View source for Template:Nerva–Antonine family tree - Wikipedia





	
	

	
	

	View source for Template:Nerva–Antonine family tree

	
		
		← Template:Nerva–Antonine family tree

		

		
		

		Jump to navigation
		Jump to search
		You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:


	Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis.

The block was made by Jon Kolbert (meta.wikimedia.org).
The reason given is Open Proxy: Webhost: Contact stewards if you are affected .

	Start of block: 20:12, 23 July 2019
	Expiry of block: 20:12, 23 January 2022



Your current IP address is 40.76.139.33 and the blocked range is 40.76.0.0/16.
Please include all above details in any queries you make.

If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy.
Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki or send an email to the stewards OTRS queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.
	

 You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting this IP address.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.



Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. See below if you do not believe you have done anything wrong.

Editing from 40.76.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪SQL‬ for the following reason(s):





The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked  because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. 
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: {{unblock|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~}}. You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.




 


This block has been set to expire: 16:25, 2 June 2023.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators.

For information on how to proceed, first see the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful. 

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked







You can view and copy the source of this page:
==Nerva–Antonine family tree==
{{chart top|collapsed={{#switch:{{{state|<noinclude>expanded</noinclude>}}}|expanded=no|#default=yes}}|width={{{width|100%}}}|align={{{align|}}}|template_name=Nerva–Antonine family tree|Nerva–Antonine family tree}}
{{chart/start}}
{{chart | |,|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart | QBS | | QMB |v| AF | | |!| | | MCN |v| SP | | |!| | | PAH |QBS=[[Barea Soranus|Q.&nbsp;Marcius Barea Soranus]]|QMB=[[Quintus Marcius Barea Sura|Q.&nbsp;Marcius Barea Sura]]|AF=Antonia Furnilla|MCN=M.&nbsp;Cocceius Nerva|SP=Sergia Plautilla|PAH=P.&nbsp;Aelius Hadrianus}}
{{chart | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | |!}}
{{chart | TTS |v| MRF | | MRC |v| MVT | | | | NER | | | | VLP |v| AHM |TTS={{sm|[[Titus]]}}<br/>(r.&nbsp;79–81)|MRF=[[Marcia Furnilla]]|NER={{sm|[[Nerva]]}}<br/>(r.&nbsp;96–98)|MRC=[[Marcia (mother of Trajan)|Marcia]]|MVT={{sm|[[Marcus Ulpius Traianus (father of Trajan)|Trajanus Pater]]}}|VLP=[[Ulpia (grandmother of Hadrian)|Ulpia]]{{efn-lr|Sister of Trajan's father: Giacosa (1977), p.&nbsp;7.}} |AHM=[[Aelius Hadrianus Marullinus]]|boxstyle_ NER=background-color: #e9a5d8;|boxstyle_ TTS=background-color: #c6bbf9;}}
{{chart | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.|F|~|~|J| | | | | | | |!}}
