愛 - Wiktionary 愛 Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary Jump to navigation Jump to search See also: 爱 愛 U+611B, 愛 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-611B ← 愚 [U+611A] CJK Unified Ideographs 愜 → [U+611C] Contents 1 Translingual 1.1 Han character 1.1.1 Derived characters 1.1.2 Related characters 1.1.3 Descendants 1.1.4 References 2 Chinese 2.1 Glyph origin 2.2 Etymology 2.3 Pronunciation 2.4 Definitions 2.4.1 Usage notes 2.4.2 Synonyms 2.5 Compounds 2.6 Descendants 2.7 Further reading 3 Japanese 3.1 Kanji 3.1.1 Readings 3.1.2 Compounds 3.2 Etymology 1 3.2.1 Pronunciation 3.2.2 Noun 3.2.2.1 Synonyms 3.2.2.2 Derived terms 3.2.3 Proper noun 3.3 Etymology 2 3.3.1 Pronunciation 3.3.2 Prefix 3.3.2.1 Derived terms 3.3.3 Noun 3.3.4 Proper noun 3.4 Etymology 3 3.4.1 Proper noun 3.5 References 4 Korean 4.1 Etymology 4.2 Pronunciation 4.3 Hanja 4.3.1 Compounds 4.4 References 5 Okinawan 5.1 Kanji 5.1.1 Readings 6 Old Japanese 6.1 Alternative forms 6.2 Etymology 6.3 Noun 6.3.1 Derived terms 6.3.2 Descendants 7 Vietnamese 7.1 Han character 7.1.1 Compounds 7.2 References Translingual[edit] Stroke order Han character[edit] 愛 (radical 61, 心+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 月月心水 (BBPE), four-corner 20247, composition ⿳爫冖𢖻) Derived characters[edit] 僾(𫣊), 噯(嗳), 嬡(嫒), 懓(𭞄), 曖(暧), 燰(𬊺), 璦(瑷), 皧, 瞹, 薆(𫉁), 鑀, 靉(叆), 鱫, 𣜬(𪳗), 𤻅, 𥖦, 𥣁, 𥴨(𫂖), 𦆔, 𦡝(𫆫), 𧓁, 𧞇, 𨙤, 𨣥, 𩡣(𩡖), 𪇈, 𪒱, 𭩊, 𮙀 Related characters[edit] 爱 (Simplified Chinese) Descendants[edit] 𛀃 (Hentaigana) References[edit] KangXi: page 395, character 13 Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10947 Dae Jaweon: page 732, character 2 Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2323, character 1 Unihan data for U+611B Chinese[edit] FWOTD – 8 April 2020 trad. 愛 simp. 爱 alternative forms  㤅 𢙴 𢛭 𢜤 𤔠 㤅 𢙴 𢛭 𢜤 𤔠 𤔤 𢟪 𢖻 Glyph origin[edit] Historical forms of the character 愛 Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Characters in the same phonetic series (愛) (Zhengzhang, 2003)  Old Chinese 愛 *qɯːds 曖 *qɯːds, *qaːds 僾 *qɯːds, *qɯlʔ 靉 *qɯːds, *qɯlʔ 薆 *qɯːds 璦 *qɯːds 瞹 *qaːds Originally 㤅, a phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *qɯːds): phonetic 旡 (OC *kɯds) + semantic 心 (“heart”). As early as the Qin dynasty, a meaningless component 夊 (“foot”) was added to the bottom of the character, as with some other characters depicting people. Compare 憂 (from 㥑). Further corruption turned the original phonetic 旡 into ⿱爫冖. Etymology[edit] Based on Baxter's (1992) Old Chinese reconstruction /*ʔɨts/, STEDT suggests that it is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋ-(w)aːj (“to copulate; to love; to be gentle”). Compare Proto-Karen *ʔai (“to love”), whence Pa'o Karen [script needed] (ʔái, “to love”), S'gaw Karen အဲၣ် (ʼeh̀, “to love”); Southern Bai e⁴⁴ (“love”); Mizo hma-ngaih (“to love, to like”); Jingpho nwai (“to respect, to love”), ngwi (“to be gentle”); Burmese [script needed] (ŋwé, “to be gentle, moderate”). The Chinese word is related to a Tibeto-Burman allofam without initial *ŋ-. STEDT states that an Old Chinese reconstruction of /*ʔɨjs/ for 愛 is also possible because Old Chinese rhyming does not provide direct evidence of contacts with *-t. However, Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstructs /*[q]ˁə[p]-s/, which ends in *-p-s instead. The Old Chinese contrast between *-p-s and *-t-s was lost at a late stage of Old Chinese. The final *-p is not reflected in the Tibeto-Burman comparandum provided by STEDT, making the likelihood that the Chinese form is related to the rest very low (Sagart, 2019). Behr (2016) suggests a derivation