Maximinus Thrax - Wikipedia Maximinus Thrax From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Roman emperor from 235 to 238 Roman emperor Maximinus Thrax Bust, Capitoline Museums, Rome Roman emperor Reign 20 March 235[1] – early May 238 Predecessor Severus Alexander Successors Gordian I and II Born c. 173 Thracia Died May 238 (aged 65) Aquileia, Italy Spouse Caecilia Paulina Issue Gaius Julius Verus Maximus Names Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus[2] Father Unknown, possibly Micca[3] Mother Unknown, possibly Ababa[3] Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus "Thrax" ("the Thracian"; c. 173 – May 238) was Roman emperor from 235 to 238. His father was an accountant in the governor's office and sprang from ancestors who were Carpi (a Dacian tribe), a people whom Diocletian would eventually drive from their ancient abode (in Dacia) and transfer to Pannonia (Roman Antiquities, book XXVIII, Ammianus Marcellinus). Maximinus was the commander of the Legio IV Italica when Severus Alexander was assassinated by his own troops in 235. The Pannonian army then elected Maximinus emperor.[4] In 238 (which came to be known as the Year of the Six Emperors), a senatorial revolt broke out, leading to the successive proclamation of Gordian I, Gordian II, Pupienus, Balbinus and Gordian III as emperors in opposition to Maximinus. Maximinus advanced on Rome to put down the revolt, but was halted at Aquileia, where he was assassinated by disaffected elements of the Legio II Parthica. Maximinus is described by several ancient sources, though none are contemporary except Herodian's Roman History. He was a so-called barracks emperor of the 3rd century;[5] his rule is often considered to mark the beginning of the Crisis of the Third Century. Maximinus was the first emperor who hailed neither from the senatorial class nor from the equestrian class. Contents 1 Rise to power 2 Rule 2.1 Consolidation of power 2.2 Defense of frontiers 2.3 Infrastructure work 2.4 Gordian I and Gordian II 2.5 Pupienus, Balbinus, and Gordian III 2.6 Defeat and death 3 Politics 4 Appearance 5 Family tree 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Citations 7.2 Sources 8 Further reading 9 External links Rise to power[edit] Most likely Maximinus was of Thraco-Roman origin (believed so by Herodian in his writings).[6] According to the notoriously unreliable Augustan History (Historia Augusta), he was born in Thrace or Moesia to a Gothic father and an Alanic mother,[7] an Iranian people of the Scythian-Sarmatian branch; however, the supposed parentage is a highly unlikely anachronism, as the Goths are known to have moved to Thrace from a different place of origin much later in history and their residence in the Danubian area is not otherwise attested until after Maximinus had lived his full life and died. British historian Ronald Syme, writing that "the word 'Gothia' should have sufficed for condemnation" of the passage in the Augustan History, felt that the burden of evidence from Herodian, Syncellus and elsewhere pointed to Maximinus having been born in Moesia.[8] The references to his "Gothic" ancestry might refer to a Thracian Getae origin (the two populations were often confused by later writers, most notably by Jordanes in his Getica), as suggested by the paragraphs describing how "he was singularly beloved by the Getae, moreover, as if he were one of themselves" and how he spoke "almost pure Thracian".[9] On the contrary, Bernard Bachrach suggests that the Historia Augusta use of a term not used in Maximinus time – "Gothia" – is hardly sufficient cause to dismiss its account. After all, the names it gives for Maximinius' parents are legitimate Alan and Gothic appellations. Hence, Bachrach argues, the most straightforward explanation is that the author of the Historia Augusta relied on a legitimate third century source, but substituted its terminology for that concurrent in his own day.