Guangzhou - Wikipedia Guangzhou From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search For other uses, see Guangzhou (disambiguation). For other places with same name "Canton", see Canton. Not to be confused with Guangzhouwan. Prefecture-level and Subprovincial city in Guangdong, China Guangzhou 广州市 Canton; Kwangchow Prefecture-level and Subprovincial city Clockwise to center: Guangzhou skyline and the Pearl River, Five Goat Statue, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, Zhenhai Tower in Yuexiu Park, Canton Tower, and Sacred Heart Cathedral. Nicknames: City of Rams, City of Flowers, City of Rice Spike Location of Guangzhou City jurisdiction in Guangdong Guangzhou Location of the city center in Guangdong Show map of Guangdong Guangzhou Guangzhou (China) Show map of China Coordinates (Guangdong People's Government): 23°07′55″N 113°15′58″E / 23.132°N 113.266°E / 23.132; 113.266Coordinates: 23°07′55″N 113°15′58″E / 23.132°N 113.266°E / 23.132; 113.266 Country China Province Guangdong Municipal seat Yuexiu District Government  • Type Sub-provincial city  • Body Guangzhou Municipal People's Congress  • CCP Secretary Zhang Shuofu  • Congress Chairman Shi Qizhu  • Mayor Wen Guohui  • CPPCC Chairman Li Yiwei Area[1]  • Prefecture-level and Subprovincial city 7,434.4 km2 (2,870.4 sq mi)  • Urban 3,843.43 km2 (1,483.96 sq mi)  • Metro 37,597 km2 (14,516 sq mi) Elevation 21 m (68 ft) Population (1 November 2020 estimation)[2]  • Prefecture-level and Subprovincial city 18,676,605  • Density 2,500/km2 (6,500/sq mi)  • Urban[3] 12,108,533  • Metro 25,000,000 Demonym(s) Cantonese Time zone UTC+8 (China standard time) Postal code 510000 Area code(s) (0)20 ISO 3166 code CN-GD-01 GDP (nominal)[4] 2020  - Total ¥2.5 trillion $385 billion  - Per capita ¥163,336 $25,154  - Growth 6.5% License plate prefixes 粤A City Flower Bombax ceiba City Bird Chinese hwamei Languages Cantonese, Mandarin Website english.gz.gov.cn Guangzhou "Guangzhou" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters Simplified Chinese 广州 Traditional Chinese 廣州 Postal Canton Kwangchow Literal meaning "Broad Prefecture" Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Guǎngzhōu Bopomofo ㄍㄨㄤˇ   ㄓㄡ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Goangjou Wade–Giles Kuang³-chou¹ Yale Romanization Gwǎngjōu IPA [kwàŋ.ʈʂóu] Wu Romanization Kuaon-tseu Hakka Romanization Kong³-ziu¹ Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Gwóngjàu or Gwóngjāu Jyutping Gwong2zau1 IPA [kʷɔ̌ːŋ.tsɐ̂u] or [kʷɔ̌ːŋ.tsɐ́u] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Kńg-chiu abbreviation Chinese 穗 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Suì Bopomofo ㄙㄨㄟˋ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Suey Wade–Giles Sui⁴ Yale Romanization Swèi IPA [swêi] Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Seuih Jyutping Seoi6 IPA [sɵ̀y] Guangzhou (UK: /ɡwæŋˈdʒoʊ/,[5] US: /ɡwɒŋ-/;[6] Chinese: 广州, Cantonese pronunciation: [kʷɔ̌ːŋ.tsɐ̂u] or [kʷɔ̌ːŋ.tsɐ́u] (listen); Mandarin pronunciation: [kwàŋ.ʈʂóu] (listen)), also known as Canton /kænˈtɒn/[7] and alternately romanized as Kwangchow,[8] is the capital and most populous city of the province of Guangdong in southern China.[9] Located on the Pearl River about 120 km (75 mi) north-northwest of Hong Kong and 145 km (90 mi) north of Macau, Guangzhou has a history of over 2,200 years and was a major terminus of the maritime Silk Road,[10] and continues to serve as a major port and transportation hub, as well as one of China's three largest cities.[11] Long the only Chinese port accessible to most foreign traders, Guangzhou was captured by the British during the First Opium War. No longer enjoying a monopoly after the war, it lost trade to other ports such as Hong Kong and Shanghai, but continued to serve as a major transshipment port. Due to a high urban population and large volumes of port traffic, Guangzhou is classified as a Large-Port Megacity, the largest type of port-city in the world.[12] Guangzhou is at the heart of the most-populous built-up metropolitan area in mainland China, which extends into the neighboring cities of Foshan, Dongguan, Zhongshan, Shenzhen and part of Jiangmen, Huizhou, Zhuhai and Macao, forming the largest urban agglomeration on Earth with more than some 45 million inhabitants[13] and part of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone. Administratively, the city holds subprovincial status[14] and is one of China's nine National Central Cities.[15] In the late 1990s and early 2000s, nationals of sub-Saharan Africa who had initially settled in the Middle East and Southeast Asia moved in unprecedented numbers to Guangzhou in response to the 1997/98 Asian financial crisis.[16] The domestic migrant population from other provinces of China in Guangzhou was 40% of the city's total population in 2008. Together with Shanghai, Beijing and Shenzhen, Guangzhou has one of the most expensive real estate markets in China.[17] At the end of 2018, the population of the city's expansive administrative area was estimated at 14,904,400 by city authorities, up 3.8% from the previous year.[18] In the so-called modern commerce, Guangzhou is best known for its annual Canton Fair, the oldest and largest trade fair in China. For three consecutive years (2013–2015), Forbes ranked Guangzhou as the best commercial city in mainland China.[19] Guangzhou is highly ranked as an Alpha- (global first-tier) city together with San Francisco and Stockholm. Guangzhou ranks 10th in the world and 5th in China (after Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Shenzhen) in terms of the number of billionaires according to the Hurun Global Rich List 2020.[20] The city is home to many of China's most prestigious universities,[21] including Sun Yat-sen University, South China University of Technology, South China Normal University and Jinan University. According to the Nature Index, Guangzhou has a high level of scientific research output, ranking 15th globally and fifth in China (after Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing and Wuhan).[22] Contents 1 Toponymy 2 History 2.1 Prehistory 2.2 Nanyue 2.3 Imperial China 2.4 Modern China 2.4.1 Revolutions 2.4.2 Republic of China 2.4.3 People's Republic of China 3 Gallery 4 Geography 4.1 Natural resources 4.2 Climate 4.3 Administrative divisions 5 Economy 5.1 Local products 5.2 Industry 6 Demographics 6.1 Ethnicity and language 6.2 Metropolitan area 7 Transportation 7.1 Urban mass transit 7.2 Motor transport 7.3 Airports 7.4 Railways 7.5 Water transport 8 Culture 8.1 Religions 8.1.1 Taoism 8.1.2 Buddhism 8.1.3 Christianity 8.1.4 Islam 9 Sport 10 Destinations 10.1 Eight Views 10.2 Parks and gardens 10.3 Tourist attractions 10.4 Pedestrian streets 10.5 Malls and shopping centers 10.6 Major buildings 11 Media 12 Education 13 International relations 13.1 Twin towns and sister cities 13.2 Consulates General/consulates 14 Honours 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 17.1 Citations 17.2 Sources 18 Further reading 19 External links Toponymy[edit] A Qing-era portrait of the Grotto of the Five Immortals, the Taoist temple around the five stones which gave Guangzhou its nickname "The City of Rams". Guǎngzhōu is the official romanization of the Chinese name 廣州; 广州. The name of the city is taken from the ancient "Guang Province" after it had become the prefecture's seat of government, which is how some other Chinese cities, including Hangzhou, Suzhou, and Fuzhou got their names. The character 廣 or 广—which also appears in the names of the provinces Guangdong and Guangxi, together called the Liangguang—means "broad" or "expansive" and refers to the intention to dispense imperial grace broadly in the region with the founding of the county of Guangxin in the Han Dynasty. Before acquiring its current name, the town was known as Panyu (Punyü; 番禺), a name still borne by one of Guangzhou's districts not far from the main city. The origin of the name is still uncertain, with 11 various explanations being offered,[23] including that it may have referred to two local mountains.[24][25] The city has also sometimes been known as Guangzhou Fu or Guangfu after its status as the capital of a prefecture. From this latter name, Guangzhou was known to medieval Persians such as Al-Masudi and Ibn Khordadbeh[26] as Khanfu (خانفو).[27] Under the Southern Han, the city was renamed Xingwang Fu (興王府).[28][29] The Chinese abbreviation for Guangzhou is "穗" (although the abbreviation on car license plates, as with the rest of the province, is 粤), after its nickname "City of Rice" (穗城). The city has long borne the nickname City of Rams (羊城) or City of the Five Rams (五羊城) from the five stones at the old Temple of the Five Immortals said to have been the sheep or goats ridden by the Taoist culture heroes credited with introducing rice cultivation to the area around the time of the city's foundation.[30] The former name "City of the Immortals" (仙城/五仙城) came from the same story. The more recent City of Flowers (花城) is usually taken as a simple reference to the area's fine greenery. The English name "Canton" derived from Portuguese Cantão[31] or Cidade de Cantão,[32] a muddling of dialectical pronunciations of "Guangdong"[33][34] (e.g., Hakka Kóng-tûng). Although it originally and chiefly applied to the walled city, it was occasionally conflated with Guangdong by some authors.[note 1][note 2] It was adopted as the Postal Map Romanization of Guangzhou, and remained the official name until its name change to "Guangzhou." As an adjective, it is still used in describing the people, language, cuisine and culture of Guangzhou and the surrounding Liangguang region. The 19th-century name "Kwang-chow foo"[36] derived from Nanjing dialect of Mandarin and the town's status as a prefectural capital. History[edit] Main article: Timeline of Guangzhou Prehistory[edit] A settlement now known as Nanwucheng was present in the area by 1000 BC.[37][38] Some traditional Chinese histories placed Nanwucheng's founding during the reign of Ji Yan,[39][40] king of Zhou from 314 to 256 BC. It was said to have consisted of little more than a stockade of bamboo and mud.[39][40] The jade burial suit of Zhao Mo in Guangzhou's Nanyue King Museum Nanyue[edit] Guangzhou, then known as Panyu, was founded on the eastern bank of the Pearl River[36] in 215 BC. It was the seat of Qin Empire's Nanhai Commandery, and served as a base for the first invasion of the Baiyue lands in southern China. Legendary accounts claimed that the soldiers at Panyu were so vigilant that they did not remove their armor for three years.[41] Upon the fall of the Qin, General Zhao Tuo established the kingdom of Nanyue and made Panyu its capital in 204 BC. It remained independent throughout the Chu-Han Contention, although Zhao negotiated recognition of his independence in exchange for his nominal submission to the Han in 196 BC.[42] Archeological evidence shows that Panyu was an expansive commercial center: in addition to items from central China, archeologists have found remains originating from Southeast Asia, India, and even Africa.[43] Zhao Tuo was succeeded by Zhao Mo and then Zhao Yingqi. Upon Zhao Yingqi's death in 115 BC, his younger son Zhao Xing was named as his successor in violation of Chinese primogeniture. By 113 BC, his Chinese mother, the Empress Dowager Jiu (樛) had prevailed upon him to submit Nanyue as a formal part of the Han Empire. The native prime minister Lü Jia (呂嘉) launched a coup, killing Han ambassadors along with the king, his mother, and their supporters.[44] A successful ambush then annihilated a Han force which had been sent to arrest him. Emperor Wu took offense and launched a massive river- and seaborne war: six armies under Lu Bode and Yang Pu[45] took Panyu and annexed Nanyue by the end of 111 BC.[44] Imperial China[edit] Guangzhou (as 廣) on the 1136 Map of the Tracks of Yu Lai Afong's photograph of a commercial street in Guangzhou c. 1880 Guangzhou ("Canton") and the surrounding islands of Henan ("Hanan"), Pazhou ("Whampoa"), Changzhou ("Dane's Island"), and Xiaoguwei ("French Island") during the First Opium War's Second Battle of Canton. The large East Indiamen of the Canton trade used the anchorage sheltered by these four islands, but the village and island of Huangpu for which it was named make up no part of present-day Guangzhou's Huangpu District. Incorporated into the Han Dynasty, Panyu became a provincial capital. In AD 226, it became the seat of Guang Prefecture, which gave it its modern name. The Old Book of Tang described Guangzhou as an important port in southern China.