Honorius (emperor) - Wikipedia Honorius (emperor) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search For other uses, see Honorius. Roman emperor from 393 to 423 Roman emperor Honorius Solidus of Honorius Roman emperor (in the West) Reign 23 January 393 – 15 August 423 Predecessor Theodosius I Successor Joannes Alongside Arcadius (East, 393–408) Theodosius II (East, 408–423) Constantine III (Gaul, 409–411) Constantius III (421) Born 9 September 384 Constantinople Died 15 August 423 (aged 38) Ravenna, Italy Burial Old St. Peter's Basilica Spouse Maria (m. 398, died 407) Thermantia (m. 408, divorced) Names Flavius Honorius Dynasty Theodosian Father Theodosius I Mother Aelia Flaccilla Religion Nicene Christianity Flavius Honorius (9 September 384 – 15 August 423) was Roman emperor from 393 to 423. He was the younger son of emperor Theodosius I and his first wife Aelia Flaccilla, and brother of Arcadius, who ruled the eastern half of the empire from 395, when their father died, until his death in 408. In 410, during Honorius's reign over the western Roman Empire, Rome was sacked for the first time in almost 800 years.[1] Even by the standards of the rapidly declining Western Empire, Honorius's reign was precarious and chaotic. His early reign was supported by his principal general, Stilicho, who was successively Honorius's guardian (during his childhood) and his father-in-law (after the emperor became an adult). Contents 1 Family 2 Emperor 2.1 Early reign 2.2 Stilicho and the defense of Italy 2.3 Constantius and the beginning of erosion of the Western Empire 2.4 Death 3 Sack of Rome 4 Assessments 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Family[edit] Honorius was born to emperor Theodosius I and empress Aelia Flaccilla on September 9, 384 in Constantinople. He was brother to Arcadius and Pulcheria. In 386, his mother died, and in 387, Theodosius married Galla who had taken a temporary refuge in Thessaloniki with her family, including her brother Valentinian II and mother Justina, away from usurper Magnus Maximus. Theodosius and Galla had two children, Galla Placidia and Gratian, making Honorius half-brother to them. Honorius, Arcadius and Galla Placidia were the only children of Theodosius to survive into adulthood. Emperor[edit] Early reign[edit] The Western Roman Emperor Honorius, Jean-Paul Laurens (1880). Honorius became Augustus on 23 January 393, at the age of eight. After holding the consulate at the age of two in 386, Honorius was declared Augustus by his father Theodosius I, and thus co-ruler, on 23 January 393 after the death of Valentinian II and the usurpation of Eugenius.[2] When Theodosius died, in January 395, Honorius and Arcadius divided the Empire, so that Honorius became Western Roman Emperor at the age of ten.[3] During the early part of his reign Honorius depended on the military leadership of the general Stilicho, who had been appointed by Theodosius[4] and was of mixed Vandal and Roman ancestry.[5] To strengthen his bonds with the young emperor and to make his grandchild an imperial heir, Stilicho married his daughter Maria to him.[6] The epithalamion written for the occasion by Stilicho's court poet Claudian survives.[7] Honorius was also influenced by the Popes of Rome. So it was that Pope Innocent I and Western bishops may have been successful in persuading Honorius to write to his brother, arguing for convening a synod in Thessalonica.[8] At first Honorius based his capital in Milan, but when the Visigoths under King Alaric I entered Italy in 401 he moved his capital to the coastal city of Ravenna, which was protected by a ring of marshes and strong fortifications.[9] While the new capital was easier to defend, it was poorly situated to allow Roman forces to protect Central Italy from the increasingly regular threat of barbarian incursions. It was significant that the Emperor's residence remained in Ravenna until the overthrow of the last western Roman Emperor in 476. That was probably the reason why Ravenna was chosen not only as the capital of the Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy, but also for the seat of the Byzantine exarchs as well.