id sid tid token lemma pos doi-org-6451 1 1 Secure secure VB doi-org-6451 1 2 the the DT doi-org-6451 1 3 Internet internet NN doi-org-6451 1 4 | | NN doi-org-6451 1 5 Nature Nature NNP doi-org-6451 1 6 Skip Skip NNP doi-org-6451 1 7 to to IN doi-org-6451 1 8 main main JJ doi-org-6451 1 9 content content NN doi-org-6451 1 10 Thank thank VBP doi-org-6451 1 11 you -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 1 12 for for IN doi-org-6451 1 13 visiting visit VBG doi-org-6451 1 14 nature.com nature.com ADD doi-org-6451 1 15 . . . doi-org-6451 2 1 You -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 2 2 are be VBP doi-org-6451 2 3 using use VBG doi-org-6451 2 4 a a DT doi-org-6451 2 5 browser browser NN doi-org-6451 2 6 version version NN doi-org-6451 2 7 with with IN doi-org-6451 2 8 limited limited JJ doi-org-6451 2 9 support support NN doi-org-6451 2 10 for for IN doi-org-6451 2 11 CSS css NN doi-org-6451 2 12 . . . doi-org-6451 3 1 To to TO doi-org-6451 3 2 obtain obtain VB doi-org-6451 3 3 the the DT doi-org-6451 3 4 best good JJS doi-org-6451 3 5 experience experience NN doi-org-6451 3 6 , , , doi-org-6451 3 7 we -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 3 8 recommend recommend VBP doi-org-6451 3 9 you -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 3 10 use use VBP doi-org-6451 3 11 a a DT doi-org-6451 3 12 more more RBR doi-org-6451 3 13 up up IN doi-org-6451 3 14 to to IN doi-org-6451 3 15 date date NN doi-org-6451 3 16 browser browser NN doi-org-6451 3 17 ( ( -LRB- doi-org-6451 3 18 or or CC doi-org-6451 3 19 turn turn VB doi-org-6451 3 20 off off RP doi-org-6451 3 21 compatibility compatibility NN doi-org-6451 3 22 mode mode NN doi-org-6451 3 23 in in IN doi-org-6451 3 24 Internet Internet NNP doi-org-6451 3 25 Explorer Explorer NNP doi-org-6451 3 26 ) ) -RRB- doi-org-6451 3 27 . . . doi-org-6451 4 1 In in IN doi-org-6451 4 2 the the DT doi-org-6451 4 3 meantime meantime NN doi-org-6451 4 4 , , , doi-org-6451 4 5 to to TO doi-org-6451 4 6 ensure ensure VB doi-org-6451 4 7 continued continued JJ doi-org-6451 4 8 support support NN doi-org-6451 4 9 , , , doi-org-6451 4 10 we -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 4 11 are be VBP doi-org-6451 4 12 displaying display VBG doi-org-6451 4 13 the the DT doi-org-6451 4 14 site site NN doi-org-6451 4 15 without without IN doi-org-6451 4 16 styles style NNS doi-org-6451 4 17 and and CC doi-org-6451 4 18 JavaScript JavaScript NNP doi-org-6451 4 19 . . . doi-org-6451 5 1 Advertisement advertisement NN doi-org-6451 5 2 View view VBP doi-org-6451 5 3 all all DT doi-org-6451 5 4 Nature Nature NNP doi-org-6451 5 5 Research Research NNP doi-org-6451 5 6 journals journal NNS doi-org-6451 5 7 Search Search NNP doi-org-6451 5 8 My -PRON- PRP$ doi-org-6451 5 9 Account Account NNP doi-org-6451 5 10 Login Login NNP doi-org-6451 5 11 Explore Explore NNP doi-org-6451 5 12 content content NN doi-org-6451 5 13 Journal Journal NNP doi-org-6451 5 14 information information NN doi-org-6451 5 15 Publish publish VB doi-org-6451 5 16 with with IN doi-org-6451 5 17 us -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 5 18 Sign sign VB doi-org-6451 5 19 up up RP doi-org-6451 5 20 for for IN doi-org-6451 5 21 alerts alert NNS doi-org-6451 5 22 RSS RSS NNP doi-org-6451 5 23 feed feed NN doi-org-6451 5 24 nature nature NN doi-org-6451 5 25 comment comment NN doi-org-6451 5 26 article article NN doi-org-6451 5 27 Secure secure JJ doi-org-6451 5 28 the the DT doi-org-6451 5 29 Internet Internet NNP doi-org-6451 5 30 Download Download NNP doi-org-6451 5 31 PDF PDF NNP doi-org-6451 5 32 Published publish VBN doi-org-6451 5 33 : : : doi-org-6451 5 34 14 14 CD doi-org-6451 5 35 November November NNP doi-org-6451 5 36 2012 2012 CD doi-org-6451 5 37 Computing compute VBG doi-org-6451 5 38 Secure Secure NNP doi-org-6451 5 39 the the DT doi-org-6451 5 40 Internet internet NN doi-org-6451 5 41 Ben Ben NNP doi-org-6451 5 42 Laurie1 Laurie1 NNP doi-org-6451 5 43 & & CC doi-org-6451 5 44 Cory Cory NNP doi-org-6451 5 45 Doctorow2 Doctorow2 NNP doi-org-6451 5 46   NNP doi-org-6451 5 47     _SP doi-org-6451 5 48 Nature Nature NNP doi-org-6451 5 49 volume volume NNP doi-org-6451 5 50   _SP doi-org-6451 5 51 491, 491,â CD doi-org-6451 5 52   _SP doi-org-6451 5 53 pages325–326(2012)Cite pages325–326(2012)cite JJ doi-org-6451 5 54 this this DT doi-org-6451 5 55 article article NN doi-org-6451 5 56 1558 1558 CD doi-org-6451 5 57 Accesses Accesses NNP doi-org-6451 5 58 4 4 CD doi-org-6451 5 59 Citations citation NNS doi-org-6451 5 60 148 148 CD doi-org-6451 5 61 Altmetric altmetric JJ doi-org-6451 5 62 Metrics metric NNS doi-org-6451 5 63 details detail NNS doi-org-6451 5 64 Subjects Subjects NNPS doi-org-6451 5 65 Business Business NNP doi-org-6451 5 66 Information Information NNP doi-org-6451 5 67 technology technology NN doi-org-6451 5 68 Mathematics mathematic NNS doi-org-6451 5 69 and and CC doi-org-6451 5 70 computing compute VBG doi-org-6451 5 71 Software software NN doi-org-6451 5 72 engineers engineer NNS doi-org-6451 5 73 must must MD doi-org-6451 5 74 close close VB doi-org-6451 5 75 the the DT doi-org-6451 5 76 loophole loophole NN doi-org-6451 5 77 used use VBN doi-org-6451 5 78 to to TO doi-org-6451 5 79 intercept intercept VB doi-org-6451 5 80 online online JJ doi-org-6451 5 81 communications communication NNS doi-org-6451 5 82 , , , doi-org-6451 5 83 say say VBP doi-org-6451 5 84 Ben Ben NNP doi-org-6451 5 85 Laurie Laurie