South China Sea - Wikipedia South China Sea From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean South China Sea Satellite image of the South China Sea South China Sea Show map of South China Sea South China Sea Show map of Southeast Asia South China Sea Show map of Asia The northeastern portion of the South China Sea Coordinates 12°N 113°E / 12°N 113°E / 12; 113Coordinates: 12°N 113°E / 12°N 113°E / 12; 113 Type Sea Part of Pacific Ocean River sources Agno Jiulong Mekong Min Pahang Pampanga Pasig Pearl Rajang Red Basin countries List Brunei China Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Taiwan Vietnam Surface area 3,500,000 square kilometres (1,400,000 sq mi) Islands List of islands in the South China Sea Trenches Manila Trench Settlements Major cities Alaminos Bà Rịa Bạc Liêu Bacoor Balanga Bintulu Cẩm Phả Cam Ranh Candon Cavite City Da Nang Dagupan Đồng Hới Hạ Long Hà Tĩnh Haikou Haiphong Ho Chi Minh Hội An Hong Kong Kaohsiung Kota Kinabalu Kuala Terengganu Kuantan Kuching Laoag Las Piñas Macau Malolos Manila Mersing Miri Móng Cái Nakhon Si Thammarat Nam Định Nanwan Navotas Nha Trang Olongapo Parañaque Pasay Pattaya Pekan Phan Rang–Tháp Chàm Phan Thiết Quảng Ngãi Qui Nhơn Sầm Sơn San Fernando Sanya Shantou Sihanoukville Sóc Trăng Surat Thani Taitung Tainan Tam Kỳ Thái Bình Thanh Hóa Vigan Tuy Hòa Vũng Tàu Xiamen Zhanjiang The South China Sea is a marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean. It is bounded in the north by the shores of South China (hence the name), in the west by the Indochinese Peninsula, in the east by the islands of Taiwan and northwestern Philippines (mainly Luzon, Mindoro and Palawan), and in the south by Borneo, eastern Sumatra and the Bangka Belitung Islands, encompassing an area of around 3,500,000 km2 (1,400,000 sq mi). It communicates with the East China Sea via the Taiwan Strait, the Philippine Sea via the Luzon Strait, the Sulu Sea via the straits around Palawan (e.g. the Mindoro and Balabac Strait), the Strait of Malacca via the Strait of Singapore, and the Java Sea via the Karimata and Bangka Strait. The Gulf of Thailand and the Gulf of Tonkin are also part of the South China Sea. The shallow waters south of the Riau Islands are also known as the Natuna Sea. The South China Sea is a region of tremendous economic and geostrategic importance. One-third of the world's maritime shipping passes through it, carrying over US$3 trillion in trade each year.[1] Huge oil and natural gas reserves are believed to lie beneath its seabed.[2] It also contain lucrative fisheries, which are crucial for the food security of millions in Southeast Asia. The South China Sea Islands, collectively comprising several archipelago clusters of mostly small uninhabited islands, islets (cays and shoals), reefs/atolls and seamounts numbering in the hundreds, are subject to competing claims of sovereignty by several countries. These claims are also reflected in the variety of names used for the islands and the sea. Contents 1 Names 2 Geography 3 Extent 4 Geology 5 Islands and seamounts 6 Resources 7 Territorial claims 7.1 Military maneuver 7.2 2016 ruling 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Names South China Sea Chinese name Chinese 南海 Hanyu Pinyin Nán Hǎi Literal meaning South Sea Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Nán Hǎi Bopomofo ㄋㄢˊ ㄏㄞˇ Wade–Giles Nan2 Hai3 IPA [nǎn xài] Wu Romanization noe平 he上 Hakka Romanization nam11 hoi31 Yue: Cantonese Jyutping naam4 hoi2 Southern Min Hokkien POJ lâm-hái Hainanese Romanization nâm-hái Alternative Chinese name Simplified Chinese 南中国海 Traditional Chinese 南中國海 Hanyu Pinyin Nán Zhōngguó Hǎi Literal meaning South China Sea Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Nán Zhōngguó Hǎi Bopomofo ㄋㄢˊ ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄏㄞˇ Wade–Giles Nan2 Chung1-kuo2 Hai3 IPA [nǎn ʈʂʊ́ŋkwǒ xài] Wu Romanization noe平 tson平 koh入 he上 Hakka Romanization nam11 dung24 gued2 hoi31 Yue: Cantonese Jyutping naam4 zung1 gwok3 hoi2 Southern Min Hokkien POJ lâm tiong-kok hái Hainanese Romanization nâm tieng-kuōk hái Vietnamese name Vietnamese Biển Đông Chữ Nôm 匾東 Literal meaning East Sea Thai name Thai ทะเลจีนใต้ [tʰā.lēː t͡ɕīːn tâ(ː)j] (South China Sea) RTGS Thale Chin Tai Japanese name Kanji 南支那海 or 南シナ海 (literally "South Shina Sea") Kana みなみシナかい Transcriptions Romanization Minami Shina Kai Malay name Malay Laut Cina Selatan (South China Sea) Laut Nusantara (Nusantara Sea) Indonesian name Indonesian Laut Cina Selatan / Laut Tiongkok Selatan (South China Sea) Laut Natuna Utara (North Natuna Sea; Indonesian official government use; Claimed Indonesian EEZ only)[3] Filipino name Tagalog Dagat Timog Tsina (South China Sea) Dagat Luzon (Luzon Sea) Portuguese name Portuguese Mar da China Meridional (South China Sea) South China Sea is the dominant term used in English for the sea, and the name in most European languages is equivalent. This name is a result of early European interest in the sea as a route from Europe and South Asia to the trading opportunities of China. In the sixteenth century Portuguese sailors called it the China Sea (Mare da China); later needs to differentiate it from nearby bodies of water led to calling it the South China Sea.