Pliny the Younger - Wikipedia





	
	

	
	

	Pliny the Younger

	
		From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

		

		

		
		

		Jump to navigation
		Jump to search
		Roman lawyer, author and magistrate (61 – c.113)




	Pliny the Younger

	Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus

	Statue of Pliny the Younger on the facade of Cathedral of S. Maria Maggiore in Como

	Born	Gaius Caecilius Cilo

61 AD
Como

	Died	c. 113 AD (aged approximately 52)
Bithynia

	Occupation	Politician, judge, author
	Parents		Lucius Caecilius Cilo (father)
	Plinia Marcella (mother)





Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus, born Gaius Caecilius or Gaius Caecilius Cilo (61 – c. 113), better known as Pliny the Younger (/ˈplɪni/),[1] was a lawyer, author, and magistrate of Ancient Rome. Pliny's uncle, Pliny the Elder, helped raise and educate him.

Pliny the Younger wrote hundreds of letters, of which 247 survive, and which are of great historical value. Some are addressed to reigning emperors or to notables such as the historian Tacitus. Pliny served as an imperial magistrate under Trajan (reigned 98–117),[2] and his letters to Trajan provide one of the few surviving records of the relationship between the imperial office and provincial governors.[3]

Pliny rose through a series of civil and military offices, the cursus honorum. He was a friend of the historian Tacitus and might have employed the biographer Suetonius on his staff. Pliny also came into contact with other well-known men of the period, including the philosophers Artemidorus and Euphrates the Stoic, during his time in Syria.[4]


Contents


	1 Background
	1.1 Childhood
	1.2 Marriages
	1.3 Death



	2 Career
	2.1 Career summary



	3 Writings
	3.1 Epistulae
	3.1.1 Letters concerning the eruption of Mount Vesuvius
	3.1.2 Epistle concerning the Christian religion
	3.1.3 Letter concerning strategic voting



	3.2 Manuscripts



	4 Villas, farms and estates
	5 See also
	6 References
	7 Further reading
	8 External links





Background[edit]

Childhood[edit]

  
Como and Lake Como in 1834, painted by Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot



Pliny the Younger was born in Novum Comum (Como, Northern Italy) around 61 AD, the son of Lucius Caecilius Cilo, born there, and his wife Plinia Marcella, a sister of Pliny the Elder.[5] He was the grandson of Senator and landowner Gaius Caecilius, revered his uncle, Pliny the Elder (who at this time was extremely famous around the Roman Empire), and provided sketches of how his uncle worked on the Naturalis Historia.[6]

Cilo died at an early age, when Pliny was still young.  As a result, the boy probably lived with his mother. His guardian and preceptor in charge of his education was Lucius Verginius Rufus,[7] famed for quelling a revolt against Nero in 68 AD. After being first tutored at home, Pliny went to Rome for further education. There he was taught rhetoric by Quintilian, a great teacher and author, and Nicetes Sacerdos of Smyrna. It was at this time that Pliny became closer to his uncle Pliny the Elder. When Pliny the Younger was 17 or 18, his uncle Pliny the Elder died attempting to rescue victims of the Vesuvius eruption, and the terms of the Elder Pliny's will passed his estate to his nephew. In the same document, the younger Pliny was adopted by his uncle. As a result, Pliny the Younger changed his name from Gaius Caecilius Cilo to Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus (his official title was Gaius Plinius Luci filius Caecilius Secundus).[8]


  
 The Younger Pliny Reproved, colourized copperplate print by Thomas Burke (1749–1815)



There is some evidence that Pliny had a sibling. A memorial erected in Como (now CIL V, 5279) repeats the terms of a will by which the aedile Lucius Caecilius Cilo, son of Lucius, established a fund, the interest of which was to buy oil (used for soap) for the baths of the people of Como. The trustees are apparently named in the inscription: "L. Caecilius Valens and P. Caecilius Secundus, sons of Lucius, and the contubernalis Lutulla." The word contubernalis describing Lutulla is the military term meaning "tent-mate", which can only mean that she was living with Lucius, not as his wife. The first man mentioned, L. Caecilius Valens, is probably the older son. Pliny the Younger confirms[9] that he was a trustee for the largesse "of my ancestors". It seems unknown to Pliny the Elder, so Valens' mother was probably not his sister Plinia; perhaps Valens was Lutulla's son from an earlier relationship.[citation needed]