NNP doi-org-6451 5 86 and and CC doi-org-6451 5 87 Cory Cory NNP doi-org-6451 5 88 Doctorow Doctorow NNP doi-org-6451 5 89 . . . doi-org-6451 6 1 Download download JJ doi-org-6451 6 2 PDF PDF NNP doi-org-6451 6 3 In in IN doi-org-6451 6 4 2011 2011 CD doi-org-6451 6 5 , , , doi-org-6451 6 6 a a DT doi-org-6451 6 7 fake fake JJ doi-org-6451 6 8 Adobe Adobe NNP doi-org-6451 6 9 Flash Flash NNP doi-org-6451 6 10 updater updater NN doi-org-6451 6 11 was be VBD doi-org-6451 6 12 discovered discover VBN doi-org-6451 6 13 on on IN doi-org-6451 6 14 the the DT doi-org-6451 6 15 Internet internet NN doi-org-6451 6 16 . . . doi-org-6451 7 1 To to IN doi-org-6451 7 2 any any DT doi-org-6451 7 3 user user NN doi-org-6451 7 4 it -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 7 5 looked look VBD doi-org-6451 7 6 authentic authentic JJ doi-org-6451 7 7 . . . doi-org-6451 8 1 The the DT doi-org-6451 8 2 software software NN doi-org-6451 8 3 's 's POS doi-org-6451 8 4 cryptographic cryptographic JJ doi-org-6451 8 5 certificates certificate NNS doi-org-6451 8 6 , , , doi-org-6451 8 7 which which WDT doi-org-6451 8 8 securely securely RB doi-org-6451 8 9 verify verify VBP doi-org-6451 8 10 the the DT doi-org-6451 8 11 authenticity authenticity NN doi-org-6451 8 12 and and CC doi-org-6451 8 13 integrity integrity NN doi-org-6451 8 14 of of IN doi-org-6451 8 15 Internet internet NN doi-org-6451 8 16 connections connection NNS doi-org-6451 8 17 , , , doi-org-6451 8 18 bore bear VBD doi-org-6451 8 19 an an DT doi-org-6451 8 20 authorized authorized JJ doi-org-6451 8 21 signature signature NN doi-org-6451 8 22 . . . doi-org-6451 9 1 Internet internet NN doi-org-6451 9 2 users user NNS doi-org-6451 9 3 who who WP doi-org-6451 9 4 thought think VBD doi-org-6451 9 5 they -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 9 6 were be VBD doi-org-6451 9 7 applying apply VBG doi-org-6451 9 8 a a DT doi-org-6451 9 9 legitimate legitimate JJ doi-org-6451 9 10 patch patch NN doi-org-6451 9 11 unwittingly unwittingly RB doi-org-6451 9 12 turned turn VBD doi-org-6451 9 13 their -PRON- PRP$ doi-org-6451 9 14 computers computer NNS doi-org-6451 9 15 into into IN doi-org-6451 9 16 spies spy NNS doi-org-6451 9 17 . . . doi-org-6451 10 1 An an DT doi-org-6451 10 2 unknown unknown JJ doi-org-6451 10 3 master master NN doi-org-6451 10 4 had have VBD doi-org-6451 10 5 access access NN doi-org-6451 10 6 to to IN doi-org-6451 10 7 all all DT doi-org-6451 10 8 of of IN doi-org-6451 10 9 their -PRON- PRP$ doi-org-6451 10 10 data datum NNS doi-org-6451 10 11 . . . doi-org-6451 11 1 The the DT doi-org-6451 11 2 keys key NNS doi-org-6451 11 3 used use VBD doi-org-6451 11 4 to to TO doi-org-6451 11 5 sign sign VB doi-org-6451 11 6 the the DT doi-org-6451 11 7 certificates certificate NNS doi-org-6451 11 8 had have VBD doi-org-6451 11 9 been be VBN doi-org-6451 11 10 stolen steal VBN doi-org-6451 11 11 from from IN doi-org-6451 11 12 a a DT doi-org-6451 11 13 ' ' `` doi-org-6451 11 14 certificate certificate NN doi-org-6451 11 15 authority authority NN doi-org-6451 11 16 ' ' '' doi-org-6451 11 17 ( ( -LRB- doi-org-6451 11 18 CA CA NNP doi-org-6451 11 19 ) ) -RRB- doi-org-6451 11 20 , , , doi-org-6451 11 21 a a DT doi-org-6451 11 22 trusted trust VBN doi-org-6451 11 23 body body NN doi-org-6451 11 24 ( ( -LRB- doi-org-6451 11 25 in in IN doi-org-6451 11 26 this this DT doi-org-6451 11 27 case case NN doi-org-6451 11 28 , , , doi-org-6451 11 29 the the DT doi-org-6451 11 30 Malaysian Malaysian NNP doi-org-6451 11 31 Agricultural Agricultural NNP doi-org-6451 11 32 Research Research NNP doi-org-6451 11 33 and and CC doi-org-6451 11 34 Development Development NNP doi-org-6451 11 35 Institute Institute NNP doi-org-6451 11 36 ) ) -RRB- doi-org-6451 11 37 whose whose WP$ doi-org-6451 11 38 encrypted encrypted JJ doi-org-6451 11 39 signature signature NN doi-org-6451 11 40 on on IN doi-org-6451 11 41 a a DT doi-org-6451 11 42 website website NN doi-org-6451 11 43 or or CC doi-org-6451 11 44 piece piece NN doi-org-6451 11 45 of of IN doi-org-6451 11 46 software software NN doi-org-6451 11 47 tells tell VBZ doi-org-6451 11 48 a a DT doi-org-6451 11 49 browser browser NN doi-org-6451 11 50 program program NN doi-org-6451 11 51 that that IN doi-org-6451 11 52 the the DT doi-org-6451 11 53 destination destination NN doi-org-6451 11 54 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 11 55 bona bona FW doi-org-6451 11 56 fide fide JJ doi-org-6451 11 57 . . . doi-org-6451 12 1 Until until IN doi-org-6451 12 2 the the DT doi-org-6451 12 3 breach breach NN doi-org-6451 12 4 was be VBD doi-org-6451 12 5 found find VBN doi-org-6451 12 6 and and CC doi-org-6451 12 7 the the DT doi-org-6451 12 8 certificate certificate NN doi-org-6451 12 9 revoked revoke VBD doi-org-6451 12 10 , , , doi-org-6451 12 11 the the DT doi-org-6451 12 12 keys key NNS doi-org-6451 12 13 could could MD doi-org-6451 12 14 be be VB doi-org-6451 12 15 used use VBN doi-org-6451 12 16 to to TO doi-org-6451 12 17 impersonate impersonate VB doi-org-6451 12 18 virtually virtually RB doi-org-6451 12 19 any any DT doi-org-6451 12 20 site site NN doi-org-6451 12 21 on on IN doi-org-6451 12 22 the the DT doi-org-6451 12 23 Internet internet NN doi-org-6451 12 24 . . . doi-org-6451 13 1 Credit credit NN doi-org-6451 13 2 : : : doi-org-6451 13 3 ILLUSTRATION illustration NN doi-org-6451 13 4 BY by IN doi-org-6451 13 5 ANDREW andrew NN doi-org-6451 13 6 RAE rae VB doi-org-6451 13 7 Fake