Toulouse - Wikipedia





	
	

	
	

	Toulouse

	
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		Prefecture and commune in Occitanie, France

For other uses, see Toulouse (disambiguation).




Prefecture and commune in Occitanie, France
	Toulouse

    
Tolosa  (Occitan)

	Prefecture and commune

	Hôpital de La Grave, Ariane 5 (Cité de l'espace), Basilica of Saint-Sernin, Place du Capitole, the first Airbus A380, Musée des Augustins


	
Coat of arms




	Motto(s): Per Tolosa totjorn mai
(Occitan for '"For Toulouse, always more"')

	Location of Toulouse





	
Toulouse




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Toulouse




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	Coordinates: 43°36′16″N 1°26′38″E / 43.6045°N 1.444°E / 43.6045; 1.444Coordinates: 
43°36′16″N 1°26′38″E / 43.6045°N 1.444°E / 43.6045; 1.444
	Country	France
	Region	Occitanie
	Department	Haute-Garonne
	Arrondissement	Toulouse
	Canton	Toulouse-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11
	Intercommunality	Toulouse Métropole
	Government

	 • Mayor (2020–2026) 	Jean-Luc Moudenc (LR)
	Area1
	118.3 km2 (45.7 sq mi)
	 • Urban (2017)
	811.6 km2 (313.4 sq mi)
	 • Metro (2010)
	5,381.5 km2 (2,077.8 sq mi)
	Population (Jan. 2018)[1]
	486,828
	 • Rank	4th in France
	 • Density	4,100/km2 (11,000/sq mi)
	 • Urban (Jan. 2017[2])
	968,638
	 • Urban density	1,200/km2 (3,100/sq mi)
	 • Metro (Jan. 2017[3])
	1,360,829
	 • Metro density	250/km2 (650/sq mi)
	Demonym(s)	English: Toulousian
French: Toulousain(e)
Occitan: tolosenc(a)
	Time zone	UTC+01:00 (CET)
	 • Summer (DST)	UTC+02:00 (CEST)
	INSEE/Postal code	31555 /

	Website	www.toulouse.fr
	1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.


Toulouse (/tuːˈluːz/ too-LOOZ,[4] French: [tuluz] (listen); Occitan: Tolosa [tuˈluzɔ]; Latin: Tolosa [tɔˈloːsa]) is the capital of the French department of Haute-Garonne and of the region of Occitanie. The city is on the banks of the River Garonne, 150 kilometres (93 miles) from the Mediterranean Sea, 230 km (143 mi) from the Atlantic Ocean and 680 km (420 mi) from Paris. It is the fourth-largest city in France, with 479,553 inhabitants within its municipal boundaries (as of January 2017), and 1,360,829 inhabitants within its wider metropolitan area (also as of January 2017), after Paris, Lyon and Marseille, and ahead of Lille and Bordeaux.

Toulouse is the centre of the European aerospace industry, with the headquarters of Airbus (formerly EADS), the SPOT satellite system, ATR and the Aerospace Valley. It also hosts the European headquarters of Intel and CNES's Toulouse Space Centre (CST), the largest space centre in Europe.[5] Thales Alenia Space, ATR, SAFRAN, Liebherr-Aerospace and Airbus Defence and Space also have a significant presence in Toulouse.

The University of Toulouse is one of the oldest in Europe (founded in 1229) and, with more than 103,000 students, it is the fourth-largest university campus in France, after the universities of Paris, Lyon and Lille.[6]

The air route between Toulouse–Blagnac and the Paris airports is the busiest in France, transporting 3.2 million passengers in 2019.[7] According to the rankings of L'Express and Challenges, Toulouse is the most dynamic French city.[8][9][10]

Founded by the Romans, the city was the capital of the Visigothic Kingdom in the 5th century and the capital of the province of Languedoc in the Late Middle Ages and early modern period (provinces were abolished during the French Revolution), making it the unofficial capital of the cultural region of Occitania (Southern France). It is now the capital of the Occitanie region, the second largest region in Metropolitan France.

Toulouse counts three UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the Canal du Midi (designated in 1996 and shared with other cities), and the Basilica of St. Sernin, the largest remaining Romanesque building in Europe,[11] designated in 1998 along with the former hospital Hôtel-Dieu Saint-Jacques because of their significance to the Santiago de Compostela pilgrimage route. The city's unique architecture made of pinkish terracotta bricks has earned Toulouse the nickname La Ville Rose ("The Pink City").[citation needed]


Contents


	1 Geography
	1.1 Hydrography
	1.2 Climate



	2 History
	2.1 Early history
	2.2 County of Toulouse
	2.3 Kingdom of France
	2.4 19th century
	2.5 20th and 21th centuries



	3 Population
	4 Government and politics
	4.1 Toulouse Métropole
	4.2 Local politics
	4.3 Mayors



	5 Sights and architecture
	5.1 Romanesque architecture (11th-12th c.)
	5.1.1 Basilica of Saint-Sernin



	5.2 Gothic architecture (13th c.-early 16th c.)
	5.2.1 Southern French Gothic: a militant religious architecture
	5.2.2 Gothic civil architecture



	5.3 Renaissance architecture
	5.4 17th century architecture
	5.4.1 17th century religious architecture
	5.4.2 17th century civil architecture



	5.5 18th century architecture
	5.6 19th and 20th century architecture
	5.7 Banks of the Garonne, Canal du Midi, parks
	5.8 Museums and theme parks



	6 Economy
	7 Education
	7.1 Colleges and universities
	7.2 Primary and secondary schools



	8 Transport
	8.1 Train
	8.2 Metro
	8.3 Tramway
	8.4 Bicycle
	8.5 Airports
	8.6 Canal
	8.7 Toulouse public transportation statistics



	9 Communications
	10 Culture
	11 Sport
	12 Notable people
	13 International relations
	13.1 Twin towns and sister cities
	13.2 Other cooperations



	14 See also
	15 Notes
	16 References
	16.1 Citations
	16.2 Sources



	17 External links





Geography[edit]

Toulouse is in the south of France, north of the department of Haute-Garonne, on the axis of communication between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.


Hydrography[edit]

The city is traversed by the Canal de Brienne, the Canal du Midi and the rivers Garonne, Touch and Hers-Mort.


Climate[edit]

Toulouse has a temperate humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Köppen climate classification). Too much precipitation during the summer months prevents the city from being classified as a Mediterranean climate zone.


	 Toulouse

	Climate chart (explanation)
		J
	F
	M
	A
	M
	J
	J
	A
	S
	O
	N
	D

	
 

 

51

 

 

10

2


	
 

 

42

 

 

11

3


	
 

 

49

 

 

15

5


	
 

 

70

 

 

17

7


	
 

 

74

 

 

21

11


	
 

 

60

 

 

25

14


	
 

 

38

 

 

28

17


	
 

 

47

 

 

28

17


	
 

 

47

 

 

25

13


	
 

 

57

 

 

20

11


	
 

 

51

 

 

13

6


	
 

 

52

 

 

10

3



	Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
	Precipitation totals in mm


	
	Imperial conversion
	J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
	
 

 

2

 

 

49

36


	
 

 

1.6

 

 

52

37


	
 

 

1.9

 

 

58

41


	
 

 

2.7

 

 

63

45


	
 

 

2.9

 

 

70

52


	
 

 

2.4

 

 

77

58


	
 

 

1.5

 

 

82

62


	
 

 

1.8

 

 

82

62


	
 

 

1.9

 

 

76

56


	
 

 

2.2

 

 

67

51


	
 

 

2

 

 

56

42


	
 

 

2.1

 

 

50

38



	Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
	Precipitation totals in inches






	Climate data for Toulouse (TLS), elevation: 151 m (495 ft), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1947–present

	Month
	Jan
	Feb
	Mar
	Apr
	May
	Jun
	Jul
	Aug
	Sep
	Oct
	Nov
	Dec
	Year

	Record high °C (°F)
	21.2
(70.2)
	24.1
(75.4)
	27.1
(80.8)
	30.0
(86.0)
	33.4
(92.1)
	40.2
(104.4)
	40.2
(104.4)
	40.7
(105.3)
	35.3
(95.5)
	30.8
(87.4)
	24.3
(75.7)
	21.1
(70.0)
	40.7
(105.3)

	Average high °C (°F)
	9.5
(49.1)
	11.1
(52.0)
	14.5
(58.1)
	17.0
(62.6)
	21.0
(69.8)
	25.2
(77.4)
	28.0
(82.4)
	27.9
(82.2)
	24.6
(76.3)
	19.5
(67.1)
	13.3
(55.9)
	9.9
(49.8)
	18.5
(65.3)

	Daily mean °C (°F)
	5.9
(42.6)
	7.0
(44.6)
	9.8
(49.6)
	12.1
(53.8)
	16.0
(60.8)
	19.7
(67.5)
	22.3
(72.1)
	22.2
(72.0)
	19.0
(66.2)
	15.0
(59.0)
	9.5
(49.1)
	6.5
(43.7)
	13.8
(56.8)

	Average low °C (°F)
	2.4
(36.3)
	3.0
(37.4)
	5.0
(41.0)
	7.1
(44.8)
	10.9
(51.6)
	14.3
(57.7)
	16.5
(61.7)
	16.5
(61.7)
	13.4
(56.1)
	10.5
(50.9)
	5.8
(42.4)
	3.2
(37.8)
	9.1
(48.4)

	Record low °C (°F)
	−18.6
(−1.5)
	−19.2
(−2.6)
	−8.4
(16.9)
	−3.0
(26.6)
	−0.8
(30.6)
	4.0
(39.2)
	7.6
(45.7)
	5.5
(41.9)
	1.9
(35.4)
	−3.0
(26.6)
	−7.5
(18.5)
	−12.0
(10.4)
	−19.2
(−2.6)

	Average precipitation mm (inches)
	51.3
(2.02)
	41.6
(1.64)
	49.1
(1.93)
	69.6
(2.74)
	74.0
(2.91)
	60.3
(2.37)
	37.7
(1.48)
	46.8
(1.84)
	47.4
(1.87)
	57.0
(2.24)
	51.1
(2.01)
	52.4
(2.06)
	638.3
(25.13)

	Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
	9.2
	7.8
	8.6
	9.6
	9.9
	7.1
	5.0
	6.1
	6.5
	8.1
	9.2
	8.6
	95.7

	Average snowy days
	2.1
	2.0
	1.0
	0.2
	0.0
	0.0
	0.0
	0.0
	0.0
	0.0
	0.6
	1.6
	7.5

	Average relative humidity (%)
	87
	82
	77
	76
	76
	72
	68
	71
	74
	81
	85
	88
	78

	Mean monthly sunshine hours
	92.5
	115.0
	175.1
	186.1
	209.2
	227.6
	252.6
	238.8
	204.0
	149.2
	96.0
	85.3
	2,031.3

	Source 1: Meteo France[12][13]

	Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (relative humidity 1961–1990)[14]






	Climate data for Toulouse–Francazal, elevation: 164 m (538 ft), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1922–present

	Month
	Jan
	Feb
	Mar
	Apr
	May
	Jun
	Jul
	Aug
	Sep
	Oct
	Nov
	Dec
	Year

	Record high °C (°F)
	23.3
(73.9)
	24.8
(76.6)
	28.3
(82.9)
	29.9
(85.8)
	33.9
(93.0)
	39.3
(102.7)
	40.2
(104.4)
	44.0
(111.2)
	36.0
(96.8)
	35.4
(95.7)
	27.0
(80.6)
	26.9
(80.4)
	44.0
(111.2)

	Average high °C (°F)
	9.7
(49.5)
	11.1
(52.0)
	14.5
(58.1)
	16.9
(62.4)
	20.9
(69.6)
	25.0
(77.0)
	28.0
(82.4)
	28.0
(82.4)
	24.6
(76.3)
	19.5
(67.1)
	13.4
(56.1)
	10.1
(50.2)
	18.5
(65.3)

	Daily mean °C (°F)
	6.1
(43.0)
	7.2
(45.0)
	9.9
(49.8)
	12.2
(54.0)
	16.1
(61.0)
	19.8
(67.6)
	22.4
(72.3)
	22.3
(72.1)
	19.1
(66.4)
	15.2
(59.4)
	9.7
(49.5)
	6.8
(44.2)
	13.9
(57.0)

	Average low °C (°F)
	2.6
(36.7)
	3.3
(37.9)
	5.4
(41.7)
	7.4
(45.3)
	11.3
(52.3)
	14.7
(58.5)
	16.8
(62.2)
	16.7
(62.1)
	13.7
(56.7)
	10.8
(51.4)
	6.1
(43.0)
	3.4
(38.1)
	9.4
(48.9)

	Record low °C (°F)
	−19.0
(−2.2)
	−16.7
(1.9)
	−7.4
(18.7)
	−4.1
(24.6)
	0.1
(32.2)
	4.5
(40.1)
	7.0
(44.6)
	7.3
(45.1)
	0.0
(32.0)
	−2.6
(27.3)
	−8.5
(16.7)
	−13.4
(7.9)
	−19.0
(−2.2)

	Average precipitation mm (inches)
	50.4
(1.98)
	38.5
(1.52)
	45.9
(1.81)
	65.7
(2.59)
	73.7
(2.90)
	58.0
(2.28)
	38.5
(1.52)
	42.7
(1.68)
	51.9
(2.04)
	55.4
(2.18)
	52.4
(2.06)
	52.5
(2.07)
	625.6
(24.63)

	Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
	8.5
	7.1
	8.2
	10.0
	9.6
	7.0
	4.9
	6.2
	6.3
	8.2
	8.8
	8.7
	93.4

	Average snowy days
	2.1
	2.0
	1.0
	0.2
	0.0
	0.0
	0.0
	0.0
	0.0
	0.0
	0.6
	1.6
	7.5

	Average relative humidity (%)
	87
	82
	77
	76
	76
	72
	68
	71
	74
	81
	85
	88
	78

	Mean monthly sunshine hours
	93.1
	116.6
	173.6
	186.7
	207.5
	224.8
	246.8
	234.9
	202.5
	147.9
	94.9
	85.4
	2,014.5

	Source: Meteo France[15]





History[edit]

Main articles: History of Toulouse and Timeline of Toulouse

  
The remains of the Roman wall in Toulouse illustrate the early use of brick and stone in construction.



Early history[edit]

The Garonne Valley was a central point for trade between the Pyrenees, the Mediterranean and the Atlantic since at least the Iron Age.
The historical name of the city, Tolosa (Τολῶσσα in Greek, and of its inhabitants, the Tolosates, first recorded in the 2nd century BC), is of unknown meaning or origin, possibly from Aquitanian or Iberian,[16] but it has also been connected to the name of the Gaulish Volcae Tectosages.[17]

Tolosa enters the historical period in the 2nd century BC, when it became a Roman military outpost. After the conquest of Gaul, it was developed as a Roman city in Gallia Narbonensis. Under the reign of Emperor Augustus and thanks to the Pax Romana, the Romans moved the city a few kilometres from the hills where it was an oppidum to the banks of the Garonne, which were more suitable for trade. Around the year 250, Toulouse was marked by the martyrdom of Saturnin, the first bishop of Toulouse. This episode illustrates the difficult beginnings of Christianity in Roman Gaul.

In the 5th century, Tolosa fell to the Visigothic kingdom and became one of its major cities, in the early 6th century even serving as its capital, before it fell to the Franks under Clovis in 507 (Battle of Vouillé).
From that time, Toulouse was the capital of Aquitaine within the Frankish realm.[18][citation needed]

In 721, Duke Odo of Aquitaine defeated an invading Umayyad Muslim army at the Battle of Toulouse. Many Arab chroniclers consider that Odo's victory was the real stop to Muslim expansion into Christian Europe, incursions of the following years being simple raids without real will of conquest (including the one that ended with Charles Martel's victory at the Battle of Tours, also called the Battle of Poitiers).[19]

The Frankish conquest of Septimania followed in the 750s, and a quasi-independent County of Toulouse emerged within the Carolingian sub-kingdom of Aquitaine by the late 8th century. The Battle of Toulouse of 844, pitting Charles the Bald against Pepin II of Aquitaine, was key in the Carolingian Civil War.


County of Toulouse[edit]

Further information: County of Toulouse

  
Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse was a leader of the First Crusade



  
Over nearly 5 centuries the capitouls held an exceptional collection of their portraits in the municipal annals.



  
St Dominic's room at Maison Seilhan is considered the birthplace of the Dominican Order.



  
The vast Hall of the Illustrious (Salle des Illustres) in the Capitole presents numerous paintings and sculptures illustrating the history of Toulouse.



In 1096, Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, left with his army at the call of the Pope to join the First Crusade, of which he was one of the main leaders.

In the 12th century the notables of the city took advantage of a weakening of the county power to obtain for their city a great autonomy, they created a municipal body of consuls (called capitouls in Toulouse) to lead the city.

At the beginning of the thirteenth century the county of Toulouse was taken in another crusade, of which it was the target this time. The reason for this was the development of Catharism in the south of France, which the Pope wanted to eradicate by all possible means. This struggle took on several aspects, going beyond the military crusade, such as the creation of an original and militant Gothic architecture: the Southern French Gothic.

In 1215, the Dominican Order was founded in Toulouse by Saint Dominic in the context of struggle against the Cathar heresy.

In the Treaty of Paris of 1229, Toulouse formally submitted to the crown of France. The county's sole heiress Joan was engaged to Alphonse, Count of Poitiers, a younger brother of Louis IX of France. The marriage became legal in 1241, but it remained childless and so after Joan's death, the county fell to the Crown of France by inheritance.

Also in 1229, University of Toulouse was established after the Parisian model, intended as a means to dissolve the heretic movement.[citation needed]

Various monastic orders, like the congregation of the order of frères prêcheurs, were started. They found home in Les Jacobins.[citation needed] In parallel, a long period of inquisition began inside the Toulouse walls. The fear of repression forced the leading figures to exile or to convert themselves. The inquisition lasted nearly 400 years, making Toulouse its capital.[citation needed]


Kingdom of France[edit]

In 1271, Toulouse was incorporated into the kingdom of France and declared a "royal city".[citation needed] In 1323 the Consistori del Gay Saber was created in Toulouse to preserve the lyric art of the troubadours by organizing a poetry contest; and Toulouse became the centre of Occitan literary culture for the next hundred years. The Consistori del Gay Saber is considered to be the oldest literary society in Europe, at the origin of the most sophisticated treatise on grammar and rhetoric of the Middle Ages, and in 1694 it was transformed into the Royal Academy of the Floral Games (Académie des Jeux Floraux), still active today, by king Louis XIV.

The 14th century brought a pogrom against Toulouse's Jewish population by Crusaders in 1320,[20] the Black Death in 1348, then the Hundred Years' War. Despite strong immigration, the population lost 10,000 inhabitants in 70 years. By 1405 Toulouse had only 19,000 people.[21]

The situation improved in the 15th century.[22] Charles VII established the second parliament of France after that of Paris. Reinforcing its place as an administrative center, the city grew richer, participating in the trade of Bordeaux wine with England, as well as cereals and textiles. A major source of income was the production and export of pastel, a blue dye made from woad.[23] The fortune generated by this international trade was at the origin of several of Toulouse's superb Renaissance mansions.

In 1562 the French Wars of Religion began and Toulouse became an ultra-Catholic stronghold in a predominantly Protestant region, the era of economic prosperity came to an end. The governor of Languedoc, Henri II de Montmorency, who had rebelled, was executed in 1632 in the Capitole in the presence of King Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu.

In 1666 Pierre-Paul Riquet started the construction of the Canal du Midi which links Toulouse to the Mediterranean Sea, and is considered one of the greatest construction works of the 17th century. Completed in 1681, the canal stimulated the economy of Toulouse by promoting the export of cereals (wheat and corn) and the import of oil and other goods from the Mediterranean regions.

In the 18th century, Toulouse was a provincial capital that prided itself on its royal academies (the only city in France, along with Paris, to have three royal academies), but seemed far removed from the debates of ideas that agitated the Enlightenment. A famous example illustrates this backwardness of Toulouse mentalities of the time: in 1762 its powerful Parliament sentenced Jean Calas to death. The philosopher Voltaire then accused the Parliament of Toulouse of religious intolerance (Calas was a Protestant), gave the affair a European repercussion and succeeded in having the judgment of the Parliament quashed by the King's Council, which did much damage to the reputation of the Parliament. It was on this occasion that Voltaire published one of his major philosophical works: his famous Treatise on Tolerance.

