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Find sources: "Pannonia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Provincia Pannonia 20 AD–107 AD Province of Pannonia highlighted (red) within the Roman Empire (pink) Capital Carnuntum,[1] Sirmium,[2] Savaria,[3] Aquincum,[4] Poetovio[5] or Vindobona[6] History   • Established 20 AD • Division of Pannonia Between the years 102 and 107, Trajan divided Pannonia into Pannonia Superior (western part with the capital Carnuntum), and Pannonia Inferior (eastern part with the capitals in Aquincum and Sirmium) 107 AD Succeeded by Pannonia Superior Pannonia Inferior Pannonia (/pəˈnoʊniə/, Latin: [panˈnɔnija]) was a province of the Roman Empire bounded on the north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. Pannonia was located in the territory of present-day western Hungary, eastern Austria, northern Croatia, north-western Serbia, northern Slovenia and northern Bosnia and Herzegovina. Contents 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Prior to Roman conquest 2.2 Under Roman rule 2.3 Post-Roman 3 Cities and auxiliary forts 4 Economy and country features 5 Legacy 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External links Name[edit] Further information: Pannonii Julius Pokorny believed the name Pannonia is derived from Illyrian, from the Proto-Indo-European root *pen-, "swamp, water, wet" (cf. English fen, "marsh"; Hindi pani, "water").[7] Pliny the Elder, in Natural History, places the eastern regions of the Hercynium jugum, the "Hercynian mountain chain", in Pannonia (present-day Hungary) and Dacia (present-day Romania).[8] He also gives us some dramaticised description[9] of its composition, in which the proximity of the forest trees causes competitive struggle among them (inter se rixantes). He mentions its gigantic oaks.[10] But even he—if the passage in question is not an interpolated marginal gloss—is subject to the legends of the gloomy forest. He mentions unusual birds, which have feathers that "shine like fires at night". Medieval bestiaries named these birds the Ercinee. The impenetrable nature of the Hercynia Silva hindered the last concerted Roman foray into the forest, by Drusus, during 12–9 BC: Florus asserts that Drusus invisum atque inaccessum in id tempus Hercynium saltum (Hercynia saltus, the "Hercynian ravine-land")[11] patefecit.[12] History[edit] This article is part of the histories of several countries: Part of a series on the History of Austria Early history Hallstatt culture Noricum - Pannonia - Raetia Marcomanni - Lombards - Bavarians - Suebi Avars Samo's Realm Carantania East Francia Duchy of Bavaria - Margraviate of Austria House of Babenberg Privilegium Minus Habsburg era House of Habsburg Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Germany Archduchy of Austria Habsburg Monarchy Austrian Empire German Confederation Austria-Hungary World War I Assassination of Franz Ferdinand World War I Interwar years Republic of German-Austria First Austrian Republic Austrofascism Federal State of Austria Anschluss Ostmark (Austria) World War II National Socialism Post-war Austria Allied-occupied Austria Second Austrian Republic Topics Jews (Vienna) Military history Music Timeline  Austria portal v t e Part of a series on the History of Bosnia and Herzegovina Early history Prehistory Neolithic cultures: (Kakanj / Butmir) Illyrian period (Glasinac culture / Central Bosnian culture) Roman Dalmatia Roman Pannonia Middle Ages Bosnia in the Early Middle Ages (before 10th c.) Travunia - Zachumlia (~9th–14th c.) Banate (~1154–1377) - Kingdom (1377-1463) ("zemlje"/counties: Usora / Soli / Donji Kraji / Hum (Herzegovina from 1454) / Podrinje) Bosansko Krajište (1451-1463) Duchy of Herzegovina (1463–1482) Ottoman era Ottoman conquest (Bosansko Krajište (1451-1463)) Ottoman era (Bosnia Sanjak (1463–1580), Sanjak of Herzegovina (1481–1833) / Bosnia