fake JJ doi-org-6451 13 8 certificates certificate NNS doi-org-6451 13 9 are be VBP doi-org-6451 13 10 used use VBN doi-org-6451 13 11 by by IN doi-org-6451 13 12 hackers hacker NNS doi-org-6451 13 13 and and CC doi-org-6451 13 14 governments government NNS doi-org-6451 13 15 to to TO doi-org-6451 13 16 harvest harvest VB doi-org-6451 13 17 online online JJ doi-org-6451 13 18 communications communication NNS doi-org-6451 13 19 . . . doi-org-6451 14 1 In in IN doi-org-6451 14 2 2011 2011 CD doi-org-6451 14 3 , , , doi-org-6451 14 4 for for IN doi-org-6451 14 5 example example NN doi-org-6451 14 6 , , , doi-org-6451 14 7 a a DT doi-org-6451 14 8 hacker hacker NN doi-org-6451 14 9 based base VBN doi-org-6451 14 10 in in IN doi-org-6451 14 11 Iran Iran NNP doi-org-6451 14 12 stole steal VBD doi-org-6451 14 13 the the DT doi-org-6451 14 14 signing signing NN doi-org-6451 14 15 keys key NNS doi-org-6451 14 16 from from IN doi-org-6451 14 17 DigiNotar DigiNotar NNP doi-org-6451 14 18 , , , doi-org-6451 14 19 a a DT doi-org-6451 14 20 Dutch Dutch NNP doi-org-6451 14 21 CA CA NNP doi-org-6451 14 22 that that WDT doi-org-6451 14 23 declared declare VBD doi-org-6451 14 24 bankruptcy bankruptcy NN doi-org-6451 14 25 soon soon RB doi-org-6451 14 26 afterwards afterwards RB doi-org-6451 14 27 . . . doi-org-6451 15 1 The the DT doi-org-6451 15 2 keys key NNS doi-org-6451 15 3 were be VBD doi-org-6451 15 4 used use VBN doi-org-6451 15 5 to to TO doi-org-6451 15 6 impersonate impersonate VB doi-org-6451 15 7 sites site NNS doi-org-6451 15 8 such such JJ doi-org-6451 15 9 as as IN doi-org-6451 15 10 Facebook Facebook NNP doi-org-6451 15 11 and and CC doi-org-6451 15 12 Gmail Gmail NNP doi-org-6451 15 13 in in IN doi-org-6451 15 14 Iranian iranian JJ doi-org-6451 15 15 dissidents dissident NNS doi-org-6451 15 16 ' ' POS doi-org-6451 15 17 browsers browser NNS doi-org-6451 15 18 , , , doi-org-6451 15 19 allowing allow VBG doi-org-6451 15 20 all all DT doi-org-6451 15 21 of of IN doi-org-6451 15 22 their -PRON- PRP$ doi-org-6451 15 23 messages message NNS doi-org-6451 15 24 to to TO doi-org-6451 15 25 be be VB doi-org-6451 15 26 read read VBN doi-org-6451 15 27 . . . doi-org-6451 16 1 Certificates certificate NNS doi-org-6451 16 2 allow allow VBP doi-org-6451 16 3 the the DT doi-org-6451 16 4 web web NN doi-org-6451 16 5 to to TO doi-org-6451 16 6 work work VB doi-org-6451 16 7 . . . doi-org-6451 17 1 They -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 17 2 secure secure VBP doi-org-6451 17 3 transactions transaction NNS doi-org-6451 17 4 and and CC doi-org-6451 17 5 allow allow VB doi-org-6451 17 6 users user NNS doi-org-6451 17 7 to to TO doi-org-6451 17 8 enter enter VB doi-org-6451 17 9 credit credit NN doi-org-6451 17 10 - - HYPH doi-org-6451 17 11 card card NN doi-org-6451 17 12 numbers number NNS doi-org-6451 17 13 , , , doi-org-6451 17 14 share share VB doi-org-6451 17 15 data datum NNS doi-org-6451 17 16 across across IN doi-org-6451 17 17 networks network NNS doi-org-6451 17 18 or or CC doi-org-6451 17 19 chat chat VB doi-org-6451 17 20 in in IN doi-org-6451 17 21 private private JJ doi-org-6451 17 22 forums forum NNS doi-org-6451 17 23 . . . doi-org-6451 18 1 Without without IN doi-org-6451 18 2 certificates certificate NNS doi-org-6451 18 3 , , , doi-org-6451 18 4 hackers hacker NNS doi-org-6451 18 5 could could MD doi-org-6451 18 6 easily easily RB doi-org-6451 18 7 stop stop VB doi-org-6451 18 8 , , , doi-org-6451 18 9 corrupt corrupt JJ doi-org-6451 18 10 or or CC doi-org-6451 18 11 eavesdrop eavesdrop VB doi-org-6451 18 12 on on IN doi-org-6451 18 13 these these DT doi-org-6451 18 14 exchanges exchange NNS doi-org-6451 18 15 . . . doi-org-6451 19 1 But but CC doi-org-6451 19 2 certificates certificate NNS doi-org-6451 19 3 are be VBP doi-org-6451 19 4 in in IN doi-org-6451 19 5 trouble trouble NN doi-org-6451 19 6 . . . doi-org-6451 20 1 As as IN doi-org-6451 20 2 more more JJR doi-org-6451 20 3 authorizing authorize VBG doi-org-6451 20 4 bodies body NNS doi-org-6451 20 5 are be VBP doi-org-6451 20 6 added add VBN doi-org-6451 20 7 to to IN doi-org-6451 20 8 browsers browser NNS doi-org-6451 20 9 ' ' POS doi-org-6451 20 10 lists list NNS doi-org-6451 20 11 of of IN doi-org-6451 20 12 trusted trust VBN doi-org-6451 20 13 CAs CAs NNP doi-org-6451 20 14 , , , doi-org-6451 20 15 and and CC doi-org-6451 20 16 as as IN doi-org-6451 20 17 governments government NNS doi-org-6451 20 18 , , , doi-org-6451 20 19 hackers hacker NNS doi-org-6451 20 20 and and CC doi-org-6451 20 21 unscrupulous unscrupulous JJ doi-org-6451 20 22 insiders insider NNS doi-org-6451 20 23 weaken weaken VBP doi-org-6451 20 24 the the DT doi-org-6451 20 25 Internet internet NN doi-org-6451 20 26 's 's POS doi-org-6451 20 27 security security NN doi-org-6451 20 28 system system NN doi-org-6451 20 29 , , , doi-org-6451 20 30 it -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 20 31 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 20 32 becoming become VBG doi-org-6451 20 33 virtually virtually RB doi-org-6451 20 34 impossible impossible JJ doi-org-6451 20 35 to to TO doi-org-6451 20 36 know know VB doi-org-6451 20 37 whether whether IN doi-org-6451 20 38 a a DT doi-org-6451 20 39 connection connection NN doi-org-6451 20 40 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 20 41 legitimate legitimate JJ doi-org-6451 20 42 . . . doi-org-6451 21 1 It -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 21 2 