Xi'an - Wikipedia Xi'an From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search For the Dowager Empress of China, see Empress Dowager Ci'an. "Xian" redirects here. For other uses, see Xian (disambiguation). Sub-provincial & prefecture-level city in Shaanxi, China Xi'an 西安市 Sian, Hsi-an Sub-provincial & prefecture-level city From top: Xian Terracotta Warriors Museum, Giant Wild Goose Pagoda, Drum Tower of Xi'an, Bell Tower of Xi'an, City wall of Xi'an, Tang Paradise at night Location of Xi'an City jurisdiction in Shaanxi Xi'an Location in China Coordinates (Shaanxi provincial government): 34°15′54″N 108°57′14″E / 34.265°N 108.954°E / 34.265; 108.954Coordinates: 34°15′54″N 108°57′14″E / 34.265°N 108.954°E / 34.265; 108.954 Country China Province Shaanxi Municipal seat Weiyang District Government  • Type Sub-provincial city  • Body Xi'an Municipal People's Congress  • CCP Secretary Wang Hao  • Congress Chairman Hu Runze  • Mayor Li Mingyuan  • CPPCC Chairman Yue Huafeng Area  • Sub-provincial & prefecture-level city 9,983 km2 (3,854 sq mi)  • Urban (2018)[1] 1,088 km2 (420 sq mi)  • Metro 3,866.25 km2 (1,492.77 sq mi) Elevation 405 m (1,329 ft) Population (2010)  • Sub-provincial & prefecture-level city 8,467,838  • Density 850/km2 (2,200/sq mi)  • Urban (2018)[1] 7,135,000 (10th)  • Metro[2] 12,900,000  • Metro density 3,300/km2 (8,600/sq mi) Time zone UTC+8 (CST) Postal code 710000–710090 Area code(s) 29 ISO 3166 code CN-SN-01 GDP (2020) – Total CNY1002 billion (US$154.2 billion) – Per capita CNY98205 (US$15,108) License plate prefixes 陕A,陕U City Flower Pomegranate flower City Tree Pagoda tree Website XA.gov.cn Xī'ān "Xi'an" in Chinese characters Chinese name Chinese 西安 Postal Sianfu Literal meaning "Western Peace" Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Xī'ān Bopomofo ㄒㄧ   ㄢ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Shi'an Wade–Giles Hsi1-an1 Yale Romanization Syīān IPA [ɕí.án] (listen) Wu Romanization Si平oe平 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Sāi-ōn Jyutping Sai1-on1 IPA [sɐ́i.ɔ́ːn] Southern Min Tâi-lô Se-an Cháng'ān Simplified Chinese 长安 Traditional Chinese 長安 Literal meaning "Perpetual Peace" Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Cháng'ān Bopomofo ㄔㄤˊ   ㄢ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Charng'an Wade–Giles Chʻang2-an1 IPA [ʈʂʰǎŋ.án] (listen) Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Chèuhng-ōn Jyutping Coeng4-on1 Southern Min Tâi-lô Tn̂g-an Middle Chinese Middle Chinese ɖjang-an Xi'an dialect (Zhongyuan Mandarin) name Xi'an dialect (Zhongyuan Mandarin) 西安: [ɕi²¹.ŋã²¹] 長安: [ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴.ŋã²¹] Xi'an (UK: /ʃiːˈæn/ shee-AN, US: /ʃiːˈɑːn/ shee-AHN;[3][4][5][6] Chinese: [ɕí.án] (listen)), also known as Sian, is the capital of Shaanxi Province. A sub-provincial city on the Guanzhong Plain in Northwest China,[7] it is one of the oldest cities in China, the oldest prefecture capital and one of the Chinese Four Great Ancient Capitals, having held the position under several of the most important dynasties in Chinese history,[8] including Western Zhou, Qin, Western Han, Sui, Northern Zhou and Tang.[8] Xian is the starting point of the Silk Road and home to the Terracotta Army of Emperor Qin Shi Huang.[9] Since the 1980s, as part of the economic growth of inland China especially for the central and northwest regions, the city of Xian has re-emerged as a cultural, industrial, political and educational centre of the entire central-northwest region, with many facilities for research and development, national security and space exploration. Xian currently holds sub-provincial status, administering 11 districts and 2 counties.[10] As of 2007[update] Xi'an has a population of 4,000,500. It is the most populous city in Northwest China, as well as the third most populous city in Western China, the other two being Chongqing and Chengdu.[11] In 2019, it was named as one of the 7 main emerging megacities, or megalopolises, in China and designated as a metropolis that also consists of areas surrounding the city itself[citation needed]. Xi'an is also one of the top 40 science cities in the world by scientific research output as tracked by the Nature Index,[12] and home to multiple China's prestige universities,[13] including Xi'an Jiaotong University, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Chang'an University, Xidian University, Shaanxi Normal University and Northwest University. Contents 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Prehistory 2.2 Ancient era 2.3 Imperial era 2.4 Modern era 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 National Time Service Centre 4 Demographics 5 Administrative divisions 6 Transportation 6.1 Metro 6.2 Taxi 6.3 Rail 6.4 Expressways 6.5 Air 7 Culture 7.1 Arts district 7.2 Resident artists 7.3 Xi'an cuisine 7.4 Opera 7.5 Dance and Music Show 7.6 Cinema 8 Religion 8.1 Chinese traditional religion and Taoism 8.2 Buddhism 8.3 Christianity 8.4 Islam 9 Economy 9.1 Industrial zones 9.2 Software and outsourcing industries 9.3 Aerospace industry 9.4 Notable businesspeople 10 Education 10.1 Public 10.2 Military 10.3 Private 11 International events 11.1 World Horticultural Expo 2011 12 Tourism 12.1 Sites 12.2 Museums 12.3 National parks 12.4 Food 13 Sports 14 Media 14.1 Television and radio 14.2 Printed media 14.3 Online media 15 International relations 16 See also 17 References 17.1 Citations 17.2 Bibliography 18 External links Name[edit] "Xi'an" is the atonal pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of its name 西安, which means "Western Peace" in Chinese. (The apostrophe – known in Chinese as a 隔音符號, géyīn fúhào – should be included to distinguish its pronunciation from the single syllable xian.) The name was adopted in 1369 under the early Ming dynasty. Jesuit missionaries recorded its name as "Si-ngan" or "Si-ngan-fou"[14] from its status as the seat of a prefecture (府, fǔ). This form still appears in the Latin name of the Catholic diocese of Xi'an, archidioecesis Singanensis. The name was later romanized as "Hsi-an" by Wade & Giles and as "Sianfu"[15] or "Sian"[9] by the Qing imperial post office, both of which were common until the general adoption of pinyin. The area of present-day Xi'an has been the site of several important former Chinese cities. The capital of the Western Zhou were the twin cities of Feng and Hao, known collectively as Fenghao, located on opposite banks of the Feng River at its confluence with the southern bank of the Wei in the western suburbs of present-day Xi'an.[16] The Qin capital Xianyang was erected north of the Wei during the Warring States period and was succeeded by the Western Han capital of Chang'an (長安), meaning "Perpetual Peace", which was located south of the Wei and covered the central area of present-day Xi'an. During the Eastern Han, Chang'an was also known as Xijing (西京) or the "Western Capital", relative to its position to the main capital at Luoyang. Under the Sui, its name became Daxing (大興, "Greatly Prosperous") in AD 581. Under the Tang, the name reverted to Chang'an in 618.[9] Under the Mongolian Yuan dynasty (13th & 14th centuries), it held a succession of names: Fengyuan (奉元), Anxi (安西, "Peaceful West") and Jingzhao (京兆). The Ming name "Xi'an" was changed back to Xijing ("Western Capital", as above) between 1930 and 1943. History[edit] Main articles: History of Xi'an and Chang'an Prehistory[edit] Xi'an has a rich and culturally significant history. The Lantian Man was discovered in 1963 in Lantian County, 50 km (31 mi) southeast of Xi'an, and dates back to at least 500,000 years before the present time. A 6,500-year-old Neolithic village, Banpo, was discovered in 1953 on the eastern outskirts of the city proper, which contains the remains of several well organized Neolithic settlements carbon dated to 5600–6700 years ago.[17][18][19][20] The site is now home to the Xi'an Banpo Museum, built in 1957 to preserve the archaeological collection.[21] Ancient era[edit] Remains of carriages and horses in Fenghao during the Western Zhou (11th–8th cent. BC) Xi'an became a cultural and political centre of China in the 11th century BC with the founding of the Zhou dynasty. The capital of Zhou was established in the twin settlements of Fengjing (丰京) and Haojing, together known as Fenghao, located southwest of contemporary Xi'an. The settlement was also known as Zōngzhōu (宗周) to indicate its role as the capital of the vassal states.[22] In 738 BC, King Ping of Zhou moved the capital to Luoyang due to political unrest.