Eyalet (1580-1867), Herzegovina Eyalet (1833–1851) / Bosnia Vilayet (1867-1908) / Herzegovina Uprising (1875–1877)) Habsburgs Habsburg era (Bosnian crisis) Yugoslavia Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Drina Banovina) World War II SFR Yugoslavia (SR Bosnia and Herzegovina) Breakup of Yugoslavia Contemporary Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian War (defunct: Herzeg-Bosnia / Western Bosnia) Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska)  Bosnia and Herzegovina portal v t e Part of a series on the History of Croatia Early history History of Croatia before the Croats Roman Pannonia Roman Dalmatia Origins of the Croats White Croatia White Croats Middle Ages Avar Khaganate Duchy of Croatia Lower Pannonia Southern Dalmatia March of Istria Kingdom of Croatia Union with Hungary Republic of Dubrovnik Republic of Poljica Modernity Ottoman Croatia Republic of Venice Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg) Croatian Military Frontier Illyrian Provinces Kingdom of Illyria Kingdom of Slavonia Kingdom of Dalmatia Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia 20th century World War I State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs Kingdom of Yugoslavia Banovina of Croatia World War II Independent State of Croatia Federal State of Croatia Socialist Republic of Croatia Contemporary Croatia Independence War of independence Croatia since 1995 Timeline  Croatia portal v t e Part of a series on the History of Hungary Early history Hungarian prehistory Hungary before the Hungarians Roman Pannonia Hungarian conquest Medieval Principality 895–1000 High Medieval Kingdom 1000–1301 Late Medieval Kingdom 1301–1526 Ottoman Wars 1366–1526 Early modern Habsburg kingdom 1526–1867 Eastern kingdom 1526–1570 Ottoman Hungary 1541–1699 Principality of Transylvania 1570–1711 Late modern Rákóczi's War 1703–1711 Revolution of 1848 1848–1849 Austria-Hungary 1867–1918 Lands of the Crown 1867–1918 World War I 1914–1918 Interwar period 1918–1941 First Hungarian Republic 1918–1920 Hungarian Soviet Republic 1919 Kingdom of Hungary 1920–1946 World War II 1941–1945 Contemporary Second Hungarian Republic 1946–1949 Hungarian People's Republic 1949–1989 Revolution of 1956 1956 Third Hungarian Republic since 1989 By topic Timeline Christianity Military Music Nobility Hungarians Jews Székelys  Hungary portal v t e Part of a series on the History of Serbia By century 9th 10th Prehistory Paleolithic Mesolithic Neolithic Bronze Age Iron Age Pre-Roman Illyrians Autariatae Dardani Triballi Moesi Scordisci Dacians Early Roman Illyricum Pannonia Pannonia Inferior Dalmatia Moesia Moesia Superior Dacia Dacia Aureliana Late Roman Moesia Prima Dacia Mediterranea Dacia Ripensis Dardania Praevalitana Pannonia Secunda Diocese of Moesia Diocese of Dacia Diocese of Pannonia Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum Early Middle Ages White Serbia around 600 AD Principality of Serbia Duklja, Travunia, Zachlumia, Narentines, Raška, Bosnia 7th–10th century Catepanate of Ras around 969–976 High Middle Ages Duklja (Zeta) 11th–12th century Theme of Sirmium 1018–1071 Grand Principality 1071–1217 Kingdom of Serbia 1217–1346 King Dragutin's realm 1282–1325 Empire · Fall 1346–1371 Prince Lazar's Serbia 1371–1402 Despotate of Serbia 1402–1537 Early Modern Serbia under Turkish rule 1459–1804 Jovan Nenad / Radoslav Čelnik 1526–1530 Banate of Lugoj and Caransebeș 16th–17th Habsburg occupation 1686–1699 Great Serb Migrations 1690 and 1737–1739 Military Frontier 1702–1882 Habsburg Serbia 1718–1739 Koča's frontier 1788–1791 Serbia 1804–1918 Revolution 1804–1815 Principality of Serbia 1815–1882 Serbian Vojvodina 1848–1849 Serbia and Banat 1849–1860 Kingdom of Serbia 1882–1918 Serbia since 1918 Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1918–1941 Axis occupation 1941–1944 Federal unit of Yugoslavia 1944–1992 Federal