id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentences	flesch	summary	cache	txt
en-wikipedia-org-4612		Western philosophy - Wikipedia			.html	text/html	12223	1447	61	Descartes' epistemology was based on a method called Cartesian doubt, whereby only the most certain belief could act as the foundation for further inquiry, with each step to further ideas being as cautious and clear as possible.[69] This led him to his famous maxim cogito ergo sum ('I think, therefore I exist'), though similar arguments had been made by earlier philosophers.[70] This became foundational for much of further Western philosophy, as the need to find a route from the private world of consciousness to the externally existing reality was widely accepted until the 20th century.[70] A major issue for his thought remained in the mind–body problem, however.[70] One solution to the problem was presented by Baruch Spinoza, who argued that the mind and the body are one substance.[71] This was based on his view that God and the universe are one and the same, encompassing the totality of existence.[72] In the other extreme, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, argued instead that the world was composed of numerous individual substances, called monads.[73] Together, Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz are considered influential early rationalists.[74]	./cache/en-wikipedia-org-4612.html	./txt/en-wikipedia-org-4612.txt