[23][24] Imperial era[edit] A map of the city walls of settlements in Xi'an from the Zhou to Qing dynasties Terracotta Army inside the Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum, 3rd century BC. Map of Chang'an under the Tang (7th–10th cent.) Following the Warring States period, China was unified under the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) for the first time, with the capital located at Xianyang, just northwest of modern Xi'an.[25] The first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang ordered the construction of the Terracotta Army and his mausoleum just to the east of Xi'an almost immediately after his ascension to the throne.[26] In 202 BC, the founding emperor Liu Bang of the Han dynasty established his capital in Chang'an County; his first palace, Changle Palace (長樂宮, "Perpetual Happiness") was built across the river from the ruin of the Qin capital. This is traditionally regarded as the founding date of Chang'an. Two years later, Liu Bang built Weiyang Palace (未央宮, "Never Ending Palace") north of modern Xi'an. Weiyang Palace was the largest palace ever built on Earth, covering 4.8 square kilometres (1,200 acres), which is 6.7 times the size of the current Forbidden City and 11 times the size of the Vatican City.[27] The original Xi'an city wall was started in 194 BC and took 4 years to finish. Upon completion, the wall measured 25.7 km (15.97 mi) in length and 12 to 16 m (39.37–52.49 ft) in thickness at the base, enclosing an area of 36 km2 (13.90 sq mi). In the year 190, amidst uprisings and rebellions just prior to the Three Kingdoms Period, a powerful warlord named Dong Zhuo moved the court from Luoyang to Chang'an in a bid to avoid a coalition of other powerful warlords against him. Following several hundred years of unrest, the Sui dynasty united China again in 582. The emperor of Sui ordered a new capital to be built southeast of the Han capital, called Daxing. It consisted of three sections: the Imperial City, the palace section, and the civilian section, with a total area of 84 km2 (32 sq mi) within the city walls. At the time, it was the largest city in the world. The city was renamed Chang'an by the Tang dynasty.[28] In the mid-7th century, after returning from his pilgrimage to India, the Buddhist monk Xuanzang established a translation centre for Sanskrit scriptures. Construction of the Giant Wild Goose Pagoda began in 652. This pagoda was 64 m (209.97 ft) in height, and was built to store the translations of Buddhist sutras obtained from India by Xuanzang. In 707, construction of the Small Wild Goose Pagoda began. This pagoda measured 45 m (147.64 ft) tall at the time of completion, and was built to store the translations of Buddhist sutras by Yijing. The massive 1556 Shaanxi earthquake eventually damaged the tower and reduced its height to 43.4 m (142.39 ft).[29] The Nestorian Stele is a Tang Chinese stele erected in 781 that documents 150 years of early Christianity in China.[30] It is a 279 cm tall limestone block with text in both Chinese and Syriac describing the existence of Christian communities in several cities in northern China. It reveals that the initial Nestorian Christian church had met recognition by the Tang Emperor Taizong, due to efforts of the Christian missionary Alopen in 635.[31] Chang'an was devastated at the end of the Tang dynasty in 904. Residents were forced to move to the new capital city in Luoyang. Only a small area in the city continued to be occupied thereafter. During the Ming dynasty, a new wall was constructed in 1370 and remains intact to this day. The wall measures 11.9 km (7.4 mi) in circumference, 12 m (39.37 ft) in height, and 15 to 18 m (49.21–59.06 ft) in thickness at the base; a moat was also built outside the walls. The new wall and moat would protect a much smaller city of 12 km2 (4.6 sq mi). Modern era[edit] In October 1911, during the Xinhai revolution, revolutionaries stormed the Manchu fort in Xi'an. Most of the city's 20,000 Manchus were killed.[32][33] The city's Hui Muslims (Mohammedans) joined the revolutionaries, although Hui Muslims in Shaanxi and Gansu generally supported the Qing.[34][35][36] Some wealthy Manchus survived by being ransomed. Wealthy Han Chinese enslaved Manchu girls[37] and poor Han Chinese troops seized young Manchu women as wives.[38] Hui Muslims also seized young pretty Manchu girls and raised them as Muslims.[39] A British missionary who witnessed the massacre commented that "Old and young, men and women, children alike, were all butchered... Houses were plundered and then burnt; those who would fain have laid hidden till the storm was past, were forced to come out into the open. The revolutionaries, protected by a parapet of the wall, poured a heavy, unceasing, relentless fire into the doomed Tartar (Manchu) city, those who tried to escape thence into the Chinese city were cut down as they emerged from the gates."[32][40] In 1936, the Xi'an Incident took place inside the city during the Chinese Civil War. The incident brought the Kuomintang (KMT) and Communist Party of China to a truce in order to concentrate on fighting against the Japanese Invasion.[41] On March 11, 1938, an aerial battle broke out for the first time over Xi'an as Imperial Japanese Army Air Force aircraft attacked the city and was engaged by Chinese Air Force I-15 fighter planes led by Lt. Cen Zeliu of the 5th Pursuit Group, 17th Squadron.[42] While repeatedly attacked by air, Shaanxi was heavily fortified by units of the Eighth Route Army; Xi'an was never taken by the Japanese forces.[43] On May 20, 1949, the Communist-controlled People's Liberation Army captured the city of Xi'an from the Kuomintang force.[44] Xi'an made headlines for being one of the many cities where the 2012 China anti-Japanese demonstrations occurred.[45][46][47] Geography[edit] Map including Xi'an (labeled as HSI-AN (SIAN) (walled)) (AMS, 1955) Map including Xi'an (DMA) Xi'an lies on the Guanzhong Plain in the south-central part of Shaanxi province, on a flood plain created by the eight surrounding rivers and streams. The city has an average elevation of 400 metres (1,312 ft) above sea level and an annual precipitation of 553 mm (21.8 in). The urban area of Xi'an is located at 34°16′N 108°56′E / 34.267°N 108.933°E / 34.267; 108.933. The Wei River provides potable water to the city. The city borders the northern foot of the Qin Mountains (Qinling) to the south, and the banks of the Wei River to the north. Hua Shan, one of the five sacred Taoist mountains, is located 100 km (62 mi) away to the east of the city. Not far to the north is the Loess Plateau. At the beginning of Han dynasty, Prime Minister Zhang Liang advised the emperor Liu Bang to choose Guanzhong as the capital of the Han dynasty: "Guanzhong Plain, which is located behind Xiao Pass and Hangu Pass, connects Long (Gansu) and Shu (Sichuan). Lands of thousand miles rich in harvest be found here, as if this place belongs to the nation of heaven." (关中左崤函，右陇蜀，沃野千里，此所谓金城千里，天府之国也) Since then, Guanzhong is also known as the 'Nation of the Heaven'.[48] Climate[edit] Xi'an Climate chart (explanation) J F M A M J J A S O N D     6.9     5 −4     9.6     8 −1     29     14 4     43     21 10     60     26 14     54     31 19     99     32 22     71     31 21     92     25 16     60     20 10     24     12 3     5.8     6 −3 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: China Meteorological Administration Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0.3     41 25     0.4     47 30     1.1     57 38     1.7     70 49     2.4     79 58     2.1     88 67     3.9     90 71     2.8     87 70     3.6     78 61     2.4     67 50     0.9     54 37     0.2     44 28 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches Xi'an has a temperate climate that is influenced by the East Asian monsoon, classified under the Köppen climate classification as situated on the borderline between a semi-arid climate (BSk) and humid subtropical climate (Cwa). The Wei River valley is characterised by hot, humid summers, cold, dry winters, and dry springs and autumns. Most of the annual precipitation is delivered from July to late October. Snow occasionally falls in winter but rarely settles for long. Dust storms often occur during March and April as the city rapidly warms up. Summer months also experience frequent but short thunderstorms. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from around the freezing mark in January to 27.0 °C (80.6 °F) in July, with an annual mean of 14.08 °C (57.3 °F). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 31 percent in December to 47 percent in August, the city receives 1,536 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −20.6 °C (−5 °F) on January 11, 1955 to 41.8 °C (107 °F) on June 21, 1998. A highest record of 42.9 °C (109 °F) was registered in another station on June 17, 2006.[49][50] Climate data for Xi'an (normals 1981–2010, extremes 1951–2013) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 17.0 (62.6) 24.1 (75.4) 31.3 (88.3) 34.9 (94.8) 38.6 (101.5) 41.8 (107.2) 41.0 (105.8) 40.0 (104.0) 38.5 (101.3) 34.1 (93.4) 24.5 (76.1) 21.6 (70.9) 41.8 (107.2) Average high °C (°F) 5.1 (41.2) 8.9 (48.0) 14.4 (57.9) 21.5 (70.7) 26.6 (79.9) 31.4 (88.5) 32.4 (90.3) 30.3 (86.5) 25.6 (78.1) 19.3 (66.7) 12.4 (54.3) 6.3 (43.3) 19.5 (67.1) Daily mean °C (°F) 0.3 (32.5) 3.6 (38.5) 8.7 (47.7) 15.4 (59.7) 20.5 (68.9) 25.3 (77.5) 27.0 (80.6) 25.1 (77.2) 20.3 (68.5) 14.1 (57.4) 7.2 (45.0) 1.5 (34.7) 14.1 (57.4) Average low °C (°F) −3.3 (26.1) −0.4 (31.3) 4.1 (39.4) 10.3 (50.5) 15.1 (59.2) 19.9 (67.8) 22.3 (72.1) 21.0 (69.8) 16.5 (61.7) 10.2 (50.4) 3.2 (37.8) −2.2 (28.0) 9.7 (49.5) Record low °C (°F) −20.6 (−5.1) −18.7 (−1.7) −7.6 (18.3) −4 (25) 3.5 (38.3) 9.2 (48.6) 15.1 (59.2) 12.1 (53.8) 4.8 (40.6) −1.9 (28.6) −16.8 (1.8) −19.3 (−2.7) −20.6 (−5.1) Average precipitation mm (inches) 6.7 (0.26) 9.8 (0.39) 27.1 (1.07) 37.5 (1.48) 54.9 (2.16) 64.5 (2.54) 97.5 (3.84) 78.6 (3.09) 94.1 (3.70) 61.7 (2.43) 21.5 (0.85) 7.3 (0.29) 561.2 (22.1) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 3.4 4.0 6.4 7.8 8.2 8.8 9.9 10.0 11.6 9.9 5.5 3.6 89.1 Average relative humidity (%) 65 62 64 64 65 61 68 75 77 76 73 68 68 Mean monthly sunshine hours 88.4 96.1 116.6 142.8 169.5 179.7 181.1 168.1 121.0 98.9 92.4 81.0 1,535.6 Percent possible sunshine 32 34 33 38 40 43 44 47 34 32 32 31 37 Source: China Meteorological Administration,[51] all-time extreme temperature[50] National Time Service Centre[edit] The Shaanxi Astronomical Observatory was established in 1966. In 1975, according to the Geodetic Origin Report of the People's Republic of China, 'in order to avoid bias in the mensuration as much as possible, the Geodetic Origin would be in central mainland China.' Lintong (临潼), a town near Xi'an was chosen. Since 1986, Chinese Standard Time (CST) was set from NTSC. The NTSC in Lintong is 36 km (22 mi) away from Xi'an. National Time Service Centre (NTSC), the Chinese Academy of Sciences is an institute which is mainly engaged in the service and research on time and frequency. NTSC takes charge of generating and maintaining the national standard time scale, disseminating the time and frequency signals. The autonomous standard time scales of universal time and atomic time and the dissemination techniques with LF radio and HF radio were established successively during the 1970s and 1980s, which meet all the requirements for different applications on the whole, such as the scientific researches, national economy, etc.[52] Demographics[edit] Muslim Quarter in Xi'an As of 2007[update] Xi'an has a population of 4.07 million.[53] Compared to the census data from 2000, the population has increased by 656,700 persons from 4.05 million. In contrast, the population in 2010 has steadily increased.[54] The population is 51.66 percent male and 48.34 percent female.[54] Among its districts, Yanta has the largest population, with 1.08 million inhabitants.[54] The encompassing Xi'an-Xianyang metropolitan area was estimated by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) to have, as of 2010[update], a population of 12.9 million,[2] and locally as 13,569,700,[55][failed verification] of which 5,740,000 is urban.[56] The majority of Xi'an residents are Han Chinese, who make up 99.1 percent of the city's total population. There are around 81,500 people belonging to ethnic minorities living in Xi'an, including 30,000 Hui people.[citation needed] During World War II, Xi'an became a destination for many refugees from other provinces of China, especially neighboring Henan Province. Because Xi'an was far inland, the invading Japanese army only managed a few aerial assaults on the city. As a result, Xi'an suffered minimal destruction. After 1949, the national government tried to balance the development in different regions of China, and relocated a number of factories and universities from other cities to Xi'an. Modern Xi'an Jiaotong University was relocated from its original campus in Shanghai. Breakdown of Xi'an population by district and county Division Permanent residents[57] Hukou residents[58] Total Percentage Population density (persons/km2) Xi'an City 8,467,837 100 838.66 7,827,260 Xincheng District 589,739 6.96 19,574.51 503,641 Beilin District 614,710 7.26 26,298.54 732,494 Lianhu District 698,513 8.25 18,226.61 640,911 Baqiao District 595,124 7.03 1,833.97 508,535 Weiyang District 806,811 9.53 3,051.39 516,968 Yanta District 1,178,529 13.92 7,782.38 793,103 Yanliang District 278,604 3.29 1,139.26 252,449 Lintong District 655,874 7.75 716.04 697,586 Chang'an District 1,083,285 12.79 681.94 980,803 Gaoling District 333,477 3.94 1,169.98 294,507 Huyi District 556,377 6.57 434.87 597,071 Lantian County 514,026 6.07 256.25 643,605 Zhouzhi County 562,768 6.65 191.08 665,587 Administrative divisions[edit] The sub-provincial city of Xi'an has direct jurisdiction over 11 districts and 2 counties: Map 1 2 3 Baqiao Weiyang Yanta Yanliang Lintong Chang'an Lantian County Zhouzhi County Huyi Gaoling 1. Xincheng 2. Beilin 3. Lianhu Division code[59] English Chinese Pinyin Area in km2[60] Seat Postal code Subdivisions[61] Subdistricts Towns Residential communities Villages 610100 Xi'an 西安市 Xī'ān Shì 10,096.81 Weiyang District 710000 113 55 766 2984 610102 Xincheng District 新城区 Xīnchéng Qū 30.13 Xiyi Road Subdistrict (西一路街道) 710000 9 105 610103 Beilin District 碑林区 Bēilín Qū 23.37 Zhangjiacun Subdistrict (张家村街道) 710000 8 100 610104 Lianhu District 莲湖区 Liánhú Qū 38.32 Beiyuanmen Subdistrict (北院门街道) 710000 9 127 5 610111 Baqiao District 灞桥区 Bàqiáo Qū 324.50 Fangzhicheng Subdistrict (纺织城街道) 710000 9 40 223 610112 Weiyang District 未央区 Wèiyāng Qū 264.41 Zhangjiabao Subdistrict (张家堡街道) 710000 12 114 147 610113 Yanta District 雁塔区 Yàntǎ Qū 151.45 Xiaozhai Road Subdistrict (小寨路街道) 710000 8 123 84 610114 Yanliang District 阎良区 Yánliáng Qū 244.55 Fenghuang Road Subdistrict (凤凰路街道) 710089 5 2 23 80 610115 Lintong District 临潼区 Líntóng Qū 915.97 Lishan Subdistrict (骊山街道) 710600 23 36 284 610116 Chang'an District 长安区 Cháng'ān Qū 1,588.53 Weiqu Subdistrict (韦曲街道) 710100 25 47 659 610117 Gaoling District 高陵区 Gāolíng Qū 285.03 Luyuan Subdistrict (鹿苑街道) 710200 3 3 8 88 610118 Huyi District 鄠邑区 Hùyì Qū 1,279.42 Ganting Subdistrict (甘亭街道) 710300 1 13 21 518 610122 Lantian County 蓝田县 Lántián Xiàn 2,005.95 Languan Subdistrict (蓝关街道) 710500 1 18 8 520 610124 Zhouzhi County 周至县 Zhōuzhì Xiàn 2,945.20 Erqu Subdistrict (二曲街道) 710400 1 19 14 376 Transportation[edit] Xi'an Metro Yongningmen Metro Station Xi'an Railway Station Xi'an North Railway Station Bell Tower Underpass Xi'an Xianyang International Airport Xi'an has many areas that are easily accessible on foot. In many commercial, residential, educational zones in the city, especially in the shopping and entertainment districts around the Bell Tower, underpasses and overpasses have been built for the safety and convenience of pedestrians. Electric bikes are popular[citation needed] among students and offer easy transportation in and around the city for many residents. A bicycle-sharing network started operating in 2013 and today has 52,000 bikes, used by over 200,000 people per day.[62] Taxi services are numerous, but many citizens of Xi'an still commute to work using the city's 270 official municipal bus routes serviced by a fleet of over 7,800 buses, with an average system-wide ridership of over 4 million people per day.[62] The bus network is complemented by a rapidly expanding subway system that carries over 1.5 million commuters per day.[62] There are more than 2 million registered automobiles[63] in Xi'an; the growing number of personal automobiles also means traffic jams are a common urban issue. Metro[edit] Main article: Xi'an Metro Line 2, running through the city from north (North Railway Station) to south (Weiqu Nan), was the first line opened to the public on September 16, 2011.[64] Operations began on September 28, 2011.[64] This line is 19.9 kilometres (12.4 miles) long with 17 stations.