[46] Direct routes connected the Middle East and China, as shown in the records of a Chinese prisoner returning home from Iraq twelve years after his capture at Talas.[47] Relations were often strained: Arab and Persian pirates[48] sacked the city on October 30, 758[note 3][49][50][51][52] and came to an end under the revenge of Chinese rebel Huang Chao in 878, along with the city's Jews, Christians,[53][54][55] and Parsis.[56][57] The port was closed for fifty years after its destruction.[48] Amid the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms that followed the collapse of the Tang dynasty, the Later Liang governor Liu Yan used his base at Panyu to establish a "Great Yue" or "Southern Han" empire, which lasted from 917 to 971. The region enjoyed considerable cultural and economic success in this period. From the 10th to 12th century, there are records that the large foreign communities were not exclusively male, but included "Persian women".[58][59][note 4] According to Odoric of Pordenone, Guangzhou was as large as three Venices in terms of area, and rivaled all of Italy in the amount of crafts produced. He also noted the large amount of ginger available as well as large geese and snakes.[61] Guangzhou was visited by the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta during his 14th-century journey around the world;[62] he detailed the process by which the Chinese constructed their large ships in the port's shipyards.[63] Shortly after the Hongwu Emperor's declaration of the Ming dynasty, he reversed his earlier support of foreign trade and imposed the first of a series of sea bans (海禁).[64] These banned private foreign trade upon penalty of death for the merchant and exile for his family and neighbors.[65] The Yuan-era maritime intendancies of Guangzhou, Quanzhou, and Ningbo were closed in 1384[66] and legal trade became limited to the tribute delegations sent to or by official representatives of foreign governments.[67] Following the Portuguese conquest of the Melaka Sultanate, Rafael Perestrello traveled to Guangzhou as a passenger on a native junk in 1516.[68] His report induced Fernão Pires de Andrade to sail to the city with eight ships the next year,[68] but De Andrade's exploration[69] was understood as spying[70] and his brother Simão and others began attempting to monopolize trade,[71] enslaving Chinese women[72] and children,[note 5] engaging in piracy,[74] and fortifying the island of Tamão.[75][76] Rumors even circulated that Portuguese were eating the children.[77][73][note 6] The Guangzhou administration was charged with driving them off:[74] they bested the Portuguese at the Battle of Tunmen[79] and in Xicao Bay; held a diplomatic mission hostage in a failed attempt to pressure the restoration of the sultan of Malacca,[80] who had been accounted a Ming vassal;[81] and, after placing them in cangues and keeping them for most of a year, ultimately executed 23 by lingchi.[82][note 7] With the help of local pirates,[77] the "Folangji" then carried out smuggling at Macao, Lampacau, and St John's Island (now Shangchuan),[72] until Leonel de Sousa legalized their trade with bribes to Admiral Wang Bo (汪柏) and the 1554 Luso-Chinese Accord. The Portuguese undertook not to raise fortifications and to pay customs dues;[85] three years later, after providing the Chinese with assistance suppressing their former pirate allies,[86] the Portuguese were permitted to warehouse their goods at Macau instead of Guangzhou itself.[87] In October 1646, the Longwu Emperor's brother, Zhu Yuyue fled by sea to Guangzhou, the last stronghold of the Ming empire. On December 11, he declared himself the Shaowu Emperor, borrowing his imperial regalia from local theater troupes.[88] He led a successful offense against his cousin Zhu Youlang but was deposed and executed on 20 January 1647 when the Ming turncoat Li Chengdong (李成東) sacked the city on behalf of the Qing.[89][note 8] The Qing became somewhat more receptive to foreign trade after gaining control of Taiwan in 1683.[90] The Portuguese from Macau and Spaniards from Manila returned, as did private Muslim, Armenian, and English traders.[91] From 1699 to 1714, the French and British East India Companies sent a ship or two each year;[91] the Austrian Ostend General India Co. arrived in 1717,[92] the Dutch East India Co. in 1729,[93] the Danish Asiatic Co. in 1731,[note 9] and the Swedish East India Co. the next year.[91] These were joined by the occasional Prussian or Trieste Company vessel. The first independent American ship arrived in 1784, and the first colonial Australian one in 1788.[citation needed] By that time, Guangzhou was one of the world's great ports, organized under the Canton System.[95] The main exports were tea and porcelain.[91] As a meeting place of merchants from all over the world, Guangzhou became a major contributor to the rise of the modern global economy.[96] In the 19th century, most of the city's buildings were still only one or two stories. However, there were notable exceptions such as the Flower Pagoda of the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees, and the guard tower known as the Five-Story Pagoda. The subsequently urbanized northern hills were bare and covered with traditional graves. The brick city walls were about 6 miles (10 km) in circumference, 25 feet (8 m) high, and 20 feet (6 m) wide. Its eight main gates and two water gates all held guards during the day and were closed at night. The wall rose to incorporate a hill on its northern side and was surrounded on the other three by a moat which, along with the canals, functioned as the city's sewer, emptied daily by the river's tides. A partition wall with four gates divided the northern "old town" from the southern "new town" closer to the river; the suburb of Xiguan (Saikwan; "West Gate") stretched beyond and the boats of fishers, traders, and Tanka ("boat people") almost entirely concealed the riverbank for about 4 miles (6 km). It was common for homes to have a storefront facing the street and to treat their courtyards as a kind of warehouse.[36] The city was part of a network of signal towers so effective that messages could be relayed to Beijing—about 1,200 miles (1,931 km) away—in less than 24 hours.[97] The Canton System was maintained until the outbreak of the First Opium War in 1839. Following a series of battles in the Pearl River Delta, the British captured Canton on March 18, 1841.[98] The Second Battle of Canton was fought two months later.[99] Following the Qing's 1842 treaty with Great Britain, Guangzhou lost its privileged trade status as more and more treaty ports were opened to more and more countries, usually including extraterritorial enclaves. Amid the decline of Qing prestige and the chaos of the Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856), the Punti and Hakka waged a series of clan wars from 1855 to 1867 in which one million people died. The foreign trade facilities were destroyed by local Chinese in the Arrow War (1856–1858). The international community relocated to the outskirts and most international trade moved through Shanghai.[100][101] The concession for the Canton–Hankow railway was awarded to the American China Development Co. in 1898. It completed its branch line west to Foshan and Sanshui before being engulfed in a diplomatic crisis after a Belgian consortium bought a controlling interest and the Qing subsequently canceled its concession. J.P. Morgan was awarded millions in damages[102] and the line to Wuchang was not completed until 1936[103] and the completion of a unified Beijing–Guangzhou Railway waited until the completion of Wuhan's Yangtze River Bridge in 1957. Modern China[edit] Revolutions[edit] Mausoleum of the 72 Martyrs During the late Qing Dynasty, Guangzhou was the site of revolutionary attempts such as the Uprisings of 1895 and 1911 that were the predecessors of the successful Xinhai Revolution, which overthrew the Qing Dynasty. The 72 revolutionaries whose bodies were found after the latter uprising are honored as the city's 72 Martyrs at the Huanghuagang ("Yellow Flower Mound") Mausoleum. Republic of China[edit] After the assassination of Sung Chiao-jen and Yuan Shihkai's attempts to remove the Nationalist Party of China from power, the leader of Guangdong Hu Hanmin joined the 1913 Second Revolution against him[104] but was forced to flee to Japan with Sun Yat-sen after its failure. The city came under national spotlight again in 1917, when Prime Minister Duan Qirui's abrogation of the constitution triggered the Constitutional Protection Movement. Sun Yat-sen came to head the Guangzhou Military Government supported by the members of the dissolved parliament and the Southwestern warlords. The Guangzhou government fell apart as the warlords withdrew their support. Sun fled to Shanghai in November 1918 until the Guangdong warlord Chen Jiongming restored him in October 1920 during the Yuegui Wars.[105] On 16 June 1922, Sun was ousted in a coup and fled on the warship Yongfeng after Chen sided with the Zhili Clique's Beijing government. In the following months Sun mounted a counterattack into Guangdong by rallying supporters from Yunnan and Guangxi, and in January established a government in the city for the third time. Flag of Kuomintang From 1923 to 1926 Sun and the Kuomintang used the city as a base to prosecute a renewed revolution in China by conquering the warlords in the north. Although Sun was previously dependent on opportunistic warlords who hosted him in the city, with the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek, the KMT developed its own military power to serve its ambition. The Canton years saw the evolution of the KMT into a revolutionary movement with a strong military focus and ideological commitment, setting the tone of the KMT rule of China beyond 1927. In 1924, the KMT made the momentous decision to ally with the Communist Party and the USSR. With Soviet help, KMT reorganized itself along the Leninist line and adopted a pro-labor and pro-peasant stance. The Kuomintang-CCP cooperation was confirmed in the First Congress of the KMT and the communists were instructed to join the KMT. The allied government set up the Peasant Movement Training Institute in the city, of which Mao Zedong was a director for one term. Sun and his military commander Chiang used Soviet funds and weapons to build an armed force staffed by communist commissars, training its cadres in the Whampoa Military Academy.[105] In August, the fledgling army suppressed the Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising. The next year the anti-imperialist May Thirtieth Movement swept the country, and the KMT government called for strikes in Canton and Hong Kong. The tensions of the massive strikes and protests led to the Shakee Massacre. After the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925 the mood was changing in the party toward the communists. In August the left-wing KMT leader Liao Zhongkai was assassinated and the right-wing leader Hu Hanmin, the suspected mastermind, was exiled to the Soviet Union, leaving the pro-communist Wang Jingwei in charge. Opposing communist encroachment, the right-wing Western Hills Group vowed to expel the communists from the KMT. The "Canton Coup" on 20 March 1926 saw Chiang solidify his control over the Nationalists and their army against Wang Jingwei, the party's left wing, its Communist allies, and its Soviet advisors.