With the French Revolution of 1789 and the reform or suppression of all royal institutions, Toulouse lost much of its power and influence: until then the capital of the vast province of Languedoc, with a Parliament ruling over an even larger territory, the city then finds itself simply at the head of the single small department of Haute-Garonne.


19th century[edit]

On 10 April 1814, four days after Napoleon's surrender of the French Empire to the nations of the Sixth Coalition (a fact that the two armies involved were not yet aware of), the Battle of Toulouse pitted the Hispanic-British troops of Field Marshal Wellington against the French troops of Napoleonic Marshal Soult, who, although they managed to resist, were forced to withdraw. Toulouse was thus the scene of the last Franco-British battle on French territory.[24]

Unlike most large French cities, there was no real industrial revolution in 19th century Toulouse. The most important industries were the gunpowder factory, to meet military needs, and the tobacco factory. In 1856 the railway arrived in Toulouse and the city was modernised: the ramparts were replaced by large boulevards, and major avenues such as the rue d'Alsace-Lorraine and the rue de Metz opened up the historic centre.

In 1875 a flood of the Garonne devastated more than 1,000 houses and killed 200 people. It also destroyed all the bridges in Toulouse, except the Pont-Neuf.[25]


20th and 21th centuries[edit]

World War I brought to Toulouse (geographically sheltered from enemy attacks) chemical industries as well as aviation workshops (Latécoère, Dewoitine), which launched the city's aeronautical construction tradition and gave birth after the war to the famous Aéropostale, a pioneering airmail company based in Toulouse and whose epics were popularised by the novels of writers such as Joseph Kessel and Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (himself an Aéropostale pilot).[26]

In the 1920s and 1930s the rise of the Toulouse population was increased by the arrival of Italians and Spaniards fleeing the fascist regimes of their country. Then, in the early 1960s, French repatriates from Algeria swelled the city's population.

In 1963, Toulouse was chosen to become one of the country's eight “balancing Metropolis”, regaining a position among the country's major cities that it had always had, but lost in the 19th century. The French state then encouraged the city's specialisation in aeronautics and space activities, sectors that had experienced strong growth in recent decades, fueling economic and population growth.

On 21 September 2001, an explosion occurred at the AZF fertiliser factory, causing 31 deaths, about 30 seriously wounded and 2,500 light casualties. The blast measured 3.4 on the Richter scale and the explosion was heard 80 km (50 miles) away.

In 2016 a territorial reform made Toulouse the regional prefecture of Occitanie, the second largest region in metropolitan France, giving it a role commensurate with its past as a provincial capital among the most important in France.


Population[edit]

	Historical population[2][3]

	
	Urban Area
	Metropolitan
Area

	1695	43,000	

	1750	48,000	

	1790	52,863	

	1801	50,171	

	1831	59,630	

	1851	95,277	

	1872	126,936	

	1911	149,000	

	1936	213,220	

	1946	264,411	

	1954	268,865	

	1962	329,044	

	1968	439,764	474,000

	1975	509,939	585,000

	1982	541,271	645,000

	1990	650,336	797,373

	1999	761,090	964,797

	2007	859,336	1,187,686

	2012	906,457	1,270,760

	2017	968,638	1,360,829



The population of the city proper (French: commune) was 479,553 at the January 2017 census, with 1,360,829 inhabitants in the metropolitan area (within the 2010 borders of the metropolitan area), up from 1,187,686 at the January 2007 census (within the same 2010 borders of the metropolitan area).[2][3] Thus, the metropolitan area registered a population growth rate of +1.4% per year between 2007 and 2017, the highest growth rate of any French metropolitan area larger than 500,000 inhabitants, although it is slightly lower than the growth rate registered between the 1999 and 2007 censuses. Toulouse is the fourth largest city in France, after Paris, Marseille and Lyon, and the fourth-largest metropolitan area after Paris, Lyon, and Marseille.


Historical population of the commune of Toulouse		Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
	1793 	52,612	—    
	1800 	50,171	−0.68%
	1806 	51,689	+0.50%
	1821 	52,328	+0.08%
	1831 	59,639	+1.32%
	1836 	77,372	+5.34%
	1841 	90,368	+3.15%
	1846 	94,227	+0.84%
	1851 	96,564	+0.49%
	1856 	103,144	+1.33%
	1861 	113,714	+1.97%
	1866 	126,936	+2.22%
	1872 	124,852	−0.28%
	1876 	131,642	+1.33%
	1881 	140,289	+1.28%
	1886 	147,617	+1.02%
	1891 	149,791	+0.29%
	1896 	149,963	+0.02%

		Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
	1901 	149,841	−0.02%
	1906 	149,438	−0.05%
	1911 	149,576	+0.02%
	1921 	175,434	+1.61%
	1926 	180,771	+0.60%
	1931 	194,564	+1.48%
	1936 	213,220	+1.85%
	1946 	264,411	+2.18%
	1954 	268,863	+0.21%
	1962 	323,724	+2.35%
	1968 	370,796	+2.29%
	1975 	373,796	+0.12%
	1982 	347,995	−1.02%
	1990 	358,688	+0.38%
	1999 	390,350	+0.94%
	2007 	439,453	+1.49%
	2012 	453,317	+0.62%
	2017 	479,553	+1.13%


	


	Source: EHESS[27] and INSEE (1968-2017)[28]


	Largest groups of foreign residents

	Nationality	Population (2016)[29]

	 Algeria	13,272

	 Morocco	10,444

	 Spain	5,369

	 Tunisia	3,408

	 Portugal	3,115

	 Italy	2,174

	 Turkey	1,086





Fueled by booming aerospace and high-tech industries, population growth of +1.49% a year in the metropolitan area in the 1990s (compared with +0.37% for metropolitan France), and a record +1.87% a year in the early 2000s (+0.68% for metropolitan France), which is the highest population growth of any French metropolitan area larger than 500,000 inhabitants, means the Toulouse metropolitan area overtook Lille as the fourth-largest metropolitan area of France at the 2006 census.

A local Jewish group estimates there are about 2,500 Jewish families in Toulouse.[citation needed] A Muslim association has estimated there are some 35,000 Muslims in town.[30]


Government and politics[edit]

Toulouse Métropole[edit]

Main article: Toulouse Métropole

The Community of Agglomeration of Greater Toulouse (Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Toulouse) was created in 2001 to better coordinate transport, infrastructure and economic policies between the city of Toulouse and its immediate independent suburbs. It succeeds a previous district which had been created in 1992 with fewer powers than the current council. It combines the city of Toulouse and 24 independent communes, covering an area of 380 km2 (147 sq mi), totalling a population of 583,229 inhabitants (as of 1999 census), 67% of whom live in the city of Toulouse proper. As of February 2004 estimate, the total population of the Community of Agglomeration of Greater Toulouse was 651,209 inhabitants, 65.5% of whom live in the city of Toulouse. Due to local political feuds, the Community of Agglomeration only hosts 61% of the population of the metropolitan area, the other independent suburbs having refused to join in. Since 2009, the Community of agglomeration has become an urban community (in French: communauté urbaine). This has become a métropole in 2015, spanning 37 communes.[31]


Local politics[edit]

  
Toulouse's city hall, the Capitole de Toulouse, and the square of the same name with the Occitan cross designed by Raymond Moretti on the ground



  
Coats of arms of Toulouse: Saint-Sernin church and Comtal castle frame a paschal lamb bearing the Toulouse cross



One of the major political figures in Toulouse was Dominique Baudis, the mayor of Toulouse between 1983 and 2001, member of the centrist UDF.[citation needed] First known as a journalist known for his coverage of the war in Lebanon, 36-year-old Dominique Baudis succeeded his father Pierre Baudis in 1983 as mayor of Toulouse. (Pierre Baudis was mayor from 1971 to 1983.)

Baudis tried to strengthen the international role of Toulouse (such as its Airbus operations), as well as revive the cultural heritage of the city. The Occitan cross, flag of Languedoc and symbol of the counts of Toulouse, was chosen as the new flag of the city, instead of the traditional coat of arms of Toulouse (which included the fleur de lis of the French monarchy). Many cultural institutions were created, in order to attract foreign expatriates and emphasise the city's past. For example, monuments dating from the time of the counts of Toulouse were restored, the city's symphonic concert hall (Halle aux Grains) was refurbished, a city theater was built, a Museum of Modern Art was founded, the Bemberg Foundation (European paintings and bronzes from the Renaissance to the 20th century) was established, a huge pop music concert venue (Zénith, the largest in France outside Paris) was built, the space museum and educational park Cité de l'Espace was founded, etc.

To deal with growth, major housing and transportation projects were launched. Line A of the underground was opened in 1993, and line B opened in 2007. The creation of a system of underground car parking structures in Toulouse city centre was sharply criticised by the Green Party.[32]

In 2000, Dominique Baudis was at the zenith of his popularity, with approval rates of 85%.[citation needed] He announced that he would not run for a fourth (6-year) term in 2001. He explained that with 3 terms he was already the longest-serving mayor of Toulouse since the French Revolution; he felt that change would be good for the city, and that the number of terms should be limited. He endorsed Philippe Douste-Blazy, then UDF mayor of Lourdes as his successor. Baudis has since been appointed president of the CSA (Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel) in Paris, the French equivalent of the American FCC.

Philippe Douste-Blazy narrowly won in the 2001 elections, which saw the left making its best showing in decades. Douste-Blazy had to deal with a reinvigorated political opposition, as well as with the dramatic explosion of the AZF plant in late 2001.

In March 2004, he entered the national government, and left Toulouse in the hands of his second-in-command Jean-Luc Moudenc, elected mayor by the municipal council. In March 2008, Moudenc was defeated by the Socialist Party's candidate Pierre Cohen.

At the next elections in 2014 Moudenc defeated Cohen in a rematch to re-take the job with more than 52% of the votes.


