Legio IX Hispana - Wikipedia Legio IX Hispana From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Roman legion "9th Legion" redirects here. For the Polish regiment, see 9th Legions' Infantry Regiment. Legio IX Hispana Map of the Roman empire in 125 AD, under emperor Hadrian, showing the IX Hispana's last attested location at Noviomagus Batavorum on the Rhine (Nijmegen, Netherlands) Active Before 58 BC to sometime in the 2nd century AD Country Roman Republic and Roman Empire Type Roman legion (Marian) Role Infantry assault Size c. 5,400 Garrison/HQ Hispania Tarraconensis 41–c.13 BC ? Pannonia 9–43 AD Eboracum (Britannia) 71–c.121 ? Noviomagus (Germania Inferior) c. 121–130 Nickname(s) The Lost Legion Mascot(s) Bull Engagements Gallic Wars (58–51 BC) Cantabrian Wars (29–19 BC) Roman conquest of Britain Boudican revolt Battle of Mons Graupius Commanders Notable commanders Julius Caesar Quintus Petillius Cerialis Gnaeus Julius Agricola Legio IX Hispana ("9th Legion – Spanish"),[1] also written Legio VIIII Hispana,[2] was a legion of the Imperial Roman army that existed from the 1st century BC until at least AD 120. The legion fought in various provinces of the late Roman Republic and early Roman Empire. It was stationed in Britain following the Roman invasion in 43 AD. The legion disappears from surviving Roman records after c. AD 120 and there is no extant account of what happened to it.[3] The unknown fate of the legion has been the subject of considerable research and speculation. One theory (per historian Theodor Mommsen) was that the legion was wiped out in action in northern Britain soon after 108, the date of the latest datable inscription of the Ninth found in Britain, perhaps during a rising of northern tribes against Roman rule. This view was popularised by the 1954 novel The Eagle of the Ninth in which the legion is said to have marched into Caledonia (modern day Scotland), after which it was "never heard of again". This theory fell out of favour among modern scholars as successive inscriptions of IX Hispana were found in the site of the legionary base at Nijmegen (Netherlands), suggesting the Ninth may have been based there from c. 120, later than the legion's supposed annihilation in Britain.[4] The Nijmegen evidence has led to suggestions that IX Hispana was destroyed in later conflicts of the 2nd century. Suggestions include the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–135) or Marcus Aurelius' war against Parthia (161–166) in Armenia.[5] However, some scholars have ascribed the Nijmegen evidence to a mere detachment of IX Hispana, not the whole legion. In any event, it is clear that the IX Hispana did not exist during the reign of the emperor Septimius Severus (r. 193–211), as it is not included in two identical but independent lists of the 33 legions existing in this period. Contents 1 Republican army (to 30 BC) 2 Imperial Roman army (30 BC – AD 130?) 2.1 Britain (AD 43 – at least 108) 2.2 Germania Inferior (108? – 130?) 3 Theories about the Ninth's disappearance 4 Known members 5 Epigraphic inscriptions 6 In fiction and popular culture 6.1 Reenactment groups 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Republican army (to 30 BC)[edit] The origin of the legion is uncertain, but a 9th legion seems to have participated in the siege of Asculum during the Social War in 90 BC.[6] When Julius Caesar became governor of Cisalpine Gaul in 58 BC, he inherited four legions, numbered VII VIII IX X, that were already based there. The Ninth (IX) may have been quartered in Aquileia "to guard against attacks from the Illyrians".[7] Caesar created two more legions (XI and XII), using all six for his attack on the Helvetii initiating the Gallic wars. The Caesarian Ninth Legion fought in the battles of Dyrrhachium and Pharsalus (48 BC) and in the African campaign of 46 BC. After his final victory, Caesar disbanded the legion and settled the veterans in the area of Picenum.[8] Following Caesar's assassination, Caesar's ally Ventidius Bassus made attempts to recreate the 7th, 8th and 9th legions, but "it is not clear that any of these survived even to the time of Philippi".[9] Octavian later recalled the veterans of the Ninth to fight against the rebellion of Sextus Pompeius in Sicily. After defeating Sextus, they were sent to the province of Macedonia. The Ninth remained with Octavian in his war of 31 BC against Mark Antony and fought by his side in the Battle of Actium. Imperial Roman army (30 BC – AD 130?)