[4] The International Hydrographic Organization refers to the sea as "South China Sea (Nan Hai)".[5] The Yizhoushu, which was a chronicle of the Western Zhou dynasty (1046–771 BCE), gives the first Chinese name for the South China Sea as Nanfang Hai (Chinese: 南方海; pinyin: Nánfāng Hǎi; lit. 'Southern Sea'), claiming that barbarians from that sea gave tributes of hawksbill sea turtles to the Zhou rulers.[6] The Classic of Poetry, Zuo Zhuan, and Guoyu classics of the Spring and Autumn period (771–476 BCE) also referred to the sea, but by the name Nan Hai (Chinese: 南海; pinyin: Nán Hǎi; lit. 'South Sea') in reference to the State of Chu's expeditions there.[6] Nan Hai, the South Sea, was one of the Four Seas of Chinese literature. There are three other seas, one for each of the four cardinal directions.[7] During the Eastern Han dynasty (23–220 CE), China's rulers called the sea Zhang Hai (Chinese: 漲海; pinyin: Zhǎng Hǎi; lit. 'distended sea').[6] Fei Hai (Chinese: 沸海; pinyin: Fèi Hǎi; lit. 'boil sea') became popular during the Southern and Northern Dynasties period. Usage of the current Chinese name, Nan Hai (South Sea), gradually became widespread during the Qing Dynasty.[8] In Southeast Asia it was once called the Champa Sea or Sea of Cham, after the maritime kingdom of Champa, which flourished there before the sixteenth century.[9] The majority of the sea came under Japanese naval control during World War II following the military acquisition of many surrounding South East Asian territories in 1941. Japan calls the sea Minami Shina Kai "South China Sea". This was written 南支那海 until 2004, when the Japanese Foreign Ministry and other departments switched the spelling to 南シナ海, which has become the standard usage in Japan. "West Philippine Sea" is the official designation by the Philippine government of eastern parts of the South China Sea that are included in the Philippines' exclusive economic zone. The term is also sometimes incorrectly used to refer to the South China Sea as a whole. In China, it is called the "South Sea", 南海 Nánhǎi, and in Vietnam the "East Sea", Biển Đông.[10][11][12] In Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines, it was long called the "South China Sea" (Dagat Timog Tsina in Tagalog, Laut China Selatan in Malay), with the part within Philippine territorial waters often called the "Luzon Sea", Dagat Luzon, by the Philippines.[13] However, following an escalation of the Spratly Islands dispute in 2011, various Philippine government agencies started using the name West Philippine Sea. A Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) spokesperson said that the sea to the east of the Philippines will continue to be called the Philippine Sea.[14] In September 2012, Philippine President Benigno Aquino III signed Administrative Order No. 29, mandating that all government agencies use the name West Philippine Sea to refer to the parts of the South China Sea within the Philippines' exclusive economic zone, including the Luzon Sea as well as the waters around, within and adjacent to the Kalayaan Island Group and Bajo de Masinloc, and tasked the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) to use the name in official maps.[15][16] In July 2017, to assert its sovereignty, Indonesia renamed the northern reaches of its exclusive economic zone in the South China Sea as the "North Natuna Sea", which is located north of the Indonesian Natuna Islands, bordering the southern Vietnam exclusive economic zone, corresponding to the southern end of the South China Sea.[17] The "Natuna Sea" is located south of Natuna Island within Indonesian territorial waters.[18] Therefore, Indonesia has named two seas that are portions of the South China Sea; the Natuna Sea located between Natuna Islands and the Lingga and Tambelan Archipelagos, and the North Natuna Sea located between the Natuna Islands and Cape Cà Mau on the southern tip of the Mekong Delta in Vietnam. Geography According to International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition (1953), it is located[5][failed verification]. south of Chinese mainland, south of Hainan, west of Taiwan; east of Vietnam; west of the Philippines; east of the Malay Peninsula, up to the east entrance of Strait of Singapore, and south of the Bintan and Batam Islands; the northeast coast of Sumatra; and north of the Bangka Belitung Islands and Borneo. However, in its unapproved draft 4th edition (1986),[19] IHO proposed the Natuna Sea, thus the South China Sea southern boundary was shifted northward, from north of the Bangka Belitung Islands to north and northeast of Natuna Islands.