{{chart | | | JF | | MAR |v| SAL | | TRA |j| PLO |P| PAA | | AFR |v| DPA | | | | |JF={{sm|[[Julia Flavia]]}}{{efn-lr|name="giac8"|Giacosa (1977), p. 8.}} |TRA={{sm|[[Trajan]]}}<br/>(r.&nbsp;98–117) |PLO={{sm|[[Pompeia Plotina|Plotina]]}}|PAA=[[Publius Acilius Attianus|P.&nbsp;Acilius Attianus]] |SAL=[[Gaius Salonius Matidius Patruinus|C.&nbsp;Salonius Matidius]]{{efn-lr|Husband of Ulpia Marciana: Levick (2014), p. 161.}} |MAR={{sm|[[Ulpia Marciana|Marciana]]}}{{efn-lr|name="lev161"}} |DPA=[[Paulina#Mother of Hadrian|Paulina Major]]{{efn-lr|name="DIR hadrian"}} |AFR=[[Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer|P.&nbsp;Aelius Afer]]{{efn-lr|name="giac7"}} |boxstyle_ TRA=background-color: #e9a5d8; }}
{{chart | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |:| | | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | | }}
{{chart | LCM |v| SCR |v| MAT |v| VIB | | |L|~|~|~|7|,|*|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.|VIB=[[Lucius Vibius Sabinus|L.&nbsp;Vibius Sabinus]]<br/>(1){{efn-lr|Husband of Salonia Matidia: Levick (2014), p. 161.}} |LCM=[[Lucius Mindius]]<br/>(2)|SCR=[[Libo Rupilius Frugi]]<br/>(3)|MAT={{sm|[[Salonia Matidia|Matidia]]}}{{efn-lr|name="giac9"}} }}
{{chart | | | |!| |,|-|'| | | |`|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | |:|!|:| | | | | | | | | PAU |v| URS |PAU=[[Paulina#Sister of Hadrian|Paulina Minor]]{{efn-lr|name="DIR hadrian"}} |URS=[[Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus|L.&nbsp;Julius Ursus Servianus]]{{efn-lr|name="Smith Servianus"|Smith (1870), [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/3125.html "Julius Servianus"].{{Dead link|date=October 2016}} }} |boxstyle_ URS=background-color: #e5e5e5; }}
{{chart | | | MAM |!| | | | | | | | SUE |P| SAB |-| HAD |P| AOS | | | | | | | |!| |MAM=[[Matidia Minor]]{{efn-lr|name="giac9"|Giacosa (1977), p. 9.}}|SUE=[[Suetonius]]?{{efn-lr|Suetonius a possible lover of Sabina: One interpretation of ''[[Augustan History|HA]] Hadrianus'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Hadrian/1*.html#11 11:3] }} |SAB={{sm|[[Vibia Sabina|Sabina]]}}{{efn-lr|name="lev161"|Levick (2014), p. 161.}} |HAD={{sm|[[Hadrian]]}}{{efn-lr|name="giac7"|Giacosa (1977), p.&nbsp;7.}}{{efn-lr|name="Smith 1870a p. 319"|Smith (1870), [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/1427.html "Hadrian"], pp. 319–322.{{Dead link|date=October 2016}} }}{{efn-lr|name="DIR hadrian"|''DIR'' contributor (Herbert W. Benario, 2000), [http://www.roman-emperors.org/hadrian.htm "Hadrian"].}} (r.&nbsp;117–138) |AOS={{sm|[[Antinous]]}}{{efn-lr|Lover of Hadrian: Lambert (1984), p.&nbsp;99 and ''passim''; deification: Lamber (1984), pp.&nbsp;2–5, etc.}} |boxstyle_ HAD=background-color: #e9a5d8; }}
{{chart | | | | | |!| | | JBL |P|P|P|P|P|P|Z| | | | |L|~|V|7| | | | | SAL |v| JPA |JPA=[[Paulina#Niece of Hadrian|Julia Serviana Paulina]]|SAL=C.&nbsp;Fuscus Salinator I |JBL=[[Julia Balbilla]]?{{efn-lr|Julia Balbilla a possible lover of Sabina: A. R. Birley (1997), ''Hadrian, the Restless Emperor'', p. 251, cited in Levick (2014), p. 30, who is sceptical of this suggestion.}} }}
{{chart | ANV |v| RPF | | | | | | BP |v| GAA | | | | | |:|:| | | | | | | |`|-|.|RPF=[[Rupilia|Rupilia Faustina]]{{efn-lr|name="lev163"}} |BP=Boionia Procilla|GAA=[[Gnaeus Arrius Antoninus|Cn.&nbsp;Arrius Antoninus]] |ANV=[[Marcus Annius Verus (grandfather of Marcus Aurelius)|M.&nbsp;Annius Verus]]{{efn-lr|Husband of Rupilia Faustina: Levick (2014), p. 163.}} }}
{{chart | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.|L|~|~|~|~|~|C|:| LCC |v| AS | | STY ||LCC=L.&nbsp;Ceionius Commodus|AS=Appia Severa |STY=C.&nbsp;Fuscus Salinator II|boxstyle_ STY=background-color: #e5e5e5; }}
