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Find sources: "Group marriage" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Relationships (Outline) Types Genetic or adoptive Kinship Family Parent father mother Grandparent Sibling Cousin By marriage Spouse Husband Wife Open marriage Polygamy Polyandry Polygyny Group marriage Mixed-orientation Partner(s) Significant other Boyfriend Girlfriend Cohabitation Same-sex Life partner Friendship (romantic / cross-sex / zone) Sexual Casual Monogamy Non-monogamy Mutual monogamy Polyamory Polyfidelity Cicisbeo Concubinage Courtesan Mistress Activities Bonding Courtship Dating Engagement Bachelor's Day Mating Meet market Romance Singles event Wedding Endings Breakup Separation Annulment Divorce Widowhood Emotions and feelings Affinity Attachment Intimacy Jealousy Limerence Love Platonic unconditional Passion Sexuality Practices Bride price dower dowry service Hypergamy Infidelity Sexual activity Transgression Repression Abuse Child Dating Domestic Elderly Narcissistic parent Power and control v t e Part of a series on Non-monogamy and Polyamory Relationships Casual dating Group marriage Ménage à trois Open relationship Marriage Sexual practices Casual sex Cuckold / Cuckquean Extramarital sex Gang bang Group sex Orgy Swinging Threesome Troilism Terms and values Hookup culture New relationship energy Primary and secondary Polyfidelity Relationship anarchy Related topics Free love Free union Polygamy v t e Part of a series on the Anthropology of kinship Basic concepts Affinity Consanguinity Marriage Incest taboo Endogamy Exogamy Moiety Monogamy Polygyny Polygamy Concubinage Polyandry Bride price Bride service Dowry Parallel / cross cousins Cousin marriage Levirate Sororate Ghost marriage Joking relationship Family Lineage Clan Cohabitation Fictive / Milk / Nurture kinship Descent Cognatic / Bilateral Matrilateral House society Avunculate Linealities Ambilineality Unilineality Matrilineality Patrilineality Household forms and residence Extended Matrifocal Matrilocal Neolocal Nuclear Patrilocal Terminology Kinship terminology Classificatory terminologies By group Iroquois Crow Omaha Inuit Hawaiian Sudanese Dravidian Case studies Australian Aboriginal Burmese Chinese Philippine Polyandry in Tibet / in India Feminist Chambri Mosuo Sexuality Coming of Age in Samoa Major theorists Diane Bell Tom Boellstorff Jack Goody Gilbert Herdt Don Kulick Roger Lancaster Louise Lamphere Eleanor Leacock Claude Lévi-Strauss Bronisław Malinowski Margaret Mead Henrietta Moore Lewis H. Morgan Stephen O. Murray Michelle Rosaldo David M. Schneider Marilyn Strathern Related articles Alliance theory Matrilineal / matrilocal societies Feminist anthropology Sex and Repression in Savage Society Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship Social anthropology Cultural anthropology v t e Group marriage is a marital arrangement where three or more adults enter into sexual, affective, romantic, or otherwise intimate short- or long-term partnerships, and share in any combination of finances, residences, care or kin work. Group marriage is considered a form of polygamy.[1][2] While academic usage has traditionally treated group marriage as a marital arrangement, more recent usage has expanded the concept to allow for the inclusion of non-conjugal unions. Colloquial usage of group marriage has also been associated with polyamory and polyamorous families. The concept reentered popular consciousness in 1974 with the publication of Group Marriage: a study of contemporary multilateral marriage by Larry Constantine and Joan Constantine. Contents 1 Classification 2 Legal aspects 3 Non-European cultures 4 In modern U.S. practices 5 Portrayal in literature 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Notes 7.2 Bibliography Classification[edit] Depending on the sexual orientations of the individuals involved, all adults in the group marriage may be sexual partners of all others with whom they are compatible. For instance, if all members are heterosexual, all the women may have sexual relationships with all the men. If members are bisexual or pansexual, they may have evolved sexual relationships with either sex.[citation needed] Group marriage implies a strong commitment to be "faithful" by having sex only within the group and intending to remain together for an extended period. The group may be open to taking on new partners, but only if all members of the family agree to accept the new person as a partner. The new person then moves into the household and becomes an equal member of the family.[citation needed] The most common form of group marriage appears to be a triad of two women and one man, or less often two men and one woman.[3][better source needed] There are also polyfidelitous families formed by two heterosexual couples who become a foursome and live together as a family.[citation needed] Legal aspects[edit] This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) See also: Legal status of polygamy In most countries, it is not explicitly illegal for three or more people to form and share a sexual relationship (subject sometimes to laws against homosexuality), though such relational forms risk running afoul of state or local ordinances banning unmarried cohabitation. No Western country permits statutory marriage between more than two people. Nor do they give strong and equal legal protection (e.g., of rights relating to children) to non-married partners — the legal regime is not comparable to that applied to married couples. Individuals involved in polyamorous relationships are considered by the law to be no different from people who live together or date under other circumstances. Non-European cultures[edit] Among the Ancient Hawaiians, the relationship of punalua involved "the fact that two or more brothers with their wives, or two or more sisters with their husbands, were inclined to possess each other in common".