[20] States and territories with borders on the sea (clockwise from north) include: the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia and Vietnam. Major rivers that flow into the South China Sea include the Pearl, Min, Jiulong, Red, Mekong, Rajang, Pahang, Agno, Pampanga, and Pasig Rivers. Extent The International Hydrographic Organization in its Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition (1953), defines the limits of the South China Sea as follows:[5] On the South. The Eastern and Southern limits of Singapore and Malacca Straits [A line joining Tanjong Datok, the Southeast point of Johore ( 1°22′N 104°17′E / 1.367°N 104.283°E / 1.367; 104.283) through Horsburgh Reef to Pulo Koko, the Northeastern extreme of Bintan Island ( 1°13.5′N 104°35′E / 1.2250°N 104.583°E / 1.2250; 104.583). The Northeastern coast of Sumatra] as far West as Tanjong Kedabu ( 1°06′N 102°58′E / 1.100°N 102.967°E / 1.100; 102.967) down the East coast of Sumatra to Lucipara Point ( 3°14′S 106°05′E / 3.233°S 106.083°E / -3.233; 106.083) thence to Tanjong Nanka, the Southwest extremity of Banka Island, through this island to Tanjong Berikat the Eastern point ( 2°34′S 106°51′E / 2.567°S 106.850°E / -2.567; 106.850), on to Tanjong Djemang ( 2°36′S 107°37′E / 2.600°S 107.617°E / -2.600; 107.617) in Billiton, along the North coast of this island to Tanjong Boeroeng Mandi ( 2°46′S 108°16′E / 2.767°S 108.267°E / -2.767; 108.267) and thence a line to Tanjong Sambar ( 3°00′S 110°19′E / 3.000°S 110.317°E / -3.000; 110.317) the Southwest extreme of Borneo. On the East. From Tanjong Sambar through the West coast of Borneo to Tanjong Sampanmangio, the North point, thence a line to West points of Balabac and Secam Reefs, on to the West point of Bancalan Island and to Cape Buliluyan, the Southwest point of Palawan, through this island to Cabuli Point, the Northern point thereof, thence to the Northwest point of Busuanga and to Cape Calavite in the island of Mindoro, to the Northwest point of Lubang Island and to Point Fuego (14°08'N) in Luzon Island, through this island to Cape Engano, the Northeast point of Luzon, along a line joining this cape with the East point of Balintang Island (20°N) and to the East point of Y'Ami Island (21°05'N) thence to Garan Bi, the Southern point of Taiwan (Formosa), through this island to Santyo (25°N) its North Eastern Point. On the North. From Fuki Kaku the North point of Formosa to Kiushan Tao (Turnabout Island) on to the South point of Haitan Tao (25°25'N) and thence Westward on the parallel of 25°24' North to the coast of Fukien. On the West. The Mainland, the Southern limit of the Gulf of Thailand and the East coast of the Malay Peninsula. However, in a revised edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas, 4th edition (1986), the International Hydrographic Organization officially recognized the Natuna Sea. Thus the southern limit of South China Sea is revised from the Bangka Belitung Islands to the Natuna Islands.[20] Geology See also: Tectonics of the South China Sea Sunset on the South China Sea off Mũi Né village on the south-east coast of Vietnam The sea lies above a drowned continental shelf; during recent ice ages global sea level was hundreds of metres lower, and Borneo was part of the Asian mainland. The South China Sea opened around 45 million years ago when the "Dangerous Ground" rifted away from southern China. Extension culminated in seafloor spreading around 30 million years ago, a process that propagated to the SW resulting in the V-shaped basin we see today. Extension ceased around 17 million years ago.[21] Arguments have continued about the role of tectonic extrusion in forming the basin. Paul Tapponnier and colleagues have argued that as India collides with Asia it pushes Indochina to the SE. The relative shear between Indochina and China caused the South China Sea to open.[22] This view is disputed by geologists[who?] who do not consider Indochina to have moved far relative to mainland Asia. Marine geophysical studies in the Gulf of Tonkin by Peter Clift has shown that the Red River Fault was active and causing basin formation at least by 37 million years ago in the NW South China Sea, consistent with extrusion playing a part in the formation of the sea. Since opening the South China Sea has been the repository of large sediment volumes delivered by the Mekong River, Red River and Pearl River. Several of these deltas are rich in oil and gas deposits. Islands and seamounts See also: South China Sea Islands and list of islands in the South China Sea The South China Sea contains over 250 small islands, atolls, cays, shoals, reefs, and sandbars, most of which have no indigenous people, many of which are naturally under water at high tide, and some of which are permanently submerged. The features are: South China Sea The Spratly Islands The Paracel Islands Pratas Island and the Vereker Banks The Macclesfield Bank The Scarborough Shoal The Spratly Islands spread over an 810 by 900 km area covering some 175 identified insular features, the largest being Taiping Island (Itu Aba) at just over 1.3 kilometres (0.81 mi) long and with its highest elevation at 3.8 metres (12 ft). The largest singular feature in the area of the Spratly Islands is a 100 kilometres (62 mi) wide seamount called Reed