[edit] See also: Imperial Roman army Memorial to Lucius Duccius Rufinus, a standard bearer of the Ninth, Yorkshire Museum, York With Octavian, whom the Senate later titled Augustus, established as sole ruler of the Roman world, the legion was sent to Hispania to take part in the large-scale campaign against the Cantabrians (25–13 BC). The nickname Hispana ("stationed in Hispania") is first found during the reign of Augustus and probably originated at that time. After this, the legion was probably part of the imperial army in the Rhine borderlands that was campaigning against the Germanic tribes. Following the abandonment of the eastern Rhine area (after the disastrous Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in AD 9), the Ninth was relocated in Pannonia. Britain (AD 43 – at least 108)[edit] In AD 43, the legion most likely participated in the Roman invasion of Britain led by the emperor Claudius and general Aulus Plautius, because they soon appear amongst the provincial garrison. In AD 50, the Ninth was one of two legions that defeated the forces of Caratacus at Caer Caradoc. Around the same year, the legion constructed a fort, Lindum Colonia, at Lincoln. Under the command of Caesius Nasica they put down the first revolt of Venutius between 52 and 57. The Ninth suffered a serious defeat at the Battle of Camulodunum under Quintus Petillius Cerialis in the rebellion of Boudica (61), when most of the foot-soldiers were killed in a disastrous attempt to relieve the besieged city of Camulodunum (Colchester). Only the cavalry escaped. The legion was later reinforced with legionaries from the Germania provinces. When Cerialis returned as governor of Britain ten years later, he took command of the Ninth once more in a successful campaign against the Brigantes in 71–72, to subdue north-central Britain. Around this time they constructed a new fortress at York (Eboracum), as shown by finds of tile-stamps from the site.[10] The Ninth participated in Agricola's invasion of Caledonia (modern Scotland) in 82–83. According to Tacitus, the legion narrowly escaped destruction when the Caledonians beyond the Forth launched a surprise attack at night on their fort. The Caledonians "burst upon them as they were terrified in their sleep". In desperate hand-to-hand fighting the Caledonians entered the camp, but Agricola was able to send cavalry to relieve the legion. Seeing the relief force, "the men of the Ninth Legion recovered their spirit, and sure of their safety, fought for glory", pushing back the Caledonians.[11] The legion also participated in the decisive Battle of Mons Graupius. The last attested activity of the Ninth in Britain is during the rebuilding in stone of the legionary fortress at York (Eboracum) in 108. This is recorded in an inscribed stone tablet discovered in 1864, now displayed in the Yorkshire Museum in York.[12] Germania Inferior (108? – 130?)[edit] Several inscriptions attesting IX Hispana have been found in the site of the legionary fortress on the lower Rhine river at Noviomagus Batavorum (Nijmegen, Netherlands). These include some tile-stamps (dated 104–120); and a silver-plated bronze pendant, found in the 1990s, that was part of a phalera (military medal), with "LEG HISP IX" inscribed on the reverse.[13] In addition, an altar to Apollo, dating from this period, was found at nearby Aquae Granni (Aachen, Germany), erected in fulfillment of a vow, by Lucius Latinius Macer, who describes himself as primus pilus (chief centurion) and as praefectus castrorum ("prefect of the camp", i.e. third-in-command) of IX Hispana.[14] (it was commonplace for chief centurions, on completion of their single-year term of office, to be promoted to praefectus castrorum). The archaeological evidence thus appears to indicate that elements of IX Hispana were present at Noviomagus sometime after 104 (when the previous incumbent legion, X Gemina, was transferred to the Danube) and that IX was probably replaced by a detachment of legion XXX Ulpia Victrix not long after AD 120.[15] Less clear is whether the whole IX legion was at Nijmegen or simply a detachment. The evidence for the presence of senior officers such as Macer convinced several scholars that the Ninth Legion as a whole was based there between 121 and 130.[4] It may have been both: first a detachment, later followed by the rest of the legion: a vexillatio Britannica ("British detachment") is also attested at Nijmegen in this period.