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 21 3 becoming become VBG doi-org-6451 21 4 virtually virtually RB doi-org-6451 21 5 impossible impossible JJ doi-org-6451 21 6 to to TO doi-org-6451 21 7 know know VB doi-org-6451 21 8 whether whether IN doi-org-6451 21 9 a a DT doi-org-6451 21 10 connection connection NN doi-org-6451 21 11 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 21 12 legitimate legitimate JJ doi-org-6451 21 13 . . . doi-org-6451 22 1 Many many JJ doi-org-6451 22 2 Internet internet NN doi-org-6451 22 3 technicians technician NNS doi-org-6451 22 4 , , , doi-org-6451 22 5 ourselves -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 22 6 included include VBD doi-org-6451 22 7 , , , doi-org-6451 22 8 agree agree VBP doi-org-6451 22 9 that that IN doi-org-6451 22 10 it -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 22 11 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 22 12 time time NN doi-org-6451 22 13 to to TO doi-org-6451 22 14 fix fix VB doi-org-6451 22 15 the the DT doi-org-6451 22 16 problem problem NN doi-org-6451 22 17 . . . doi-org-6451 23 1 What what WP doi-org-6451 23 2 remains remain VBZ doi-org-6451 23 3 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 23 4 the the DT doi-org-6451 23 5 substantial substantial JJ doi-org-6451 23 6 hurdle hurdle NN doi-org-6451 23 7 of of IN doi-org-6451 23 8 reaching reach VBG doi-org-6451 23 9 consensus consensus NN doi-org-6451 23 10 about about IN doi-org-6451 23 11 how how WRB doi-org-6451 23 12 . . . doi-org-6451 24 1 The the DT doi-org-6451 24 2 international international JJ doi-org-6451 24 3 Internet Internet NNP doi-org-6451 24 4 Engineering Engineering NNP doi-org-6451 24 5 Task Task NNP doi-org-6451 24 6 Force Force NNP doi-org-6451 24 7 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 24 8 adding add VBG doi-org-6451 24 9 registration registration NN doi-org-6451 24 10 information information NN doi-org-6451 24 11 to to IN doi-org-6451 24 12 the the DT doi-org-6451 24 13 ( ( -LRB- doi-org-6451 24 14 already already RB doi-org-6451 24 15 overburdened overburden VBN doi-org-6451 24 16 ) ) -RRB- doi-org-6451 24 17 domain domain NN doi-org-6451 24 18 name name NN doi-org-6451 24 19 system system NN doi-org-6451 24 20 ( ( -LRB- doi-org-6451 24 21 DNS DNS NNP doi-org-6451 24 22 ) ) -RRB- doi-org-6451 24 23 . . . doi-org-6451 25 1 But but CC doi-org-6451 25 2 websites website NNS doi-org-6451 25 3 can can MD doi-org-6451 25 4 still still RB doi-org-6451 25 5 be be VB doi-org-6451 25 6 taken take VBN doi-org-6451 25 7 over over RP doi-org-6451 25 8 . . . doi-org-6451 26 1 The the DT doi-org-6451 26 2 Electronic Electronic NNP doi-org-6451 26 3 Frontier Frontier NNP doi-org-6451 26 4 Foundation Foundation NNP doi-org-6451 26 5 ( ( -LRB- doi-org-6451 26 6 where where WRB doi-org-6451 26 7 C.D. C.D. NNP doi-org-6451 27 1 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 27 2 a a DT doi-org-6451 27 3 fellow fellow NN doi-org-6451 27 4 ) ) -RRB- doi-org-6451 27 5 , , , doi-org-6451 27 6 based base VBN doi-org-6451 27 7 in in IN doi-org-6451 27 8 San San NNP doi-org-6451 27 9 Francisco Francisco NNP doi-org-6451 27 10 , , , doi-org-6451 27 11 California California NNP doi-org-6451 27 12 , , , doi-org-6451 27 13 has have VBZ doi-org-6451 27 14 proposed propose VBN doi-org-6451 27 15 a a DT doi-org-6451 27 16 cryptographic cryptographic JJ doi-org-6451 27 17 protocol protocol NN doi-org-6451 27 18 called call VBN doi-org-6451 27 19 Sovereign Sovereign NNP doi-org-6451 27 20 Keys Keys NNPS doi-org-6451 27 21 ( ( -LRB- doi-org-6451 27 22 SK SK NNP doi-org-6451 27 23 ) ) -RRB- doi-org-6451 27 24 that that WDT doi-org-6451 27 25 would would MD doi-org-6451 27 26 make make VB doi-org-6451 27 27 it -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 27 28 impossible impossible JJ doi-org-6451 27 29 for for IN doi-org-6451 27 30 a a DT doi-org-6451 27 31 third third JJ doi-org-6451 27 32 party party NN doi-org-6451 27 33 to to TO doi-org-6451 27 34 impersonate impersonate VB doi-org-6451 27 35 any any DT doi-org-6451 27 36 website website NN doi-org-6451 27 37 . . . doi-org-6451 28 1 A a DT doi-org-6451 28 2 third third JJ doi-org-6451 28 3 effort effort NN doi-org-6451 28 4 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 28 5 under under IN doi-org-6451 28 6 way way NN doi-org-6451 28 7 , , , doi-org-6451 28 8 led lead VBN doi-org-6451 28 9 by by IN doi-org-6451 28 10 a a DT doi-org-6451 28 11 team team NN doi-org-6451 28 12 ( ( -LRB- doi-org-6451 28 13 including include VBG doi-org-6451 28 14 B.L. B.L. NNP doi-org-6451 28 15 ) ) -RRB- doi-org-6451 29 1 at at IN doi-org-6451 29 2 Google Google NNP doi-org-6451 29 3 , , , doi-org-6451 29 4 based base VBN doi-org-6451 29 5 in in IN doi-org-6451 29 6 Mountain Mountain NNP doi-org-6451 29 7 View View NNP doi-org-6451 29 8 , , , doi-org-6451 29 9 California California NNP doi-org-6451 29 10 . . . doi-org-6451 30 1 This this DT doi-org-6451 30 2 protocol protocol NN doi-org-6451 30 3 ††NNP doi-org-6451 30 4 ” " '' doi-org-6451 30 5 called call VBN doi-org-6451 30 6 Certificate Certificate NNP doi-org-6451 30 7 Transparency Transparency NNP doi-org-6451 30 8 ( ( -LRB- doi-org-6451 30 9 CT CT NNP doi-org-6451 30 10 ) ) -RRB- doi-org-6451 30 11 ††NNP doi-org-6451 30 12 ” " '' doi-org-6451 30 13 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 30 14 similar similar JJ doi-org-6451 30 15 to to IN doi-org-6451 30 16 SK SK NNP doi-org-6451 