unit of FRY (S&M) 1992–2006 Republic of Serbia 2006–present  Serbia portal v t e Part of a series on the History of Slovenia Italy / Noricum / Pannonia Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps Avars Samo's Realm Carantania Carneola Holy Roman Empire March of Carniola Windic March Duchy of Carniola Venetian Republic Illyrian Provinces Kingdom of Illyria Inner Austria Venezia Giulia Drava Banovina World War II in the Slovene Lands Socialist Republic of Slovenia Ten-Day War Republic of Slovenia  Slovenia portal v t e Prior to Roman conquest[edit] Further information: Prehistoric Hungary, Prehistoric Croatia, Prehistoric Serbia, Prehistoric Slovenia, Prehistoric Bosnia and Herzegovina, Prehistoric Austria, and Prehistoric Slovakia The first inhabitants of this area known to history were the Pannonii (Pannonians), a group of Indo-European tribes akin to Illyrians. From the 4th century BC, it was invaded by various Celtic tribes. Little is known of Pannonia until 35 BC, when its inhabitants, allies of the Dalmatians, were attacked by Augustus, who conquered and occupied Siscia (Sisak). The country was not, however, definitively subdued by the Romans until 9 BC, when it was incorporated into Illyricum, the frontier of which was thus extended as far as the Danube. Under Roman rule[edit] Seuso and his wife at Lacus Pelso (today Lake Balaton) The Roman empire in the time of Hadrian (ruled 117-138 AD), showing, on the middle Danube river, the imperial provinces of Pannonia Superior and Pannonia Inferior and the 2 legions deployed in each in 125 Map showing Constantine I's conquests of areas of present-day eastern Hungary, western Romania and northern Serbia, in the first decades of the 4th century (pink color). In AD 6, the Pannonians, with the Dalmatians and other Illyrian tribes, engaged in the so-called Great Illyrian Revolt, and were overcome by Tiberius and Germanicus, after a hard-fought campaign, which lasted for three years. After the rebellion was crushed in AD 9, the province of Illyricum was dissolved, and its lands were divided between the new provinces of Pannonia in the north and Dalmatia in the south. The date of the division is unknown, most certainly after AD 20 but before AD 50. The proximity of dangerous barbarian tribes (Quadi, Marcomanni) necessitated the presence of a large number of troops (seven legions in later times), and numerous fortresses were built on the bank of the Danube. Some time between the years 102 and 107, between the first and second Dacian wars, Trajan divided the province into Pannonia Superior (western part with the capital Carnuntum), and Pannonia Inferior (eastern part with the capitals in Aquincum and Sirmium[13]). According to Ptolemy, these divisions were separated by a line drawn from Arrabona in the north to Servitium in the south; later, the boundary was placed further east. The whole country was sometimes called the Pannonias (Pannoniae). Pannonia Superior was under the consular legate, who had formerly administered the single province, and had three legions under his control. Pannonia Inferior was at first under a praetorian legate with a single legion as the garrison; after Marcus Aurelius, it was under a consular legate, but still with only one legion. The frontier on the Danube was protected by the establishment of the two colonies Aelia Mursia and Aelia Aquincum by Hadrian. Under Diocletian, a fourfold division of the country was made: Pannonia Prima in the northwest, with its capital in Savaria / Sabaria, it included Upper Pannonia and the major part of Central Pannonia between the Raba and Drava, Pannonia Valeria in the northeast, with its capital in Sopianae, it comprised the remainder of Central Pannonia between the Raba, Drava and Danube, Pannonia Savia in the southwest, with its capital in Siscia, Pannonia Secunda in the southeast, with its capital in Sirmium Diocletian also moved parts of today's Slovenia out of Pannonia and incorporated them in Noricum. In 324 AD, Constantine I enlarged the borders of Roman Pannonia to the east, annexing the plains of what is now eastern Hungary, northern Serbia and western Romania up to the limes that he created: the Devil's Dykes.