id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentences	flesch	summary	cache	txt
en-wikipedia-org-9591		Stoic logic - Wikipedia			.html	text/html	4718	490	72	The Stoics held that any meaningful utterance will involve three items: the sounds uttered; the thing which is referred to or described by the utterance; and an incorporeal item—the lektón (sayable)—that which is conveyed in the language.[14] The lekton is not a statement but the content of a statement, and it corresponds to a complete utterance.[15][16] A lekton can be something such as a question or a command, but Stoic logic operates on those lekta which are called "assertibles" (axiomata), described as a proposition which is either true or false and which affirms or denies.[15][17] Examples of assertibles include "it is night", "it is raining this afternoon", and "no one is walking."[18][19] The assertibles are truth-bearers.[20] They can never be true and false at the same time (law of noncontradiction) and they must be at least true or false (law of excluded middle).[21] The Stoics catalogued these simple assertibles according to whether they are affirmative or negative, and whether they are definite or indefinite (or both).[22] The assertibles are much like modern propositions, however their truth value can change depending on when they are asserted.[1] Thus an assertible such as "it is night" will only be true when it is night and not when it is day.[17]	./cache/en-wikipedia-org-9591.html	./txt/en-wikipedia-org-9591.txt