[10] Accordingly, Maximinus' ancestry very much remains an open question. His background was, in any case, that of a provincial of low birth, and he was seen by the Senate as a barbarian, not even a true Roman, despite Caracalla’s edict granting citizenship to all freeborn inhabitants of the Empire.[11] According to the Augustan History, he was a shepherd and bandit leader before joining the Imperial Roman army, causing historian Brent Shaw to comment that a man who would have been "in other circumstances a Godfather, [...] became emperor of Rome."[12] In many ways, Maximinus was similar to the later Thraco-Roman emperors of the 3rd–5th century (Licinius, Galerius, Aureolus, Leo the Thracian, etc.), elevating themselves, via a military career, from the condition of a common soldier in one of the Roman legions to the foremost positions of political power. He joined the army during the reign of Septimius Severus,[13] but did not rise to a powerful position until promoted by Alexander Severus.[citation needed] Maximinus was in command of Legio IV Italica, composed of recruits from Pannonia,[14] who were angered by Alexander's payments to the Alemanni and his avoidance of war.[15] The troops, who included the Legio XXII Primigenia, elected the stern Maximinus, killing young Alexander and his mother at Moguntiacum (modern Mainz).[16] The Praetorian Guard acclaimed him emperor, and their choice was grudgingly confirmed by the Senate,[11] who were displeased to have a peasant as emperor. His son Maximus became caesar.[11] Rule[edit] O: laureate draped and cuirassed bust of Maximinus MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG GERM R: Maximinus holding sceptre; standard on either side P M TR P II COS P P Silver denarius struck in Rome from February to December 236 AD; ref.: RIC 4 Consolidation of power[edit] Maximinus hated the nobility and was ruthless towards those he suspected of plotting against him.[citation needed] He began by eliminating the close advisors of Alexander.[17] His suspicions may have been justified; two plots against Maximinus were foiled.[18] The first was during a campaign across the Rhine, when a group of officers, supported by influential senators, plotted to destroy a bridge across the river, in order to strand Maximinus in hostile territory.[19] They planned to elect senator Magnus emperor afterwards, but the conspiracy was discovered and the conspirators executed.[citation needed] The second plot involved Mesopotamian archers who were loyal to Alexander.[20] They planned to elevate Quartinus, but their leader Macedo changed sides and murdered Quartinus instead, although this was not enough to save his own life.[citation needed] Defense of frontiers[edit] The accession of Maximinus is commonly seen as the beginning of the Crisis of the Third Century (also known as the "Military Anarchy" or the "Imperial Crisis"), the commonly applied name for the crumbling and near collapse of the Roman Empire between 235 and 284 caused by three simultaneous crises: external invasion, internal civil war, and economic collapse.[citation needed] Maximinus' first campaign was against the Alemanni, whom he defeated despite heavy Roman casualties in a swamp in the Agri Decumates.[21] After the victory, Maximinus took the title Germanicus Maximus,[11] raised his son Maximus to the rank of caesar and princeps iuventutis, and deified his late wife Paulina.[17] Maximinus may have launched a second campaign deep into Germania, defeating a Germanic tribe beyond the Weser in the Battle at the Harzhorn.[22][23] Securing the German frontier, at least for a while, Maximinus then set up a winter encampment at Sirmium in Pannonia,[11] and from that supply base fought the Dacians and the Sarmatians during the winter of 235–236.[17] Infrastructure work[edit] In 2019 Israeli researchers translated a milestone found in the Moshav Ramot village in Golan Heights. They were able to identify the name of Maximinus on the milestone. The roads themselves were much older suggesting that a massive renovation project was undertaken during his rule on those roads.