[9] Stilicho and the defense of Italy[edit] Inscription honouring Honorius, as florentissimo invictissimoque, the most excellent and invincible, 417–418, Forum Romanum Honorius' reign experienced continued barbarian incursions into Gaul, Italy and Hispania. At the same time, a host of usurpers rose up. Honorius on the consular diptych of Anicius Petronius Probus (406) The first crisis faced by Honorius was a revolt led by Gildo, the Comes Africae and Magister utriusque militiae per Africam, in Northern Africa, which lasted for two years (397–398).[10] It was eventually subdued by Stilicho, under the local command of Mascezel, the very brother of Gildo.[11] The next crisis was the Visigothic invasion of Italy in 402 under the command of their king, Alaric. Stilicho was absent in Raetia in the latter months of 401, when Alaric, who was also the Eastern Empire's magister militum in Illyricum, suddenly marched with a large army through the Julian Alps and entered Italy.[12] Stilicho hurried back to protect Honorius and the legions of Gaul and Britain were summoned to defend Italy. Honorius, at Milan, was besieged by Alaric, who marched into Liguria. Stilicho narrowly defeated Alaric at Pollentia, on the river Tanarus on Easter Day (6 April 402). Alaric retreated to Verona, where Stilicho attacked him again yet the battle was not entirely conclusive. The Visigoths were allowed to retreat back to Illyricum.[13] In 405 Stilicho met an invasion of Italy led across the Danube by Radagaisus. They brought devastation to the heart of the Empire, until Stilicho defeated them in 406 and recruited most of them into his forces.[9] Then, in 405/6, a tribal confederation, composed of Suevians, Vandals, Alans and Goths crossed the frozen Rhine and invaded Gaul. The situation in Britain was even more difficult. The British provinces were isolated, lacking support from the Empire, and the soldiers supported the revolts of Marcus (406–407), Gratian (407), and Constantine III. Constantine invaded Gaul in 407, occupying Arles, and while Constantine was in Gaul, his son Constans ruled over Britain.[14] By 410, Britain may have been told to look after its own affairs and expect no aid from Rome, although it has been argued that the order was sent to the people of Bruttium in Italy, not Britain.[15][16] The western empire was effectively overstretched due to the massive invasion of Alans, Suebi and Vandals who, although they had been repulsed from Italy in 406, moved into Gaul on 31 December 406,[14] and arrived in Hispania in 409. In early 408, Stilicho attempted to strengthen his position at court by marrying his second daughter, Thermantia, to Honorius after the death of the Empress Maria in 407[17] making Honorius the last Western Roman Emperor to have multiple wives during their term in the office. Another invasion by Alaric was prevented in 408 by Stilicho when he forced the Roman Senate to pay 4,000 pounds of gold to persuade the Goths to leave Italy.[18][better source needed] Honorius, in the meantime, was at Bononia, on his way from Ravenna to Ticinum, when the news reached him of his brother's death in May 408. He at first was planning to go to Constantinople to help set up the court during the transition from Arcadius to Theodosius II.[19] Summoned from Ravenna for advice, Stilicho advised Honorius not to go, and proceeded to go himself. In Stilicho's absence, a minister named Olympius gained the confidence of Honorius. He convinced the emperor that his father-in-law was conspiring with the barbarians to overthrow him.[20] On his return to Ravenna, Honorius ordered the arrest and execution of Stilicho. With Stilicho's fall, Honorius moved against all of his former father-in-law's allies, killing and torturing key individuals and ordering the confiscation of the property of anyone who had borne any office while Stilicho was in command. Honorius's wife Thermantia, daughter of Stilicho, was taken from the imperial throne and given over to her mother; Eucherius, the son of Stilicho, was put to death.