Constantine IV - Wikipedia Constantine IV From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search For other uses, see Constantine IV (disambiguation). Byzantine emperor (b. 652 d. 685) Constantine IV Emperor of the Romans Constantine IV, mosaic in basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna. Byzantine emperor Reign September 668 – September 685 Coronation c. 13 April 654[1] Predecessor Constans II Successor Justinian II Co-emperors Constans II (654–668) Tiberius (659–681) Heraclius (659–681) Justinian II (681–685) Born c. 652 Constantinople Died September 685 (aged 33)[2] Constantinople Burial Church of the Holy Apostles, Constantinople Spouse Anastasia Issue Justinian II Heraclius Dynasty Heraclian Father Constans II Mother Fausta Religion Chalcedonian Christianity Saint Constantine the New Holy and Right-Believing Emperor of the Romans Venerated in Eastern Orthodoxy[3] Major shrine Church of the Holy Apostles Feast 3 September Attributes Imperial attire Heraclian dynasty Chronology Heraclius 610–641 with Constantine III as co-emperor 613–641 Constantine III 641 with Heraklonas as co-emperor Heraklonas 641 with Tiberius and Constans II as co-emperors (September/October 641 – September/October 641) Constans II 641–668 with Constantine IV (654–668), Heraclius and Tiberius (659–668) as co-emperors Constantine IV 668–685 with Heraclius and Tiberius (668–681), and Justinian II (681–685) as co-emperors Justinian II 685–695, 705–711 with Tiberius as co-emperor 706–711 Succession Preceded by Justinian dynasty and Phocas Followed by Twenty Years' Anarchy v t e Constantine IV (Greek: Κωνσταντῖνος, romanized: Kōnstantinos; died 685), called the Younger (Greek: ὁ νέος, ho neos)[4][5] and sometimes incorrectly Pogonatos (Greek: Πωγωνάτος, "the Bearded") out of confusion with his father,[6] was Byzantine Emperor from 668 to 685. His reign saw the first serious check to nearly 50 years of uninterrupted Islamic expansion, while his calling of the Sixth Ecumenical Council saw the end of the monothelitism controversy in the Byzantine Empire; for this, he is venerated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church, with his feast day on September 3.[3] Contents 1 Early career 2 The Siege of Constantinople (674–678) 3 Later reign 4 Family 5 In art and popular culture 6 Sources 6.1 Primary sources 6.2 Secondary sources 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Early career[edit] The eldest son of Constans II, Constantine IV had been named a co-emperor with his father in 654.[7] He had been given the responsibility of managing the affairs at Constantinople during his father's extended absence in Italy[citation needed] and became senior Emperor when Constans was assassinated in 668.[8] His mother was Fausta, daughter of patrician Valentinus.[9] The first task before the new Emperor was the suppression of the military revolt in Sicily under Mezezius which had led to his father's death.[10] Within seven months of his accession, Constantine IV had dealt with the insurgency with the support of Pope Vitalian,[11] but this success was overshadowed by troubles in the east. As early as 668 the Caliph Muawiyah I received an invitation from Saborios, the commander of the troops in Armenia, to help overthrow the Emperor at Constantinople.[12] He sent an army under his son Yazid against the Byzantine Empire. Yazid reached Chalcedon and took the important Byzantine center Amorion.[13] While the city was quickly recovered, the Arabs next attacked Carthage and Sicily in 669.[14] In 670 the Arabs captured Cyzicus and set up a base from which to launch further attacks into the heart of the Empire.[8] Their fleet captured Smyrna and other coastal cities in 672.[15] Finally, in 672, the Arabs sent a large fleet to attack Constantinople by sea.[15] While Constantine was distracted by this, the Slavs laid siege to Thessalonica.[8] The Siege of Constantinople (674–678)[edit] Main article: Siege of Constantinople (674–678) Coin issued by Constantine. Commencing in 674, the Arabs launched the long-awaited siege of Constantinople. The great fleet that had been assembled set sail under the command of Abdu'l-Rahman ibn Abu Bakr[14] before the end of the year; during the winter months some of the ships anchored at Smyrna, the rest off the coast of Cilicia.[14] Additional squadrons reinforced the forces of Abd ar-Rahman before they proceeded to the Hellespont, into which they sailed in about April 674.[14] From April to September 674 the fleet lay moored from the promontory of Hebdomon, on the Propontis, as far as the promontory of Kyklobion, near the Golden Gate, and throughout those months continued to engage with the Byzantine fleet which defended the harbour from morning to evening.[14] Knowing that it was only a matter of time before Constantinople was under siege, Constantine had ensured that the city was well provisioned.[14] He also constructed a large number of fireships and fast-sailing boats provided with tubes or siphons for squirting fire. This is the first known use of Greek fire in combat,[15] which was one of the key advantages that the Byzantines possessed. In September the Arabs, having failed in their attempts to take the city, sailed to Cyzicus, which they made their winter quarters.[16] Over the following five years, the Arabs returned each spring to continue the siege of Constantinople, but with the same results.