Mayors[edit]

	Mayor
	Term start
	Term end
	 
	Party

	Raymond Badiou
	1944
	September 1958
	
	SFIO

	G. Carrère
	September 1958
	16 October 1958
	
	SFIO

	Louis Bazerque
	16 October 1958
	1971
	
	SFIO

	Pierre Baudis
	March 1971
	March 1983
	
	UDF

	Dominique Baudis
	March 1983
	23 January 2001
	
	UDF

	Guy Hersant
	23 January 2001
	23 March 2001
	
	UDF

	Philippe Douste-Blazy
	23 March 2001
	30 April 2004
	
	UDF

	Françoise de Veyrinas
	30 April 2004
	6 May 2004
	
	UMP

	Jean-Luc Moudenc
	6 May 2004
	17 March 2008
	
	UMP

	Pierre Cohen
	17 March 2008
	4 April 2014
	
	PS

	Jean-Luc Moudenc
	4 April 2014
	incumbent
	
	UMP



Sights and architecture[edit]

  
Format differences between a "foraine" brick and a standard brick.



Classified "City of Art and History", Toulouse has a very rich architectural heritage ranging from large Romanesque and Gothic churches to neo-classical facades such as that of the Capitole, to the prestigious mansions of the Renaissance. This ancient heritage is mainly enclosed within the 220 hectares of the city's inner boulevard (one of the largest protected urban areas in France).

Almost all the buildings of the historical centre were made with the traditional building material of the region: the "foraine" brick that has earned the city the nickname of Ville Rose (Pink city).
Medieval heir to the Roman brick, the "foraine" brick is characterised by its large dimensions, its flat appearance and its colour ranging from orange/pink to red.

White stone is also present in smaller quantities. As there were no stone quarries near Toulouse, it was transported from the Pyrenees via the Garonne river and was for a long time rare and therefore expensive, considered in Toulouse as a luxury material. However, it is enough to give Toulouse's architecture one of its characteristics: red/white polychromy.


Romanesque architecture (11th-12th c.)[edit]

The Romanesque architecture of Toulouse is largely dominated by the presence of the Basilica of Saint-Sernin, one of the most important churches of its time in Europe, and fortunate enough to keep its Romanesque character virtually intact.


Basilica of Saint-Sernin[edit]

Basilica of Saint-Sernin, part of the Way of Saint James UNESCO World Heritage Site, was also in itself a major place of pilgrimage. It is considered the largest remaining Romanesque church in Europe.[note 1] With more than two hundred relics (including six apostles), many of which were donated by Charlemagne to the shrine that preceded the present church, Saint-Sernin is the church with the most relics after Saint Peter of Rome.[33]

Conceived from the outset as a gigantic reliquary, the church was mainly built at the end of the 11th century and at the beginning of the 12th century to welcome the crowds of pilgrims, its double-sided aisles and the ambulatory surrounding the apse make it the archetype of the great pilgrimage church, where pilgrims could make the circuit around the church and were able to stop for meditation and prayer at the apsidal chapels of the transept and the radiating chapels of the choir. The church is also particularly noteworthy for the quality of its Romanesque sculptures, including numerous capitals and the historiated tympanum of the Miègeville gate, one of the first of its kind.[34]


	Basilica of Saint-Sernin
	
			


			
Basilica of Saint-Sernin.


			

		

	
			


			
The east side is the oldest part.


			

		

	
			


			
The Miègeville gate.


			

		

	
			


			
Romanesque tympanum (late 11th c. or early 12th c.).


			

		

	
			


			
Romanesque sculptures.


			

		

	
			


			
The central nave of the church.


			

		

	
			


			
Romanesque paintings.


			

		

	
			


			
Bernard Gilduin's altar table, consecrated by Pope Urban II in 1096.


			

		

	
			


			
Christ in Majesty by Bernard Gilduin, late 11th c.


			

		



Gothic architecture (13th c.-early 16th c.)[edit]

Southern French Gothic: a militant religious architecture[edit]

See also: Southern French Gothic

At the beginning of the 13th century, the Catholic clergy of the South of France, seeing a growing number of the faithful turning to the Catharism which advocated a more pious austerity, showed the will to correct the defects of the Catholic Church which indulged in luxury. Under the impulse of the bishop of Toulouse, Foulques, an austere and militant architectural style was born with the reconstruction of the Cathedral of Toulouse: the Southern French Gothic.
Conceived according to an ideal of poverty and humility to bring the faithful together in a single, vast nave to facilitate preaching, this architectural style then developed during the 13th century in the grand mendicant convents of the city, before spreading in the 14th century to a large number of churches and cathedrals in the region.[35]

Several churches or convents in Toulouse belong to this architectural trend, but two of them are particularly symbolic and remarkable:


	Cathedral of Saint-Etienne (Saint Stephen) is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toulouse. Its construction, which was mainly done at the beginning and then at the end of the 13th century, reflects the history of this decisive century which saw the city lose its independence to become a French city. The single nave is the first example of Southern French Gothic, at 19 metres wide it probably was at its completion the widest in Western Europe (1210-1220). The higher choir that adjoins it was built in the Gothic style of northern France shortly after the city became part of the Crown of France in 1271.
	Convent of the Jacobins (13th century / early 14th century) was the Dominican convent of Toulouse and is considered to be, together with the Albi Cathedral, the pinnacle of Southern French Gothic architecture.[36] Like all Southern French Gothic churches it has a deliberately austere exterior, but on the inside its alignment of cylindrical columns form one of the tallest colonnades ever erected in Gothic architecture (28 metres high).[34] The masterpiece of this church is the column that closes the choir (1275-1292), its palm tree shape was a hundred years ahead of the flamboyant gothic fan vaults.[36] Because he thought that the bones of Saint Thomas Aquinas deserved «the most beautiful and most splendid surroundings»,[34] in 1368 Pope Urban V made the church of the Jacobins the burial place of the famous Dominican friar, one of the most notable philosophers and theologians of the Middle Ages.


	Southern French Gothic religious architecture
	
			


			
Toulouse cathedral.


			

		

	
			


			
Old nave of the Toulouse Cathedral.


			

		

	
			


			
Altar in the choir of the Toulouse Cathedral (gothic of northern France).


			

		

	
			


			
Church of the Jacobins, exterior (13th c.).


			

		

	
			


			
The vault of the Jacobins and its famous palm tree.


			

		

	
			


			
Cloister (14th c.) and bell tower (1298) of the Jacobins.


			

		

	
			


			
Augustinian Convent (14th c.).


			

		

	
			


			
Wall belfry of Notre-Dame du Taur (14th c.).


			

		

	
			


			
Top of the wall belfry of Notre-Dame du Taur, with miter arches typical of Southern French Gothic.


			

		



Gothic civil architecture[edit]

Toulouse has preserved about thirty Gothic stair towers (plus a dozen Renaissance or later towers),[37] the remains of private mansions (called hôtels particuliers) from the Middle Ages and the early 16th century. Often hidden in courtyards, some of these towers are high enough to exceed their function of serving the floors and display the ambition of their owners.

At a time when most of the houses in Toulouse were built in wood or cob, the brick construction of these towers and hôtels also testifies to their quality.


	Gothic civil architecture
	
			


			
Boysson tower, 1478.


			

		

	
			


			
Delfau tower, 1497.


			

		

	
			


			
Lancefoc tower (late 15th c.) and Serta tower (1529).


			

		

	
			


			
Olmières tower, 1503.


			

		

	
			


			
Bernuy tower, 1504.


			

		

	
			


			
Bruni tower, 1510.


			

		

	
			


			
Beringuier Bonnefoy tower, 1513.


			

		

	
			


			
Serta tower, 1529.


			

		

	
			


			
Door of the Hotel Delfau.


			

		

	
			


			
Door of the Hotel de Bernuy.


			

		

	
			


			
Romanesque-Gothic house window, with small carved decoration (c. 1300).


			

		

	
			


			
Hôtel Boysson window (late 15th c.).


			

		

	
			


			
Former tower of the city archives, 1525-1530 (except for the 19th century roof).


			

		



Renaissance architecture[edit]

See also: Renaissance architecture of Toulouse

In the 16th century, Toulouse experienced a golden age coinciding with the Renaissance in France. The woad trade (pastel) brought merchants of international stature to the city, and the Parliament of Toulouse made the city the judicial capital of a large part of the south of France. These wealthy elites had private mansions built, remarkable for their architecture inspired by architectural treatises such as those of Serlio, Alberti or Vitruvius, but also by the royal castles of the Loire Valley and the Île-de-France.[38]

Renowned for the quality of their architecture, the private mansions of the Toulouse Renaissance that have survived to the present day were built over more than a century (around 1515–1620) by reputed architects such as Louis Privat, Nicolas Bachelier, Dominique Bachelier or Pierre Souffron. The most famous of these hôtels are those of Assézat, Bernuy, Vieux-Raisin or Clary...[38]


	Renaissance private mansions
	
			


			
Classical facades of hôtel d'Assézat.


			

		

	
			


			
Hôtel d'Assézat.


			

		

	
			


			
Courtyard of hôtel de Bernuy.


			

		

	
			


			
Low vault of hôtel de Bernuy.


			

		

	
			


			
Hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.


			

		

	
			


			
Renaissance windows at hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.


			

		

	
			


			
Tower of hôtel de Brucelles.


			

		

	
			


			
The hôtel de Clary and its richly sculpted decoration.


			

		



	Sample of Renaissance doors
	
			


			
Door of hôtel du Vieux-Raisin.


			

		

	
			


			
Portal of hôtel d'Assézat.


			

		

	
			


			
Door of hôtel d'Assézat.


			

		

	
			


			
Door of hôtel d'Assézat.


			

		

	
			


			
Portal of hôtel Molinier.


			

		

	
			


			
Portal of a former college of the university.


			

		

	
			


			
Portal of Dalbade church.


			

		

	
			


			
Door of hôtel Dahus.


			

		

	
			


			
Door of hôtel de Guillaume de Bernuy.


			

		

	
			


			
Door of hôtel de Bagis.


			

		

	
			


			
Triumphal portal of the Capitole.


			

		

	
			


			
Portal of the former Jesuit college.