[24] Gordian I and Gordian II[edit] Part of a series on Roman imperial dynasties Year of the Six Emperors 238 AD Maximinus Thrax Gordian I and Gordian II Pupienus and Balbinus, nominally with Gordian III v t e Early in 238, in the province of Africa, a treasury official's extortions through false judgments in corrupt courts against some local landowners ignited a full-scale revolt in the province.[citation needed] The landowners armed their clients and their agricultural workers and entered Thysdrus (modern El Djem), where they murdered the offending official and his bodyguards[25] and proclaimed the aged governor of the province, Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus (Gordian I), and his son, Gordian II, as co-emperors.[26] The Senate in Rome switched allegiance, gave both Gordian and Gordian II the title of Augustus, and set about rousing the provinces in support of the pair.[27] Maximinus, wintering at Sirmium, immediately assembled his army and advanced on Rome, the Pannonian legions leading the way.[17] Meanwhile, in Africa, the revolt had not gone as planned. The province of Africa was bordered on the west by the province of Numidia, whose governor, Capelianus, nursed a long-standing grudge against the Gordians and controlled the only legionary unit (III Augusta) in the area.[28] He marched on Carthage and easily overwhelmed the local militias defending the city.[citation needed] Gordian II was killed in the fighting and, on hearing this, Gordian I hanged himself with his belt.[29] Pupienus, Balbinus, and Gordian III[edit] Ruins of Imperial Palace at Sirmium, today in Sremska Mitrovica When the African revolt collapsed, the Senate found itself in great jeopardy.[30] Having shown clear support for the Gordians, they could expect no clemency from Maximinus when he reached Rome. In this predicament, they remained determined to defy Maximinus and elected two of their number, Pupienus and Balbinus, as co-emperors.[17] When the Roman mob heard that the Senate had selected two men from the patrician class, men whom the ordinary people held in no great regard, they protested, showering the imperial cortège with sticks and stones.[31] A faction in Rome preferred Gordian's grandson (Gordian III), and there was severe street fighting. The co-emperors had no option but to compromise, and, sending for the grandson of the elder Gordian they appointed him Caesar.[citation needed] Defeat and death[edit] Maximinus marched on Rome,[32] but Aquileia closed its gates against him. His troops became disaffected during the unexpected siege of the city, at which time they suffered from starvation.[33] In May 238, soldiers of the II Parthica in his camp assassinated him, his son, and his chief ministers.[30] Their heads were cut off, placed on poles, and carried to Rome by cavalrymen.[17] Pupienus and Balbinus then became undisputed co-emperors. However, they mistrusted each other, and ultimately both were murdered by the Praetorian Guard, making Gordian III sole surviving Emperor. Unable to reach Rome, Thrax never visited the capital city during his reign.[34] Politics[edit] Maximinus doubled the pay of soldiers;[13] this act, along with virtually continuous warfare, required higher taxes. Tax collectors began to resort to violent methods and illegal confiscations, further alienating the governing class from everyone else.[17] According to early church historian Eusebius of Caesarea, the Imperial household of Maximinus' predecessor, Alexander, had contained many Christians. Eusebius states that, hating his predecessor's household, Maximinus ordered that the leaders of the churches should be put to death.[35][36] According to Eusebius, this persecution of 235 sent Hippolytus of Rome and Pope Pontian into exile, but other evidence suggests that the persecutions of 235 were local to the provinces where they occurred rather than happening under the direction of the Emperor.[37] It is more likely that the Schism caused such strife between both factions that peace and order in the urbs were disrupted, causing Maximinus to intervene by exiling the two quarrelers.