Marriages[edit]

Pliny the Younger married three times, firstly, when he was very young (about 18), to a stepdaughter of Veccius Proculus, who died at age 37; secondly, at an unknown date, to the daughter of Pompeia Celerina; and thirdly to Calpurnia, daughter of Calpurnius and granddaughter of Calpurnius Fabatus of Comum. Letters survive in which Pliny recorded this last marriage taking place, his attachment to Calpurnia, and his sadness when she miscarried their child.[10]


Death[edit]

Pliny is thought to have died suddenly during his convention  in Bithynia-Pontus, around 113 AD, since no events referred to in his letters date later than that.[11]


Career[edit]

Pliny was by birth of equestrian rank, that is, a member of the aristocratic order of equites (knights), the lower (beneath the senatorial order) of the two Roman aristocratic orders that monopolised senior civil and military offices during the early Empire. His career began at the age of 18 and initially followed a normal equestrian route. But, unlike most equestrians, he achieved entry into the upper order by being elected Quaestor in his late twenties.[12] (See Career summary below.)

Pliny was active in the Roman legal system, especially in the sphere of the Roman centumviral court, which dealt with inheritance cases. Later, he was a well-known prosecutor and defender at the trials of a series of provincial governors, including Baebius Massa, governor of Baetica; Marius Priscus, governor of Africa; Gaius Caecilius Classicus, governor of Baetica; and most ironically in light of his later appointment to this province, Gaius Julius Bassus and Varenus Rufus, both governors of Bithynia and Pontus.[13]

Pliny's career is commonly considered as a summary of the main Roman public charges and is the best-documented example from this period, offering proof for many aspects of imperial culture. Effectively, Pliny crossed all the principal fields of the organization of the early Roman Empire. It is an achievement for a man to have not only survived the reigns of several disparate emperors, especially the much-detested Domitian, but also to have risen in rank throughout.[14]


Career summary[edit]

	c. 81	One of the presiding judges in the centumviral court (decemvir litibus iudicandis)

	c. 81	Tribunus militum (staff officer) of Legio III Gallica in Syria, probably for six months

	80s	Officer of the noble order of knights (sevir equitum Romanorum)

	Later 80s	Entered the Senate

	88 or 89	Quaestor attached to the Emperor's staff (quaestor imperatoris)

	91	Tribune of the People (tribunus plebis)

	93	Praetor

	94–96	Prefect of the military treasury (praefectus aerarii militaris)

	98–100	Prefect of the treasury of Saturn (praefectus aerari Saturni)

	100	Suffect consul with Cornutus Tertullus

	103–104	Publicly elected Augur

	104–106	Superintendent for the banks of the Tiber (curator alvei Tiberis)

	104–107	Three times a member of Trajan's judicial council.

	110	The imperial governor (legatus Augusti) of Bithynia et Pontus province



Writings[edit]

Pliny wrote his first work, a tragedy in Greek, at age 14.[15] Additionally, in the course of his life, he wrote numerous poems, most of which are lost. He was also known as a notable orator; though he professed himself a follower of Cicero, Pliny's prose was more magniloquent and less direct than Cicero's.

Pliny's only oration that now survives is the Panegyricus Traiani. This was delivered in the Senate in 100 and is a description of Trajan's figure and actions in an adulatory and emphatic form, especially contrasting him with the Emperor Domitian. It is, however, a relevant document that reveals many details about the Emperor's actions in several fields of his administrative power such as taxes, justice, military discipline, and commerce. Recalling the speech in one of his letters, Pliny shrewdly defines his own motives thus:


I hoped in the first place to encourage our Emperor in his virtues by a sincere tribute and, secondly, to show his successors what path to follow to win the same renown, not by offering instruction but by setting his example before them. To proffer advice on an Emperor's duties might be a noble enterprise, but it would be a heavy responsibility verging on insolence, whereas to praise an excellent ruler (optimum principem) and thereby shine a beacon on the path posterity should follow would be equally effective without appearing presumptuous.[16]


Epistulae[edit]

Main article: Epistulae (Pliny)

  
Eruption of Vesuvius, 1826 painting by I.C. Dahl



The largest surviving body of Pliny's work is his Epistulae (Letters), a series of personal missives directed to his friends and associates. These letters are a unique testimony of Roman administrative history and everyday life in the 1st century AD. Especially noteworthy among the letters are two in which he describes the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in October 79, during which his uncle Pliny the Elder died (Epistulae VI.16, VI.20), and one in which he asks the Emperor for instructions regarding official policy concerning Christians (Epistulae X.96).


