuscripts manuscript NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 619 21 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 619 22 commissioned commission VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 619 23 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 619 24 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 619 25 royalty royalty NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 619 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 619 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 619 28 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 619 29 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 619 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 620 1 Very very RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 620 2 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 620 3 woodcuts woodcut NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 620 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 620 5 nearly nearly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 620 6 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 620 7 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 620 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 620 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 620 10 affordable affordable JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 620 11 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 620 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 620 13 peasants peasant NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 620 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 620 15 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 620 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 620 17 Northern Northern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 620 18 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 620 19 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 620 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 620 21 middle middle NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 620 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 620 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 620 24 15th 15th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 620 25 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 620 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 621 1 More more RBR en-wikipedia-org-9529 621 2 expensive expensive JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 621 3 engravings engraving NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 621 4 supplied supply VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 621 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 621 6 wealthier wealthy JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 621 7 market market NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 621 8 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 621 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 621 10 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 621 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 621 12 images image NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 621 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 2 331 331 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 4 Modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 5 perceptions perception NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 6 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 7 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 9 Dark Dark NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 10 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 12 historiography historiography NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 15 Medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 16 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 19 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 20 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 22 popular popular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 23 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 24 Medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 25 illustration illustration NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 28 spherical spherical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 29 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 31 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 32 14th 14th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 33 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 34 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 35 copy copy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 37 L'Image L'Image NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 38 du du NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 39 monde monde NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 40 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 41 medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 42 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 43 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 44 frequently frequently RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 45 caricatured caricature VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 46 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 47 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 48 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 49 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 50 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 51 ignorance ignorance NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 52 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 53 superstition superstition NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 54 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 55 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 56 placed place VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 57 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 58 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 59 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 60 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 61 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 62 authorities authority NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 63 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 64 personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 65 experience experience NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 66 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 67 rational rational JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 68 activity activity NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 622 69 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 623 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 623 2 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 623 3 332 332 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 623 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 623 5 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 623 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 623 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 623 8 legacy legacy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 623 9 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 623 10 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 623 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 623 12 Renaissance Renaissance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 623 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 623 14 Enlightenment Enlightenment NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 623 15 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-9529 623 16 scholars scholar NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 623 17 favourably favourably RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 623 18 contrasted contrast VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 623 19 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 623 20 intellectual intellectual JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 623 21 cultures culture NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 623 22 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 623 23 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 623 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 623 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 623 26 medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 623 27 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 623 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 624 1 Renaissance Renaissance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 624 2 scholars scholar NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 624 3 saw see VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 624 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 624 5 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 624 6 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 624 7 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 624 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 624 9 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 624 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 624 11 decline decline NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 624 12 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 624 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 624 14 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 624 15 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 624 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 624 17 civilisation civilisation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 624 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 624 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 624 20 Classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 624 21 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 624 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 625 1 Enlightenment enlightenment NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 625 2 scholars scholar NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 625 3 saw see VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 625 4 reason reason NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 625 5 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 625 6 superior superior JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 625 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 625 8 faith faith NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 625 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 625 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 625 11 thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 625 12 viewed view VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 625 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 625 14 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 625 15 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 625 16 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 625 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 625 18 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 625 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 625 20 ignorance ignorance NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 625 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 625 22 superstition superstition NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 625 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 626 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 626 2 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 626 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 626 4 Others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 626 5 argue argue VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 626 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 626 7 reason reason NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 626 8 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 626 9 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 626 10 held hold VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 626 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 626 12 high high JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 626 13 regard regard NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 626 14 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 626 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 626 16 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 626 17 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 626 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 1 Science science NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 2 historian historian NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 3 Edward Edward NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 4 Grant Grant NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 5 writes write VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 7 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 8 If if IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 9 revolutionary revolutionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 10 rational rational JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 11 thoughts thought NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 12 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 13 expressed express VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 14 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 17 18th 18th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 18 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 19 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 21 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 22 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 23 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 24 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 25 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 26 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 29 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 30 medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 31 tradition tradition NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 32 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 33 established establish VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 35 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 37 reason reason NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 38 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 39 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 42 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 43 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 44 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 45 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 46 activities activity NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 47 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 627 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 2 333 333 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 4 Also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 6 contrary contrary JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 8 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 9 belief belief NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 11 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 12 Lindberg Lindberg NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 13 writes write VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 15 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 17 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 18 medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 19 scholar scholar NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 20 rarely rarely RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 21 experienced experience VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 23 coercive coercive JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 24 power power NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 27 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 29 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 30 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 31 regarded regard VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 32 himself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 33 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 34 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 35 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 36 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 37 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 39 natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 40 sciences science NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 41 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 42 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 43 follow follow VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 44 reason reason NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 45 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 46 observation observation NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 47 wherever wherever WRB en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 48 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 49 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 50 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 628 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 629 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 629 2 334 334 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 629 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 629 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 629 5 caricature caricature NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 629 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 629 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 629 8 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 629 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 629 10 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 629 11 reflected reflect VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 629 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 629 13 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 629 14 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-9529 629 15 specific specific JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 629 16 notions notion NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 629 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 630 1 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 630 2 misconception misconception NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 630 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 630 4 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 630 5 propagated propagate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 630 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 630 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 630 8 19th 19th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 630 9 century[335 century[335 NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 630 10 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 630 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 630 12 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 630 13 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 630 14 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 630 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 630 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 630 17 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 630 18 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 630 19 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 630 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 630 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 630 22 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 630 23 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 630 24 believed believe VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 630 25 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 630 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 630 27 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 630 28 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 630 29 flat flat JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 630 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 631 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 631 2 335 335 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 631 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 631 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 631 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 631 6 untrue untrue JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 631 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 631 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 631 9 lecturers lecturer NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 631 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 631 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 631 12 medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 631 13 universities university NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 631 14 commonly commonly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 631 15 argued argue VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 631 16 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 631 17 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 631 18 showed show VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 631 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 631 20 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 631 21 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 631 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 631 23 sphere sphere NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 631 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 2 336 336 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 4 Lindberg Lindberg NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 6 Ronald Ronald NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 7 Numbers Numbers NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 9 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 10 scholar scholar NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 13 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 15 state state NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 16 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 17 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 18 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 19 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 20 scarcely scarcely RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 22 Christian christian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 23 scholar scholar NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 26 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 27 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 28 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 29 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 30 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 31 acknowledge acknowledge VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 32 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 33 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 34 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 35 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 36 sphericity sphericity NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 37 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 38 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 39 know know VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 40 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 41 approximate approximate JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 42 circumference circumference NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 43 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 632 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 2 337 337 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 4 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 5 misconceptions misconception NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 6 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 7 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 8 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 10 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 11 prohibited prohibit VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 12 autopsies autopsy NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 14 dissections dissection NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 15 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 17 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 18 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 19 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 21 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 23 rise rise NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 25 Christianity Christianity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 26 killed kill VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 27 off off RP en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 28 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 29 science science NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 30 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 32 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 33 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 35 medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 36 Christian Christian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 37 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 38 suppressed suppress VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 40 growth growth NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 41 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 42 natural natural JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 43 philosophy philosophy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 44 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 45 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 46 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 47 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 48 cited cite VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 49 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 50 Numbers number NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 51 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 52 examples example NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 53 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 54 widely widely RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 55 popular popular JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 56 myths myth NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 57 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 58 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 59 pass pass VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 60 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 61 historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 62 truth truth NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 63 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 64 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 65 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 66 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 67 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 68 supported support VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 69 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 70 historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 71 research research NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 633 72 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 634 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 634 2 338 338 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 634 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 634 4 Notes note NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 634 5 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 634 6 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 634 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 634 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 634 9 year year NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 634 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 634 11 last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 634 12 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 634 13 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 634 14 Emperors Emperors NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 634 15 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 634 16 driven drive VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 634 17 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 634 18 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 634 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 635 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 635 2 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 635 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 635 4 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 635 5 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 635 6 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 635 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 635 8 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 635 9 eventually eventually RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 635 10 encompassed encompass VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 635 11 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 635 12 senior senior JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 635 13 co co NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 635 14 - - NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 635 15 emperors emperor NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 635 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 635 17 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 635 18 junior junior JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 635 19 co co NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 635 20 - - NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 635 21 emperors emperor NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 635 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 635 23 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 635 24 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 635 25 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 635 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 635 27 Tetrarchy Tetrarchy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 635 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 2 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 4 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 6 commanders commander NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 9 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 10 military military NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 13 area area NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 14 appear appear VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 16 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 17 taken take VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 18 food food NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 20 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 21 supplies supply NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 22 intended intend VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 23 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 24 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 25 given give VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 26 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 28 Goths Goths NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 30 instead instead RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 31 sold sell VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 32 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 33 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 35 Goths Goths NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 636 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 637 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 637 2 revolt revolt NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 637 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 637 4 triggered trigger VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 637 5 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-9529 637 6 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 637 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 637 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 637 9 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 637 10 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 637 11 commanders commander NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 637 12 attempted attempt VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 637 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 637 14 take take VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 637 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 637 16 Gothic gothic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 637 17 leaders leader NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 637 18 hostage hostage NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 637 19 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 637 20 failed fail VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 637 21 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 637 22 secure secure VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 637 23 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 637 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 637 25 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 637 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 2 32 32 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 4 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 5 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 6 alternative alternative JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 7 date date NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 9 480 480 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 11 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 12 given give VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 15 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 16 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 18 year year NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 19 Romulus Romulus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 20 Augustulus Augustulus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 21 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 22 predecessor predecessor NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 23 Julius Julius NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 24 Nepos Nepos NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 25 died die VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 26 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 27 Nepos Nepos NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 28 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 29 continued continue VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 30 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 31 assert assert VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 32 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 33 he -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 34 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 36 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 37 emperor emperor NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 38 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 39 holding hold VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 40 onto onto IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 41 Dalmatia Dalmatia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 638 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 639 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 639 2 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 639 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 639 4 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 639 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 639 6 English english JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 639 7 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 639 8 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 639 9 slave slave NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 639 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 639 11 derives derive VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 639 12 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 639 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 639 14 Latin latin JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 639 15 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 639 16 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 639 17 Slavs Slavs NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 639 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 639 19 slavicus slavicus NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 639 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 640 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 640 2 51 51 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 640 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 640 4 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 640 5 Brittany Brittany NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 640 6 takes take VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 640 7 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 640 8 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 640 9 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 640 10 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 640 11 settlement settlement NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 640 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 640 13 Britons briton NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 640 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 641 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 641 2 55 55 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 641 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 641 4 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 641 5 Such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 641 6 entourages entourage NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 641 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 641 8 named name VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 641 9 comitatus comitatus NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 641 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 641 11 historians historian NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 641 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 641 13 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 641 14 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 641 15 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 641 16 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 641 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 641 18 contemporary contemporary JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 641 19 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 641 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 642 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 642 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 642 3 adapted adapt VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 642 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 642 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 642 6 19th 19th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 642 7 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 642 8 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 642 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 642 10 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 642 11 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 642 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 642 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 642 14 2nd 2nd JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 642 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 642 16 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 642 17 historian historian NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 642 18 Tacitus Tacitus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 642 19 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 642 20 describe describe VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 642 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 642 22 close close JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 642 23 companions companion NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 642 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 642 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 642 26 lord lord NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 642 27 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 642 28 king king NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 642 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 643 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 643 2 69 69 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 643 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 643 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 643 5 comitatus comitatus NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 643 6 comprised comprise VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 643 7 young young JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 643 8 men man NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 643 9 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 643 10 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 643 11 supposed suppose VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 643 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 643 13 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 643 14 utterly utterly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 643 15 devoted devoted JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 643 16 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 643 17 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 643 18 lord lord NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 643 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 644 1 If if IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 644 2 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 644 3 sworn swear VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 644 4 lord lord NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 644 5 died die VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 644 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 644 7 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 644 8 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 644 9 expected expect VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 644 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 644 11 fight fight VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 644 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 644 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 644 14 death death NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 644 15 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 644 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 2 70 70 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 4 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 5 Dhu Dhu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 6 Nuwas Nuwas NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 8 ruler ruler NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 10 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 12 today today NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 13 Yemen Yemen NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 15 converted convert VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 17 525 525 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 19 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 20 subsequent subsequent JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 21 persecution persecution NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 23 Christians Christians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 24 led lead VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 25 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 27 invasion invasion NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 29 conquest conquest NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 31 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 32 kingdom kingdom NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 33 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 35 Axumites Axumites NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 37 Ethiopia Ethiopia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 645 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 2 80 80 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 4 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 5 Muslim muslim JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 6 armies army NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 7 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 8 earlier early RBR en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 9 conquered conquer VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 11 Visigothic visigothic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 12 kingdom kingdom NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 14 Spain Spain NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 16 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 17 defeating defeat VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 19 last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 20 Visigothic Visigothic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 21 King King NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 22 Ruderic Ruderic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 24 d. d. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 25 711 711 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 26 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 27 712 712 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 29 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 31 Battle Battle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 33 Guadalete Guadalete NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 35 711 711 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 37 finishing finish VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 39 conquest conquest NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 40 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 41 719 719 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 646 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 647 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 647 2 99 99 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 647 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 647 4 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 647 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 647 6 Papal Papal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 647 7 States States NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 647 8 endured endure VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 647 9 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 647 10 1870 1870 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 647 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 647 12 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-9529 647 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 647 14 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 647 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 647 16 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 647 17 seized seize VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 647 18 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-9529 647 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 647 20 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 647 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 2 104 104 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 4 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 6 Carolingian carolingian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 7 minuscule minuscule NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 8 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 9 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 12 uncial uncial JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 13 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 15 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 16 Antiquity Antiquity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 18 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 19 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 21 smaller small JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 23 rounder rounder NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 24 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 26 writing write VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 28 Latin latin JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 29 alphabet alphabet NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 30 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 32 classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 33 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 648 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 649 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 649 2 109 109 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 649 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 649 4 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 649 5 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 649 6 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 649 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 649 8 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 649 9 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 649 10 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 649 11 include include VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 649 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 649 13 entire entire JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 649 14 peninsula peninsula NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 649 15 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 649 16 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 649 17 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 649 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 649 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 649 20 north north NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 649 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 2 112 112 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 4 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 5 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 8 brief brief JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 9 re re NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 10 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 11 uniting uniting JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 14 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 15 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 16 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 17 III III NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 19 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 20 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 21 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 23 Fat Fat NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 24 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 27 884 884 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 29 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 31 actual actual JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 32 units unit NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 35 empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 36 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 37 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 38 merged merge VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 39 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 40 retained retain VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 41 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 42 separate separate JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 43 administrations administration NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 650 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 651 1 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 651 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 651 3 deposed depose VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 651 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 651 5 887 887 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 651 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 651 7 died die VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 651 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 651 9 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 651 10 888 888 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 651 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 2 115 115 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 4 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 6 Carolingian carolingian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 7 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 8 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 9 earlier early RBR en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 10 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 11 displaced displace VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 13 King King NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 14 Odo Odo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 16 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 17 888–898 888–898 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 20 previously previously RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 21 Count Count NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 23 Paris Paris NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 25 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 26 took take VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 28 throne throne NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 30 888 888 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 652 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 2 116 116 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 4 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 5 members member NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 8 Carolingian carolingian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 9 dynasty dynasty NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 10 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 11 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 14 western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 15 lands land NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 16 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 17 Odo Odo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 18 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 19 death death NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 21 Odo Odo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 22 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 23 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 24 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 25 supplied supply VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 26 kings king NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 27 — — : en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 28 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 29 brother brother NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 30 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 31 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 32 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 33 king king NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 34 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 35 922–923 922–923 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 37 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 38 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 39 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 40 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 41 son son NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 42 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 43 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 44 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 45 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 46 Raoul Raoul NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 47 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 48 king king NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 49 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 50 929 929 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 51 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 52 936—before 936—before CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 53 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 54 Carolingians Carolingians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 55 reclaimed reclaim VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 56 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 57 throne throne NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 58 once once RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 59 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-9529 653 60 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 654 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 654 2 117 117 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 654 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 654 4 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 654 5 Hugh Hugh NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 654 6 Capet Capet NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 654 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 654 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 654 9 grandson grandson NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 654 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 654 11 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 654 12 I I NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 654 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 654 14 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 654 15 earlier early JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 654 16 king king NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 654 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 655 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 655 2 117 117 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 655 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 655 4 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 655 5 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 655 6 settlement settlement NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 655 7 eventually eventually RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 655 8 expanded expand VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 655 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 655 10 sent send VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 655 11 out out RP en-wikipedia-org-9529 655 12 conquering conquer VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 655 13 expeditions expedition NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 655 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 655 15 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 655 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 655 17 Sicily Sicily NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 655 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 655 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 655 20 southern southern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 655 21 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 655 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 656 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 656 2 120 120 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 656 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 656 4 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 656 5 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 656 6 inheritance inheritance NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 656 7 pattern pattern NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 656 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 656 9 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 656 10 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 656 11 primogeniture primogeniture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 656 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 2 167 167 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 4 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 5 Heavy Heavy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 6 cavalry cavalry NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 7 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 8 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 9 introduced introduce VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 10 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 11 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 12 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 14 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 15 cataphract cataphract NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 18 5th 5th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 20 6th 6th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 21 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 23 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 25 addition addition NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 28 stirrup stirrup NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 31 7th 7th NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 32 allowed allow VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 34 full full JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 35 force force NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 37 horse horse NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 39 rider rider NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 40 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 41 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 42 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 43 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 44 combat combat NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 657 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 2 168 168 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 4 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 5 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 6 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 8 Germany Germany NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 12 Low Low NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 13 Countries Countries NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 14 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 15 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 17 further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 18 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 20 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 21 noble noble JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 22 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 25 ministerialis ministerialis NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 27 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 28 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 30 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 31 unfree unfree CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 32 knights knight NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 658 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 2 descended descend VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 3 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 4 serfs serf NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 5 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 6 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 7 served serve VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 9 warriors warrior NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 11 government government NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 12 officials official NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 14 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 15 increased increase VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 16 status status NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 17 allowed allow VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 18 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 19 descendants descendant NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 20 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 21 hold hold VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 22 fiefs fief NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 23 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 24 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 25 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 26 become become VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 27 knights knight NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 28 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 29 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 30 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 31 technically technically RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 32 serfs serfs JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 659 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 2 170 170 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 4 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 5 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 6 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 7 Jewish jewish JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 8 peasants peasant NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 9 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 10 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 12 land land NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 13 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 14 Byzantine byzantine JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 15 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 18 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 19 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 20 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 22 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 23 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 24 Crete Crete NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 25 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 26 Venetian Venetian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 27 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 29 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 30 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 31 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 33 exception exception NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 35 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 660 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 661 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 661 2 176 176 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 661 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 661 4 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 661 5 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 661 6 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 661 7 groups group NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 661 8 — — : en-wikipedia-org-9529 661 9 Germans Germans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 661 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 661 11 Italians Italians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 661 12 — — : en-wikipedia-org-9529 661 13 took take VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 661 14 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 661 15 approaches approach NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 661 16 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 661 17 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 661 18 trading trading NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 661 19 arrangements arrangement NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 661 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 662 1 Most Most JJS en-wikipedia-org-9529 662 2 German german JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 662 3 cities city NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 662 4 co co VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 662 5 - - VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 662 6 operated operate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 662 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 662 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 662 9 Hanseatic Hanseatic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 662 10 League League NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 662 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 662 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 662 13 contrast contrast NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 662 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 662 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 662 16 Italian italian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 662 17 city city NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 662 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 662 19 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 662 20 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 662 21 engaged engage VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 662 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 662 23 internecine internecine NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 662 24 strife strife NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 662 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 663 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 663 2 180 180 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 663 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 663 4 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 663 5 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 663 6 grouping grouping NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 663 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 663 8 lands land NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 663 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 663 10 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 663 11 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 663 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 663 13 Angevin Angevin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 663 14 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 663 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 664 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 664 2 200 200 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 664 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 664 4 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 664 5 Eleanor Eleanor NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 664 6 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 664 7 previously previously RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 664 8 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 664 9 married married JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 664 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 664 11 Louis Louis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 664 12 VII VII NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 664 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 664 14 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 664 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 664 16 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 664 17 1137–80 1137–80 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 664 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 664 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 664 20 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 664 21 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 664 22 marriage marriage NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 664 23 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 664 24 annulled annul VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 664 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 664 26 1152 1152 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 664 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 665 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 665 2 201 201 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 665 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 665 4 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 665 5 Louis Louis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 665 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 665 7 canonised canonise VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 665 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 665 9 1297 1297 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 665 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 665 11 Pope Pope NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 665 12 Boniface Boniface NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 665 13 VIII VIII NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 665 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 2 205 205 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 4 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 5 Military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 6 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 7 orders order NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 8 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 11 Knights Knights NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 12 Templar Templar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 15 Knights Knights NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 16 Hospitaller Hospitaller NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 17 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 18 formed form VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 20 went go VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 21 on on RP en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 22 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 23 play play VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 