[16] However, it is unclear whether this detachment was drawn from the IX Hispana (and its attached auxiliary regiments) alone, or from a mix of various British-based units. Theories about the Ninth's disappearance[edit] A stamp of the Ninth legion from the fortress at Caerleon in Wales. The last definite attestation of the Ninth: a stone inscription at York dated 108, on display in the Yorkshire Museum. The Nijmegen finds, dating to c. 120, were, in 2015, the latest records of Legion IX found. The Ninth was apparently no longer in existence after 197. Two lists of the legions survive from this era, one inscribed on a column found in Rome (CIL VI 3492) and the other a list of legions in existence "today" provided by the contemporary Greco-Roman historian Dio Cassius, writing c. 210–232 (Roman History LV.23–24). Both these lists date from after 197, as both include the 3 Parthica legions founded by Septimius Severus in that year. Both lists provide an identical list of 33 legions. Neither includes a "IX Hispana". It thus appears that IX Hispana disappeared sometime in the period 120–197. The traditional theory is that the Ninth was destroyed in a war on Britain's northern frontier against the indigenous Celtic tribes. According to the eminent 19th-century German classicist Theodor Mommsen, "under Hadrian there was a terrible catastrophe here, apparently an attack on the fortress of Eboracum [York] and the annihilation of the legion stationed there, the very same Ninth that had fought so unluckily in the Boudican revolt."[12] He suggested that a revolt of the Brigantes soon after 108 was the most likely explanation. Mommsen cited as evidence the Roman historian Marcus Cornelius Fronto, writing in the 160s AD, who told the emperor Marcus Aurelius: "Indeed, when your grandfather Hadrian held imperial power, what great numbers of soldiers were killed by the Jews, what great numbers by the Britons".[17] The emperor Hadrian (r. 117–138) visited Britain in person around 122 AD, when he launched the construction of Hadrian's Wall because, according to one Roman source, "the Britons could not be kept under Roman control".[18] It is plausible that Hadrian was responding to a military disaster.[19] However, there is no archaeological evidence of it around 120. Mommsen's thesis was published long before the first traces of IX Hispana were found at Nijmegen. As a result of these, and of inscriptions proving that two senior officers, who were deputy commanders of the Ninth in c. 120, lived on for several decades to lead distinguished public careers, led to the Mommsen theory falling out of favour with many scholars. These now suggest later conflicts in other theatres as possible scenes of IX Hispana's demise: The Second Jewish Revolt against the Romans in Judea that broke out in 132. It was reported that the Romans suffered heavy casualties in this war, whose start-date fits neatly with the estimated time of IX Hispana's departure from Nijmegen (120–130). In this scenario, the Ninth may have been dispatched to Judea to reinforce the locally based legions, but was heavily defeated by Jewish forces and the remnants of the unit disbanded. However, another legion, XXII Deiotariana, normally based in Egypt, is actually documented in Judea at this time and its surviving datable records also cease c. 120. It is possible that both legions were destroyed by the Jews, but if so this would rate as the worst Roman military disaster since the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (AD 9) when 3 legions were lost. The emperor Marcus Aurelius' Parthian War (161–166) against King Vologases IV. According to Greco-Roman historian Cassius Dio, a Parthian army led by the general Chosroes surrounded and annihilated an unspecified Roman legion in Armenia. This led to the suicide of its commander, the governor of Cappadocia, Marcus Sedatius Severianus.[20] At this time, there were two legions permanently stationed in Cappadocia, the XII Fulminata and the XV Apollinaris. Both these units are attested as operational well beyond AD 200, so neither could have been the legion destroyed by the Parthians. The theory that the Ninth was the lost legion has the drawback that there is a complete lack of evidence that the Ninth was present in the East in the period 130–160. Some scholars argue that the legion referred to by Dio was the XXII Deiotariana, but if so, the latter could not have been annihilated by the Jews thirty years earlier. Several scholars continue to argue that destruction in Britain is the most likely scenario for the Ninth's disappearance. Russell argues that "by far the most plausible answer to the question 'what happened to the Ninth' is that they fought and died in Britain, disappearing in the late 110s or early 120s when the province was in disarray".