[65] Line 1 opened on September 15, 2013. As a west–east railway, its 19 stations connect Houweizhai and Fangzhicheng. Line 3 runs from northeast (Baoshuiqu) to southwest (Yuhuazhai) and opened on November 8, 2016. Line 4, which is basically parallel to Line 2 on its east except for the northern parts, runs from the North Square of the North Railway Station [Beikezhan (Beiguangchang)] to south (Hangtianxincheng) and was available publicly on December 26, 2018. Eight lines are planned to be finished around 2021. It will mainly service the urban and suburban districts of Xi'an municipality and part of nearby Xianyang City.[66] The subway system covers some of the most famous attractions, such as Banpo Museum (Banpo Station, Line 1), Bell and Drum Tower (Line 2), Fortifications of Xi'an (Line 2), the Giant Wild Goose Pagoda (Line 3 and Line 4), the Daminggong National Heritage Park (Line 4) and Shaanxi History Museum (Line 2, 3 and 4), etc.[67] The first metro departure time for Line 1, 2, 3 and 4 is 6:00, the last metro departure time for Line 3 and 4 is 23:00, for Line 1 is 23:30, and for Line 2 is 23:50.[68] On December 30, 2008, a fire accident occurred that was extinguished within an hour and all workers evacuated safely. Sixty-six hours later, on January 2, another fire occurred at another station on Line 2.[69] Taxi[edit] Taxis in Xi'an are predominantly BYD Auto made in Xi'an. Most, if not all, taxis in Xi'an run on compressed natural gas. For the taxis' fare, during the period of 06:00 through 23:00, ¥9/2 kilometres (1.2 miles) for the fare fall and ¥2.3/km later, at night ¥10 for the fare fall and ¥2.7/km later. Rail[edit] There are 6 passenger transport railway stations in Xi'an. Xi'an railway station, located just north of Xi'an walled city, is one of the eight major national railway stations, and the main railway transportation hub of Shaanxi Province. The new Xi'an North railway station, situated a few miles to the north, is the station for the high-speed trains of the Zhengzhou–Xi'an High-Speed Railway. With 34 platforms, it is the largest railway station in Northwest China.[70] Construction of the station began on September 19, 2008.[71] The station was opened on January 11, 2011.[70] As of May 2012, Xi'an North Station is served only by the fast (G-series and D-series) trains running on the Zhengzhou–Xi'an high-speed railway; one of them continues south to Hankou.[72] The city's other stations include Xi'an West, Xi'an East, Xi'an South, Sanmincun, and Fangzhicheng railway stations. Xi'an Railway Station covers 597,000 square metres (6,430,000 square feet), has 5 passenger platforms, and 24 tracks. It provides 112 services to 80 000 people daily. Among the destinations served by direct trains from Xi'an are Beijing, Zhengzhou, Lanzhou, Baoji, and Mount Hua. China Railway High-speed 2 now run an express services from Xi'an to Baoji and Xi'an to Zhengzhou; with a total running time to Baoji of under 90 minutes, and 2 hours to Zhengzhou. The Zhengzhou–Xi'an high-speed railway also serves Xi'an. Construction work began on September 25, 2005, the railway opened for service on February 6, 2010.[73][74] The railway has made air service between Zhengzhou and Xi'an uncompetitive. All passenger flights between the two cities were suspended within 48 days of start of regular high-speed rail service.[75] Expressways[edit] Xi'an currently has three ring road systems, the Second Ring road and the Third Ring road which encircle the city. These ring roads are similar to freeways, except where there are traffic signals on the Second Ring road. As a tourist city, Xi'an has built expressways to Lintong, Tongchuan and Baoji, with well-maintained roads to famous scenic spots in suburban counties and to the north slope of the Qin Mountains. Since its construction in September 2007, the G5 Beijing–Kunming Expressway connects Hanzhong and Xi'an through the Qinling. China National Highway 108 China National Highway 210 China National Highway 211 China National Highway 312 Air[edit] Xi'an Xianyang International Airport (airport code: XIY) is the major airport serving the city and it is the largest airport in the northwestern part of China. It is 41 kilometres (25 mi) northwest of Xi'an city centre, and 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) northeast of the centre of Xianyang.[76] China Eastern Airlines, Hainan Airlines and China Southern Airlines are the main airlines using the airport. Terminal 3 and the second runway were opened on May 3, 2012.[77] International Routes: There are direct flights from Xi'an to many major cities in Asia, including Bangkok, Busan, Fukuoka, Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur, Manila, Osaka, Sapporo, Singapore Seoul, and Taipei. First direct route between Xi'an and Europe was launched by Finnair on June 14, 2013. There are 3 three frequencies per week via Helsinki hub to many major cities in Europe during the summer season. United Airlines begun non-stop service to San Francisco since May 2016. Germany's Fraport, the operator of Frankfurt Airport, has paid 490  million yuan to obtain a 24.5  percent stake in the Xianyang International Airport, offering opportunities to upgrade and expand the facility. Figures along the Airport Express highway leading to Xi'an Xianyang International Airport On June 6, 1994, China Northwest Airlines flight 2303 broke up in mid-air and crashed near Xi'an, en route to Guangzhou from Xian.[78][79] A maintenance error was responsible. All 160 people on board died. As of 2016[update], it remains the deadliest airplane crash ever to occur in mainland China.[80] Culture[edit] A typical Chinese pavilion located in Xi'an Traditional Chinese musical performances at Xi'an Yangrou Paomo, a well-known Xi'an dish This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The culture of Xi'an descends from one of the world's earliest civilizations. The Guanzhong Ren (simplified Chinese: 关中人; traditional Chinese: 關中人; pinyin: Guānzhōng rén) culture is considered the cultural antecedent of Xi'anese; their features are satirized as the "Ten Strangenesses of Guanzhong Ren" (simplified Chinese: 关中十大怪; traditional Chinese: 關中十大怪; pinyin: Guānzhōng shí dà guài). Xi'an is also known for the "Eight Great Sights of Chang'an" (simplified Chinese: 长安八景; traditional Chinese: 長安八景; pinyin: Cháng'ān bājǐng), a collection of scenic areas in the region. Xi'an guyue is named for Xi'an. Arts district[edit] Much like Beijing 1798 and Shanghai 1933, Xi'an has an art district called Textile Town (Chinese: 纺织城; pinyin: Fǎngzhī chéng). The district derives its name from the many textile factories built there since the 1950s.[citation needed] Today it is no longer a centre for the textile industry but a new art factory with 4 workshops in total. Resident artists[edit] Xi'an is home to contemporary Chinese stars such as Xu Wei,[81] Zhang Chu and Zheng Jun. Xi'an cuisine[edit] Main article: Shaanxi cuisine Yangrou paomo (flat bread soaked in lamb soup; simplified Chinese: 羊肉泡馍; traditional Chinese: 羊肉泡饃; pinyin: Yángròu pàomó)[82] is a well known Xi'anese dish. Liang pi (cold rice noodles; simplified Chinese: 凉皮; traditional Chinese: 涼皮; pinyin: liángpí ) are wheat or rice noodles served cold with vinegar and chili oil. Biangbiang mian, also known as youpo chemian (simplified Chinese: 油泼扯面; traditional Chinese: 油潑扯麵; pinyin: Yóupō chěmiàn), are thick and long hand-pulled noodles, often served with red hot pepper. Roujiamo (meat buns; simplified Chinese: 肉夾馍; traditional Chinese: 肉夾饃; pinyin: Ròujiāmó) is a type of steamed bun, filled with meat (usually pork, but other types of meat may also be found). It is equivalent to chinese hamburgers. Opera[edit] Qinqiang (Voice of Qin) is the oldest and most extensive of the four major types of Chinese opera.[83] Also called "random pluck" (Chinese: 乱弹; pinyin: Luàntán), Qinqiang is the main type of drama in Shaanxi province.[84] As the earliest ancestor of Peking opera, Yu Opera, Sichuan opera and Hebei Opera, Qinqiang has developed its own system of unique vocal music, spoken parts, facial makeup, posture, role, category and acting. It can be traced to Xi Qinqiang (Chinese: 西秦腔; pinyin: Xi qínqiāng; lit. 'Voice of West Qin') in Qin dynasty, and blossomed until Qing dynasty, with direct influences on many branches of Chinese Opera.