[38] According to Historia Augusta, which modern scholars however treat with extreme caution: "The Romans could bear his barbarities no longer – the way in which he called up informers and incited accusers, invented false offences, killed innocent men, condemned all whoever came to trial, reduced the richest men to utter poverty and never sought money anywhere save in some other's ruin, put many generals and many men of consular rank to death for no offence, carried others about in waggons without food and drink, and kept others in confinement, in short neglected nothing which he thought might prove effectual for cruelty – and, unable to suffer these things longer, they rose against him in revolt."[39] Appearance[edit] Ancient sources, ranging from the unreliable Historia Augusta to accounts of Herodian, speak of Maximinus as a man of significantly greater size than his contemporaries.[40][41] He is, moreover, depicted in ancient imagery as a man with a prominent brow, nose, and jaw (symptoms of acromegaly).[42] His thumb was said to be so large that he wore his wife's bracelet as a ring for it. According to Historia Augusta, "he was of such size, so Cordus reports, that men said he was eight-foot, one finger (c. 2.4 metres) in height".[43] It is very likely however that this is one of the many exaggerations in the Historia Augusta, and is immediately suspect due to its citation of "Cordus", one of several fictitious authorities the work cites.[44] Although not going into the supposedly detailed portions of Historia Augusta, the historian Herodian, a contemporary of Maximinus, mentions him as a man of greater size, noting that: "He was in any case a man of such frightening appearance and colossal size that there is no obvious comparison to be drawn with any of the best-trained Greek athletes or warrior elite of the barbarians."[45] Some historians interpret the stories on Maximinus' unusual height (as well as other information on his appearance, like excessive sweating and superhuman strength) as popular stereotyped attributes which do no more than intentionally turn him into a stylized embodiment of the barbarian bandit[46] or emphasize the admiration and aversion that the image of the soldier evoked in the civilian population.[47] Family tree[edit] Julius Bassianus priest of El-Gabal Julia Domna ∞ Septimius Severus Roman Emperor 193-211 Julia Maesa Caracalla Roman Emperor 211-217 Julia Soaemias Julia Avita Mamaea Maximinus Thrax Roman Emperor 235–238 ∞ Caecilia Paulina Gordian I Roman Emperor 238 Pupienus Roman Emperor 238 Macrinus Roman Emperor 217-218 Elagabalus Roman Emperor 218-222 Severus Alexander Roman Emperor 222-235 Gaius Julius Verus Maximus Gordian II co-emperor Balbinus Roman Emperor 238 See also[edit] Aspasius of Rome (his secretary as emperor) References[edit] Citations[edit] ^ Wasson, Donald L. "Maximinus Thrax". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 20 March 2017. ^ Cooley, Alison E. (2012). The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy. Cambridge University Press. p. 497. ISBN 978-0-521-84026-2. ^ a b Historia Augusta, Life of Maximinus, 1:6 ^ Pat Southern (16 December 2003). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. Routledge. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-134-55381-5. ^ Kerrigan, Michael (2016). The Untold History of the Roman Emperors. Cavendish Square. p. 248. ISBN 9781502619112. Retrieved 19 March 2019. ^ Herodian, 7:1:1-2 ^ Historia Augusta, Life of Maximinus, 1:5 ^ Syme, pp. 182, 185–6 ^ Historia Augusta, Life of Maximinus, 2:5 ^ Bachrach, Bernard S. A History of the Alans in the West: From Their First Appearance in the Sources of Classical Antiquity through the Early Middle Ages. 14: n.28. ^ a b c d e Southern, pg. 64 ^ Shaw (1984), p. 36. ^ a b Potter, pg. 168 ^ Herodian, 8:6:1 ^ Southern, pg. 63 ^ Potter, pg. 167 ^ a b c d e f g Meckler, Maximinus Thrax ^ Potter, pg. 169 ^ Herodian, 7:1:5-6 ^ Historia Augusta, Life of Maximinus, 11:1 ^ Herodian, 7:2:7 ^ Historia Augusta, The Two Maximini. 