[21] The purge also massacred the families of Stilicho's foederati troops, and they defected en masse to Alaric. In 409, Alaric returned to Italy to claim more gold and land to settle in, as feudatory vassals of the Empire, which Stilicho had promised him. Honorius refused to fulfill his former general's promises and Alaric marched on Rome,[22] which bought him off after a short siege with Rome on the verge of famine. A palace revolution in Honorius' court led meanwhile to a change of ministers, and those hostile to the Goths were replaced by officers favorable to Alaric, who began peace negotiations. While the embassy was absent, a new change occurred at Ravenna, and Honorius disclaimed the peace which was on the verge of being concluded.[23] The enraged Alaric returned to Rome and forced the Senate to elect Priscus Attalus as emperor, who ratified Alaric's former treaty with Stilicho.[24] In 410, the Eastern Roman Empire sent six legions (6,000 men; due to changes in tactics, legions of this period were about 1,000 soldiers, down from the 6,000-soldier legions of the Republic and early Empire periods)[25] from Ravenna to aid Honorius, but Alaric ambushed the legions on the way, and only a handful of them reached Rome.[26] To counter Attalus, Honorius tried to negotiate with Alaric in addition to restricting grain shipments to Rome from North Africa. Attalus dispatched an army to conquer Africa and restore the grain supply to Rome, but the governor, Heraclian, who was loyal to Honorius, wiped out this force as soon as it landed on the coast.[27] As Rome was dependent on North African grain for sustenance, the populace was faced with the prospect of famine, and they blamed Attalus for the impending calamity. Growing desperate, Attalus searched for means of pacifying the people, but found himself, in consequence of conciliatory expenditures, incapable of satisfying his debt to Alaric, and thus alienated both Romans and Goths. In turn he came out to be exploited in political terms. Confronted with the increasing unpopularity and truculence of Attalus, Alaric dethroned him in 410 and proposed to renew negotiations with Honorius.[27] Honorius, overconfident at Attalus' fall and the victory of his general Heraclian over Attalus' African expeditionary force, refused negotiation, and declared Alaric the eternal enemy of the Republic.[28] The infuriated Alaric turned on the defenseless Rome and sacked the city. Constantius and the beginning of erosion of the Western Empire[edit] Christian pendant of Empress Maria, daughter of Stilicho, and wife of Honorius. The pendant reads, around a central cross (clockwise): HONORI MARIA SERHNA VIVATIS STELICHO. Latin and Greek characters were intermingled in this one. The letters form a Christogram. Louvre, Paris. The revolt of Constantine III in the west continued through this period. In 409, Gerontius, Constantine III's general in Hispania, rebelled against him, proclaimed Maximus Emperor, and besieged Constantine at Arles.[29] Honorius now found himself an able commander, Constantius, who defeated Maximus and Gerontius, and then Constantine, in 411. Gaul was again a source of troubles for Honorius: just after Constantius's troops had returned to Italy, Jovinus revolted in northern Gaul, with the support of Alans, Burgundians, and the nobility of Gallic descent.[30] Jovinus tried to negotiate with the invading Goths of Ataulf (412), but his proclamation of his brother Sebastianus as Augustus made Ataulf seek alliance with Honorius. Honorius had Ataulf defeat and execute Jovinus in 413.[31] At the same time, Heraclianus raised the standard of revolt in North Africa, but failed during an invasion of Italy. Defeated, he fled back to Carthage and was killed.[31] In 414, Constantius attacked Ataulf, who proclaimed Priscus Attalus emperor again. Constantius drove Ataulf into Hispania, and Attalus, having again lost Visigoth support, was captured and deposed once again. In the eleventh consulship of Honorius and the second of Constantius, the Emperor entered Rome in triumph, with Attalus at the wheels of his chariot. Honorius punished Attalus by cutting off his right finger and thumb, inflicting the same fate with which Attalus had threatened Honorius. Remembering how Attalus had suggested that Honorius should retire to some small island, he returned the favor by banishing Attalus to the island of Lipara.