from a verbal root meaning "to draw in; to inhale; to suck in", relating it to 吸 (OC *qʰ(r)əp, “to inhale”), 欱 (OC *qʰˁ[ə]p, “to sip”), 愾 (OC *qʰəp-s, “to sigh with regret”), 僾 (OC *qˁəp-s, “to pant”), 氣 (OC *C.qʰəp-s, “vapour; breath”). Pronunciation[edit] Mandarin (Standard) (Pinyin): ài (ai4) (Zhuyin): ㄞˋ (Chengdu, SP): ngai4 (Dungan, Cyrillic): нэ (ne, III) Cantonese (Guangzhou, Jyutping): oi3 (Taishan, Wiktionary): oi1 Gan (Wiktionary): ngai4 Hakka (Sixian, PFS): oi (Meixian, Guangdong): oi4 Jin (Wiktionary): ghai3 Min Bei (KCR): o̿ Min Dong (BUC): ái / ó̤i Min Nan (Hokkien, POJ): ài (Teochew, Peng'im): ain3 Wu (Wiktionary): e (T2) Xiang (Wiktionary): ngai4 Mandarin (Standard Chinese)+ Pinyin: ài Zhuyin: ㄞˋ Wade–Giles: ai4 Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ay Tongyong Pinyin: ài Sinological IPA (key): /ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/ (Chengdu) Sichuanese Pinyin: ngai4 Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ngai Sinological IPA (key): /ŋai²¹³/ (Dungan) Cyrillic: нэ (ne, III) Sinological IPA (key): /nɛ⁴⁴/ (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.) Cantonese (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+ Jyutping: oi3 Yale: oi Cantonese Pinyin: oi3 Guangdong Romanization: oi3 Sinological IPA (key): /ɔːy̯³³/ Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese. (Taishanese, Taicheng) Wiktionary: oi1 Sinological IPA (key): /ᵘɔi³³/ Gan (Nanchang) Wiktionary: ngai4 Sinological IPA (key): /ŋai³⁵/ Hakka (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong) Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: oi Hakka Romanization System: oi Hagfa Pinyim: oi4 Sinological IPA: /oi̯⁵⁵/ (Meixian) Guangdong: oi4 Sinological IPA: /oɪ⁵³/ Jin (Taiyuan)+ Wiktionary: ghai3 Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɣai⁴⁵/ Min Bei (Jian'ou) Kienning Colloquial Romanized: o̿ Sinological IPA (key): /o³³/ Min Dong (Fuzhou) Bàng-uâ-cê: ái / ó̤i Sinological IPA (key): /ɑi²¹³/, /ɔy²¹³/ Note: ái - literary; ó̤i - vernacular. Min Nan (Hokkien) Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ài Tâi-lô: ài Phofsit Daibuun: aix IPA (Xiamen): /aɪ²¹/ IPA (Quanzhou): /aɪ⁴¹/ IPA (Zhangzhou): /aɪ²¹/ IPA (Taipei): /aɪ¹¹/ IPA (Kaohsiung): /aɪ²¹/ (Teochew) Peng'im: ain3 Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: àiⁿ Sinological IPA (key): /ãĩ²¹³/ Wu (Shanghainese) Wiktionary: e (T2) Sinological IPA (key): /e̞³⁴/ Xiang (Changsha) Wiktionary: ngai4 Sinological IPA (key): /ŋai⁴⁵/ Middle Chinese: /ʔʌiH/ Rime Character 愛 Reading # 1/1 Initial (聲) 影 (34) Final (韻) 咍 (41) Tone (調) Departing (H) Openness (開合) Open Division (等) I Fanqie 烏代切 Reconstructions Zhengzhang Shangfang /ʔʌiH/ Pan Wuyun /ʔəiH/ Shao Rongfen /ʔɒiH/ Edwin Pulleyblank /ʔəjH/ Li Rong /ʔᴀiH/ Wang Li /ɒiH/ Bernard Karlgren /ʔɑ̆iH/ Expected Mandarin Reflex ài Old Chinese (Baxter–Sagart): /*[q]ˤə[p]-s/ (Zhengzhang): /*qɯːds/ Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) Character 愛 Reading # 1/1 Modern Beijing (Pinyin) ài Middle Chinese ‹ ʔojH › Old Chinese /*[q]ˁə[p]-s/ English to love; to grudge (< ‘draw close to oneself’?) Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. Zhengzhang system (2003) Character 愛 Reading # 1/1 No. 1 Phonetic component 愛 Rime group 隊 Rime subdivision 1 Corresponding MC rime 愛 Old Chinese /*qɯːds/ Notes 說文本從心旡聲 Definitions[edit] 愛 愛 to love 我愛你。 / 我爱你。  ―  Wǒ ài nǐ.  ―  I love you. 你愛他嗎？ / 你爱他吗？  ―  Nǐ ài tā ma?  ―  Do you love him? 仁者愛人，有禮者敬人。愛人者人恆愛之，敬人者人恆敬之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.] 仁者爱人，有礼者敬人。