12:1–4 ^ Herodian, 7:2:3 ^ Amanda Borschel-Dan. "Cryptic Golan milestone found to be monument to low-born Roman emperor's reign". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 24 April 2019. ^ Herodian, 7:4:6 ^ Southern, pg. 66 ^ Zonaras, 12:16 ^ Potter, pg. 170 ^ Historia Augusta, Life of Maximinus, 19:2 ^ a b Southern, pg. 67 ^ Herodian, 7:10:5 ^ Zosimus, 1:12 ^ Herodian, 8:5:4 ^ Hekster, Olivier (2008). Rome and its Empire, AD 193–284. Edinburgh University Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780748629923. Retrieved 29 July 2020. ^ Eusebius. "Church History". Book 6, Chapter 28. New Advent. Retrieved 25 April 2014. ^ Papandrea, James L. (23 January 2012). Reading the Early Church Fathers: From the Didache to Nicaea. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0809147519. ^ Graeme Clark, "Third-Century Christianity", in the Cambridge Ancient History 2nd ed., volume 12: The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193–337, ed. Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey, and Averil Cameron (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 623. ^ https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/BiographienH/Hippolyt_von_Rom.html; Comment by Prof. Helmut Bouzek: "Web 3.0 – Leserkommentare". ^ "Historia Augusta • The Two Maximini". Penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 22 April 2014. ^ Historia Augusta, Life of Maximinus, 2:2 ^ Herodian, 7:1:2 ^ Klawans, Harold L. The Medicine of History from Paracelsus to Freud, Raven Press, 1982, New York, 3–15 ^ Historia Augusta, Life of Maximinus, 6:8 ^ Syme, pp. 1–16 ^ Herodian, 7:1:12 ^ Thomas Grünewald, transl. by John Drinkwater. Bandits in the Roman Empire:, Myth and Reality, Routledge, 2004, p. 84. ISBN 0-415-32744-X ^ Jean-Michel Carrié in Andrea Giardina (ed.), transl. by Lydia G. Cochrane. The Romans, University of Chicago Press, 1993, pp. 116–117. ISBN 0-226-29050-6 Sources[edit] Primary sources Herodian, Roman History, Book 7 Historia Augusta, Life of Maximinus Aurelius Victor, Epitome de Caesaribus Joannes Zonaras, Compendium of History extract: Zonaras: Alexander Severus to Diocletian: 222–284 Zosimus, Historia Nova Secondary sources Shaw, Brent D. (November 1984). "Bandits in the Roman Empire". Past & Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 105 (105): 3–52. doi:10.1093/past/105.1.3. JSTOR 650544. Southern, Pat. The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, Routledge, 2001 Syme, Ronald, Emperors and Biography, Oxford University Press, 1971 Potter, David Stone, The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180–395, Routledge, 2004 Meckler, Michael L., Maximinus Thrax (235–238 A.D.), De Imperatoribus Romanis (1997) Further reading[edit] A. Bellezza: Massimino il Trace, Geneva 1964. Henning Börm: Die Herrschaft des Kaisers Maximinus Thrax und das Sechskaiserjahr 238. Der Beginn der Reichskrise?, in: Gymnasium 115, 2008. Jan Burian: Maximinus Thrax. Sein Bild bei Herodian und in der Historia Augusta, in: Philologus 132, 1988. Lukas de Blois: The onset of crisis in the first half of the third century A.D., in: K.-P. Johne et al. (eds.), Deleto paene imperio Romano, Stuttgart 2006. Karlheinz Dietz: Senatus contra principem. Untersuchungen zur senatorischen Opposition gegen Kaiser Maximinus Thrax, Munich 1980. Frank Kolb: Der Aufstand der Provinz Africa Proconsularis im Jahr 238 n. Chr.: die wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Hintergründe, in: Historia 26, 1977. Adolf Lippold: Kommentar zur Vita Maximini Dua der Historia Augusta, Bonn 1991. X. Loriot: Les premières années de la grande crise du IIIe siècle: De l'avènement de Maximin le Thrace (235) à la mort de Gordien III (244), in: ANRW II/2, 1975. External links[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maximinus Thrax. Maximinus coinage "Caius Julius Verus Maximinus Thrax" . Catholic Encyclopedia. 1913. "Maximin" . The American Cyclopædia. 