24 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 25 integral integral JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 26 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 29 crusader crusader NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 30 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 666 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 667 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 667 2 217 217 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 667 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 667 4 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 667 5 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 667 6 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 667 7 spread spread VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 667 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 667 9 Northern Northern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 667 10 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 667 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 667 12 1000 1000 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 667 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 667 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 667 15 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 667 16 reached reach VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 667 17 Poland Poland NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 667 18 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 667 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 667 20 12th 12th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 667 21 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 667 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 668 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 668 2 235 235 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 668 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 668 4 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 668 5 Crossbows crossbow NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 668 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 668 7 slow slow JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 668 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 668 9 reload reload VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 668 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 668 11 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-9529 668 12 limits limit VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 668 13 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 668 14 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 668 15 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 668 16 open open JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 668 17 battlefields battlefield NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 668 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 669 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 669 2 sieges siege NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 669 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 669 4 slowness slowness NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 669 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 669 6 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 669 7 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 669 8 big big JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 669 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 669 10 disadvantage disadvantage NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 669 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 669 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 669 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 669 14 crossbowman crossbowman NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 669 15 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-9529 669 16 hide hide VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 669 17 behind behind IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 669 18 fortifications fortification NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 669 19 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 669 20 reloading reload VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 669 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 2 241 241 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 4 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 6 historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 7 consensus consensus NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 10 last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 11 100 100 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 12 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 13 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 14 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 15 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 17 Black Black NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 18 Death Death NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 19 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 21 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 23 bubonic bubonic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 24 plague plague NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 26 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 27 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 28 historians historian NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 29 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 30 begun begin VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 31 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 32 challenge challenge VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 33 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 34 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 35 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 36 recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 37 years year NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 670 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 671 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 671 2 268 268 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 671 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 671 4 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 671 5 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 671 6 town town NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 671 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 671 8 Lübeck Lübeck NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 671 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 671 10 Germany Germany NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 671 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 671 12 lost lose VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 671 13 90 90 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 671 14   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 671 15 percent percent NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 671 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 671 17 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 671 18 population population NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 671 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 671 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 671 21 Black Black NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 671 22 Death Death NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 671 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 672 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 672 2 269 269 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 672 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 672 4 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 672 5 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 672 6 happened happen VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 672 7 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 672 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 672 9 Bardi Bardi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 672 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 672 11 Peruzzi Peruzzi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 672 12 firms firm NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 672 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 672 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 672 15 1340s 1340 NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 672 16 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-9529 672 17 King King NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 672 18 Edward Edward NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 672 19 III III NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 672 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 672 21 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 672 22 repudiated repudiate VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 672 23 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 672 24 loans loan NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 672 25 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 672 26 him -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 672 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 673 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 673 2 277 277 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 673 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 673 4 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 673 5 Edward Edward NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 673 6 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 673 7 nickname nickname NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 673 8 probably probably RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 673 9 came come VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 673 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 673 11 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-9529 673 12 black black JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 673 13 armour armour NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 673 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 673 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 673 16 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 673 17 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 673 18 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 673 19 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 673 20 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 673 21 Leland Leland NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 673 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 673 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 673 24 1530s 1530 NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 673 25 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 673 26 1540s 1540 NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 673 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 674 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 674 2 284 284 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 674 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 674 4 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 674 5 Calais Calais NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 674 6 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 674 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 674 8 English english JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 674 9 hands hand NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 674 10 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 674 11 1558 1558 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 674 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 675 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 675 2 285 285 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 675 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 675 4 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 675 5 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 675 6 wheel wheel NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 675 7 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 675 8 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 675 9 simple simple JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 675 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 675 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 675 12 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 675 13 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 675 14 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 675 15 yet yet RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 675 16 incorporate incorporate VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 675 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 675 18 treadle treadle NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 675 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 675 20 wheel wheel NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 675 21 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 675 22 twist twist VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 675 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 675 24 pull pull VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 675 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 675 26 fibres fibre NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 675 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 676 1 That that DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 676 2 refinement refinement NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 676 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 676 4 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 676 5 invented invent VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 676 6 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 676 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 676 8 15th 15th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 676 9 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 676 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 2 322 322 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 4 Citations citation NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 5 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 7 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 8 Power Power NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 9 Central Central NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 10 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 11 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 12 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 13 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 14 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 15 Miglio Miglio NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 16 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 17 Curial Curial NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 18 Humanism Humanism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 19 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 20 Interpretations Interpretations NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 22 Renaissance Renaissance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 23 Humanism Humanism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 24 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 25 112 112 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 26 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 27 Albrow Albrow NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 28 Global Global NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 29 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 30 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 31 205 205 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 32 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 33 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 34 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 35 Murray Murray NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 36 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 37 Should Should MD en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 39 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 40 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 41 Be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 42 Abolished abolish VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 43 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-9529 677 44 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 678 1 Essays essay NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 678 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 678 3 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 678 4 Studies Studies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 678 5 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 678 6 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 678 7 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 678 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 678 9 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 678 10 Flexner Flexner NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 678 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 678 12 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 678 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 678 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 1 Random Random NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 2 House House NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 3 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 4 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 5 1194 1194 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 6 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 7 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 8 Mediaeval Mediaeval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 10 Compact Compact NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 11 Edition Edition NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 14 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 15 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 16 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 17 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 19 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 20 Mommsen Mommsen NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 21 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 22 Petrarch Petrarch NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 23 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 24 Conception Conception NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 27 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 28 Dark Dark NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 29 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 30 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 31 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 32 Speculum Speculum NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 33 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 679 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 1 236–237 236–237 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 3 Singman Singman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 4 Daily Daily NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 5 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 6 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 7 x x XX en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 8 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 9 Knox Knox NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 10 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 11 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 14 Idea Idea NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 17 Renaissance Renaissance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 19 ^ ^ VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 20 Mommsen Mommsen NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 21 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 22 Petrarch Petrarch NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 23 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 24 Conception Conception NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 27 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 28 Dark Dark NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 29 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 30 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 31 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 32 Speculum Speculum NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 33 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 680 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 681 1 227 227 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 681 2 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 681 3 228 228 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 681 4 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 681 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 681 6 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 681 7 Bruni Bruni NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 681 8 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 681 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 681 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 681 11 Florentine Florentine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 681 12 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 681 13 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 681 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 1 xvii xvii NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 2 – – : en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 3 xviii xviii NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 4 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 6 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 7 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 9 Dictionary.com Dictionary.com NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 10 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 12 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 13 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 14 Wickham Wickham NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 15 Inheritance Inheritance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 17 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 18 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 19 86 86 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 20 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 21 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 22 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 24 Scandinavia Scandinavia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 26 Helle Helle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 28 Kouri Kouri NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 31 Olesen Olesen NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 33 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 682 35 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 2 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 4 Scandinavia Scandinavia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 5 Part Part NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 6 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 7 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 9 start start NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 10 date date NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 12 1000 1000 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 14 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 15 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 16 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 18 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 19 Russia Russia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 21 Martin Martin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 22 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 23 Russia Russia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 24 980–1584 980–1584 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 25 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 26 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 28 titles title NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 30 Watts Watts NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 31 Making Making NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 33 Polities Polities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 34 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 35 1300–1500 1300–1500 VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 36 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 37 Epstein Epstein NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 38 Economic economic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 39 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 41 Later later JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 42 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 43 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 44 1000–1500 1000–1500 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 45 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 46 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 47 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 48 date date NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 49 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 50 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 51 Holmes Holmes NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 52 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 53 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 54 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 683 55 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 684 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 684 2 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 684 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 684 4 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 684 5 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 684 6 ^ ^ VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 684 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 684 8 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 684 9 Davies Davies NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 684 10 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 684 11 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 684 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 1 291–293 291–293 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 3 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 5 title title NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 7 Saul Saul NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 8 Companion Companion NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 10 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 11 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 12 1066–1485 1066–1485 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 13 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 14 Kamen Kamen NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 15 Spain Spain NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 16 1469–1714 1469–1714 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 17 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 18 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 19 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 20 Mommsen Mommsen NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 21 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 22 Petrarch Petrarch NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 23 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 24 Conception Conception NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 27 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 28 Dark Dark NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 29 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 30 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 31 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 32 Speculum Speculum NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 33 p. p. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 34 226 226 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 35 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 36 Tansey Tansey NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 38 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 39 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 685 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 686 1 Gardner Gardner NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 686 2 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 686 3 Art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 686 4 Through through IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 686 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 686 6 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 686 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 686 8 242 242 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 686 9 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 686 10 Cunliffe Cunliffe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 686 11 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 686 12 Between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 686 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 686 14 Oceans Oceans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 686 15 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 686 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 687 1 391–393 391–393 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 687 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 687 3 Collins Collins NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 687 4 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 687 5 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 687 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 687 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 687 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 688 1 3–5 3–5 LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 688 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 688 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 688 4 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 688 5 Heather Heather NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 688 6 Fall Fall NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 688 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 688 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 688 9 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 688 10 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 688 11 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 688 12 111 111 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 688 13 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 688 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 688 15 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 688 16 Brown Brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 688 17 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 688 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 688 19 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 688 20 Antiquity Antiquity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 688 21 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 688 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 689 1 24–25 24–25 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 689 2 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 689 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 689 4 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 689 5 Collins Collins NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 689 6 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 689 7 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 689 8 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 689 9 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 689 10 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 689 11 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 689 12 Collins Collins NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 689 13 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 689 14 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 689 15 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 689 16 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 689 17 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 689 18 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 689 19 Cunliffe Cunliffe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 689 20 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 689 21 Between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 689 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 689 23 Oceans Oceans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 689 24 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 689 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 690 1 405–406 405–406 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 690 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 690 3 Collins collin VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 690 4 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 690 5 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 690 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 690 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 690 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 691 1 31–33 31–33 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 691 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 691 3 Brown Brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 691 4 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 691 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 691 6 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 691 7 Antiquity Antiquity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 691 8 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 691 9 34 34 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 691 10 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 691 11 Brown Brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 691 12 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 691 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 691 14 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 691 15 Antiquity Antiquity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 691 16 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 691 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 692 1 65–68 65–68 LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 692 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 692 3 Brown Brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 692 4 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 692 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 692 6 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 692 7 Antiquity Antiquity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 692 8 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 692 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 693 1 82–94 82–94 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 693 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 693 3 Collins collin VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 693 4 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 693 5 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 693 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 693 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 693 8 51 51 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 693 9 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 693 10 Bauer Bauer NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 693 11 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 693 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 693 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 693 14 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 693 15 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 693 16 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 693 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 694 1 47–49 47–49 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 694 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 694 3 Bauer Bauer NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 694 4 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 694 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 694 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 694 7 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 694 8 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 694 9 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 694 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 695 1 56–59 56–59 LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 695 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 695 3 Bauer Bauer NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 695 4 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 695 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 695 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 695 7 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 695 8 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 695 9 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 695 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 696 1 80–83 80–83 LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 696 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 696 3 Collins Collins NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 696 4 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 696 5 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 696 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 696 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 696 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 697 1 59–60 59–60 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 697 2 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 697 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 697 4 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 697 5 Cunliffe Cunliffe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 697 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 697 7 Between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 697 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 697 9 Oceans Oceans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 697 10 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 697 11 417 417 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 697 12 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 697 13 Collins Collins NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 697 14 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 697 15 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 697 16 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 697 17 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 697 18 80 80 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 697 19 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 697 20 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 697 21 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 697 22 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 697 23 Barbarians Barbarians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 697 24 pp pp NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 697 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 698 1 67–68 67–68 LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 698 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 698 3 Bauer Bauer NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 698 4 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 698 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 698 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 698 7 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 698 8 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 698 9 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 698 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 699 1 117–118 117–118 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 699 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 699 3 Wickham Wickham NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 699 4 Inheritance Inheritance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 699 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 699 6 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 699 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 699 8 79 79 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 699 9 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 699 10 Collins Collins NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 699 11 Early early RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 699 12 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 699 13 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 699 14 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 699 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 700 1 107–109 107–109 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 700 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 700 3 Collins collin VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 700 4 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 700 5 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 700 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 700 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 700 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 701 1 116–134 116–134 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 701 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 701 3 Brown Brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 701 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 701 5 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 701 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 701 7 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 701 8 Antiquity Antiquity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 701 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 701 10 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 701 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 702 1 122–124 122–124 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 702 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 702 3 Wickham Wickham NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 702 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 702 5 Inheritance Inheritance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 702 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 702 7 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 702 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 702 9 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 702 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 703 1 95–98 95–98 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 703 2 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-9529 703 3 Wickham Wickham NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 703 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 703 5 Inheritance Inheritance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 703 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 703 7 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 703 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 703 9 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 703 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 704 1 100–101 100–101 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 704 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 704 3 Collins Collins NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 704 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 704 5 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 704 6 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 704 7 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 704 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 704 9 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 704 10 100 100 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 704 11 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 704 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 704 13 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 704 14 Collins Collins NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 704 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 704 16 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 704 17 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 704 18 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 704 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 704 20 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 704 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 705 1 96–97 96–97 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 705 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 705 3 Wickham Wickham NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 705 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 705 5 Inheritance Inheritance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 705 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 705 7 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 705 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 705 9 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 705 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 706 1 102–103 102–103 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 706 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 706 3 Backman Backman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 706 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 706 5 Worlds Worlds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 706 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 706 7 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 706 8 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 706 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 706 10 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 706 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 707 1 86–91 86–91 LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 707 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 707 3 Coredon Coredon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 707 4 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 707 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 707 6 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 707 7 Terms Terms NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 707 8 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 707 9 261 261 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 707 10 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 707 11 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 707 12 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 707 13 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 707 14 Barbarians Barbarians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 707 15 pp pp NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 707 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 708 1 82–88 82–88 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 708 2 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 708 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 708 4 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 708 5 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 708 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 708 7 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 708 8 Barbarians Barbarians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 708 9 pp pp NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 708 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 709 1 77–78 77–78 LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 709 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 709 3 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 709 4 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 709 5 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 709 6 Barbarians Barbarians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 709 7 pp pp NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 709 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 710 1 79–80 79–80 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 710 2 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 710 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 710 4 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 710 5 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 710 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 710 7 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 710 8 Barbarians Barbarians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 710 9 pp pp NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 710 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 711 1 78–81 78–81 NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 711 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 711 3 Collins Collins NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 711 4 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 711 5 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 711 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 711 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 711 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 712 1 196–208 196–208 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 712 2 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-9529 712 3 Davies Davies NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 712 4 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 712 5 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 712 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 713 1 235–238 235–238 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 713 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 713 3 Adams Adams NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 713 4 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 713 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 713 6 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 713 7 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 713 8 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 713 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 714 1 158–159 158–159 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 714 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 714 3 Wickham Wickham NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 714 4 Inheritance Inheritance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 714 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 714 6 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 714 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 714 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 715 1 81–83 81–83 NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 715 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 715 3 Bauer Bauer NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 715 4 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 715 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 715 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 715 7 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 715 8 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 715 9 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 715 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 716 1 200–202 200–202 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 716 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 716 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 716 4 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 716 5 Bauer Bauer NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 716 6 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 716 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 716 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 716 9 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 716 10 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 716 11 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 716 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 717 1 206–213 206–213 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 717 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 717 3 Collins collin VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 717 4 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 717 5 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 717 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 717 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 717 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 718 1 126 126 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 718 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 718 3 130 130 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 718 4 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 718 5 Brown Brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 718 6 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 718 7 Transformation Transformation NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 718 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 718 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 718 10 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 718 11 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 718 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 718 13 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 718 14 Illustrated Illustrated NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 718 15 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 718 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 718 17 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 718 18 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 718 19 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 718 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 719 1 8–9 8–9 NFP en-wikipedia-org-9529 719 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 719 3 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 719 4 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 719 5 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 719 6 Barbarians Barbarians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 719 7 pp pp NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 719 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 720 1 95–99 95–99 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 720 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 720 3 Collins Collins NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 720 4 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 720 5 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 720 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 720 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 720 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 721 1 140–143 140–143 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 721 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 721 3 Brown Brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 721 4 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 721 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 721 6 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 721 7 Antiquity Antiquity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 721 8 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 721 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 722 1 174–175 174–175 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 722 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 722 3 Brown Brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 722 4 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 722 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 722 6 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 722 7 Antiquity Antiquity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 722 8 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 722 9 181 181 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 722 10 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 722 11 Brown Brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 722 12 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 722 13 Transformation Transformation NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 722 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 722 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 722 16 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 722 17 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 722 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 722 19 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 722 20 Illustrated Illustrated NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 722 21 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 722 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 722 23 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 722 24 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 722 25 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 722 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 723 1 45–49 45–49 LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 723 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 723 3 Coredon Coredon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 723 4 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 723 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 723 6 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 723 7 Terms Terms NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 723 8 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 723 9 80 80 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 723 10 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 723 11 Geary Geary NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 723 12 Before before IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 723 13 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 723 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 723 15 Germany Germany NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 723 16 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 723 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 724 1 56–57 56–57 LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 724 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 724 3 Wickham Wickham NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 724 4 Inheritance Inheritance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 724 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 724 6 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 724 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 724 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 725 1 189–193 189–193 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 725 2 ^ ^ SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 725 3 Wickham Wickham NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 725 4 Inheritance Inheritance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 725 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 725 6 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 725 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 725 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 726 1 195–199 195–199 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 726 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 726 3 Wickham Wickham NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 726 4 Inheritance Inheritance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 726 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 726 6 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 726 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 726 8 204 204 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 726 9 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 726 10 Wickham Wickham NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 726 11 Inheritance Inheritance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 726 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 726 13 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 726 14 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 726 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 727 1 205–210 205–210 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 727 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 727 3 Wickham Wickham NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 727 4 Inheritance Inheritance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 727 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 727 6 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 727 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 727 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 728 1 211–212 211–212 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 728 2 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-9529 728 3 Wickham Wickham NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 728 4 Inheritance Inheritance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 728 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 728 6 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 728 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 728 8 215 215 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 728 9 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 728 10 Brown Brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 728 11 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 728 12 Transformation Transformation NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 728 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 728 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 728 15 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 728 16 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 728 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 728 18 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 728 19 Illustrated Illustrated NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 728 20 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 728 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 728 22 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 728 23 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 728 24 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 728 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 729 1 24–26 24–26 LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 729 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 729 3 Gies Gies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 729 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 729 5 Gies Gies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 729 6 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 729 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 729 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 729 9 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 729 10 City City NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 729 11 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 729 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 730 1 3–4 3–4 LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 730 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 730 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 730 4 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 730 5 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 730 6 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 730 7 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 730 8 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 730 9 Jews Jews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 730 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 730 11 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 730 12 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 730 13 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 730 14 191 191 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 730 15 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 730 16 Collins Collins NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 730 17 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 730 18 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 730 19 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 730 20 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 730 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 731 1 138–139 138–139 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 731 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 731 3 Collins collin VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 731 4 Early early RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 731 5 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 731 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 731 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 731 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 732 1 143–145 143–145 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 732 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 732 3 Collins collin VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 732 4 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 732 5 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 732 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 732 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 732 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 733 1 149–151 149–151 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 733 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 733 3 Reilly Reilly NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 733 4 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 733 5 Spains Spains NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 733 6 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 733 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 734 1 52–53 52–53 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 734 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 734 3 Brown Brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 734 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 734 5 Transformation Transformation NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 734 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 734 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 734 8 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 734 9 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 734 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 734 11 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 734 12 Illustrated Illustrated NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 734 13 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 734 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 734 15 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 734 16 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 734 17 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 734 18 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 734 19 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 734 20 Cunliffe Cunliffe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 734 21 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 734 22 Between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 734 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 734 24 Oceans Oceans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 734 25 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 734 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 735 1 427–428 427–428 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 735 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 735 3 Wickham Wickham NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 735 4 Inheritance Inheritance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 735 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 735 6 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 735 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 735 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 736 1 218–219 218–219 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 736 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 736 3 Grierson Grierson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 736 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 736 5 Coinage coinage NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 736 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 736 7 currency currency NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 736 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 736 9 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 736 10 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 736 11 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 736 12 Collins collin VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 736 13 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 736 14 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 736 15 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 736 16 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 736 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 737 1 218–233 218–233 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 737 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 737 3 Davies Davies NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 737 4 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 737 5 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 737 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 738 1 328–332 328–332 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 738 2 ^ ^ : en-wikipedia-org-9529 738 3 Wickham Wickham NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 738 4 Inheritance Inheritance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 738 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 738 6 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 738 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 738 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 739 1 170–172 170–172 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 739 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 739 3 Colish Colish NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 739 4 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 739 5 Foundations Foundations NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 739 6 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 739 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 740 1 62–63 62–63 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 740 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 740 3 Lawrence Lawrence NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 740 4 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 740 5 Monasticism Monasticism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 740 6 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 740 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 741 1 10–13 10–13 LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 741 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 741 3 Lawrence Lawrence NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 741 4 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 741 5 Monasticism Monasticism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 741 6 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 741 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 742 1 18–24 18–24 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 742 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 742 3 Wickham Wickham NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 742 4 Inheritance Inheritance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 742 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 742 6 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 742 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 742 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 743 1 185–187 185–187 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 743 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 743 3 Hamilton Hamilton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 743 4 Religion Religion NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 743 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 743 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 743 7 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 743 8 West West NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 743 9 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 743 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 744 1 43–44 43–44 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 744 2 ^ ^ : en-wikipedia-org-9529 744 3 Colish Colish NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 744 4 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 744 5 Foundations Foundations NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 744 6 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 744 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 745 1 64–65 64–65 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 745 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 745 3 Bauer Bauer NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 745 4 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 745 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 745 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 745 7 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 745 8 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 745 9 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 745 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 746 1 246–253 246–253 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 746 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 746 3 Bauer Bauer NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 746 4 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 746 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 746 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 746 7 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 746 8 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 746 9 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 746 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 747 1 347–349 347–349 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 747 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 747 3 Bauer Bauer NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 747 4 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 747 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 747 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 747 7 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 747 8 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 747 9 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 747 10 344 344 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 747 11 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 747 12 Wickham Wickham NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 747 13 Inheritance Inheritance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 747 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 747 15 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 747 16 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 747 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 748 1 158–159 158–159 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 748 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 748 3 Wickham Wickham NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 748 4 Inheritance Inheritance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 748 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 748 6 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 748 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 