30 17 , , , doi-org-6451 30 18 but but CC doi-org-6451 30 19 it -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 30 20 includes include VBZ doi-org-6451 30 21 an an DT doi-org-6451 30 22 independent independent JJ doi-org-6451 30 23 cross cross JJ doi-org-6451 30 24 - - JJ doi-org-6451 30 25 checking checking JJ doi-org-6451 30 26 system system NN doi-org-6451 30 27 . . . doi-org-6451 31 1 Release release NN doi-org-6451 31 2 dates date NNS doi-org-6451 31 3 have have VBP doi-org-6451 31 4 not not RB doi-org-6451 31 5 been be VBN doi-org-6451 31 6 set set VBN doi-org-6451 31 7 for for IN doi-org-6451 31 8 either either DT doi-org-6451 31 9 protocol protocol NN doi-org-6451 31 10 , , , doi-org-6451 31 11 but but CC doi-org-6451 31 12 CT CT NNP doi-org-6451 31 13 has have VBZ doi-org-6451 31 14 the the DT doi-org-6451 31 15 potential potential NN doi-org-6451 31 16 to to TO doi-org-6451 31 17 be be VB doi-org-6451 31 18 rolled roll VBN doi-org-6451 31 19 out out RP doi-org-6451 31 20 sooner soon RBR doi-org-6451 31 21 , , , doi-org-6451 31 22 through through IN doi-org-6451 31 23 regular regular JJ doi-org-6451 31 24 software software NN doi-org-6451 31 25 updates update NNS doi-org-6451 31 26 for for IN doi-org-6451 31 27 Google Google NNP doi-org-6451 31 28 's 's POS doi-org-6451 31 29 web web NN doi-org-6451 31 30 browser browser NN doi-org-6451 31 31 , , , doi-org-6451 31 32 Chrome Chrome NNP doi-org-6451 31 33 . . . doi-org-6451 32 1 We -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 32 2 see see VBP doi-org-6451 32 3 it -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 32 4 as as IN doi-org-6451 32 5 a a DT doi-org-6451 32 6 stepping stepping JJ doi-org-6451 32 7 stone stone NN doi-org-6451 32 8 to to IN doi-org-6451 32 9 a a DT doi-org-6451 32 10 more more RBR doi-org-6451 32 11 ambitious ambitious JJ doi-org-6451 32 12 system system NN doi-org-6451 32 13 , , , doi-org-6451 32 14 such such JJ doi-org-6451 32 15 as as IN doi-org-6451 32 16 SK SK NNP doi-org-6451 32 17 . . . doi-org-6451 33 1 We -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 33 2 call call VBP doi-org-6451 33 3 on on IN doi-org-6451 33 4 browser brows JJR doi-org-6451 33 5 vendors vendor NNS doi-org-6451 33 6 to to TO doi-org-6451 33 7 support support VB doi-org-6451 33 8 a a DT doi-org-6451 33 9 shift shift NN doi-org-6451 33 10 to to IN doi-org-6451 33 11 a a DT doi-org-6451 33 12 more more RBR doi-org-6451 33 13 secure secure JJ doi-org-6451 33 14 system system NN doi-org-6451 33 15 . . . doi-org-6451 34 1 There there EX doi-org-6451 34 2 are be VBP doi-org-6451 34 3 economic economic JJ doi-org-6451 34 4 barriers barrier NNS doi-org-6451 34 5 ††NNP doi-org-6451 34 6 ” " '' doi-org-6451 34 7 no no DT doi-org-6451 34 8 one one NN doi-org-6451 34 9 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 34 10 likely likely JJ doi-org-6451 34 11 to to TO doi-org-6451 34 12 make make VB doi-org-6451 34 13 money money NN doi-org-6451 34 14 from from IN doi-org-6451 34 15 shoring shore VBG doi-org-6451 34 16 up up RP doi-org-6451 34 17 the the DT doi-org-6451 34 18 Internet internet NN doi-org-6451 34 19 . . . doi-org-6451 35 1 But but CC doi-org-6451 35 2 the the DT doi-org-6451 35 3 risks risk NNS doi-org-6451 35 4 of of IN doi-org-6451 35 5 ignoring ignore VBG doi-org-6451 35 6 this this DT doi-org-6451 35 7 security security NN doi-org-6451 35 8 loophole loophole NN doi-org-6451 35 9 are be VBP doi-org-6451 35 10 too too RB doi-org-6451 35 11 great great JJ doi-org-6451 35 12 . . . doi-org-6451 36 1 Cross cross NN doi-org-6451 36 2 - - NN doi-org-6451 36 3 talk talk NN doi-org-6451 36 4 Before before IN doi-org-6451 36 5 your -PRON- PRP$ doi-org-6451 36 6 browser browser NN doi-org-6451 36 7 connects connect VBZ doi-org-6451 36 8 to to IN doi-org-6451 36 9 a a DT doi-org-6451 36 10 website website NN doi-org-6451 36 11 , , , doi-org-6451 36 12 it -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 36 13 asks ask VBZ doi-org-6451 36 14 your -PRON- PRP$ doi-org-6451 36 15 local local JJ doi-org-6451 36 16 network network NN doi-org-6451 36 17 's 's POS doi-org-6451 36 18 DNS dns NN doi-org-6451 36 19 server server NN doi-org-6451 36 20 for for IN doi-org-6451 36 21 the the DT doi-org-6451 36 22 numeric numeric JJ doi-org-6451 36 23 address address NN doi-org-6451 36 24 corresponding correspond VBG doi-org-6451 36 25 to to IN doi-org-6451 36 26 the the DT doi-org-6451 36 27 website website NN doi-org-6451 36 28 's 's POS doi-org-6451 36 29 domain domain NN doi-org-6451 36 30 name name NN doi-org-6451 36 31 . . . doi-org-6451 37 1 ( ( -LRB- doi-org-6451 37 2 For for IN doi-org-6451 37 3 example example NN doi-org-6451 37 4 , , , doi-org-6451 37 5 one one CD doi-org-6451 37 6 of of IN doi-org-6451 37 7 the the DT doi-org-6451 37 8 addresses address NNS doi-org-6451 37 9 for for IN doi-org-6451 37 10 www.facebook.com www.facebook.com NNP doi-org-6451 37 11 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 37 12 66.220.149.11 66.220.149.11 CD doi-org-6451 37 13 . . . doi-org-6451 37 14 ) ) -RRB- doi-org-6451 38 1 But but CC doi-org-6451 38 2 DNS dns NN doi-org-6451 38 3 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 38 4 not not RB doi-org-6451 38 5 secure secure JJ doi-org-6451 38 6 ††NNP doi-org-6451 38 7 ” " '' doi-org-6451 38 8 its -PRON- PRP$ doi-org-6451 38 9 communications communication NNS doi-org-6451 38 10 with with IN doi-org-6451 38 11 browsers browser NNS doi-org-6451 38 12 