{{chart | | | |!| LCP |-|-|v|-|-| AA | | AF |-|v| TAF |:|:| |,|-|'| |,|-|-|-|.| | | | | |AA=Arria Antonina|AF=Arria Fadilla{{efn-lr|name="lev162"}} |TAF=[[Titus Aurelius Fulvus (father of Antoninus Pius)|T.&nbsp;Aurelius Fulvus]] |LCP=L.&nbsp;Caesennius Paetus }}
{{chart | | | |!| | | | | LCA | | | | | | | | | |`|-|-|.|:|:| LCC |v| FPL | | IGP |v| GAN |LCA=[[Lucius Caesennius Antoninus|L.&nbsp;Caesennius Antoninus]]|LCC=L.&nbsp;Commodus|FPL=[[Plautia (mother of Aelius Caesar)|Plautia]]|IGP=''ignota''{{efn-lr|name="lev164"}} |GAN=[[Gaius Avidius Nigrinus|C.&nbsp;Avidius Nigrinus]]}}
{{chart | |,|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |!|:|L|~|~|7|!| | | | | | | |!| | }}
{{chart | MAV |v| DL | | | | FD |-| MAL | | FAU |v| ANT | | | |LAC|-|-|v|-|-|AVP| |DL=[[Domitia Calvilla]]{{efn-lr|Wife of M. Annius Verus: Giacosa (1977), p. 10.}} |MAV=[[Marcus Annius Verus (praetor)|M. Annius Verus]]{{efn-lr|name="lev163"}} |FD=Fundania{{efn-lr|Wife of M. Annius Libo: Levick (2014), p. 163.}} |MAL=[[Marcus Annius Libo|M.&nbsp;Annius Libo]]{{efn-lr|name="lev163"}} |FAU=[[Faustina the Elder|F<small>AUSTINA</small>]]{{efn-lr|name="lev162"}} |ANT={{sm|[[Antoninus Pius]]}}<br/>(r.&nbsp;138–161){{efn-lr|name="lev162"}} |boxstyle_ ANT=background-color: #e9a5d8; |LAC=[[Lucius Aelius Caesar|L.&nbsp;Aelius Caesar]]{{efn-lr|name="lev164"}} |AVP=[[Avidia (mother of Lucius Verus)|Avidia]]{{efn-lr|name="lev164"}} |boxstyle_LAC=background-color: #f6dbef;}}
{{chart| |,|-|^|-|.|F|~|~|~|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|^|7|,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|.| | }}
{{chart|ACF| |MAU|-|v|FAI|P|AVC| | |AFD| |VER|.|CEF|v|PQ| |QSP|v|CEP|MAU=[[Marcus Aurelius|M<small>ARCUS</small> A<small>URELIUS</small>]]<br/>(r.&nbsp;161–180){{efn-lr|name="giac10"}}|FAI=[[Faustina the Younger|F<small>AUSTINA</small> Minor]]{{efn-lr|name="giac10"}} |AVC=[[Avidius Cassius|C.&nbsp;Avidius Cassius]]{{efn-lr|The epitomator of Cassius Dio ([http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/72*.html 72.22]) gives the story that Faustina the Elder promised to marry Avidius Cassius. This is also echoed in ''[[Historia Augusta|HA]]'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Marcus_Aurelius/2*.html "Marcus Aurelius" 24].}}|ACF=[[Annia Cornificia Faustina|Cornificia]]{{efn-lr|name="lev163"|Levick (2014), p. 163.}} |AFD=Aurelia Fadilla{{efn-lr|name="lev162"|Levick (2014), p. 162.}} |VER=[[Lucius Verus|L<small>UCIUS</small> V<small>ERUS</small>]]<br/>(r.&nbsp;161–169){{efn-lr|name="lev164"|Levick (2014), p. 164.}}<br/>(1)|PQ=[[Plautius Quintillus]]{{efn-lr|Husband of Ceionia Fabia: Levick (2014), p. 164.}} |CEF=[[Ceionia Fabia]]{{efn-lr|name="lev164"}} |QSP=[[Quintus Servilius Pudens|Q.&nbsp;Servilius Pudens]]|CEP=[[Ceionia Plautia]]{{efn-lr|name="lev164"}} | | |boxstyle_MAU=background-color: #e9a5d8;|boxstyle_VER=background-color: #e9a5d8; |boxstyle_AVC=background-color: #e5e5e5;}}
{{chart| |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|v|-|v|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|`|-|.| |`|.| | | | | | |`|.}}