748 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 749 1 164–165 164–165 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 749 2 ^ ^ VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 749 3 Bauer Bauer NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 749 4 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 749 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 749 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 749 7 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 749 8 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 749 9 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 749 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 1 371–378 371–378 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 3 Brown Brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 5 Transformation Transformation NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 8 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 9 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 11 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 12 Illustrated Illustrated NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 13 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 15 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 16 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 17 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 18 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 19 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 20 Davies Davies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 21 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 22 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 23 824 824 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 24 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 25 Stalley Stalley NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 26 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 27 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 28 Architecture Architecture NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 29 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 30 73 73 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 31 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 32 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 33 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 34 Backman Backman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 35 Worlds Worlds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 37 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 38 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 39 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 40 109 109 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 41 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 42 Backman Backman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 43 Worlds Worlds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 44 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 45 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 46 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 47 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 750 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 751 1 117–120 117–120 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 751 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 751 3 Davies Davies NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 751 4 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 751 5 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 751 6 302 302 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 751 7 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 751 8 Davies Davies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 751 9 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 751 10 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 751 11 241 241 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 751 12 ^ ^ VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 751 13 Colish Colish NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 751 14 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 751 15 Foundations Foundations NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 751 16 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 751 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 752 1 66–70 66–70 LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 752 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 752 3 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 752 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 752 5 Language language NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 752 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 752 7 dialect dialect VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 752 8 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 752 9 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 752 10 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 752 11 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 752 12 204 204 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 752 13 ^ ^ VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 752 14 Davies Davies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 752 15 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 752 16 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 752 17 285 285 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 752 18 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 752 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 752 20 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 752 21 Bauer Bauer NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 752 22 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 752 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 752 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 752 25 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 752 26 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 752 27 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 752 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 753 1 427–431 427–431 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 753 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 753 3 Backman Backman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 753 4 Worlds Worlds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 753 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 753 6 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 753 7 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 753 8 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 753 9 139 139 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 753 10 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 753 11 Collins Collins NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 753 12 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 753 13 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 753 14 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 753 15 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 753 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 754 1 356–358 356–358 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 754 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 754 3 Collins collin VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 754 4 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 754 5 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 754 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 754 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 754 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 755 1 358–359 358–359 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 755 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 755 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 755 4 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 755 5 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 755 6 Collins collin VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 755 7 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 755 8 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 755 9 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 755 10 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 755 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 756 1 360–361 360–361 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 756 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 756 3 Collins collin VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 756 4 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 756 5 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 756 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 756 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 756 8 397 397 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 756 9 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 756 10 Backman Backman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 756 11 Worlds Worlds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 756 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 756 13 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 756 14 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 756 15 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 756 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 757 1 141–144 141–144 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 757 2 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-9529 757 3 Davies Davies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 757 4 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 757 5 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 757 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 758 1 336–339 336–339 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 758 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 758 3 Backman backman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 758 4 Worlds Worlds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 758 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 758 6 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 758 7 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 758 8 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 758 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 759 1 144–145 144–145 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 759 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 759 3 Bauer Bauer NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 759 4 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 759 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 759 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 759 7 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 759 8 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 759 9 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 759 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 760 1 147–149 147–149 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 760 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 760 3 Collins collin VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 760 4 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 760 5 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 760 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 760 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 760 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 761 1 378–385 378–385 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 761 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 761 3 Collins collin VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 761 4 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 761 5 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 761 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 761 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 761 8 387 387 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 761 9 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 761 10 Davies Davies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 761 11 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 761 12 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 761 13 309 309 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 761 14 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 761 15 Collins Collins NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 761 16 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 761 17 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 761 18 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 761 19 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 761 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 762 1 394–404 394–404 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 762 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 762 3 Davies Davies NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 762 4 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 762 5 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 762 6 317 317 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 762 7 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 762 8 Wickham Wickham NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 762 9 Inheritance Inheritance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 762 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 762 11 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 762 12 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 762 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 763 1 435–439 435–439 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 763 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 763 3 Whitton Whitton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 763 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 763 5 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 763 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 763 7 Northern Northern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 763 8 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 763 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 763 10 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 763 11 Illustrated Illustrated NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 763 12 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 763 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 763 14 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 763 15 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 763 16 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 763 17 152 152 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 763 18 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 763 19 Wickham Wickham NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 763 20 Inheritance Inheritance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 763 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 763 22 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 763 23 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 763 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 764 1 439–444 439–444 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 764 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 764 3 Collins collin VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 764 4 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 764 5 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 764 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 764 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 764 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 765 1 385–389 385–389 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 765 2 ^ ^ SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 765 3 Wickham Wickham NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 765 4 Inheritance Inheritance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 765 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 765 6 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 765 7 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 765 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 766 1 500–505 500–505 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 766 2 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-9529 766 3 Davies Davies NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 766 4 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 766 5 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 766 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 767 1 318–320 318–320 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 767 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 767 3 Davies Davies NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 767 4 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 767 5 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 767 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 768 1 321–326 321–326 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 768 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 768 3 Crampton Crampton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 768 4 Concise Concise NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 768 5 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 768 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 768 7 Bulgaria Bulgaria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 768 8 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 768 9 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 768 10 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 768 11 Curta Curta NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 768 12 Southeastern Southeastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 768 13 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 768 14 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 768 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 769 1 246–247 246–247 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 769 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 769 3 Nees Nees NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 769 4 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 769 5 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 769 6 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 769 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 769 8 145 145 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 769 9 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 769 10 Stalley Stalley NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 769 11 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 769 12 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 769 13 Architecture Architecture NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 769 14 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 769 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 770 1 29–35 29–35 LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 770 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 770 3 Stalley Stalley NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 770 4 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 770 5 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 770 6 Architecture Architecture NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 770 7 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 770 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 771 1 43–44 43–44 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 771 2 ^ ^ : en-wikipedia-org-9529 771 3 Cosman Cosman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 771 4 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 771 5 Wordbook Wordbook NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 771 6 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 771 7 247 247 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 771 8 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 771 9 Stalley Stalley NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 771 10 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 771 11 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 771 12 Architecture Architecture NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 771 13 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 771 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 772 1 45 45 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 772 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 772 3 49 49 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 772 4 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 772 5 Kitzinger Kitzinger NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 772 6 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 772 7 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 772 8 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 772 9 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 772 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 773 1 36–53 36–53 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 773 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 773 3 61–64 61–64 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 773 4 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 773 5 Henderson Henderson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 773 6 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 773 7 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 773 8 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 773 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 774 1 18–21 18–21 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 774 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 774 3 63–71 63–71 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 774 4 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 774 5 Henderson Henderson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 774 6 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 774 7 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 774 8 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 774 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 775 1 36–42 36–42 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 775 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 775 3 49–55 49–55 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 775 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 775 5 103 103 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 775 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 775 7 143 143 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 775 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 775 9 204–208 204–208 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 775 10 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 775 11 Benton Benton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 775 12 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 775 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 775 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 775 15 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 775 16 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 775 17 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 775 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 776 1 41–49 41–49 LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 776 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 776 3 Lasko Lasko NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 776 4 Ars Ars NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 776 5 Sacra Sacra NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 776 6 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 776 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 777 1 16–18 16–18 LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 777 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 777 3 Henderson Henderson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 777 4 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 777 5 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 777 6 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 777 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 778 1 233–238 233–238 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 778 2 ^ ^ SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 778 3 Nicolle Nicolle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 778 4 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 778 5 Warfare Warfare NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 778 6 Source Source NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 778 7 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 778 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 778 9 Warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 778 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 778 11 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 778 12 Christendom Christendom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 778 13 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 778 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 779 1 28–29 28–29 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 779 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 779 3 Nicolle Nicolle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 779 4 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 779 5 Warfare Warfare NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 779 6 Source Source NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 779 7 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 779 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 779 9 Warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 779 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 779 11 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 779 12 Christendom Christendom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 779 13 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 779 14 30 30 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 779 15 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 779 16 Nicolle Nicolle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 779 17 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 779 18 Warfare Warfare NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 779 19 Source Source NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 779 20 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 779 21 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 779 22 Warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 779 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 779 24 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 779 25 Christendom Christendom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 779 26 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 779 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 1 30–31 30–31 JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 3 Nicolle Nicolle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 4 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 5 Warfare Warfare NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 6 Source Source NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 7 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 9 Warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 11 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 12 Christendom Christendom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 13 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 14 34 34 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 15 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 16 Nicolle Nicolle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 17 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 18 Warfare Warfare NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 19 Source Source NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 20 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 21 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 22 Warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 24 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 25 Christendom Christendom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 26 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 27 39 39 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 28 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 29 Nicolle Nicolle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 30 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 31 Warfare Warfare NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 32 Source Source NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 33 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 34 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 35 Warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 36 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 37 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 38 Christendom Christendom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 39 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 780 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 1 58–59 58–59 LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 3 Nicolle Nicolle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 4 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 5 Warfare Warfare NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 6 Source Source NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 7 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 9 Warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 11 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 12 Christendom Christendom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 13 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 14 76 76 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 15 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 16 Nicolle Nicolle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 17 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 18 Warfare Warfare NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 19 Source Source NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 20 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 21 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 22 Warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 24 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 25 Christendom Christendom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 26 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 27 67 67 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 28 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 29 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 30 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 31 Nicolle Nicolle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 32 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 33 Warfare Warfare NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 34 Source Source NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 35 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 36 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 37 Warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 38 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 39 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 40 Christendom Christendom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 41 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 42 80 80 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 43 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 44 Nicolle Nicolle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 45 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 46 Warfare Warfare NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 47 Source Source NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 48 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 49 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 50 Warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 51 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 52 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 53 Christendom Christendom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 54 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 781 55 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 1 88–91 88–91 LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 3 Whitton Whitton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 5 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 7 Northern Northern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 8 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 10 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 11 Illustrated Illustrated NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 12 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 14 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 15 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 16 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 17 134 134 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 18 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 19 Gainty Gainty NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 21 Ward Ward NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 22 Sources Sources NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 24 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 25 Societies Societies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 26 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 27 352 352 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 28 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 29 Jordan Jordan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 30 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 33 High High NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 34 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 35 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 36 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 782 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 783 1 5–12 5–12 NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 783 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 783 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 783 4 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 783 5 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 783 6 Backman Backman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 783 7 Worlds Worlds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 783 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 783 9 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 783 10 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 783 11 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 783 12 156 156 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 783 13 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 783 14 Backman Backman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 783 15 Worlds Worlds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 783 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 783 17 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 783 18 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 783 19 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 783 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 784 1 164–165 164–165 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 784 2 ^ ^ VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 784 3 Epstein Epstein NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 784 4 Economic Economic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 784 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 784 6 Social Social NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 784 7 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 784 8 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 784 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 785 1 52–53 52–53 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 785 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 785 3 Pounds Pounds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 785 4 Historical Historical NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 785 5 Geography Geography NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 785 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 785 7 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 785 8 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 785 9 166 166 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 785 10 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 785 11 Dawtry Dawtry NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 785 12 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 785 13 Agriculture Agriculture NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 785 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 785 15 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 785 16 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 785 17 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 785 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 786 1 15–16 15–16 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 786 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 786 3 Barber Barber NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 786 4 Two Two NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 786 5 Cities Cities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 786 6 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 786 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 787 1 37–41 37–41 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 787 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 787 3 Cosman Cosman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 787 4 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 787 5 Wordbook Wordbook NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 787 6 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 787 7 193 193 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 787 8 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 787 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 787 10 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 787 11 Davies Davies NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 787 12 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 787 13 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 787 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 1 311–315 311–315 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 3 Singman Singman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 4 Daily Daily NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 5 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 6 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 7 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 8 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 10 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 11 Singman Singman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 12 Daily Daily NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 13 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 14 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 15 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 16 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 17 Hamilton Hamilton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 18 Religion Religion NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 19 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 21 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 22 West West NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 23 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 24 33 33 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 25 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 26 Singman Singman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 27 Daily Daily NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 28 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 29 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 30 143 143 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 31 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 32 Barber Barber NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 33 Two Two NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 34 Cities Cities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 35 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 788 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 789 1 33–34 33–34 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 789 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 789 3 Barber Barber NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 789 4 Two Two NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 789 5 Cities Cities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 789 6 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 789 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 1 48–49 48–49 LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 3 Singman Singman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 4 Daily Daily NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 5 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 6 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 7 171 171 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 8 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 10 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 11 Epstein Epstein NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 12 Economic Economic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 14 Social Social NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 15 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 16 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 17 54 54 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 18 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 19 Singman Singman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 20 Daily Daily NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 21 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 22 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 23 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 24 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 26 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 27 Singman Singman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 28 Daily Daily NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 29 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 30 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 790 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 791 1 14–15 14–15 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 791 2 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-9529 791 3 Singman Singman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 791 4 Daily Daily NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 791 5 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 791 6 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 791 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 792 1 177–178 177–178 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 792 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 792 3 Epstein Epstein NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 792 4 Economic Economic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 792 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 792 6 Social Social NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 792 7 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 792 8 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 792 9 81 81 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 792 10 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 792 11 Epstein Epstein NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 792 12 Economic Economic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 792 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 792 14 Social Social NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 792 15 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 792 16 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 792 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 793 1 82–83 82–83 NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 793 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 793 3 Barber Barber NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 793 4 Two Two NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 793 5 Cities Cities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 793 6 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 793 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 794 1 60–67 60–67 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 794 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 794 3 Backman Backman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 794 4 Worlds Worlds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 794 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 794 6 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 794 7 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 794 8 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 794 9 160 160 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 794 10 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 794 11 Barber Barber NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 794 12 Two Two NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 794 13 Cities Cities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 794 14 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 794 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 795 1 74–76 74–76 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 795 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 795 3 Backman Backman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 795 4 Worlds Worlds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 795 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 795 6 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 795 7 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 795 8 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 795 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 796 1 283–284 283–284 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 796 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 796 3 Barber Barber NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 796 4 Two Two NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 796 5 Cities Cities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 796 6 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 796 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 797 1 365–380 365–380 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 797 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 797 3 Davies Davies NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 797 4 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 797 5 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 797 6 296 296 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 797 7 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 797 8 Backman Backman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 797 9 Worlds Worlds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 797 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 797 11 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 797 12 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 797 13 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 797 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 798 1 262–279 262–279 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 798 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 798 3 Barber Barber NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 798 4 Two Two NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 798 5 Cities Cities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 798 6 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 798 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 799 1 371–372 371–372 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 799 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 799 3 Backman Backman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 799 4 Worlds Worlds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 799 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 799 6 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 799 7 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 799 8 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 799 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 800 1 181–186 181–186 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 800 2 ^ ^ VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 800 3 Jordan Jordan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 800 4 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 800 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 800 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 800 7 High High NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 800 8 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 800 9 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 800 10 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 800 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 801 1 143–147 143–147 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 801 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 801 3 Jordan Jordan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 801 4 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 801 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 801 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 801 7 High High NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 801 8 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 801 9 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 801 10 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 801 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 802 1 250–252 250–252 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 802 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 802 3 Denley Denley NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 802 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 802 5 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 802 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 802 7 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 802 8 Illustrated Illustrated NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 802 9 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 802 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 802 11 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 802 12 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 802 13 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 802 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 803 1 235–238 235–238 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 803 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 803 3 Davies Davies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 803 4 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 803 5 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 803 6 364 364 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 803 7 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 803 8 Backman Backman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 803 9 Worlds Worlds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 803 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 803 11 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 803 12 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 803 13 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 803 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 804 1 187–189 187–189 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 804 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 804 3 Jordan Jordan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 804 4 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 804 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 804 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 804 7 High High NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 804 8 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 804 9 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 804 10 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 804 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 805 1 59–61 59–61 LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 805 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 805 3 Backman Backman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 805 4 Worlds Worlds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 805 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 805 6 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 805 7 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 805 8 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 805 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 806 1 189–196 189–196 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 806 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 806 3 Davies Davies NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 806 4 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 806 5 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 806 6 294 294 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 806 7 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 806 8 Backman Backman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 806 9 Worlds Worlds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 806 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 806 11 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 806 12 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 806 13 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 806 14 263 263 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 806 15 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 806 16 Barlow Barlow NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 806 17 Feudal Feudal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 806 18 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 806 19 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 806 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 807 1 285–286 285–286 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 807 2 ^ ^ VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 807 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 807 4 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 807 5 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 807 6 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 807 7 Eleanor Eleanor NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 807 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 807 9 Aquitaine Aquitaine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 807 10 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 807 11 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 807 12 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 807 13 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 807 14 122 122 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 807 15 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 807 16 Backman Backman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 807 17 Worlds Worlds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 807 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 807 19 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 807 20 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 807 21 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 807 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 808 1 286–289 286–289 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 808 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 808 3 Backman Backman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 808 4 Worlds Worlds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 808 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 808 6 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 808 7 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 808 8 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 808 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 809 1 289–293 289–293 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 809 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 809 3 Davies Davies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 809 4 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 809 5 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 809 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 810 1 355–357 355–357 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 810 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 810 3 Hallam Hallam NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 810 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 810 5 Everard Everard NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 810 6 Capetian Capetian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 810 7 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 810 8 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 810 9 401 401 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 810 10 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 810 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 810 12 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 810 13 Davies Davies NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 810 14 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 810 15 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 810 16 345 345 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 810 17 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 810 18 Barber Barber NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 810 19 Two Two NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 810 20 Cities Cities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 810 21 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 810 22 341 341 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 810 23 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 810 24 Barber Barber NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 810 25 Two Two NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 810 26 Cities Cities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 810 27 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 810 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 811 1 350–351 350–351 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 811 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 811 3 Barber Barber NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 811 4 Two Two NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 811 5 Cities Cities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 811 6 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 811 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 812 1 353–355 353–355 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 812 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 812 3 Kaufmann Kaufmann NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 812 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 812 5 Kaufmann Kaufmann NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 812 6 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 812 7 Fortress Fortress NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 812 8 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 812 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 813 1 268–269 268–269 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 813 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 813 3 Davies Davies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 813 4 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 813 5 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 813 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 814 1 332–333 332–333 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 814 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 814 3 Davies Davies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 814 4 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 814 5 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 814 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 815 1 386–387 386–387 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 815 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 815 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 815 4 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 815 5 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 815 6 Riley Riley NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 815 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 815 8 Smith Smith NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 815 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 815 10 Crusades Crusades NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 815 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 815 12 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 815 13 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 815 14 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 815 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 816 1 106–107 106–107 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 816 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 816 3 Lock Lock NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 816 4 Routledge Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 816 5 Companion Companion NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 816 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 816 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 816 8 Crusades Crusades NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 816 9 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 816 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 817 1 397–399 397–399 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 817 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 817 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 817 4 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 817 5 Barber Barber NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 817 6 Two Two NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 817 7 Cities Cities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 817 8 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 817 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 818 1 145–149 145–149 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 818 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 818 3 Payne Payne NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 818 4 Dream Dream NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 818 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 818 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 818 7 Tomb Tomb NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 818 8 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 818 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 819 1 204–205 204–205 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 819 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 819 3 Lock Lock NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 819 4 Routledge Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 819 5 Companion Companion NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 819 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 819 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 819 8 Crusades Crusades NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 819 9 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 819 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 820 1 353–356 353–356 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 820 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 820 3 Lock Lock NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 820 4 Routledge Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 820 5 Companion Companion NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 820 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 820 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 820 8 Crusades Crusades NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 820 9 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 820 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 821 1 156–161 156–161 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 821 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 821 3 Backman backman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 821 4 Worlds Worlds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 821 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 821 6 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 821 7 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 821 8 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 821 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 822 1 299–300 299–300 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 822 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 822 3 Lock Lock NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 822 4 Routledge Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 822 5 Companion Companion NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 822 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 822 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 822 8 Crusades Crusades NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 822 9 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 822 10 122 122 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 822 11 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 822 12 Lock Lock NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 822 13 Routledge Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 822 14 Companion Companion NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 822 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 822 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 822 17 Crusades Crusades NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 822 18 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 822 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 823 1 205–213 205–213 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 823 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 823 3 Lock Lock NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 823 4 Routledge Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 823 5 Companion Companion NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 823 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 823 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 823 8 Crusades Crusades NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 823 9 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 823 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 824 1 213–224 213–224 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 824 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 824 3 Backman backman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 824 4 Worlds Worlds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 824 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 824 6 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 824 7 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 824 8 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 824 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 825 1 232–237 232–237 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 825 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 825 3 Backman Backman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 825 4 Worlds Worlds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 825 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 825 6 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 825 7 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 825 8 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 825 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 826 1 247–252 247–252 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 826 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 826 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 826 4 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 826 5 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 826 6 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 826 7 Scholasticism Scholasticism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 826 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 826 9 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 826 10 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 826 11 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 826 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 827 1 293–294 293–294 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 827 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 827 3 Colish Colish NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 827 4 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 827 5 Foundations Foundations NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 827 6 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 827 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 828 1 295–301 295–301 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 828 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 828 3 Backman Backman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 828 4 Worlds Worlds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 828 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 828 6 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 828 7 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 828 8 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 828 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 829 1 252–260 252–260 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 829 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 829 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 829 4 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 829 5 Davies Davies NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 829 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 829 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 829 8 349 349 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 829 9 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 829 10 Saul Saul NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 829 11 Companion Companion NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 829 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 829 13 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 829 14 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 829 15 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 829 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 830 1 113–114 113–114 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 830 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 830 3 Backman Backman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 830 4 Worlds Worlds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 830 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 830 6 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 830 7 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 830 8 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 830 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 831 1 237–241 237–241 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 831 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 831 3 Backman Backman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 831 4 Worlds Worlds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 831 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 831 6 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 831 7 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 831 8 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 831 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 832 1 241–246 241–246 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 832 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 832 3 Ilardi Ilardi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 832 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 832 5 Renaissance Renaissance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 832 6 Vision Vision NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 832 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 832 8 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 832 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 833 1 18–19 18–19 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 833 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 833 3 Backman Backman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 833 4 Worlds Worlds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 833 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 833 6 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 833 7 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 833 8 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 833 9 246 246 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 833 10 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 833 11 Ilardi Ilardi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 833 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 833 13 Renaissance Renaissance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 833 14 Vision Vision NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 833 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 833 16 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 833 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 834 1 4–5 4–5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 834 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 834 3 49 49 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 834 4 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 834 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 834 6 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 834 7 Epstein Epstein NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 834 8 Economic Economic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 834 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 834 10 Social Social NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 834 11 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 834 12 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 834 13 45 45 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 834 14 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 834 15 Backman Backman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 834 16 Worlds Worlds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 834 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 834 18 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 834 19 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 834 20 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 834 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 1 156–159 156–159 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 3 Barber Barber NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 4 Two Two NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 5 Cities Cities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 6 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 7 80 80 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 8 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 9 Barber Barber NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 10 Two Two NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 11 Cities Cities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 12 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 13 68 68 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 14 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 15 Barber Barber NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 16 Two Two NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 17 Cities Cities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 18 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 19 73 73 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 20 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 21 Nicolle Nicolle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 22 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 23 Warfare Warfare NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 24 Source Source NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 25 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 26 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 27 Warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 29 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 30 Christendom Christendom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 31 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 32 125 125 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 33 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 34 Singman Singman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 35 Daily Daily NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 36 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 37 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 38 124 124 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 39 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 40 Nicolle Nicolle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 41 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 42 Warfare Warfare NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 43 Source Source NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 44 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 45 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 46 Warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 47 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 48 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 49 Christendom Christendom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 50 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 51 130 130 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 52 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 53 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 54 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 55 Nicolle Nicolle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 56 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 57 Warfare Warfare NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 58 Source Source NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 59 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 60 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 61 Warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 62 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 63 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 64 Christendom Christendom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 65 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 835 66 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 836 1 296–298 296–298 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 836 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 836 3 Benton Benton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 836 4 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 836 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 836 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 836 7 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 836 8 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 836 9 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 836 10 55 55 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 836 11 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 836 12 Adams Adams NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 836 13 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 836 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 836 15 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 836 16 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 836 17 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 836 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 837 1 181–189 181–189 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 837 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 837 3 Benton Benton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 837 4 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 837 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 837 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 837 7 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 837 8 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 837 9 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 837 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 838 1 58–60 58–60 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 838 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 838 3 65–66 65–66 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 838 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 838 5 73–75 73–75 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 838 6 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 838 7 Dodwell Dodwell NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 838 8 Pictorial Pictorial NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 838 9 Arts Arts NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 838 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 838 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 838 12 West West NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 838 13 p. p. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 838 14 37 37 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 838 15 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 838 16 Benton Benton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 838 17 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 838 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 838 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 838 20 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 838 21 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 838 22 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 838 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 839 1 295–299 295–299 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 839 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 839 3 Lasko Lasko NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 839 4 Ars Ars NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 839 5 Sacra Sacra NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 839 6 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 839 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 840 1 240–250 240–250 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 840 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 840 3 Benton Benton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 840 4 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 840 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 840 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 840 7 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 840 8 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 840 9 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 840 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 841 1 91–92 91–92 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 841 2 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-9529 841 3 Adams Adams NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 841 4 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 841 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 841 6 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 841 7 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 841 8 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 841 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 842 1 195–216 195–216 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 842 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 842 3 Benton Benton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 842 4 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 842 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 842 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 842 7 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 842 8 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 842 9 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 842 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 843 1 185–190 185–190 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 843 2 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9529 843 3 269–271 269–271 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 843 4 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 843 5 Benton Benton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 843 6 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 843 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 843 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 843 9 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 843 10 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 843 11 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 843 12 250 250 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 843 13 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 843 14 Benton Benton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 843 15 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 843 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 843 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 843 18 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 843 19 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 843 20 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 843 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 844 1 135–139 135–139 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 844 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 844 3 245–247 245–247 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 844 4 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 844 5 Benton Benton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 844 6 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 844 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 844 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 844 9 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 844 10 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 844 11 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 844 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 845 1 264–278 264–278 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 845 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 845 3 Benton Benton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 845 4 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 845 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 845 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 845 7 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 845 8 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 845 9 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 845 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 846 1 248–250 248–250 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 846 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 846 3 Hamilton Hamilton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 846 4 Religion Religion NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 846 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 846 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 846 7 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 846 8 West West NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 846 9 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 846 10 47 47 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 846 11 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 846 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 846 13 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 846 14 Rosenwein Rosenwein NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 846 15 Rhinoceros Rhinoceros NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 846 16 Bound Bound NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 846 17 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 846 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 847 1 40–41 40–41 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 847 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 847 3 Barber Barber NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 847 4 Two Two NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 847 5 Cities Cities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 847 6 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 847 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 848 1 143–144 143–144 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 848 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 848 3 Morris Morris NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 848 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 848 5 Northern Northern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 848 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 848 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 848 8 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 848 9 Illustrated Illustrated NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 848 10 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 848 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 848 12 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 848 13 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 848 14 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 848 15 199 199 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 848 16 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 848 17 Barber Barber NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 848 18 Two Two NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 848 19 Cities Cities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 848 20 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 848 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 849 1 155–167 155–167 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 849 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 849 3 Barber Barber NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 849 4 Two Two NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 849 5 Cities Cities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 849 6 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 849 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 850 1 185–192 185–192 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 850 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 850 3 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 850 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 850 5 Famine Famine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 850 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 850 7 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 850 8 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 850 9 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 850 10 128 128 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 850 11 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 850 12 Backman Backman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 850 13 Worlds Worlds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 850 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 850 15 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 850 16 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 850 17 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 850 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 1 373–374 373–374 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 3 Epstein Epstein NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 4 Economic Economic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 6 Social Social NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 7 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 8 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 9 41 41 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 10 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 11 Backman Backman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 12 Worlds Worlds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 14 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 15 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 16 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 17 370 370 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 18 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 20 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 21 Schove Schove NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 22 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 23 Plague Plague NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 24 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 25 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 26 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 27 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 28 269 269 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 29 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 30 Epstein Epstein NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 31 Economic Economic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 33 Social Social NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 34 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 35 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 851 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 852 1 171–172 171–172 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 852 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 852 3 Singman Singman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 852 4 Daily Daily NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 852 5 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 852 6 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 852 7 189 189 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 852 8 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 852 9 Backman Backman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 852 10 Worlds Worlds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 852 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 852 12 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 852 13 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 852 14 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 852 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 853 1 374–380 374–380 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 853 2 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-9529 853 3 Davies Davies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 853 4 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 853 5 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 853 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 854 1 412–413 412–413 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 854 2 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-9529 854 3 Epstein Epstein NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 854 4 Economic Economic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 854 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 854 6 Social Social NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 854 7 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 854 8 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 854 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 855 1 184–185 184–185 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 855 2 ^ ^ VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 855 3 Epstein Epstein NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 855 4 Economic Economic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 855 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 855 6 Social Social NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 855 7 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 855 8 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 855 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 856 1 246–247 246–247 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 856 2 ^ ^ SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 856 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 856 4 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 856 5 Keen keen JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 856 6 Pelican pelican JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 856 7 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 856 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 856 9 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 856 10 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 856 11 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 856 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 857 1 234–237 234–237 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 857 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 857 3 Vale Vale NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 857 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 857 5 Civilization Civilization NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 857 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 857 7 Courts Courts NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 857 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 857 9 Cities Cities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 857 10 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 857 11 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 857 12 Illustrated Illustrated NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 857 13 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 857 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 857 15 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 857 16 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 857 17 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 857 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 858 1 346–349 346–349 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 858 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 858 3 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 858 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 858 5 Jews Jews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 858 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 858 7 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 858 8 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 858 9 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 858 10 192 192 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 858 11 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 858 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 858 13 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 858 14 Keen keen JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 858 15 Pelican pelican JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 858 16 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 858 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 858 18 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 858 19 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 858 20 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 858 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 859 1 237–239 237–239 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 859 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 859 3 Watts Watts NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 859 4 Making make VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 859 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 859 6 Polities Polities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 859 7 pp pp NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 859 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 860 1 201–219 201–219 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 860 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 860 3 Watts Watts NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 860 4 Making make VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 860 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 860 6 Polities Polities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 860 7 pp pp NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 860 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 861 1 224–233 224–233 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 861 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 861 3 Watts Watts NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 861 4 Making make VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 861 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 861 6 Polities Polities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 861 7 pp pp NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 861 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 1 233–238 233–238 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 3 Watts Watts NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 4 Making make VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 6 Polities Polities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 8 166 166 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 9 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 10 Watts Watts NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 11 Making make VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 13 Polities Polities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 14 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 15 169 169 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 16 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 17 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 18 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 19 Hundred Hundred NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 20 Years Years NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 21 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 22 War war NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 24 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 25 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 26 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 27 176 176 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 28 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 29 Barber Barber NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 30 Edward Edward NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 31 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 862 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 863 1 242–243 242–243 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 863 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 863 3 Davies Davies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 863 4 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 863 5 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 863 6 545 545 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 863 7 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 863 8 Watts Watts NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 863 9 Making make VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 863 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 863 11 Polities Polities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 863 12 pp pp NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 863 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 864 1 180–181 180–181 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 864 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 864 3 Watts Watts NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 864 4 Making make VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 864 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 864 6 Polities Polities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 864 7 pp pp NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 864 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 865 1 317–322 317–322 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 865 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 865 3 Davies Davies NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 865 4 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 865 5 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 865 6 423 423 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 865 7 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 865 8 Nicolle Nicolle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 865 9 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 865 10 Warfare Warfare NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 865 11 Source Source NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 865 12 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 865 13 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 865 14 Warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 865 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 865 16 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 865 17 Christendom Christendom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 865 18 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 865 19 186 186 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 865 20 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 865 21 Watts Watts NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 865 22 Making make VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 865 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 865 24 Polities Polities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 865 25 pp pp NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 865 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 866 1 170–171 170–171 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 866 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 866 3 Watts Watts NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 866 4 Making make VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 866 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 866 6 Polities Polities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 866 7 pp pp NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 866 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 867 1 173–175 173–175 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 867 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 867 3 Watts Watts NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 867 4 Making make VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 867 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 867 6 Polities Polities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 867 7 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 867 8 173 173 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 867 9 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 867 10 Watts Watts NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 867 11 Making make VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 867 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 867 13 Polities Polities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 867 14 pp pp NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 867 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 868 1 327–332 327–332 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 868 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 868 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 868 4 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 868 5 Watts Watts NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 868 6 Making Making NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 868 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 868 8 Polities Polities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 868 9 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 868 10 340 340 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 868 11 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 868 12 Davies Davies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 868 13 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 868 14 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 868 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 869 1 425–426 425–426 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 869 2 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-9529 869 3 Davies Davies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 869 4 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 869 5 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 869 6 431 431 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 869 7 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 869 8 Davies Davies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 869 9 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 869 10 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 869 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 870 1 408–409 408–409 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 870 2 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-9529 870 3 Davies Davies NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 870 4 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 870 5 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 870 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 871 1 385–389 385–389 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 871 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 871 3 Davies Davies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 871 4 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 871 5 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 871 6 446 446 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 871 7 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 871 8 Thomson Thomson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 871 9 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 871 10 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 871 11 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 871 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 872 1 170–171 170–171 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 872 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 872 3 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 872 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 872 5 Avignon Avignon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 872 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 872 7 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 872 8 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 872 9 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 872 10 45 45 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 872 11 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 872 12 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 872 13 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 872 14 Great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 872 15 Schism schism NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 872 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 872 17 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 872 18 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 872 19 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 872 20 153 153 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 872 21 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 872 22 Thomson Thomson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 872 23 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 872 24 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 872 25 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 872 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 873 1 184–187 184–187 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 873 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 873 3 Thomson Thomson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 873 4 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 873 5 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 873 6 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 873 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 874 1 197–199 197–199 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 874 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 874 3 Thomson Thomson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 874 4 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 874 5 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 874 6 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 874 7 218 218 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 874 8 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 874 9 Thomson Thomson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 874 10 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 874 11 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 874 12 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 874 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 875 1 213–217 213–217 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 875 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 875 3 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 875 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 875 5 Knights Knights NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 875 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 875 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 875 8 Temple Temple NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 875 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 875 10 Templars Templars NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 875 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 875 12 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 875 13 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 875 14 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 875 15 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 875 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 876 1 201–202 201–202 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 876 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 876 3 Davies Davies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 876 4 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 876 5 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 876 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 877 1 436–437 436–437 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 877 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 877 3 Davies Davies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 877 4 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 877 5 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 877 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 878 1 433–434 433–434 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 878 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 878 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 878 4 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 878 5 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 878 6 Davies Davies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 878 7 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 878 8 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 878 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 879 1 438–439 438–439 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 879 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 879 3 Singman Singman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 879 4 Daily Daily NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 879 5 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 879 6 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 879 7 224 224 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 879 8 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 879 9 Keen keen JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 879 10 Pelican pelican JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 879 11 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 879 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 879 13 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 879 14 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 879 15 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 879 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 880 1 282–283 282–283 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 880 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 880 3 Davies Davies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 880 4 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 880 5 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 880 6 445 445 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 880 7 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 880 8 Davies Davies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 880 9 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 880 10 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 880 11 451 451 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 880 12 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 880 13 Davies Davies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 880 14 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 880 15 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 880 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 1 454–455 454–455 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 3 Davies Davies NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 4 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 5 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 6 511 511 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 7 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 8 Nicolle Nicolle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 9 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 10 Warfare Warfare NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 11 Source Source NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 12 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 13 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 14 Warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 16 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 17 Christendom Christendom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 18 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 19 180 180 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 20 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 21 Nicolle Nicolle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 22 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 23 Warfare Warfare NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 24 Source Source NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 25 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 26 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 27 Warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 29 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 30 Christendom Christendom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 31 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 32 183 183 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 33 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 34 Nicolle Nicolle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 35 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 36 Warfare Warfare NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 37 Source Source NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 38 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 39 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 40 Warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 41 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 42 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 43 Christendom Christendom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 44 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 45 188 188 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 46 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 47 Nicolle Nicolle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 48 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 49 Warfare Warfare NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 50 Source Source NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 51 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 52 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 53 Warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 54 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 55 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 56 Christendom Christendom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 57 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 58 185 185 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 59 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 60 Epstein Epstein NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 61 Economic Economic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 62 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 63 Social Social NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 64 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 65 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 881 66 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 882 1 193–194 193–194 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 882 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 882 3 Singman Singman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 882 4 Daily Daily NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 882 5 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 882 6 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 882 7 36 36 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 882 8 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 882 9 Singman Singman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 882 10 Daily Daily NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 882 11 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 882 12 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 882 13 38 38 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 882 14 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 882 15 Epstein Epstein NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 882 16 Economic Economic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 882 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 882 18 Social Social NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 882 19 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 882 20 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 882 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 883 1 200–201 200–201 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 883 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 883 3 Epstein Epstein NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 883 4 Economic Economic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 883 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 883 6 Social Social NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 883 7 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 883 8 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 883 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 884 1 203–204 203–204 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 884 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 884 3 Epstein Epstein NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 884 4 Economic Economic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 884 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 884 6 Social Social NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 884 7 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 884 8 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 884 9 213 213 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 884 10 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 884 11 Benton Benton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 884 12 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 884 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 884 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 884 15 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 884 16 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 884 17 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 884 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 885 1 253–256 253–256 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 885 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 885 3 Lightbown Lightbown NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 885 4 Secular Secular NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 885 5 Goldsmiths Goldsmiths NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 885 6 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 885 7 Work work NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 885 8 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 885 9 78 78 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 885 10 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 885 11 Benton Benton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 885 12 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 885 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 885 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 885 15 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 885 16 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 885 17 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 885 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 886 1 257–262 257–262 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 886 2 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 886 3 British British NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 886 4 Library Library NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 886 5 Staff Staff NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 886 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 886 7 Incunabula Incunabula NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 886 8 Short Short NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 886 9 Title Title NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 886 10 Catalogue Catalogue NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 886 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 886 12 British British NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 886 13 Library Library NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 886 14 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 886 15 Griffiths Griffiths NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 886 16 Prints Prints NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 886 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 886 18 Printmaking Printmaking NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 886 19 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 886 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 1 17–18 17–18 LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 2 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 3 39–46 39–46 NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 4 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 5 Lindberg Lindberg NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 6 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 7 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 8 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 9 Encounters Encounters NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 11 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 12 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 13 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 14 Christianity Christianity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 15 Meet Meet NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 16 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 17 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 18 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 19 Grant Grant NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 20 God God NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 22 Reason Reason NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 23 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 24 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 25 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 26 Quoted quote VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 28 Peters Peters NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 29 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 30 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 32 Religion Religion NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 33 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 34 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 36 Religion Religion NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 37 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 38 8182 8182 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 39 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 40 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 41 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 42 Russell Russell NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 43 Inventing invent VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 44 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 45 Flat Flat NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 46 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 47 pp pp NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 887 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 888 1 49–58 49–58 LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 888 2 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 888 3 Grant Grant NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 888 4 Planets Planets NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 888 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 888 6 Stars Stars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 888 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 888 8 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 888 9 Orbs Orbs NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 888 10 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 888 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 1 626–630 626–630 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 2 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 3 Lindberg Lindberg NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 5 Numbers Numbers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 6 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 7 Beyond Beyond NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 8 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 10 Peace Peace NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 12 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 13 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 14 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 15 342 342 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 16 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 17 Numbers number NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 18 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 19 Myths myth NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 21 Truths truth NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 23 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 25 Religion religion NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 26 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 27 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 28 historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 29 perspective perspective NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 30 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 31 Lecture Lecture NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 32 archive archive NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 33 Archived Archived NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 34 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 35 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 36 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 37 References References NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 38 Adams Adams NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 40 Laurie Laurie NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 41 Schneider Schneider NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 42 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 43 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 44 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 889 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 890 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 890 2 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 890 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 890 4 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 890 5 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 890 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 890 7 Third Third NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 890 8 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 890 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 890 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 890 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 891 1 Boston Boston NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 891 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 891 3 MA MA NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 891 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 891 5 McGraw McGraw NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 891 6 Hill Hill NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 891 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 892 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 892 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 892 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 892 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 892 5 07 07 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 892 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 892 7 231717 231717 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 892 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 892 9 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 892 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 893 1 Albrow albrow NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 893 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 893 3 Martin Martin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 893 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 893 5 1997 1997 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 893 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 893 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 894 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 894 2 Global Global NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 894 3 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 894 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 894 5 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 894 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 894 7 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 894 8 Beyond Beyond NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 894 9 Modernity Modernity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 894 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 895 1 Stanford Stanford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 895 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 895 3 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 895 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 895 5 Stanford Stanford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 895 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 895 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 895 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 896 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 896 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 896 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 896 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 896 5 8047 8047 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 896 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 896 7 2870 2870 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 896 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 896 9 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 896 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 897 1 Backman Backman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 897 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 897 3 Clifford Clifford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 897 4 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 897 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 897 6 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 897 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 897 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 898 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 898 2 Worlds Worlds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 898 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 898 4 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 898 5 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 898 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 899 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 899 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 899 3 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 899 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 899 5 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 899 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 899 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 899 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 900 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 900 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 900 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 900 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 900 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 900 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 900 7 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 900 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 900 9 512169 512169 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 900 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 900 11 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 900 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 901 1 Barber Barber NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 901 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 901 3 Malcolm Malcolm NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 901 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 901 5 1992 1992 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 901 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 901 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 902 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 902 2 Two two CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 902 3 Cities Cities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 902 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 902 5 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 902 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 902 7 1050–1320 1050–1320 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 902 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 903 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 903 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 903 3 Routledge Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 903 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 904 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 904 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 904 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 904 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 904 5 415 415 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 904 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 904 7 09682 09682 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 904 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 904 9 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 904 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 905 1 Barber Barber NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 905 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 905 3 Richard Richard NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 905 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 905 5 1978 1978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 905 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 905 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 906 1 Edward Edward NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 906 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 906 3 Prince Prince NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 906 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 906 5 Wales Wales NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 906 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 906 7 Aquitaine Aquitaine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 906 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 906 9 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 906 10 Biography Biography NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 906 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 906 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 906 13 Black Black NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 906 14 Prince Prince NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 906 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 907 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 907 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 907 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 907 4 Scribner scribner NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 907 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 908 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 908 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 908 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 908 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 908 5 684 684 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 908 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 908 7 15864 15864 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 908 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 908 9 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 908 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 909 1 Barlow Barlow NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 909 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 909 3 Frank Frank NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 909 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 909 5 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 909 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 909 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 910 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 910 2 Feudal Feudal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 910 3 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 910 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 910 5 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 910 6 1042–1216 1042–1216 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 910 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 910 8 Fourth Fourth NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 910 9 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 910 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 910 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 910 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 911 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 911 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 911 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 911 4 Longman Longman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 911 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 912 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 912 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 912 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 912 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 912 5 582 582 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 912 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 912 7 49504 49504 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 912 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 912 9 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 912 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 913 1 Bauer Bauer NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 913 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 913 3 Susan Susan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 913 4 Wise Wise NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 913 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 913 6 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 913 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 913 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 914 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 914 2 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 914 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 914 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 914 5 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 914 6 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 914 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 914 8 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 914 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 914 10 Conversion Conversion NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 914 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 914 12 Constantine Constantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 914 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 914 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 914 15 First First NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 914 16 Crusade Crusade NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 914 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 915 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 915 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 915 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 915 4 W. W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 915 5 W. W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 915 6 Norton Norton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 915 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 916 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 916 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 916 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 916 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 916 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 916 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 916 7 393 393 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 916 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 916 9 05975 05975 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 916 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 916 11 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 916 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 917 1 Benton Benton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 917 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 917 3 Janetta Janetta NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 917 4 Rebold Rebold NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 917 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 917 6 2002 2002 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 917 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 917 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 918 1 Art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 918 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 918 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 918 4 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 918 5 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 918 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 919 1 World world NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 919 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 919 3 Art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 919 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 920 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 920 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 920 3 Thames Thames NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 920 4 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 920 5 Hudson Hudson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 920 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 921 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 921 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 921 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 921 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 921 5 500 500 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 921 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 921 7 20350 20350 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 921 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 921 9 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 921 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 922 1 British British NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 922 2 Library Library NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 922 3 Staff Staff NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 922 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 922 5 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 922 6 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 922 7 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 922 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 922 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 923 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 923 2 Incunabula Incunabula NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 923 3 Short Short NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 923 4 Title Title NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 923 5 Catalogue Catalogue NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 923 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 923 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 924 1 British British NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 924 2 Library Library NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 924 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 925 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 925 2 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 925 3 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 925 4 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 925 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 926 1 Brown Brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 926 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 926 3 Peter Peter NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 926 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 926 5 1989 1989 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 926 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 926 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 927 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 927 2 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 927 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 927 4 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 927 5 Antiquity Antiquity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 927 6 AD ad NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 927 7 150–750 150–750 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 927 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 928 1 Library library NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 928 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 928 3 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 928 4 Civilization Civilization NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 928 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 929 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 929 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 929 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 929 4 W. W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 929 5 W. W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 929 6 Norton Norton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 929 7 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 929 8 Company Company NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 929 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 930 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 930 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 930 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 930 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 930 5 393 393 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 930 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 930 7 95803 95803 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 930 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 930 9 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 930 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 931 1 Brown Brown NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 931 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 931 3 Thomas Thomas NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 931 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 931 5 1998 1998 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 931 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 931 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 932 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 932 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 932 3 Transformation Transformation NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 932 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 932 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 932 6 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 932 7 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 932 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 932 9 400–900 400–900 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 932 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 932 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 933 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 933 2 Holmes Holmes NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 933 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 933 4 George George NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 933 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 933 6 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 933 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 933 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 933 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 934 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 934 2 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 934 3 Illustrated Illustrated NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 934 4 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 934 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 934 6 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 934 7 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 934 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 935 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 935 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 935 3 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 935 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 935 5 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 935 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 935 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 935 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 936 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 936 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 937 1 1–62 1–62 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 937 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 938 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 938 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 938 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 938 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 938 5 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 938 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 938 7 285220 285220 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 938 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 938 9 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 938 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 939 1 Bruni Bruni NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 939 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 939 3 Leonardo Leonardo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 939 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 939 5 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 939 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 939 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 940 1 Hankins Hankins NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 940 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 940 3 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 940 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 940 5 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 940 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 940 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 940 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 941 1 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 941 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 941 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 941 4 Florentine Florentine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 941 5 People People NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 941 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 942 1 1 1 LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 942 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 943 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 943 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 943 3 MA MA NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 943 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 943 5 Harvard Harvard NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 943 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 943 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 943 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 944 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 944 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 944 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 944 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 944 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 944 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 944 7 674 674 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 944 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 944 9 00506 00506 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 944 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 944 11 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 944 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 945 1 Colish Colish NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 945 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 945 3 Marcia Marcia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 945 4 L. L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 945 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 945 6 1997 1997 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 945 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 945 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 946 1 Medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 946 2 Foundations foundation NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 946 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 946 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 946 5 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 946 6 Intellectual Intellectual NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 946 7 Tradition Tradition NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 946 8 400–1400 400–1400 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 946 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 947 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 947 2 Haven Haven NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 947 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 947 4 CT CT NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 947 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 947 6 Yale Yale NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 947 7 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 947 8 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 947 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 948 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 948 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 948 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 948 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 948 5 300 300 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 948 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 948 7 07852 07852 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 948 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 948 9 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 948 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 949 1 Collins Collins NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 949 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 949 3 Roger Roger NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 949 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 949 5 1999 1999 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 949 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 949 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 950 1 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 950 2 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 950 3 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 950 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 950 5 300–1000 300–1000 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 950 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 950 7 Second Second NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 950 8 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 950 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 950 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 950 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 951 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 951 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 951 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 951 4 St. St. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 951 5 Martin Martin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 951 6 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 951 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 951 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 952 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 952 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 952 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 952 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 952 5 312 312 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 952 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 952 7 21886 21886 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 952 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 952 9 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 952 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 953 1 Coredon Coredon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 953 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 953 3 Christopher Christopher NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 953 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 953 5 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 953 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 953 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 954 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 954 2 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 954 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 954 4 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 954 5 Terms Terms NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 954 6 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 954 7 Phrases Phrases NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 954 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 954 9 Reprint Reprint NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 954 10 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 954 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 954 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 954 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 955 1 Woodbridge Woodbridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 955 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 955 3 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 955 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 955 5 D. D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 955 6 S. S. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 955 7 Brewer Brewer NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 955 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 956 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 956 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 956 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 956 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 956 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 956 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 956 7 84384 84384 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 956 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 956 9 138 138 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 956 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 956 11 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 956 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 957 1 Cosman Cosman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 957 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 957 3 Madeleine Madeleine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 957 4 Pelner Pelner NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 957 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 957 6 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 957 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 957 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 958 1 Medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 958 2 Wordbook Wordbook NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 958 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 958 4 More More JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 958 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 958 6 4,000 4,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 958 7 Terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 958 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 958 9 Expressions expression NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 958 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 958 11 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 958 12 Culture Culture NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 958 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 959 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 959 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 959 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 959 4 Barnes Barnes NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 959 5 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 959 6 Noble Noble NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 959 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 960 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 960 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 960 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 960 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 960 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 960 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 960 7 7607 7607 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 960 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 960 9 8725 8725 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 960 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 960 11 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 960 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 961 1 Crampton Crampton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 961 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 961 3 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 961 4 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 962 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 962 2 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 962 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 962 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 963 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 963 2 Concise Concise NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 963 3 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 963 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 963 5 Bulgaria Bulgaria NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 963 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 964 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 964 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 964 3 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 964 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 964 5 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 964 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 964 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 964 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 965 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 965 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 965 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 965 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 965 5 521 521 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 965 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 965 7 61637 61637 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 965 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 965 9 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 965 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 966 1 Cunliffe Cunliffe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 966 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 966 3 Barry Barry NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 966 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 966 5 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 966 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 966 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 967 1 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 967 2 Between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 967 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 967 4 Oceans Oceans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 967 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 967 6 Themes Themes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 967 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 967 8 Variations variation NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 967 9 9000 9000 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 967 10 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 967 11 – – : en-wikipedia-org-9529 967 12 AD ad NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 967 13 1000 1000 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 967 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 968 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 968 2 Haven Haven NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 968 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 968 4 CT CT NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 968 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 968 6 Yale Yale NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 968 7 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 968 8 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 968 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 969 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 969 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 969 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 969 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 969 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 969 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 969 7 300 300 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 969 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 969 9 11923 11923 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 969 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 969 11 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 969 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 970 1 Curta Curta NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 970 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 970 3 Florin Florin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 970 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 970 5 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 970 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 970 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 971 1 Southeastern Southeastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 971 2 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 971 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 971 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 971 5 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 971 6 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 971 7 500–1250 500–1250 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 971 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 972 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 972 2 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 972 3 Textbooks Textbooks NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 972 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 973 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 973 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 973 3 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 973 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 973 5 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 973 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 973 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 973 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 974 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 974 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 974 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 974 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 974 5 521 521 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 974 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 974 7 89452 89452 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 974 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 974 9 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 974 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 975 1 Davies davy NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 975 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 975 3 Norman Norman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 975 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 975 5 1996 1996 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 975 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 975 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 976 1 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 976 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 976 3 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 976 4 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 976 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 977 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 977 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 977 3 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 977 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 977 5 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 977 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 977 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 977 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 978 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 978 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 978 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 978 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 978 5 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 978 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 978 7 520912 520912 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 978 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 978 9 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 978 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 979 1 Dawtry Dawtry NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 979 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 979 3 Anne Anne NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 979 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 979 5 1989 1989 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 979 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 979 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 980 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 980 2 Agriculture Agriculture NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 980 3 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 980 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 981 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 981 2 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 981 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 981 4 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 981 5 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 982 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 982 2 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 982 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 982 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 982 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 983 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 983 2 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 983 3 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 983 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 983 5 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 983 6 Concise Concise NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 983 7 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 983 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 984 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 984 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 984 3 Thames Thames NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 984 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 984 5 Hudson Hudson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 984 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 985 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 985 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 986 1 15–16 15–16 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 986 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 987 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 987 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 987 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 987 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 987 5 500 500 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 987 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 987 7 27645 27645 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 987 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 987 9 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 987 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 988 1 Denley Denley NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 988 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 988 3 Peter Peter NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 988 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 988 5 1998 1998 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 988 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 988 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 989 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 989 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 989 3 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 989 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 989 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 989 6 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 989 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 989 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 989 9 Renaissance Renaissance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 989 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 989 11 1200–1500 1200–1500 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 989 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 989 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 990 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 990 2 Holmes Holmes NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 990 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 990 4 George George NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 990 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 990 6 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 990 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 990 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 990 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 991 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 991 2 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 991 3 Illustrated Illustrated NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 991 4 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 991 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 991 6 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 991 7 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 991 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 992 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 992 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 992 3 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 992 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 992 5 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 992 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 992 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 992 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 993 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 993 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 994 1 235–296 235–296 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 994 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 995 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 995 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 995 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 995 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 995 5 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 995 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 995 7 285220 285220 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 995 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 995 9 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 995 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 996 1 Dodwell Dodwell NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 996 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 996 3 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 996 4 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 996 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 996 6 1993 1993 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 996 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 996 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 997 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 997 2 Pictorial Pictorial NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 997 3 Arts Arts NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 997 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 997 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 997 6 West West NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 997 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 997 8 800–1200 800–1200 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 997 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 998 1 Pellican pellican JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 998 2 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 998 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 998 4 Art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 998 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 999 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 999 2 Haven Haven NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 999 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 999 4 CT CT NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 999 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 999 6 Yale Yale NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 999 7 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 999 8 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 999 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1000 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1000 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1000 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1000 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1000 5 300 300 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1000 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1000 7 06493 06493 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1000 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1000 9 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1000 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1001 1 Epstein Epstein NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1001 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1001 3 Steven Steven NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1001 4 A. a. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1002 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1002 2 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1002 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1002 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1003 1 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1003 2 Economic economic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1003 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1003 4 Social social JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1003 5 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1003 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1003 7 Later later JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1003 8 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1003 9 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1003 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1003 11 1000–1500 1000–1500 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1003 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1004 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1004 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1004 3 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1004 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1004 5 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1004 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1004 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1004 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1005 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1005 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1005 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1005 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1005 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1005 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1005 7 521 521 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1005 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1005 9 70653 70653 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1005 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1005 11 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1005 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1006 1 Flexner Flexner NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1006 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1006 3 Stuart Stuart NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1006 4 Berg Berg NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1006 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1006 6 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1006 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1006 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1006 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1007 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1007 2 Random Random NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1007 3 House House NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1007 4 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1007 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1007 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1007 7 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1007 8 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1007 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1007 10 Unabridged Unabridged NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1007 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1007 12 Second Second NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1007 13 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1007 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1007 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1007 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1008 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1008 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1008 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1008 4 Random Random NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1008 5 House House NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1008 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1009 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1009 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1009 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1009 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1009 5 394 394 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1009 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1009 7 50050 50050 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1009 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1009 9 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1009 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1010 1 Gainty Gainty NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1010 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1010 3 Denis Denis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1010 4 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1010 5 Ward Ward NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1010 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1010 7 Walter Walter NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1010 8 D. D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1010 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1010 10 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1010 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1010 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1011 1 Sources source NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1011 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1011 3 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1011 4 Societies Societies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1011 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1011 6 Volume volume NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1011 7 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1011 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1011 9 Since since IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1011 10 1500 1500 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1011 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1012 1 Boston Boston NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1012 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1012 3 MA MA NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1012 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1012 5 Bedford Bedford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1012 6 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1012 7 St St NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1012 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1013 1 Martin Martin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1013 2 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1013 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1014 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1014 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1014 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1014 4 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1014 5 312 312 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1014 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1014 7 68858-X. 68858-x. CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1015 1 Geary Geary NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1015 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1015 3 Patrick Patrick NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1015 4 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1016 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1016 2 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1016 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1016 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1017 1 Before before IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1017 2 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1017 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1017 4 Germany Germany NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1017 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1017 6 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1017 7 Creation Creation NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1017 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1017 9 Transformation Transformation NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1017 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1017 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1017 12 Merovingian merovingian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1017 13 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1017 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1018 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1018 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1018 3 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1018 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1018 5 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1018 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1018 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1018 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1019 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1019 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1019 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1019 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1019 5 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1019 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1019 7 504458 504458 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1019 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1019 9 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1019 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1020 1 Gies Gies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1020 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1020 3 Joseph Joseph NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1020 4 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1020 5 Gies Gies NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1020 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1020 7 Frances Frances NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1020 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1020 9 1973 1973 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1020 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1020 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1021 1 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1021 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1021 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1021 4 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1021 5 City City NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1021 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1022 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1022 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1022 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1022 4 Thomas Thomas NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1022 5 Y. Y. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1022 6 Crowell Crowell NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1022 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1023 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1023 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1023 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1023 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1023 5 8152 8152 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1023 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1023 7 0345 0345 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1023 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1023 9 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1023 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1024 1 Grant Grant NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1024 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1024 3 Edward Edward NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1024 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1024 5 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1024 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1024 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1025 1 God God NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1025 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1025 3 Reason Reason NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1025 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1025 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1025 6 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1025 7 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1025 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1026 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1026 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1026 3 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1026 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1026 5 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1026 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1026 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1026 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1027 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1027 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1027 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1027 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1027 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1027 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1027 7 521 521 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1027 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1027 9 80279 80279 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1027 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1027 11 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1027 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1028 1 Grant Grant NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1028 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1028 3 Edward Edward NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1028 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1028 5 1994 1994 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1028 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1028 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1029 1 Planets planet NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1029 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1029 3 Stars Stars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1029 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1029 5 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1029 6 Orbs Orbs NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1029 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1029 8 The The NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1029 9 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1029 10 Cosmos Cosmos NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1029 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1029 12 1200–1687 1200–1687 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1029 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1030 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1030 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1030 3 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1030 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1030 5 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1030 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1030 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1030 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1031 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1031 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1031 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1031 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1031 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1031 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1031 7 521 521 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1031 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1031 9 43344 43344 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1031 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1031 11 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1031 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1032 1 Grierson Grierson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1032 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1032 3 Philip Philip NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1032 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1032 5 1989 1989 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1032 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1032 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1033 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 1033 2 Coinage coinage NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1033 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1033 4 currency currency NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1033 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1033 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1034 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1034 2 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1034 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1034 4 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1034 5 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1035 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1035 2 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1035 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1035 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1035 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1036 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1036 2 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1036 3 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1036 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1036 5 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1036 6 Concise Concise NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1036 7 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1036 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1037 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1037 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1037 3 Thames Thames NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1037 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1037 5 Hudson Hudson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1037 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1038 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1038 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1039 1 97–98 97–98 LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1039 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1040 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1040 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1040 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1040 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1040 5 500 500 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1040 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1040 7 27645 27645 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1040 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1040 9 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1040 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1041 1 Griffiths griffith NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1041 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1041 3 Antony Antony NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1041 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1041 5 1996 1996 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1041 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1041 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1042 1 Prints print NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1042 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1042 3 Printmaking Printmaking NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1042 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1043 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1043 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1043 3 British British NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1043 4 Museum Museum NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1043 5 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1043 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1044 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1044 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1044 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1044 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1044 5 7141 7141 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1044 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1044 7 2608-X. 2608-x. CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1045 1 Hallam Hallam NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1045 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1045 3 Elizabeth Elizabeth NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1045 4 M. M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1045 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1045 6 Everard Everard NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1045 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1045 8 Judith Judith NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1045 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1045 10 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1045 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1045 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1046 1 Capetian Capetian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1046 2 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1046 3 987–1328 987–1328 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1046 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1046 5 Second Second NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1046 6 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1046 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1046 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1046 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1047 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1047 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1047 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1047 4 Longman Longman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1047 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1048 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1048 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1048 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1048 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1048 5 582 582 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1048 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1048 7 40428 40428 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1048 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1048 9 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1048 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1049 1 Hamilton Hamilton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1049 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1049 3 Bernard Bernard NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1049 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1049 5 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1049 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1049 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1050 1 Religion religion NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1050 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1050 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1050 4 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1050 5 West West NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1050 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1050 7 Second Second NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1050 8 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1050 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1050 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1050 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1051 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1051 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1051 3 Arnold Arnold NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1051 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1052 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1052 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1052 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1052 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1052 5 340 340 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1052 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1052 7 80839-X. 80839-x. CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1053 1 Heather Heather NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1053 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1053 3 Peter Peter NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1053 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1053 5 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1053 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1053 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1054 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1054 2 Fall Fall NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1054 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1054 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1054 5 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1054 6 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1054 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1054 8 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1054 9 New new JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1054 10 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1054 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1054 12 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1054 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1054 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1054 15 Barbarians Barbarians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1054 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1055 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1055 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1055 3 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1055 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1055 5 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1055 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1055 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1055 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1056 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1056 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1056 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1056 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1056 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1056 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1056 7 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1056 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1056 9 532541 532541 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1056 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1056 11 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1056 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1057 1 Helle Helle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1057 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1057 3 Knut Knut NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1057 4 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1057 5 Kouri Kouri NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1057 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1057 7 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1057 8 I. I. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1057 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1057 10 Olesen Olesen NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1057 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1057 12 Jens Jens NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1057 13 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1057 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1057 15 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1057 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1058 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1058 2 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1058 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1058 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1059 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1059 2 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1059 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1059 4 Scandinavia Scandinavia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1059 5 Part Part NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1059 6 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1059 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1060 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1060 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1060 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1060 4 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1060 5 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1060 6 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1060 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1061 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1061 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1061 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1061 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1061 5 521 521 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1061 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1061 7 47299 47299 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1061 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1061 9 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1061 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1062 1 Henderson Henderson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1062 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1062 3 George George NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1062 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1062 5 1977 1977 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1062 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1062 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1063 1 Early early RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1063 2 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1063 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1063 4 Revised revise VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1063 5 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1063 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1063 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1063 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1064 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1064 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1064 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1064 4 Penguin Penguin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1064 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1065 1 OCLC oclc NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1065 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1065 3 641757789 641757789 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1065 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1066 1 Holmes Holmes NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1066 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1066 3 George George NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1066 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1066 5 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1066 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1067 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1067 2 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1067 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1067 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1068 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1068 2 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1068 3 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1068 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1068 5 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1068 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1068 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1069 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1069 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1069 3 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1069 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1069 5 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1069 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1069 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1069 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1070 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1070 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1070 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1070 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1070 5 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1070 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1070 7 285272 285272 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1070 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1070 9 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1070 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1071 1 Ilardi Ilardi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1071 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1071 3 Vincent Vincent NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1071 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1071 5 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1071 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1071 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1072 1 Renaissance Renaissance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1072 2 Vision Vision NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1072 3 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1072 4 Spectacles Spectacles NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1072 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1072 6 Telescopes telescope NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1072 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1073 1 Philadelphia Philadelphia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1073 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1073 3 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1073 4 Philosophical Philosophical NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1073 5 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1073 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1074 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1074 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1074 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1074 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1074 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1074 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1074 7 87169 87169 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1074 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1074 9 259 259 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1074 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1074 11 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1074 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1075 1 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1075 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1075 3 Edward Edward NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1075 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1075 5 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1075 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1075 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1076 1 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1076 2 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1076 3 Barbarians barbarian NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1076 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1076 5 AD ad NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1076 6 200–600 200–600 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1076 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1077 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1077 2 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1077 3 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1077 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1078 1 Harlow Harlow NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1078 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1078 3 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1078 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1078 5 Pearson Pearson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1078 6 Longman Longman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1078 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1079 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1079 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1079 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1079 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1079 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1079 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1079 7 582 582 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1079 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1079 9 77296 77296 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1079 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1079 11 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1079 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1080 1 Jordan Jordan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1080 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1080 3 William William NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1080 4 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1080 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1080 6 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1080 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1080 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1081 1 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1081 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1081 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1081 4 High High NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1081 5 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1081 6 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1081 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1082 1 Penguin Penguin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1082 2 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1082 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1082 4 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1082 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1083 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1083 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1083 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1083 4 Viking Viking NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1083 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1084 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1084 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1084 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1084 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1084 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1084 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1084 7 670 670 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1084 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1084 9 03202 03202 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1084 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1084 11 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1084 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1085 1 Kamen Kamen NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1085 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1085 3 Henry Henry NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1085 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1085 5 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1085 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1085 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1086 1 Spain Spain NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1086 2 1469–1714 1469–1714 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1086 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1086 4 Third Third NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1086 5 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1086 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1086 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1086 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1087 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1087 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1087 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1087 4 Pearson