Saloninus - Wikipedia Saloninus From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Roman emperor in 260 This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (September 2019) Roman emperor Saloninus Antoninianus of Saloninus Roman emperor Augustus Caesar July (?) 260 (full emperor, briefly) 258 – 260 Predecessor Gallienus Successor Gallienus Born c. 242 Died 260 (aged 18) Colonia Agrippina Names Publius Licinius Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus[1] Regnal name Imperator Caesar Publius Cornelius Licinius Saloninus Valerianus Pius Felix Invictus Augustus Dynasty Licinius Father Gallienus Mother Cornelia Salonina v t e Crisis of the Third Century Reign of Maximinus Thrax (235–238) Death of Alexander Severus (235) Usurpation of Magnus (c. 235) Usurpation of Quartinus (235) Year of the Six Emperors (238) Gordian Revolt (238) Carthage (238) Aquileia (238) Reign of Pupienus and Balbinus (238) Invasion of the Carpi (238–239) Reign of Gordian III (238–244) Sabinianus Revolt (240) Fall of Hatra (241) Resaena (243) Misiche (244) Reign of Philip the Arab (244–249) Invasion of the Carpi (245–247) Secular Games of 248 (248) Usurpation of Sponsianus (240s) Usurpation of Pacatianus (248) Usurpation of Jotapianus (249) Usurpation of Silbannacus (249 or 253) Decius' Rebellion (249) Verona (249) Reign of Decius and Herennius Etruscus (249–251) Plague of Cyprian (250–270) Decian persecution (250–251) Gothic invasion of Cniva (250–251) Carpi invasion of Dacia (250) Nicopolis ad Istrum (250) Beroe (250) Philippopolis (250) Usurpation of Titus Julius Priscus (251) Abritus (251) Reign of Trebonianus Gallus (251–253) Death of Hostilian (251) Mariades' Revolt (252) Nisibis (252) Barbalissos (253) Interamna Nahars (c 253) Death of Trebonianus Gallus and Volusianus (253) Reign of Aemilianus (253) Antioch (253) Assassination of Aemilianus (253) Reign of Valerian and Gallienus (253–260) Thessalonica (254) Thermopylae (254) Dura-Europos (256) Gothic invasion (256–257) Invasion of Shapur (258) Invasion of the Alemanni (258–260 approx) Mediolanum (259) Scythian invasion (259–260) Edessa (260) Reign of Gallienus (260–268) Caesarea (260) Usurpation of Ingenuus (260) Usurpation of Regalianus (260) Usurpation of Macrianus Major (c. 259–261) Gallic Empire (260–274) Death of Saloninus (260) Roxolani Invasion of Pannonia (260) Campaigns of Odaenathus (260–267) Usurpation of Quietus (261) Usurpation of Balista (261) Usurpation of Valens Thessalonicus (261) Usurpation of Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi (261) Usurpation of Macrianus Minor (261) Pannonian Rebellion (261) Usurpation of Mussius Aemilianus (261–262) Postumus' Campaign against the Franks (262) Postumus' Campaign against the Alamanni (263) Ctesiphon (263) Scythian Invasion (265–266) Assassination of Odaenathus (267) Usurpation of Maeonius (266–267) Scythian Invasion (267–269) Heruli Raids (267) Athens (267) Usurpation of Manius Acilius Aureolus (268) Reign of Claudius II (268–270) Usurpation of Laelianus (269) Reign of Marcus Aurelius Marius (269) Augustodunum Haeduorum Naissus (268/269) Lake Benacus (268 or 269) Capture of Athens (269) Palmyrene Empire (270–273) Bostra (270) Palmyrene invasion of Egypt (270) Vandal Invasion (270) Reign of Aurelian (270–275) Usurpation of Victorinus Junior (271) Junthungi Invasion (271) Domitianus II (271) Tetricus I & Tetricus II (271–274) Rebellion of Felicissimus (270s) Placentia (271) Fano (271) Pavia (271) Tyana (272) Immae (272) Emesa (272) Razing of Palmyra (273) Usurpation of Faustinus (c. 273) Châlons (274) Publius Licinius Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus (c. 242 – 260) was Roman Emperor in 260. Contents 1 Early life 2 Reign 3 Death 4 Family tree of Licinia gens 5 Notes Early life[edit] Saloninus was born around the year 242. His father was the later emperor Gallienus, his mother Cornelia Salonina, a Greek[2][3] from Bithynia. In 258 Saloninus was appointed Caesar by his father (just like his older brother Valerian II, who had died around 258) and sent to Gaul to make sure his father's authority was respected there (the title Caesar in Imperial nomenclature indicated that the holder was the Crown Prince and first in line of succession after the Augustus, the title reserved for the ruling Emperor). Like Valerian II, who was made the ward of Ingenuus, governor of the Illyrian provinces, Saloninus was put under the protection of the praetorian prefect Silvanus (otherwise named as Albanus).