[106][107] By May, he had ended civilian control of the military[107] and begun his Northern Expedition against the warlords of the north. Its success led to the split of the KMT between Wuhan and Nanking and the purge of the communists in the April 12 Incident. Immediately afterwards Canton joined the purge under the auspice of Li Jishen, resulting in the arrest of communists and the suspension of left wing KMT apparatuses and labor groups. Later in 1927 when Zhang Fakui, a general supportive of the Wuhan faction seized Canton and installed Wang Jingwei's faction in the city, the communists saw an opening and launched the Guangzhou Uprising. Prominent communist military leaders Ye Ting and Ye Jianying led the failed defense of the city. Soon, control of the city reverted to Li Jishen. Li was deposed during a war between Chiang and the Kwangsi Clique. By 1929, Chen Jitang had established himself as the powerholder of Guangdong. In 1931 he threw his weight behind the anti-Chiang schism by hosting a separate Nationalist government in Guangzhou.[108] Opposing Chiang's alleged dictatorship, the separatists included KMT leaders like Wang Ching-wei, Sun Fo and others from diverse factions. The peace negotiations amid the armed standoff led to the 4th National Congress of Kuomintang being held separately by three factions in Nanjing, Shanghai and Canton. Resigning all his posts, Chiang pulled off a political compromise that reunited all factions. While the intraparty division was resolved, Chen kept his power until he was defeated by Chiang in 1936. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the "Canton Operation" subjected the city to Japanese occupation by the end of December 1938. People's Republic of China[edit] Amid the closing months of the Chinese Civil War, Guangzhou briefly served as the capital of the Republic of China after the taking of Nanjing by the PLA in April 1949. The People's Liberation Army entered the city on 14 October 1949. Amid a massive exodus to Hong Kong and Macau, the Nationalists blew up the Haizhu Bridge across the Pearl River in retreat. The Cultural Revolution had a large effect on the city with much of its temples, churches and other monuments destroyed during this chaotic period. The People's Republic of China initiated building projects including new housing on the banks of the Pearl River to adjust the city's boat people to life on land. Since the 1980s, the city's close proximity to Hong Kong and Shenzhen and its ties to overseas Chinese have made it one of the first beneficiaries of China's opening up under Deng Xiaoping. Beneficial tax reforms in the 1990s have also helped the city's industrialization and economic development. The municipality was expanded in the year 2000, with Huadu and Panyu joining the city as urban districts and Conghua and Zengcheng as more rural counties. The former districts of Dongshan and Fangcun were abolished in 2005, merged into Yuexiu and Liwan respectively. The city acquired Nansha and Luogang. The former was carved out of Panyu, the latter from parts of Baiyun, Tianhe, Zengcheng, and an exclave within Huangpu. The National People's Congress approved a development plan for the Pearl River Delta in January 2009; on March 19 the same year, the Guangzhou and Foshan municipal governments agreed to establish a framework to merge the two cities.[109] In 2014, Luogang merged into Huangpu and both Conghua and Zengcheng counties were upgraded to districts. Gallery[edit] Nieuhof's imaginative 1665 map of "Kanton",[110] made from secondhand accounts when Europeans were still forbidden from entering the walled city The Thirteen Factories c. 1805, displaying the flags of Denmark, Spain, the United States, Sweden, Britain, and the Netherlands An 1855 painting of the gallery of Tingqua, one of the most successful suppliers of "export paintings" for Guangzhou's foreign traders. Common themes included the Thirteen Factories, the Whampoa Anchorage (now Pazhou), and the Sea-Banner Temple (now Hoi Tong Monastery) Vrooman's 1860 map of the "City and Entire Suburbs of Canton", one of the first made after the treaties of Tianjin and Beijing permitted foreigners full access to Guangzhou's walled city The Flowery Pagoda at the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees in 1863 The Five-story Pagoda atop Yuexiu Hill c. 1880 The Sacred Heart Cathedral towering over the one- and two-story homes of old Guangzhou c. 1880 Street scene in Guangzhou, 1919 The US Navy's Dept of Navigation's 1920 map of "Canton"[111] Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek at the opening of the Whampoa Military Academy on 16 June 1924 The Guangzhou Bund in 1930, with rows of Tanka boats. Play media A short film of Guangzhou in 1937 The People's Liberation Army entering Guangzhou on 14 October 1949 Map of Guangzhou (labeled as KUANG-CHOU (CANTON)) Geography[edit] Guangzhou Shenzhen Hong Kong Dongguan Foshan Jiangmen Huizhou Zhongshan Zhuhai Macau Zhaoqing Enping Heshan Kaiping Sihui Guangzhou (Guangdong) Map of Guangzhou (labeled as KUANG-CHOU (CANTON) 廣州) in surrounding region (AMS, 1954) Tiantang Peak, highest mountain in Guangzhou The old town of Guangzhou was near Baiyun Mountain on the east bank of the Pearl River (Zhujiang) about 80 miles (129 km) from its junction with the South China Sea and about 300 miles (483 km) below its head of navigation.[36] It commanded the rich alluvial plain of the Pearl River Delta, with its connection to the sea protected at the Humen Strait.[36] The present city spans 7,434.4 square kilometers (2,870.4 sq mi) on both sides of the river from 112° 57′ to 114° 03′ E longitude and 22° 26′ to 23° 56′ N latitude in south-central Guangdong. The Pearl is the 4th-largest river of China.[112] Baiyun Mountain is now locally referred to as the city's "lung" (市肺).[11][113][why?] The elevation of the prefecture generally increases from southwest to northeast, with mountains forming the backbone of the city and the ocean comprising the front. Tiantang Peak (simplified Chinese: 天堂顶; traditional Chinese: 天堂頂, "Heavenly Peak") is the highest point of elevation at 1,210 meters (3,970 ft) above sea level. Places adjacent to Guangzhou Qingyuan Qingyuan Shaoguan Foshan Guangzhou Huizhou Foshan, Zhongshan Zhongshan, South China Sea Dongguan Natural resources[edit] There are 47 different types of minerals and also 820 ore fields in Guangzhou, including 18 large and medium-sized oil deposits. The major minerals are granite, cement limestone, ceramic clay, potassium, albite, salt mine, mirabilite, nepheline, syenite, fluorite, marble, mineral water, and geothermal mineral water. Since Guangzhou is located in the water-rich area of southern China, it has a wide water area with many rivers and water systems, accounting for 10% of the total land area. The rivers and streams improve the landscape and keep the ecological environment of the city stable.[114] Climate[edit] Despite being located just south of the Tropic of Cancer, Guangzhou has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa/Cwa) influenced by the East Asian monsoon. Summers are wet with high temperatures, high humidity, and a high heat index. Winters are mild and comparatively dry. Guangzhou has a lengthy monsoon season, spanning from April through September. Monthly averages range from 13.9 °C (57.0 °F) in January to 28.9 °C (84.0 °F) in July, while the annual mean is 22.6 °C (72.7 °F).[11] Autumn, from October to December, is very moderate, cool and windy, and is the best travel time.[115] The relative humidity is approximately 68 percent, whereas annual rainfall in the metropolitan area is over 1,700 mm (67 in).[11] With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 17 percent in March and April to 52 percent in November, the city receives 1,628 hours of bright sunshine annually, considerably less than nearby Shenzhen and Hong Kong. Extreme temperatures have ranged from 0 °C (32 °F) to 39.1 °C (102.4 °F).[116] The last recorded snowfall in the city was on 24 January 2016, 87 years after the second last recorded snowfall.[117] Climate data for Guangzhou (normals 1971–2000, extremes 1961–2000) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 27.2 (81.0) 28.6 (83.5) 32.1 (89.8) 32.4 (90.3) 36.2 (97.2) 36.6 (97.9) 39.1 (102.4) 38.0 (100.4) 37.6 (99.7) 34.8 (94.6) 32.5 (90.5) 29.6 (85.3) 39.1 (102.4) Average high °C (°F) 18.3 (64.9) 18.5 (65.3) 21.6 (70.9) 25.7 (78.3) 29.3 (84.7) 31.5 (88.7) 32.8 (91.0) 32.7 (90.9) 31.5 (88.7) 28.8 (83.8) 24.5 (76.1) 20.6 (69.1) 26.3 (79.4) Daily mean °C (°F) 13.9 (57.0) 15.2 (59.4) 18.1 (64.6) 22.4 (72.3) 25.8 (78.4) 27.8 (82.0) 28.9 (84.0) 28.8 (83.8) 27.5 (81.5) 24.7 (76.5) 20.1 (68.2) 15.5 (59.9) 22.4 (72.3) Average low °C (°F) 10.3 (50.5) 11.7 (53.1) 15.2 (59.4) 19.5 (67.1) 22.7 (72.9) 24.8 (76.6) 25.5 (77.9) 25.4 (77.7) 24.0 (75.2) 20.8 (69.4) 15.9 (60.6) 11.5 (52.7) 18.9 (66.1) Record low °C (°F) 0.1 (32.2) 1.3 (34.3) 3.2 (37.8) 7.7 (45.9) 14.6 (58.3) 18.8 (65.8) 21.6 (70.9) 20.9 (69.6) 15.5 (59.9) 9.5 (49.1) 4.9 (40.8) 0.0 (32.0) 0.0 (32.0) Average rainfall mm (inches) 40.9 (1.61) 69.4 (2.73) 84.7 (3.33) 201.2 (7.92) 283.7 (11.17) 276.2 (10.87) 232.5 (9.15) 227.0 (8.94) 166.2 (6.54) 87.3 (3.44) 35.4 (1.39) 31.6 (1.24) 1,736.1 (68.33) Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) 7.5 11.2 15.0 16.3 18.3 18.2 15.9 16.8 12.5 7.1 5.5 4.9 149.2 Average relative humidity (%) 72 78 82 84 84 84 82 82 78 72 66 66 78 Mean monthly sunshine hours 118.5 71.6 62.4 65.1 104.0 140.2 202.0 173.5 170.2 181.8 172.7 166.0 1,628 Percent possible sunshine 35 22 17 17 26 35 49 43 46 51 52 50 37 Source: China Meteorological Administration,[118] all-time extreme temperature[116] Administrative divisions[edit] Main article: List of administrative divisions of Guangzhou Guangzhou is a subprovincial city. It has direct jurisdiction over eleven districts: Liwan Yuexiu Haizhu Tianhe Baiyun Huangpu Panyu Huadu Nansha Conghua Zengcheng Administrative divisions of Guangzhou Division code[119] Division Area (km2)[120] Population (2010)[121] Seat Postal code Subdivisions[122] Subdistricts Towns Residential communities Administrative villages 440100 Guangzhou 7,434.40 12,701,948 Yuexiu 510000 136 34 1533 1142 440103 Liwan 59.10 898,200 Shiweitang Subdistrict 510000 22   195   440104 Yuexiu 33.80 1,157,666 Beijing Subdistrict 510000 18   267   440105 Haizhu 90.40 1,558,663 Jianghai Subdistrict 510000 18   257   440106 Tianhe 96.33 1,432,426 Tianyuan Subdistrict 510000 21   205   440111 Baiyun 795.79 2,223,150 Jingtai Subdistrict 510000 18 4 253 118 440112 Huangpu 484.17 831,586 Luogang Subdistrict 510500 14 1 90 28 440113 Panyu 529.94 1,764,828 Shiqiao Subdistrict 511400 11 5 87 177 440114 Huadu 970.04 945,005 Huacheng Subdistrict 510800 4 6 50 188 440115 Nansha 783.86 259,900 Huangge Town 511400 3 6 28 128 440117 Conghua 1,974.50 593,415 Jiekou Subdistrict 510900 3 5 46 221 440118 Zengcheng 1,616.47 1,037,109 Licheng Subdistrict 511300 4 7 55 282 Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations English Chinese Pinyin Guangdong Romanization Kejiahua Pinyin Fang'an Liwan District 荔湾区 Lìwān Qū lei6 wan1 kêu1 lai4 van1 ki1 Yuexiu District 越秀区 Yuèxiù Qū yud6 seo3 kêu1 yet6 siu4 ki1 Haizhu District 海珠区 Hǎizhū Qū hoi2 ju1 kêu1 hoi2 zu1 ki1 Tianhe District 天河区 Tiānhé Qū tin6 ho4 kêu1 tien1 ho2 ki1 Baiyun District 白云区 Báiyún Qū bak6 wan4 kêu1 pak6 yun2 ki1 Huangpu District 黄埔区 Huángpǔ Qū wong4 bou3 kêu1 vong2 bu4 ki1 Panyu District 番禺区 Pānyú Qū pun1 yu4 kêu1 pan1 ngi2 ki1 Huadu District 花都区 Huādū Qū fa1 dou1 kêu1 fa1 du1 ki1 Nansha District 南沙区 Nánshā Qū nam4 sa1 kêu1 nam2/lam2 sa1 ki1 Conghua District 从化区 Cónghuà Qū cung4 fa3 kêu1 vung2 fa3 ki1 Zengcheng District 增城区 Zēngchéng Qū zeng1 xing4 kêu1 zen1 sang2 ki1 Guangzhou City 广州市 Guǎngzhōu Shì guong2 zeo1 xi5 kong3 ziu1 si4 Economy[edit] The first Canton Fair (1957) at the Sino-Soviet Friendship Building Guangzhou is the main manufacturing hub of the Pearl River Delta, one of mainland China's leading commercial and manufacturing regions. In 2017, the GDP reached ¥2,150 billion (US$318 billion), per capita was ¥150,678 (US$22,317).[123] Guangzhou is considered one of the most prosperous cities in China. Guangzhou ranks 10th in the world and 5th in China (after Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Shenzhen) in terms of the number of billionaires according to the Hurun Global Rich List 2020.[20] Guangzhou is projected to be among the world top 10 largest cities in terms of nominal GDP in 2035 (together with Shanghai, Beijing and Shenzhen in China) according to a study by Oxford Economics,[124] and its nominal GDP per capita will reach above US$42,000 in 2030.