[85] Dance and Music Show[edit] The Empress of the Great Tang is China's first Tang Dynasty dance and music show. The story is based on the life of the famous Chinese historical figure, Empress Wu Zetian of the Tang Dynasty. Through live performances by a classical Chinese orchestra and state-of-the-art stage design, this show will take you back to the glory of the legendary Empress Wu Zetian and the Great Tang Empire. Cinema[edit] Zhang Yimou and Gu Changwei are directors from Xi'an. Zhang Yimou is also the only director in China to win the Golden Bear (Berlin Film Festival) twice. The first film is Red Sorghum and the second one is Tuya's Marriage. They are produced by Xi'an Filmmaking Factory (now called Xi'an Qujiang Filmmaking Group) and Xi'an Filmmaking Company, respectively. Religion[edit] Chinese traditional religion and Taoism[edit] A pavilion of the City God Temple of Xian. The most influential religions in Xi'an are the Chinese traditional religion and Taoist schools, represented by many major and minor temples. Among these there are a City God Temple, completely reconstructed in the 2010s, and a Temple of Confucius. Buddhism[edit] Chinese Buddhist nuns and laywomen at a temple in Xi'an. Buddhism has a large presence in the city, with temples of the Chinese and Tibetan schools. Christianity[edit] See also: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Xi'an The first recorded Christian missionary in China was Alopen, a Syriac-speaker, who arrived in Xi'an (then known as Chang'an) in 635 along the Silk Road. The Nestorian Stele, now located in Xi'an's Beilin Museum, is a Tang Chinese stele erected in 781 that documents the 150 years of early Christianity in China following Alopen.[30] It is a 279-centimetre-tall (110-inch) limestone block with text in both Chinese and Syriac describing the existence of Christian communities in several cities in northern China. The Daqin Pagoda, a Buddhist pagoda in Zhouzhi County of Xi'an, has been suggested to have originally been a Nestorian Christian church from the Tang Dynasty.[86] Baptist missionaries from England ran a hospital in Xi'an.[87] In 1892, Arthur Gostick Shorrock[88] and Moir Duncan[89] founded the Sianfu Mission, in present-day Xi'an.[90][91][92] Islam[edit] Xi'an was the first city in China to be introduced to Islam. Xi'an has a large Muslim community, the significant majority are from the Hui group, there are an estimated 50,000 Hui Muslims in Xi'an.[93] There are seven mosques in Xi'an, the best known being the Great Mosque.[94] Economy[edit] Xi'an Second Ring Road As part of the China Western Development policy, Xi’an became a major target for accelerated attention. From 1997 to 2006, the industrial output value of Xi’an's service industry increased at an annual average rate of 13 percent, compared to traditional service industries of 0.74 percent, representing a growth from US$8.113 billion to US$25.85 billion.[95] Xi'an is the largest economy of the Shaanxi province, with a GDP of 324.1 billion Yuan in 2010. On average this value increases by 14.5 percent annually, and accounts for approximately 41.8 percent of Shaanxi's total GDP.[95][96] At least fifty-eight countries have established over 2,560 enterprises in Xian, including nineteen of the Fortune 500 enterprises. These include ABB Group, Mitsubishi, Panasonic, Toshiba, Fujitsu, Coca-Cola, and Boeing.[97] Important industries include equipment manufacturing, tourism, and service outsourcing.[98] The manufacturing industry had an annual output of RMB 36.5 billion, accounting for 44.5 percent of the city's total.[96] Furthermore, as one of China's four ancient capitals,[99] Xi'an's many cultural sites, including the Terracotta Army, the City Wall of Xi'an, and the Famen Temple, make tourism an important industry as well. In 2010, 52 million domestic tourists visited Xi'an, earning a total income of RMB 40.52 billion. On average, revenue increases by 36.4 percent per year, and foreign-exchange earnings (530 million in 2009) increase by around 35.8 percent.[96] Xi'an is also one of the first service outsourcing cities in China, with over 800 corporations in the industry. The city's output value from this sector exceeded RMB 23 billion in 2008. Employment in the sector doubled from 1997–2006, from a base of 60,000, and computer consulting also doubled from 16,000 to 32,000.[95] As a result of the importance of the software-outsourcing industry, the city planned construction of a Software New Town, which is scheduled to be completed in 2015 with 30 billion RMB investment.[96] Other major export goods include lighting equipment and automobile parts, while its major import goods are mechanical and electrical products. Internationally, Xi'an's largest trade partner is the United States.[96] Xi'an is part of the West Triangle Economic Zone, along with Chengdu and Chongqing. Industrial zones[edit] This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Inadequate English Please help improve this section if you can. (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Xi'an Hi-Tech Industries Development Zone Major industrial zones in Xi'an include: Xi'an Economic and Technological Development Zone Xi'an Hi-Tech Industries Development Zone a daily average of 3.7 technology enterprises established in Xi'an Hi-Tech Industries Development Zone in the year of 2005, from XINHUANET.com July 28, 2005[100] Xi'an Hi-Tech Industries Development Zone has more than 16,000 enterprises which ranked second place in all the 88 hi-tech ZONES in China, achieved a total revenue of 522.223 billion yuan. It is worth mentioning that 13 enterprise's annual income is over a hundred billion yuan, 19 enterprise's annual income more than 50 billion, more than 265 enterprise earns over billion yuan each year, Listed companies at home and abroad have accumulated 50, of which the domestic A-share market issued 21 of them, accounting for more than 60% of the province; 4 GEM listed companies, ranking first in the Midwest high-tech zones. The Jiangcungou landfill in Xi'an was China's largest landfill site before its closure in 2019.[101] Software and outsourcing industries[edit] The growing economy of Xi'an supports the development of a software industry, and the city is a pioneer in software industry in China. The Xi'an Software Park within the Xi'an Hi-Tech Industries Development Zone (XDZ) has attracted over 1,085 corporations and 106,000 employees as of 2012.[102] A Silicon.com article describes Xi'an: "But Xi'an is selling on its own merits—with a large pool of cheap human resources from the 100 universities in the area, it hoovers up around 3,000 computer graduates every year, each earning approximately $120 a month—half the wages for the equivalent job in Beijing."[103][104] Aerospace industry[edit] This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) In November 2006, Xi'an and the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation jointly set up Xi'an Aerospace Science and Technology Industrial Base. From its establishment, the base has focused on the development of the civil space industry, including equipment manufacturing, software and service outsourcing, new materials and solar photovoltaics. Apart from the core area, the base will cover Xi'an and the Guanzhong area and the expansion zone will reach other parts of Northwest China and Southwest China. It is expected that by 2012 the total industry output can reach 2.8 billion us dollars with about 10 to 20 brand products with intellectual property rights and 5 to 8 products with global competitiveness. In 2008, after the launch of the initial aerospace centre in Shanghai, the PRC is constructing another civil aerospace centre in the Shaanxi province. The State Development and Reform Commission approved the planning of Xi'an National Civil Aerospace Industrial Base on December 26, 2007. The National Civil Aerospace Industrial Base of Xi'an, set to cover 23 km2 (8.9 sq mi), will focus on developing satellites, new materials, energies, IT and other technologies for civil applications. Notable businesspeople[edit] Zhang Chaoyang (张朝阳), the CEO of SOHU (Nasdaq), born and raised in Xi'an, is a prominent leader in the Chinese Internet industry. Liu Chuanzhi, the founder and president of Lenovo Group Limited, completed his tertiary degree from Xidian University in the 1960s. Education[edit] Further information: List of universities in China Public[edit] Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Jiaotong University (西安交通大学) Northwestern Polytechnical University (西北工业大学) Xidian University (西安电子科技大学) Chang'an University (长安大学) Northwest University (西北大学) Northwest University of Political Science and Law (西北政法大学) Shaanxi Normal University (陕西师范大学) Xi'an Academy of Fine Arts (西安美术学院) Xi'an Conservatory of Music (西安音乐学院) Xi'an Institute of Post & Telecommunications (西安邮电大学) Xi'an International Studies University (西安外国语大学) Xi'an Physical Education Institute (西安体育学院) Xi'an Polytechnic University (西安工程大学) Xi'an Petroleum University (西安石油大学) Xi'an Technological University (西安工业大学) Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology (西安建筑科技大学) Xi'an University of Arts and Science（Xi‘an University） (西安文理学院) Xi'an University of Finance and Economics (西安财经学院) Shaanxi University of Science and Technology (陕西科技大学) Xi'an University of Science and Technology (西安科技大学) Xi'an University of Technology (西安理工大学) Military[edit] Air Force Engineering University (空军工程大学) The Air Force Medical University(空军军医大学) PLA Rocket Force University of Engineering (解放军火箭军工程大学) (PLA) Xi'an Telecommunication College (西安通信学院) Private[edit] Xi'an Innovation College of Yan'an University (延安大学西安创新学院) Shaanxi Institute of International Commerce (陕西国际学院) Xi'an Eurasia University (西安欧亚学院) Xi'an Fanyi University (西安翻译学院) Xi'an International University (西安外事学院) Xi'an Peihua University (西安培华学院) Xi'an Siyuan University (西安思源学院) Note: Institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed. See also: List of universities in China International events[edit] World Horticultural Expo 2011[edit] Xi’an was chosen to host the 2011 World Horticultural Exposition by the Association of International Producers of Horticulture (AIPH) at its 59th congress, held in Brighton, United Kingdom on September 4, 2007. The 2011 World Horti-Expo was held from April 28 to October 28, 2011. The exhibition was located in a new district of the city, Chanba district, and was expected to bring some 10 million visitors to Xi’an.[105] Tourism[edit] Giant Wild Goose Pagoda Bell Tower Drum Tower Ming dynasty city wall The Great Mosque of Xi'an Reconstructed Danfeng Gate in Daming Palace National Heritage Park Shaanxi History Museum Pit in underground museum of Han Yang Ling, Mausoleum of Han Emperor Jingdi Mount Taibai National Forest Park Grand Metro Park Hotel Xi'an The number of travelers is often greater during Summer (May–August), although the most pleasant season for visiting Xi'an is Autumn.[citation needed] Sites[edit] Because of the city's many historical monuments and a plethora of ancient ruins and tombs in the vicinity,[9] tourism has been an important component of the local economy, and the Xi'an region is one of the most popular tourist destinations in China.[9] The city has many important historical sites, and some are ongoing archaeological projects, such as the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang and his Terracotta Army. There are several burial mounds, tombs of the Zhou dynasty kings located in the city.[8] Xi'an also contains some 800 royal mausoleums and tombs from the Han dynasty,[106] with some of them yielding hundreds of sculpted clay soldiers, and remains of sacrificial temples from the Han era.[106] The city has numerous Tang dynasty pagodas and is noted for its history museum and its stele forest, which is housed in an 11th-century Confucian temple containing large stone tablets from various dynasties.[106] Some of the most well-known sites in Xi'an are: The city is surrounded by a well-preserved city wall which was re-constructed in the 14th century during the early Ming dynasty and was based on the inner imperial palace of Tang dynasty. The Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang and his Terracotta Army are located 40 km (25 mi) to the east of the city centre, in the city's suburbs. The Bell Tower and Drum Tower, both are located at the city's central axis. The city's Muslim Quarter, which is home to the Great Mosque of Xi'an. The Giant Wild Goose Pagoda and Small Wild Goose Pagoda are both spectacular towers and both are well over 1,000 years old and have survived great earthquakes. The former is next to a large square with the largest fountain in Asia which projects water high into the air, rising and falling in time to music during one of the daily performances (usually at noon and soon after sunset). They protected Buddhist writings in the past. The Stele Forest is famous for its numerous historic inscriptions and stoneworks[107] The Famen Temple and its towering pagoda located 120 kilometres (75 miles) west of Xi'an Xi Ming Temple Wolong Temple at Kaitong lane Xingjiao Temple at Shaolin Yuan (where Xuanzang's Tomb lies) Jianfu Temple Blue Dragon Temple Wangji Temple The Banpo Neolithic village is located on the outskirt of the city proper The Shaanxi History Museum has a large collection of artifacts both modern and ancient. Mount Zhongnan (终南山) Mount Li Huaqing Hot Springs, at the foot of Mt. Li, have a history of 6,000 years, the adjacent Huaqing Palace has a history of 3,000 years. Ranked among the Hundred Famous Gardens in China, it also has the status as a National Cultural Relic Protection Unit and a National Key Scenic Area. Daming Palace National Heritage Park, site of the former royal residence of the Tang dynasty emperors Museums[edit] Shaanxi History Museum Stele Forest Xi'an Museum (located next to the Small Wild Goose Pagoda). On October 20, 2006, international council of monuments sites (ICOMOS) international protection centre (IICC) was formally established here. National parks[edit] Mount Cuihua National Geological Park (翠华山国家地质公园) Chanba National Wetland Park (浐灞国家湿地公园) Daming Palace National Heritage Park Mount Li National Forest Park Mount Wangshun National Forest Park (王顺山国家森林公园) Mount Zhongnan National Forest Park Hei He National Forest Park (黑河国家森林公园) Louguantai National Forest Park (楼观台国家森林公园) Taiping National Forest Park (太平国家森林公园) Zhuque National Forest Park (朱雀国家森林公园) Food[edit] Roujiamo Chinese Hamburger (肉夹馍) Liangpi (凉皮) Paomo Mutton, beef, and Bread Pieces in Soup (牛羊肉泡馍) Biang Biang Noodles Jinggao Steamed rice cake stuffed with honey dates and black beans (甑糕) Meatball Hulatang (肉丸胡辣汤) Sports[edit] Cuju is a very old football game: It was improved during the Tang dynasty (618–907). First of all, the feather-stuffed ball was replaced by an air-filled ball with a two-layered hull. Also, two different types of goalposts emerged: One was made by setting up posts with a net between them and the other consisted of just one goal post in the middle of the field. Chang'an was filled with cuju football fields, in the backyards of large mansions, and some were even established in the grounds of the palaces. The level of female cuju teams also improved. Records indicate that once a 17-year-old girl beat a team of army soldiers. Cuju football became popular among the scholars and intellectuals, and if a courtier lacked skill in the game, he could pardon himself by acting as a scorekeeper. Professional sports teams in Xi'an include: Chinese Pingpong Association Super League Shaanxi Galaxy (陕西银河) Former Professional sports teams in Xi'an: Chinese Jia-A League Shaanxi Guoli F.C. (陕西国力) Team dissolved in 2005 Chinese Football Association Super League Shaanxi Renhe Commercial Chanba F.C. (陕西人和商业浐灞) Team moved to Guizhou for the 2012 Chinese Super League season. Chinese Basketball Association Shaanxi Dongsheng (陕西东盛) Team moved to Foshan and renamed themselves Foshan Dralions in 2010. Xi'an is also the Chinese Boxing training base for the national team. The 60,000-capacity Xi’an Olympic Sports Centre Stadium, which opened in 2020, is the largest sports venue by capacity in Xi’an. It is used mostly for association football matches. Media[edit] Television and radio[edit] China Central Television's channel 1 through 12 is broadcast nationwide. Shaanxi Television (SXTV) provincial station, broadcasts on eight channels as well as a satellite channel for other provinces. Xi'an Television (XATV) municipal station, has six channels for specialized programming. Shaanxi Radio broadcasts music, news. Xi'an Music Radio: FM 93.1, broadcasts music, news and talkshows. Shaanxi Music Radio: Fm 98.8, broadcasts music, news and talkshows. Printed media[edit] Chinese Business View (华商报) is a popular daily newspaper. Xi'an Evening News (Xi'an Wanbao) (西安晚报), with a history of more than 50 years, is one of the oldest newspapers. Sanqin Daily (三秦都市报) covers the news of Shaanxi Province. Shaanxi Daily (陕西日报) covers the news of Shaanxi Province and Xi'an. Online media[edit] Xianease is a popular online and print magazine in Xi'an. International relations[edit] See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in China Xi'an's twin towns and sister cities are: Nara, Nara Prefecture, Japan (1974) Kyoto, Japan (1974)[108] Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom (1985)[109][110] Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Aquitaine, France (1986) Kansas City, Missouri, United States (1989) Esfahan, Iran (1989) Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany (1991)[111] Lahore, Pakistan (1992) Funabashi, Chiba, Japan (1994) Iași, Romania (1994) Dnipro, Ukraine (1995) Istanbul, Turkey (1996) Kathmandu, Nepal (1996) Brasília, Brazil (1997) Cairo, Egypt (1997) Quebec City, Quebec, Canada (2001) Córdoba, Argentina (2006) Pompei, Campania, Italy (2007) Athens, Greece Kalamata, Greece (2009) Birmingham, United Kingdom Cusco, Peru Samarkand, Uzbekistan Mary, Türkmenistan (2014) [112] Melbourne, Tasmania, Australia (2015) Gyumri, Armenia (2013) Taupo, New Zealand Groningen, The Netherlands (2011) George Town, Penang, Malaysia (2014)[113] Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia (2019)[114][115] See also[edit]  China portal Chang'an Historical capitals of China References[edit] Citations[edit] ^ a b Cox, W (2018). 