Tablemount, also known as Reed Bank, in the northeast of the group, separated from Palawan Island of the Philippines by the Palawan Trench. Now completely submerged, with a depth of 20 metres (66 ft), it was an island until it sank about 7,000 years ago due to the increasing sea level after the last ice age. With an area of 8,866 square kilometres (3,423 sq mi), it is one of the largest submerged atoll structures in the world. Resources Millions of barrels of crude oil are traded through the South China Sea each day The South China Sea is an extremely significant body of water in a geopolitical sense. It is the second most used sea lane in the world, while in terms of world annual merchant fleet tonnage, over 50% passes through the Strait of Malacca, the Sunda Strait, and the Lombok Strait. Over 1.6 million m³ (10 million barrels) of crude oil a day are shipped through the Strait of Malacca, where there are regular reports of piracy, but much less frequently than before the mid-20th century. The region has proven oil reserves of around 1.2 km³ (7.7 billion barrels), with an estimate of 4.5 km³ (28 billion barrels) in total. Natural gas reserves are estimated to total around 7,500 km³ (266 trillion cubic feet). A 2013 report by the U.S. Energy Information Administration raised the total estimated oil reserves to 11 billion barrels.[23] In 2014 China began to drill for oil in waters disputed with Vietnam.[24] The area in question is known as Vanguard Bank and which Vietnam officials claim lies within their country's 200-mile exclusive economic zone. China, however, disputes this fact.[25] According to studies made by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Philippines, this body of water holds one third of the entire world's marine biodiversity, thereby making it a very important area for the ecosystem. However the fish stocks in the area are depleted, and countries are using fishing bans as a means of asserting their sovereignty claims.[26] Indonesia's maritime waters have been breached by fishing fleets from Vietnam and the Philippines leading to said ships being seized and sunk by Indonesian authorities.[27] China announced in May 2017 a breakthrough for mining methane clathrates, when they extracted methane from hydrates in the South China Sea.[28][29] Territorial claims Main articles: Territorial disputes in the South China Sea and Spratly Islands dispute [Interactive fullscreen map] Location of the major islands in Spratly Islands Legend：  Republic of China 1：Taiping 2：Zhongzhou  People's Republic of China 3：Yongshu 4：Meiji 5：Zhubi 6：Huayang 7：Nanxun 8：Chiguo 9：Dongmen  Philippines 10：Flat Island 11：Lankiam Cay 12：Loaita Cay 13：Loaita Island 14：Nanshan Island 15：Northeast Cay 16：Thitu Island 17：West York Island 18：Commodore Reef 19：Irving Reef 20：Second Thomas Reef  Vietnam 21：Southwest Cay 22：Sand Cay 23：Namyit Island 24：Sin Cowe Island 25：Spratly Island 26：Amboyna Cay 27：Grierson Reef [zh] 28：Central London Reef [zh] 29：Pearson Reef [zh] 30：Barque Canada Reef [zh] 31：West London Reef [zh] 32：Ladd Reef 33：Discovery Great Reef [zh] 34：Pigeon Reef [zh] 35：East London Reef [zh] 36：Alison Reef [zh] 37：Cornwallis South Reef 38：Petley Reef [zh] 39：South Reef [zh] 40：Collins Reef 41：Lansdwone Reef [zh] 42：Bombay Castle 43：Prince of Wales Bank [zh] 44：Vanguard Bank [zh] 45：Prince Consort Bank [zh] 46：Grainger Bank [zh] 47：Alexandra Bank [zh] 48：Grainger Bank [zh] 49：Alexandra Bank [zh]  Malaysia 50：Swallow Reef 51：Ardasier Reef 52：Dallas Reef 53：Erica Reef 54：Investigator Shoal 55：Mariveles Reef  Brunei 56：Louisa Reef Island claims in the South China Sea Map of various countries occupying the Spratly Islands Several countries have made competing territorial claims over the South China Sea. Such disputes have been regarded as Asia's most potentially dangerous point of conflict. Both the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC, commonly known as Taiwan) claim almost the entire body as their own, demarcating their claims within what is known as the nine-dotted line, which claims overlap with virtually every other country in the region. Competing claims include: Indonesia, China, and Taiwan over waters NE of the Natuna Islands The Philippines, China, and Taiwan over Scarborough Shoal. Vietnam, China, and Taiwan over waters west of the Spratly Islands. Some or all of the islands themselves are also disputed between Vietnam, China, Taiwan, Brunei, Malaysia, and the Philippines. The Paracel Islands are disputed between China, Taiwan and Vietnam. Malaysia, Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam over areas in the Gulf of Thailand. Singapore and Malaysia along the Strait of Johore and the Strait of Singapore. China and Vietnam have both been vigorous in prosecuting their claims. China (various governments) and South Vietnam each controlled part of the Paracel Islands before 1974. A brief conflict in 1974 resulted in 18 Chinese and 53 Vietnamese deaths, and China has controlled the whole of Paracel since then. The Spratly Islands have been the site of a naval clash, in which over 70 Vietnamese sailors were killed just south of Chigua Reef in March 1988. Disputing claimants regularly report clashes between naval vessels.