[125] Guangzhou also ranks 21st globally (between Washington, D.C. and Amsterdam) and 8th in the whole Asia and the Pacific (behind Shanghai, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Singapore, Beijing, Shenzhen and Dubai) in the 2020 Global Financial Centers Index (GFCI).[126] Owing to rapid industrialization, it was once also considered a rather polluted city. After green urban planning was implemented, it is now one of the most livable cities in China. The Canton Fair, formally the "China Import and Export Fair", is held every year in April and October by the Ministry of Trade. Inaugurated in the spring of 1957, the fair is a major event for the city. It is the trade fair with the longest history, highest level, and largest scale in China.[127] From the 104th session onwards, the fair moved to the new Guangzhou International Convention and Exhibition Center (广州国际会展中心) in Pazhou, from the older complex in Liuhua. The GICEC is served by two stations on Line 8 and three stations on Tram Line THZ1. Since the 104th session, the Canton Fair has been arranged in three phases instead of two phases. Guangzhou skyline The former Canton Fair site at Yuexiu's Liuhua Complex Interior of the current Canton Fair site in Pazhou, 2006 Local products[edit] This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Cantonese is one of China's most famous and popular regional cuisines, with a saying stating simply to "Eat in Guangzhou" (食在廣州)[note 10] Cantonese sculpture includes work in jade, wood, and (now controversially) ivory. Canton porcelain developed over the past three centuries as one of the major forms of exportware. It is now known within China for its highly colorful style. Cantonese embroidery is one of China's four main styles of the embroidery, and is represented in Guangzhou, although the industry is mainly centered in Chaozhou. Zhujiang Beer, a pale lager, is one of China's most successful brands. It is made in Guangzhou from water piped directly to the brewery from a natural spring. Industry[edit] Guangzhou Peugeot Automobile Company produced the Peugeot 504 and Peugeot 505 automobiles from 1989 to 1997. Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone Guangzhou Nansha Export Processing Zone The Export Processing Zone was founded in 2005. Its total planned area is 1.36 km2 (0.53 sq mi).[128] It is located in Nansha District and it belongs to the provincial capital, Guangzhou. The major industries encouraged in the zone include automobile assembly, biotechnology and heavy industry. It is situated 54 kilometers (34 miles) (a 70 minutes drive) south of Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport and close to Nansha Port. It also has the advantage of Guangzhou Metro line 4 which is being extended to Nansha Ferry Terminal. Guangzhou Free Trade Zone The zone was founded in 1992. It is located in the east of Huangpu District and near to Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone. It is also very close to Guangzhou Baiyun Airport.[129] The major industries encouraged in the zone include international trade, logistics, processing and computer software. Recently the Area has been rebranded and is now being marketed under the name Huangpu District. Next to the industries above, new sectors are being introduced to the business environment, including new energy, AI, new mobility, new materials, information and communication technology and new transport. It is also Home to the Guangzhou IP Court.[130] Guangzhou Science City Demographics[edit] Historical population Year Pop. ±% 1950[131] 2,567,645 —     1960[131] 3,683,104 +43.4% 1970[131] 4,185,363 +13.6% 1980[131] 5,018,638 +19.9% 1990[131] 5,942,534 +18.4% 2000[131] 9,943,000 +67.3% 2002[132] 10,106,229 +1.6% 2005[133] 9,496,800 −6.0% 2006[133] 9,966,600 +4.9% 2007[133] 10,530,100 +5.7% 2008[133] 11,153,400 +5.9% 2009[133] 11,869,700 +6.4% 2010[131] 12,701,948 +7.0% 2011[134] 12,751,400 +0.4% 2012[134] 12,832,900 +0.6% 2013[134] 12,926,800 +0.7% 2014[134] 13,080,500 +1.2% 2018 14,904,400 +13.9% Population size may be affected by changes to administrative divisions. The 2010 census found Guangzhou's population to be 12.78 million. As of 2014[update], it was estimated at 13,080,500,[2][134] with 11,264,800 urban residents.[3] Its population density is thus around 1,800 people per km2. The built-up area of the Guangzhou proper connects directly to several other cities. The built-up area of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone covers around 17,573 square kilometers (6,785 sq mi) and has been estimated to house 22 million people, including Guangzhou's nine urban districts, Shenzhen (5.36m), Dongguan (3.22m), Zhongshan (3.12m), most of Foshan (2.2m), Jiangmen (1.82m), Zhuhai (890k), and Huizhou's Huiyang District (760k).[citation needed] The total population of this agglomeration is over 28 million after including the population of the adjacent Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.[citation needed] The area's fast-growing economy and high demand for labor has produced a huge "floating population" of migrant workers; thus, up to 10 million migrants reside in the area least six months each year.[citation needed] In 2008, about five million of Guangzhou's permanent residents were hukouless migrants.[135] Ethnicity and language[edit] Most of Guangzhou's population is Han Chinese. Almost all Cantonese people speak Cantonese as their first language,[137] while most migrants speak forms of Mandarin.[135] In 2010, each language was the native tongue of roughly half of the city's population,[138] although minor but substantial numbers speak other varieties as well.[citation needed] In 2018, He Huifeng of the South China Morning Post stated that younger residents have increasingly favored using Mandarin instead of Cantonese in their daily lives, causing their Cantonese-speaking grandparents and parents to use Mandarin to communicate with them. He Huifeng stated that factors included local authorities discouraging the use of Cantonese in schools and the rise in prestige of Mandarin-speaking Shenzhen.[139] Guangzhou has an even more unbalanced gender ratio than the rest of the country. While most areas of China have 112–120 boys per 100 girls, the Guangdong province that houses Guangzhou has more than 130 boys for every 100 girls.[140] Recent years have seen a huge influx of migrants, with up to 30 million additional migrants living in the Guangzhou area for at least six months out of every year with the majority being female migrants and many becoming local Guangzhou people. This huge influx of people from other areas, called the floating population, is due to the city's fast-growing economy and high labor demands. Guangzhou Mayor Wan Qingliang told an urban planning seminar that Guangzhou is facing a very serious population problem stating that, while the city had 10.33 million registered residents at the time with targets and scales of land use based on this number, the city actually had a population with migrants of nearly 15 million. According to the Guangzhou Academy of Social Sciences researcher Peng Peng, the city is almost at its maximum capacity of just 15 million, which means the city is facing a great strain, mostly due to a high population of unregistered people.[140] According to the 2000 National Census, marriage is one of the top two reasons for permanent migration and particular important for women as 29.3% of the permanent female migrants migrate for marriage [Liang et al.,2004]. Many of the economic migrant female marries men from Guangzhou in hopes of a better life.[141] but like elsewhere in the People's Republic of China, the household registration system (hukou) limits migrants' access to residences, educational institutions and other public benefits. It has been noted that many women end up in prostitution.[142] In May 2014, legally employed migrants in Guangzhou were permitted to receive a hukou card allowing them to marry and obtain permission for their pregnancies in the city, rather than having to return to their official hometowns as previously.[143] Historically, the Cantonese people have made up a sizable part of the 19th- and 20th-century Chinese diaspora; in fact, many overseas Chinese have ties to Guangzhou. This is particularly true in the United States,[144] Canada,[145] and Australia. Demographically, the only significant immigration into China has been by overseas Chinese, but Guangzhou sees many foreign tourists, workers, and residents from the usual locations such as the United States. Notably, it is also home to thousands of African immigrants, including people from Nigeria, Somalia, Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo.[146] Metropolitan area[edit] The encompassing metropolitan area was estimated by the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) to have, as of 2010[update], a population of 25 million.[147][148] Transportation[edit] The east square of Guangzhou railway station in 1991. Urban mass transit[edit] Main article: Guangzhou Metro When the first line of the Guangzhou Metro opened in 1997, Guangzhou was the fourth city in Mainland China to have an underground railway system, behind Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai. Currently the metro network is made up of thirteen lines, covering a total length of 476.26 km (295.93 mi).[149] A long-term plan is to make the city's metro system expand to over 500 km (310 mi) by 2020 with 15 lines in operation. In addition to the metro system there is also the Haizhu Tram line which opened on 31 December 2014.[150] The Guangzhou Bus Rapid Transit (GBRT) system which was introduced in 2010 along Zhongshan Road. It has several connections to the metro and is the world's 2nd-largest bus rapid transit system with 1,000,000 passenger trips daily.[151] It handles 26,900 pphpd during the peak hour a capacity second only to the TransMilenio BRT system in Bogota.[152] The system averages one bus every 10 seconds or 350 per hour in a single direction and contains the world's longest BRT stations—around 260 m (850 ft) including bridges. Motor transport[edit] See also: List of bus routes in Guangzhou In the 19th century, the city already had over 600 long, straight streets; these were mostly paved but still very narrow.[36] In June 1919, work began on demolishing the city wall to make way for wider streets and the development of tramways. The demolition took three years in total.[153] In 2009, it was reported that all 9,424 buses and 17,695 taxis in Guangzhou would be operating on LPG-fuel by 2010 to promote clean energy for transport and improve the environment ahead of the 2010 Asian Games which were held in the city.[154] At present[when?], Guangzhou is the city that uses the most LPG-fueled vehicles in the world, and at the end of 2006, 6,500 buses and 16,000 taxis were using LPG, taking up 85 percent of all buses and taxis.[citation needed] Effective January 1, 2007, the municipal government banned motorcycles in Guangdong's urban areas. Motorcycles found violating the ban are confiscated.[155] The Guangzhou traffic bureau claimed to have reported reduced traffic problems and accidents in the downtown area since the ban.[156] Airports[edit] Guangzhou's main airport is the Baiyun International Airport in Baiyun District; it opened on August 5, 2004.[157] This airport is the second busiest airport in terms of traffic movements in China. It replaced the old Baiyun International Airport, which was very close to the city center but failed to meet the city's rapidly growing air traffic demand. The old Baiyun International Airport was in operation for 72 years. Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport now has three runways, with two more planned.[158] The Terminal 2 has opened on April 26, 2018.[159] Another airport located in Zengcheng District is under planning.[160] Guangzhou is served by Hong Kong International Airport; ticketed passengers can take ferries from the Lianhuashan Ferry Terminal and Nansha Ferry Port in Nansha District to the HKIA Skypier.[161] There are also coach bus services connecting Guangzhou with HKIA.