[32] Northeastern Gaul became subject to even greater Frankish influence, while a treaty signed in 418 granted to the Visigoths southwestern Gaul, the former Gallia Aquitania. Under the influence of Constantius, Honorius issued the Edict of 418, which was designed to enable the Empire to retain a hold on the lands which were to be surrendered to the Goths.[33] This edict relaxed the administrative bonds that connected all the Seven Provinces (The Maritime Alps, Narbonensis Prima, Narbonensis Secunda, Novempopulania, Aquitania Prima, Aquitania Secunda and Viennensis) with the central government. It removed the imperial governors and allowed the inhabitants, as a dependent federation, to conduct their own affairs, for which purpose representatives of all the towns were to meet every year in Arles.[34] In 417, Constantius married Honorius's sister, Galla Placidia, much against her will.[32] In 421, Honorius recognized him as co-emperor Constantius III;[35] however, when the announcement of his elevation was sent to Constantinople, Theodosius refused to recognise him. Constantius, enraged, began preparations for a military conflict with the eastern empire but before he could commence it, he died early in 422.[36] In 420–422, another Maximus (or perhaps the same) gained and lost power in Hispania. By the time of Honorius's death in 423, Britain, Spain and Gaul had been ravaged by barbarians.[37] In his final years, Honorius reportedly developed a physical attraction to his half-sister, and in order to escape his unwelcome attentions, Galla Placidia and her children, the future emperor Valentinian III and his sister, Honoria, fled to Constantinople.[38] Death[edit] Honorius died of edema on 15 August 423, leaving no heir.[17] In the subsequent interregnum Joannes was nominated Emperor. The following year, however, the Eastern Emperor Theodosius II installed his cousin Valentinian III, son of Galla Placidia and Constantius III, as Emperor. The Mausoleum of Honorius was located on the Vatican Hill, accessed from the transept of the Old Saint Peter's Basilica. It was first used for Maria. Probably Thermantia and Honorius's sister Galla Placidia, and perhaps other imperial family members, were later buried there. In the 8th century it was transformed into a church, the Chapel of St Petronilla, which held the relics of the saint and was demolished when the New St Peter's was erected.[39][40] Sack of Rome[edit] This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Main article: Sack of Rome (410) The Favorites of the Emperor Honorius, by John William Waterhouse, 1883 His reign saw the assault and Sack of Rome on 24 August 410 by the Visigoths under Alaric. The city had been under Visigothic siege since shortly after Stilicho's deposition and execution in the summer of 408.[41] Lacking a strong general to control the by-now mostly Germanic Roman army, Honorius could do little to attack Alaric's forces directly, and apparently adopted the only strategy he could in the situation: wait passively for the Visigoths to grow weary and spend the time marshalling what forces he could. Unfortunately, this course of action appeared to be the product of Honorius' indecisive character and he suffered much criticism for it both from contemporaries and later historians. Whether this plan could have worked is perhaps debatable. In any case, it was overtaken by events. Stricken by starvation, somebody opened Rome's defenses to Alaric and the Goths poured in. The city had not been under the control of a foreign force since an invasion of Gauls some eight centuries before. The sack itself was notably mild as sacks go. For example, churches and religious statuary went unharmed.[42] The psychological blow to the contemporary Roman world was considerably more painful. The shock of this event reverberated from Britain to Jerusalem, and inspired Augustine to write his magnum opus, The City of God. The year 410 also saw Honorius reply to a British plea for assistance against local barbarian incursions, called the Rescript of Honorius. Preoccupied with the Visigoths, Honorius lacked any military capability to assist the distant province. According to the sixth century Byzantine scholar Zosimus, "Honorius wrote letters to the cities in Britain, bidding them to guard themselves."