爱人者人恒爱之，敬人者人恒敬之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.] From: Mencius, circa 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version Rén zhě ài rén, yǒulǐ zhě jìng rén. Ài rén zhě rén héng ài zhī, jìng rén zhě rén héng jìng zhī. [Pinyin] A benevolent person loves others. A person of propriety shows respect to others. Those who love others are constantly loved by them. Those who respect others are constantly respected by them. 吾至愛汝，即此愛汝一念，使吾勇於就死也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.] 吾至爱汝，即此爱汝一念，使吾勇于就死也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.] From: 1911, Lin Juemin, Farewell Letter to Yiying (《與妻訣別書》) Wú zhì ài rǔ, jí cǐ ài rǔ yī niàn, shǐ wú yǒngyú jiù sǐ yě. [Pinyin] I love you deeply, and it is this single thought of loving you that enables me to take courage in the face of imminent death. to treasure; to value 予獨愛蓮之出淤泥而不染。 [Classical Chinese, trad.] 予独爱莲之出淤泥而不染。 [Classical Chinese, simp.] From: 1063, Zhou Dunyi, 《愛蓮說》 (On the Love for the Lotus) Yú dú ài lián zhī chū yūní ér bù rǎn. [Pinyin] What I treasure about the lotus is the fact that it grows out of pond dregs yet is not caught in the filth. to like; to be fond of; to be keen on 他愛說話。 / 他爱说话。  ―  Tā ài shuōhuà.  ―  He likes to talk. 我不愛吃豬肉。 / 我不爱吃猪肉。  ―  Wǒ bù ài chī zhūròu.  ―  I don't like to eat pork. 願大王毋愛財物。 [Classical Chinese, trad.] 愿大王毋爱财物。 [Classical Chinese, simp.] From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, circa 91 BCE Yuàn dàiwáng wú ài cáiwù. [Pinyin] Might I suggest that Your Majesty be not keenly attached to the riches. to begrudge; to be reluctant 申生不敢愛其死。 [Classical Chinese, trad.] 申生不敢爱其死。 [Classical Chinese, simp.] From: The Book of Rites, circa 4th – 2nd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version Shēnshēng bùgǎn ài qí sǐ. [Pinyin] I, Shensheng, do not presume to grudge dying. 獨子愛其死乎？ [Classical Chinese, trad.] 独子爱其死乎？ [Classical Chinese, simp.] From: Yang Xiong, Fa Yan (Exemplary Sayings), 9 CE, translated based on Jeffrey S. Bullock's version Dú zǐ ài qí sǐ hū? [Pinyin] Do you alone begrudge your death? to be prone; to be easy to 愛發脾氣 / 爱发脾气  ―  ài fāpíqì  ―  to be short-tempered 鐵愛生鏽。 / 铁爱生锈。  ―  Tiě ài shēngxiù.  ―  Iron rusts easily. love; affection 愛國 / 爱国  ―  àiguó  ―  patriotism 遺愛人間 / 遗爱人间  ―  yí'àirénjiān  ―  to leave love behind 吾未有愛而吾欲愛。 [Classical Chinese, trad.] 吾未有爱而吾欲爱。 [Classical Chinese, simp.] From: c. 400, Augustine of Hippo, The Confessions, as quoted by Lu Xun in 《摩羅詩力說》, 1908 Wú wèi yǒu ài ér wú yù ài. [Pinyin] I was not in love as yet, but I was in love with love. love; benevolence something one loves; someone whom one loves 割愛 / 割爱  ―  gē'ài  ―  to sacrifice something one loves to someone else Honorific for someone else's daughter; variant of 嬡／嫒 (ài). 令愛 / 令爱  ―  lìng'ài  ―  your precious daughter affectionate 愛情 / 爱情  ―  àiqíng  ―  love beloved 愛妻 / 爱妻  ―  àiqī  ―  beloved wife (Cantonese, Hakka, Wu) to want (an object) 我唔愛咁多。 / 我唔爱咁多。 [Cantonese]  ―  ngo5 m4 oi3 gam3 do1. [Jyutping]  ―  I don't want that much. (Hakka, Min) to want (to do) (Hakka, Min) to need to; must 有一點愛注意的。 [Taiwanese Hokkien, trad.] 有一点爱注意的。 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.] Ū chi̍t tiám ài chù-ì--ê. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] There's one thing you must bear in mind. (archaic) Alternative form of 薆 (ài, “to hide”). 愛而不見 [Classical Chinese, trad.] 