[21][22] Such scholars criticise the assumptions of those who extrapolate from inscription evidence, arguing that it is easy to confuse evidence about different persons with the same name. It is highly unlikely that if the legion continued in existence up to the Armenian war of 161, no records at all later than c. 120 would be known. Lawrence Keppie says that "no inscriptions recording the building activities of the legion or the lives and careers of its members have come from the East", suggesting that if the legion did leave Britain, it ceased to exist very soon afterwards.[23] Russell argues that "there is no evidence that the Ninth were ever taken out of Britain." He has claimed that the tile stamps found at Nijmegen cannot be dated to the period after 120, but "all seem to date to the 80s AD, when detachments of the Ninth were indeed on the Rhine fighting Germanic tribes."[21] Keppie also says that the tiles cannot be securely dated, but suggests that they date from c. 105 during a temporary absence of the legion from Britain.[23] However, Keppie does not support the theory that the legion met its end in Britain. He suggests that the legion may have been withdrawn from York around 117 to take part in the war in Parthia at the end of Trajan's reign. Keppie suggests that it was the legion's absence elsewhere that encouraged a native uprising, obliging Hadrian to send the Legio VI Victrix to Britain.[23] In conclusion, the fate of the Ninth remains the subject of vigorous debate among scholars.[12] As Sheppard Frere noted in 1967, "further evidence is needed before more can be said".[24] Known members[edit] Name Rank Time frame Province Source Caesius Nasica[25] legatus legionis c. 50 Britannica Tacitus, Annales, XII.40 Quintus Petillius Cerialis[26] legatus legionis 59–61 Britannica Tacitus, Agricola 7, 8, 17; Annales XIV.32 Gaius Caristanius Fronto[27] legatus legionis c. 76–79 Britannica ILS 9485 Lucius Aninius Sextius Florentinus[28] legatus legionis 118–120 Britannica CIL III, 87 Lucius Duccius Rufinus standard-bearer ? Britannica ? Titus[29] tribunus laticlavius c. 60 Britannica Suetonius, Divus Titus 4.1 Lucius Roscius Aelianus Maecius Celer[30] tribunus laticlavius 83 Britannica CIL XIV, 3612 Lucius Burbuleius Optatus Ligarianus[31] tribunus laticlavius c. 115 Britannica CIL X, 6006 Lucius Aemilius Carus[32] tribunus laticlavius c. 122 Britannica CIL VI, 1333 = ILS 1077 Lucius Novius Crispinus Martialis Saturninus[33] tribunus laticlavius c. 125 Britannica CIL VIII, 2747 Quintus Camurius Numisius Junior tribunus laticlavius c. 145 Britannica CIL XI, 5670 Epigraphic inscriptions[edit] - Monumentum / (...) Quirina Quintillus miles legionis IX Hispanae annorum (...) Pisoni filius posuit (...). Leon (Legionem), Spain. HEp 9, 1999, 405. In fiction and popular culture[edit] The Ninth Legion's mysterious disappearance has made it a popular subject for historical fiction, fantasy and science fiction. The Silchester eagle, the Roman eagle that inspired Sutcliff's novel. According to Reading Museum, it "is not a legionary eagle but has been immortalized as such by Rosemary Sutcliff."[34] In Rosemary Sutcliff's 1954 historical novel The Eagle of the Ninth, a young Roman officer, Marcus Flavius Aquila, is trying to recover the Eagle standard of his father's legion beyond Hadrian's Wall. A Home Service radio dramatisation of The Eagle of the Ninth was broadcast on Children's Hour in about 1956. In Alan Garner's 1973 novel Red Shift, one narrative involves a group of Roman soldiers who are survivors of the Legion's destruction, trying to survive in hostile, 2nd-century Cheshire. In Karl Edward Wagner's 1976 fantasy novel Legion from the Shadows (featuring Robert E. Howard's Bran Mak Morn), the survivors of the Ninth flee underground where they interbreed with the Worms of the Earth. A BBC television serial was made of The Eagle of the Ninth in 1977. The 1979 historical novel Legions of the Mists by Amanda Cockrell recounts the destruction of the Ninth Hispania by an attack by combined tribes in Scotland. In David Gemmell's "Stones of Power" historical fantasy series, (1988–1991) the Ninth have been trapped in Limbo and are released by the protagonists (Uther Pendragon in Ghost King and Alexander the Great in Dark Prince (1991)) to help in battles. In Will Murray's 1993 Doc Savage novel, The Forgotten Realm,[35] the Ninth Hispana founded a city called Novum Eboracum ("New York") in the African Congo, surviving until at least the 1930s. A full-cast radio dramatization of The Eagle of the Ninth was broadcast by BBC Radio 4 in 1996.