[citation needed] ASEAN in general, and Malaysia in particular, have been keen to ensure that the territorial disputes within the South China Sea do not escalate into armed conflict. As such, Joint Development Authorities have been set up in areas of overlapping claims to jointly develop the area and divide the profits equally without settling the issue of sovereignty over the area. This is true particularly in the Gulf of Thailand. Generally, China has preferred to resolve competing claims bilaterally,[30] while some ASEAN countries prefer multilateral talks,[31] believing that they are disadvantaged in bilateral negotiations with the much larger China and that because many countries claim the same territory only multilateral talks could effectively resolve the competing claims.[32] The overlapping claims over Pedra Branca or Pulau Batu Putih including the neighboring Middle Rocks by both Singapore and Malaysia were settled in 2008 by the International Court of Justice, awarding Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh to Singapore and the Middle Rocks to Malaysia. In July 2010, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton called for China to resolve the territorial dispute. China responded by demanding the US keep out of the issue. This came at a time when both countries had been engaging in naval exercises in a show of force to the opposing side, which increased tensions in the region.[citation needed] The US Department of Defense released a statement on August 18 where it opposed the use of force to resolve the dispute, and accused China of assertive behaviour.[33] On July 22, 2011, one of India's amphibious assault vessels, the INS Airavat which was on a friendly visit to Vietnam, was reportedly contacted at a distance of 45 nautical miles (83 km) from the Vietnamese coast in the disputed South China Sea on an open radio channel by a vessel identifying itself as the Chinese Navy and stating that the ship was entering Chinese waters.[34][35] The spokesperson for the Indian Navy clarified that as no ship or aircraft was visible from INS Airavat it proceeded on her onward journey as scheduled. The Indian Navy further clarified that "[t]here was no confrontation involving the INS Airavat. India supports freedom of navigation in international waters, including in the South China Sea, and the right of passage in accordance with accepted principles of international law. These principles should be respected by all."[34] In September 2011, shortly after China and Vietnam had signed an agreement seeking to contain a dispute over the South China Sea, India's state-run explorer, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) said that its overseas investment arm ONGC Videsh Limited had signed a three-year deal with PetroVietnam for developing long-term cooperation in the oil sector[36] and that it had accepted Vietnam's offer of exploration in certain specified blocks in the South China Sea.[37] In response, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Jiang Yu issued a protest.[38][39] The spokesman of the Ministry of External Affairs of the Government of India responded by saying that "The Chinese had concerns but we are going by what the Vietnamese authorities have told us and have conveyed this to the Chinese."[38] The Indo-Vietnamese deal was also denounced by the Chinese state-run newspaper Global Times.[37][39] Subi Reef being built by China and transformed into an artificial island, 2015 In 1999, Taiwan claimed the entirety of the South China Sea islands under the Lee Teng-hui administration.[40] The entire subsoil, seabed and waters of the Paracels and Spratlys are claimed by Taiwan.[41] In 2012 and 2013, Vietnam and Taiwan butted heads against each other over anti-Vietnamese military exercises by Taiwan.[42] In May 2014, China established an oil rig near the Paracel Islands, leading to multiple incidents between Vietnamese and Chinese ships.[43][44] In December 2018, retired Chinese admiral Luo Yuan proposed that a possible solution to tensions with the United States in the South China Sea would be to sink one or two United States Navy aircraft carriers to break US morale.[45][46][47][48] Also in December 2018, Chinese commentator and Senior Colonel in the People's Liberation Army Air Force, Dai Xu suggested that China's navy should ram United States Navy ships sailing in the South China Sea.[45][49] The US, although not a signatory to UNCLOS, has maintained its position that its naval vessels have consistently sailed unhindered through the South China Sea and will continue to do so.[50] At times US warships have come within the 12 nautical-mile limit of Chinese-controlled islands (such as the Paracel Islands), arousing China's ire.