[citation needed] In the 4th-5th century, one of the dioceses of the Roman Empire was known as the Diocese of Pannonia. It had its capital in Sirmium and included all four provinces that were formed from historical Pannonia, as well as the provinces of Dalmatia, Noricum Mediterraneum and Noricum Ripense.[citation needed] Pannonia in the 1st century Pannonia in the 2nd century Pannonia in the 4th century Pannonia with Constantine I "limes" in 330 AD Post-Roman[edit] Gerulata- a Roman military camp located near today's Rusovce, Slovakia. During the Migrations Period in the 5th century, some parts of Pannonia were ceded to the Huns in 433 by Flavius Aetius, the magister militum of the Western Roman Empire.[14] After the collapse of the Hunnic empire in 454, large numbers of Ostrogoths were settled by Emperor Marcian in the province as foederati. The Eastern Roman Empire controlled southern parts of Pannonia in the 6th century, during the reign of Justinian I. The Byzantine province of Pannonia with its capital at Sirmium was temporarily restored, but it included only a small southeastern part of historical Pannonia. Afterwards, it was again invaded by the Avars in the 560s, and the Slavs, who first may settled c. 480s but became independent only from the 7th century. In 790s, it was invaded by the Franks, who used the name "Pannonia" to designate named newly formed frontier province, the March of Pannonia. The term Pannonia was also used for Slavic polity like Lower Pannonia that was vassal to the Frankish Empire. Between the 5th and the 10th centuries, the romanized population of Pannonia developed the Romance Pannonian language, mainly around Lake Balaton in present-day western Hungary, where there was the keszthely culture. This language and the related culture became extinct with the arrival of the Magyars. Cities and auxiliary forts[edit] Aerial photography: Gorsium - Tác - Hungary Aquincum, Hungary Ruins of Imperial Palace in Sirmium The native settlements consisted of pagi (cantons) containing a number of vici (villages), the majority of the large towns being of Roman origin. The cities and towns in Pannonia were: Now in Austria: Carnuntum (Petronell, Bad Deutsch-Altenburg) Vindobona (Vienna) Now in Bosnia and Hercegovina: Saldae (Brčko) Serbinum or Servitium (Gradiška) Castrum and Canabea (Doboj) Now in Croatia: Ad Novas (Zmajevac) Andautonia (Ščitarjevo) Aqua Viva (Petrijanec) Aquae Balisae (Daruvar) Certissa (Đakovo) Cibalae (Vinkovci) Cornacum (Sotin) Cuccium (Ilok) Iovia or Iovia Botivo (Ludbreg) Marsonia (Slavonski Brod) Mursa (Osijek) Siscia (Sisak) Teutoburgium (Dalj) Now in Hungary: Ad Flexum (Mosonmagyaróvár) Ad Mures (Ács) Ad Statuas (Vaspuszta) Ad Statuas (Várdomb) Alisca (Szekszárd) Alta Ripa (Tolna) Aquincum (Óbuda, Budapest) Arrabona (Győr) Brigetio (Szőny) Caesariana (Baláca) Campona (Nagytétény) Cirpi (Dunabogdány) Contra-Aquincum (Budapest) Contra Constantiam (Dunakeszi) Gorsium-Herculia (Tác) Intercisa (Dunaújváros) Iovia (Szakcs) Lugio (Dunaszekcső) Lussonium (Dunakömlőd) Matrica (Százhalombatta) Morgentianae (Tüskevár (?)) Mursella (Mórichida) Quadrata (Lébény) Sala (Zalalövő) Savaria or Sabaria (Szombathely) Scarbantia (Sopron) Solva (Esztergom) Sopianae (Pécs) Ulcisia Castra (Szentendre) Valcum (Fenékpuszta) Now in Serbia: Acumincum (Stari Slankamen) Ad Herculae (Čortanovci) Bassianae (Donji Petrovci) Bononia (Banoštor) Burgenae (Novi Banovci) Cusum (Petrovaradin) Graio (Sremska Rača) Onagrinum (Begeč) Rittium (Surduk) Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica) Taurunum (Zemun) Now in