[43] This sentence is located randomly in the middle of a discussion of southern Italy; no further mention of Britain is made, which has led some modern academics to suggest that the rescript does not apply to Britain, but to Bruttium in Italy.[44][45][46] Assessments[edit] Solidus of emperor Honorius minted at Ravenna In his History of the Wars, Procopius mentions a likely apocryphal story where, on hearing the news that Rome had "perished", Honorius was initially shocked; thinking the news was in reference to a favourite chicken he had named "Roma". "At that time they say that the Emperor Honorius in Ravenna received the message from one of the eunuchs, evidently a keeper of the poultry, that Rome had perished. And he cried out and said, 'And yet it has just eaten from my hands!' For he had a very large cock, Rome by name; and the eunuch comprehending his words said that it was the city of Rome which had perished at the hands of Alaric, and the emperor with a sigh of relief answered quickly: 'But I thought that my fowl Rome had perished.' So great, they say, was the folly with which this emperor was possessed." —Procopius, The Vandalic War (III.2.25–26) With regard of Procopius' tale, recently, T. Kovács argued that the fowl and Rome were not two entities but one, the possibility of being a monarch ruling over the Eastern and the Western sides of the empire. Honorius’ rooster, indeed, symbolized his father’s (Theodosius the Great) rise to the throne, his rule over both the Eastern and the Western halves of the Roman Empire.[47] Honorius was negatively assessed by some 19th and 20th century historians, including J.B. Bury.[48] Honorius issued a decree during his reign, prohibiting men from wearing trousers in Rome.[49] The last known gladiatoral games took place during the reign of Honorius,[50] who banned the practice in 399 and again in 404, reportedly due to the martyrdom of a Christian monk named Telemachus while he was protesting a gladiator fight. See also[edit] Usurpers during Honorius reign: Priscus Attalus in Rome (two times, both as a puppet of Alaric); Maximus in Hispania; Marcus, Gratian, Constantine "III" and Constans "II" in Gaul and Britain; Jovinus and Sebastianus (joint puppets of Gundahar and Goar). Co-emperors with Honorius: Constantius III. Succession to Honorius: Joannes and Valentinian III. Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire Notes[edit] ^ Doyle, Chris (2018). Honorius: The Fight for the Roman West AD 395-423. Routledge Roman Imperial Biographies series. ^ Williams, Stephen and Gerard Friell, Theodosius: The Empire at Bay, Yale University Press, 1994, p. 129 ^ Victor, 48:19 ^ Zosimus, 4:59:1 ^ Frasetto, Michael (2003). Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1576072630, p. 320. Google Books. ^ Zosimus, 5:3:1 ^ Bury, p. 77 ^ Bury, p. 105 ^ a b c Bury, p. 110 ^ Bury, p. 76 ^ Zosimus, Book 5 ^ Bury, p. 108 ^ Bury, p. 109 ^ a b Bury, p. 111 ^ Zosimus, 10:2 ^ Birley, Anthony Richard The Roman Government of Britain OUP Oxford (29 Sep 2005) ISBN 978-0199252374 pp. 461-463 ^ a b Jones, p. 442 ^ J. Norwich, Byzantium: The Early Centuries, 131 ^ Bury, p. 112 ^ Bury, p. 113 ^ Zosimus, 5:44 ^ Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, (The Modern Library, 1932), ch. XXXI., pp. 1088, 1089 ^ Gibbon, pp. 1112-14 ^ Gibbon, pp. 1114-16 ^ J. Norwich, Byzantium: The Early Centuries, 136 ^ Adrian Goldsworthy, The Fall of the West: The Slow Death of the Roman Superpower, paperback edition published in 2010 by Phoenix, an imprint of Orion Books Ltd, London, p. 310 ^ a b Gibbon, p. 1118 ^ Gibbon, p. 1119 ^ Bury, p. 142 ^ Bury, p. 145 ^ a b Bury, p. 146 ^ a b Bury, p. 150 ^ Bury, p. 153 ^ Bury, p. 154 ^ Bury, p. 151 ^ Bury, p. 155 ^ Bury, p. 211 ^ Bury, p. 156 ^ The Roman Imperial Mausoleum in Late Antiquity ^ Roger Pearse (16 May 2014). "Old St Peters, the Circus of Caligula and the