are be VBP doi-org-6451 38 13 unscrambled unscrambled JJ doi-org-6451 38 14 , , , doi-org-6451 38 15 and and CC doi-org-6451 38 16 they -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 38 17 are be VBP doi-org-6451 38 18 easy easy JJ doi-org-6451 38 19 to to TO doi-org-6451 38 20 intercept intercept VB doi-org-6451 38 21 . . . doi-org-6451 39 1 Anyone anyone NN doi-org-6451 39 2 sharing share VBG doi-org-6451 39 3 your -PRON- PRP$ doi-org-6451 39 4 network network NN doi-org-6451 39 5 can can MD doi-org-6451 39 6 steal steal VB doi-org-6451 39 7 your -PRON- PRP$ doi-org-6451 39 8 credit credit NN doi-org-6451 39 9 - - HYPH doi-org-6451 39 10 card card NN doi-org-6451 39 11 information information NN doi-org-6451 39 12 or or CC doi-org-6451 39 13 passwords password NNS doi-org-6451 39 14 . . . doi-org-6451 40 1 To to TO doi-org-6451 40 2 scramble scramble VB doi-org-6451 40 3 messages message NNS doi-org-6451 40 4 and and CC doi-org-6451 40 5 keep keep VB doi-org-6451 40 6 them -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 40 7 private private JJ doi-org-6451 40 8 , , , doi-org-6451 40 9 you -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 40 10 need need VBP doi-org-6451 40 11 encryption encryption NN doi-org-6451 40 12 . . . doi-org-6451 41 1 If if IN doi-org-6451 41 2 a a DT doi-org-6451 41 3 browser browser NN doi-org-6451 41 4 has have VBZ doi-org-6451 41 5 received receive VBN doi-org-6451 41 6 a a DT doi-org-6451 41 7 cryptographic cryptographic JJ doi-org-6451 41 8 certificate certificate NN doi-org-6451 41 9 signed sign VBN doi-org-6451 41 10 by by IN doi-org-6451 41 11 a a DT doi-org-6451 41 12 CA CA NNP doi-org-6451 41 13 , , , doi-org-6451 41 14 its -PRON- PRP$ doi-org-6451 41 15 address address NN doi-org-6451 41 16 bar bar NN doi-org-6451 41 17 shows show VBZ doi-org-6451 41 18 a a DT doi-org-6451 41 19 key key NN doi-org-6451 41 20 or or CC doi-org-6451 41 21 padlock padlock NN doi-org-6451 41 22 icon icon NN doi-org-6451 41 23 . . . doi-org-6451 42 1 All all DT doi-org-6451 42 2 browsers browser NNS doi-org-6451 42 3 have have VBP doi-org-6451 42 4 pre pre VBN doi-org-6451 42 5 - - JJ doi-org-6451 42 6 installed installed JJ doi-org-6451 42 7 lists list NNS doi-org-6451 42 8 of of IN doi-org-6451 42 9 trusted trust VBN doi-org-6451 42 10 CAs ca NNS doi-org-6451 42 11 against against IN doi-org-6451 42 12 which which WDT doi-org-6451 42 13 to to TO doi-org-6451 42 14 check check VB doi-org-6451 42 15 certificates certificate NNS doi-org-6451 42 16 . . . doi-org-6451 43 1 CAs ca NNS doi-org-6451 43 2 do do VBP doi-org-6451 43 3 a a DT doi-org-6451 43 4 lot lot NN doi-org-6451 43 5 of of IN doi-org-6451 43 6 due due JJ doi-org-6451 43 7 diligence diligence NN doi-org-6451 43 8 before before IN doi-org-6451 43 9 issuing issue VBG doi-org-6451 43 10 a a DT doi-org-6451 43 11 certificate certificate NN doi-org-6451 43 12 , , , doi-org-6451 43 13 but but CC doi-org-6451 43 14 they -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 43 15 are be VBP doi-org-6451 43 16 fallible fallible JJ doi-org-6451 43 17 . . . doi-org-6451 44 1 Cryptographic cryptographic JJ doi-org-6451 44 2 methods method NNS doi-org-6451 44 3 can can MD doi-org-6451 44 4 be be VB doi-org-6451 44 5 used use VBN doi-org-6451 44 6 to to TO doi-org-6451 44 7 spot spot VB doi-org-6451 44 8 forgery forgery NN doi-org-6451 44 9 and and CC doi-org-6451 44 10 tampering tamper VBG doi-org-6451 44 11 , , , doi-org-6451 44 12 but but CC doi-org-6451 44 13 not not RB doi-org-6451 44 14 to to TO doi-org-6451 44 15 distinguish distinguish VB doi-org-6451 44 16 real real JJ doi-org-6451 44 17 certificates certificate NNS doi-org-6451 44 18 issued issue VBN doi-org-6451 44 19 by by IN doi-org-6451 44 20 diligent diligent JJ doi-org-6451 44 21 CAs ca NNS doi-org-6451 44 22 from from IN doi-org-6451 44 23 those those DT doi-org-6451 44 24 issued issue VBN doi-org-6451 44 25 by by IN doi-org-6451 44 26 mistake mistake NN doi-org-6451 44 27 or or CC doi-org-6451 44 28 by by IN doi-org-6451 44 29 a a DT doi-org-6451 44 30 CA CA NNP doi-org-6451 44 31 that that WDT doi-org-6451 44 32 has have VBZ doi-org-6451 44 33 been be VBN doi-org-6451 44 34 conned con VBN doi-org-6451 44 35 or or CC doi-org-6451 44 36 taken take VBN doi-org-6451 44 37 over over RP doi-org-6451 44 38 . . . doi-org-6451 45 1 The the DT doi-org-6451 45 2 proliferation proliferation NN doi-org-6451 45 3 of of IN doi-org-6451 45 4 CAs CAs NNP doi-org-6451 45 5 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 45 6 putting put VBG doi-org-6451 45 7 the the DT doi-org-6451 45 8 entire entire JJ doi-org-6451 45 9 Internet internet NN doi-org-6451 45 10 at at IN doi-org-6451 45 11 risk risk NN doi-org-6451 45 12 . . . doi-org-6451 46 1 Governments government NNS doi-org-6451 46 2 are be VBP doi-org-6451 46 3 not not RB doi-org-6451 46 4 responding respond VBG doi-org-6451 46 5 to to IN doi-org-6451 46 6 the the DT doi-org-6451 46 7 problem problem NN doi-org-6451 46 8 ††NNP doi-org-6451 46 9 ” " '' doi-org-6451 46 10 indeed indeed RB doi-org-6451 46 11 , , , doi-org-6451 46 12 some some DT doi-org-6451 46 13 policy policy NN doi-org-6451 46 14 - - HYPH doi-org-6451 46 15 makers maker NNS doi-org-6451 46 16 have have VBP doi-org-6451 46 17 shown show VBN doi-org-6451 46 18 a a DT doi-org-6451 46 19 remarkable remarkable JJ doi-org-6451 46 20 willingness willingness NN doi-org-6451 46 21 to to TO doi-org-6451 46 22 undermine undermine VB doi-org-6451 