爱而不见 [Classical Chinese, simp.] From: c. 7th century B.C.E., Shijing, 《邶風‧靜女》 ài ér bù xiàn [Pinyin] She hides herself and does not appear. A surname​. Usage notes[edit] When used for people, 愛／爱 usually refers to romantic love. When used like this, older Mandarin speakers often describe the use of this term as overly 肉麻 (ròumá, “cheesy”). For this reason, the word 喜歡／喜欢 (xǐhuan, “to like”) might be used instead. Using the word 喜歡／喜欢 (xǐhuan) literally means like, but when used in a romantic context (especially boyfriend/girlfriend), it actually means love. However, younger Mandarin speakers seem to have been influenced somewhat by Western culture, and are now using the verb 愛／爱 much more often than was socially acceptable in the past. Synonyms[edit] See 愛/derived terms § Love (Chinese). Compounds[edit] See 愛/derived terms § Love (Chinese). Descendants[edit] Sino-Xenic (愛): → Japanese: 愛(あい) (ai) → Korean: 애 (愛, ae) → Vietnamese: ái (愛) Others: →? Hlai: *ʔəːp (“to love”) Further reading[edit] “Entry #9456”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011. Japanese[edit] Kanji[edit] See also: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 愛 愛 (grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji) Readings[edit] Go-on: あい (ai, Jōyō); お (o) Kan-on: あい (ai, Jōyō) Kun: いつくしむ (itsukushimu, 愛しむ); いとしい (itoshii, 愛しい); いとおしむ (itooshimu, 愛おしむ); かなしい (kanashii, 愛しい); おしむ (oshimu, 愛しむ); まな (mana, 愛); めでる (mederu, 愛でる) Nanori: あ (a); あい (ai); あし (ashi); え (e); かな (kana); なる (naru); めぐ (megu); めぐみ (megumi); よし (yoshi); ちか (chika) Compounds[edit] See 愛/derived terms § Kanji. Etymology 1[edit] Kanji in this term 愛 あい Grade: 4 on’yomi From Middle Chinese 愛 (MC ʔʌiH). Compare modern Mandarin 愛／爱 (ài). Pronunciation[edit] (Tokyo) あ​い [áꜜì] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][2] IPA(key): [a̠i] Noun[edit] 愛(あい) • (ai)  love 愛(あい)は強(つよ)く。 Ai wa tsuyoku. The love is strong. 愛(あい)は勝(か)つ。 Ai wa katsu. The love wins. affection Synonym: 愛情 (aijō) tenderness This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}. Synonym: 愛想 (aiso) (Buddhism) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}. (Christianity) agape Synonyms[edit] (love, generally more passionate or erotic): 恋(こい) (koi), 恋愛(れんあい) (ren'ai) Derived terms[edit] See 愛/derived terms § Love (Japanese). Proper noun[edit] 愛(あい) • (Ai)  a female given name a surname Etymology 2[edit] Kanji in this term 愛 まな Grade: 4 kun’yomi Alternative spelling 真 Originally a compound of 真 (ma, “true, genuine”) +‎ な (na), an Old Japanese version of modern Japanese の (no, possessive particle).[3] The use of 愛 here is an example of ateji (当て字). Pronunciation[edit] (Tokyo) まな [màná] (Heiban – [0]) IPA(key): [ma̠na̠] Prefix[edit] 愛(まな) • (mana-)  before a common noun, expresses a sense of admiration or value: good, genuine; compare English the real deal before a noun describing a person, expresses praise or fondness: dear, beloved Derived terms[edit] 愛(まな)弟子(でし) (manadeshi) 愛(まな)娘(むすめ) (manamusume) Noun[edit] 愛(まな) • (mana)  (archaic, derived from prefix sense) something dear or loved Proper noun[edit] 愛(まな) • (Mana)  a female given name Etymology 3[edit] Used as ateji in various names. 愛 is a very common element in many, many names. Proper noun[edit] 愛(あづみ) or 愛(ああい) or 愛(あいか) or 愛(あいす) or 愛(あき) or 愛(あこ) or 愛(あみか) or 愛(あおい) or 愛(ありさ) or 愛(あや) or 愛(あゆ) or 愛(ちぎり) or 愛(ちか) or 愛(ちかし) or 愛(えりな) or 愛(はあと) or 愛(ひかり) or 愛(いと) or 愛(いとし) or 愛(いつみ) or 愛(いずみ) or 愛(かな) or 愛(かなえ) or 愛(かなさ) or 愛(きずな) or 愛(こころ) or 愛(このむ) or 愛(まどか) or 愛(まなぶ) or 愛(まなみ) or 愛(めづる) or 愛(めご) or 愛(めぐ) or 愛(めぐみ) or 愛(めぐむ) or 愛(めい) or 愛(なる) or 愛(なるこ) or 愛(のぞみ) or 愛(らぶ) or 愛(るい) or 愛(さら) or 愛(さらん) or 愛(つぐみ) or 愛(つくみ) or 愛(うい) or 愛(よし) or 愛(よしき) or 愛(よしみ) • (Azumi or Āi or Aika or Aisu or Aki or Ako or Amika or Aoi or Arisa or Aya or Ayu or Chigiri or Chika or Chikashi or Erina or Hāto or Hikari or Ito or Itoshi or Itsumi or Izumi