Marcomanni - Wikipedia Marcomanni From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Historical ethnical group The Roman Empire under Hadrian (ruled 117–138), showing the location of the Marcomanni in the region of the upper Danube (now northern Austria and Czech Republic) The Marcomanni were a group of early Germanic peoples[1] that eventually came to live in a powerful kingdom north of the Danube, somewhere near modern Bohemia, during the peak of power of the nearby Roman Empire. According to Tacitus and Strabo, they were Suebian. Contents 1 Origin 2 Marcomannic Wars 3 Later history 4 Kings 5 See also 6 References 7 Classical sources 8 External links Origin[edit] It is believed their name may derive from the Proto-Germanic forms of the word "march" (meaning "frontier, border", as in the Welsh marches and the kingdom of Mercia) and the word "men", *Markōmanniz,[2][3][4] which would have been rendered in Latinised form as Marcomanni. The Marcomanni first appear in historical records as confederates of the Suebi of Ariovistus fighting against Julius Caesar in Gaul (now France) after they had crossed the Rhine from what is now southern Germany. The exact position of their lands at the time is not known. The fact that their name existed before the Romans had territory near the Danube or Rhine raises the question of which border they lived near to explain their name. Their name may echo an earlier demarcation between the northern Germanic tribes of the Jastorf cultural circle and those of the maximum expansion of the Celts during the earlier and later Iron Age of La Tène dominance throughout Europe. Findings in the archaeological record show that they had pressed north with some influence as far as into Jutland, but they mostly remained separated in the south and settled in oppida over what is now Thuringia and Saxony along the Hercynian Forest, intrinsically connected to the major trade roads that went into the more evolved centres of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia, which were then all still Celtic regions. It has been suggested that they may have lived near the confluence of Rhine and the Main Rivers in areas that had been inhabited but left deserted by the Helvetii and Taurisci. However, the historian Florus reports that Drusus erected a mound of their spoils during his campaign of 12-9 BC after he had defeated the Tencteri and Chatti, and before next turning to Cherusci, Suevi, and Sicambri. That suggests that they were not close to any obvious border at the time.[5] According to the accounts of Tacitus (Germ. 42), Paterculus (2.108), Pliny the Elder, and Strabo (vii. p. 290) they eventually moved into the large area that had been occupied by the Boii, specifically in a region already called Baiohaemum, where their allies and fellow Suevi lived, the Quadi. It was described as being within the Hercynian Forest and was possibly in the region of modern Bohemia, but that is not certain.[6] By 6 BC, their king, Maroboduus, had established a powerful kingdom there that Augustus perceived as a threat to the Roman Empire. Before he could act, however, the revolt in Illyria intervened. Eventually, Maroboduus was deposed and exiled by Catualda (AD 19). Catualda was, in turn, deposed by Vibilius of the Hermunduri that year and succeeded by the Quadian Vannius. Around 50 AD, Vannius was himself also deposed by Vibilius, in co-ordination with his nephews Vangio and Sido. In the late 1st century, Tacitus mentions (Germania I.42) the Marcomanni as being under kings appointed by Rome.