Slovakia: Gerulata (Rusovce) Now in Slovenia: Celeia (Celje) Neviodunum (Drnovo) Poetovio (Ptuj) Economy and country features[edit] Ancient peoples in Pannonia The country was fairly productive, especially after the great forests had been cleared by Probus and Galerius. Before that time, timber had been one of its most important exports. Its chief agricultural products were oats and barley, from which the inhabitants brewed a kind of beer named sabaea. Vines and olive trees were little cultivated. Pannonia was also famous for its breed of hunting dogs. Although no mention is made of its mineral wealth by the ancients, it is probable that it contained iron and silver mines. Its chief rivers were the Dravus, Savus, and Arrabo, in addition to the Danuvius (less correctly, Danubius), into which the first three rivers flow. Legacy[edit] The ancient name Pannonia is retained in the modern term Pannonian plain. See also[edit] Pannonian plain Roman provinces Diocese of Pannonia References[edit] ^ Vienna, Anthony Haywood, Caroline (CON) Sieg, Lonely Planet Vienna, 2010, page 21. ^ The third book of history: containing ancient history in connection with ancient geography, Samuel Griswold Goodrich, Jenks, Palmer, 1835, page 111. ^ The Archaeology of Roman Pannonia, Alfonz Lengyel, George T. Radan, University Press of Kentucky, 1980, page 247. ^ People and nature in historical perspective, Péter Szabó, Central European University Press, 2003, page 144. ^ Historical outlook: a journal for readers, students and teachers of history, Том 9, American Historical Association, National Board for Historical Service, National Council for the Social Studies, McKinley Publishing Company, 1918, page 194. ^ THE COTTAGE CYCLOPEDIA OF HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY, ED.M.PIERCE, 1869, page 915. ^ J. Pokorny, Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, No. 1481 Archived 2011-06-12 at the Wayback Machine ^ Pliny, iv.25 ^ The threatening nature of the pathless woodland in Pliny is explored by Klaus Sallmann, "Reserved for Eternal Punishment: The Elder Pliny's View of Free Germania (HN. 16.1–6)" The American Journal of Philology 108.1 (Spring 1987:108–128) pp 118ff. ^ Pliny xvi.2 ^ Compare the inaccessible Carbonarius Saltus west of the Rhine ^ Florus, ii.30.27. ^ The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation, Taylor & Francis, page 381. ^ Attila, the Hun – Google Knihy. 2003. ISBN 0-7910-7221-5. Retrieved 2018-10-17. Sources[edit] Curta, Florin (2001). The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Given, John (2014). The Fragmentary History of Priscus. Merchantville, New Jersey: Evolution Publishing. Gračanin, Hrvoje (2006). "The Huns and South Pannonia". Byzantinoslavica. 64: 29–76. Gračanin, Hrvoje (2015). "Late Antique Dalmatia and Pannonia in Cassiodorus' Variae". Povijesni prilozi. 49: 9–80. Gračanin, Hrvoje (2016). "Late Antique Dalmatia and Pannonia in Cassiodorus' Variae (Addenda)". Povijesni prilozi. 50: 191–198. Janković, Đorđe (2004). "The Slavs in the 6th Century North Illyricum". Гласник Српског археолошког друштва. 20: 39–61. Mirković, Miroslava B. (2017). Sirmium: Its History from the First Century AD to 582 AD. Novi Sad: Center for Historical Research. Mócsy, András (2014) [1974]. Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire. New York: Routledge. Popović, Radomir V. (1996). Le Christianisme sur le sol de l'Illyricum oriental jusqu'à l'arrivée des Slaves. Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies. Várady, László (1969). Das Letzte Jahrhundert Pannoniens (376–476). Amsterdam: Verlag Adolf M. Hakkert. Whitby, Michael (1988). The Emperor Maurice and his Historian: Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan warfare. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Wozniak, Frank E. (1981). "East Rome, Ravenna and Western Illyricum: 454-536 A.D." Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 30 (3): 351–382. Zeiller, Jacques (1918). Les origines chrétiennes dans les provinces danubiennes de l'Empire romain. Paris: E. De Boccard. Further reading[edit] Parat, Josip. "Izbori i pregledi antičkih literarnih izvora za povijest južne Panonije" [Selections and Surveys of Ancient Literary Sources for the History of Southern Pannonia]. In: Scrinia Slavonica 15, br. 1 (2015): 9-33. https://hrcak.srce.hr/164529 External links[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pannonia. "Pannonia" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 680. "Pannonia". Encyclopædia Britannica (online ed.). 29 March 2018. "Pannonia". unrv.com. Retrieved 6 November 2018. Pannonia map Pannonia map Aerial photography: Gorsium - Tác - Hungary Aerial photography: Aquincum - Budapest - Hungary Coordinates: 44°54′00″N 19°01′12″E / 44.9000°N 19.0200°E / 44.9000; 19.0200 v t e Timeline of the Roman Empire Notes: v t e Hungary articles History Hungarian prehistory Pannonia Principality High Medieval Kingdom Late Medieval Kingdom Ottoman–Hungarian wars Habsburg Kingdom Principality of Transylvania Rákóczi's War Revolution of 1848 Austro-Hungarian Empire World War I First Republic Treaty of Trianon Interwar Kingdom of Hungary World War II Second Republic People's Republic Revolution of 1956 Third Republic Christianity Economic Military Monarchs Nobility Geography Administrative divisions Counties Cities and towns Climate Extreme points Geology Hydrology Islands Lakes Rivers Mountains National parks Regions Politics Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights Intelligence Law Law enforcement Military Nationality Parliament Political parties President list Prime Minister list Economy Agriculture Banks Hungarian National Bank Companies Energy Forint (currency) Industry Science and technology Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Unemployment Society Anti-Hungarian sentiment Crime Demographics Education Universities and colleges Family policy Health Healthcare Hungarians Hungarian diaspora Irredentism International rankings Languages LGBT Public holidays Religion Women Culture Architecture Castles Palaces and mansions Art Cinema Cuisine Wine Beer Dishes Sausages Dance Fashion Festivals Folklore Inventions Hungarian language Literature Media Music Names Spa culture Sport Symbols Television Theatre World Heritage Sites Outline Index Category Portal Authority control General Integrated Authority File VIAF 1 WorldCat National libraries Czech Republic Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pannonia&oldid=1011117873" Categories: Pannonia Provinces of the Roman Empire Provinces of Pannonia Austria in the Roman era Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Roman era Croatia in the Roman era Hungary in the Roman era Illyricum (Roman province) Serbia in the Roman era Slovakia in the Roman era Slovenia in the Roman era Ancient history of Vojvodina States and territories established in the 1st century States and territories disestablished in the 2nd century 20 establishments 20s establishments in the Roman Empire 100s disestablishments in the Roman Empire 107 disestablishments Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Pages using the EasyTimeline extension Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references Former country articles requiring maintenance All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Commons category link is on Wikidata Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages Afrikaans አማርኛ العربية Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lombard Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Napulitano Norsk bokmål Occitan Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 吴语 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 March 2021, at 03:19 (UTC). 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