[162] Railways[edit] Further information: Guangzhou railway station, Guangzhou East railway station, Guangzhou South railway station, and Guangzhou North railway station Guangzhou is the terminus of the Beijing–Guangzhou, Guangzhou–Shenzhen, Guangzhou–Maoming and Guangzhou–Meizhou–Shantou conventional speed railways. In late 2009, the Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway started service, with multiple unit trains covering 980 km (608.94 mi) at a top speed of 320 km/h (199 mph). In December 2014, the Guiyang–Guangzhou high-speed railway and Nanning-Guangzhou railway began service with trains running at top speeds of 250 km/h (155 mph) and 200 km/h (124 mph), respectively.[163] The Guangdong Through Train departs from the Guangzhou East railway station and arrives at the Hung Hom station in Kowloon, Hong Kong. The route is approximately 182 km (113 mi) in length and the ride takes less than two hours. Frequent coach services are also provided with coaches departing every day from different locations (mostly major hotels) around the city. A number of regional railways radiating from Guangzhou started operating such as the Guangzhou–Zhuhai intercity railway and the Guangzhou-Foshan-Zhaoqing intercity railway. Water transport[edit] There are daily high-speed catamaran services between Nansha Ferry Terminal and Lianhua Shan Ferry Terminal in Guangzhou and the Hong Kong China Ferry Terminal, as well as between Nansha Ferry Terminal and Macau Ferry Pier in Hong Kong. Gongyuanqian Station of the Guangzhou Metro Tianhe Sports Center Station (GBRT) Baiyun International Airport in Huadu District A CRH3 Train at Guangzhou South Railway Station A Tram at Wanshengwei Station Culture[edit] Guangzhou Opera House Within China, the culture of the Cantonese people is a subset of the larger "Southern" or "Lingnan" cultural areas. Notable aspects of Guangzhou's cultural heritage include: Cantonese language, the local and prestige variant of Yue Chinese Cantonese cuisine, one of China's eight major culinary traditions[164][note 11] Cantonese opera, usually divided into martial and literary performances Xiguan (Saikwan), the area west of the former walled city The Guangzhou Opera House & Symphony Orchestra also perform classical Western music and Chinese compositions in their style. Cantonese music is a traditional style of Chinese instrumental music, while Cantopop is the local form of pop music and rock-and-roll which developed from neighboring Hong Kong. Religions[edit] Qing-era Guangzhou had around 124 religious pavilions, halls, and temples.[36] Today, in addition to the Buddhist Association, Guangzhou also has a Taoist Association, a Jewish community,[166][167] as well as a history with Christianity, reintroduced to China by colonial powers.[clarification needed] Taoism[edit] Taoism and Chinese folk religion are still represented at a few of the city's temples. Among the most important is the Temple of the Five Immortals, honoring the five immortals credited with introducing rice cultivation at the foundation of the city. The five rams they rode were supposed to have turned into stones upon their departure and gave the city several of its nicknames.[168] Another place of worship is the City God Temple. Guangzhou, like most of southern China, is also notably observant concerning ancestral veneration during occasions like the Tomb Sweeping and Ghost Festivals. Buddhism[edit] Buddhism is the most prominent religion in Guangzhou.[169] The Zhizhi Temple was founded in AD 233 from the estate of a Wu official; it is said to comprise the residence of Zhao Jiande, the last of the Nanyue kings, and has been known as the Guangxiao Temple ("Temple of Bright Filial Piety") since the Ming. The missionary Bodhidharma is traditionally said to have visited Panyu during the Liu Song or Liang dynasties (5th or 6th century). Around AD 520, Emperor Wu of the Liang ordered the construction of the Baozhuangyan Temple and the Xilai Monastery to store the relics of Cambodian Buddhist saints which had been brought to the city and to house the monks beginning to assemble there. The Baozhuangyan is now known as the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees, after a famous poem composed by Su Shi after a visit during the Northern Song.[citation needed] The Xilai Monastery was renamed the Hualin Temple ("Flowery Forest Temple") after its reconstruction during the Qing. The temples were damaged by both the Republican campaign to "Promote Education with Temple Property" (廟產興學) and the Maoist Cultural Revolution but have been renovated since the opening up that began in the 1980s. The Ocean Banner Temple on Henan Island, once famous in the west as the only tourist spot in Guangzhou accessible to foreigners, has been reopened as the Hoi Tong Monastery. Christianity[edit] Nestorian Christians first arrived in China via the overland Silk Road, but suffered during Emperor Wuzong's 845 persecution and were essentially extinct by the year 1000.[170][specify] The Qing-era ban on foreigners limited missionaries until it was abolished following the First Opium War, although the Protestant Robert Morrison was able to perform some work through his service with the British factory. The Catholic Archdiocese of Guangzhou is housed at Guangzhou's Sacred Heart Cathedral, known locally as the "Stone House". A Gothic Revival edifice which was built by hand from 1861 to 1888 under French direction, its original Latin and French stained-glass windows were destroyed during the wars and amid the Cultural Revolution; they have since been replaced by English ones. The Canton Christian College (1888) and Hackett Medical College for Women (1902) were both founded by missionaries and now form part of Guangzhou's Lingnan. Since the opening up of China in the 1980s, there has been renewed interest in Christianity, but Guangzhou maintains pressure on underground churches which avoid registration with government officials.[171] The Catholic archbishop Dominic Tang was imprisoned without trial for 22 years; however, his present successor is recognized by both the Vatican and China's Patriotic Church. Islam[edit] Guangzhou has had ties with the Islamic world since the Tang Dynasty.[172] Relations were often strained: Arab and Persian pirates sacked the city on October 30, 758; the port was subsequently closed for fifty years.[48][49][50][51][52] Their presence came to an end under the revenge of Chinese rebel Huang Chao in 878, along with that of the Jews, Christians,[53][54][55] and Parsis.[56][57] Nowadays, the city is home to halal restaurants.[173] Guangzhou's Temple of the Five Immortals The Hall of the 500 Arhats at the Flowery Forest Temple (Hualin) in the 1870s The Temple of Bright Filial Piety Guangzhou's City God Temple The sacred pigs of the Ocean Banner Temple (Hoi Tong) in the 1830s The Flower Pagoda at the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees (Liurong) The Thousand Buddha Tower at the present-day Hoi Tong Monastery Sacred Heart Cathedral Tianhe Church, built in 2017 Sport[edit] Guangdong Olympic Stadium Tianhe Stadium is the home of Guangzhou F.C. Yuexiushan Stadium is the home of Guangzhou City F.C. The 11,468 seat Guangzhou Gymnasium was one of the venues for the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup.[174] From 12 to 27 November 2010, Guangzhou hosted the 16th Asian Games. The same year, it hosted the first Asian Para Games from December 12 to 19. Combined, these were the major sporting events the city ever hosted.[175] Guangzhou also hosted the following major sporting events: 1987 The 6th National Games of China 1991 The 1st FIFA Women's World Cup 2001 The 2001 National Games of China 2007 The 8th National Traditional Games of Ethnic Minorities of the People's Republic of China 2008 The 49th World Table Tennis Championships 2009 The 11th Sudirman Cup: the world badminton mixed team championships Current professional sports clubs based in Guangzhou include: Sport League Tier Club Stadium Football Chinese Super League 1st Guangzhou Tianhe Stadium Football Chinese Super League 1st Guangzhou City Yuexiushan Stadium Esports (Overwatch) Overwatch League 1st Guangzhou Charge Tianhe Gymnasium Basketball Chinese Basketball Association 1st Guangzhou Loong Lions Tianhe Gymnasium Baseball China Baseball League 1st Guangdong Leopards Tianhe Sports Center baseball field In the 2010s, Guangzhou has risen to be a football powerhouse of China, having won eight national titles between 2011 and 2019. The team has also won the AFC Champions League in 2013 and 2015. The club has competed at the 2013 and 2015 FIFA Club World Cup, where it lost 3–0 in the semifinal stage to the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League winners FC Bayern Munich and the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League winners FC Barcelona, respectively.[176] Destinations[edit] Eight Views[edit] Main articles: Eight Views and Eight Views of Guangzhou Canton Tower[177] The Eight Views of Ram City are Guangzhou's eight most famous tourist attractions. They have varied over time since the Song dynasty, with some being named or demoted by emperors. The following modern list was chosen through public appraisal in 2011:[citation needed] "Towers Shining through the New Town" "The Pearl River Flowing and Shining": The Pearl River from Bai'etan to Pazhou "Cloudy Mountain Green and Tidy": Baiyun Mountain Scenic Area "Yuexiu's Grandeur": Yuexiu Hill and Park "The Ancient Academy's Lingering Fame": The Chen Clan Ancestral Hall and its folk art museum "Liwan's Wonderful Scenery": Liwan Lake "Science City, Splendid as Brocade" "Wetlands Singing at Night": Nansha Wetlands Park The Pearl River at Haiyin Bridge Zhujiang New City from Pakwan or Baiyun Mountain A brick carving at the Guangzhou Folk Art Museum, housed in the Chen Clan Ancestral Hall Bombax ceiba, Guangzhou's official flower Parks and gardens[edit] Baiyun Mountain Nansha Wetland Park People's Park South China Botanical Garden Yuexiu Park Dongshanhu Park (东山湖公园; 東山湖公園) Liuhuahu Park (流花湖公园; 流花湖公園) Liwanhu Park (荔湾湖公园; 荔灣湖公園) Luhu Park (麓湖公园; 麓湖公園) Martyrs' Park (广州起义烈士陵园; 廣州起義烈士陵園) Pearl River Park (珠江公园; 珠江公園) Yuntai Garden (云台花园; 雲臺花園) Shimen National Forest Park(石门国家森林公园; 石門國家森林公園) Haizhu Lake Park(海珠湖公园; 海珠湖公園) Tourist attractions[edit] Guangzhou attracts more than 223 million visitors each year, and the total revenue of the tourism exceeded 400 billion in 2018.[178] There are many tourist attractions, including: Canton Tower Chen Clan Ancestral Hall, housing Guangzhou's folk art museum Chime-Long Paradise Chime-Long Waterpark (simplified Chinese: 长隆水上乐园; traditional Chinese: 長隆水上樂園) Guangdong Provincial Museum Guangzhou Zoo Mulberry Park, public center which demonstrates mulberry growing and silk making Museum of the Mausoleum of the Nanyue King Peasant Movement Training Institute, an important Maoist site Sacred Heart Cathedral (Stone House) Temple of Bright Filial Piety (Guangxiao) Temple of the Six Banyan Trees (Liurong), site of the Flowery Pagoda Shamian or Shameen Island, the old trading compound Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, site of Guangzhou's former presidential palace Xiguan(Saikwan), the western suburbs of the old city Modern Guangzhou by day Modern Guangzhou at night Pedestrian streets[edit] In every district there are many shopping areas where people can walk on the sidewalks; however most of them are not set as pedestrian streets. Shangxiajiu Pedestrian Street The popular pedestrian streets are: Beijing Road pedestrian street Shangxiajiu Pedestrian Street Huacheng Square (Flower City Square) Malls and shopping centers[edit] There are many malls and shopping centers in Guangzhou. The majority of the new malls are located in the Tianhe district. 