Pearson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1087 5 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1087 6 Longman Longman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1087 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1088 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1088 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1088 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1088 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1088 5 582 582 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1088 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1088 7 78464 78464 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1088 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1088 9 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1088 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1089 1 Kaufmann Kaufmann NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1089 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1089 3 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1089 4 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1089 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1089 6 Kaufmann Kaufmann NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1089 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1089 8 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1089 9 W. W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1089 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1089 11 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1089 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1089 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1090 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1090 2 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1090 3 Fortress Fortress NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1090 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1090 5 Castles Castles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1090 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1090 7 Forts Forts NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1090 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1090 9 Walled Walled NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1090 10 Cities Cities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1090 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1090 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1090 13 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1090 14 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1090 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1090 16 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1090 17 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1090 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1090 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1090 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1091 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1091 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1091 3 MA MA NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1091 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1091 5 Da Da NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1091 6 Capo Capo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1091 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1091 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1092 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1092 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1092 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1092 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1092 5 306 306 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1092 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1092 7 81358 81358 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1092 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1092 9 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1092 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1093 1 Keen Keen NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1093 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1093 3 Maurice Maurice NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1093 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1093 5 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1093 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1093 7 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1093 8 1968 1968 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1093 9 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1093 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1094 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1094 2 Pelican pelican JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1094 3 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1094 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1094 5 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1094 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1094 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1095 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1095 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1095 3 Penguin Penguin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1095 4 Books Books NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1095 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1096 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1096 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1096 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1096 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1096 5 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1096 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1096 7 021085 021085 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1096 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1096 9 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1096 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1097 1 Kitzinger Kitzinger NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1097 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1097 3 Ernst Ernst NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1097 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1097 5 1955 1955 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1097 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1097 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1098 1 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1098 2 Medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1098 3 Art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1098 4 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1098 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1098 6 British British NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1098 7 Museum Museum NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1098 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1098 9 Second Second NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1098 10 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1098 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1098 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1098 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1099 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1099 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1099 3 British British NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1099 4 Museum Museum NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1099 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1100 1 OCLC oclc NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1100 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1100 3 510455 510455 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1100 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1101 1 Knox Knox NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1101 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1101 3 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1101 4 L. L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1101 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 1101 6 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1101 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1101 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1101 9 Idea Idea NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1101 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1101 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1101 12 Renaissance Renaissance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1101 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1101 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1102 1 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1102 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1102 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1102 4 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1102 5 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1102 6 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1102 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1103 1 Boise Boise NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1103 2 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1103 3 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1103 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1104 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1104 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1104 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1104 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1104 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1104 6 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1104 7 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1104 8 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1104 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1105 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1105 2 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1105 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1105 4 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1105 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1106 1 Lasko Lasko NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1106 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1106 3 Peter Peter NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1106 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1106 5 1972 1972 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1106 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1106 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1107 1 Ars Ars NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1107 2 Sacra Sacra NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1107 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1107 4 800–1200 800–1200 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1107 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1108 1 Penguin Penguin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1108 2 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1108 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1108 4 Art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1108 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1108 6 now now RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1108 7 Yale Yale NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1108 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1108 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1109 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1109 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1109 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1109 4 Penguin Penguin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1109 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1110 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1110 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1110 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1110 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1110 5 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1110 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1110 7 056036-X. 056036-X. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1111 1 Lawrence Lawrence NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1111 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1111 3 C.H C.H NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1111 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1111 5 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1111 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1111 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1112 1 Medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1112 2 Monasticism Monasticism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1112 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1112 4 Forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1112 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1112 6 Religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1112 7 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1112 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1112 9 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1112 10 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1112 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1112 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1112 13 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1112 14 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1112 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1112 16 Third Third NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1112 17 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1112 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1112 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1112 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1113 1 Harlow Harlow NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1113 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1113 3 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1113 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1113 5 Longman Longman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1113 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1114 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1114 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1114 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1114 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1114 5 582 582 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1114 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1114 7 40427 40427 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1114 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1114 9 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1114 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1115 1 Lightbown Lightbown NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1115 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1115 3 Ronald Ronald NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1115 4 W. W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1115 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1115 6 1978 1978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1115 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1115 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1116 1 Secular Secular NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1116 2 Goldsmiths Goldsmiths NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1116 3 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1116 4 Work work NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1116 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1116 6 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1116 7 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1116 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1116 9 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1116 10 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1116 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1117 1 Reports report NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1117 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1117 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1117 4 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1117 5 Committee Committee NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1117 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1117 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1117 8 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1117 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1117 10 Antiquaries Antiquaries NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1117 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1117 12 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1117 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1118 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1118 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1118 3 Thames Thames NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1118 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1118 5 Hudson Hudson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1118 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1119 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1119 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1119 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1119 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1119 5 500 500 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1119 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1119 7 99027 99027 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1119 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1119 9 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1119 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1120 1 Lindberg Lindberg NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1120 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1120 3 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1120 4 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1120 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1120 6 Numbers Numbers NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1120 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1120 8 Ronald Ronald NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1120 9 L. L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1120 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1120 11 1986 1986 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1120 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1120 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1121 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 1121 2 Beyond Beyond NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1121 3 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1121 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1121 5 Peace peace NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1121 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1121 7 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1121 8 Reappraisal Reappraisal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1121 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1121 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1121 11 Encounter Encounter NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1121 12 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1121 13 Christianity Christianity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1121 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1121 15 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1121 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1121 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1122 1 Church church NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1122 2 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1122 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1123 1 55 55 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1123 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1123 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1123 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1123 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1123 6 338–354 338–354 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1123 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1124 1 doi:10.2307/3166822 doi:10.2307/3166822 UH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1124 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1125 1 JSTOR JSTOR NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1125 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1125 3 3166822 3166822 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1125 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1126 1 Lindberg Lindberg NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1126 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1126 3 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1126 4 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1126 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1126 6 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1126 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1126 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1127 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 1127 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1127 3 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1127 4 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1127 5 Encounters encounter VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1127 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1127 7 Classical Classical NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1127 8 Tradition tradition NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1127 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1127 10 Saint Saint NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1127 11 Augustine Augustine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1127 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1127 13 Roger Roger NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1127 14 Bacon Bacon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1127 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1127 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1127 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1127 18 Handmaiden Handmaiden NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1127 19 Metaphor Metaphor NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1127 20 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1127 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1128 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1128 2 Lindberg Lindberg NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1128 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1128 4 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1128 5 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1128 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1128 7 Numbers Numbers NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1128 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1128 9 Ronald Ronald NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1128 10 L. L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1129 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1129 2 eds eds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1129 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1129 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1129 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1130 1 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1130 2 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1130 3 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1130 4 Christianity Christianity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1130 5 Meet Meet NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1130 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1131 1 Chicago Chicago NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1131 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1131 3 IL IL NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1131 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1131 5 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1131 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1131 7 Chicago Chicago NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1131 8 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1131 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1132 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1132 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1132 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1132 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1132 5 226 226 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1132 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1132 7 48214 48214 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1132 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1132 9 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1132 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1133 1 Lock Lock NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1133 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1133 3 Peter Peter NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1133 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1133 5 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1133 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1133 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1134 1 Routledge Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1134 2 Companion Companion NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1134 3 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1134 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1134 5 Crusades Crusades NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1134 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1135 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1135 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1135 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1135 4 Routledge Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1135 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1136 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1136 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1136 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1136 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1136 5 415 415 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1136 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1136 7 39312 39312 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1136 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1136 9 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1136 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1137 1 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1137 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1137 3 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1137 4 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1137 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1137 6 1989 1989 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1137 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1137 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1138 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 1138 2 Avignon Avignon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1138 3 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1138 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1139 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1139 2 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1139 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1139 4 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1139 5 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1140 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1140 2 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1140 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1140 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1140 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1141 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1141 2 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1141 3 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1141 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1141 5 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1141 6 Concise Concise NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1141 7 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1141 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1142 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1142 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1142 3 Thames Thames NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1142 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1142 5 Hudson Hudson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1142 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1143 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1143 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1143 3 45 45 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1143 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1144 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1144 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1144 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1144 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1144 5 500 500 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1144 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1144 7 27645 27645 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1144 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1144 9 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1144 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1145 1 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1145 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1145 3 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1145 4 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1145 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1145 6 1989 1989 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1145 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1145 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1146 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 1146 2 Eleanor Eleanor NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1146 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1146 4 Aquitaine Aquitaine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1146 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1146 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1147 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1147 2 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1147 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1147 4 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1147 5 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1148 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1148 2 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1148 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1148 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1148 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1149 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1149 2 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1149 3 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1149 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1149 5 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1149 6 Concise Concise NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1149 7 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1149 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1150 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1150 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1150 3 Thames Thames NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1150 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1150 5 Hudson Hudson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1150 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1151 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1151 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1151 3 122 122 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1151 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1152 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1152 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1152 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1152 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1152 5 500 500 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1152 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1152 7 27645 27645 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1152 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1152 9 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1152 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1153 1 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1153 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1153 3 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1153 4 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1153 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1153 6 1989 1989 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1153 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1153 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1154 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 1154 2 Famine Famine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1154 3 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1154 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1155 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1155 2 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1155 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1155 4 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1155 5 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1156 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1156 2 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1156 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1156 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1156 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1157 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1157 2 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1157 3 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1157 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1157 5 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1157 6 Concise Concise NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1157 7 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1157 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1158 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1158 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1158 3 Thames Thames NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1158 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1158 5 Hudson Hudson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1158 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1159 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1159 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1160 1 127–128 127–128 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1160 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1161 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1161 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1161 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1161 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1161 5 500 500 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1161 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1161 7 27645 27645 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1161 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1161 9 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1161 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1162 1 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1162 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1162 3 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1162 4 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1162 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1162 6 1989 1989 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1162 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1162 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1163 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 1163 2 Great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1163 3 Schism Schism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1163 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1163 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1164 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1164 2 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1164 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1164 4 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1164 5 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1165 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1165 2 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1165 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1165 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1165 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1166 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1166 2 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1166 3 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1166 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1166 5 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1166 6 Concise Concise NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1166 7 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1166 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1167 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1167 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1167 3 Thames Thames NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1167 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1167 5 Hudson Hudson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1167 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1168 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1168 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1168 3 153 153 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1168 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1169 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1169 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1169 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1169 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1169 5 500 500 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1169 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1169 7 27645 27645 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1169 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1169 9 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1169 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1170 1 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1170 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1170 3 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1170 4 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1170 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1170 6 1989 1989 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1170 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1170 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1171 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 1171 2 Hundred hundred CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1171 3 Years Years NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1171 4 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1171 5 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1171 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1171 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1172 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1172 2 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1172 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1172 4 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1172 5 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1173 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1173 2 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1173 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1173 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1173 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1174 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1174 2 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1174 3 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1174 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1174 5 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1174 6 Concise Concise NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1174 7 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1174 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1175 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1175 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1175 3 Thames Thames NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1175 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1175 5 Hudson Hudson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1175 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1176 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1176 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1176 3 176 176 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1176 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1177 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1177 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1177 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1177 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1177 5 500 500 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1177 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1177 7 27645 27645 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1177 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1177 9 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1177 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1178 1 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1178 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1178 3 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1178 4 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1178 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1178 6 1989 1989 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1178 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1178 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1179 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 1179 2 Jews Jews NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1179 3 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1179 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1180 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1180 2 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1180 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1180 4 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1180 5 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1181 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1181 2 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1181 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1181 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1181 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1182 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1182 2 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1182 3 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1182 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1182 5 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1182 6 Concise Concise NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1182 7 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1182 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1183 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1183 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1183 3 Thames Thames NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1183 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1183 5 Hudson Hudson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1183 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1184 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1184 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1185 1 190–192 190–192 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1185 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1186 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1186 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1186 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1186 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1186 5 500 500 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1186 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1186 7 27645 27645 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1186 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1186 9 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1186 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1187 1 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1187 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1187 3 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1187 4 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1187 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1187 6 1989 1989 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1187 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1187 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1188 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 1188 2 Knights Knights NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1188 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1188 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1188 5 Temple Temple NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1188 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1188 7 Templars Templars NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1188 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1188 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1188 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1189 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1189 2 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1189 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1189 4 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1189 5 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1190 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1190 2 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1190 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1190 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1190 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1191 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1191 2 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1191 3 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1191 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1191 5 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1191 6 Concise Concise NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1191 7 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1191 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1192 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1192 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1192 3 Thames Thames NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1192 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1192 5 Hudson Hudson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1192 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1193 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1193 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1194 1 201–202 201–202 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1194 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1195 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1195 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1195 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1195 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1195 5 500 500 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1195 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1195 7 27645 27645 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1195 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1195 9 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1195 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1196 1 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1196 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1196 3 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1196 4 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1196 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1196 6 1989 1989 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1196 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1196 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1197 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 1197 2 Language language NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1197 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1197 4 dialect dialect VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1197 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1197 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1198 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1198 2 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1198 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1198 4 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1198 5 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1199 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1199 2 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1199 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1199 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1199 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1200 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1200 2 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1200 3 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1200 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1200 5 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1200 6 Concise Concise NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1200 7 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1200 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1201 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1201 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1201 3 Thames Thames NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1201 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1201 5 Hudson Hudson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1201 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1202 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1202 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1202 3 204 204 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1202 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1203 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1203 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1203 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1203 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1203 5 500 500 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1203 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1203 7 27645 27645 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1203 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1203 9 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1203 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1204 1 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1204 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1204 3 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1204 4 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1204 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1204 6 1989 1989 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1204 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1204 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1205 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 1205 2 Scholasticism Scholasticism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1205 3 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1205 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1206 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1206 2 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1206 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1206 4 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1206 5 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1207 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1207 2 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1207 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1207 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1207 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1208 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1208 2 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1208 3 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1208 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1208 5 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1208 6 Concise Concise NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1208 7 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1208 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1209 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1209 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1209 3 Thames Thames NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1209 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1209 5 Hudson Hudson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1209 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1210 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1210 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1211 1 293–294 293–294 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1211 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1212 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1212 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1212 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1212 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1212 5 500 500 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1212 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1212 7 27645 27645 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1212 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1212 9 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1212 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1213 1 Martin Martin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1213 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1213 3 Janet Janet NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1213 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1213 5 1993 1993 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1213 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1213 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1214 1 Medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1214 2 Russia Russia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1214 3 980–1584 980–1584 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1214 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1215 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1215 2 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1215 3 Textbooks Textbooks NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1215 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1216 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1216 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1216 3 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1216 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1216 5 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1216 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1216 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1216 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1217 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1217 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1217 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1217 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1217 5 521 521 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1217 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1217 7 36832 36832 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1217 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1217 9 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1217 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1218 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 1218 2 Mediaeval mediaeval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1218 3 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1218 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1219 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1219 2 Compact Compact NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1219 3 Edition Edition NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1219 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1219 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1219 6 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1219 7 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1219 8 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1219 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1219 10 Complete Complete NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1219 11 Text Text NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1219 12 Arranged arrange VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1219 13 Micrographically micrographically RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1219 14 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1219 15 Volume volume NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1219 16 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1219 17 A–0 a–0 RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1219 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1220 1 Glasgow Glasgow NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1220 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1220 3 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1220 4 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1220 5 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1220 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1221 1 1971 1971 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1221 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1221 3 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1221 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1221 5 M290 m290 NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1221 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1222 1 LCCN LCCN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1222 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1222 3 72177361 72177361 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1222 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1223 1 OCLC oclc NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1223 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1223 3 490339790 490339790 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1223 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1224 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 1224 2 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1224 3 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1224 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1224 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1225 1 Dictionary.com Dictionary.com NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1225 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1226 1 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1226 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1227 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1227 2 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1227 3 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1227 4 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1227 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1228 1 Miglio Miglio NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1228 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1228 3 Massimo Massimo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1228 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1228 5 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1228 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1228 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1229 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 1229 2 Curial curial JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1229 3 Humanism Humanism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1229 4 seen see VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1229 5 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1229 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1229 7 Prism Prism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1229 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1229 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1229 10 Papal Papal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1229 11 Library Library NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1229 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1229 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1230 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1230 2 Mazzocco Mazzocco NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1230 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1230 4 Angelo Angelo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1230 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1230 6 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1230 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1230 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1230 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1231 1 Interpretations interpretation NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1231 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1231 3 Renaissance Renaissance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1231 4 Humanism Humanism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1231 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1232 1 Brill Brill NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1232 2 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1232 3 Studies Studies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1232 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1232 5 Intellectual Intellectual NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1232 6 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1232 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1233 1 Leiden Leiden NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1233 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1233 3 Brill Brill NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1233 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1234 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1234 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1235 1 97–112 97–112 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1235 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1236 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1236 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1236 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1236 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1236 5 90 90 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1236 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1236 7 04 04 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1236 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1236 9 15244 15244 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1236 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1236 11 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1236 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1237 1 Mommsen Mommsen NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1237 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1237 3 Theodore Theodore NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1237 4 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1237 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1237 6 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1237 7 1942 1942 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1237 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1237 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1238 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 1238 2 Petrarch petrarch NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1238 3 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1238 4 Conception Conception NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1238 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1238 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1238 7 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 1238 8 Dark Dark NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1238 9 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1238 10 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1238 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1238 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1239 1 Speculum speculum NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1239 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1240 1 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1240 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1240 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1240 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1240 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1240 6 226–242 226–242 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1240 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1241 1 doi:10.2307/2856364 doi:10.2307/2856364 FW en-wikipedia-org-9529 1241 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1242 1 JSTOR JSTOR NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1242 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1242 3 2856364 2856364 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1242 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1243 1 Morris Morris NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1243 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1243 3 Rosemary Rosemary NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1243 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1243 5 1998 1998 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1243 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1243 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1244 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 1244 2 Northern Northern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1244 3 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1244 4 invades invade VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1244 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1244 6 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1244 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1244 8 900–1200 900–1200 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1244 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1244 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1245 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1245 2 Holmes Holmes NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1245 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1245 4 George George NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1245 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1245 6 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1245 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1245 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1245 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1246 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1246 2 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1246 3 Illustrated Illustrated NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1246 4 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1246 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1246 6 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1246 7 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1246 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1247 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1247 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1247 3 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1247 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1247 5 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1247 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1247 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1247 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1248 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1248 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1249 1 175–234 175–234 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1249 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1250 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1250 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1250 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1250 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1250 5 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1250 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1250 7 285220 285220 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1250 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1250 9 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1250 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1251 1 Murray Murray NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1251 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1251 3 Alexander Alexander NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1251 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1251 5 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1251 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1251 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1252 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 1252 2 Should Should MD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1252 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1252 4 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1252 5 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1252 6 Be be VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1252 7 Abolished abolish VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1252 8 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1252 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1252 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1253 1 Essays essay NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1253 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1253 3 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1253 4 Studies Studies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1253 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1254 1 21 21 LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1254 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1254 3 1–22 1–22 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1254 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1255 1 doi:10.1353 doi:10.1353 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1255 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1255 3 ems.2005.0010 ems.2005.0010 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1255 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1256 1 Nees Nees NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1256 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1256 3 Lawrence Lawrence NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1256 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1256 5 2002 2002 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1256 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1256 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1257 1 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1257 2 Medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1257 3 Art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1257 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1258 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1258 2 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1258 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1258 4 Art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1258 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1259 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1259 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1259 3 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1259 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1259 5 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1259 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1259 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1259 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1260 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1260 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1260 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1260 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1260 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1260 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1260 7 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1260 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1260 9 284243 284243 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1260 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1260 11 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1260 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1261 1 Nicolle Nicolle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1261 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1261 3 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1261 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1261 5 1999 1999 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1261 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1261 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1262 1 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1262 2 Warfare Warfare NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1262 3 Source Source NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1262 4 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1262 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1262 6 Warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1262 7 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1262 8 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1262 9 Christendom Christendom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1262 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1263 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1263 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1263 3 Brockhampton Brockhampton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1263 4 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1263 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1264 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1264 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1264 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1264 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1264 5 86019 86019 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1264 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1264 7 889 889 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1264 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1264 9 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1264 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1265 1 Numbers Numbers NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1265 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1265 3 Ronald Ronald NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1265 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1265 5 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1265 6 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1265 7 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1265 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1265 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1266 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 1266 2 Myths myth NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1266 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1266 4 Truths truth NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1266 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1266 6 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1266 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1266 8 Religion religion NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1266 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1266 10 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1266 11 historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1266 12 perspective perspective NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1266 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1266 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1266 15 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1266 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1266 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1267 1 Lecture lecture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1267 2 archive archive NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1267 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1268 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1268 2 Faraday Faraday NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1268 3 Institute Institute NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1268 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1268 5 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1268 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1268 7 Religion Religion NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1268 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1269 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1269 2 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1269 3 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1269 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1269 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1270 1 Payne Payne NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1270 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1270 3 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1270 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1270 5 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1270 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1270 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1271 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1271 2 Dream Dream NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1271 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1271 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1271 5 Tomb tomb NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1271 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1271 7 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1271 8 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1271 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1271 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1271 11 Crusades Crusades NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1271 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1271 13 First First NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1271 14 paperback paperback NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1271 15 ed ed NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1271 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1271 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1271 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1272 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1272 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1272 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1272 4 Cooper Cooper NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1272 5 Square Square NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1272 6 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1272 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1273 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1273 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1273 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1273 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1273 5 8154 8154 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1273 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1273 7 1086 1086 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1273 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1273 9 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1273 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1274 1 Peters Peters NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1274 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1274 3 Ted Ted NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1274 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1274 5 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1274 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1274 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1275 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 1275 2 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1275 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1275 4 Religion Religion NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1275 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1275 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1276 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1276 2 Jones Jones NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1276 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1276 4 Lindsay Lindsay NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1276 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1276 6 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1276 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1276 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1276 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1277 1 Encyclopedia encyclopedia NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1277 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1277 3 Religion religion NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1277 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1278 1 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1278 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1278 3 Second Second NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1278 4 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1278 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1278 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1278 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1279 1 Detroit Detroit NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1279 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1279 3 MI MI NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1279 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1279 5 MacMillan MacMillan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1279 6 Reference Reference NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1279 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1280 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1280 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1280 3 8182 8182 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1280 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1281 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1281 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1281 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1281 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1281 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1281 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1281 7 02 02 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1281 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1281 9 865980 865980 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1281 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1281 11 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1281 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1282 1 Pounds Pounds NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1282 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1282 3 N. N. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1282 4 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1282 5 G. G. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1282 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1282 7 1990 1990 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1282 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1282 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1283 1 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1283 2 Historical Historical NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1283 3 Geography Geography NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1283 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1283 5 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1283 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1284 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1284 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1284 3 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1284 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1284 5 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1284 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1284 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1284 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1285 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1285 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1285 3 0521322170 0521322170 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1285 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1286 1 Power power NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1286 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1286 3 Daniel Daniel NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1286 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1286 5 2006 2006 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1286 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1286 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1287 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1287 2 Central Central NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1287 3 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1287 4 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1287 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1287 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1287 7 950–1320 950–1320 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1287 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1288 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1288 2 Short Short NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1288 3 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1288 4 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1288 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1288 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1288 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1289 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1289 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1289 3 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1289 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1289 5 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1289 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1289 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1289 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1290 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1290 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1290 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1290 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1290 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1290 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1290 7 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1290 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1290 9 925312 925312 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1290 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1290 11 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1290 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1291 1 Reilly reilly RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1291 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1291 3 Bernard Bernard NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1291 4 F. F. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1291 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1291 6 1993 1993 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1291 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1291 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1292 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1292 2 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1292 3 Spains Spains NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1292 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1293 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1293 2 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1293 3 Textbooks Textbooks NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1293 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1294 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1294 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1294 3 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1294 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1294 5 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1294 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1294 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1294 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1295 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1295 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1295 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1295 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1295 5 521 521 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1295 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1295 7 39741 39741 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1295 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1295 9 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1295 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1296 1 Riley Riley NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1296 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1296 3 Smith Smith NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1296 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1296 5 Jonathan Jonathan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1296 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1296 7 1989 1989 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1296 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1296 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1297 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 1297 2 Crusades Crusades NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1297 3 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1297 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1298 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1298 2 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1298 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1298 4 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1298 5 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1299 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1299 2 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1299 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1299 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1299 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1300 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1300 2 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1300 3 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1300 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1300 5 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1300 6 Concise Concise NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1300 7 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1300 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1301 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1301 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1301 3 Thames Thames NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1301 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1301 5 Hudson Hudson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1301 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1302 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1302 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1303 1 106–107 106–107 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1303 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1304 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1304 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1304 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1304 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1304 5 500 500 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1304 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1304 7 27645 27645 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1304 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1304 9 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1304 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1305 1 Rosenwein Rosenwein NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1305 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1305 3 Barbara Barbara NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1305 4 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1305 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1305 6 1982 1982 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1305 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1305 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1306 1 Rhinoceros Rhinoceros NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1306 2 Bound Bound NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1306 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1306 4 Cluny Cluny NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1306 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1306 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1306 7 Tenth Tenth NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1306 8 Century Century NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1306 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1307 1 Philadelphia Philadelphia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1307 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1307 3 PA pa NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1307 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1307 5 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1307 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1307 7 Pennsylvania Pennsylvania NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1307 8 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1307 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1308 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1308 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1308 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1308 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1308 5 8122 8122 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1308 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1308 7 7830 7830 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1308 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1308 9 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1308 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1309 1 Russell Russell NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1309 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1309 3 Jeffey Jeffey NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1309 4 Burton Burton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1309 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1309 6 1991 1991 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1309 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1309 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1310 1 Inventing invent VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 1310 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1310 3 Flat Flat NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1310 4 Earth Earth NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1310 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1310 6 Columbus Columbus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1310 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1310 8 Modern Modern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1310 9 Historians Historians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1310 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1311 1 Westport westport NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1311 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1311 3 CT CT NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1311 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1311 5 Praeger Praeger NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1311 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1312 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1312 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1312 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1312 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1312 5 275 275 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1312 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1312 7 95904-X. 95904-x. CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1313 1 Saul Saul NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1313 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1313 3 Nigel Nigel NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1313 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1313 5 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1313 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1313 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1314 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1314 2 Companion companion NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1314 3 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1314 4 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1314 5 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1314 6 1066–1485 1066–1485 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1314 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1315 1 Stroud stroud JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1315 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1315 3 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1315 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1315 5 Tempus Tempus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1315 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1316 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1316 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1316 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1316 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1316 5 7524 7524 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1316 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1316 7 2969 2969 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1316 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1316 9 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1316 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1317 1 Schove Schove NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1317 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1317 3 D. D. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1317 4 Justin Justin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1317 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1317 6 1989 1989 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1317 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1317 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1318 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 1318 2 Plague Plague NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1318 3 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1318 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1319 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1319 2 Loyn Loyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1319 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1319 4 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1319 5 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1320 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1320 2 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1320 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1320 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1320 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1321 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1321 2 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1321 3 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1321 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1321 5 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1321 6 Concise Concise NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1321 7 Encyclopedia Encyclopedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1321 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1322 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1322 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1322 3 Thames Thames NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1322 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1322 5 Hudson Hudson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1322 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1323 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1323 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1324 1 267–269 267–269 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1324 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1325 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1325 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1325 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1325 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1325 5 500 500 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1325 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1325 7 27645 27645 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1325 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1325 9 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1325 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1326 1 Singman Singman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1326 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1326 3 Jeffrey Jeffrey NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1326 4 L. L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1326 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1326 6 1999 1999 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1326 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1326 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1327 1 Daily Daily NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1327 2 Life Life NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1327 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1327 4 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1327 5 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1327 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1328 1 Daily daily JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1328 2 Life life NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1328 3 Through through IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1328 4 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1328 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1329 1 Westport westport NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1329 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1329 3 CT CT NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1329 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1329 5 Greenwood Greenwood NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1329 6 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1329 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1330 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1330 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1330 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1330 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1330 5 313 313 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1330 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1330 7 30273 30273 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1330 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1330 9 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1330 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1331 1 Stalley Stalley NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1331 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1331 3 Roger Roger NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1331 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1331 5 1999 1999 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1331 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1331 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1332 1 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1332 2 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1332 3 Architecture Architecture NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1332 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1333 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1333 2 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1333 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1333 4 Art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1333 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1334 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1334 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1334 3 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1334 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1334 5 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1334 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1334 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1334 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1335 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1335 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1335 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1335 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1335 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1335 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1335 7 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1335 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1335 9 284223 284223 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1335 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1335 11 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1335 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1336 1 Tansey Tansey NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1336 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1336 3 Richard Richard NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1336 4 G. G. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1336 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1336 6 Gardner Gardner NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1336 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1336 8 Helen Helen NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1336 9 Louise Louise NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1336 10 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1336 11 De De NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1336 12 la la NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1336 13 Croix Croix NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1336 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1336 15 Horst Horst NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1336 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1336 17 1986 1986 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1336 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1336 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1337 1 Gardner Gardner NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1337 2 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1337 3 Art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1337 4 Through through IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1337 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1337 6 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1337 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1337 8 Eighth Eighth NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1337 9 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1337 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1337 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1337 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1338 1 San San NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1338 2 Diego Diego NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1338 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1338 4 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1338 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1338 6 Harcourt Harcourt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1338 7 Brace Brace NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1338 8 Jovanovich Jovanovich NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1338 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1339 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1339 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1339 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1339 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1339 5 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1339 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1339 7 503763 503763 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1339 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1339 9 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1339 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1340 1 Thomson Thomson NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1340 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1340 3 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1340 4 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1340 5 F. F. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1340 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1340 7 1998 1998 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1340 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1340 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1341 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1341 2 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1341 3 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1341 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1341 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1341 6 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1341 7 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1341 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1342 1 London London NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1342 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1342 3 Arnold Arnold NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1342 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1343 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1343 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1343 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1343 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1343 5 340 340 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1343 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1343 7 60118 60118 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1343 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1343 9 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1343 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1344 1 Vale Vale NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1344 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1344 3 Malcolm Malcolm NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1344 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1344 5 1998 1998 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1344 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1344 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1345 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 1345 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1345 3 Civilization Civilization NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1345 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1345 5 Courts Courts NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1345 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1345 7 Cities Cities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1345 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1345 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1345 10 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1345 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1345 12 1200–1500 1200–1500 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1345 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1345 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1346 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1346 2 Holmes Holmes NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1346 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1346 4 George George NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1346 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1346 6 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1346 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1346 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1346 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1347 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1347 2 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1347 3 Illustrated Illustrated NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1347 4 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1347 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1347 6 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1347 7 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1347 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1348 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1348 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1348 3 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1348 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1348 5 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1348 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1348 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1348 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1349 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1349 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1350 1 297–351 297–351 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1350 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1351 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1351 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1351 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1351 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1351 5 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1351 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1351 7 285220 285220 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1351 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1351 9 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1351 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1352 1 Watts Watts NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1352 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1352 3 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1352 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1352 5 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1352 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1352 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1353 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1353 2 Making making NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1353 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1353 4 Polities polity NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1353 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1353 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1353 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1353 8 1300–1500 1300–1500 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1353 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1354 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1354 2 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1354 3 Textbooks Textbooks NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1354 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1355 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1355 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1355 3 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1355 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1355 5 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1355 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1355 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1355 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1356 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1356 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1356 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1356 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1356 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1356 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1356 7 521 521 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1356 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1356 9 79664 79664 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1356 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1356 11 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1356 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1357 1 Whitton Whitton NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1357 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1357 3 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1357 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1357 5 1998 1998 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1357 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1357 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1358 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 1358 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1358 3 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1358 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1358 5 Northern Northern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1358 6 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1358 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1358 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1358 9 High High NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1358 10 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1358 11 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1358 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1358 13 900–1200 900–1200 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1358 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1358 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1359 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1359 2 Holmes Holmes NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1359 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1359 4 George George NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1359 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1359 6 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1359 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1359 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1359 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1360 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1360 2 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1360 3 Illustrated Illustrated NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1360 4 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1360 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1360 6 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1360 7 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1360 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1361 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1361 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1361 3 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1361 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1361 5 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1361 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1361 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1361 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1362 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1362 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1363 1 115–174 115–174 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1363 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1364 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1364 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1364 3 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1364 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1364 5 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1364 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1364 7 285220 285220 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1364 8 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1364 9 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1364 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1365 1 Wickham Wickham NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1365 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1365 3 Chris Chris NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1365 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1365 5 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1365 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1365 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1366 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1366 2 Inheritance Inheritance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1366 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1366 4 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1366 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1366 6 Illuminating illuminate VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 1366 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1366 8 Dark Dark NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1366 9 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1366 10 400–1000 400–1000 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1366 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1367 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1367 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1367 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1367 4 Penguin Penguin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1367 5 Books Books NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1367 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1368 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1368 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1368 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1368 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1368 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1368 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1368 7 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1368 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1368 9 311742 311742 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1368 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1368 11 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1368 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1369 1 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1369 2 reading read VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 1369 3 Cantor Cantor NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1369 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1369 5 Norman Norman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1369 6 F. F. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1369 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1369 8 1991 1991 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1369 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1369 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1370 1 Inventing invent VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 1370 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1370 3 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1370 4 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1370 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1370 6 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1370 7 Lives life NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1370 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1370 9 Works work NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1370 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1370 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1370 12 Ideas idea NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1370 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1370 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1370 15 Great great JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1370 16 Medievalists Medievalists NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1370 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1370 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1370 19 Twentieth Twentieth NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1370 20 Century Century NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1370 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1371 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1371 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1371 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1371 4 W. W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1371 5 Morrow Morrow NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1371 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1372 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1372 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1372 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1372 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1372 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1372 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1372 7 688 688 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1372 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1372 9 09406 09406 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1372 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1372 11 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1372 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1373 1 Gurevich Gurevich NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1373 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1373 3 Aron Aron NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1373 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1373 5 1992 1992 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1373 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1373 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1374 1 Howlett Howlett NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1374 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1374 3 Janet Janet NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1374 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1374 5 translator translator NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1374 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1374 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1374 8 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1374 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1374 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1374 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1375 1 Historical Historical NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1375 2 Anthropology Anthropology NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1375 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1375 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1375 5 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1375 6 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1375 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1376 1 Chicago Chicago NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1376 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1376 3 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1376 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1376 5 Chicago Chicago NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1376 6 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1376 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1377 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1377 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1377 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1377 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1377 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1377 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1377 7 226 226 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1377 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1377 9 31083 31083 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1377 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1377 11 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1377 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 1 Holmes Holmes NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 3 Catherine Catherine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 4 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 5 Standen Standen NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 7 Naomi Naomi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 10 Introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 12 Towards towards IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 14 Global Global NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 15 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 16 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 19 Past Past NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 20 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 21 Present Present NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 23 238 238 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 24 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 25 1–44 1–44 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 27 doi:10.1093 doi:10.1093 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 28 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 29 pastj pastj NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 30 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 31 gty030 gty030 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 32 Smith Smith NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 34 Julia Julia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 35 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 36 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 37 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1378 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1379 1 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1379 2 After after IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1379 3 Rome Rome NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1379 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1379 5 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1379 6 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1379 7 Cultural Cultural NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1379 8 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1379 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1379 10 500–1000 500–1000 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1379 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1380 1 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1380 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1380 3 UK UK NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1380 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1380 5 Oxford Oxford NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1380 6 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1380 7 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1380 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1381 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1381 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1381 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1381 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1381 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1381 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1381 7 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1381 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1381 9 924427 924427 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1381 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1381 11 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1381 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1382 1 Stuard Stuard NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1382 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1382 3 Susan Susan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1382 4 Mosher Mosher NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1382 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1382 6 1987 1987 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1382 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1382 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1383 1 Women woman NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1383 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1383 3 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1383 4 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1383 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1383 6 Historiography Historiography NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1383 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1384 1 Philadelphia Philadelphia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1384 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1384 3 PA pa NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1384 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1384 5 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1384 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1384 7 Pennsylvania Pennsylvania NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1384 8 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1384 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1385 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1385 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1385 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1385 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1385 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1385 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1385 7 8122 8122 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1385 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1385 9 1290 1290 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1385 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1385 11 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1385 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1386 1 External external JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1386 2 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1386 3 ORB orb JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1386 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1386 5 Online Online NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1386 6 Reference Reference NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1386 7 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1386 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1386 9 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1386 10 Studies Studies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1386 11 Academic Academic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1386 12 peer peer NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1386 13 reviewed review VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1386 14 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1386 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1386 16 encyclopedia encyclopedia NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1386 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1387 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1387 2 Labyrinth labyrinth JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1387 3 Resources Resources NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1387 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1387 5 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1387 6 Studies Studies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1387 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1388 1 NetSERF NetSERF NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1388 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1388 3 Internet internet NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1388 4 Connection connection NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1388 5 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1388 6 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1388 7 Resources Resources NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1388 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1389 1 De De NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1389 2 Re Re NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1389 3 Militari Militari NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1389 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1389 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1389 6 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1389 7 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1389 8 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1389 9 Military Military NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1389 10 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1389 11 Medievalmap.org Medievalmap.org NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1389 12 Interactive interactive JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1389 13 maps map NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1389 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1389 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1389 16 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1389 17 era era NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1389 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1389 19 Flash Flash NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1389 20 plug plug NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1389 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1389 22 in in NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1389 23 required require VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1389 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1389 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1390 1 Medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1390 2 Realms Realms NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1390 3 Learning Learning NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1390 4 resources resource NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1390 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1390 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1390 7 British British NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1390 8 Library Library NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1390 9 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 1390 10 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1390 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1390 12 beautiful beautiful JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1390 13 medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1390 14 manuscripts manuscript NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1390 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1391 1 Medievalists.net Medievalists.net NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1391 2 News News NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1391 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1391 4 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1391 5 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1391 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1391 7 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1391 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1392 1 Medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1392 2 Worlds world NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1392 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1392 4 Official Official NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1392 5 Website Website NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1392 6 Comparative comparative JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1392 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1392 8 interdisciplinary interdisciplinary JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1392 9 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1392 10 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1392 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1392 12 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1392 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1 v v NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 2 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 3 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 4 European European NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 5 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 6 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 7 Early early RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 8 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 9 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 10 Migration Migration NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 11 Period Period NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 12 Decline Decline NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 15 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 16 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 17 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 18 Late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 19 antiquity antiquity NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 20 Decline decline NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 22 Hellenistic hellenistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 23 religion religion NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 24 Christianization Christianization NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 25 Rise Rise NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 27 Islam Islam NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 28 Papal Papal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 29 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 30 First First NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 31 Bulgarian Bulgarian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 32 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 33 Frankish Frankish NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 34 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 35 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 37 Croatia Croatia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 38 Anglo Anglo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 39 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 40 Saxon Saxon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 41 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 42 Viking Viking NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 43 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 44 Carolingian Carolingian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 45 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 46 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 47 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 48 Slavonic Slavonic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 49 Rise Rise NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 50 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 51 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 52 Venetian Venetian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 53 Republic Republic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 54 Civitas Civitas NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 55 Schinesghe Schinesghe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 56 Kievan Kievan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 57 Rus Rus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 58 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 59 Growth Growth NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 60 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 61 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 62 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 63 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 64 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 65 High High NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 66 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 67 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 68 Holy Holy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 69 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 70 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 71 Second Second NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 72 Bulgarian Bulgarian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 73 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 74 Georgian Georgian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 75 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 76 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 77 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 78 Poland Poland NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 79 Feudalism Feudalism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 80 Rise Rise NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 81 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 82 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 83 Republic Republic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 84 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 85 Genoa Genoa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 86 Great Great NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 87 Schism Schism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 88 Investiture Investiture NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 89 Controversy Controversy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 90 Crusades Crusades NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 91 Republic Republic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 92 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 93 Florence Florence NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 94 Scholasticism Scholasticism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 95 Monasticism Monasticism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 96 Communalism Communalism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 97 Manorialism Manorialism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 98 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 99 Warm Warm NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 100 Period Period NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 101 Mongol Mongol NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 102 invasion invasion NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 103 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 104 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 105 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 106 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 107 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 108 Hundred Hundred NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 109 Years Years NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 110 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 111 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 112 Wars Wars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 113 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 114 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 115 Roses Roses NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 116 Hussite Hussite NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 117 Wars Wars NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 118 Burgundy Burgundy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 119 Milan Milan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 120 House House NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 121 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 122 Habsburg Habsburg NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 123 Western Western NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 124 Schism Schism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 125 Fall Fall NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 126 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 127 Constantinople Constantinople NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 128 Rise Rise NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 129 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 130 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 131 Ottoman Ottoman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 132 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 133 Swiss swiss JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 134 mercenaries mercenary NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 135 Chivalry Chivalry NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 136 Renaissance Renaissance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 137 Humanism Humanism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 138 Universities Universities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 139 Crisis Crisis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 140 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 141 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 142 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 143 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 144 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 145 Little Little NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 146 Ice Ice NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 147 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 148 Culture Culture NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 149 Architecture Architecture NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 150 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 151 Church Church NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 152 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 153 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 154 Cuisine Cuisine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 155 Demography Demography NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 156 Household Household NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 157 Literature Literature NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 158 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 159 Music Music NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 160 Philosophy Philosophy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 161 Poetry Poetry NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 162 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 163 Slavery Slavery NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 164 Technology Technology NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 165 Warfare warfare NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 166 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 167 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 168 Dark Dark NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 169 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 170 Disability Disability NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 171 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 172 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 173 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 174 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 175 Basic Basic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 176 topics topic NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 177 list list VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 178 Medievalism Medievalism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 179 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 180 reenactment reenactment JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 181 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 182 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 183 Neo Neo NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 184 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 185 medievalism medievalism NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 186 Timeline Timeline NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 187 Global Global NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 188 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 189 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 190 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 191 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 192 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 193 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 194 Portal Portal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 195 Category Category NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 196 WikiProject WikiProject NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 197 v v IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 198 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 199 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 200 European European NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 201 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 202 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 203 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 204 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 205 Medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 206 histories history NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 207 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 208 current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 209 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 210 units unit NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 211 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 212 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 213 Northern Northern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 214 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 215 Corsica Corsica NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 216 Denmark Denmark NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 217 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 218 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 219 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 220 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 221 High high JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 222 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 223 Late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 224 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 225 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 226 Germany Germany NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 227 Ireland Ireland NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 228 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 229 400–800 400–800 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 230 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 231 800–1169 800–1169 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 232 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 233 1169–1536 1169–1536 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 234 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 235 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 236 Scotland Scotland NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 237 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 238 Early early RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 239 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 240 High high JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 241 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 242 Late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 243 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 244 Spain Spain NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 245 Sweden Sweden NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 246 Wales Wales NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 247 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 248 Early early RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 249 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 250 High high JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 251 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 252 Late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 253 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 254 Central Central NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 255 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 256 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 257 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 258 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 259 Near Near NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 260 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 261 Armenia Armenia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 262 Bosnia Bosnia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 263 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 264 Herzegovina Herzegovina NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 265 Croatia Croatia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 266 Czech Czech NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 267 lands land VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 268 Georgia Georgia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 269 Greece Greece NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 270 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 271 Byzantine Byzantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 272 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 273 Ottoman Ottoman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 274 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 275 Hungary Hungary NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 276 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 277 High High NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 278 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 279 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 280 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 281 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 282 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 283 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 284 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 285 Poland Poland NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 286 Romania Romania NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 287 Serbia Serbia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 288 Anatolia Anatolia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 289 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 290 Byzantine Byzantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 291 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 292 Seljuk Seljuk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 293 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 294 Rum Rum NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 295 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 296 Ottoman Ottoman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 297 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 298 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 299 territories territory NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 300 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 301 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 302 Northern Northern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 303 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 304 Frankish Frankish NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 305 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 306 Holy Holy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 307 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 308 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 309 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 310 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 311 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 312 Bohemia Bohemia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 313 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 314 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 315 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 316 Italy Italy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 317 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 318 Swiss Swiss NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 319 Confederacy Confederacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 320 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 321 Papal Papal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 322 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 323 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 324 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 325 Sicily Sicily NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 326 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 327 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 328 Naples Naples NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 329 Republic Republic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 330 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 331 Venice Venice NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 332 Republic Republic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 333 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 334 Genoa Genoa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 335 Republic Republic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 336 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 337 Florence Florence NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 338 Duchy Duchy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 339 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 340 Burgundy Burgundy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 341 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 342 Burgundian Burgundian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 343 Netherlands Netherlands NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 344 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 345 Crown Crown NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 346 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 347 Aragon Aragon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 348 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 349 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 350 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 351 Aragon Aragon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 352 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 353 Principality Principality NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 354 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 355 Catalonia Catalonia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 356 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 357 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 358 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 359 Valencia Valencia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 360 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 361 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 362 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 363 Majorca Majorca NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 364 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 365 Portugal Portugal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 366 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 367 County County NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 368 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 369 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 370 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 371 Portugal Portugal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 372 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 373 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 374 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 375 England England NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 376 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 377 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 378 Scotland Scotland NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 379 Lordship Lordship NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 380 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 381 Ireland Ireland NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 382 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 383 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 384 Andalus Andalus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 385 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 386 Caliphate Caliphate NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 387 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 388 Córdoba Córdoba NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 389 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 390 Taifa Taifa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 391 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 392 Almoravids Almoravids NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 393 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 394 Almohads Almohads NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 395 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 396 Emirate Emirate NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 397 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 398 Granada Granada NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 399 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 400 Hereditary Hereditary NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 401 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 402 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 403 Norway Norway NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 404 Central Central NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 405 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 406 Eastern Eastern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 407 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 408 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 409 Near Near NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 410 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 411 Byzantine Byzantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 412 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 413 Bulgarian Bulgarian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 414 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 415 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 416 First First NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 417 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 418 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 419 Second Second NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 420 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 421 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 422 Croatia Croatia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 423 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 424 Dalmatia Dalmatia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 425 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 426 Pannonia Pannonia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 427 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 428 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 429 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 430 Croatia Croatia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 431 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 432 Crusader Crusader NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 433 states state NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 434 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 435 Cyprus Cyprus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 436 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 437 Tripoli Tripoli NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 438 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 439 Antioch Antioch NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 440 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 441 Edessa Edessa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 442 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 443 Jerusalem Jerusalem NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 444 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 445 Bosnia Bosnia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 446 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 447 Herzegovina Herzegovina NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 448 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 449 Banate Banate NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 450 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 451 Bosnia Bosnia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 452 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 453 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 454 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 455 Bosnia Bosnia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 456 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 457 Duchy Duchy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 458 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 459 Saint Saint NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 460 Sava Sava NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 461 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 462 Ukraine Ukraine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 463 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 464 Kievan Kievan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 465 Rus Rus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 466 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 467 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 468 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 469 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 470 Rus Rus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 471 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 472 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 473 Principality Principality NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 474 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 475 Chernigov Chernigov NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 476 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 477 Russia Russia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 478 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 479 Rus Rus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 480 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 481 Khaganate Khaganate NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 482 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 483 Novgorod Novgorod NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 484 Republic Republic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 485 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 486 Ryazan Ryazan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 487 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 488 Moscow Moscow NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 489 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 490 Serbia Serbia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 491 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 492 Principality Principality NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 493 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 494 Grand Grand NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 495 Principality Principality NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 496 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 497 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 498 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 499 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 500 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 501 Lordship Lordship NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 502 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 503 Despotate Despotate NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 504 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 505 v v LS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 506 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 507 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 508 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 509 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 510 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 511 Prehistory Prehistory NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 512 Paleolithic Paleolithic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 513 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 514 Neolithic Neolithic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 515 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 516 Bronze Bronze NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 517 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 518 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 519 Iron Iron NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 520 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 521 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 522 Classical Classical NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 523 antiquity antiquity NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 524 Classical Classical NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 525 Greece Greece NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 526 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 527 Republic Republic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 528 Hellenistic Hellenistic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 529 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 530 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 531 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 532 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 533 Christianity Christianity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 534 Christianity Christianity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 535 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 536 late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 537 antiquity antiquity NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 538 Crisis crisis NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 539 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 540 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 541 Third Third NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 542 Century Century NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 543 Fall Fall NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 544 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 545 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 546 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 547 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 548 Empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 549 Late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 550 antiquity antiquity NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 551 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 552 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 553 Early early RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 554 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 555 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 556 Migration Migration NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 557 Period Period NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 558 Christianity Christianity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 559 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 560 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 561 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 562 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 563 Christianization Christianization NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 564 Francia Francia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 565 Byzantine Byzantine NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 566 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 567 Papal Papal NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 568 States States NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 569 Bulgarian Bulgarian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 570 Empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 571 First first JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 572 Second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 573 Maritime Maritime NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 574 republics republic NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 575 Venice Venice NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 576 Genoa Genoa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 577 Pisa Pisa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 578 Amalfi Amalfi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 579 Viking Viking NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 580 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 581 Kievan Kievan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 582 Rus Rus NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 583 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 584 Crown Crown NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 585 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 586 Aragon Aragon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 587 Holy Holy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 588 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 589 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 590 High High NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 591 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 592 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 593 Republic Republic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 594 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 595 Florence Florence NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 596 Feudalism Feudalism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 597 Crusades Crusades NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 598 Mongol Mongol NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 599 invasion invasion NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 600 Serbian serbian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 601 Empire empire NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 602 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 603 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 604 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 605 Black Black NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 606 Death Death NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 607 Hundred hundred CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 608 Years Years NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 609 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 610 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 611 Kalmar Kalmar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 612 Union Union NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 613 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 614 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 615 Renaissance Renaissance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 616 Christianity Christianity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 617 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 618 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 619 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 620 era era NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 621 Reformation Reformation NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 622 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 623 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 624 Discovery Discovery NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 625 Baroque Baroque NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 626 Grand Grand NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 627 Duchy Duchy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 628 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 629 Tuscany Tuscany NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 630 Thirty Thirty NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 631 Years Years NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 632 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 633 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 634 Absolute Absolute NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 635 monarchy monarchy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 636 Ottoman Ottoman NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 637 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 638 Portuguese Portuguese NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 639 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 640 Spanish Spanish NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 641 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 642 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 643 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 644 France France NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 645 Polish Polish NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 646 – – : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 647 Lithuanian lithuanian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 648 Commonwealth Commonwealth NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 649 Cossack Cossack NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 650 Hetmanate Hetmanate NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 651 Swedish Swedish NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 652 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 653 Dutch Dutch NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 654 Republic Republic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 655 British British NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 656 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 657 Habsburg Habsburg NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 658 Monarchy Monarchy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 659 Russian Russian NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 660 Empire Empire NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 661 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 662 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 663 Enlightenment Enlightenment NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 664 Modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 665 Great Great NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 666 Divergence Divergence NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 667 Industrial Industrial NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 668 Revolution Revolution NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 669 French French NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 670 Revolution revolution NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 671 Napoleonic Napoleonic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 672 Wars Wars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 673 Nationalism Nationalism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 674 Revolutions Revolutions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 675 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 676 1848 1848 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 677 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 678 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 679 I I NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 680 Russian russian JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 681 Revolution Revolution NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 682 Interwar Interwar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 683 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 684 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 685 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 686 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 687 Cold Cold NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 688 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 689 European european JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 690 integration integration NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 691 COVID-19 COVID-19 , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 692 pandemic pandemic NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 693 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 694 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 695 Art art NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 696 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 697 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 698 Genetic Genetic NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 699 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 700 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 701 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 702 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 703 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 704 Christianity Christianity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 705 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 706 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 707 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 708 Mediterranean Mediterranean NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 709 region region NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 710 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 711 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 712 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 713 European European NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 714 Union Union NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 715 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 716 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 717 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 718 civilization civilization NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 719 Maritime Maritime NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 720 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 721 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 722 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 723 Military Military NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 724 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 725 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 726 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 727 v v IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 728 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 729 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 730 Western western JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 731 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 732 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 733 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 734 Aspects aspect NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 735 Canon Canon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 736 Law Law NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 737 Literature Literature NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 738 Media Media NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 739 Music Music NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 740 Painting Painting NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 741 Modern Modern NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 742 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 743 Contemporary Contemporary NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 744 Painting Painting NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 745 Philosophy Philosophy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 746 Religion Religion NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 747 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 748 Classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 749 antiquity antiquity NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 750 Late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 751 Antiquity Antiquity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 752 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 753 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 754 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 755 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 756 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 757 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 758 High High NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 759 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 760 Ages age NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 761 Late late RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 762 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 763 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 764 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 765 Christendom Christendom NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 766 Renaissance Renaissance NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 767 Reformation Reformation NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 768 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 769 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 770 Enlightenment Enlightenment NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 771 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 772 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 773 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 774 Great Great NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 775 Divergence Divergence NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 776 Modernism Modernism NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 777 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 778 Wars Wars NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 779 Authority Authority NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 780 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 781 BNF BNF NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 782 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 783 cb133185191 cb133185191 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 784 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 785 data data NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 786 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 787 GND GND NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 788 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 789 4129108 4129108 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 790 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 791 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 792 LCCN LCCN NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 793 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 794 sh85085001 sh85085001 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 795 NARA NARA NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 796 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 797 10641432 10641432 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 798 Portals Portals NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 799 Access Access NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 800 related related JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 801 topics topic NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 802 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 803 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 804 portal portal VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 805 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 806 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 807 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 808 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 809 War War NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 810 portal portal NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 811 Find find VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 812 out out RP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 813 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 814 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 815 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 816 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 817 Sister Sister NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 818 projects project VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 819 Media medium NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 820 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 821 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 822 Quotations Quotations NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 823 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 824 Wikiquote Wikiquote NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 825 Source Source NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 826 texts text NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 827 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 828 Wikisource Wikisource NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 829 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 830 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 831 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 832 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middle_Ages&oldid=994185378 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middle_Ages&oldid=994185378 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 833 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 834 Categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 835 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 836 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 837 Ages Ages NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 838 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 839 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 840 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 841 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 842 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 843 5th 5th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 844 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 845 6th 6th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 846 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 847 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 848 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 849 7th 7th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 850 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 851 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 852 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 853 8th 8th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 854 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 855 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 856 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 857 9th 9th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 858 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 859 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 860 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 861 10th 10th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 862 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 863 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 864 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 865 11th 11th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 866 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 867 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 868 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 869 12th 12th NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 870 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 871 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 872 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 873 13th 13th NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 874 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 875 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 876 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 877 14th 14th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 878 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 879 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 880 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 881 15th 15th JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 882 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 883 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 884 Europe Europe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 885 Christianization Christianization NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 886 Historical Historical NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 887 eras era NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 888 Dark dark JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 889 ages age NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 890 Hidden hide VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 891 categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 892 : : : en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 893 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 894 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 895 short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 896 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 897 Short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 898 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 899 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 900 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 901 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 902 Wikidata Wikidata NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 903 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 904 indefinitely indefinitely RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 905 semi semi RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 906 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 907 protected protect VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 908 pages page NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 909 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 910 indefinitely indefinitely RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 911 move move VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 912 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 913 protected protect VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 914 pages page NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 915 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 916 dmy dmy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 917 dates date NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 918 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 919 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 920 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 921 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 922 British British NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 923 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 924 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 925 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 926 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 927 Featured Featured NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 928 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 929 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 930 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 931 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 932 BNF BNF NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 933 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 934 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 935 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 936 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 937 GND GND NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 938 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 939 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 940 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 941 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 942 LCCN LCCN NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 943 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 944 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 945 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 946 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 947 NARA NARA NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 948 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 949 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 950 pages page NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 951 semi semi RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 952 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 953 protected protect VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 954 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 955 vandalism vandalism NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 956 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 957 menu menu NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 958 Personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 959 tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 960 Not not RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 961 logged log VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 962 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 963 Talk Talk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 964 Contributions Contributions NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 965 Create Create NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 966 account account NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 967 Log Log NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 968 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 969 Namespaces Namespaces NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 970 Article Article NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 971 Talk talk NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 972 Variants variant VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 973 Views view NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 974 Read read VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 975 View View NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 976 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 977 View View NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 978 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 979 More More JJR en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 980 Search Search NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 981 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 982 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 983 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 984 Contents content VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 985 Current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 986 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 987 Random random JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 988 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 989 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 990 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 991 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 992 us -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 993 Donate Donate NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 994 Contribute contribute NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 995 Help help NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 996 Learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 997 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 998 edit edit VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 999 Community community NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1000 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1001 Recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1002 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1003 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1004 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1005 Tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1006 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1007 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1008 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1009 Related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1010 changes change VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1011 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1012 file file VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1013 Special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1014 pages page NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1015 Permanent permanent JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1016 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1017 Page Page NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1018 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1019 Cite cite VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1020 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1021 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1022 Wikidata wikidata NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1023 item item NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1024 Print print NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1025 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1026 export export NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1027 Download Download NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1028 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1029 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1030 Printable Printable NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1031 version version NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1032 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1033 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1034 projects project NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1035 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1036 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1037 Wikiquote Wikiquote NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1038 Wikiversity Wikiversity NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1039 Languages Languages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1040 Afrikaans Afrikaans NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1041 Alemannisch Alemannisch NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1042 አማርኛ አማርኛ NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1043 العربية العربية NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1044 Aragonés Aragonés NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1045 Արեւմտահայերէն Արեւմտահայերէն NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1046 Arpetan Arpetan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1047 Asturianu Asturianu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1048 Azərbaycanca Azərbaycanca NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1049 تۆرکجه تۆرکجه NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1050 বাংলা বাংলা NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1051 Bân Bân NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1052 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1053 lâm lâm NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1054 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1055 gú gú NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1056 Башҡортса Башҡортса NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1057 Беларуская Беларуская NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1058 Беларуская Беларуская NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1059 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1060 тарашкевіца)‎ тарашкевіца)‎ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1061 Български Български NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1062 Boarisch Boarisch NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1063 Bosanski Bosanski NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1064 Brezhoneg Brezhoneg NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1065 Буряад Буряад NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1066 Català Català NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1067 Чӑвашла Чӑвашла NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1068 Cebuano Cebuano NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1069 Čeština Čeština NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1070 Corsu Corsu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1071 Cymraeg Cymraeg NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1072 Dansk Dansk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1073 Deutsch Deutsch NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1074 Dolnoserbski Dolnoserbski NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1075 Eesti Eesti NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1076 Ελληνικά Ελληνικά NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1077 Эрзянь Эрзянь NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1078 Español Español NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1079 Esperanto Esperanto NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1080 Estremeñu Estremeñu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1081 Euskara Euskara NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1082 فارسی فارسی JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1083 Fiji Fiji NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1084 Hindi Hindi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1085 Føroyskt Føroyskt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1086 Français Français NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1087 Frysk Frysk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1088 Furlan Furlan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1089 Gaeilge Gaeilge NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1090 Gàidhlig Gàidhlig NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1091 Galego Galego NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1092 ГӀалгӀай ГӀалгӀай NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1093 贛語 贛語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1094 한국어 한국어 VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1095 Հայերեն Հայերեն NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1096 हिन्दी हिन्दी NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1097 Hornjoserbsce Hornjoserbsce NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1098 Hrvatski Hrvatski NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1099 Ido Ido NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1100 Ilokano Ilokano NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1101 Bahasa Bahasa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1102 Indonesia Indonesia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1103 Interlingua Interlingua NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1104 Interlingue Interlingue NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1105 Íslenska Íslenska NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1106 Italiano Italiano NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1107 עברית עברית NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1108 Jawa Jawa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1109 Kabɩyɛ Kabɩyɛ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1110 ქართული ქართული NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1111 Kaszëbsczi Kaszëbsczi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1112 Қазақша Қазақша NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1113 Kernowek Kernowek NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1114 Kiswahili Kiswahili NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1115 Kreyòl Kreyòl NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1116 ayisyen ayisyen NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1117 Kriyòl Kriyòl NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1118 gwiyannen gwiyannen FW en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1119 Kurdî Kurdî NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1120 Кыргызча Кыргызча NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1121 Ladin Ladin NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1122 ລາວ ລາວ VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1123 Latina Latina NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1124 Latviešu Latviešu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1125 Lëtzebuergesch Lëtzebuergesch NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1126 Lietuvių Lietuvių NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1127 Ligure Ligure NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1128 Limburgs Limburgs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1129 Lingua Lingua NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1130 Franca Franca NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1131 Nova Nova NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1132 Lumbaart Lumbaart NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1133 Magyar Magyar NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1134 Македонски Македонски NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1135 Malagasy Malagasy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1136 മലയാളം മലയാളം IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1137 Malti Malti NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1138 मराठी मराठी NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1139 მარგალური მარგალური NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1140 مصرى مصرى NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1141 مازِرونی مازِرونی NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1142 Bahasa Bahasa NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1143 Melayu Melayu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1144 Minangkabau Minangkabau NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1145 Mirandés Mirandés NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1146 Монгол Монгол NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1147 မြန်မာဘာသာ မြန်မာဘာသာ NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1148 Nederlands Nederlands NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1149 Nedersaksies Nedersaksies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1150 日本語 日本語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1151 Napulitano Napulitano NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1152 Nordfriisk Nordfriisk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1153 Norsk Norsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1154 bokmål bokmål NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1155 Norsk Norsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1156 nynorsk nynorsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1157 Nouormand Nouormand NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1158 Occitan Occitan NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1159 Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1160 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1161 پنجابی پنجابی JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1162 پښتو پښتو NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1163 Patois Patois NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1164 Picard Picard NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1165 Piemontèis Piemontèis NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1166 Plattdüütsch Plattdüütsch NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1167 Polski Polski NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1168 Português Português NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1169 Română Română NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1170 Rumantsch Rumantsch NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1171 Русиньскый Русиньскый NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1172 Русский Русский NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1173 Саха Саха NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1174 тыла тыла NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1175 Sakizaya Sakizaya NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1176 Sardu Sardu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1177 Scots Scots NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1178 Seeltersk Seeltersk NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1179 Shqip Shqip NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1180 Sicilianu Sicilianu NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1181 Simple Simple NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1182 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1183 سنڌي سنڌي NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1184 Slovenčina Slovenčina NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1185 Slovenščina Slovenščina NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1186 Ślůnski Ślůnski NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1187 کوردی کوردی IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1188 Српски Српски NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1189 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1190 srpski srpski JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1191 Srpskohrvatski Srpskohrvatski NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1192 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1193 српскохрватски српскохрватски NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1194 Suomi Suomi NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1195 Svenska Svenska NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1196 Tagalog Tagalog NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1197 தமிழ் தமிழ் , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1198 Татарча Татарча NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1199 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1200 tatarça tatarça NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1201 ไทย ไทย NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1202 Türkçe Türkçe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1203 Türkmençe Türkmençe NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1204 Українська Українська NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1205 اردو اردو NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1206 Vèneto Vèneto NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1207 Tiếng Tiếng NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1208 Việt Việt NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1209 Võro Võro NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1210 Walon Walon NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1211 West West NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1212 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1213 Vlams Vlams NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1214 Winaray Winaray NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1215 吴语 吴语 DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1216 ייִדיש ייִדיש NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1217 粵語 粵語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1218 Zeêuws Zeêuws NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1219 Žemaitėška Žemaitėška NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1220 中文 中文 NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1221 Edit Edit NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1222 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1223 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1224 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1225 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1226 last last RB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1227 edited edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1228 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1229 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1230 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1231 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1232 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1233 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1234 14:26 14:26 CD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1235   _SP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1236 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1237 UTC UTC NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1238 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-9529 1393 1239 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1394 1 Text text NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1394 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1394 3 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1394 4 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1394 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1394 6 Creative Creative NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1394 7 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1394 8 Attribution Attribution NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1394 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-9529 1394 10 ShareAlike ShareAlike NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1394 11 License License NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1394 12 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1394 13 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1394 14 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1394 15 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-9529 1394 16 apply apply VB en-wikipedia-org-9529 1394 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1395 1 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1395 2 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-9529 1395 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1395 4 site site NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1395 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1395 6 you -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1395 7 agree agree VBP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1395 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1395 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1395 10 Terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1395 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1395 12 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1395 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-9529 1395 14 Privacy Privacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1395 15 Policy Policy NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1395 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1396 1 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1396 2 ® ® NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1396 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1396 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1396 5 registered registered JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1396 6 trademark trademark NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1396 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1396 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1396 9 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1396 10 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1396 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1396 12 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1396 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-9529 1396 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-9529 1396 15 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1396 16 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1396 17 profit profit JJ en-wikipedia-org-9529 1396 18 organization organization NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1396 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-9529 1397 1 Privacy privacy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1397 2 policy policy NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1397 3 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1397 4 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1397 5 Disclaimers Disclaimers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-9529 1397 6 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1397 7 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1397 8 Mobile Mobile NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1397 9 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-9529 1397 10 Developers Developers NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1397 11 Statistics Statistics NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1397 12 Cookie Cookie NNP en-wikipedia-org-9529 1397 13 statement statement NN