[4] As Caesar in Gaul, Saloninus had his main seat in Cologne. Reign[edit] Bray [5] conjectures that Saloninus's appointment as Caesar, like that of his elder brother, Valerian II, in Illyria, was made at the instigation of Valerian I who was, simultaneously, the senior Emperor (Augustus) and grandfather of the two young Caesars and, as head of the Licinius clan, exercised also the patria potestas[1] over all members of the Imperial family, including his son Gallienus, his co-Emperor (and co-Augustus). Bray suggests that Valerian's motive in making these appointments was securing the succession and establishing a lasting imperial dynasty. We do not know how Valerian envisaged his grandson interacting with the existing governors and military commanders of the Gallic provinces. There is no reason to suppose that he ever thought the thing through as systematically as Diocletian when he established the Tetrarchy some thirty years later. However, Silvanus must have been a seasoned soldier and administrator, and he does seem to have harboured the notion that, as guardian of Saloninus, he should exercise real authority in Gaul. This was demonstrated by the circumstances in which he fell out with the usurper Postumus. In 260 (probably in July) Silvanus (no doubt in Saloninus's name) ordered Postumus to hand over some booty that Postumus's troops had seized from a German warband which had been on its way home from a successful raid into Gaul. However, Postumus's men took violent exception to this attempt to enforce the rights of the representative of a distant emperor who was manifestly failing in his duty to protect the Gallic provinces. Asserting what was probably the prevailing custom of the frontier,[clarification needed] they turned on Saloninus and Silvanus, who had to then flee to Cologne with some loyal troops. It was probably at this time that Postumus was acclaimed emperor by his army. Riding the tiger of military discontent which he could barely control, Postumus then besieged Saloninus and Silvanus in Cologne. Death[edit] Gallienus, who was fully engaged elsewhere – probably campaigning on the middle Danube – could do nothing to save his son (by this time Saloninus's grandfather, the senior Emperor Valerian, was probably already a captive of the Persian King Shapur I). Saloninus's troops, in their desperation, finally proclaimed him emperor, perhaps hoping that this would induce Postumus's army to desert him and join them in a bid for Empire – i.e., against Valerian and Gallienus. If this was indeed their hope, they were to be disappointed in the event, for Postumus's army pressed on with the siege and, about one month later, the citizens of Colonia Agrippina handed Saloninus and his guardian over to their enemy. Postumus was then unable to prevent his army from murdering them. Despite his public protestations of regret, it seems in fact unlikely that Postumus made a serious effort to resist this course of events. Whether or not Gallienus ever concurred with Valerian's dynastic experiment is not known. Certainly the murder of Saloninus, so soon after the suspicious death of Valerian II, seems to have cured Gallienus of any ambition in this regard. We may assume that Valerian's mother, Salonina, would have been most unhappy: the death of her elder son, Valerian II, in Illyria under the tutelage of Ingenuus must have seemed to her to have confirmed her worst fears of this sort of arrangement. It had certainly proved to be folly to set up inexperienced boys as hostages to fortune and hope that their relationship to the imperial family would quell provincial resentment at the perceived inability of the central government to secure the frontiers from barbarian attack. Throughout the period of his sole reign, Gallienus made no effort to elevate his third son, Egnatius Marinianus, to the purple or associate him in any way with his government of the Empire – although he did allow him to be elected to the largely ceremonial office of Consul in 268. Family tree of Licinia gens[edit] Aulus Egnatius Priscillianus philosopher Quintus Egnatius Proculus consul suffectus Lucius Egnatius Victor Egnatius Victor Marinianus consul suffectus 1.Mariniana Valerian Roman Emperor 253-260 2.Cornelia Gallonia previous Aemilianus Roman Emperor 253 (1) Gallienus Roman Emperor 253-268 ∞ Cornelia Salonina (2) Valerianus Minor consul suffectus Claudius Gothicus Roman Emperor 268-270 Quintillus Roman Emperor 270 next Aurelian Roman Emperor 270-275 Valerian II caesar Saloninus co-emperor Publius Licinius Egnatius Marinianus consul 268 Notes[edit] ^ His full title after he proclaimed himself Emperor was IMPERATOR CAESAR CORNELIVS LICINIVS SALONINVS VALERIANVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS, which means "Military commander Caesar Cornelius Licinius Saloninius Valerianus, Pious, Lucky, Undefeated, Augustus". ^ Lissner, Ivar (1958). The Caesars: might and madness. Putnam. p. 291. OCLC 403811. Gallienus' wife was a remarkably sensitive and cultured Greek woman named Cornelia Salonina who came from Bithynia ^ Bengtson, Hermann – Bloedow, Edmund Frederick (1988). History of Greece: from the beginnings to the Byzantine era. University of Ottawa Press. p. 344. ISBN 0-7766-0210-1. The Empress Salonina, a Greek from Bithynia, took an avid part in the philhellenic efforts of the emperor.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ For a discussion of whether Silvanus was in fact Praetorian Prefect see the relevant article. ^ Bray, John (1997). Gallienus: A study in reformist and sexual politics. Adelaide: Wakefield Press. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saloninus. Regnal titles Preceded by Gallienus Roman Emperor 260 Served alongside: Gallienus Succeeded by Gallienus v t e Roman and Byzantine emperors and ruling empresses Principate 27 BC – AD 235 Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Titus Domitian Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius Lucius Verus Commodus Pertinax Didius Julianus (Pescennius Niger) (Clodius Albinus) Septimius Severus Caracalla Geta Macrinus Diadumenian Elagabalus Severus Alexander Crisis 235–285 Maximinus Thrax Gordian I Gordian II Pupienus Balbinus Gordian III Philip the Arab Philip II Decius Herennius Etruscus Hostilian Trebonianus Gallus Volusianus Aemilianus Valerian Gallienus Saloninus Claudius Gothicus Quintillus Aurelian Ulpia Severina Tacitus Florian Probus Carus Carinus Numerian Gallic emperors Postumus (Laelianus) Marius Victorinus (Domitianus II) Tetricus I with Tetricus II as caesar Palmyrene emperors Vaballathus Zenobia Septimius Antiochus Dominate 284–395 Diocletian Maximian Galerius Constantius I Severus Constantine the Great Maxentius Licinius Maximinus Daza (Valerius Valens) (Martinian) Constantine II Constantius II Constans I Magnentius Vetranio Julian Jovian Valentinian I (west) Valens (east) Gratian (west) Valentinian II (west) Theodosius I Magnus Maximus Victor (Eugenius) Western Empire 395–480 Honorius Constantine III with son Constans II Constantius III Joannes Valentinian III Petronius Maximus Avitus Majorian Libius Severus Anthemius Olybrius Glycerius Julius Nepos Romulus Augustulus Eastern/ Byzantine Empire 395–1204 Arcadius Theodosius II Marcian Leo I Leo II Zeno Basiliscus Marcus Anastasius I Dicorus Justin I Justinian I Justin II Tiberius II Constantine Maurice with son Theodosius as co-emperor Phocas Heraclius Constantine III Heraklonas Constans II Constantine IV with brothers Heraclius and Tiberius and then Justinian II as co-emperors Justinian II (first reign) Leontios Tiberius III Justinian II (second reign) with son Tiberius as co-emperor Philippikos Anastasios II Theodosius III Leo III the Isaurian Constantine V Artabasdos Leo IV the Khazar Constantine VI Irene Nikephoros I Staurakios Michael I Rangabe with son Theophylact as co-emperor Leo V the Armenian with Symbatios-Constantine as junior emperor Michael II the Amorian Theophilos Michael III Basil I the Macedonian Leo VI the Wise Alexander Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos Romanos I Lekapenos with sons Christopher, Stephen and Constantine as junior co-emperors Romanos II Nikephoros II Phokas John I Tzimiskes Basil II Constantine VIII Zoë (first reign) and Romanos III Argyros Zoë (first reign) and Michael IV the Paphlagonian Michael V Kalaphates Zoë (second reign) with Theodora Zoë (second reign) and Constantine IX Monomachos Constantine IX Monomachos (sole emperor) Theodora Michael VI Bringas Isaac I Komnenos Constantine X Doukas Romanos IV Diogenes Michael VII Doukas with brothers Andronikos and Konstantios and son Constantine Nikephoros III Botaneiates Alexios I Komnenos John II Komnenos with Alexios Komnenos as co-emperor Manuel I Komnenos Alexios II Komnenos Andronikos I Komnenos with John Komnenos as co-emperor Isaac II Angelos Alexios III Angelos Alexios IV Angelos Nicholas Kanabos (chosen by the Senate) Alexios V Doukas Empire of Nicaea 1204–1261 Constantine Laskaris Theodore I Laskaris John III Doukas Vatatzes Theodore II Laskaris John IV Laskaris Byzantine Empire 1261–1453 Michael VIII Palaiologos Andronikos II Palaiologos with Michael IX Palaiologos as co-emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos John V Palaiologos John VI Kantakouzenos with John V Palaiologos and Matthew Kantakouzenos as co-emperors John V Palaiologos Andronikos IV Palaiologos John VII Palaiologos Andronikos V Palaiologos Manuel II Palaiologos John VIII Palaiologos Constantine XI Palaiologos Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, while underlining indicates a usurper. Authority control General Integrated Authority File VIAF 1 WorldCat National libraries France (data) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saloninus&oldid=1023528497" Categories: 3rd-century Roman emperors 3rd-century murdered monarchs Crisis of the Third Century Deified Roman emperors Murdered Roman emperors 242 births 260 deaths Cornelii Licinii Sons of Roman emperors Hidden categories: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia introduction cleanup from September 2019 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from September 2019 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Short description matches Wikidata Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2009 Commons category link is on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages العربية تۆرکجه Bân-lâm-gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latina Lombard Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2021, at 21:50 (UTC). 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