101 Dynamics China Plaza Liwan Plaza Teem Plaza Victory Plaza Wanguo Plaza Grandview Mall (Grandview Mall Aquarium) Wanda square Happy Valley (Guangzhou) TaiKoo Hui Parc Central OneLinkWalk Rock Square Aeon Mall GT Land Plaza IFC Plaza IGC Mall Mall of the World K11 Fashion Tianhe Major buildings[edit] Main article: List of tallest buildings in Guangzhou See also: List of historic buildings in Guangzhou CITIC Plaza Canton Tower Guangzhou Circle Mansion Guangdong Olympic Stadium Guangzhou Opera House Guangzhou TV Tower Pearl River Tower The Twin Towers: Guangzhou International Finance Center (West) The CTF Guangzhou (East) Canton Custom House (est. 1916), one of the oldest surviving in China Aiqun Hotel, Guangzhou's tallest building from 1937 to 1967 Our Lady of Lourdes Chapel on Shamian The Canton Cement Factory (est. 1907), which housed Sun Yat-sen from 1923 to 1925 The old provincial capitol, now the Museum of Revolutionary History Guangzhou's CBD, including the IFC (right) Media[edit] Guangzhou has two local radio stations: the provincial Radio Guangdong and the municipal Radio Guangzhou. Together they broadcast in more than a dozen channels. The primary language of both stations is Cantonese. Traditionally only one channel of Radio Guangdong is dedicated to Mandarin Chinese. However, in recent years there has been an increase in Mandarin programs on most Cantonese channels. Radio stations from cities around Guangzhou mainly broadcast in Cantonese and can be received in different parts of the city, depending on the radio stations' locations and transmission power. The Beijing-based China National Radio also broadcasts Mandarin programs in the city. Radio Guangdong has a 30-minute weekly English programs, Guangdong Today, which is broadcast globally through the World Radio Network. Daily English news programs are also broadcast by Radio Guangdong. Guangzhou has some of the most notable Chinese-language newspapers and magazines in mainland China, most of which are published by three major newspaper groups in the city, the Guangzhou Daily Press Group, Nanfang Press Corporation, and the Yangcheng Evening News Group. The two leading newspapers of the city are Guangzhou Daily and Southern Metropolis Daily. The former, with a circulation of 1.8 million, has been China's most successful newspaper for 14 years in terms of advertising revenue, while Southern Metropolis Daily is considered one of the most liberal newspapers in mainland China. In addition to Guangzhou's Chinese-language publications, there are a few English magazines and newspapers. The most successful is That's Guangzhou, which started more than a decade ago and has since blossomed into That's PRD, producing expatriate magazines in Beijing and Shanghai as well. It also produces In the Red. Education[edit] Sun Yat-sen University main gate The College of Medical Science at Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou Library The Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, also known as Guangzhou University Town (广州大学城), is a large tertiary education complex located in the southeast suburbs of Guangzhou. It occupies the entirety of Xiaoguwei Island in Panyu District, covering an area of about 18 square kilometers (7 sq mi). The complex accommodates campuses from ten higher education institutions and can eventually accommodate up to 200,000 students, 20,000 teachers, and 50,000 staff.[179] The Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center's higher education campuses are as follows: Guangdong Pharmaceutical University Guangdong University of Foreign Studies Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts Guangzhou University Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine South China Normal University South China University of Technology Sun Yat-sen University Xinghai Conservatory of Music Guangzhou's other fully accredited and degree-granting universities and colleges include: Guangdong Institute of Science and Technology Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University Guangdong University of Finance & Economics Guangdong University of Finance Guangzhou College of South China University of Technology Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou Sports University Jinan University South China Agricultural University Southern Medical University Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering The two main comprehensive libraries are Guangzhou Library and Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province. Guangzhou Library is a public library in Guangzhou. The library has moved to a new building in Zhujiang New Town, which fully opened on 23 June 2013.[180] Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province has the largest collection of ancient books in Southern China.[181] International relations[edit] This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in China Twin towns and sister cities[edit] Guangzhou currently maintains sister city agreements with the following foreign cities.[182][183] Fukuoka, Japan (since 1979) Los Angeles, United States (since 1981) Manila, Philippines (since 1982) Vancouver, Canada (since 1985) Sydney, Australia (since 1986) Bari, Italy (since 1986) Lyon, France (since 1988) Frankfurt, Germany (since 1988) Auckland, New Zealand (since 1989) Gwangju, South Korea (since 1996) Durban, South Africa (since 2000) Bristol, United Kingdom (since 2001) Yekaterinburg, Russia (since 2002) Arequipa, Peru (since 2004) Surabaya, Indonesia (since 2005) Vilnius, Lithuania (since 2006) Birmingham, United Kingdom (since 2006) Hambantota, Sri Lanka (since 2007) Recife, Brazil (since 2007) Tampere, Finland (since 2008) Bangkok, Thailand (since 2009) Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia (since 2011) Petaling Jaya, Malaysia (since 2012) Rabat, Morocco (since 2013) Bình Dương Province, Vietnam (since 2013) Ahmedabad, India (since 2014) Łódź, Poland (since 2014) Dhaka, Bangladesh Ecatepec, Mexico (since 2016)[184][185][186][187] Genova, Italy (since 2016) Padova, Italy (since 2017) Consulates General/consulates[edit] See also: List of diplomatic missions in China As of October 2020, Guangzhou hosts 65 foreign consulates-general/consulates, excluding the Hong Kong and Macao trade office, making it one of the major cities to host more than 50 foreign representatives in China after Beijing and Shanghai.[188][189]  Angola  Argentina  Australia  Austria  Belarus  Belgium  Brazil  Cambodia  Canada  Chile  Colombia (consulate)  Republic of the Congo  Cuba  Denmark  Ecuador  Ethiopia  France  Germany  Ghana  Greece  India  Indonesia  Iran  Israel  Italy  Ivory Coast  Japan  South Korea  Kyrgyzstan  Kuwait  Laos  Malaysia  Mali  Mexico    Nepal  Netherlands  New Zealand  Nigeria  Norway  Pakistan  Panama  Peru  Philippines  Poland  Portugal  Qatar  Russia  Saudi Arabia  Senegal  Singapore  Spain (consulate)  Sri Lanka  Sudan   Switzerland  Thailand  Turkey  Uganda  Ukraine  United Arab Emirates  United Kingdom  United States  Uruguay  Venezuela  Vietnam  Zambia Honours[edit] Guangzhou Peninsula in Antarctica is named after the city, which was a major market and processing centre for the nineteenth-century Antarctic sealing industry. See also[edit] Canton System and Old China Trade World's largest cities Historical capitals of China Mezitli Producer Women's Market#Guangzhou Innovation Award 2021 Guangzhou bombing Notes[edit] ^ The lexicographer only accepted Canton as a proper noun referring to the city, and considered usages with reference to the province as an “ellipsis”, see Yule & al.[31] ^ A. Hamilton (1727) used Canton to refer to both the city and the province, but used Canton for the city more frequently in the same work, especially when he wrote Canton without reference to “Quangtung”. See A. Hamilton (1727; pp. 224–238)[35] ^ Given in contemporary sources as the "Guisi Day" (癸巳) of the 9th lunar month of the first year of the Qianyuan Era under Emperor Suzong of the Tang. ^ The term "Persian" may, however, have been loosely applied and referred indifferently to any similar-looking foreign women.[60] ^ "Buying and selling of children was scarcely unknown in Ming China, but the large new demands of the Portuguese may have stimulated kidnapings from good families..."[73] ^ "Some early Chinese historians go even so far as to give vivid details of the price paid for the children and how they were roasted."[78] ^ "On the day of St Nicholas [6 Dec.] in the year 1522 they put boards on them with the sentence that they should die and be exposed in pillories as robbers. The sentences said: 'Petty sea robbers sent by the great robber falsely; they come to spy out our country; let them die in pillories as robbers.' A report was sent to the king according to the information of the mandarins, and the king confirmed the sentence. On 23 Sept. 1523 these twenty-three persons were each one cut in pieces, to wit, heads, legs, arms, and their private members placed in their mouths, the trunk of the body being divided into two pieces round the belly. In the streets of Canton, outside the walls, in the suburbs, through the principal streets they were put to death, at distances of one crossbow shot from one another, that all might see them, both those of Canton and those of the environs, in order to give them to understand that they thought nothing of the Portuguese, so that the people might not talk of the Portuguese. Thus... they were all killed, and their heads and private members were carried on the backs of the Portuguese in front of the mandarins of Canton with the playing of musical instruments and rejoicing, were exhibited suspended in the streets, and were then thrown into the dunghills. And from henceforth it was resolved not to allow any more Portuguese into the country nor other strangers."[84] ^ The Shaowu Emperor's remains are buried in Yuexiu Park. ^ In fact, the Danish Asiatic Company was formally chartered in April 1732 while this first ship, the Cron-Printz Christian, was on its return trip.[94] Counting the Cron-Printz Christian, up to 1833, the DAC dispatched 130 ships to Guangzhou, losing five. The average voyage from Copenhagen took 216 days and the voyage back, 192.[91] ^ The statement is an excerpt from the longer proverb "Be born in Suzhou, play in Hangzhou, eat in Guangzhou, and die in Liuzhou" (生在蘇州，玩在杭州，食在廣州，死在柳州). ^ The other seven are the cuisines of Anhui, Fujian, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shandong, Sichuan and Zhejiang.[165] References[edit] Citations[edit] ^ 土地面积、人口密度（2008年）. Statistics Bureau of Guangzhou. Archived from the original on March 23, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2010. ^ a b 广州常住人口去年末超1490万 (in Chinese). 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(2009), "Canton Trade", Rise & Fall of the Canton Trade System, Visualizing Cultures, MIT Von Glahn, Richard (1996), Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China, 1000–1700, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-20408-9, archived from the original on May 22, 2020, retrieved August 31, 2017 Wakeman, Frederic, Jr. (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1 Wilbur, Clarence Martin (1983), The Nationalist Revolution in China, 1923–1928, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521318648, archived from the original on March 24, 2020, retrieved August 31, 2017 Wills, John E., Jr. (1998), "Relations with Maritime Europe, 1514–1662", in Denis Twitchett; John King Fairbank; Albert Feuerwerker (eds.), The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 8: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Pt. 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 333–375, ISBN 978-0-521-24333-9 |volume= has extra text (help) Wills, John E., Jr.; Cranmer-Byng, John; Witek, John W. (2010), Wills, Jr., John E. (ed.), China and Maritime Europe, 1500–1800: Trade, Settlement, Diplomacy, and Missions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-17945-4, archived from the original on May 10, 2016, retrieved October 2, 2016. Yü Ying-shih (1987), "Han Foreign Relations", The Cambridge History of China, Vol. I: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C.–A.D. 220, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8 |volume= has extra text (help) Yule, Henry (2002), The Travels of Friar Odoric Further reading[edit] For a more comprehensive list, see Bibliography of Guangzhou. The World in Guangzhou: Africans and other foreigners in South China's marketplace. University of Chicago Press. 2017. ISBN 9780226506074. Chan, May Caroline. "Canton, 1857." Victorian Review 36.1 (2010): 31–35. online Gray, Mrs. John Henry (1880), Fourteen Months in Canton, London: William Clowes & Sons for Macmillan & Co., p. 444 Foster, Simon; Lin-Liu, Jen; Pham, Sherisse; Beth Reiber; Sharon Owyang; Lee Wing-sze; Christopher D. Winnan (2010), Frommer's China, Frommer's, pp. 542 ff, ISBN 978-0-470-52658-3 Johnson, Graham E. (1999). Historical Dictionary of Guangzhou (Canton) and Guangdong. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-3516-0. Lee, Edward Bing-Shuey (1936). Modern Canton. Shanghai: The Mercury Press. Ng, Yong Sang (1936). Canton, City of the Rams: A General Description and a Brief Historical Survey. Canton: M.S. Cheung. ASIN B0008D1HHO. Shaw, Samuel; Josiah Quincy (1847). The journals of Major Samuel Shaw : the first American consul at Canton : with a life of the author. Boston, MA: Wm. Crosby and H.P. Nichols. Retrieved April 5, 2008. Vogel, Ezra F. (1969). Canton Under Communism: Programs and Politics in a Provincial Capital, 1949–1968. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-09475-8. Guangzhou Statistical Yearbook 2016 External links[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guangzhou. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Guangzhou. Wikisource has several original texts related to: Guangzhou Guangzhou International: Official website of government of Guangzhou municipality Guangzhou, China Network Geographic data related to Guangzhou at OpenStreetMap Preceded by N/A Capital of Nanyue Nanyue 204–111 BC Succeeded by N/A Preceded by Fengtian Capital of China Republic of China July 1, 1925 – February 21, 1927 Succeeded by Wuhan Preceded by Taiyuan Capital of China Republic of China May 28, 1931 – December 22, 1931 Succeeded by Chongqing Preceded by Nanjing Capital of China Republic of China April 23, 1949 – October 14, 1949 Succeeded by Chongqing Links to related articles v t e Guangzhou Administrative divisions Yuexiu Liwan Haizhu Tianhe Baiyun Huangpu Huadu Panyu Nansha New Area Free-Trade Zone Conghua Zengcheng Defunct divisions Dongshan Fangcun Luogang Attractions Baiyun Mountain Xiguan Shamian Island Chen Clan Ancestral Hall Litchi Bay Guangdong Museum Temple of the Six Banyan Trees Zhenhai Tower The Memorial Museum of Generalissimo Sun Yat-sen's Mansion Sacred Heart Cathedral Huaisheng Mosque Guangxiao Temple Chigang Pagoda Canton Tower Canton Fair Pazhou Pagoda Chimelong Paradise Museum of the Western Han Dynasty Mausoleum of the Nanyue King Peasant Movement Institute Shopping malls Teem Plaza Taikoo Hui Grandview Mall Happy Valley CITIC Plaza Whampoa Military Academy Nansha Tianhou Palace Guangzhou Opera House Huacheng Square (Zhujiang New Town) Twin Towers Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre International Finance Center Haixinsha Island Haizhu Square Dr. Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall South China Botanical Garden People's Park Culture & demographics Cantonese language Cantonese culture Cantonese cuisine Cantonese people Cantonese opera Higher Education Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Sun Yat-sen University South China University of Technology South China Normal University Jinan University Guangdong University of Foreign Studies South China Agricultural University Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou University Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou Medical University Guangdong Pharmaceutical University History Timeline Bibliography Sports venues Guangdong Provincial People's Stadium Yuexiushan Stadium Tianhe Stadium Guangdong Olympic Stadium Guangzhou Gymnasium Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center Central Stadium Guangzhou International Sports Arena Yanzigang Stadium Henry Fok Stadium Guangzhou Evergrande Football Stadium Transport Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Guangzhou Metro Guangzhou BRT Railway stations Guangzhou railway station Guangzhou East railway station Guangzhou South railway station Guangzhou North railway station Guangzhou-Zhuhai Intercity MRT Guangfo Metro Guangzhou Buses Guangzhou Water Buses Guangzhou Trams Haizhu Tram Baiyun Cableway v t e County-level divisions of Guangdong Province Guangzhou (capital) Sub-provincial cities Guangzhou Baiyun District Conghua District Haizhu District Huadu District Huangpu District Liwan District Nansha District Nansha New Area Guangdong Free-Trade Zone Panyu District Tianhe District Yuexiu District Zengcheng District Shenzhen Bao'an District Futian District Guangming District Longgang District Dapeng New District Longhua District Luohu District Nanshan District Qianhai SZ-HK MSIC Zone Guangdong Free-Trade Zone Pingshan District Yantian District Prefecture-level cities Shaoguan Qujiang District Wujiang District Zhenjiang District Lechang city Nanxiong city Renhua County Shixing County Wengyuan County Xinfeng County Ruyuan County Zhuhai Doumen District Jinwan District Xiangzhou District Hengqin New Area Guangdong Free-Trade Zone Shantou Chaonan District Chaoyang District Chenghai District Haojiang District Jinping District Longhu District Nan'ao County Foshan Chancheng District Gaoming District Nanhai District Sanshui District Shunde District Jiangmen Jianghai District Pengjiang District Xinhui District Enping city Heshan city Kaiping city Taishan city Zhanjiang Chikan District Mazhang District Potou District Xiashan District Leizhou city Lianjiang city Wuchuan city Suixi County Xuwen County Maoming Maonan District Dianbai District Gaozhou city Huazhou city Xinyi city Zhaoqing Dinghu District Duanzhou District Gaoyao District Sihui city Deqing County Fengkai County Guangning County Huaiji County Huizhou Huicheng District Huiyang District Boluo County Huidong County Longmen County Meizhou Meijiang District Meixian District Xingning city Dabu County Fengshun County Jiaoling County Pingyuan County Wuhua County Shanwei Cheng District Lufeng city Haifeng County Luhe County Heyuan Yuancheng District Heping County Lianping County Longchuan County Dongyuan County Zijin County Yangjiang Jiangcheng District Yangdong District Yangchun city Yangxi County Qingyuan Qingcheng District Qingxin District Lianzhou city Yingde city Fogang County Yangshan County Liannan County Lianshan County Dongguan v t e Dongguan Chengqu District* Dongcheng Subdistrict Guancheng Subdistrict Nancheng Subdistrict Wanjiang Subdistrict Shijie town Gaobu town Songshanhu District* Chashan town Dalang town Dalingshan town Liaobu town Shilong town Shipai town Dongbu District* Changping town Dongkeng town Hengli town Huangjiang town Qiaotou town Qishi town Xiegang town Dongnan District* Fenggang town Qingxi town Tangxia town Zhongtang town Binhai District* Chang'an town Houjie town Humen town Shatian town Shuixiang District* Daojiao town Hongmei town Machong town Wangniudun town Zhangmutou town * Not a formal administrative subdivision Zhongshan v t e Zhongshan Zhongxin District* Dongqu Subdistrict Nanqu Subdistrict Shiqi Subdistrict Xiqu Subdistrict Wuguishan Subdistrict Gangkou town Dachong town Shaxi town Dongbu District* Zhongshangang Subdistrict Nanlang town Cuiheng New Area Xibei District* Dongfeng town Dongsheng town Fusha town Guzhen town Henglan town Nantou town Xiaolan town Dongbei District* Huangpu town Minzhong town Sanjiao town Nanbu District* Banfu town Sanxiang town Shenwan town Tanzhou town * Not a formal administrative subdivision Chaozhou Xiangqiao District Chao'an District Fengxi Mgmt Dist Raoping County Jieyang Rongcheng District Jiedong District Puning city Huilai County Jiexi County Yunfu Yuncheng District Yun'an District Luoding city Xinxing County Yunan County Guangdong township-level divisions Guangdong Free-Trade Zone Category Portal   v t e Largest cities in Guangdong Source: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population Rank Pop. Rank Pop. Guangzhou Shenzhen 1 Guangzhou 13,154,200 11 Maoming 849,700 Dongguan Shantou 2 Shenzhen 13,026,600 12 Zhaoqing 820,600 3 Dongguan 6,850,300 13 Chaozhou 775,800 4 Shantou 2,796,400 14 Shaoguan 647,300 5 Zhuhai 2,779,800 15 Puning 619,100 6 Huizhou 2,396,400 16 Zhongshan 572,000 7 Foshan 1,872,500 17 Qingyuan 534,200 8 Jiangmen 1,386,500 18 Yangjiang 507,800 9 Zhanjiang 917,800 19 Meizhou 469,500 10 Jieyang 860,000 20 Gaozhou 364,400 v t e Pearl River Delta Metropolitan Region (Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area) Pearl River Delta Economic Zone Guangdong Province Guangzhou Panyu Huadu Nansha Zengcheng Conghua Shenzhen Bao'an Zhuhai Hengqin Dongguan Zhongshan Cuiheng Foshan Jiangmen Enping Taishan Kaiping Heshan Huizhou Zhaoqing Sihui Gaoyao Special administrative regions Hong Kong New Territories Kowloon Hong Kong Island Macau Macau Peninsula Taipa Coloane Cotai v t e Major cities along the Pearl River Cities (from upper reaches to lower reaches) Major Tributaries v t e Bei River Bei Nanxiong Shaoguan Zhenjiang Wujiang Qujiang Yingde Qingyuan Qingxin Qingcheng Foshan Sanshui waterways with Xi Nanhai Chancheng Sanshui Guangzhou Panyu Nansha merged into the Shiziyang v t e Dong River Dong Heyuan Yuancheng Huizhou Huicheng Dongguan Guangzhou Zengcheng Huangpu merged into the Shiziyang v t e Xi River Xi Gui→Li Guilin Diecai Qixing Xiufeng Xiangshan Yanshan Wuzhou Changzhou Wanxiu merged into the Xi Xun Yong→Yu Zuo Chongzuo Jiangzhou Nanning Jiangnan Xixiangtang merged into the Yong→Yu You Baise Youjiang Nanning Xixiangtang merged into the Yong→Yu tributaries of Zuo & You Nanning Jiangnan Xixiangtang Qingxiu Liangqing Yongning Guigang Qintang Gangnan Gangbei Guiping merged into the Xun Qian Liu Long Hechi Jinchengjiang Yizhou merged into the Liu Rong Liuzhou Liubei Liunan Chengzhong Yufeng merged into the Liu tributaries of Long & Rong merged into the Qian Hongshui Beipan Xuanwei Liupanshui Liuzhi merged into the Hongshui Nanpan Qujing Qilin merged into the Hongshui tributaries of Beipan & Nanpan Heshan Laibin Xingbin merged into the Qian tributaries of Liu & Hongshui Guiping merged into the Xun tributaries of Yong→Yu & Qian Wuzhou Changzhou Longxu Wanxiu merged into the Xi tributaries of Gui→Li & Xun Wuzhou Wanxiu Yunfu Yun'an Zhaoqing Gaoyao Duanzhou Dinghu Foshan Sanshui waterways with Bei Gaoming Nanhai Shunde Heshan Jiangmen Pengjiang waterways with Shiziyang & Lingdingyang Zhongshan Jiangmen Jianghai Xinhui Zhuhai Doumen Jinwan Xiangzhou South China Sea Pearl River Pearl Guangzhou (Baiyun) Foshan (Nanhai) Guangzhou (Liwan Haizhu Yuexiu Tianhe Huangpu) Dongguan Shiziyang Shiziyang Pearl tributary of Dong Dongguan Guangzhou Panyu tributary of Bei Nansha waterways with Xi Lingdingyang Lingdingyang Shiziyang Guangzhou Nansha waterways with Xi Zhongshan Shenzhen Bao'an Guangming Longhua Nanshan Futian Luohu Yantian Longgang Pingshan Dapeng Zhuhai Xiangzhou Jinwan Doumen Hong Kong New Territories Hong Kong Island Kowloon Macau Macau Peninsula Jiuzhouyang Jiuzhouyang Lingdingyang Macau Taipa Coloane Cotai South China Sea Major cities along the Yangtze River · Major cities along the Yellow River v t e Metropolitan cities of China Major Metropolitan regions Jing-Jin-Ji (BJ-TJ-HE) Yuegang'ao Greater Bay Area (GD-HK-MO) Yangtze Delta (SH-JS-ZJ) Zhongyuan Chengyu Cross-Strait Western Coast Guanzhong Mid-Southern Liaoning Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Midstream (Yangtze River Valley) Major cities National Central Cities Beijinga Chongqinga Guangzhoub2 Shanghaia2 Tianjina2 Special administrative regions Hong Kong Macau Regional Central Cities Chengdub Nanjingb Shenyangb Shenzhenc1 Wuhanb Xi'anb Sub-provincial cities Changchunb Chengdub Dalianc2 Guangzhoub2 Hangzhoub Harbinb Jinanb Nanjingb Ningboc2 Qingdaoc2 Shenyangb Shenzhenc1 Wuhanb Xiamenc1 Xi'anb Provincial capitals (Prefecture-level) Changsha Fuzhou2 Guiyang Haikou Hefei Kunming Lanzhou Nanchang Shijiazhuang Taiyuan Xining Zhengzhou Taibei5 Autonomous regional capitals Hohhot Lhasa Nanning Ürümqi Yinchuan Comparatively large cities Anshan Baotou Benxi Datong Fushun Handan Huainan Jilin Luoyang Qiqihar Suzhou Tangshan Wuxi Xuzhou Zibo Prefecture-level cities by Province Hebei Shijiazhuang* Tangshan* Qinhuangdao2 Handan* Xingtai Baoding Zhangjiakou Chengde Cangzhou Langfang Hengshui Shanxi Taiyuan* Datong* Yangquan Changzhi Jincheng Shuozhou Jinzhong Yuncheng Xinzhou Linfen Lüliang Inner Mongolia Hohhot* Baotou* Wuhai Chifeng Tongliao Ordos Hulunbuir Bayannur Ulanqab Liaoning Shenyang* Dalian* Anshan* Fushun* Benxi* Dandong Jinzhou Yingkou Fuxin Liaoyang Panjin Tieling Chaoyang Huludao Jilin Changchun* Jilin Siping Liaoyuan Tonghua Baishan Songyuan Baicheng Heilongjiang Harbin* Qiqihar* Jixi