[7] Marcomannic Wars[edit] Main article: Marcomannic Wars In the 2nd century AD, the Marcomanni entered into a confederation with other peoples, including the Quadi, Vandals, and Sarmatians, against the Roman Empire. It was probably driven by movements of larger tribes, like the Goths. According to the historian Eutropius, the forces of Emperor, Marcus Aurelius battled against the Marcomannic confederation for three years at the fortress of Carnuntum, in Pannonia. Eutropius compared the war and Aurelius's success against the Marcomanni and their allies to the Punic Wars. The comparison was apt in that the war marked a turning point, had significant Roman defeats and caused the death of two Praetorian Guard commanders. The war began in 166, when the Marcomanni overwhelmed the defences between Vindobona and Carnuntum, penetrated along the border between the provinces of Pannonia and Noricum, laid waste to Flavia Solva and could be stopped only shortly before Aquileia, on the Adriatic Sea. The war lasted until Aurelius's death in 180. It would prove to be only a limited success for Rome since the Danube River remained as the frontier of the empire until the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Later history[edit] The Christianisation of the Marcomanni, at least into a Roman orthodox form of Christianity, seems to have occurred under their queen, Fritigil, the wife of an unnamed king, in the mid-4th century. She corresponded with Ambrose of Milan to bring about the conversion. That was the last clear evidence of the Marcomanni having a polity, which was possibly now on the Roman side of the Danube. Soon afterward, the Pannonian and Danubian area went into a long period of turmoil. After crossing the Rhine in 406 and the Pyrenees in 409, a group of Suevi that had migrated with Vandals and Alans, established itself in the Roman province of Gallaecia (modern Galicia and northern Portugal), where it was considered foederati and founded the Suebi kingdom of Gallaecia. The Suevi were probably a mix of Suevian groups from the area north of Danube and Pannonian basin such as the Marcomanni, Quadi and Buri. There, Hermeric swore fealty to the emperor in 410. Bracara Augusta, the modern city of Braga in Portugal, had been the capital of Roman Gallaecia and now became the capital of the Suebic Kingdom. The Danubian area, meanwhile, became the core of Attila the Hunnic Empire, and within it seem to have been many Suebians. One group of them managed to reform into an independent group after the Battle of Nedao in 454, like many other groups that emerged from Attila's confederation. Those Suevi eventually came into conflict with the Ostrogoths, who had lost at Nadao. Jordanes, the historian of the Goths, reported (Getica 280) that after the Battle of Bolia, the Ostrogoths attacked the Suevi (ruled by a man named Hunimund, who also seemingly led an attack on Passau[8]) by crossing the Danube when it was frozen and going into a high Alpine area held by the confederates of the Suevi at the time, the Alamanni. (He said that several streams start in the area and enter the Danube.) The region held by those Suevi was described as having Bavarians to the east, Franks to the west, Burgundians to the south, and Thuringians to the north. The text seems to indicate that the Suevi had moved into the Alamannic area but that Suevi were seen as distinct from both Alamanni and Bavarians. Thay was also the first mention of Bavarians, who are also often proposed to have had Marcomanni in their ancestry. According to historians such as Herwig Wolfram: The Marcomanni and the Quadi gave up their special names after crossing the Danube, in fact both the emigrants and the groups remaining in Pannonia became Suebi again. The Pannonian Suebi became subjects of the Huns. After the battle at the Nadao they set up their kingdom, and when it fell, they came, successively under Herulian and Longobard rule, south of the Danube under Gothic rule, and eventually again under Longobard rule.[9] There is a runic alphabet called the Marcomannic runes, but they are not believed to be related to the Marcomanni. Kings[edit] Maroboduus, c. 9 BC – 18 AD[10] Catualda, 18 – 20[10] Vannius, 20 – c. 50[11] Vangio and Sido, c. 50 – ?