			

		



17th century architecture[edit]

17th century religious architecture[edit]

The French Wars of Religion, which started in the second half of the 16th century, brought to the city many religious orders who came to seek asylum in this solid Catholic bastion. They had beautiful baroque churches built in the 17th century: among them, the Order of Carthusians, expelled by the Protestants from the region of Castres, founded the church of Saint-Pierre des Chartreux, the order of the Discalced Carmelites built the church of Saint-Exupère, the blue penitents founded the church of Saint-Jérôme and the order of Carmelite nuns created a convent of which a remarkable painted chapel remains.


	17th c. religious architecture
	
			


			
Church of Saint-Pierre des Chartreux.


			

		

	
			


			
Church of Saint-Pierre des Chartreux.


			

		

	
			


			
Portal of Saint-Pierre des Chartreux.


			

		

	
			


			
Church of Saint-Exupère.


			

		

	
			


			
Church of Saint-Exupère (detail of the facade).


			

		

	
			


			
Church of Saint-Exupère.


			

		

	
			


			
Church of Saint-Jérôme.


			

		

	
			


			
Chapel of the Carmelites (partly 18th century).


			

		

	
			


			
Vault of the chapel of the Carmelites.


			

		



17th century civil architecture[edit]

After the Renaissance, the decorations in civil architecture became less numerous and ostentatious, due to the importance given to the moderation of the architectural structures and the development of interior decorations. The play of colours (between brick and stone) and reliefs (bossing) were less costly and nevertheless effective solutions for livening up facades. The 17th century is the century that gave Toulouse the largest number of its private mansions, most of them built by members of parliament.[39]


	17th c. civil architecture
	
			


			
Hôtel de Caulet.


			

		

	
			


			
Hôtel Comère.


			

		

	
			


			
Hôtel d'Avizard.


			

		

	
			


			
Hôtel Saint-Jean (courtyard), former Grand Priory of Knights Hospitaller.


			

		

	
			


			
Portal of hôtel Saint-Jean.


			

		

	
			


			
Portal of hôtel de Chalvet.


			

		

	
			


			
Portal of hôtel Desplats (courtyard).


			

		

	
			


			
Portal of hôtel d'Orbessan.


			

		

	
			


			
Side portal of hôtel Comère, cut out of brick.


			

		



18th century architecture[edit]

In the 18th century Toulouse made its living from its Parliament and from the wheat and corn trade, which was boosted by the creation of the Canal du Midi at the end of the previous century. Among the major architectural achievements, the most notable were undoubtedly the construction of the quays of the Garonne and the new facade of the Capitole (1750-1760), designed by architect Guillaume Cammas.

In the last third of the 18th century, the ever increasing influence of the Parisian model meant that red brick was no longer popular: the city facades were then covered with white paint to imitate stone. This is why nowadays, even though the white paint has generally been removed, there are walls with deep grooves carved in brick to imitate ashlar architecture.


	18th century architecture
	
			


			
Capitole - City hall.


			

		

	
			


			
Capitole pediment and columns in red marble.


			

		

	
			


			
Hôtel de Nupces.


			

		

	
			


			
Hôtel d'Espie.


			

		

	
			


			
Portal of hôtel d'Espie.


			

		

	
			


			
Hôtel de Ciron-Fumel.


			

		

	
			


			
Hôtel de Bonfontan.


			

		

	
			


			
Basilica of la Daurade.


			

		



19th and 20th century architecture[edit]

Toulouse's 19th century architecture can be divided into three periods, which sometimes overlapped. In the first half of the century, at the instigation of architect Jacques-Pascal Virebent, the main planned squares were created: the Place du Capitole and the Place Wilson (called place Villeneuve when it was built), whose uniform architecture was inspired by Rue de Rivoli in Paris.

From 1830 onwards, Auguste Virebent and his brothers (sons of Jacques-Pascal) developed a factory of low-cost moulded decorations which met with great success and adorned Toulouse facades with numerous terracotta ornaments, far from the austere architecture of their father.

Then, in the last third of the 19th century, large Haussmann-style avenues were opened in the town centre, such as the central Alsace-Lorraine street, built in yellow brick to imitate Parisian stone.


	19th and 20th century architecture
	
			


			
Place Wilson (19th c.), an oval-shaped square.


			

		

	
			


			
Place du Capitole, the main square of Toulouse (19th c.).


			

		

	
			


			
Facade with moulded terracotta decorations (19th c.).


			

		

	
			


			
Facade with moulded terracotta decorations (19th c.).


			

		

	
			


			
Yellow brick of Alsace-Lorraine street (19th c.).


			

		

	
			


			
Art nouveau facade, Gambetta street (20th c.).


			

		

	
			


			
Art Deco facade, Alsace-Lorraine street (20th c.).


			

		



Banks of the Garonne, Canal du Midi, parks[edit]

The banks of the Garonne river offer an interesting urban panorama of the city. Red brick dykes from the 18th century enclose the river which was subject to destructive floods. The Pont-Neuf took almost a century to build as the project was so ambitious (1545-1632). It was a very modern bridge for its time, removing the housing on the deck and using, possibly for the first time together, techniques such as basket-handle (surbased) arches, openings in the piers and stacked spouts to spread the water, making it the only bridge in Toulouse to withstand the violent floods of the past. Further downstream, the Bazacle is a ford across the Garonne river, in the 12th century the Bazacle Milling Company was the first recorded European joint-stock company. On the left bank of the river, historically a flood-prone bank, stand two former hospitals whose origins date back to the 12th century: the Hôtel-Dieu Saint-Jacques and the Hôpital de La Grave. Isolated on the left bank, victims of the plague and other sick people were thus kept away from the city by the width of the river.

Built at the end of the 17th century, the Canal du Midi bypasses the city centre and has linked Toulouse to the Mediterranean Sea ever since. Its 240 kilometres were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996.

The Jardin des Plantes is a large park spanning several blocks, including the museum of Natural History, cafés, activities for children and a botanical garden (early 19th century).


	Banks of the Garonne, Canal du Midi, parks
	
			


			
Pont-Neuf bridge (16th-17th c.).


			

		

	
			


			
Red brick dykes from the 18th century.


			

		

	
			


			
Hôtel-Dieu Saint-Jacques former hospital (12th–19th c.).


			

		

	
			


			
La Grave former hospital (12th–19th c.) and the dome of its chapel.


			

		

	
			


			
Port de la Daurade, a former port converted into an amenity area.


			

		

	
			


			
Prairie des filtres park.


			

		

	
			


			
Canal du Midi (17th c.).


			

		

	
			


			
Grand rond park.


			

		

	
			


			
Japanese garden.


			

		

	
			


			
Renaissance portal in Jardin des plantes park.


			

		

	
			


			
Romanesque wall in Jardin des plantes park.


			

		



Museums and theme parks[edit]

Toulouse has many museums, the most important of which are:


	Musée des Augustins is the fine arts museum of Toulouse, it is located in the former Augustinian convent.
	Bemberg Foundation, housed in the Hôtel d'Assézat, presents to the public one of the major private collections of art in Europe.
	Musée Saint-Raymond is the archeological museum of Toulouse, located in a former college of the university it presents the ancient history of Toulouse and a very rich collection of Roman sculptures from the imperial Roman villa of Chiragan.
	Musée Paul Dupuy is the museum of Decorative Arts and Graphic Arts, including a very rich collection of clocks and watches.
	Musée Gorges Labit is dedicated to artifacts from the Far-Eastern and Ancient Egyptian civilizations.
	Muséum de Toulouse is one of the most important natural history museums in France, housed in the former convent of the Discalced Carmelites.
	Les Abattoirs is the museum of modern and contemporary art of the city, opened in a former municipal slaughterhouse.


Toulouse also has several theme parks, notably highlighting its aeronautical and space heritage:


	Cité de l'espace is a scientific discovery centre focused on spaceflight.
	Aeroscopia is an aeronautical theme park located near Toulouse–Blagnac Airport, dedicated to the preservation of aeronautical historical heritage (it hosts for example two Concorde airliners).
	L'Envol des pionniers is a museum that traces the great adventure of l'Aéropostale, a pioneering airmail company based in Toulouse which operated between France and South America from 1918 to 1933, and employed legendary pilots such as Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, Jean Mermoz or Henri Guillaumet...
	Halle de La Machine is a vast hall that houses numerous small or giant animated machines, often inspired by the world of aeronautics, human or technological epics.


	Museums and theme parks
	
			


			
Musée des Augustins.


			

		

	
			


			
Musée des Augustins: Romanesque capitals room


			

		

	
			


			
Painting of Lucas Cranach the Elder at Bemberg Foundation.


			

		

	
			


			
Musée Saint-Raymond.


			

		

	
			


			
Musée Gorges Labit.


			

		

	
			


			
Muséum de Toulouse.


			

		

	
			


			
Les Abattoirs.


			

		

	
			


			
Cité de l'espace.


			

		

	
			


			
Cité de l'espace.


			

		

	
			


			
Aeroscopia.


			

		

	
			


			
Saint-Exupéry in Toulouse, 1933.


			

		

	
			


			
The giant Minotaur of the Halle de La Machine.


			

		



Economy[edit]

  
The main Airbus factory in Blagnac, near Toulouse, lies next to Toulouse Airport



The main industries are aeronautics, space, electronics, information technology and biotechnology. Toulouse hosts the Airbus headquarters and assembly-lines of Airbus A320, A330, A350 and A380.  (A320 lines also exist in Hamburg, Germany, Tianjin, China, and Mobile, Alabama, USA.) Airbus has its head office in Blagnac, near Toulouse.[40][41] Airbus's France division has its main office in Toulouse.[41] Toulouse also hosts the headquarters of ATR, Sigfox, one of the two headquarters of Liebherr Aerospace and Groupe Latécoère.
The Concorde supersonic aircraft was also constructed in Toulouse.


Education[edit]

  
Portal of the college de l'Esquile (1556), a symbol of the university's seniority



Toulouse has the fourth-largest student population in France after Paris, Lyon and Lille with 103,000 students (2012).[42]


Colleges and universities[edit]

  
A historic building of the University of Toulouse.