Letters concerning the eruption of Mount Vesuvius[edit]

Pliny wrote the two letters describing the eruption of Mount Vesuvius approximately 25 years after the event, and both were sent in response to the request of his friend, the historian Tacitus, who wanted to know more about Pliny the Elder's death. The two letters have great historical value due to their accurate description of the Vesuvius eruption; Pliny's attention to detail in the letters about Vesuvius is so keen that modern volcanologists describe those types of eruptions as "Plinian eruptions".[17]


Epistle concerning the Christian religion[edit]

Main article: Pliny the Younger on Christians

As the Roman governor of Bithynia-Pontus (now in modern Turkey) Pliny wrote a letter to Emperor Trajan around 112 AD and asked for counsel on dealing with Christians. In the letter (Epistulae X.96), Pliny detailed an account of how he conducted trials of suspected Christians who appeared before him as a result of anonymous accusations and asked for the Emperor's guidance on how they should be treated.[18] Pliny had never performed a legal investigation of Christians and thus consulted Trajan in order to be on solid ground regarding his actions. Pliny saved his letters and Trajan's replies[19] and these are the earliest surviving Roman documents to refer to early Christians.[20]


Letter concerning strategic voting[edit]

Voting theorists and historians of the social choice note Pliny’s first-of-its-kind analysis of strategic voting, when voters declare false preferences in order to thwart the election of competitors to favorites.[21][22][23]
On June 24, 105, Pliny wrote a letter to Titius Aristo,[24] where he describes a Senate debate on the choice of sentence for a crime: execution, exile or leniency. Since the Senate procedure was designed for two alternatives only, the three options enabled to manipulate the outcome by choosing the order of pairwise votes. For detailed analysis of Pliny’s argument see.[25]


Manuscripts[edit]

The first – incomplete – edition of Pliny's Epistles was published in Italy in 1471. Sometime between 1495 and 1500 Giovanni Giocondo discovered a manuscript in Paris of Pliny's tenth book of letters, containing his correspondence with Trajan, and published it in Paris, dedicating the work to Louis XII. The first complete edition was produced by the press of Aldus Manutius in 1508.[26] (See Editio princeps for details.)


Villas, farms and estates[edit]

  
View of Bellagio in Lake Como. The institution on the hill is Villa Serbelloni, believed to have been constructed on the site of Pliny's villa "Tragedy."



Being wealthy, Pliny owned many villas and wrote in detail about his villa near Ostia, at Laurentium.[27] Others were the one in Lake Como named "Tragedy" because of its location high on a hill,[clarification needed] and, on the shore of the lake, "Comedy," so called because it was sited low down.[28] Pliny's main estate in Italy was in the north of Umbria, by Tifernum Tiberinum, under the passes of Bocca Trabaria and Bocca Serriola, where wood was harvested for Roman ships and sent to Rome via the Tiber.[29]

According to G. E. M. de Ste. Croix, as a response to "declining returns from his north Italian farms", Pliny begins to contemplate switching the administration of his estate to a sharecropping system called colonia partiaria. Under the sharecropping system Pliny's slaves would act as overseers. Ste. Croix speculated this may have been an intermediary period before serfdom fully replaces slavery in later centuries.[30]


See also[edit]

	Herculaneum
	Misenum
	Pompeii
	Stabiae


References[edit]


	^ Melvyn Bragg (December 12, 2013). "Pliny the Younger". In Our Time (Podcast). BBC Radio 4. Retrieved January 26, 2020.

	^ 
Bennett, Julian (1997). Trajan: Optimus Princeps: A Life and Times. New York & London: Routledge. pp. 113–125.

	^ 
John W. Roberts, ed. (2007). "Pliny the Younger". The Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192801463. Retrieved March 24, 2014. The tenth bk. of letters contains all of Pliny's correspondence with Trajan. [...] The provincial letters are the only such dossier surviving entire, and are a major source for understanding Roman provincial government. (subscription required)

	^ 
Shelton, Jo-Ann (2013). The Women of Pliny's Letters. Women of the Ancient World Series. New York, NY: Rutledge. pp. 159–161. ISBN 978-0-203-09812-7.