[12] Ballomar, c. 166? – 172 or 178? Attalus, c. 260/2[13] Fritigil, mid-4th century, queen See also[edit] History of Portugal History of Spain Irminones List of ancient Germanic peoples Migrations period Timeline of Germanic kingdoms References[edit] ^ Schehl, Franz A. W.; Drinkwater, John Frederick (2012). "Marcoman(n)i". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191735257. Retrieved January 26, 2020. Marcoman(n)i... a west German (Suebic) tribe, the name meaning the inhabitants of a border country (‘march’)... Darvill, Timothy, ed. (2009). "Marcomanni". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (3 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191727139. Retrieved January 25, 2020. Marcomanni. ‘Border Men’, a Germanic people... Fischer, Thomas; Nicholson, Oliver (2018). "Marcomanni". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191744457. Retrieved January 26, 2020. Marcomanni. Germanic tribe belonging originally to the Elbe cultural grouping... ^ "mark - Origin and meaning of the name mark by Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 12 July 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2018. ^ "man - Origin and meaning of man by Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2018. ^ "I-mutation". www.etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2018. ^ Smith, William (1854), Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, archived from the original on 2013-11-20 ^ Green, Dennis (2014), "The Boii, Bavaria and Bohemia", The Baiuvarii and Thuringi: An Ethnographic Perspective, p. 20, ISBN 9781843839156, archived from the original on 2016-04-22 ^ http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/tac/g01040.htm ^ Herwig Wolfram, "History of the Goths", p.266 Archived 2016-05-08 at the Wayback Machine ^ The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples, pp. 160–161. ^ a b Tac. Ann. 2.62-3 ^ Tac. Ann. 2.63; 12.29–30 ^ Tac. Ann. 12.29-30 ^ Aur. Vict. Caes. 33,6; Epit. 33,1; SHA Gall. 21,3; PIR2 A 1328; PLRE I Attalus Classical sources[edit] Caesar De Bello Gallico, at The Latin Library Tacitus Germania, at The Latin Library Tacitus Annales, at The Latin Library External links[edit] "Marcomanni" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. v t e Germanic monarchs Attested in Antiquity (ca. 3,000 BC–500 AD), Migration Period (c. 300–538 AD), and the Germanic Iron Age (c. 476–793) Cherusci (c. 9 BCE–21 CE) Segimerus (c. 9 BCE–9 CE) Arminius (9–21) Marcomanni (c. 9 BCE–37 CE, c. 166–c. 172) Maroboduus (c. 9 BCE–18 CE) Catualda (18 CE-) Ballomar (c. 166–c. 172) Suebi Ariovistus Hunimund Hermeric (c. 419-438) Rechila (438-448) Rechiar (448-456) Goths Radagaisus (-406) Thervingi Athanaric Greuthungi Ermanaric Vithimiris Visigoths Alaric I (395-410) Athaulf (410-415) Sigeric (415) Wallia (415-418) Theodoric I (418-451) Thorismund (451-453) Theodoric II (453-466) Euric (466-484) Alaric II (484-507) Gesalec (507-513) Amalaric (522-531) Theudis (531-548) Theudigisel (548-549) Agila (549-554) Athanagild (554-567) Liuva I (567-572) Liuvigild (568-586) Reccared I (586-601) Liuva II (601-603) Witteric (603-610) Gundemar ( 610-612) Sisebut (612-621) Reccared II (621) Suintila (621-631) Sisenand (631-636) Chintila (636-639) Tulga (639-642) Chindasuinth (642-653) Recceswinth (649-672) Wamba (672-680) Erwig (680-687) Egica (687-702) Wittiza (694-710) Roderic (710-712) Achila II (711-714) Ardo (714-721) Ostrogoths Valamir (447-469) Theodemir (469-475) Theodoric the Great (475-526) Athalaric (526-534) Amalasuintha (534-535) Theodahad (534-536) Witiges (536-540) Ildibad (540-541) Eraric (541) Totila (541-552) Teia (551-553) Vandals Godigisel (until 406) Gunderic (407–428) Genseric (428–477) Huneric (477–484) Gunthamund (484–496) Thrasamund (496–523) Hilderic (523–530) Gelimer (530–534) Lombards List of legendary kings of the Lombards (3rd-4th centuries) Lething Dynasty (5th-6th