  
New building of Toulouse School of Economics



  
ENAC entrance



The University of Toulouse (Université de Toulouse) was established in 1229 (now split into three separate universities). Like the universities in Oxford and Paris, the University of Toulouse was established at a time when Europeans were starting to translate the writings of Arabs of Andalus and Greek philosophers. These writings challenged European ideology—inspiring scientific discoveries and advances in the arts—as society began seeing itself in a new way. These colleges were supported by the Church, in hopes of reconciling Greek philosophy and Christian theology.[citation needed]


	Catholic University of Toulouse
	Université Toulouse I, Toulouse School of Economics, Toulouse School of Management and Institut d'études politiques de Toulouse
	University of Toulouse-Jean Jaurès (Formerly University of Toulouse II – Le Mirail)
	Université Paul Sabatier (Toulouse III)


Toulouse is also the home of Toulouse Business School (TBS), Toulouse School of Economics (TSE), the Institut supérieur européen de gestion group (ISEG Group), the Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action (ISEFAC), E-Artsup and several engineering schools:


	ICAM Toulouse (Institut catholique d'arts et métiers)
	INSA Toulouse
	ISAE SUPAERO (Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace)
	ENAC (École Nationale de l'Aviation Civile)
	INP ENSEEIHT (École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, d'Électrotechnique, d'Informatique, d'Hydraulique et des Télécommunications)
	ENSFEA (École nationale supérieure de formation de l’enseignement agricole)
	INP ENSIACET (École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs en art chimique et technologique)
	INP ENSAT ('École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse)
	INP ENM (École Nationale de la Météorologie)
	EPITA (École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées)
	EPITECH (École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies or European Institute of Information Technology)
	IPSA (Institut Polytechnique des Sciences Avancées)
	EIPurpan (École d'ingénieurs de Purpan)


Primary and secondary schools[edit]

The most well known high schools in Toulouse are Lycée Pierre-de-Fermat [fr] and Lycée Saint-Sernin.

International schools serving area expatriates are in nearby Colomiers:


	International School of Toulouse
	Deutsche Schule Toulouse (German school)


Transport[edit]

  
Line A of the Toulouse Metro.



Train[edit]

The main railway station, with regional and national services, is Toulouse-Matabiau.


Metro[edit]

In addition to an extensive bus system, the Toulouse Metro is a VAL (Véhicule Automatique Léger) metro system made up of driverless (automatic) rubber-tired trains. Line A runs for 12.5 km (7.8 mi) from Balma-Gramont in the north-east to Basso Cambo in the south-west. Line B, which opened in June 2007, serves 20 stations north to south and intersects line A at Jean Jaurès.

Line C has existed since line A was completed. It is not VAL but an urban railway line operated by SNCF. It connects to line A at Arènes. Two other stations located in Toulouse are also served by line C. Lardenne, formerly named "Gare des Capelles", changed its name in September 2003 when line C opened.[43] Le TOEC station opened on 1 September 2003 with the creation of line C, allowing an urban train service in Toulouse and close western suburbs.[43]

Similarly, Line D runs south from Toulouse Matabiau to Muret.


Tramway[edit]

The tramway line T1 (operating since December 2010), runs from Beauzelle to Toulouse passing through Blagnac. All urban bus, metro and tram services are operated by Tisséo. Tramway line T2 is a branch of the first line serving notably Toulouse Blagnac airport.


Bicycle[edit]

In 2007, a citywide bicycle rental scheme called VélôToulouse was introduced,[44] with bicycles available from automated stations for a daily, weekly, monthly or yearly subscription.


Airports[edit]

Airports include:


	Toulouse Blagnac, the principal local airport
	Toulouse Lasbordes


Canal[edit]

The Canal du Midi begins in Toulouse and runs up to Sète.


Toulouse public transportation statistics[edit]

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Toulouse, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 44 min. 9.1% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 9 min, while 10.4% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 7 km, while 8% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[45]


Communications[edit]

Toulouse is the home of Bonhoure Radio Tower, a 61-metre high lattice tower used for FM and TV transmission.[46] In 2001 a large (100 km) optical fiber (symmetric 360Gbit/s) network named
Infrastructure Métropolitaine de Télécommunications was deployed around the city and suburbs.[47]


Culture[edit]

  
The Halle aux grains, a former grain market now used as a concert hall.



The Théâtre du Capitole is the home of opera and ballet; there has been a theatre on the site since 1736.[48] The Orchestre National du Capitole, long associated with Michel Plasson, plays at the Halle aux Grains.[49]

Le Château d'Eau,[50] an old 19th-century water-tower, was converted as a gallery in 1974 by Jean Dieuzaide, a French photographer from Toulouse and is now one of the oldest public places dedicated to photography in the world. Toulouse's art museums include the Musée des Augustins, the Musée des Abattoirs, the Musée Georges Labit, and the Fondation Bemberg in the Hôtel d'Assézat. The Musée Saint-Raymond is devoted to Antiquity and the Muséum de Toulouse to natural history.

Toulouse is the seat of the Académie des Jeux Floraux, the equivalent of the French Academy for the Occitan-speaking regions of southern France, making Toulouse the unofficial capital of Occitan culture. The traditional Cross of Toulouse (from Provence, under the name of cross of Provence), emblem of the County of Toulouse and commonly widespread around all of Occitania during the Middle Ages is the symbol of the city and of the newly founded Midi-Pyrénées région, as well as a popular Occitan symbol.

The city's gastronomic specialties include the Saucisse de Toulouse, a type of sausage, cassoulet Toulousain, a bean and pork stew, and garbure, a cabbage soup with poultry. Also, foie gras, the liver of an overfed duck or goose, is a delicacy commonly made in the Midi-Pyrénées.[51]


Sport[edit]

Stade Toulousain of the Top 14 is the most successful rugby union clubs in all of Europe, having been crowned European champions five times and French champions twenty times.[52][53]

Toulouse Olympique represents the city in rugby league. The club have been playing in the British rugby league system since 2016, and are currently playing in the 2nd tier Championship. The club have had historical success in France, being crowned French champions six times.

The city also has a professional football team, Toulouse FC, who play in Ligue 2, the second division of football in France, and who won the 1957 Coupe de France Final. The club play at the Stadium Municipal, which was a venue during the 1998 FIFA World Cup and 2007 Rugby World Cup, as well as hosting important club rugby games and several Rugby League World Cups. Toulouse was also a host of EuroBasket 1999.


	Major sports facilities and professional clubs
	
			


			
The municipal Stadium (capacity: 33,150).


			

		

	
			


			
Stade Ernest Wallon (capacity: 19,500).


			

		

	
			


			
Rugby union: Stade toulousain.


			

		

	
			


			
Football: Toulouse Football Club.


			

		

	
			


			
Rugby league: Toulouse Olympique.


			

		

	
			


			
Women's basket: Toulouse Métropole Basket.


			

		

	
			


			
Handball: Fenix Toulouse Handball.


			

		

	
			


			
Volleyball: Spacer's Toulouse Volley.


			

		








Notable people[edit]

Main category: People from Toulouse

  
Bust of mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the Capitole de Toulouse



Several notable Toulousains have been scientists, such as Jean Dausset, 1980 winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; 17th-century mathematician Pierre de Fermat, who spent his life in Toulouse, where he wrote Fermat's Last Theorem and was a lawyer in the city's Parlement; Paul Sabatier, 1912 winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry; Albert Fert,[54] 2007 winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics who grew up in Toulouse where he attended the Lycée Pierre-de-Fermat [fr] and Jean Tirole, owner of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, chairman and founder of the Toulouse School of Economics along with Jean-Jacques Laffont.

Musically, Toulouse is one of the two controversial, disputed birthplaces of Carlos Gardel (the other being Tacuarembo, Uruguay), probably the most prominent figure in the history of the tango. The city's most renowned songwriter is Claude Nougaro. The composer and organist Georges Guiraud (1868–1928) was born in Toulouse.

Concerning arts, Toulouse is the birthplace of Impressionist painter Henri Martin as well as sculptors Alexandre Falguière and Antonin Mercié. Moreover, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres and Antoine Bourdelle were trained at the Toulouse fine arts school. Post Impressionist painter Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec's (1864-1901) father was Count Alphonse Charles de Toulouse-Lautrec Monfa (1838-1913) and was part of an aristocratic family of Counts of Toulouse, Odet de Foix, Vimcomte de Lautrec and the Viscounts of Montfa. French graffiti artist Cyril Kongo was born in Toulouse in 1969.

Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, one of the leaders of the First Crusade, was born in Toulouse. Aviation pioneer Clément Ader and psychiatrist Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol were also natives.


International relations[edit]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Twin towns and sister cities[edit]

Toulouse is twinned with:[55]



	Atlanta, United States, since 1975
	Bologna, Italy, since 1981
	Elche, Spain, since 1981
	Chongqing, China, since 1981
	Kyiv, Ukraine, since 1975
	Tel Aviv, Israel, since 1962




Other cooperations[edit]

Toulouse also has accords of cooperation with the following towns:[56]




	Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
	N'Djamena, Chad
	Hanoi, Vietnam
	Saint-Louis, Senegal
	Düsseldorf, Germany




See also[edit]


	France portal



	138 Tolosa, an asteroid
	Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toulouse
	André Abbal
	Listing of the works of Alexandre Falguière
	The works of Antonin Mercié
	List of the mayors of Toulouse


Notes[edit]


	^ Speyer cathedral is slightly larger, but unlike Saint-Sernin this church has been largely destroyed and rebuilt in its history, so the question of which is the largest remaining Romanesque church depends on the criteria chosen as to Romanesque character.





References[edit]

Citations[edit]



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	^ a b c 
"Unité urbaine de Toulouse (31701)". INSEE. Retrieved 24 September 2020.

	^ a b c 
"Aire urbaine de Toulouse (004)". INSEE. Retrieved 24 September 2020.

	^ 
"Toulouse". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 24 September 2014.

	^ 
CNES. "Ademe.fr" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 30 May 2007.

	^ 
Lefebvre, Olivier (2014). Atlas régional : effectifs d'étudiants en 2012-2013 (PDF). Paris: Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche.

	^ 
"Bulletin Statistique du trafic aérien commercial - année 2019" (PDF). DGAC. p. 6/24. Retrieved 13 October 2020.