	^ 
Salway, B. (1994). Journal of Roman Studies. 84. pp. 124–145.

	^ Pliny Letters 3.5.8–12. See English translation (Plinius the Elder (2)) and Latin text (C. PLINII CAECILII SECVNDI EPISTVLARVM LIBER TERTIVS).

	^ Pliny Letters 2.1.1. See English translation ([1]).

	^ 
Radice, Betty (1975). The Letters of the Younger Pliny. Penguin Classics. p. 13.

	^ 
"I.8, To Saturninus". Letters. I am compelled to the discourse of my own largesse, as well as those of my ancestors.

	^ 
Pliny. Letters. p. 8.10.

	^ 
Hurley, Donna.W (2011). Suetonius The Caesars. Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company. pp. x. ISBN 978-1-60384-313-3.

	^ Cf. Pliny: A Self-Portrait in Letters, The Folio Society, London (1978), Intro. pp.9–11

	^ Cf. Pliny: A Self-Portrait in Letters, Intro. pp.10–16

	^ Cf. op. cit., Intro. p.15-18

	^ "quin etiam quattuordecim natus annos Graecam tragoediam scripsi.": Epistulae VII. iv

	^ Epistulae III. xviii, here translated by Betty Radice, The Letters of the Younger Pliny, Penguin Classics (1975), p. 104

	^ 
"VHP Photo Glossary: Plinian eruption". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved June 8, 2010.

	^ The Early Christian Church Volume 1 by Philip Carrington (2011) 
ISBN 0521166411 Cambridge Univ Press p. 429

	^  Pagan Rome and the Early Christians by Stephen Benko (1986) 
ISBN 0253203856 pp. 5–7

	^ 
St. Croix, G.E.M (November 1963). "Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted?". Past & Present. 26 (26): 6–38. doi:10.1093/past/26.1.6. JSTOR 649902.

	^ 
McLean, Iain; Urken, Arnold Bernard; Hewitt, Fiona, eds. (1995). Classics of social choice. Ann Arbor MI: University of Michigan Press. doi:10.3998/MPUB.12736. ISBN 9780472104505. S2CID 142220732.

	^ 
Nurmi, Hannu (1999). Voting paradoxes and how to deal with them. Berlin: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-03782-9. ISBN 978-3-642-08551-2. S2CID 2488394.

	^ 
Gehrlein, William V.; Lepelley, Dominique (2011). Voting paradoxes and group coherence. Berlin: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03107-6. ISBN 9783642031076. S2CID 124511799.

	^ 
Letters by Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus. Book 8. Retrieved January 10, 2021.

	^ 
Tangian, Andranik (2020). "Pliny's logical analysis of a Senate hearing". Analytical theory of democracy. Vol. 1. Studies in Choice and Welfare. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp. 59–62. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39691-6. ISBN 978-3-030-39690-9.

	^ "Iohannem Iucundum architectum illum Veronensem, quem annos 1494–1506 in Gallia egisse novimus, codicem decem librorum Parisiis invenisse testis est Gulielmus Budaeus...Eodem ferme tempore Venetias ad Aldum Manutium editionem suam parantem, quae anno 1508 proditura erat, epistulas ex eodem vetustissimo codice descriptas misit ipse Iucundus." (R.A.B. Mynors, C. Plini Caecili Secundi Epistularum Libri Decem, Oxford University Press (1976), Praefatio xviii–xix

	^ Letter 2.17

	^ 
de la Ruffinière Du Prey, Pierre (1994). The villas of Pliny from antiquity to posterity (illustrated ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-226-17300-9.

	^ Letter 4.1

	^ 
Byres, T. J. (1983). Sharecropping and Sharecroppers. /pl: Frank Cass. p. 7. ISBN 1135780021. Retrieved August 4, 2019.





Further reading[edit]

	
Bell, Albert A. (1989). "A Note on Revision and Authenticity in Pliny's Letters". American Journal of Philology. 110 (3): 460–466. doi:10.2307/295220. JSTOR 295220.
	
Bell, Albert A. (2002). All Roads Lead to Murder: A Case from the Notebooks of Pliny the Younger. High Country Publishers. ISBN 978-0-9713045-3-6.
	
Dobson, E.S. (1982). "Pliny the Younger's Depiction of Women". Classical Bulletin. 58: 81–85.
	