[4] Friedrich Ratzel in The History of Mankind reported in 1896 that in Hawaii a kind of incipient polyandry arose by the addition to the marriage establishment of a cicisbeo, known as Punalua.[5] In some parts of Melanesia, there are "sexual relations between a group of men formed by the husband's brothers and a group of women formed by the wife's sisters".[6] Women of the Nair community, a caste in Kerala, India, used to practice polyandry.[7] Toda people, who live on the isolated Nilgiri plateau of Southern India practiced adelphic polyandry for centuries, but no longer do so. Adelphic polyandry occurs when brothers share the same wife or wives. Such arrangements have been common in Himalayan tribes until recently.[8] In Sri Lanka, Sinhalese people practiced adelphic polyandry in the past, but no longer it is common to do so. The main motive behind this is to protect the wealth undivided. If there were seven or less brothers in a family, younger brothers get access to the eldest brother's wife. For families with more than seven brothers, the eighth brother will marry a new bride. younger brothers get access to the eighth brothers wife, but not the elder brothers. [9] Couple-to-couple marriages were made between the Alaskan Yup'ik until the early twentieth century when Christian missionaries suppressed the practice. Group marriage was not a standard of Yup'ik social order but rather a voluntary romantic arrangement between established couples.[10] The following instances are cited in Thomas 1906.[11] In North America there is "group marriage as existing among the Omahas … adelphic polygyny." Among the Dieri of Australia exist forms of spouse-sharing known as pirrauru, in two categories "according to whether or not the man has or has not a tippa-malku wife. In the first case it is, taken in combination with the tippa-malku marriage, a case of bilateral dissimilar adelphic (M. and F.) polygamy. In the latter case it is dissimilar adelphic (tribal) polyandry". The pirrauru "relation arises through the exchange by brothers of their wives". Among the Kurnandaburi of Australia, "a group of men who are own or tribal brothers are united … in group marriage". Among the Wakelbura of Australia, there is "adelphic polyandry." Among the Kurnai of Australia, "unmarried men have access to their brothers' wives." In modern U.S. practices[edit] Group marriage occasionally occurred in communal societies founded in the 19th and 20th centuries. A long-lived example was the Oneida Community founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848. Noyes taught that he and his followers, having reached 200 in number, had thus undergone sanctification; that is, it was impossible for them to sin, and that for the sanctified, marriage (along with private property) was abolished as an expression of jealousy and exclusiveness. The Oneida commune lived together as a single large group and shared parental responsibilities. Any given male-female combination in the group was free to have sex, usually upon the man's asking the woman, and this was the common practice for many years. The group began to falter about 1879–1881, eventually disbanding after Noyes fled arrest. Several dozen pairs of Oneidans quickly married in traditional fashion. The Kerista Commune practiced group marriage in San Francisco from 1971 to 1991, calling their version polyfidelity. It is difficult to estimate the number of people who actually practice group marriage in modern societies, as such a form of marriage is not officially recognized or permitted in any jurisdiction in the U.S., and de jure illegal in many. It is also not always visible when people sharing a residence consider themselves privately to be a group marriage. Portrayal in literature[edit] Group marriage has been a literary theme, particularly in science fiction, and especially in the later novels of Robert A. Heinlein such as Stranger in a Strange Land, Friday, Time Enough for Love, and The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress. Stranger in a Strange Land describes a communal group much like the Oneida Society.[citation needed] In at least The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress and Friday it is called "line marriage". In several of her Hainish Cycle stories, Ursula Le Guin describes a type of four-person marriage known as a sedoretu, practiced on the planet O. In this arrangement, two men and two women are married to each other, but each member of the marriage has a sexual relationship only with one male and one female spouse.[12] In James Alan Gardner's book Vigilant (novel) the protagonist is part of a group marriage with multiple men and women involved. See also[edit] Cohabitation in the United States POSSLQ Proposition 31, a novel by Robert Rimmer Samenlevingscontract Types of marriages References[edit] Notes[edit] ^ Engel, F. (2010). The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. London: Penguin Classics. ^ Morgan, Lewis (1871). Systems of consanguinity and affinity of the human family. Washington: Smithsonian. ^ "Models of Open Relationships by Kathy Labriola". Cat-and-dragon.com. Retrieved 2015-12-22. ^ Westermarck 1922, Part III, p. 240 ^ Ratzel, Friedrich (1896). The History of Mankind. London: MacMillan Press. p. 277. Retrieved 11 April 2010. ^ Westermarck 1922, Part III, p. 241 ^ Mathew, Biju. "Nair Polyandry". Kerala. Archived from the original on 2018-07-26. Retrieved 2018-06-18. ^ Polgreen, Lydia (16 July 2010). "One Bride for 2 Brothers: A Custom Fades in India". The New York Times. Malang, India. ^ සේනාරත්න,පී.