	^ Palmarès des villes les plus dynamiques : la revanche de la province L'Express

	^ Les villes les plus dynamiques de France Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Challenges

	^ Toulouse, métropole la plus dynamique La Dépêche du Midi

	^ Toulouse's Saint Sernin, Largest Romanesque Church in Europe Europe Close

	^ 
"Climatological Information for Toulouse, France". Meteo France. 7 August 2019.

	^ 

"TOULOUSE–BLAGNAC (31)" (PDF). Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved 7 August 2019.

	^ 
"Normes et records 1961–1990: Toulouse-Blagnac (31) – altitude 151m" (in French). Infoclimat. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2019.

	^ 

"TOULOUSE–FRANCAZAL (31)" (PDF). Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved 7 August 2019.

	^ Albert Dauzat et Charles Rostaing, Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de lieux en France, 2nd ed., Librairie Guénégaud 1978.

	^ Le Nom de Toulouse de Pierre Moret, 1996, Université Toulouse le Mirail – Toulouse II, p. 11; Histoire de Toulouse, 1974, p. 11.

	^ The Capetians: Kings of France 987-1328, p. 59, Jim Bradbury,2007

	^ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k415420b/f39.

	^ 
" "Goldberg, Jeffrey. "Is it Time for the Jews to Leave Europe?" The Atlantic. April 2015". Retrieved 21 March 2015.

	^ Biraben, Jean-Noël. La Population de Toulouse au XIVe et au XVe siècles [Pierre Wolff, Les Estimes toulousaines du XIVe et XVe siècles]. Journal des savants, 1964, p. 300.

	^ Brumont, Francis. La commercialisation du pastel toulousain (1350–1600). Privat presse, 1994, p. 27.

	^ 
"terredepastel.com". terredepastel.com. Retrieved 3 May 2015.

	^ Anne Le Stang, Histoire de Toulouse illustrée, p. 150.

	^ Spécial météo à Toulouse, L'Express, #, semaine du 3 au 9 janvier 2008, Les crues les plus dévastatrices, p. II.

	^ Benoît Heimermann and Olivier Margot, L'aéropostale: la fabuleuse épopée de Mermoz, Saint-Exupéry, Guillaumet, Arthaud editor, 1994.

	^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Toulouse, EHESS. (in French)

	^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE

	^ https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2874036?sommaire=2874056&geo=COM-13055

	^ 
Irish, John. "Killings sour good life for high-flying Toulouse". Reuters.com. Retrieved 1 October 2013.

	^ 
"Décret n° 2014-1078 du 22 septembre 2014 portant création de la métropole dénommée " Toulouse Métropole " | Legifrance". Retrieved 30 June 2017.

	^ 
"Toulouse politics information". Bonjourlafrance.com. Retrieved 1 October 2013.

	^ Jean-Claude Jaffé, "Toulouse, le patrimoine révélé". Éditions Privat, 2013.

	^ a b c Quitterie and Daniel Cazes, "See you in Toulouse". Éditions Sud-Ouest, 2018.

	^ Caroline de Barrau, "Le gothique toulousain, un art militant", in magazine VMF of march 2010 (revue des Vieilles Maisons Françaises), in French.

	^ a b 
"La Cité épiscopale d'Albi (Episcopal City of Albi). Nomination document produced by French state for inscription on the world heritage list, p. 875, chapter comparing the Cathedral of Albi with the Jacobin Convent of Toulouse (in French)" (PDF). World Heritage Centre (UNESCO). 2009.

	^ Jean-François Gourdou, "Tours tolosanes", Editions Privat, 2008.

	^ a b Collective work directed by Pascal Julien, «catalogue de l'exposition Toulouse Renaissance» ("Toulouse Renaissance exhibition catalogue"), Somogy éditions d'art, 2018.

	^ Guy Ahlsell de Toulza, Louis Peyrusse, Bruno Tollon, «Hôtels et demeures de Toulouse et du Midi toulousain» ("Hotels and residences in Toulouse and the region of Toulouse"), Editor Daniel Briand, 1997.

	^ "Airbus A380 lands after making aviation history." USA Today. 27 April 2005. Updated 28 April 2005. Retrieved 12 February 2010.

	^ a b "Contacts Archived 10 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine." Airbus. Retrieved 12 February 2010.

	^ 
"Toulouse, France travel guide - Travel S Helper". TravelsHelper. Retrieved 20 February 2017.

	^ a b 
"Le RER toulousain entre en gares". ladepeche.fr. Retrieved 6 February 2016.

	^ 
"VélôToulouse arrive..." La Dépêche du Midi (in French). Toulouse. 11 November 2007. Retrieved 27 March 2017.

	^ 
"Toulouse Public Transportation Statistics". Global Public Transit Index by Moovit. Retrieved 19 June 2017.  Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

	^ Bonhoure Transmission Tower at Structurae

	^ 
"Garonne-networks.com". Garonne-networks.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.

	^ 
"L'univers du Théâtre". Theatre-du-capitole.fr. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2011.

	^ 
"Orchestre National du Capitole de Toulouse". Onct.mairie-toulouse.fr. Retrieved 14 March 2011.

	^ 
"Le Château d'Eau Official website" (in French). Galeriechateaudeau.org. Retrieved 1 October 2013.

	^ 
"The production regions". foiegras-factsandtruth.com. Retrieved 4 February 2019.

	^ 
"Europe's Top Rugby Clubs – For Dummies". Dummies.com. 4 January 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2013.

	^ 
"ERC : Classement Européen". Ercrugby.com. 21 September 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2013.

	^ 
"Albert Fert retrouve son Toulouse". La Dépêche du Midi. Retrieved 23 May 2008.

	^ 
"Les villes jumelées" (in French). Toulouse, France: Mairie de Toulouse. Retrieved 26 December 2020.

	^ 
"Accords de coopération" (in French). Toulouse, France: Mairie de Toulouse. Retrieved 26 December 2020.




Sources[edit]

	
Le Stang, Anne (2006). Histoire de Toulouse illustrée (in French). leperegrinateurediteur.com. ISBN 2-910352-44-7.
	
Kerrison, Helen & Jeremy (2008). The Practical Guide to Toulouse. leperegrinateurediteur.com. ISBN 978-2-910352-46-2.


External links[edit]

		Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toulouse.


		Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Toulouse.


	Toulouse tourist office
	ToulouseCity.com (in French)
	Toulouse city guide – About-France.com
	Toulouse: pink, violets, red and black – Official French website
	Official site (in French)


		v
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 Prefectures of the departments of France

	
	Bourg-en-Bresse (Ain)
	Laon (Aisne)
	Moulins (Allier)
	Digne-les-Bains (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence)
	Gap (Hautes-Alpes)
	Nice (Alpes-Maritimes)
	Privas (Ardèche)
	Charleville-Mézières (Ardennes)
	Foix (Ariège)
	Troyes (Aube)
	Carcassonne (Aude)
	Rodez (Aveyron)
	Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône)
	Caen (Calvados)
	Aurillac (Cantal)
	Angoulême (Charente)
	La Rochelle (Charente-Maritime)
	Bourges (Cher)
	Tulle (Corrèze)
	Ajaccio (Corse-du-Sud)
	Bastia (Haute-Corse)
	Dijon (Côte-d'Or)
	Saint-Brieuc (Côtes-d'Armor)
	Guéret (Creuse)
	Périgueux (Dordogne)
	Besançon (Doubs)
	Valence (Drôme)
	Évreux (Eure)
	Chartres (Eure-et-Loir)
	Quimper (Finistère)
	Nîmes (Gard)
	Toulouse (Haute-Garonne)
	Auch (Gers)
	Bordeaux (Gironde)
	Montpellier (Hérault)
	Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine)
	Châteauroux (Indre)
	Tours (Indre-et-Loire)
	Grenoble (Isère)
	Lons-le-Saunier (Jura)
	Mont-de-Marsan (Landes)
	Blois (Loir-et-Cher)
	Saint-Étienne (Loire)
	Le Puy-en-Velay (Haute-Loire)
	Nantes (Loire-Atlantique)
	Orléans (Loiret)
	Cahors (Lot)
	Agen (Lot-et-Garonne)
	Mende (Lozère)
	Angers (Maine-et-Loire)
	Saint-Lô (Manche)
	Châlons-en-Champagne (Marne)
	Chaumont (Haute-Marne)
	Laval (Mayenne)
	Nancy (Meurthe-et-Moselle)
	Bar-le-Duc (Meuse)
	Vannes (Morbihan)
	Metz (Moselle)
	Nevers (Nièvre)
	Lille (Nord)
	Beauvais (Oise)
	Alençon (Orne)
	Arras (Pas-de-Calais)
	Clermont-Ferrand (Puy-de-Dôme)
	Pau (Pyrénées-Atlantiques)
	Tarbes (Hautes-Pyrénées)
	Perpignan (Pyrénées-Orientales)
	Strasbourg (Bas-Rhin)
	Colmar (Haut-Rhin)
	Lyon (Rhône)
	Vesoul (Haute-Saône)
	Mâcon (Saône-et-Loire)
	Le Mans (Sarthe)
	Chambéry (Savoie)
	Annecy (Haute-Savoie)
	Paris (Paris)
	Rouen (Seine-Maritime)
	Melun (Seine-et-Marne)
	Versailles (Yvelines)
	Niort (Deux-Sèvres)
	Amiens (Somme)
	Albi (Tarn)
	Montauban (Tarn-et-Garonne)
	Toulon (Var)
	Avignon (Vaucluse)
	La Roche-sur-Yon (Vendée)
	Poitiers (Vienne)
	Limoges (Haute-Vienne)
	Épinal (Vosges)
	Auxerre (Yonne)
	Belfort (Territoire de Belfort)
	Évry-Courcouronnes (Essonne)
	Nanterre (Hauts-de-Seine)
	Bobigny (Seine-Saint-Denis)
	Créteil (Val-de-Marne)
	Cergy, Pontoise (Val-d'Oise)




	
	Overseas departments

	
	Basse-Terre (Guadeloupe)
	Fort-de-France (Martinique)
	Cayenne (French Guiana)
	Saint-Denis (Réunion)
	Mamoudzou (Mayotte)










