Stoic passions - Wikipedia Stoic passions From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Stoic passions are various forms of emotional suffering in Stoicism, a school of Hellenistic philosophy. Contents 1 Definition 2 Primary passions 3 Subdivisions 3.1 Distress 3.2 Fear 3.3 Lust 3.4 Delight 4 Good feelings 5 See also 6 Citations 7 References 8 External links Definition[edit] The passions are transliterated pathê from Greek.[1] The Greek word pathos was a wide-ranging term indicating an infliction one suffers.[2] The Stoics used the word to discuss many common emotions such as anger, fear and excessive joy.[3] A passion is a disturbing and misleading force in the mind which occurs because of a failure to reason correctly.[2] For the Stoic Chrysippus the passions are evaluative judgements.[4] A person experiencing such an emotion has incorrectly valued an indifferent thing.[5] A fault of judgement, some false notion of good or evil, lies at the root of each passion.[6] Incorrect judgement as to a present good gives rise to delight, while lust is a wrong estimate about the future.[6] Unreal imaginings of evil cause distress about the present, or fear for the future.[6] These states of feeling are disturbances of mental health which upset the natural balance of the soul, and destroy its self-control.[6] They are harmful because they conflict with right reason.[7] The ideal Stoic would instead measure things at their real value,[6] and see that the passions are not natural.[8] To be free of the passions is to have a happiness which is self-contained.[8] There would be nothing to fear—for unreason is the only evil; no cause for anger—for others cannot harm you.[8] Primary passions[edit] The Stoics beginning with Zeno arranged the passions under four headings: distress, pleasure, fear and lust.[9] One report of the Stoic definitions of these passions appears in the treatise On Passions by Pseudo-Andronicus (trans. Long & Sedley, pg. 411, modified): Distress (lupē) Distress is an irrational contraction, or a fresh opinion that something bad is present, at which people think it right to be depressed. Fear (phobos) Fear is an irrational aversion, or avoidance of an expected danger. Lust (epithumia) Lust is an irrational desire, or pursuit of an expected good. Delight (hēdonē) Delight is an irrational swelling, or a fresh opinion that something good is present, at which people think it right to be elated. Two of these passions (distress and delight) refer to emotions currently present, and two of these (fear and lust) refer to emotions directed at the future.[9] Thus there are just two states directed at the prospect of good and evil, but subdivided as to whether they are present or future:[10]   Present Future Good Delight Lust Evil Distress Fear Subdivisions[edit] Numerous subdivisions of the same class are brought under the head of the separate passions. The definitions are those of the translation of Cicero's Tusculan Disputations by J. E. King. Distress[edit] Envy Envy is distress incurred by reason of a neighbor's prosperity. Rivalry Rivalry is distress, should another be in possession of the object desired and one has to go without it oneself. Jealousy Jealousy is distress arising from the fact that the thing one has coveted oneself is in the possession of the other man as well as one's own. Compassion Compassion is distress arising from the wretchedness of a neighbor in undeserved suffering. Anxiety Anxiety is oppressive distress. Mourning Mourning is distress arising from the untimely death of a beloved object. Sadness Sadness is tearful distress. Troubling Troubling is burdensome distress. Grief Grief is torturing distress. Lamenting Distress accompanied by wailing. Depression Depression is distress accompanied by brooding. Vexation Vexation is lasting distress. Despondency Despondency is distress without any prospect of amelioration. Fear[edit] Sluggishness Sluggishness is fear of ensuing toil. Shame Shame is fear of disgrace. Fright Fright is paralyzing fear which causes paleness, trembling and chattering of teeth. Timidity Timidity is fear of approaching evil. Consternation Consternation is fear upsetting the mental balance. Pusillanimity Pusillanimity is fear following on the heels of fright like an attendant. Bewilderment Bewilderment is fear paralyzing thought. Faintheartedness Faintheartedness is lasting fear. Lust[edit] Anger Anger is lust of punishing the man who is thought to have inflicted an undeserved injury. Rage Rage is anger springing up and suddenly showing itself. Hatred Hatred is inveterate anger. Enmity Enmity is anger watching as opportunity for revenge. Wrath Wrath is anger of greater bitterness conceived in the innermost heart and soul. Greed Greed is insatiable lust. Longing Longing is lust of beholding someone who is not present. Delight[edit] Malice Malice is pleasure derived from a neighbor's evil which brings no advantage to oneself. Rapture Rapture is pleasure soothing the soul by charm of the sense of hearing. Ostentation Ostentation is pleasure shown in outward demeanor and puffing oneself out extravagantly. Good feelings[edit] The wise person (sophos) is someone who is free from the passions (apatheia). Instead the sage experiences good-feelings (eupatheia) which are clear-headed.[11] These emotional impulses are not excessive, but nor are they diminished emotions.[12][13] Instead they are the correct rational emotions.[13] The Stoics listed the good-feelings under the headings of joy (chara), wish (boulesis), and caution (eulabeia).[5] Thus if something is present which is a genuine good, then the wise person experiences an uplift in the soul—joy (chara).