Phrygianum". Roger Pearse's blog. Retrieved 1 December 2015. ^ Bury, pp. 174-75 ^ Bury, pp. 183-84 ^ Zosimus, vi.10.2 ^ Birley, Anthony R. (2005). The Roman Government of Britain. OUP Oxford. pp. 461–63. ISBN 978-0-19-925237-4. ^ Halsall, Guy Barbarian migrations and the Roman West, 376–568 Cambridge University Press; illustrated edition (20 December 2007) ISBN 978-0-521-43491-1 pp. 217–218 ^ Discussion in Martin Millett, The Romanization of Britain, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990) and in Philip Bartholomew 'Fifth-Century Facts' Britannia vol. 13, 1982 p. 260 ^ Kovács, Tamás (2020). "410: Honorius, his Rooster, and the Eunuch (Procop. Vand. 1.2.25–26)" (PDF). Graeco-Latina Brunensia. 25 (2): 131–148. doi:10.5817/GLB2020-2-10. Archived from the original on 2020. ^ Summarising Procopius' account of Honorius's reign, wrote: "His name would be forgotten among the obscurest occupants of the Imperial throne were it not that his reign coincided with the fatal period in which it was decided that western Europe was to pass from the Roman to the Teuton." After listing the disasters of those 28 years, Bury concluded:"[Honorius] himself did nothing of note against the enemies who infested his realm, but personally he was extraordinarily fortunate in occupying the throne till he died a natural death and witnessing the destruction of the multitude of tyrants who rose up against him."John Bagnall Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, 1923 (New York: Dover, 1958), p. 213 ^ Codex Theodosianus 14.10.2–3, tr. C. Pharr, "The Theodosian Code," p. 415. ^ "The Reign of Honorius – Telemachus and the End of the Gladiators" by Linda Alchin, "Honorius", 5 March 2015, retrieved 12 October 2016 References[edit] Primary sources Aurelius Victor, "Epitome de Caesaribus", English version of Epitome de Caesaribus Zosimus, "Historia Nova", Books 4–6 Historia Nova Secondary sources Doyle, Chris. 'Honorius: The Fight for the Roman West AD395-423'. Roman Imperial Biographies. Routledge. (2018) https://www.routledge.com/Honorius-The-Fight-for-the-Roman-West-AD-395-423/Doyle/p/book/9781138190887 Doyle, Christopher. The Endgame of Treason: Suppressing Rebellion and Usurpation in the Late Roman Empire AD 397‑411. (2014) National University of Ireland Galway. Unpublished doctoral thesis. https://aran.library.nuigalway.ie/handle/10379/4631 Kovács, Tamás. “410: Honorius, His Rooster, and the Eunuch (Procop. Vand. 1.2.25–26).” Graeco-Latina Brunensia 25, no. 2 (2020): 131–48. https://doi.org/10.5817/GLB2020-2-10. Mathisen, Ralph, "Honorius (395–423 A.D.)", De Imperatoribus Romanis McEvoy, Meaghan A. (2010). 'Rome and the transformation of the imperial office in the late fourth - mid-fifth centuries A.D.', Papers of the British School at Rome 78: 151–192. McEvoy, Meaghan A. (2013). Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, A.D. 367-455. Oxford: Oxford University Press. McEvoy, Meaghan A. (2013). 'The mausoleum of Honorius: late Roman imperial Christianity and the city of Rome in the fifth century', in Rosamond McKitterick, John Osbourne, Carol M. Richards, Joanna Story (eds.), Old St Peter's, Rome, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 119–136. Jones, A.H.M., Martindale, J.R. The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Vol. I: AD260-395, Cambridge University Press, 1971 Bury, J. B., A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene, Vol. I (1889) Gibbon. Edward Decline & Fall of the Roman Empire (1888) External links[edit] This list of Roman laws of the fourth century shows laws passed by Honorius relating to Christianity. Media related to Flavius Augustus Honorius at Wikimedia Commons Regnal titles Preceded by Theodosius I Western Roman emperor 395–423 with Constantius III (421) Succeeded by Joannes Political offices Preceded by Arcadius Bauto Roman consul 386 with Flavius Euodius Succeeded by Valentinian II Eutropius Preceded by Theodosius I Abundatius Roman consul II 394 with Arcadius Succeeded by Anicius Hermogenianus Olybrius Anicius Probinus Preceded by Anicius Hermogenianus Olybrius Anicius Probinus Roman consul III 396 with Arcadius Succeeded by Caesarius