{{chart|COR|v|MPS| |COM|!|FAD|.|MAC| |TCP|-|LUC|'|,|MPQ| |JLB|v|SRV|TCP=[[Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus|Ti.&nbsp;Claudius Pompeianus]]<br/>(2)|LUC=[[Lucilla]]{{efn-lr|name="giac10"}} |MAC=[[Marcus Annius Verus Caesar|M. Annius Verus Caesar]]{{efn-lr|name="giac10"}} |COM=[[Commodus|C<small>OMMODUS</small>]]<br/>(r.&nbsp;177–192){{efn-lr|name="giac10"|Giacosa (1977), p. 10.}} |COR=[[Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor|Cornificia Minor]]{{efn-lr|name="lev117"}} |MPS=[[Marcus Petronius Sura Mamertinus|M.&nbsp;Petronius Sura]]|FAD=[[Fadilla]]{{efn-lr|name="lev117"|Levick (2014), p. 117.}} |MPQ=[[Marcus Peducaeus Plautius Quintillus|M.&nbsp;Plautius Quintillus]]{{efn-lr|name="lev164"}} |JLB=Junius Licinius Balbus|SRV=Servilia Ceionia|boxstyle_COM=background-color: #e9a5d8;|boxstyle_MAC=background-color: #f6dbef;|boxstyle_TCP=background: #e5e5e5;}}
{{chart| | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | |`|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|'| | | | | | | |!}}
{{chart| | |PA| |LAA|-|VAS|-|LAB| |PQS| |PS| | |GST| |AG|v|JLB|PA=Petronius Antoninus|LAB=[[Lucius Antistius Burrus|L.&nbsp;Antistius Burrus]]<br/>(1)|LAA=L.&nbsp;Aurelius Agaclytus<br/>(2)|VAS=[[Vibia Aurelia Sabina|Aurelia Sabina]]{{efn-lr|name="lev117"}} |PQS=Plautius Quintillus|PS=Plautia Servilla|GST=[[Gaius Furius Sabinius Aquila Timesitheus|C.&nbsp;Furius Sabinus Timesitheus]]|AG=[[Antonia Gordiana]]|JLB=[[Junius Licinius Balbus]]?}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |`|.| | | | |!}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |TRQ|-|-|GRD|TRQ=[[Tranquillina|Furia Sabina Tranquillina]]|GRD=[[Gordian III|G<small>ORDIAN</small> III]]<br/>(r.&nbsp;238–244)|boxstyle_GRD=background-color: #c6bbf9;}}
{{chart/end}}
|-
|style="text-align: left;"|
{| style="border-spacing: 2px; border: 1px solid darkgray;"
|-
|
* (1) = 1st spouse
* (2) = 2nd spouse
* (3) = 3rd spouse
*{{Legend|#e9a5d8|Reddish purple indicates [[Roman emperor|emperor]] of the Nerva-Antonine dynasty}}<br/>{{Legend|#f6dbef|lighter purple indicates designated imperial heir of said dynasty who never reigned}}<br/>{{Legend|#e5e5e5|grey indicates unsuccessful imperial aspirants}}<br/>{{Legend|#c6bbf9|bluish purple indicates emperors of other dynasties}}
* dashed lines indicate adoption; dotted lines indicate love affairs/unmarried relationships
* {{sm|small caps}} = posthumously deified (''[[Augustus (honorific)|Augusti]], [[Augusta (honorific)|Augustae]],'' or other)
|}
|-
|style="text-align: left;"|'''Notes:'''
Except where otherwise noted, the notes below indicate that an individual's parentage is as shown in the above family tree.
{{notelist-lr|30em}}<!--- use either {{Efn-lr}} and/or <ref group=lower-roman /> To fill this notelist -->
|-
|style="text-align: left;"|'''References:'''
*{{cite web |author=''DIR'' contributors |year=2000 |url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/ |title=De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families |access-date=2015-04-14}}
*{{cite book|last=Giacosa |first=Giorgio |title=Women of the Caesars: Their Lives and Portraits on Coins |others=Translated by R. Ross Holloway |publisher=Edizioni Arte e Moneta |ISBN=0-8390-0193-2 |date=1977 |location=Milan}}
*{{cite book|last=Lambert |first=Royston |date=1984 |title=Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous |publisher=Viking |ISBN=0-670-15708-2 |location=New York}}
*{{cite book |last=Levick |first=Barbara |title=Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |ISBN=978-0-19-537941-9}}
*{{cite book |year=1870 |editor=[[William Smith (lexicographer)|William Smith]] |title=[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]}}
{{chart bottom}}<noinclude>
{{collapsible option|align=1|title-background=1|width=1}}