Simon Hornblower and Anthony Spawforth, ed. (2003) [1949]. Oxford Classical Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860641-9.
	
Radice, Betty (1963). The Letters of the Younger Pliny. London: Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-044127-7.
	
Radice, Betty (1968). "Pliny and the Panegyricus". Greece & Rome. 15 (2): 166–172. doi:10.1017/S0017383500017514. JSTOR 642428.
	
Sands, John Edwin (1911). "Pliny the Younger".  In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 844–846.
	
Sherwin-White, A.N. (1966). The Letters of Pliny: A Social and Historical Commentary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-814435-0.
	
Sherwin-White, A.N. (1969). "Pliny, the Man and his Letters". Greece & Rome. Cambridge University Press. 16 (1): 76–90. doi:10.1017/S0017383500016375. JSTOR 642902.
	Stadler, Thiago David (2013). O Império romano em cartas: glórias romanas em papel e tinta (Plínio, o Jovem e Trajano 98/113 d.C.). Curitiba: Juruá Editora.
	
Stout, Selatie Edgar (1962). Plinius, Epistulae: A Critical Edition. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
	
Syme, Ronald (1968). "People in Pliny". Journal of Roman Studies. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies. 58 (1 & 2): 135–151. doi:10.2307/299703. JSTOR 299703.
	
Wilken, Robert L. (1984). "Pliny: A Roman Gentleman" in The Christians as the Romans saw Them. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.


External links[edit]

	Library resources about 
 Pliny the Younger 

	
	Online books
	Resources in your library
	Resources in other libraries


	
By Pliny the Younger
	
	Online books
	Resources in your library
	Resources in other libraries




	 Media related to Plinius Minor at Wikimedia Commons
	 Quotations related to Pliny the Younger at Wikiquote
	 Works written by or about Pliny the Younger at Wikisource
	Works by Pliny the Younger at Perseus Digital Library
	Works by Pliny the Younger at Project Gutenberg
	Works by or about Pliny the Younger at Internet Archive
	Works by Pliny the Younger at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) 
	Letters of Pliny the Younger – translation at attalus.org (in English)
	The younger Pliny's works at the Latin Library (in Latin)
	Detailed biography at livius.org


	Political offices

	Preceded by
Quintus Acutius Nerva,
and Lucius Fabius Tuscus
as suffect consul
	 Suffect Consul of the Roman Empire
100
with Gaius Julius Cornutus Tertullus
	Succeeded by
Lucius Roscius Aelianus Maecius Celer,
and Tiberius Claudius Sacerdos Julianus
as suffect consul



		v
	t
	e


Ancient Rome topics

	
	Outline
	Timeline




	History	
	
	Foundation
	Kingdom
	overthrow


	Republic




	Empire	
	History
	Pax Romana
	Principate
	Dominate
	Western Empire
	fall
	historiography of the fall


	Byzantine Empire
	decline
	fall









	Constitution	
	History
	Kingdom
	Republic
	Empire
	Late Empire
	Senate
	Legislative assemblies
	Curiate
	Centuriate
	Tribal
	Plebeian


	Executive magistrates
	SPQR




	Law	
	Twelve Tables
	Mos maiorum
	Citizenship
	Auctoritas
	Imperium
	Status
	Litigation




	Government	
	Curia
	Forum
	Cursus honorum
	Collegiality
	Emperor
	Legatus
	Dux
	Officium
	Prefect
	Vicarius
	Vigintisexviri
	Lictor
	Magister militum
	Imperator
	Princeps senatus
	Pontifex maximus
	Augustus
	Caesar
	Tetrarch
	Optimates
	Populares
	Province




	Magistrates	
	Ordinary	
	Consul
	Censor
	Praetor
	Tribune
	Tribune of the plebs
	Military tribune
	Quaestor
	Aedile
	Promagistrate
	Governor




	Extraordinary	
	Rex
	Interrex
	Dictator
	Magister equitum
	Decemviri
	Consular tribune
	Triumvir







	Military	
	History
	Borders
	Establishment
	Structure
	Campaigns
	Political control
	Strategy
	Engineering
	Frontiers and fortifications
	castra


	Technology
	Army
	Legion
	Infantry tactics
	Personal equipment
	Siege engines


	Navy
	Auxiliaries
	Decorations and punishments
	Hippika gymnasia




	Economy	
	Agriculture
	Deforestation
	Commerce
	Finance
	Currency
	Republican currency
	Imperial currency