1879. Regnal titles Preceded by Severus Alexander Roman emperor 235–238 With: Gordian I, Gordian II, Pupienus and Balbinus (all 238) Succeeded by Pupienus and Balbinus Political offices Preceded by Gnaeus Claudius Severus Titus Claudius Quintianus Roman consul 236 with Marcus Pupienus Africanus Maximus Succeeded by Lucius Marius Perpetuus Lucius Mummius Felix Cornelianus v t e Roman and Byzantine emperors and ruling empresses Principate 27 BC – AD 235 Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Titus Domitian Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius Lucius Verus Commodus Pertinax Didius Julianus (Pescennius Niger) (Clodius Albinus) Septimius Severus Caracalla Geta Macrinus Diadumenian Elagabalus Severus Alexander Crisis 235–285 Maximinus Thrax Gordian I Gordian II Pupienus Balbinus Gordian III Philip the Arab Philip II Decius Herennius Etruscus Hostilian Trebonianus Gallus Volusianus Aemilianus Valerian Gallienus Saloninus Claudius Gothicus Quintillus Aurelian Ulpia Severina Tacitus Florian Probus Carus Carinus Numerian Gallic emperors Postumus (Laelianus) Marius Victorinus (Domitianus II) Tetricus I with Tetricus II as caesar Palmyrene emperors Vaballathus Zenobia Septimius Antiochus Dominate 284–395 Diocletian Maximian Galerius Constantius I Severus Constantine the Great Maxentius Licinius Maximinus Daza (Valerius Valens) (Martinian) Constantine II Constantius II Constans I Magnentius Vetranio Julian Jovian Valentinian I (west) Valens (east) Gratian (west) Valentinian II (west) Theodosius I Magnus Maximus Victor (Eugenius) Western Empire 395–480 Honorius Constantine III with son Constans II Constantius III Joannes Valentinian III Petronius Maximus Avitus Majorian Libius Severus Anthemius Olybrius Glycerius Julius Nepos Romulus Augustulus Eastern/ Byzantine Empire 395–1204 Arcadius Theodosius II Marcian Leo I Leo II Zeno Basiliscus Marcus Anastasius I Dicorus Justin I Justinian I Justin II Tiberius II Constantine Maurice with son Theodosius as co-emperor Phocas Heraclius Constantine III Heraklonas Constans II Constantine IV with brothers Heraclius and Tiberius and then Justinian II as co-emperors Justinian II (first reign) Leontios Tiberius III Justinian II (second reign) with son Tiberius as co-emperor Philippikos Anastasios II Theodosius III Leo III the Isaurian Constantine V Artabasdos Leo IV the Khazar Constantine VI Irene Nikephoros I Staurakios Michael I Rangabe with son Theophylact as co-emperor Leo V the Armenian with Symbatios-Constantine as junior emperor Michael II the Amorian Theophilos Michael III Basil I the Macedonian Leo VI the Wise Alexander Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos Romanos I Lekapenos with sons Christopher, Stephen and Constantine as junior co-emperors Romanos II Nikephoros II Phokas John I Tzimiskes Basil II Constantine VIII Zoë (first reign) and Romanos III Argyros Zoë (first reign) and Michael IV the Paphlagonian Michael V Kalaphates Zoë (second reign) with Theodora Zoë (second reign) and Constantine IX Monomachos Constantine IX Monomachos (sole emperor) Theodora Michael VI Bringas Isaac I Komnenos Constantine X Doukas Romanos IV Diogenes Michael VII Doukas with brothers Andronikos and Konstantios and son Constantine Nikephoros III Botaneiates Alexios I Komnenos John II Komnenos with Alexios Komnenos as co-emperor Manuel I Komnenos Alexios II Komnenos Andronikos I Komnenos with John Komnenos as co-emperor Isaac II Angelos Alexios III Angelos Alexios IV Angelos Nicholas Kanabos (chosen by the Senate) Alexios V Doukas Empire of Nicaea 1204–1261 Constantine Laskaris Theodore I Laskaris John III Doukas Vatatzes Theodore II Laskaris John IV Laskaris Byzantine Empire 1261–1453 Michael VIII Palaiologos Andronikos II Palaiologos with Michael IX Palaiologos as co-emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos John V Palaiologos John VI Kantakouzenos with John V Palaiologos and Matthew Kantakouzenos as co-emperors John V Palaiologos Andronikos IV Palaiologos John VII Palaiologos Andronikos V Palaiologos Manuel II Palaiologos John VIII Palaiologos Constantine XI Palaiologos Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, while underlining indicates a usurper. 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