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Xi'an City Government official website Xi'an National Hi-tech Development Zone Xi'an in Chinese history Preceded by Yin Capital of China (as Hao) 1046–771 BC Succeeded by Luoyang Preceded by Xianyang Capital of China (as Chang'an) 206 BC – 25 Succeeded by Luoyang Preceded by Luoyang Capital of China (as Chang'an) 190–196 Succeeded by Xuchang Preceded by Jiankang Capital of China (as Daxing) 581–618 Succeeded by itself, as Chang'an Preceded by itself, as Daxing Capital of China (as Chang'an) 618–907 Succeeded by Kaifeng Links to related articles v t e Xi'an Districts Lianhu Xincheng Beilin Baqiao Weiyang Yanta Yanliang Lintong Chang'an Gaoling Huyi Counties Lantian Zhouzhi Landmarks City wall Daming Palace National Heritage Park Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor and the Terracotta Army Bell Tower Chang'an Flower Drum Tower Giant Wild Goose Pagoda Small Wild Goose Pagoda Stele Forest Xingjiao Temple Banpo Qianling Mausoleum Culture Qinqiang Education Xi'an Jiaotong University Xidian University Northwestern Polytechnical University Northwest University Chang'an University Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology Xi'an University of Technology Xi'an Shiyou University Xi'an International Studies University Northwest University of Political Science and Law Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an Institute of Post & Telecommunications Xi'an University of Finance and Economics Xi'an Polytechnic University Xi'an Conservatory of Music Xi'an Physical Education Institute Xi'an Technological University Xi'an Academy of Fine Arts Shaanxi Institute of Education Xi'an Institute of Arts and Science Transport Xi'an Metro Xi'an Railway Station Xi'an North Railway Station Xi'an Xianyang International Airport China National Highway 210 China National Highway 211 China National Highway 312 Closed Xi'an Xiguan Airport v t e County-level divisions of Shaanxi Province Xi'an (capital) Sub-provincial city Xi'an Xincheng District Lianhu District Beilin District Baqiao District Weiyang District Yanta District Yanliang District Lintong District Chang'an District Gaoling District Huyi District Lantian County Zhouzhi County Prefecture-level cities Tongchuan Yaozhou District Wangyi District Yintai District Yijun County Baoji Weibin District Jintai District Chencang District Fengxiang County Qishan County Fufeng County Mei County Long County Qianyang County Linyou County Feng County Taibai County Xianyang Qindu District Weicheng District Yangling District Xingping city Binzhou city Sanyuan County Jingyang County Qian County Liquan County Yongshou County Changwu County Xunyi County Chunhua County Wugong County Weinan Linwei District Huazhou District Huayin city Hancheng city Tongguan County Dali County Pucheng County Chengcheng County Baishui County Heyang County Fuping County Yan'an Baota District Ansai District Zichang city Yanchang County Yanchuan County Zhidan County Wuqi County Ganquan County Fu County Luochuan County Yichuan County Huanglong County Huangling County Hanzhong Hantai District Nanzheng District Chenggu County Yang County Xixiang County Mian County Ningqiang County Lueyang County Zhenba County Liuba County Foping County Yulin Yuyang District Hengshan District Shenmu city Fugu County Jingbian County Dingbian County Suide County Mizhi County Jia County Wubu County Qingjian County Zizhou County Ankang Hanbin District Xunyang city Hanyin County Shiquan County Ningshan County Ziyang County Langao County Pingli County Zhenping County Baihe County Shangluo Shangzhou District Luonan County Danfeng County Shangnan County Shanyang County Zhen'an County Zhashui County   v t e Largest cities in Shaanxi Source: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population Rank Pop. Rank Pop. Xi'an Xianyang 1 Xi'an 5,866,100 11 Xingping 225,800 Baoji Yulin 2 Xianyang 1,023,100 12 Shenmu 211,800 3 Baoji 893,200 13 Hancheng 173,200 4 Yulin 631,100 14 Yangling 154,900 5 Hanzhong 569,500 15 Huayin 115,500 6 Weinan 551,600 16 Binzhou 114,100 7 Yan'an 416,700 8 Tongchuan 413,300 9 Ankang 350,700 10 Shangluo 262,500 v t e Metropolitan cities of China Major Metropolitan regions Jing-Jin-Ji (BJ-TJ-HE) Yuegang'ao Greater Bay Area (GD-HK-MO) Yangtze Delta (SH-JS-ZJ) Zhongyuan Chengyu Cross-Strait Western Coast Guanzhong Mid-Southern Liaoning Shandong Peninsula Yangtze River Midstream (Yangtze River Valley) Major cities National Central Cities Beijinga Chongqinga Guangzhoub2 Shanghaia2 Tianjina2 Special administrative regions Hong Kong Macau Regional Central Cities Chengdub Nanjingb Shenyangb Shenzhenc1 Wuhanb Xi'anb Sub-provincial cities Changchunb Chengdub Dalianc2 Guangzhoub2 Hangzhoub Harbinb Jinanb Nanjingb Ningboc2 Qingdaoc2 Shenyangb Shenzhenc1 Wuhanb Xiamenc1 Xi'anb Provincial capitals (Prefecture-level) Changsha Fuzhou2 Guiyang Haikou Hefei Kunming Lanzhou Nanchang Shijiazhuang Taiyuan Xining Zhengzhou Taibei5 Autonomous regional capitals Hohhot Lhasa Nanning Ürümqi Yinchuan Comparatively large cities Anshan Baotou Benxi Datong Fushun Handan Huainan Jilin Luoyang Qiqihar Suzhou Tangshan Wuxi Xuzhou Zibo Prefecture-level cities by Province Hebei Shijiazhuang* Tangshan* Qinhuangdao2 Handan* Xingtai Baoding Zhangjiakou Chengde Cangzhou Langfang Hengshui Shanxi Taiyuan* Datong* Yangquan Changzhi Jincheng Shuozhou Jinzhong Yuncheng Xinzhou Linfen Lüliang Inner Mongolia Hohhot* Baotou* Wuhai Chifeng Tongliao Ordos Hulunbuir Bayannur Ulanqab Liaoning Shenyang* Dalian* Anshan* Fushun* Benxi* Dandong Jinzhou Yingkou Fuxin Liaoyang Panjin Tieling Chaoyang Huludao Jilin Changchun* Jilin Siping Liaoyuan Tonghua Baishan Songyuan Baicheng Heilongjiang Harbin* Qiqihar* Jixi Hegang Shuangyashan Daqing Yīchun Jiamusi Qitaihe Mudanjiang Heihe Suihua Jiangsu Nanjing* Wuxi* Xuzhou* Changzhou Suzhou* Nantong Lianyungang2 Huai'an Yancheng Yangzhou Zhenjiang Tàizhou Suqian Zhejiang Hangzhou* Ningbo* Wenzhou2 Jiaxing Huzhou Shaoxing Jinhua Quzhou Zhoushan Tāizhou Lishui Anhui Hefei* Wuhu Bengbu Huainan* Ma'anshan Huaibei Tongling Anqing Huangshan Chuzhou Fuyang Sùzhou Lu'an Bozhou Chizhou Xuancheng Fujian Fuzhou* Xiamen* Putian Sanming Quanzhou Zhangzhou Nanping Longyan Ningde Jiangxi Nanchang* Jingdezhen Pingxiang Jiujiang Xinyu Yingtan Ganzhou Ji'an Yíchun Fǔzhou Shangrao Shandong Jinan* Qingdao* Zibo* Zaozhuang Dongying Yantai2 Weifang Jining Tai'an Weihai Rizhao Laiwu Linyi Dezhou Liaocheng Binzhou Heze Henan Zhengzhou* Kaifeng Luoyang* Pingdingshan Anyang Hebi Xinxiang Jiaozuo Puyang Xuchang Luohe Sanmenxia Nanyang Shangqiu Xinyang Zhoukou Zhumadian Hubei Wuhan* Huangshi Shiyan Yichang Xiangyang Ezhou Jingmen Xiaogan Jinzhou Huanggang Xianning Suizhou Hunan Changsha* Zhuzhou Xiangtan Hengyang Shaoyang Yueyang Changde Zhangjiajie Yiyang Chenzhou Yongzhou Huaihua Loudi Guangdong Guangzhou* Shaoguan Shenzhen* Zhuhai1 Shantou1 Foshan Jiangmen Zhanjiang2 Maoming Zhaoqing Huizhou Meizhou Shanwei Heyuan Yangjiang Qingyuan Dongguan Zhongshan Chaozhou Jieyang Yunfu Guangxi Nanning* Liuzhou Guilin Wuzhou Beihai2 Fangchenggang Qinzhou Guigang Yùlin Baise Hezhou Hechi Laibin Chongzuo Hainan1 Haikou* Sanya Sansha4 Danzhou Sichuan Chengdu* Zigong Panzhihua Luzhou Deyang Mianyang Guangyuan Suining Neijiang Leshan Nanchong Meishan Yibin Guang'an Dazhou Ya'an Bazhong Ziyang Guizhou Guiyang* Liupanshui Zunyi Anshun Bijie Tongren Yunnan Kunming* Qujing Yuxi Baoshan Zhaotong Lijiang Pu'er Lincang Tibet Lhasa* Shigatse Chamdo Nyingchi Shannan Shaanxi Xi'an* Tongchuan Baoji Xianyang Weinan Yan'an Hanzhong Yúlin Ankang Shangluo Gansu Lanzhou* Jiayuguan Jinchang Baiyin Tianshui Wuwei Zhangye Pingliang Jiuquan Qingyang Dingxi Longnan Qinghai Xining* Haidong Ningxia Yinchuan* Shizuishan Wuzhong Guyuan Zhongwei Xinjiang Ürümqi* Karamay Turpan Hami Taiwan5 (none) Other cities (partly shown below) Prefecture-level capitals (County-level) (Inner Mongolia: Ulanhot Xilinhot) Jiagedaqi3, Heilongjiang