	Culture	
	Architecture
	Art
	Bathing
	Calendar
	Clothing
	Cosmetics
	Cuisine
	Education
	Folklore
	Hairstyles
	Literature
	Music
	Mythology
	Religion
	Deities


	Romanization
	Romans
	Sexuality
	Theatre
	Wine




	Society	
	Patricians
	Plebs
	Conflict of the Orders
	Secessio plebis
	Equites
	Gens
	Tribes
	Assembly


	Naming conventions
	Demography
	Women
	Marriage
	Adoption
	Slavery
	Bagaudae




	Technology	
	Amphitheatres
	Aqueducts
	Bridges
	Circuses
	Civil engineering
	Concrete
	Domes
	Metallurgy
	Numerals
	Roads
	Temples
	Theatres
	Sanitation
	Thermae




	Latin	
	History
	Alphabet
	Versions
	Old
	Classical
	Vulgar
	Late
	Medieval
	Renaissance
	New
	Contemporary
	Ecclesiastical


	Romance languages




	Writers	
	Latin	
	Aelius Donatus
	Ammianus Marcellinus
	Appuleius
	Asconius Pedianus
	Augustine
	Aurelius Victor
	Ausonius
	Boëthius
	Caesar
	Catullus
	Cassiodorus
	Censorinus
	Cicero
	Claudian
	Columella
	Cornelius Nepos
	Ennius
	Eutropius
	Fabius Pictor
	Sextus Pompeius Festus
	Rufus Festus
	Florus
	Frontinus
	Fronto
	Fulgentius
	Gellius
	Horace
	Hydatius
	Hyginus
	Jerome
	Jordanes
	Julius Paulus
	Justin
	Juvenal
	Lactantius
	Livy
	Lucan
	Lucretius
	Macrobius
	Marcellus Empiricus
	Marcus Aurelius
	Manilius
	Martial
	Nicolaus Damascenus
	Nonius Marcellus
	Obsequens
	Orosius
	Ovid
	Petronius
	Phaedrus
	Plautus
	Pliny the Elder
	Pliny the Younger
	Pomponius Mela
	Priscian
	Propertius
	Quadrigarius
	Quintilian
	Quintus Curtius Rufus
	Sallust
	Seneca the Elder
	Seneca the Younger
	Servius
	Sidonius Apollinaris
	Silius Italicus
	Statius
	Suetonius
	Symmachus
	Tacitus
	Terence
	Tertullian
	Tibullus
	Valerius Antias
	Valerius Maximus
	Varro
	Velleius Paterculus
	Verrius Flaccus
	Vergil
	Vitruvius




	Greek	
	Aelian
	Aëtius of Amida
	Appian
	Arrian
	Cassius Dio
	Diodorus Siculus
	Diogenes Laërtius
	Dionysius of Halicarnassus
	Dioscorides
	Eusebius of Caesaria
	Galen
	Herodian
	Josephus
	Julian
	Libanius
	Lucian
	Pausanias
	Philostratus
	Phlegon of Tralles
	Photius
	Plutarch
	Polyaenus
	Polybius
	Porphyrius
	Priscus
	Procopius
	Simplicius of Cilicia
	Sozomen
	Stephanus Byzantinus
	Strabo
	Themistius
	Theodoret
	Zonaras
	Zosimus







	Major cities	
	Alexandria
	Antioch
	Aquileia
	Berytus
	Bononia
	Carthage
	Constantinopolis
	Eboracum
	Leptis Magna
	Londinium
	Lugdunum
	Lutetia
	Mediolanum
	Pompeii
	Ravenna
	Roma
	Smyrna
	Vindobona
	Volubilis




	Lists and other
topics	
	Cities and towns
	Climate
	Consuls
	Dictators
	Distinguished women
	Dynasties
	Emperors
	Generals
	Gentes
	Geographers
	Institutions
	Laws
	Legacy
	Legions
	Magistri equitum
	Nomina
	Pontifices maximi
	Praetors
	Quaestors
	Tribunes
	Roman–Iranian relations
	Wars and battles
	Civil wars and revolts




	Fiction
	Films







	Authority control 

	General	
	Integrated Authority File
	ISNI
	1


	VIAF
	1


	WorldCat




	National libraries	
	Norway
	Spain
	France (data)
	Catalonia
	Italy
	United States
	Latvia
	Czech Republic
	Australia
	Greece
	Korea
	Netherlands
	Poland
	Sweden
	Vatican