Hegang Shuangyashan Daqing Yīchun Jiamusi Qitaihe Mudanjiang Heihe Suihua Jiangsu Nanjing* Wuxi* Xuzhou* Changzhou Suzhou* Nantong Lianyungang2 Huai'an Yancheng Yangzhou Zhenjiang Tàizhou Suqian Zhejiang Hangzhou* Ningbo* Wenzhou2 Jiaxing Huzhou Shaoxing Jinhua Quzhou Zhoushan Tāizhou Lishui Anhui Hefei* Wuhu Bengbu Huainan* Ma'anshan Huaibei Tongling Anqing Huangshan Chuzhou Fuyang Sùzhou Lu'an Bozhou Chizhou Xuancheng Fujian Fuzhou* Xiamen* Putian Sanming Quanzhou Zhangzhou Nanping Longyan Ningde Jiangxi Nanchang* Jingdezhen Pingxiang Jiujiang Xinyu Yingtan Ganzhou Ji'an Yíchun Fǔzhou Shangrao Shandong Jinan* Qingdao* Zibo* Zaozhuang Dongying Yantai2 Weifang Jining Tai'an Weihai Rizhao Laiwu Linyi Dezhou Liaocheng Binzhou Heze Henan Zhengzhou* Kaifeng Luoyang* Pingdingshan Anyang Hebi Xinxiang Jiaozuo Puyang Xuchang Luohe Sanmenxia Nanyang Shangqiu Xinyang Zhoukou Zhumadian Hubei Wuhan* Huangshi Shiyan Yichang Xiangyang Ezhou Jingmen Xiaogan Jinzhou Huanggang Xianning Suizhou Hunan Changsha* Zhuzhou Xiangtan Hengyang Shaoyang Yueyang Changde Zhangjiajie Yiyang Chenzhou Yongzhou Huaihua Loudi Guangdong Guangzhou* Shaoguan Shenzhen* Zhuhai1 Shantou1 Foshan Jiangmen Zhanjiang2 Maoming Zhaoqing Huizhou Meizhou Shanwei Heyuan Yangjiang Qingyuan Dongguan Zhongshan Chaozhou Jieyang Yunfu Guangxi Nanning* Liuzhou Guilin Wuzhou Beihai2 Fangchenggang Qinzhou Guigang Yùlin Baise Hezhou Hechi Laibin Chongzuo Hainan1 Haikou* Sanya Sansha4 Danzhou Sichuan Chengdu* Zigong Panzhihua Luzhou Deyang Mianyang Guangyuan Suining Neijiang Leshan Nanchong Meishan Yibin Guang'an Dazhou Ya'an Bazhong Ziyang Guizhou Guiyang* Liupanshui Zunyi Anshun Bijie Tongren Yunnan Kunming* Qujing Yuxi Baoshan Zhaotong Lijiang Pu'er Lincang Tibet Lhasa* Shigatse Chamdo Nyingchi Shannan Shaanxi Xi'an* Tongchuan Baoji Xianyang Weinan Yan'an Hanzhong Yúlin Ankang Shangluo Gansu Lanzhou* Jiayuguan Jinchang Baiyin Tianshui Wuwei Zhangye Pingliang Jiuquan Qingyang Dingxi Longnan Qinghai Xining* Haidong Ningxia Yinchuan* Shizuishan Wuzhong Guyuan Zhongwei Xinjiang Ürümqi* Karamay Turpan Hami Taiwan5 (none) Other cities (partly shown below) Prefecture-level capitals (County-level) (Inner Mongolia: Ulanhot Xilinhot) Jiagedaqi3, Heilongjiang Enshi, Hubei Jishou, Hunan (Sichuan：Xichang Kangding Barkam) (Guizhou: Xingyi Kaili Duyun) (Yunnan: Chuxiong Mengzi Wenshan Jinghong Dali Mangshi Shangri-La Lushui) (Gansu: Linxia Hezuo) (Qinghai: Yushu Delingha) (Xinjiang: Changji Bole Korla Yining Artux Aksu Kashgar1 Hotan Tacheng Altay) Province-governed cities (Sub-prefecture-level) Jiyuan, Henan (Hubei: Xiantao Qiánjiang Tianmen Shennongjia) (Hainan1: Wuzhishan Qionghai Wenchang Wanning Dongfang) (Xinjiang - XPCC(Bingtuan) cities: Shihezi Aral Tumxuk Wujiaqu Beitun Tiemenguan Shuanghe Kokdala Kunyu) Former Prefecture-level cities Chaohu, Anhui Yumen，Gansu Dongchuan, Yunnan Shashi, Hubei (Sichuan: Fuling Wanxian) (Jilin: Meihekou Gongzhuling) Sub-prefecture-level cities (Prefecture-governed) Qian'an, Hebei Manzhouli, Inner Mongolia Erenhot, Inner Mongolia Golmud, Qinghai County-level cities by Province Hebei Xinji Jinzhou Xinle Zunhua Qian'an* Wu'an Nangong Shahe Zhuozhou Dingzhou Anguo Gaobeidian Botou Renqiu Huanghua Hejian Bazhou Sanhe Shenzhou Shanxi Gujiao Lucheng Gaoping Jiexiu Yongji Hejin Yuanping Houma Huozhou Xiaoyi Fenyang Inner Mongolia Holingol Manzhouli* Yakeshi Zhalantun Ergun Genhe Fengzhen Ulanhot* Arxan Erenhot* Xilinhot* Liaoning Xinmin Wafangdian Zhuanghe Haicheng Donggang Fengcheng Linghai Beizhen Gaizhou Dashiqiao Dengta Diaobingshan Kaiyuan Beipiao Lingyuan Xingcheng Jilin Yushu Dehui Jiaohe Huadian Shulan Panshi Gongzhuling Shuangliao Meihekou Ji'an Linjiang Fuyu Taonan Da'an Yanji Tumen Dunhua Hunchun Longjing Helong Heilongjiang Shangzhi Wuchang Nehe Hulin Mishan Tieli Tongjiang Fujin Fuyuan Suifenhe Hailin Ning'an Muling Dongning Bei'an Wudalianchi Anda Zhaodong Hailun Jiangsu Jiangyin Yixing Xinyi Pizhou Liyang Changshu Zhangjiagang Kunshan Taicang Qidong Rugao Haimen Dongtai Yizheng Gaoyou Danyang Yangzhong Jurong Jingjiang Taixing Xinghua Zhejiang Jiande Lin'an Yuyao Cixi Fenghua Rui'an Yueqing Haining Pinghu Tongxiang Zhuji Shengzhou Lanxi Yiwu Dongyang Yongkang Jiangshan Wenling Linhai Longquan Anhui Chaohu Jieshou Tongcheng Tianchang Mingguang Ningguo Fujian Fuqing Changle Yong'an Shishi Jinjiang Nan'an Longhai Shaowu Wuyishan Jian'ou Zhangping Fu'an Fuding Jiangxi Leping Ruichang Gongqingcheng Lushan Guixi Ruijin Jinggangshan Fengcheng Zhangshu Gao'an Dexing Shandong Zhangqiu Jiaozhou Jimo Pingdu Laixi Tengzhou Longkou Laiyang Laizhou Penglai Zhaoyuan Qixia Haiyang Qingzhou Zhucheng Shouguang Anqiu Gaomi Changyi Qufu Zoucheng Xintai Feicheng Rongcheng Rushan Laoling Yucheng Linqing Henan Gongyi Xingyang Xinmi Xinzheng Dengfeng Yanshi Wugang Ruzhou Linzhou Weihui Huixian Qinyang Mengzhou Yuzhou Changge Yima Lingbao Dengzhou Yongcheng Xiangcheng Jiyuan* Hubei Daye Danjiangkou Yidu Dangyang Zhijiang Laohekou Zaoyang Yicheng Zhongxiang Yingcheng Anlu Hanchuan Shishou Honghu Songzi Macheng Wuxue Chibi Guangshui Enshi* Lichuan Xiantao* Qianjiang* Tianmen* Hunan Liuyang Liling Xiangxiang Shaoshan Leiyang Changning Wugang Miluo Linxiang Jinshi Yuanjiang Zixing Hongjiang Lengshuijiang Lianyuan Jishou* Guangdong Lechang Nanxiong Taishan Kaiping Heshan Enping Lianjiang Leizhou Wuchuan Gaozhou Huazhou Xinyi Sihui Xingning Lufeng Yangchun Yingde Lianzhou Puning Luoding Guangxi Cenxi Dongxing Guiping Beiliu Jingxi Yizhou Heshan Pingxiang Hainan Wuzhishan* Qionghai* Wenchang* Wanning* Dongfang* Sichuan Dujiangyan Pengzhou Qionglai Chongzhou Jianyang Guanghan Shifang Mianzhu Jiangyou Emeishan Langzhong Huaying Wanyuan Barkam* Kangding* Xichang* Guizhou Qingzhen Chishui Renhuai Xingyi* Kaili* Duyun* Fuquan Yunnan Anning Xuanwei Tengchong Chuxiong* Mengzi* Gejiu Kaiyuan Mile Wenshan* Jinghong* Dali* Ruili Mangshi* Lushui* Shangri-La* Tibet (none) Shaanxi Xingping Hancheng Huayin Gansu Yumen Dunhuang Linxia* Hezuo* Qinghai Yushu* Golmud* Delingha* Ningxia Lingwu Qingtongxia Xinjiang Changji* Fukang Bole* Alashankou Korla* Aksu* Artux* Kashgar* Hotan* Yining* Kuytun Korgas Tacheng* Wusu Altay* Shihezi* Aral* Tumxuk* Wujiaqu* Beitun* Tiemenguan* Shuanghe* Kokdala* Kunyu* Taiwan5 (none) Notes * Indicates this city has already occurred above. aDirect-administered Municipalities. bSub-provincial cities as provincial capitals. cSeparate state-planning cities. 1Special economic-zone Cities. 2Open Coastal Cities. 3Prefecture capital status established by Heilongjiang Province and not recognized by Ministry of Civil Affairs. Disputed by Oroqen Autonomous Banner, Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia as part of it. 4Only administers islands and waters in South China Sea and have no urban core comparable to typical cities in China. 5The claimed province of Taiwan no longer have any internal division announced by Ministry of Civil Affairs of PRC, due to lack of actual jurisdiction. See Template:Administrative divisions of Taiwan instead. All provincial capitals are listed first in prefecture-level cities by province.   v t e Largest cities or municipalities in the People's Republic of China China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population Rank Name Province Pop. Rank Name Province Pop. Shanghai Beijing 1 Shanghai SH 24,237,800 11 Nanjing JS 6,572,000 Guangzhou Shenzhen 2 Beijing BJ 18,634,000 12 Hangzhou ZJ 6,504,900 3 Guangzhou GD 13,154,200 13 Zhengzhou HA 6,261,900 4 Shenzhen GD 13,026,600 14 Xi'an SN 5,866,100 5 Tianjin TJ 12,968,100 15 Shenyang LN 5,651,200 6 Chongqing CQ 11,488,000 16 Qingdao SD 5,127,000 7 Wuhan HB 9,180,000 17 Harbin HL 4,860,000 8 Chengdu SC 8,379,700 18 Changchun JL 4,564,000 9 Hong Kong HK 7,448,900 19 Hefei AH 4,292,400 10 Dongguan GD 6,850,300 20 Jinan SD 4,154,900 v t e Guangdong topics Guangzhou (capital) General History Politics Economy Geography Cities Metropolitan areas Chaoshan Pearl River Delta Sanyi (Sam Yup) Sze Yup (Siyi) Leizhou Peninsula Regions Pearl River Delta Yuexi Yuebei Yuedong Pearl River (China) East River West River Nanling Mountains Pratas Island and the Vereker Banks (claimed) Shamian Island Education Guangzhou Education Shenzhen Education Culture Lingnan culture Cantonese people Varieties of Chinese Yue Chinese Hailufeng Teochew Hakka Lingnan architecture Tong lau Lingnan garden Cantonese embroidery Teochew woodcarving Lingnan penjing Canton porcelain Lingnan School Music Cantonese opera Naamyam Guangdong music Gou Wu Cantonese poetry Hung Ga Wing Chun Lingnan Confucianism Flowermarket Cantonese lion dance Wong Tai Sin Hung Shing Cantonese merchants Red cotton flower Cantonese folktales The Legend of Five Goats Villain hitting Hakka people Teochew people Zhuang people Cuisine Cantonese cuisine Beef chow fun Chow mein Char siu Roasted suckling pig Bird's nest soup Seafood birdsnest Shumai Cantonese fried rice Dim sum Yum cha Leung cha Tong sui Hakka cuisine Teochew cuisine Category Commons Cities of China and the World v t e Capitals of China by jurisdiction National: CN Beijing Provinces: AH Hefei FJ Fuzhou GD Guangzhou GS Lanzhou GZ Guiyang HA Zhengzhou HB Wuhan HE Shijiazhuang HI Haikou HL Harbin HN Changsha JL Changchun JS Nanjing JX Nanchang LN Shenyang QH Xining SC Chengdu SD Jinan SN Xi'an SX Taiyuan TW Taipei¹ YN Kunming ZJ Hangzhou Autonomous Regions: GX Nanning NM Hohhot NX Yinchuan XJ Ürümqi XZ Lhasa Municipalities: BJ Beijing CQ Chongqing SH Shanghai TJ Tianjin SARs: HK Hong Kong MO Macau ¹ — Taiwan is administered as a streamlined province by the Republic of China, but claimed by the PRC. v t e World's 50 most-populous urban areas     Tokyo Jakarta Delhi Manila Seoul Mumbai Shanghai New York São Paulo Mexico City Guangzhou–Foshan Shenzhen Beijing Dhaka Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto Cairo Moscow Bangkok Los Angeles Kolkata Lagos Buenos Aires Karachi Istanbul Tehran Tianjin Kinshasa–Brazzaville Chengdu Rio de Janeiro Lahore Lima Bangalore Paris Ho Chi Minh City London Bogotá Chennai Nagoya Hyderabad Johannesburg Chicago Taipei Wuhan Dongguan Hanoi Chongqing Onitsha Kuala Lumpur Ahmedabad Luanda v t e Host cities of Asian Games Summer 1951: Delhi 1954: Manila 1958: Tokyo 1962: Jakarta 1966: Bangkok 1970: Bangkok 1974: Tehran 1978: Bangkok 1982: Delhi 1986: Seoul 1990: Beijing 1994: Hiroshima 1998: Bangkok 2002: Busan 2006: Doha 2010: Guangzhou 2014: Incheon 2018: Jakarta-Palembang 2022: Hangzhou 2026: Aichi-Nagoya 2030: Doha 2034: Riyadh Winter 1986: Sapporo 1990: Sapporo 1996: Harbin 1999: Kangwon 2003: Aomori 2007: Changchun 2011: Astana-Almaty 2017: Sapporo v t e World's 50 most-populous urban areas     Tokyo Jakarta Delhi Manila Seoul Mumbai Shanghai New York São Paulo Mexico City Guangzhou–Foshan Shenzhen Beijing Dhaka Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto Cairo Moscow Bangkok Los Angeles Kolkata Lagos Buenos Aires Karachi Istanbul Tehran Tianjin Kinshasa–Brazzaville Chengdu Rio de Janeiro Lahore Lima Bangalore Paris Ho Chi Minh City London Bogotá Chennai Nagoya Hyderabad Johannesburg Chicago Taipei Wuhan Dongguan Hanoi Chongqing Onitsha Kuala Lumpur Ahmedabad Luanda v t e Megacities Africa (3) Cairo Kinshasa Lagos Asia (27) Bangalore Bangkok Beijing Chengdu Chennai Chongqing Delhi Dhaka Guangzhou Hangzhou Ho Chi Minh City Hyderabad Istanbul Jakarta Karachi Kolkata Kyoto–Osaka–Kobe (Keihanshin) Lahore Manila Mumbai Nagoya Seoul Shanghai Shenzhen Tehran Tianjin Tokyo Xiamen Europe (5) Istanbul London Moscow Paris Rhine-Ruhr North America (3) Los Angeles Mexico City New York City South America (5) Bogotá Buenos Aires Lima Rio de Janeiro São Paulo v t e Capitals of China by jurisdiction National: CN Beijing Provinces: AH Hefei FJ Fuzhou GD Guangzhou GS Lanzhou GZ Guiyang HA Zhengzhou HB Wuhan HE Shijiazhuang HI Haikou HL Harbin HN Changsha JL Changchun JS Nanjing JX Nanchang LN Shenyang QH Xining SC Chengdu SD Jinan SN Xi'an SX Taiyuan TW Taipei¹ YN Kunming ZJ Hangzhou Autonomous Regions: GX Nanning NM Hohhot NX Yinchuan XJ Ürümqi XZ Lhasa Municipalities: BJ Beijing CQ Chongqing SH Shanghai TJ Tianjin SARs: HK Hong Kong MO Macau ¹ — Taiwan is administered as a streamlined province by the Republic of China, but claimed by the PRC. 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