[[Category:Roman family tree templates]]
[[Category:Nerva–Antonine dynasty|–]]
</noinclude>
Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):


	Template:Big (view source) (template editor protected)
	Template:Category handler (view source) (protected)
	Template:Chart (view source) (template editor protected)
	Template:Chart/end (view source) (semi-protected)
	Template:Chart/start (view source) (semi-protected)
	Template:Chart bottom (view source) (template editor protected)
	Template:Chart top (view source) (template editor protected)
	Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
	Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
	Template:Collapsible option (view source) (template editor protected)
	Template:Dead link (view source) (template editor protected)
	Template:Efn (view source) (template editor protected)
	Template:Efn-lr (view source) (semi-protected)
	Template:Fix (view source) (protected)
	Template:Greater color contrast ratio (view source) (template editor protected)
	Template:Ifsubst (view source) (template editor protected)
	Template:Kbd (view source) (semi-protected)
	Template:Legend (view source) (template editor protected)
	Template:Legend/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
	Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
	Template:Navbar-collapsible (view source) (template editor protected)
	Template:Nerva–Antonine family tree (edit) 
	Template:Notelist (view source) (template editor protected)
	Template:Notelist-lr (view source) (semi-protected)
	Template:Para (view source) (template editor protected)
	Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
	Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
	Template:Sm (view source) (semi-protected)
	Template:Smallcaps (view source) (template editor protected)
	Template:Smallcaps/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
	Template:Template link expanded (view source) (protected)
	Template:Template other (view source) (protected)
	Template:Tlx (view source) (protected)
	Template:Tree chart (view source) (template editor protected)
	Template:Tree chart/end (view source) (template editor protected)
	Template:Tree chart/start (view source) (template editor protected)
	Template:Var (view source) (template editor protected)
	Template:Yesno (view source) (protected)
	Template:Yesno-no (view source) (template editor protected)
	Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
	Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
	Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
	Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
	Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
	Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
	Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (template editor protected)
	Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
	Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
	Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
	Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
	Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
	Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
	Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
	Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
	Module:Color contrast (view source) (template editor protected)
	Module:Color contrast/colors (view source) (template editor protected)
	Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
	Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
	Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
	Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
	Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
	Module:No globals (view source) (protected)
	Module:Template link general (view source) (protected)
	Module:Tree chart (view source) (template editor protected)
	Module:Tree chart/data (view source) (template editor protected)
	Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
	Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)


Return to Template:Nerva–Antonine family tree.



Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nerva–Antonine_family_tree"


		

	




	





	Navigation menu

	
		
	
		Personal tools
	

	
			Not logged in
	Talk
	Contributions
	Create account
	Log in


		
	



		
			
	
		Namespaces
	

	
			Template
	Talk


		
	



			
	
	
		Variants
	

	
		

		
	



		

		
			
	
		Views
	

	
			Read
	Edit
	View history


		
	



			
	
	
		More
	

	
		

		
	



			
	
		Search
	

	
		
			
			
			
			
		

	




		

	

	

	
		
	

	
	
		Navigation
	

	
			Main page
	Contents
	Current events
	Random article
	About Wikipedia
	Contact us
	Donate


		
	



	
	
		Contribute
	

	
			Help
	Learn to edit
	Community portal
	Recent changes
	Upload file


		
	



	
		Tools
	

	
			What links here
	Related changes
	Upload file
	Special pages
	Page information
	Wikidata item


		
	



	
	
		Languages
	

	
		

		

	









	


		Privacy policy
	About Wikipedia
	Disclaimers
	Contact Wikipedia
	Mobile view
	Developers
	Statistics
	Cookie statement