	Art research institutes	
	Artist Names (Getty)




	Scientific databases	
	CiNii (Japan)




	Other	
	Faceted Application of Subject Terminology
	MusicBrainz artist
	RERO (Switzerland)
	1


	SUDOC (France)
	1


	Trove (Australia)
	1
















Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pliny_the_Younger&oldid=1021862979"


		Categories: 	61 births
	110s deaths
	Augurs of the Roman Empire
	Critics of Christianity
	Suffect consuls of Imperial Rome
	Roman governors of Bithynia and Pontus
	Latin-language writers
	Latin letter writers
	Silver Age Latin writers
	Ancient Roman scientists
	1st-century Romans
	2nd-century Romans
	People from Como
	Ancient Roman writers and early Christianity
	Caecilii
	Plinii
	Ancient Roman adoptees


Hidden categories: 	Pages containing links to subscription-only content
	Articles with short description
	Short description is different from Wikidata
	Use mdy dates from April 2013
	Articles with hCards
	All articles with unsourced statements
	Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010
	Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2018
	Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference
	Commons category link is on Wikidata
	Articles with Project Gutenberg links
	Articles with Internet Archive links
	Articles with LibriVox links
	Articles with Latin-language sources (la)
	Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
	Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
	Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
	Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers
	Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers
	Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
	Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers
	Wikipedia articles with ICCU identifiers
	Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
	Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers
	Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers
	Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers
	Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers
	Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers
	Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers
	Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers
	Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers
	Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers
	Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers
	Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers
	Wikipedia articles with FAST identifiers
	Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers
	Wikipedia articles with RERO identifiers
	Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers
	Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers
	Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers
	AC with 25 elements
	Year of death uncertain




	




	





	Navigation menu

	
		
	
		Personal tools
	

	
			Not logged in
	Talk
	Contributions
	Create account
	Log in


		
	



		
			
	
		Namespaces
	

	
			Article
	Talk


		
	



			
	
	
		Variants
	

	
		

		
	



		

		
			
	
		Views
	

	
			Read
	Edit
	View history


		
	



			
	
	
		More
	

	
		

		
	



			
	
		Search
	

	
		
			
			
			
			
		

	




		

	

	

	
		
	

	
	
		Navigation
	

	
			Main page
	Contents
	Current events
	Random article
	About Wikipedia
	Contact us
	Donate


		
	



	
	
		Contribute
	

	
			Help
	Learn to edit
	Community portal
	Recent changes
	Upload file


		
	



	
		Tools
	

	
			What links here
	Related changes
	Upload file
	Special pages
	Permanent link
	Page information
	Cite this page
	Wikidata item


		
	



	
		Print/export
	

	
			Download as PDF
	Printable version


		
	



	
		In other projects
	

	
			Wikimedia Commons
	Wikiquote
	Wikisource


		
	



	
	
		Languages
	

	
			Afrikaans
	Alemannisch
	العربية
	Aragonés
	Arpetan
	Asturianu
	Беларуская
	Български
	Bosanski
	Brezhoneg
	Català
	Čeština
	Cymraeg
	Dansk
	Deutsch
	Eesti
	Ελληνικά
	Español
	Esperanto
	Euskara
	فارسی
	Français
	Furlan
	Gaeilge
	Galego
	한국어
	Հայերեն
	हिन्दी
	Hrvatski
	Bahasa Indonesia
	Íslenska
	Italiano
	עברית
	ქართული
	Қазақша
	Latina
	Latviešu
	Magyar
	Македонски
	مصرى
	Bahasa Melayu
	Nederlands
	日本語
	Norsk bokmål
	Nouormand
	Occitan
	Polski
	Português
	Română
	Rumantsch
	Русский
	Simple English
	Slovenčina
	Slovenščina
	Српски / srpski
	Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
	Suomi
	Svenska
	Tagalog
	தமிழ்
	Тоҷикӣ
	Türkçe
	Українська
	吴语
	中文


		Edit links

	









		 This page was last edited on 7 May 2021, at 02:51 (UTC).
	Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
additional terms may apply.  By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.



		Privacy policy
	About Wikipedia
	Disclaimers
	Contact Wikipedia
	Mobile view
	Developers
	Statistics
	Cookie statement