[14] The city survived, and finally in 678 the Arabs were forced to raise the siege. The Arabs withdrew and were almost simultaneously defeated on land in Lycia in Anatolia.[8] This unexpected reverse forced Muawiyah I to seek a truce with Constantine. The terms of the concluded truce required the Arabs to evacuate the islands they had seized in the Aegean, and to pay an annual tribute to the Emperor consisting of fifty slaves, fifty horses, and 300,000 nomismata.[16] The raising of the siege allowed Constantine to go to the relief of Thessalonica, still under siege from the Sclaveni.[8] Later reign[edit] A solidus showing Constantine and his brothers, minted before 681 when the latter were mutilated. With the temporary passing of the Arab threat, Constantine turned his attention to the Church, which was torn between Monothelitism and Orthodoxy.[17] In November 680 Constantine convened the Sixth Ecumenical Council (also known as the Third Council of Constantinople).[8] Constantine presided in person during the formal aspects of the proceedings (the first eleven sittings and then the eighteenth), surrounded by his court officials, but he took no active role in the theological discussions.[18] The Council reaffirmed the Orthodox doctrines of the Council of Chalcedon in 451.[citation needed] This solved the controversy over monothelitism; conveniently for the Empire, most monothelites were now under the control of the Umayyad Caliphate.[8] The council closed in September 681.[19] Due to the ongoing conflicts with the Arabs during the 670s, Constantine had been forced to conclude treaties in the west with the Lombards, who had captured Brindisi and Taranto.[20] Also in 680, the Bulgars under Khan Asparukh crossed the Danube into nominally Imperial territory and began to subjugate the local communities and Slavic tribes.[8] In 680, Constantine IV led a combined land and sea operation against the invaders and besieged their fortified camp in Dobruja.[21] Suffering from bad health, the Emperor had to leave the army, which panicked and was defeated by the Bulgars.[22] In 681, Constantine was forced to acknowledge the Bulgar state in Moesia and to pay tribute/protection money to avoid further inroads into Byzantine Thrace.[17] Consequently, Constantine created the Theme of Thrace.[20] His brothers Heraclius and Tiberius had been crowned with him as Augusti during the reign of their father,[23] and this was confirmed by the demand of the populace,[24] but in 681 Constantine had them mutilated by slitting their noses so they would be considered ineligible to rule.[8] At the same time he associated on the throne his own young son Justinian II. Constantine died of dysentery in September 685.[25] Family[edit] By his wife Anastasia, Constantine IV had at least two sons: Justinian II, who succeeded him as emperor Heraclius, known only from an episode in which his father sent locks of his and his brother's hair to Pope Benedict II.[26][27] In art and popular culture[edit] Constantine IV was portrayed by Iossif Surchadzhiev in the 1981 Bulgarian movie Aszparuh, directed by Ludmil Staikov. Constantine IV is the subject of the song "Imperator" ("Emperor"), released by the Bulgarian heavy metal band Epizod in their 2012 album Moyata molitva ("My prayer"). Sources[edit] Primary sources[edit] Theophanes the Confessor, Chronographia. Secondary sources[edit] Bury, J.B., A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene, Vol. II, MacMillan & Co., 1889 Garland, Lynda, "Anastasia (Wife of Constantine IV)". De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors. 15 July 2000. Retrieved 27 February 2019. Gibbon, Edward (1827). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. 6. Oxford: William Pickering. Grumel, Venance. "Quel est l'empereur Constantin le nouveau commémoré dans le Synaxaire au 3 septembre?." Analecta Bollandiana 84.1–2 (1966): 254–260. doi:10.1484/J.ABOL.4.02605 Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991), Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6 Meyendorff, John (1989). Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450-680 A.D. The Church in history. 2. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 978-0-88-141056-3. Moore, R. Scott, "Constantine IV (668 -685 A.D.)", De Imperatoribus Romanis (1997) Norwich, John Julius (1990), Byzantium: The Early Centuries, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-011447-5 Ostrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Treadgold, Warren. A History of the Byzantine State and Society (Stanford University Press, 1997) ISBN 0-8047-2630-2 Zuckerman, C. (1995). "A Gothia in the Hellespont in the Early Eighth Century". Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. 19 (1): 234–242. doi:10.1179/030701395790836649. See also[edit] Byzantine Empire portal List of Byzantine emperors References[edit] ^ PBW, "Konstantinos IV". ^ 10 July 685 according to the Chronicon Altinate ^ a b September 3/September 16. Orthodox Calendar (PRAVOSLAVIE.RU). ^ Zuckerman 1995. ^ Grumel 1966. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGrumel1966 (help) ^ Norwich, p. 316 ^ Kazhdan, p. 500 ^ a b c d e f g h i Moore, Constantine IV ^ Kazhdan, p. 496 ^ Bury, p. 303 ^ Bury, p. 315 ^ Bury, p. 306 ^ Bury, p. 307 ^ a b c d e f g Bury, p. 310 ^ a b c Norwich, p. 323 ^ a b Norwich, p. 324 ^ a b Norwich, p. 326 ^ Bury, p. 317 ^ Bury, p. 316 ^ a b Kazhdan, p. 501 ^ Bury, pp.333-334 ^ Norwich, p. 325 ^ Dumbarton Oaks, Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection, Vol. II, Part 2 (1968), p. 513 ^ Bury, p. 308 ^ Norwich, p. 327 ^ Garland, 2000 ^ Gibbon 1827, p. 99. External links[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Konstantinos IV. Constantine IV Heraclian Dynasty Born: 652 Died: 685 Regnal titles Preceded by Constans II Byzantine Emperor 15 September 668 – September 685 with Constans II, 654–668 Heraclius and Tiberius, 659–681 Succeeded by Justinian II v t e Roman and Byzantine emperors and ruling empresses Principate 27 BC – AD 235 Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Titus Domitian Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius Lucius Verus Commodus Pertinax Didius Julianus (Pescennius Niger) (Clodius Albinus) Septimius Severus Caracalla Geta Macrinus Diadumenian Elagabalus Severus Alexander Crisis 235–285 Maximinus Thrax Gordian I Gordian II Pupienus Balbinus Gordian III Philip the Arab Philip II Decius Herennius Etruscus Hostilian Trebonianus Gallus Volusianus Aemilianus Valerian Gallienus Saloninus Claudius Gothicus Quintillus Aurelian Ulpia Severina Tacitus Florian Probus Carus Carinus Numerian Gallic emperors Postumus (Laelianus) Marius Victorinus (Domitianus II) Tetricus I with Tetricus II as caesar Palmyrene emperors Vaballathus Zenobia Septimius Antiochus Dominate 284–395 Diocletian Maximian Galerius Constantius I Severus Constantine the Great Maxentius Licinius Maximinus Daza (Valerius Valens) (Martinian) Constantine II Constantius II Constans I Magnentius Vetranio Julian Jovian Valentinian I (west) Valens (east) Gratian (west) Valentinian II (west) Theodosius I Magnus Maximus Victor (Eugenius) Western Empire 395–480 Honorius Constantine III with son Constans II Constantius III Joannes Valentinian III Petronius Maximus Avitus Majorian Libius Severus Anthemius Olybrius Glycerius Julius Nepos Romulus Augustulus Eastern/ Byzantine Empire 395–1204 Arcadius Theodosius II Marcian Leo I Leo II Zeno Basiliscus Marcus Anastasius I Dicorus Justin I Justinian I Justin II Tiberius II Constantine Maurice with son Theodosius as co-emperor Phocas Heraclius Constantine III Heraklonas Constans II Constantine IV with brothers Heraclius and Tiberius and then Justinian II as co-emperors Justinian II (first reign) Leontios Tiberius III Justinian II (second reign) with son Tiberius as co-emperor Philippikos Anastasios II Theodosius III Leo III the Isaurian Constantine V Artabasdos Leo IV the Khazar Constantine VI Irene Nikephoros I Staurakios Michael I Rangabe with son Theophylact as co-emperor Leo V the Armenian with Symbatios-Constantine as junior emperor Michael II the Amorian Theophilos Michael III Basil I the Macedonian Leo VI the Wise Alexander Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos Romanos I Lekapenos with sons Christopher, Stephen and Constantine as junior co-emperors Romanos II Nikephoros II Phokas John I Tzimiskes Basil II Constantine VIII Zoë (first reign) and Romanos III Argyros Zoë (first reign) and Michael IV the Paphlagonian Michael V Kalaphates Zoë (second reign) with Theodora Zoë (second reign) and Constantine IX Monomachos Constantine IX Monomachos (sole emperor) Theodora Michael VI Bringas Isaac I Komnenos Constantine X Doukas Romanos IV Diogenes Michael VII Doukas with brothers Andronikos and Konstantios and son Constantine Nikephoros III Botaneiates Alexios I Komnenos John II Komnenos with Alexios Komnenos as co-emperor Manuel I Komnenos Alexios II Komnenos Andronikos I Komnenos with John Komnenos as co-emperor Isaac II Angelos Alexios III Angelos Alexios IV Angelos Nicholas Kanabos (chosen by the Senate) Alexios V Doukas Empire of Nicaea 1204–1261 Constantine Laskaris Theodore I Laskaris John III Doukas Vatatzes Theodore II Laskaris John IV Laskaris Byzantine Empire 1261–1453 Michael VIII Palaiologos Andronikos II Palaiologos with Michael IX Palaiologos as co-emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos John V Palaiologos John VI Kantakouzenos with John V Palaiologos and Matthew Kantakouzenos as co-emperors John V Palaiologos Andronikos IV Palaiologos John VII Palaiologos Andronikos V Palaiologos Manuel II Palaiologos John VIII Palaiologos Constantine XI Palaiologos Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, while 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Other Faceted Application of Subject Terminology SUDOC (France) 1 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantine_IV&oldid=1021056426" Categories: 7th-century Byzantine emperors Heraclian Dynasty Byzantine people of the Arab–Byzantine wars Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars 652 births 685 deaths Deaths from dysentery Porphyrogennetoi 660s in the Byzantine Empire 670s in the Byzantine Empire 680s in the Byzantine Empire Burials at the Church of the Holy Apostles Sons of Byzantine emperors Hidden categories: Harv and Sfn no-target errors Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles containing Greek-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Commons category link is on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia 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