or Kana or Kanae or Kanasa or Kizuna or Kokoro or Konomu or Madoka or Manabu or Manami or Mezuru or Mego or Megu or Megumi or Megumu or Mei or Naru or Naruko or Nozomi or Rabu or Rui or Sara or Saran or Tsugumi or Tsukumi or Ui or Yoshi or Yoshiki or Yoshimi)  a female given name References[edit] ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN ^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan Korean[edit] Etymology[edit] From Middle Chinese 愛 (MC ʔʌiH). Historical readings Recorded as Middle Korean ᅙᆡᆼ〮 (Yale: qóy) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Recorded as Middle Korean ᄋᆡ〯 (Yale: ǒy) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527. Pronunciation[edit] (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɛː] ~ [e̞ː] Phonetic hangeul: [애ː/에ː] Long vowel distinction only applies at the initial position. Most speakers no longer distinguish vowel length at any position. Hanja[edit] Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja: 愛 Wikisource 愛 (eumhun 사랑 애 (sarang ae)) Hanja form? of 애 (“love”). Compounds[edit] See 愛/derived terms § Love (Korean). References[edit] 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1] Okinawan[edit] Kanji[edit] 愛 (grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji) Readings[edit] Kun: かなさん (kanasan, 愛さん) Old Japanese[edit] Alternative forms[edit] 眞 Etymology[edit] Originally a compound of 眞 (ma, “true, genuine”) +‎ な (na, apophonic form of possessive particle の (no2)). Noun[edit] 愛 (mana) (kana まな) something dear or loved c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 14, poem 3462) 安志比奇乃夜末佐波妣登乃比登佐波爾麻奈登伊布児我安夜爾可奈思佐 asi-pi1ki2 no2 yamasapabi1to2 no2 pi1to2 sapa ni mana to2 ipu ko1 ga aya ni kanasisa (please add an English translation of this usage example) Derived terms[edit] 愛子 (manago1) 愛娘 (manamusume1) Descendants[edit] Japanese: 愛 (mana-) Vietnamese[edit] Han character[edit] 愛: Hán Việt readings: ái[1][2][3][4][5], áy[4] 愛: Nôm readings: ái[1][2][3][4][5][6], áy[1][2][3][4][5][6], ải[1] Hán tự form of ái (“love”). Nôm form of áy (“troubled; anxious”). Compounds[edit] 可愛 (khả ái) 愛乃 (áy náy) 愛情 (ái tình)   References[edit] ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Nguyễn (2014). ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009). ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004). ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Bonet (1899). ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Génibrel (1898). ↑ 6.0 6.1 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838). 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with kun reading まな Japanese kanji with kun reading め-でる Japanese kanji with kan'on reading あい Japanese kanji with goon reading あい Japanese kanji with goon reading お Japanese kanji with nanori reading あ Japanese kanji with nanori reading あい Japanese kanji with nanori reading あし Japanese kanji with nanori reading え Japanese kanji with nanori reading かな Japanese kanji with nanori reading なる Japanese kanji with nanori reading めぐ Japanese kanji with nanori reading めぐみ Japanese kanji with nanori reading よし Japanese kanji with nanori reading ちか Japanese terms spelled with 愛 read as あい Japanese terms read with on'yomi Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation Japanese lemmas Japanese nouns Japanese terms spelled with fourth grade kanji Japanese terms written with one Han script character Japanese terms spelled with 愛 Japanese terms with usage examples ja:Buddhism ja:Christianity Japanese proper nouns Japanese given names Japanese female given names 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