46 23 online online JJ doi-org-6451 46 24 security security NN doi-org-6451 46 25 for for IN doi-org-6451 46 26 law law NN doi-org-6451 46 27 - - HYPH doi-org-6451 46 28 enforcement enforcement NN doi-org-6451 46 29 reasons reason NNS doi-org-6451 46 30 . . . doi-org-6451 47 1 India India NNP doi-org-6451 47 2 's 's POS doi-org-6451 47 3 government government NN doi-org-6451 47 4 , , , doi-org-6451 47 5 for for IN doi-org-6451 47 6 example example NN doi-org-6451 47 7 , , , doi-org-6451 47 8 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 47 9 seeking seek VBG doi-org-6451 47 10 weaker weak JJR doi-org-6451 47 11 security security NN doi-org-6451 47 12 for for IN doi-org-6451 47 13 Skype Skype NNP doi-org-6451 47 14 and and CC doi-org-6451 47 15 BlackBerry BlackBerry NNP doi-org-6451 47 16 mobile mobile NN doi-org-6451 47 17 devices1 devices1 NN doi-org-6451 47 18 . . . doi-org-6451 48 1 In in IN doi-org-6451 48 2 2011 2011 CD doi-org-6451 48 3 , , , doi-org-6451 48 4 US US NNP doi-org-6451 48 5 lawmakers lawmaker NNS doi-org-6451 48 6 proposed propose VBD doi-org-6451 48 7 the the DT doi-org-6451 48 8 Stop Stop NNP doi-org-6451 48 9 Online Online NNP doi-org-6451 48 10 Piracy Piracy NNP doi-org-6451 48 11 Act Act NNP doi-org-6451 48 12 , , , doi-org-6451 48 13 which which WDT doi-org-6451 48 14 would would MD doi-org-6451 48 15 require require VB doi-org-6451 48 16 DNS dns NN doi-org-6451 48 17 providers provider NNS doi-org-6451 48 18 to to TO doi-org-6451 48 19 return return VB doi-org-6451 48 20 false false JJ doi-org-6451 48 21 results result NNS doi-org-6451 48 22 when when WRB doi-org-6451 48 23 users user NNS doi-org-6451 48 24 try try VBP doi-org-6451 48 25 to to TO doi-org-6451 48 26 connect connect VB doi-org-6451 48 27 to to IN doi-org-6451 48 28 sites site NNS doi-org-6451 48 29 accused accuse VBN doi-org-6451 48 30 of of IN doi-org-6451 48 31 facilitating facilitate VBG doi-org-6451 48 32 copyright copyright NN doi-org-6451 48 33 infringement2 infringement2 NN doi-org-6451 48 34 . . . doi-org-6451 49 1 Luckily luckily RB doi-org-6451 49 2 , , , doi-org-6451 49 3 software software NN doi-org-6451 49 4 engineers engineer NNS doi-org-6451 49 5 are be VBP doi-org-6451 49 6 in in IN doi-org-6451 49 7 a a DT doi-org-6451 49 8 position position NN doi-org-6451 49 9 to to TO doi-org-6451 49 10 fix fix VB doi-org-6451 49 11 the the DT doi-org-6451 49 12 certificate certificate NN doi-org-6451 49 13 loophole loophole NN doi-org-6451 49 14 . . . doi-org-6451 50 1 Certificate certificate NN doi-org-6451 50 2 transparency transparency NN doi-org-6451 50 3 CT CT NNP doi-org-6451 50 4 and and CC doi-org-6451 50 5 SK SK NNP doi-org-6451 50 6 rely rely VBP doi-org-6451 50 7 on on IN doi-org-6451 50 8 a a DT doi-org-6451 50 9 type type NN doi-org-6451 50 10 of of IN doi-org-6451 50 11 record record NN doi-org-6451 50 12 that that WDT doi-org-6451 50 13 uses use VBZ doi-org-6451 50 14 cryptographic cryptographic JJ doi-org-6451 50 15 methods method NNS doi-org-6451 50 16 to to TO doi-org-6451 50 17 prove prove VB doi-org-6451 50 18 that that IN doi-org-6451 50 19 none none NN doi-org-6451 50 20 of of IN doi-org-6451 50 21 its -PRON- PRP$ doi-org-6451 50 22 past past JJ doi-org-6451 50 23 entries entry NNS doi-org-6451 50 24 has have VBZ doi-org-6451 50 25 been be VBN doi-org-6451 50 26 erased erase VBN doi-org-6451 50 27 ††NNP doi-org-6451 50 28 ” " '' doi-org-6451 50 29 an an DT doi-org-6451 50 30 ' ' `` doi-org-6451 50 31 untrusted untrusted JJ doi-org-6451 50 32 , , , doi-org-6451 50 33 verifiable verifiable JJ doi-org-6451 50 34 , , , doi-org-6451 50 35 append append NN doi-org-6451 50 36 - - HYPH doi-org-6451 50 37 only only RB doi-org-6451 50 38 log log NN doi-org-6451 50 39 ' ' '' doi-org-6451 50 40 . . . doi-org-6451 51 1 This this DT doi-org-6451 51 2 log log NN doi-org-6451 51 3 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 51 4 based base VBN doi-org-6451 51 5 on on IN doi-org-6451 51 6 a a DT doi-org-6451 51 7 mathematical mathematical JJ doi-org-6451 51 8 principle principle NN doi-org-6451 51 9 called call VBN doi-org-6451 51 10 a a DT doi-org-6451 51 11 Merkle Merkle NNP doi-org-6451 51 12 tree tree NN doi-org-6451 51 13 ††NNP doi-org-6451 51 14 ” " '' doi-org-6451 51 15 a a DT doi-org-6451 51 16 hierarchy hierarchy NN doi-org-6451 51 17 of of IN doi-org-6451 51 18 linked link VBN doi-org-6451 51 19 items item NNS doi-org-6451 51 20 , , , doi-org-6451 51 21 or or CC doi-org-6451 51 22 ' ' `` doi-org-6451 51 23 leaves leave NNS doi-org-6451 51 24 ' ' '' doi-org-6451 51 25 . . . doi-org-6451 52 1 In in IN doi-org-6451 52 2 CT CT NNP doi-org-6451 52 3 , , , doi-org-6451 52 4 each each DT doi-org-6451 52 5 leaf leaf NN doi-org-6451 52 6 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 52 7 a a DT doi-org-6451 52 8 certificate certificate NN doi-org-6451 52 9 . . . doi-org-6451 53 1 For for IN doi-org-6451 53 2 a a DT doi-org-6451 53 3 particular particular JJ doi-org-6451 53 4 node node NN doi-org-6451 53 5 in in IN doi-org-6451 53 6 the the DT doi-org-6451 53 7 tree tree NN doi-org-6451 53 8 , , , doi-org-6451 53 9 a a DT doi-org-6451 53 10 value value NN doi-org-6451 53 11 can can MD doi-org-6451 53 12 be be VB doi-org-6451 53 13 generated generate VBN doi-org-6451 53 14 in in IN doi-org-6451 53 15 a a DT doi-org-6451 53 16 few few JJ doi-org-6451 53 17 steps step NNS doi-org-6451 53 18 on on IN doi-org-6451 53 19 the the DT doi-org-6451 53 20 basis basis NN