[14] The Stoics also subdivided the good-feelings:[15] Joy: Enjoyment Cheerfulness Good spirits Wish: Good intent Goodwill Welcoming Cherishing Love Caution: Moral shame Reverence See also[edit] On Passions Citations[edit] ^ Blank, David - "Philodemus"-2.2.4.4.2 On individual ethical topics (c.f. - 5th paragraph) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)(published Wed Apr 10, 2013; substantive revision Mon Aug 4, 2014) [Retrieved 2015-3-15] ^ a b Annas 1994, p. 103 ^ Annas 1994, p. 103-4 ^ Groenendijk, Leendert F. and de Ruyter, Doret J.(2009) 'Learning from Seneca: a Stoic perspective on the art of living and education', Ethics and Education, 4: 1, 81 — 92 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/17449640902816277 (alternative URL: here) [Retrieved 2015-3-18] ^ a b Annas 1994, p. 114 ^ a b c d e Capes 1880, p. 47 ^ Annas 1994, p. 113 ^ a b c Capes 1880, p. 48 ^ a b Sorabji 2000, p. 29 ^ Graver 2007, p. 54 ^ Inwood 1999, p. 705 ^ Annas 1994, p. 115 ^ a b Graver 2007, p. 52 ^ Inwood 1999, p. 701 ^ Graver 2007, p. 58 References[edit] Annas, Julia (1994), Hellenistic Philosophy of Mind, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-07659-4 Capes, William Wolfe (1880), Stoicism, Pott, Young, & Co. Graver, Margaret (2007), Stoicism and Emotion, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-30557-8 Inwood, Brad (1999), "Stoic Ethics", in Algra, Keimpe; Barnes, Johnathan; Mansfield, Jaap; Schofield, Malcolm (eds.), The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-25028-3 Sorabji, Richard (2000), Emotion and Peace of Mind: From Stoic Agitation to Christian Temptation, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-198-25005-0 Andronicus, "On Passions I," Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta, 3.391. ed. Hans von Arnim. 1903–1905. Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1945 c. 1927). Cicero : Tusculan Disputations (Loeb Classical Library, No. 141) 2nd Ed. trans. by J. E. King. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard UP. Long, A. A., Sedley, D. N. (1987). The Hellenistic Philosophers: vol. 1. translations of the principal sources with philosophical commentary. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. External links[edit] The Passions according to the Classical Stoa The Primary Passions v t e Stoicism Philosophers Early Zeno of Citium Persaeus Aristo Sphaerus Herillus Cleanthes Chrysippus Zeno of Tarsus Crates of Mallus Diogenes of Babylon Dioscorides Zenodotus Dionysius of Cyrene Apollodorus Antipater of Tarsus Middle Panaetius Dardanus Mnesarchus Hecato Posidonius Diodotus Diotimus Geminus Antipater of Tyre Athenodorus Cananites Late Seneca Cornutus Musonius Rufus Euphrates Cleomedes Epictetus Hierocles Junius Rusticus Marcus Aurelius Chaeremon Mara bar Serapion Philosophy Stoicism categories logic passions physics Neostoicism Modern Stoicism Concepts Adiaphora Apatheia Ataraxia Ekpyrosis Eudaimonia Katalepsis Kathekon Logos Oikeiôsis Pneuma Prohairesis Sophos Works Epictetus Discourses Enchiridion Marcus Aurelius Meditations Seneca Letters to Lucilius Essays: Anger Benefits Clemency Constancy Happiness Leisure Providence Shortness of Life Tranquillity Consolations Other Lectures (Musonius Rufus) On Passions (Chrysippus) Republic (Zeno) Related articles Paradoxa Stoicorum Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta Stoic Opposition Moral intellectualism v t e Emotions (list) Emotions Acceptance Admiration Adoration Aesthetic Affection Agitation Agony Amusement Anger Angst Anguish Annoyance Anticipation Anxiety Apathy Arousal Attraction Awe Boredom Calmness Compassion Confidence Contempt Contentment Courage Cruelty Curiosity Defeat Depression Desire Disappointment Disgust Distrust Doubt Ecstasy Embarrassment vicarious Empathy Enthrallment Enthusiasm Envy Euphoria Excitement Faith Fear Flow Frustration Gratification Gratitude Greed Grief Guilt Happiness Hatred Hiraeth Homesickness Hope Horror Hostility Humiliation Hygge Hysteria Indulgence Infatuation Insecurity Inspiration Interest Irritation Isolation Jealousy Joy Kindness Loneliness Love limerence Lust Mono no aware Neglect Nostalgia Outrage Panic Passion Pity self-pity Pleasure Pride grandiosity hubris insult vanity Rage Regret Rejection Remorse Resentment Sadness melancholy Saudade Schadenfreude Sehnsucht Sentimentality Shame Shock Shyness Social connection Sorrow Spite Stress chronic Suffering Surprise Sympathy Trust Wonder Worry Worldviews Cynicism Defeatism Nihilism Optimism Pessimism Reclusion Weltschmerz Related Affect consciousness in education measures in psychology Affective computing forecasting neuroscience science spectrum Affectivity positive negative Appeal to emotion Emotion and art and memory and music and sex classification evolution expressed functional accounts group homeostatic in animals perception recognition in conversation regulation interpersonal work Emotional aperture bias blackmail competence conflict contagion detachment dysregulation eating exhaustion expression intelligence and bullying intimacy isolation lability labor lateralization literacy prosody reasoning responsivity security selection symbiosis well-being Emotionality bounded Emotions and culture history in decision-making in the workplace in virtual communication moral self-conscious social social sharing sociology Feeling Gender and emotional expression Group affective tone Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems Jealousy in art Meta-emotion Pathognomy Pathos Social emotional development Stoic passions Theory affect appraisal constructed emotion discrete emotion somatic marker Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stoic_passions&oldid=1020290060" Categories: Stoicism Emotion Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version Languages Suomi Татарча/tatarça Edit links This page was last edited on 28 April 2021, at 08:25 (UTC). 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