[36] In Marion Zimmer Bradley's Lady of Avalon historical fantasy novel, (1997) the Ninth is destroyed in a battle with the native Britons, from which the hero Gawen escapes to return to Avalon. In Susanna Kearsley's 1997 novel The Shadowy Horses, an archaeologist believes he has found the remains of a fort that housed the Ninth Legion in remote Eyemouth, Scotland.[37] N. M. Browne's 2000 Warriors of Alavna accounts for the disappearance of the Legion by transporting it to an alternative reality. Valerio Massimo Manfredi's 2002 historical novel L'ultima legione (The Last Legion) depicts the Ninth Legion as being part of the legend of King Arthur. Jim Butcher's Codex Alera fantasy series (2004–2009) is populated by the descendants of the Ninth Legion and its camp followers, who were transported to the world of Carna.[38] The 2006 album Caledonia by German Celtic metal band Suidakra includes a song "The IXth Legion" about the legion's fight with the Picts. The 2007 movie The Last Legion based upon the Manfredi novel. In Stephen Lorne Bennett's 2010 historical novel Last of the Ninth the Ninth Legion is destroyed by the Parthians under General Chosroes, in Cappadocia in 161 AD. The 2010 movie Centurion follows the destiny of the Ninth Legion, as seen from the perspective of centurion Quintus Dias. The 2011 movie The Eagle is based on the book The Eagle of the Ninth. The 2013 book The Eagle has Fallen written by Brian Young also subscribes to the theory that the Legion was destroyed in Britain. The 2017 Doctor Who episode "The Eaters of Light" features the remnants of the Ninth Legion, which was wiped out by an extradimensional being. In Marc Alan Edelheit's 2017 book Lost Legio IX: The Karus Saga the remains of the IXth, about to be destroyed by the native Britons, find themselves transported to another planet where they will rebuild a Roman civilization. In the TV series Britannia[39] In Kate Atkinson's novel Behind the Scenes at the Museum, set in 20th-century York, the ghosts of the members of Legio IX—together with those of people from other periods in York's history—celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953 and raise aloft their legion's Eagle in the new Queen's honour. In Robert Kroese's Alternative history "The Iron Dragon" series, the 9th is wiped out when time travellers, escaping the Judean Revolt, drop a malfunctioning proton reactor on them. Reenactment groups[edit] Several historical reenactment groups play the role of the Ninth Legion: The Vicus (UK) represents a vexillation of the Ninth[40] Legio IX Hispana (US)[41] IX Legion Hispana (UK)[42] Legio IX Hispana Sydney (Aust)[43] See also[edit] Ancient Rome portal War portal List of people who disappeared pre-1970 List of Roman legions Castra Limes (Roman Empire) Structural history of the Roman military Silchester eagle References[edit] ^ E. Ritterling, "Legio (64)", in Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft Band XII, Halbband XXIV (1925), cols. 1664–1670 ^ "Legio VIIII Hispana - Livius". livius.org. ^ Campbell, Duncan B (2018). The Fate of the Ninth. The curious disappearance of one of Rome's legions. Bocca della Verità Publishing / Kindle Direct Publishing. ISBN 978-1-791-76833-1. ^ a b Campbell, Fate of the Ninth, ch. 11 ^ Campbell, Fate of the Ninth, ch. 12. ^ Keppie, Lawrence (1984). The Making of the Roman Army, from Republic to Empire. London: Batsford. p. 68. ISBN 0-7134-3651-4. ^ Keppie, Lawrence (1984). The Making of the Roman Army, from Republic to Empire. London: Batsford. p. 208. ISBN 0-7134-3651-4. ^ Keppie, Lawrence (1983). Colonisation and veteran Settlement in Italy, 47–14 BCE. London: British School at Rome. pp. 54. ISBN 0-904152-06-5. ^ Keppie, Lawrence (1984). The Making of the Roman Army, from Republic to Empire. London: Batsford. p. 133. ISBN 0-7134-3651-4. ^ Wright, R. P. (1978). "Tile-Stamps of the Ninth Legion found in Britain". Britannia. 9: 379–382. JSTOR 525953. ^ Herbert W. Benario, Tacitus – Agricola, Germany, and Dialogue on Orators, Hackett Publishing, 2006, p. 42. ^ a b c D. B. Campbell, "The Fate of the Ninth: the Curious Disappearance of the VIIII Legio Hispana", Ancient Warfare, IV-5, 2010, pp. 48–53. ^ AE (1996) 1107 ^ AE (1968) 323 ^ Willems & Enckevort (2009): Ulpia Noviomagus (Journal of Roman Archaeology supp. series no. 73) p. 56 ^ Willems & Enckevort (2009) 56 ^ Fronto Parthian War 2, 220 ^ Scriptores Historiae Augustae Hadrian, 5, 1 ^ e.g. Breeze, D. & Dobson, B. (2000). Hadrian's Wall (4th ed.). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. p. 25. ISBN 0-14-027182-1. ^ Dio LXXI.2 ^ a b Russell, Miles (May 2011). "What Happened to Britain's Lost Roman Legion?". BBC History Magazine: 40–45. ^ Russell, Miles (2010). Bloodline: The Celtic Kings of Roman Britain. Amberley. pp. 180–85. ISBN 978-1848682382. ^ a b c Lawrence Keppie, "The Fate of the Ninth Legion: a problem for the Eastern Provinces?", in Legions and Veterans: Roman Army Papers 1971–2000, pp. 247 ff. ^ Frere, S. S. (1987). Britannia. A History of Roman Britain (Third, extensively revised ed.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 124. ISBN 0-7102-1215-1. ^ Anthony Birley, The Fasti of Roman Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), p. 231 ^ Birley, Fasti of Roman Britain, pp. 231 ^ Birley, Fasti of Roman Britain, p. 234 ^ Birley, Fasti of Roman Britain, p. 238 ^ Birley, Fasti of Roman Britain, p. 269 ^ Birley, Fasti of Roman Britain, p. 270 ^ Birley, Fasti of Roman Britain, pp. 271f ^ Birley, Fasti of Roman Britain, pp. 274f ^ Birley, Fasti of Roman Britain, pp. 276f ^ Reading Museum's Silchester Eagle PDF Archived 13 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ Robeson, Kenneth (1993). Doc Savage: The Forgotten Realm (1st ed.). Bantam Spectra. ISBN 0-553-29555-1. ^ BBC, Eagle of the ninth. ISBN 1-4084-6776-3 ^ Amazon reviews of The Shadowy Horses. ^ "Q&A with Jim Butcher". ^ Named in episode 4 of season 1, Britannia ^ "What We Do: Roman Units". Vicus – Romans and Britons. Archived from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2014. The Vicus represents two Roman military units. A vexillation of Legio IX Hispania: The choice of portraying Legion IX was an easy one as most of the legions that were present during the invasion and early occupation of Britain were already being portrayed in the UK and also the ninth does seem to have been involved in many of the significant military events.... ^ "Legio IX Hispana: Bringing Rome to Life!". Legio IX Hispana. ^ "IX Legion Hispana is a small Peterborough based group that represents mid first century military and civilian life focused on the areas occupied by the original legion after its arrival in Britain". IX Legion Hispana. ^ https://www.facebook.com/LegioIXHispanaSydney/ External links[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Legio IX Hispana. The fate of the Ninth: The curious disappearance of Legio VIIII Hispana Photograph of a stamped tile from York Today the ninth legion v t e Roman legions Legio I Adiutrix Legio I Armeniaca Legio I Flavia Constantia Legio I Germanica Legio I Iovia Legio I Isaura Sagittaria Legio I Italica Legio I Macriana liberatrix Legio I Maximiana Legio I Minervia Legio I Parthica Legio II Adiutrix Legio II Armeniaca Legio II Augusta Legio II Flavia Constantia Legio II Flavia Virtutis Legio II Gallica Legio II Herculia Legio II Isaura Legio II Italica Legio II Parthica Legio II Traiana Fortis Legio III Augusta Legio III Cyrenaica Legio III Diocletiana Legio III Gallica Legio III Isaura Legio III Italica Legio III Parthica Legio IV Flavia Felix Legio IV Italica Legio IV Macedonica Legio IV Scythica Legio V Alaudae Legio V Iovia Legio V Macedonica Legio V Parthica Legio VI Ferrata Legio VI Herculia Legio VI Hispana Legio VI Victrix Legio VII Claudia Legio VII Gemina Legio VIII Augusta Legio IX Hispana Legio X Equestris Legio X Fretensis Legio X Gemina Legio XI Legio XI Claudia Legio XII Fulminata Legio XIII Gemina Legio XIV Gemina Legio XV Apollinaris Legio XV Primigenia Legio XVI Flavia Firma Legio XVI Gallica Legio XVII Legio XVIII Legio XIX Legio XX Valeria Victrix Legio XXI Rapax Legio XXII Deiotariana Legio XXII Primigenia Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legio_IX_Hispana&oldid=1025018815" Categories: Roman legions Roman legions in Britain Military units and formations established in the 1st century BC Military units and factions of the Bar Kokhba revolt Missing person cases in the United Kingdom Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use dmy dates from February 2021 Commons category link is on Wikidata AC with 0 elements Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara Français Frysk 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2021, at 08:18 (UTC). 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