ඇම්.ශ්‍රී ලංකා‍‍වේ විවාහ චාරිත්‍ර,සීමාසහිත ඇම්.ඩී.ගුණසේන සහ සමාගම,කොළඹ,1999. ^ Morrow, Israel (2019). Gods of the Flesh: A Skeptic's Journey Through Sex, Politics, and Religion. ISBN 9780578438290. ^ Northcote W. Thomas (1906). Kinship Organizations and Group Marriage in Australia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 2011-10-28. Retrieved 2009-11-05. ^ Le Guin, Ursula (2002). The Birthday of the World and Other Stories. HarperCollins. Bibliography[edit] Constantine, Larry and Joan (1974). Group Marriage: A Study of Contemporary Multilateral Marriage. Collier Books. ISBN 978-0020759102. Dillard, J.M. (1990). The Lost Years. Pocket Books. p. 440. ISBN 978-0-6717-0795-8. Emens, Elizabeth F. (2004). "Monogamy's Law: Compulsory Monogamy and Polyamorous Existence". New York University Review of Law & Social Change. 29 (2): 277. Heinlein, Robert (1996). The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress. Tom Doherty Associates, Inc. ISBN 978-0-3128-6176-6. Murdock, George P. (1949). Social Structure. New York: The MacMillan Company. ISBN 0-02-922290-7. Murdock, George P. "Ethnographic Atlas Codebook", derived from Ethnographic Atlas Westermarck, Edward (1922). The History of Human Marriage. New York: Allerton Book Company. v t e Close plural relationships By type Bigamy Group marriage Open marriage Open relationship Polyamory Polyandry Polyfidelity Polygamy Polygynandry Polygyny Relationship anarchy History and culture Combined marriage Polygamy in Christianity Polygamy in North America Polygyny in Islam LDS/FLDS Origin Current state List of practitioners Celestial marriage Sealing Spiritual wifery Placement marriage Lost boys Polygamy czar Terms Compersion New relationship energy Primary and secondary Terminology within polyamory Values within polyamory v t e Family History Household Nuclear family Extended family Conjugal family Immediate family Matrifocal family First-degree relatives Parent father mother Child son daughter Sibling brother sister Second-degree relatives Grandparent Grandchild Aunt Uncle Niece and nephew Third-degree relatives Great-grandparent Great-grandchild Grandniece and grandnephew Great-Uncle Great-Aunt Cousin Family-in-law Spouse wife husband Parent-in-law Sibling-in-law Child-in-law Stepfamily Stepfather Stepmother Stepchild Stepsibling Kinship terminology Kinship Australian Aboriginal kinship Adoption Affinity Consanguinity Disownment Divorce Estrangement Fictive kinship Marriage Nurture kinship Hawaiian kinship Sudanese kinship Eskimo kinship Iroquois kinship Crow kinship Omaha kinship Genealogy and lineage Bilateral descent Common ancestor Family name Heirloom Heredity Inheritance Lineal descendant Matrilineality Patrilineality Progenitor Clan Royal descent Family trees Pedigree chart Ahnentafel Genealogical numbering systems Seize quartiers Quarters of nobility Relationships Agape (parental love) Eros (marital love) Philia (brotherly love) Storge (familial love) Filial piety Polyfidelity Holidays Mother's Day U.S. Father's Day Father-Daughter Day Siblings Day National Grandparents Day Parents' Day Children's Day Family Day Canada American Family Day International Day of Families National Family Week UK National Adoption Day Related Wedding anniversary Sociology of the family Museum of Motherhood Incest Dysfunctional family v t e Types of marriages Legal scenarios Civil Covenant Customary Nikah 'urfi Plaçage Fleet Monogamy Serial monogamy Marriage Remarriage Same-sex Temporary Hollywood Nikah mut'ah Wedlease Voidable Putative Void Religious Jewish Christian Catholic Josephite Eastern Orthodox Mormon Quaker Clerical marriage Islamic Marriage in Islam Misyar Nikah mut'ah Nikah 'urfi Levirate Yibbum Natural Scientology Self-uniting Widow conservation Yogic Age Marriageable age Child Teen Arranged Sister exchange Flash Forced Abduction Raptio Heqin Miai Shotgun Tongyangxi Ceremonial Betrothal Handfasting Wedding Las Vegas Proxy Circumstantial basis Death Posthumous Chinese ghost marriage Widow inheritance Ghost marriage in South Sudan Levirate Yibbum Financial Flash Hypergamy Naked Peer Tongyangxi Trial Convenience Lavender Sham Green card Marriage allowance Predatory Other Exchange Watta satta Heqin Love Sologamy Mixed-orientation Sororate De facto Common-law Plaçage Endogamy Consanguine Avunculate Cousin Middle Eastern Same-surname Homogamy Royal intermarriage Exogamy Human–animal Hypergamy Inter-caste Interethnic International Interracial Interfaith Morganatic Non-monogamous Group Line Open Plural Bigamy Polygamy Polyandry Polygyny Sexless Mariage blanc Other Boston Concubinage Mail-order bride Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia Walking Category Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Group_marriage&oldid=992459727" Categories: Sexual fidelity Polygamy Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2018 Articles needing additional references from September 2015 Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version Languages العربية Bikol Central Cymraeg Español Esperanto فارسی 한국어 Հայերեն ಕನ್ನಡ Русский Suomi اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2020, at 11:08 (UTC). 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