Nonius Atticus Preceded by Caesarius Nonius Atticus Roman consul IV 398 with Eutychianus Succeeded by Mallius Theodorus Eutropius Preceded by Vincentius Fravitta Roman consul V 402 with Arcadius Succeeded by Theodosius II Rumoridus Preceded by Theodosius II Rumoridus Roman consul VI 404 with Aristaenetus Succeeded by Stilicho Anthemius Preceded by Arcadius Anicius Petronius Probus Roman consul VII 407 with Theodosius II Succeeded by Anicius Auchenius Bassus Philippus Preceded by Anicius Auchenius Bassus Philippus Roman consul VIII 409 with Theodosius II Succeeded by Varanes Tertullus Preceded by Theodosius II Roman consul IX 412 with Theodosius II Succeeded by Heraclianus Lucius Preceded by Constantius III Constans Roman consul X 415 with Theodosius II Succeeded by Theodosius II Junius Quartus Palladius Preceded by Theodosius II Junius Quartus Palladius Roman consul XI 417–418 with Constantius III and Theodosius II Succeeded by Monaxius Plinta Preceded by Agricola Eustathius Roman consul XII 422 with Theodosius II Succeeded by Avitus Marinianus Asclepiodotus v t e Roman and Byzantine emperors and ruling empresses Principate 27 BC – AD 235 Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Titus Domitian Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius Lucius Verus Commodus Pertinax Didius Julianus (Pescennius Niger) (Clodius Albinus) Septimius Severus Caracalla Geta Macrinus Diadumenian Elagabalus 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Constantine as junior co-emperors Romanos II Nikephoros II Phokas John I Tzimiskes Basil II Constantine VIII Zoë (first reign) and Romanos III Argyros Zoë (first reign) and Michael IV the Paphlagonian Michael V Kalaphates Zoë (second reign) with Theodora Zoë (second reign) and Constantine IX Monomachos Constantine IX Monomachos (sole emperor) Theodora Michael VI Bringas Isaac I Komnenos Constantine X Doukas Romanos IV Diogenes Michael VII Doukas with brothers Andronikos and Konstantios and son Constantine Nikephoros III Botaneiates Alexios I Komnenos John II Komnenos with Alexios Komnenos as co-emperor Manuel I Komnenos Alexios II Komnenos Andronikos I Komnenos with John Komnenos as co-emperor Isaac II Angelos Alexios III Angelos Alexios IV Angelos Nicholas Kanabos (chosen by the Senate) Alexios V Doukas Empire of Nicaea 1204–1261 Constantine Laskaris Theodore I Laskaris John III Doukas Vatatzes Theodore II Laskaris John IV Laskaris Byzantine Empire 1261–1453 Michael VIII Palaiologos Andronikos II Palaiologos with Michael IX Palaiologos as co-emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos John V Palaiologos John VI Kantakouzenos with John V Palaiologos and Matthew Kantakouzenos as co-emperors John V Palaiologos Andronikos IV Palaiologos John VII Palaiologos Andronikos V Palaiologos Manuel II Palaiologos John VIII Palaiologos Constantine XI Palaiologos Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, while underlining indicates a usurper. Authority control General Integrated Authority File ISNI 1 VIAF 1 WorldCat National libraries Norway France (data) United States Netherlands Poland Vatican Art research institutes Artist Names (Getty) Other Faceted Application of Subject Terminology RERO (Switzerland) 1 Social Networks and Archival Context SUDOC (France) 1 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honorius_(emperor)&oldid=1026881890" Categories: 384 births 423 deaths 4th-century Roman emperors 5th-century Roman emperors Ancient child rulers Deaths from edema Flavii Imperial Roman consuls Theodosian dynasty Sons of Roman emperors Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from November 2020 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2021 Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Commons link is on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with FAST identifiers Wikipedia articles with RERO identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages العربية Aragonés تۆرکجه Bân-lâm-gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Napulitano Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 June 2021, at 19:19 (UTC). 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