Enshi, Hubei Jishou, Hunan (Sichuan：Xichang Kangding Barkam) (Guizhou: Xingyi Kaili Duyun) (Yunnan: Chuxiong Mengzi Wenshan Jinghong Dali Mangshi Shangri-La Lushui) (Gansu: Linxia Hezuo) (Qinghai: Yushu Delingha) (Xinjiang: Changji Bole Korla Yining Artux Aksu Kashgar1 Hotan Tacheng Altay) Province-governed cities (Sub-prefecture-level) Jiyuan, Henan (Hubei: Xiantao Qiánjiang Tianmen Shennongjia) (Hainan1: Wuzhishan Qionghai Wenchang Wanning Dongfang) (Xinjiang - XPCC(Bingtuan) cities: Shihezi Aral Tumxuk Wujiaqu Beitun Tiemenguan Shuanghe Kokdala Kunyu) Former Prefecture-level cities Chaohu, Anhui Yumen，Gansu Dongchuan, Yunnan Shashi, Hubei (Sichuan: Fuling Wanxian) (Jilin: Meihekou Gongzhuling) Sub-prefecture-level cities (Prefecture-governed) Qian'an, Hebei Manzhouli, Inner Mongolia Erenhot, Inner Mongolia Golmud, Qinghai County-level cities by Province Hebei Xinji Jinzhou Xinle Zunhua Qian'an* Wu'an Nangong Shahe Zhuozhou Dingzhou Anguo Gaobeidian Botou Renqiu Huanghua Hejian Bazhou Sanhe Shenzhou Shanxi Gujiao Lucheng Gaoping Jiexiu Yongji Hejin Yuanping Houma Huozhou Xiaoyi Fenyang Inner Mongolia Holingol Manzhouli* Yakeshi Zhalantun Ergun Genhe Fengzhen Ulanhot* Arxan Erenhot* Xilinhot* Liaoning Xinmin Wafangdian Zhuanghe Haicheng Donggang Fengcheng Linghai Beizhen Gaizhou Dashiqiao Dengta Diaobingshan Kaiyuan Beipiao Lingyuan Xingcheng Jilin Yushu Dehui Jiaohe Huadian Shulan Panshi Gongzhuling Shuangliao Meihekou Ji'an Linjiang Fuyu Taonan Da'an Yanji Tumen Dunhua Hunchun Longjing Helong Heilongjiang Shangzhi Wuchang Nehe Hulin Mishan Tieli Tongjiang Fujin Fuyuan Suifenhe Hailin Ning'an Muling Dongning Bei'an Wudalianchi Anda Zhaodong Hailun Jiangsu Jiangyin Yixing Xinyi Pizhou Liyang Changshu Zhangjiagang Kunshan Taicang Qidong Rugao Haimen Dongtai Yizheng Gaoyou Danyang Yangzhong Jurong Jingjiang Taixing Xinghua Zhejiang Jiande Lin'an Yuyao Cixi Fenghua Rui'an Yueqing Haining Pinghu Tongxiang Zhuji Shengzhou Lanxi Yiwu Dongyang Yongkang Jiangshan Wenling Linhai Longquan Anhui Chaohu Jieshou Tongcheng Tianchang Mingguang Ningguo Fujian Fuqing Changle Yong'an Shishi Jinjiang Nan'an Longhai Shaowu Wuyishan Jian'ou Zhangping Fu'an Fuding Jiangxi Leping Ruichang Gongqingcheng Lushan Guixi Ruijin Jinggangshan Fengcheng Zhangshu Gao'an Dexing Shandong Zhangqiu Jiaozhou Jimo Pingdu Laixi Tengzhou Longkou Laiyang Laizhou Penglai Zhaoyuan Qixia Haiyang Qingzhou Zhucheng Shouguang Anqiu Gaomi Changyi Qufu Zoucheng Xintai Feicheng Rongcheng Rushan Laoling Yucheng Linqing Henan Gongyi Xingyang Xinmi Xinzheng Dengfeng Yanshi Wugang Ruzhou Linzhou Weihui Huixian Qinyang Mengzhou Yuzhou Changge Yima Lingbao Dengzhou Yongcheng Xiangcheng Jiyuan* Hubei Daye Danjiangkou Yidu Dangyang Zhijiang Laohekou Zaoyang Yicheng Zhongxiang Yingcheng Anlu Hanchuan Shishou Honghu Songzi Macheng Wuxue Chibi Guangshui Enshi* Lichuan Xiantao* Qianjiang* Tianmen* Hunan Liuyang Liling Xiangxiang Shaoshan Leiyang Changning Wugang Miluo Linxiang Jinshi Yuanjiang Zixing Hongjiang Lengshuijiang Lianyuan Jishou* Guangdong Lechang Nanxiong Taishan Kaiping Heshan Enping Lianjiang Leizhou Wuchuan Gaozhou Huazhou Xinyi Sihui Xingning Lufeng Yangchun Yingde Lianzhou Puning Luoding Guangxi Cenxi Dongxing Guiping Beiliu Jingxi Yizhou Heshan Pingxiang Hainan Wuzhishan* Qionghai* Wenchang* Wanning* Dongfang* Sichuan Dujiangyan Pengzhou Qionglai Chongzhou Jianyang Guanghan Shifang Mianzhu Jiangyou Emeishan Langzhong Huaying Wanyuan Barkam* Kangding* Xichang* Guizhou Qingzhen Chishui Renhuai Xingyi* Kaili* Duyun* Fuquan Yunnan Anning Xuanwei Tengchong Chuxiong* Mengzi* Gejiu Kaiyuan Mile Wenshan* Jinghong* Dali* Ruili Mangshi* Lushui* Shangri-La* Tibet (none) Shaanxi Xingping Hancheng Huayin Gansu Yumen Dunhuang Linxia* Hezuo* Qinghai Yushu* Golmud* Delingha* Ningxia Lingwu Qingtongxia Xinjiang Changji* Fukang Bole* Alashankou Korla* Aksu* Artux* Kashgar* Hotan* Yining* Kuytun Korgas Tacheng* Wusu Altay* Shihezi* Aral* Tumxuk* Wujiaqu* Beitun* Tiemenguan* Shuanghe* Kokdala* Kunyu* Taiwan5 (none) Notes * Indicates this city has already occurred above. aDirect-administered Municipalities. bSub-provincial cities as provincial capitals. cSeparate state-planning cities. 1Special economic-zone Cities. 2Open Coastal Cities. 3Prefecture capital status established by Heilongjiang Province and not recognized by Ministry of Civil Affairs. Disputed by Oroqen Autonomous Banner, Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia as part of it. 4Only administers islands and waters in South China Sea and have no urban core comparable to typical cities in China. 5The claimed province of Taiwan no longer have any internal division announced by Ministry of Civil Affairs of PRC, due to lack of actual jurisdiction. See Template:Administrative divisions of Taiwan instead. All provincial capitals are listed first in prefecture-level cities by province.   v t e Largest cities or municipalities in the People's Republic of China China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population Rank Name Province Pop. Rank Name Province Pop. Shanghai Beijing 1 Shanghai SH 24,237,800 11 Nanjing JS 6,572,000 Guangzhou Shenzhen 2 Beijing BJ 18,634,000 12 Hangzhou ZJ 6,504,900 3 Guangzhou GD 13,154,200 13 Zhengzhou HA 6,261,900 4 Shenzhen GD 13,026,600 14 Xi'an SN 5,866,100 5 Tianjin TJ 12,968,100 15 Shenyang LN 5,651,200 6 Chongqing CQ 11,488,000 16 Qingdao SD 5,127,000 7 Wuhan HB 9,180,000 17 Harbin HL 4,860,000 8 Chengdu SC 8,379,700 18 Changchun JL 4,564,000 9 Hong Kong HK 7,448,900 19 Hefei AH 4,292,400 10 Dongguan GD 6,850,300 20 Jinan SD 4,154,900 v t e Capitals of China by jurisdiction National: CN Beijing Provinces: AH Hefei FJ Fuzhou GD Guangzhou GS Lanzhou GZ Guiyang HA Zhengzhou HB Wuhan HE Shijiazhuang HI Haikou HL Harbin HN Changsha JL Changchun JS Nanjing JX Nanchang LN Shenyang QH Xining SC Chengdu SD Jinan SN Xi'an SX Taiyuan TW Taipei¹ YN Kunming ZJ Hangzhou Autonomous Regions: GX Nanning NM Hohhot NX Yinchuan XJ Ürümqi XZ Lhasa Municipalities: BJ Beijing CQ Chongqing SH Shanghai TJ Tianjin SARs: HK Hong Kong MO Macau ¹ — Taiwan is administered as a streamlined province by the Republic of China, but claimed by the PRC. Authority control General Integrated Authority File VIAF 1 2 WorldCat National libraries United States Japan Czech Republic Other MusicBrainz area Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xi%27an&oldid=1026317064" Categories: Xi'an 11th-century BC establishments in China 200s BC establishments 202 BC Populated places along the Silk Road Provincial capitals in China Sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China Hidden categories: Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments Webarchive template wayback links CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh) CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh) Articles containing Chinese-language text All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with incomplete citations Articles with incomplete citations from May 2020 CS1 maint: archived copy as title Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2020 Use mdy dates from July 2019 Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox settlement with unknown parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020 Articles containing Latin-language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 Articles needing additional references from August 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text Articles needing cleanup from April 2014 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from April 2014 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from April 2014 Articles needing additional references from July 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Articles with French-language sources (fr) Commons category link is on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers Pages using the Kartographer extension Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikibooks Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Afrikaans Alemannisch العربية Արեւմտահայերէն Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bamanankan বাংলা Bân-lâm-gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български བོད་ཡིག Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština Chi-Chewa Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Galego 贛語 Gĩkũyũ 客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Setswana Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray Wolof 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 June 2021, at 15:36 (UTC). 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