	
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	t
	e


 Prefectures of the regions of France

	Metropolitan regions	
	Lyon (Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes)
	Dijon (Bourgogne-Franche-Comté)
	Rennes (Brittany)
	Orléans (Centre-Val de Loire)
	Ajaccio (Corsica)
	Strasbourg (Grand Est)
	Lille (Hauts-de-France)
	Paris (Île-de-France)
	Rouen (Normandy)
	Bordeaux (Nouvelle-Aquitaine)
	Toulouse (Occitanie)
	Nantes (Pays de la Loire)
	Marseille (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur)




	Overseas regions	
	Cayenne (French Guiana)
	Basse-Terre (Guadeloupe)
	Fort-de-France (Martinique)
	Mamoudzou (Mayotte)
	Saint Denis (Réunion)







	
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	t
	e


Communes of the department of Haute-Garonne 

	
	Agassac
	Aignes
	Aigrefeuille
	Alan
	Albiac
	Ambax
	Anan
	Antichan-de-Frontignes
	Antignac
	Arbas
	Arbon
	Ardiège
	Arguenos
	Argut-Dessous
	Arlos
	Arnaud-Guilhem
	Artigue
	Aspet
	Aspret-Sarrat
	Aucamville
	Aulon
	Auragne
	Aureville
	Auriac-sur-Vendinelle
	Auribail
	Aurignac
	Aurin
	Ausseing
	Ausson
	Aussonne
	Auterive
	Auzas
	Auzeville-Tolosane
	Auzielle
	Avignonet-Lauragais
	Ayguesvives
	Azas
	Bachas
	Bachos
	Bagiry
	Bagnères-de-Luchon
	Balesta
	Balma
	Barbazan
	Baren
	Bax
	Baziège
	Bazus
	Beauchalot
	Beaufort
	Beaumont-sur-Lèze
	Beaupuy
	Beauteville
	Beauville
	Beauzelle
	Belberaud
	Belbèze-de-Lauragais
	Belbèze-en-Comminges
	Bélesta-en-Lauragais
	Bellegarde-Sainte-Marie
	Bellesserre
	Benque
	Benque-Dessous-et-Dessus
	Bérat
	Bessières
	Bezins-Garraux
	Billière
	Binos
	Blagnac
	Blajan
	Bois-de-la-Pierre
	Boissède
	Bondigoux
	Bonrepos-Riquet
	Bonrepos-sur-Aussonnelle
	Bordes-de-Rivière
	Le Born
	Boudrac
	Bouloc
	Boulogne-sur-Gesse
	Bourg-d'Oueil
	Bourg-Saint-Bernard
	Boussan
	Boussens
	Boutx
	Bouzin
	Bragayrac
	Brax
	Bretx
	Brignemont
	Bruguières
	Burgalays
	Le Burgaud
	Buzet-sur-Tarn
	Cabanac-Cazaux
	Cabanac-Séguenville
	Le Cabanial
	Cadours
	Caignac
	Calmont
	Cambernard
	Cambiac
	Canens
	Capens
	Caragoudes
	Caraman
	Carbonne
	Cardeilhac
	Cassagnabère-Tournas
	Cassagne
	Castagnac
	Castagnède
	Castanet-Tolosan
	Castelbiague
	Castelgaillard
	Castelginest
	Castelmaurou
	Castelnau-d'Estrétefonds
	Castelnau-Picampeau
	Le Castéra
	Castéra-Vignoles
	Casties-Labrande
	Castillon-de-Larboust
	Castillon-de-Saint-Martory
	Cathervielle
	Caubiac
	Caubous
	Caujac
	Cazac
	Cazarilh-Laspènes
	Cazaril-Tambourès
	Cazaunous
	Cazaux-Layrisse
	Cazeaux-de-Larboust
	Cazeneuve-Montaut
	Cazères
	Cépet
	Cessales
	Charlas
	Chaum
	Chein-Dessus
	Ciadoux
	Cier-de-Luchon
	Cier-de-Rivière
	Cierp-Gaud
	Cintegabelle
	Cirès
	Clarac
	Clermont-le-Fort
	Colomiers
	Cornebarrieu
	Corronsac
	Coueilles
	Couladère
	Couret
	Cox
	Cugnaux
	Cuguron
	Le Cuing
	Daux
	Deyme
	Donneville
	Drémil-Lafage
	Drudas
	Eaunes
	Empeaux
	Encausse-les-Thermes
	Eoux
	Escalquens
	Escanecrabe
	Escoulis
	Espanès
	Esparron
	Esperce
	Estadens
	Estancarbon
	Esténos
	Eup
	Fabas
	Le Faget
	Falga
	Le Fauga
	Fenouillet
	Figarol
	Flourens
	Folcarde
	Fonbeauzard
	Fonsorbes
	Fontenilles
	Forgues
	Fos
	Fougaron
	Fourquevaux
	Le Fousseret
	Francarville
	Francazal
	Francon
	Franquevielle
	Le Fréchet
	Fronsac
	Frontignan-de-Comminges
	Frontignan-Savès
	Fronton
	Frouzins
	Fustignac
	Gagnac-sur-Garonne
	Gaillac-Toulza
	Galié
	Ganties
	Garac
	Gardouch
	Gargas
	Garidech
	Garin
	Gauré
	Gémil
	Génos
	Gensac-de-Boulogne
	Gensac-sur-Garonne
	Gibel
	Gouaux-de-Larboust
	Gouaux-de-Luchon
	Goudex
	Gourdan-Polignan
	Goutevernisse
	Gouzens
	Goyrans
	Gragnague
	Gratens
	Gratentour
	Grazac
	Grenade
	Grépiac
	Le Grès
	Guran
	Herran
	His
	Huos
	L'Isle-en-Dodon
	Issus
	Izaut-de-l'Hôtel
	Jurvielle
	Juzes
	Juzet-de-Luchon
	Juzet-d'Izaut
	Labarthe-Inard
	Labarthe-Rivière
	Labarthe-sur-Lèze
	Labastide-Beauvoir
	Labastide-Clermont
	Labastide-Paumès
	Labastide-Saint-Sernin
	Labastidette
	Labège
	Labroquère
	Labruyère-Dorsa
	Lacaugne
	Lacroix-Falgarde
	Laffite-Toupière
	Lafitte-Vigordane
	Lagarde
	Lagardelle-sur-Lèze
	Lagrâce-Dieu
	Lagraulet-Saint-Nicolas
	Lahage
	Lahitère
	Lalouret-Laffiteau
	Lamasquère
	Landorthe
	Lanta
	Lapeyrère
	Lapeyrouse-Fossat
	Larcan
	Laréole
	Larra
	Larroque
	Lasserre-Pradère
	Latoue
	Latour
	Latrape
	Launac
	Launaguet
	Lautignac
	Lauzerville
	Lavalette
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	Lavernose-Lacasse
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	Lécussan
	Lège
	Léguevin
	Lescuns
	Lespinasse
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	Lespugue
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	Lherm
	Lieoux
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	Lodes
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	Loudet
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	Luscan
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	Mailholas
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	Marquefave
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	Mauremont
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	Saint-Mamet
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	Saint-Martory
	Saint-Médard
	Saint-Michel
	Saint-Orens-de-Gameville
	Saint-Paul-d'Oueil
	Saint-Paul-sur-Save
	Saint-Pé-d'Ardet
	Saint-Pé-Delbosc
	Saint-Pierre
	Saint-Pierre-de-Lages
	Saint-Plancard
	Saint-Rome
	Saint-Rustice
	Saint-Sauveur
	Saint-Sulpice-sur-Lèze
	Saint-Thomas
	Saint-Vincent
	Sajas
	Saleich
	Salerm
	Salies-du-Salat
	Salles-et-Pratviel
	Salles-sur-Garonne
	La Salvetat-Lauragais
	La Salvetat-Saint-Gilles
	Saman
	Samouillan
	Sana
	Sarrecave
	Sarremezan
	Saubens
	Saussens
	Sauveterre-de-Comminges
	Saux-et-Pomarède
	Savarthès
	Savères
	Sédeilhac
	Ségreville
	Seilh
	Seilhan
	Sénarens
	Sengouagnet
	Sepx
	Seyre
	Seysses
	Signac
	Sode
	Soueich
	Tarabel
	Terrebasse
	Thil
	Touille
	Toulouse
	Tournefeuille
	Les Tourreilles
	Toutens
	Trébons-de-Luchon
	Trébons-sur-la-Grasse
	L'Union
	Urau
	Vacquiers
	Valcabrère
	Valentine
	Vallègue
	Vallesvilles
	Varennes
	Vaudreuille
	Vaux
	Vendine
	Venerque
	Verfeil
	Vernet
	Vieille-Toulouse
	Vieillevigne
	Vignaux
	Vigoulet-Auzil
	Villariès
	Villate
	Villaudric
	Villefranche-de-Lauragais
	Villematier
	Villemur-sur-Tarn
	Villeneuve-de-Rivière
	Villeneuve-Lécussan
	Villeneuve-lès-Bouloc
	Villeneuve-Tolosane
	Villenouvelle







	
	v
	t
	e


Cities in France by population

	1,000,000+	
	Paris




	500,000+	
	Marseille
	Lyon




	200,000+	
	Toulouse
	Nice
	Nantes
	Montpellier
	Strasbourg
	Bordeaux
	Lille
	Rennes




	100,000+	
	Reims
	Saint-Étienne
	Toulon
	Le Havre
	Grenoble
	Dijon
	Angers
	Nîmes
	Saint-Denis
	Villeurbanne
	Clermont-Ferrand
	Le Mans
	Aix-en-Provence
	Brest
	Tours
	Amiens
	Limoges
	Annecy
	Perpignan
	Boulogne-Billancourt
	Orléans
	Metz
	Besançon
	Saint-Denis
	Argenteuil
	Rouen
	Montreuil
	Mulhouse
	Caen
	Saint-Paul
	Nancy




	
	Complete list







	Authority control 

	General	
	Integrated Authority File
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	VIAF
	1


	WorldCat




	National libraries	
	France (data)
	United States
	Czech Republic




	Other	
	MusicBrainz area
	National Archives (US)
	SUDOC (France)
	1
















Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toulouse&oldid=1027141385"


		Categories: 	Toulouse
	Cities in France
	Communes of Haute-Garonne
	Languedoc
	Occitanie
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	Prefectures in France


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