[51] During the US Chief of Naval Operations' visit to China in early 2019, he and his Chinese counterpart worked out rules of engagement, whenever American warships and Chinese warships met up on the high seas. On 26 June 2020, the 36th Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Summit was held virtually. Vietnam, as the Chairman of the Summit, released the Chairman's Statement. The Statement said the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is "the basis for determining maritime entitlements, sovereign rights, jurisdiction and legitimate interests over maritime zones, and the 1982 UNCLOS sets out the legal framework within which all activities in the oceans and seas must be carried out."[52] Military maneuver It was reported by VOA on 27 August 2020 that a  U.S . defense official said that the People's Liberation Army of China launched four medium-range ballistic missiles from mainland China into an area of the South China Sea.[53] 2016 ruling Main article: Philippines v. China In January 2013, the Philippines formally initiated arbitration proceedings against China's claim on the territories within the "Nine-Dash Line" that includes the Spratly Islands, which it said is unlawful under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).[54][55] On July 12, 2016, the Permanent Court of Arbitration backed the Philippines, saying that there was no evidence that China had historically exercised exclusive control over the waters or resources, hence there was "no legal basis for China to claim historic rights" over the nine-dash line.[56][57] The tribunal also criticized China's land reclamation projects and its construction of artificial islands in the Spratly Islands, saying that it had caused "severe harm to the coral reef environment".[58] A letter from the Chinese ambassador asserted that some foreign media, the Philippines and the arbitral tribunal are attempting to characterize Taiping island as a "rock" under UNCLOS, and therefore are not entitled to a 200-nautical-mile (370 km) exclusive economic zone.[59] China rejected the ruling, calling it "ill-founded".[60] Taiwan (ROC), which administers Taiping Island, the largest of the Spratly Islands, also rejected the ruling.[61][62] In March 2020, the Philippines expressed its concern about approximately 220 Chinese military vessels that were spotted in the disputed area.[63] See also Oceans portal East China Sea – A marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean between the south of Korea, the south of Kyushu, Japan, the Ryukyu islands and mainland China List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands South China Sea Islands Spratly Islands Spratly Islands dispute Territorial disputes in the South China Sea References ^ [1] ChinaPower, August 4, 2017. ^ A look at the top issues at Asian security meeting Associated Press, Robin McDowell, July 21, 2011. ^ Indonesia, B. B. C. "China Komentari Penamaan Laut Natuna Utara oleh Indonesia". detiknews. ^ Tønnesson, Stein (2005). "Locating the South China Sea". In Kratoska, Paul H.; Raben, Remco; Nordholt, Henk Schulte (eds.). Locating Southeast Asia: Geographies of Knowledge and Politics of Space. Singapore University Press. p. 204. ISBN 9971-69-288-0. The European name 'South China Sea' ... is a relic of the time when European seafarers and mapmakers saw this sea mainly as an access route to China ... European ships came, in the early 16th century, from Hindustan (India) ... The Portuguese captains saw the sea as the approach to this land of China and called it Mare da China. Then, presumably, when they later needed to distinguish between several China seas, they differentiated between the 'South China Sea', ... ^ a b c "Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition" (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. § 49. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2020. ^ a b c Shen, Jianming (2002). "China's Sovereignty over the South China Sea Islands: A Historical Perspective". Chinese Journal of International Law. 1 (1): 94–157. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cjilaw.a000432. ^ Chang, Chun-shu (2007). The Rise of the Chinese Empire: Nation, State, and Imperialism in Early China, ca. 1600 B.C. – A.D. 8. University of Michigan Press. pp. 263–264. ISBN 978-0-472-11533-4. ^ 華林甫 (Hua Linfu), 2006. 插圖本中國地名史話 (An illustrated history of Chinese place names). 齊鲁書社 (Qilu Publishing), page 197. ISBN 7533315464 ^ Bray, Adam (June 18, 2014). "The Cham: Descendants of Ancient Rulers of South China Sea Watch Maritime Dispute From Sidelines - The ancestors of Vietnam's Cham people built one of the great empires of Southeast Asia". National Geographic. ^ "VN and China pledge to maintain peace and stability in East Sea". Socialist Republic of Vietnam Government Web Portal. ^ "FM Spokesperson on FIR control over East Sea". Embassy of Vietnam in USA. March 11, 2001. ^ "The Map of Vietnam". Socialist Republic of Vietnam Government Web Portal. Archived from the original on 2006-10-06. ^ John Zumerchik; Steven Laurence Danver (2010). Seas and Waterways of the World: An Encyclopedia of History, Uses, and Issues. ABC-CLIO. p. 259. ISBN 978-1-85109-711-1. ^ Quismundo, Tarra (2011-06-13). "South China Sea renamed in the Philippines". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 2011-06-14. ^ "Administrative Order No. 29, s. 2012". Official Gazette. Government of the Philippines. September 5, 2012. Archived from the original on May 18, 2018. Retrieved May 14, 2018. ^ West Philippine Sea Limited To Exclusive Economic Zone, September 14, 2012, International Business Times ^ Prashanth Parameswaran (17 July 2017). "Why Did Indonesia Just Rename Its Part of the South China Sea?". The Diplomat. ^ Tom Allard; Bernadette Christina Munthe (14 July 2017). "Asserting sovereignty, Indonesia renames part of South China Sea". Reuters. ^ "IHO PUBLICATION S-23, Limits of Oceans and Seas, Draft 4th Edition, 1986". IHO. Archived from the original on 2016-04-12. Retrieved 2017-07-17. ^ a b "Limits of Ocean and Seas" (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. pp. 108–109. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-04-30. Retrieved 2017-07-17. ^ Trần Tất Thắng, Tống Duy Thanh, Vũ Khúc, Trịnh Dánh, Đào Đình Thục, Trần Văn Trị and Lê Duy Bách (2000). Lexicon of Geological Units of Viet Nam. Department of Geology and Mineral of Việt Nam.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Jon Erickson; Ernest Hathaway Muller (2009). Rock Formations and Unusual Geologic Structures: Exploring the Earth's Surface. Infobase Publishing. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-4381-0970-1. ^ "U.S. report details rich resources in South China Sea." (archived from the original on 2013-02-133) ^ Johnson, Keith (5 May 2014). "How Do You Say 'Drill, Baby, Drill' in Chinese?". www.foreignpolicy.com. AFP - Getty. Retrieved 6 May 2014. ^ AP (21 July 2019). "US concerned over China's 'interference' in South China Sea". Associated Press. Retrieved 21 July 2019. ^ Schearf, Daniel. "S. China Sea Dispute Blamed Partly on Depleted Fish Stocks." VOA, May 16, 2012. ^ DFA confirms arrest of 200 Filipino fishermen Archived 2016-08-25 at the Wayback Machine, December 1, 2014 Vietnam 'Deeply Concerned' by Indonesia's War on Illegal Fishing Archived 2016-08-28 at the Wayback Machine, August 21, 2015, The Diplomat. Jakarta sinks three Vietnamese fishing boats caught in its territorial waters, December 5, 2014 Indonesia sinks Vietnam fishing boats, 5 Dec 2014. Indonesia sinks 34 of its neighbors' boats to celebrate Independence Day, and Vietnam isn't happy, August 21, 2015. Indonesia sinks Vietnamese boats to stop illegal fishing, December 5, 2014 Indonesia sinks 3 Vietnamese boats, December 15, 2014. Indonesia sinks 106 foreign boats, October 30, 2015, The Jakarta Post Indonesia sinks 27 foreign boats to stop illegal fishing, 22 February 2016 Indonesia Could Sink 57 More Vessels in War on Illegal Fishing Archived 2016-08-22 at the Wayback Machine, January 08, 2016 ^ "China claims breakthrough in 'flammable ice'". 19 May 2017 – via www.bbc.com. ^ "China Taps Lode of 'Fire Ice' in South China Sea". ^ "Direct bilateral dialogue 'best way to solve disputes'". ^ Resolving S.China Sea disputes pivotal to stability: Clinton archived from the original on 2010-07-27) ^ Wong, Edward (February 5, 2010). "Vietnam Enlists Allies to Stave Off China's Reach". The New York Times. ^ Sinaga, Lidya Christin (2015). "China's Assertive Foreign Policy in South China Sea Under XI Jinping: Its Impact on United States and Australian Foreign Policy". Journal of ASEAN Studies. 3 (2): 133–149. doi:10.21512/jas.v3i2.770. ISSN 2338-1361. ^ a b "India-China face-off in South China Sea: Report". dna. 2 September 2011. ^ "South Asia Analysis Group". Archived from the original on 2012-03-30. ^ GatewayHouse (2015-06-11). "How India is Impacted by China's Assertiveness in the S. China Sea". Gateway House. Retrieved 2017-06-02. ^ a b Reuters Editorial (16 October 2011). "China paper warns India off Vietnam oil deal". Reuters India. ^ a b South Asia Analysis Group[ [2] Archived 2011-09-24 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Ananth Krishnan (15 September 2011). "China warns India on South China Sea exploration projects". The Hindu. ^ Taiwan sticks to its guns, to U.S. chagrin, July 14, 1999. ^ "Taiwan reiterates Paracel Islands sovereignty claim". Taipei Times. 11 May 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2016. ^ Photo: Taiwan military exercises with Vietnam as an imaginary enemy generals admit Taiping Island, September 5, 2012. Vietnam's angry at Taiwan as it stages live-fire drill in the Spratlys, 12 August 2012. Vietnam Demands Taiwan Cancel Spratly Island Live Fire, March 1, 2013. Taiwan unmoved by Vietnam's protest against Taiping drill, September 5, 2012 ^ "Q&A: South China Sea dispute". BBC News. 12 July 2016. ^ Bloomberg News (6 June 2014). "Vietnam Says China Still Ramming Boats, Airs Sinking Video". Bloomberg. Retrieved 6 June 2014. ^ a b Lockie, Alex (January 11, 2019). "China sets the stage for a 'bloody nose' attack on US aircraft carriers, but it would backfire horribly". Business Insider. ^ Hendrix, Jerry (January 4, 2019). "China should think twice before threatening to attack Americans". Fox News. ^ Chang, Gordon G. (December 31, 2018). "Forty Years After U.S. Recognition, China Is 'America's Greatest Foreign Policy Failure'". The Daily Beast. ^ "罗援少将在2018军工榜颁奖典礼与创新峰会上的演讲 - Major General Luo Yuan's speech at the 2018 Military Industry Awards Ceremony and Innovation Summit". kunlunce.com/. December 25, 2018. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved May 15, 2019. 现在美国有11艘航空母舰，我们是不是要发展12艘航母，才能跟美国抗衡呢？我觉得这种思路错了，我们不能搞军备竞赛。历史的经验告诉我们，美国最怕死人。我们现在有东风21D、东风26导弹，这是航母杀手锏，我们击沉它一艘航母，让它伤亡5000人/ Now there are 11 aircraft carriers in the United States. Do we want to develop 12 aircraft carriers to compete with the United States? I think this kind of thinking is wrong. We can't engage in an arms race. Historical experience tells us that the United States is most afraid of the dead. We now have Dongfeng 21D and Dongfeng 26 missiles. This is the aircraft carrier killer. If we sink an aircraft carrier, it will kill 5,000 people; if we sink two ships, we kill 10,000 people. ^ Deaeth, Duncan (December 8, 2018). "Senior Chinese military official urges PLAN to attack US naval vessels in S. China Sea". Taiwan News. ^ US Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral John M. Richardson, John M. Richardson: "Maintaining Maritime Superiority" on YouTube, Lecture at Atlantic Council's Scowcroft Center. / Feb 2019, minutes 38:22–41:25; 49:39–52:00. ^ Goelman, Zachary (7 January 2019). "U.S. Navy ship sails in disputed South China Sea amid trade talks with Beijing". Reuters. ^ B Pitlo III, Lucio. "ASEAN stops pulling punches over South China Sea". Archived from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2020. ^ Babb, Carla. "China Launches 4 Missiles into South China Sea". VOA. Archived from the original on 28 August 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020. ^ "Timeline: South China Sea dispute". Financial Times. 12 July 2016. ^ Beech, Hannah (11 July 2016). "China's Global Reputation Hinges on Upcoming South China Sea Court Decision". TIME. ^ "A UN-appointed tribunal dismisses China's claims in the South China Sea". The Economist. 12 July 2016. ^ Perlez, Jane (12 July 2016). "Beijing's South China Sea Claims Rejected by Hague Tribunal". The New York Times. ^ Tom Phillips, Oliver Holmes, Owen Bowcott (12 July 2016). "Beijing rejects tribunal's ruling in South China Sea case". The Guardian.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) ^ "The Republic of the Philippines v. The People's Republic of China" (PDF). Permanent Court of Arbitration. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2016. ^ "South China Sea: Tribunal backs case against China brought by Philippines". BBC. 12 July 2016. ^ Jun Mai, Shi Jiangtao (12 July 2016). "Taiwan-controlled Taiping Island is a rock, says international court in South China Sea ruling". South China Morning Post.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) ^ Chow, Jermyn (12 July 2016). "Taiwan rejects South China Sea ruling, says will deploy another navy vessel to Taiping". The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings Ltd. Co. ^ "Philippines accuses China of 'incursion' in disputed sea". 21 Mar 2021. Further reading Beckman, Robert et al. (eds.) (2013). Beyond Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea: Legal Frameworks for the Joint Development of Hydrocarbon Resources. Edward Elgar. ISBN 978-1-78195-593-2.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) Francois-Xavier Bonnet, Geopolitics of Scarborough Shoal, Irasec Discussion Paper 14, November 2012 C. Michael Hogan (2011) South China Sea Topic ed. P. Saundry. Ed.-in-chief C.J. Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC Clive Schofield et al., From Disputed Waters to Seas of Opportunity: Overcoming Barriers to Maritime Cooperation in East and Southeast Asia (July 2011) UNEP (2007). Review of the Legal Aspects of Environmental Management in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand. UNEP/GEF/SCS Technical Publication No. 9. Wang, Gungwu (2003). The Nanhai Trade: Early Chinese Trade in the South China Sea. Marshall Cavendish International. ISBN 9789812102416. Keyan Zou (2005). Law of the sea in East Asia: issues and prospects. London/New York: Rutledge Curzon. ISBN 0-415-35074-3 United States. Congress. (2014). Maritime Sovereignty in the East and South China Seas: Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces of the Committee on Armed Services Meeting Jointly with the Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific of the Committee on Foreign Affairs (Serial No. 113-137), House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, Second Session, Hearing held January 14, 2014 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to South China Sea. Wikinews has news related to: South China Sea ASEAN and the South China Sea: Deepening Divisions Q&A with Ian J. Storey (July 2012) Rising Tensions in the South China Sea, June 2011 Q&A with Ian J. 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