centuries) Audoin (546–565) Alboin (568–572) Cleph (572–574) Interregnum (574–584) Authari (584–590) Agilulf (590–616) Adaloald (616–626) Arioald (626–636) Rothari (636-652) Rodoald (652–653) Aripert I (653–661) Godepert (661–662) Perctarit (661–662) Grimoald (662–671) Garibald (671) Perctarit (671–688) Cunipert (688–689) Alahis (689) Cunipert (689–700) Liutpert (700–702) Raginpert (701) Aripert II (702–712) Ansprand (712) Liutprand (712–744) Hildeprand (744) Ratchis (744–749) Aistulf (749–756) Desiderius (756–774) Franks Merovingians (428–751) Chlodio (428–445/448) Merovech (445/448–457) Childeric I (457–481/482) Clovis I (481/482–511) Childebert I (511–558) Chlothar I (511–561) Charibert I (561–567) Guntram (561–593) Chilperic I (561–584) Sigebert I (561–575) Childebert II (575–595) Chlothar II (584–629) Dagobert I (623–639) Sigebert II (639–656) Clovis II (639–657) Chlothar III (657–673) Childeric II (673–675) Theuderic III (675–691) Clovis IV (691–695) Childebert III (695–711) Dagobert III (711–715) Chilperic II (715–721) Chlothar IV (717–719) Theuderic IV (721–737) Childeric III (737–751) Norse Danes List of legendary kings of Denmark (7th–10th centuries) Norwegians Petty kingdoms of Norway (6th–9th century) Swedes List of legendary kings of Sweden Yngling (9th–12th centuries) Ynglingatal House of Munsö List of legendary kings of the Geats v t e Germanic peoples Ethnolinguistic group of Northern European origin primarily identified as speakers of Germanic languages History Nordic Bronze Age Pre-Roman Iron Age Roman Iron Age Germanic Iron Age Viking Age Early culture Architecture Art Calendar Clothing Family Festivals Funerary practices Anglo-Saxon Norse Law Anglo-Saxon Norse Literature Anglo-Saxon Norse Mythology Continental Frankish Norse Names Gothic Paganism Anglo-Saxon Gothic Norse Scripts Gothic alphabet Runic Symbology Warfare Anglo-Saxon Gothic and Vandal Viking Languages Germanic parent language Proto-Germanic language East Germanic languages West Germanic languages North Germanic languages Ancient tribes Alemanni Brisgavi Bucinobantes Lentienses Raetovari Adrabaecampi Angles Anglo-Saxons Ambrones Ampsivarii Angrivarii Armalausi Auiones Avarpi Baemi Baiuvarii Banochaemae Bastarnae Batavi Belgae Germani cisrhenani Atuatuci Caeroesi Condrusi Eburones Paemani Segni Morini Nervii Bateinoi Betasii Brondings Bructeri Burgundians Buri Cananefates Caritni Casuari Chaedini Chaemae Chamavi Chali Charudes Chasuarii Chattuarii Chatti Chauci Cherusci Cimbri Cobandi Corconti Cugerni Danes Dauciones Dulgubnii Favonae Firaesi Fosi Franks Ripuarian Franks Salian Franks Frisiavones Frisii Gambrivii Geats Gepids Goths Crimean Goths Greuthungi Gutones Ostrogoths Thervingi Thracian Goths Visigoths Gutes Harii Hermunduri Heruli Hilleviones Ingaevones Irminones Istvaeones Jutes Juthungi Lacringi Lemovii Lombards Heaðobards Lugii Diduni Helisii Helveconae Manimi Nahanarvali Marcomanni Marsacii Marsi Mattiaci Nemetes Njars Nuithones Osi Quadi Reudigni Rugii Rugini Saxons Semnones Sicambri Scirii Sitones Suarines Suebi Sunici Swedes Taifals Tencteri Teutons Thelir Thuringii Toxandri Treveri Triboci Tubantes Tulingi Tungri Ubii Usipetes Vagoth Vandals Hasdingi Silingi Vangiones Varisci Victohali Vidivarii Vinoviloth Warini Christianization Gothic Christianity Christianization of the Franks Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England Christianization of Scandinavia Christianization of Iceland Category Authority control General Integrated Authority File National libraries United States Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcomanni&oldid=1023193047" Categories: Marcomanni Early Germanic peoples Suebi Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages العربية Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2021, at 23:15 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Mobile view Developers Statistics Cookie statement