doi-org-6451 53 21 of of IN doi-org-6451 53 22 the the DT doi-org-6451 53 23 values value NNS doi-org-6451 53 24 of of IN doi-org-6451 53 25 other other JJ doi-org-6451 53 26 nodes node NNS doi-org-6451 53 27 . . . doi-org-6451 54 1 For for IN doi-org-6451 54 2 a a DT doi-org-6451 54 3 tree tree NN doi-org-6451 54 4 with with IN doi-org-6451 54 5 , , , doi-org-6451 54 6 say say UH doi-org-6451 54 7 , , , doi-org-6451 54 8 a a DT doi-org-6451 54 9 million million CD doi-org-6451 54 10 leaves leave NNS doi-org-6451 54 11 , , , doi-org-6451 54 12 a a DT doi-org-6451 54 13 verifier verifier NN doi-org-6451 54 14 would would MD doi-org-6451 54 15 have have VB doi-org-6451 54 16 to to TO doi-org-6451 54 17 track track VB doi-org-6451 54 18 only only RB doi-org-6451 54 19 20 20 CD doi-org-6451 54 20 nodes node NNS doi-org-6451 54 21 to to TO doi-org-6451 54 22 confirm confirm VB doi-org-6451 54 23 any any DT doi-org-6451 54 24 particular particular JJ doi-org-6451 54 25 leaf leaf NN doi-org-6451 54 26 . . . doi-org-6451 55 1 Even even RB doi-org-6451 55 2 a a DT doi-org-6451 55 3 tiny tiny JJ doi-org-6451 55 4 alteration alteration NN doi-org-6451 55 5 throws throw VBZ doi-org-6451 55 6 off off IN doi-org-6451 55 7 the the DT doi-org-6451 55 8 calculations calculation NNS doi-org-6451 55 9 entirely entirely RB doi-org-6451 55 10 . . . doi-org-6451 56 1 With with IN doi-org-6451 56 2 Merkle Merkle NNP doi-org-6451 56 3 trees tree NNS doi-org-6451 56 4 it -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 56 5 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 56 6 possible possible JJ doi-org-6451 56 7 to to TO doi-org-6451 56 8 prove prove VB doi-org-6451 56 9 efficiently efficiently RB doi-org-6451 56 10 that that IN doi-org-6451 56 11 a a DT doi-org-6451 56 12 particular particular JJ doi-org-6451 56 13 leaf leaf NN doi-org-6451 56 14 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 56 15 in in IN doi-org-6451 56 16 the the DT doi-org-6451 56 17 tree tree NN doi-org-6451 56 18 without without IN doi-org-6451 56 19 revealing reveal VBG doi-org-6451 56 20 the the DT doi-org-6451 56 21 contents content NNS doi-org-6451 56 22 of of IN doi-org-6451 56 23 the the DT doi-org-6451 56 24 other other JJ doi-org-6451 56 25 leaves leave NNS doi-org-6451 56 26 . . . doi-org-6451 57 1 It -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 57 2 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 57 3 also also RB doi-org-6451 57 4 impossible impossible JJ doi-org-6451 57 5 to to TO doi-org-6451 57 6 fake fake VB doi-org-6451 57 7 such such PDT doi-org-6451 57 8 a a DT doi-org-6451 57 9 proof proof NN doi-org-6451 57 10 for for IN doi-org-6451 57 11 a a DT doi-org-6451 57 12 leaf leaf NN doi-org-6451 57 13 that that WDT doi-org-6451 57 14 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 57 15 not not RB doi-org-6451 57 16 in in IN doi-org-6451 57 17 the the DT doi-org-6451 57 18 tree tree NN doi-org-6451 57 19 . . . doi-org-6451 58 1 Merkle merkle NN doi-org-6451 58 2 - - HYPH doi-org-6451 58 3 tree tree NN doi-org-6451 58 4 logs log NNS doi-org-6451 58 5 are be VBP doi-org-6451 58 6 stored store VBN doi-org-6451 58 7 on on IN doi-org-6451 58 8 a a DT doi-org-6451 58 9 small small JJ doi-org-6451 58 10 number number NN doi-org-6451 58 11 of of IN doi-org-6451 58 12 computers computer NNS doi-org-6451 58 13 , , , doi-org-6451 58 14 or or CC doi-org-6451 58 15 log log NN doi-org-6451 58 16 servers server NNS doi-org-6451 58 17 . . . doi-org-6451 59 1 Every every DT doi-org-6451 59 2 time time NN doi-org-6451 59 3 a a DT doi-org-6451 59 4 CA CA NNP doi-org-6451 59 5 generates generate VBZ doi-org-6451 59 6 a a DT doi-org-6451 59 7 new new JJ doi-org-6451 59 8 certificate certificate NN doi-org-6451 59 9 , , , doi-org-6451 59 10 it -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 59 11 sends send VBZ doi-org-6451 59 12 a a DT doi-org-6451 59 13 copy copy NN doi-org-6451 59 14 to to IN doi-org-6451 59 15 all all PDT doi-org-6451 59 16 the the DT doi-org-6451 59 17 log log NN doi-org-6451 59 18 servers server NNS doi-org-6451 59 19 , , , doi-org-6451 59 20 which which WDT doi-org-6451 59 21 then then RB doi-org-6451 59 22 return return VBP doi-org-6451 59 23 a a DT doi-org-6451 59 24 cryptographically cryptographically RB doi-org-6451 59 25 signed sign VBN doi-org-6451 59 26 proof proof NN doi-org-6451 59 27 that that IN doi-org-6451 59 28 the the DT doi-org-6451 59 29 certificate certificate NN doi-org-6451 59 30 has have VBZ doi-org-6451 59 31 been be VBN doi-org-6451 59 32 added add VBN doi-org-6451 59 33 to to IN doi-org-6451 59 34 the the DT doi-org-6451 59 35 log log NN doi-org-6451 59 36 . . . doi-org-6451 60 1 Browsers browser NNS doi-org-6451 60 2 could could MD doi-org-6451 60 3 be be VB doi-org-6451 60 4 pre pre VBN doi-org-6451 60 5 - - VBN doi-org-6451 60 6 configured configure VBN doi-org-6451 60 7 with with IN doi-org-6451 60 8 a a DT doi-org-6451 60 9 list list NN doi-org-6451 60 10 of of IN doi-org-6451 60 11 verified verified JJ doi-org-6451 60 12 log log NN doi-org-6451 60 13 servers server NNS doi-org-6451 60 14 ( ( -LRB- doi-org-6451 60 15 in in IN doi-org-6451 60 16 addition addition NN doi-org-6451 60 17 to to IN doi-org-6451 60 18 the the DT doi-org-6451 60 19 list list NN doi-org-6451 60 20 of of IN doi-org-6451 60 21 CAs CAs NNP doi-org-6451 60 22 now now RB doi-org-6451 60 23 installed instal VBN doi-org-6451 60 24 ) ) -RRB- doi-org-6451 60 25 . . . doi-org-6451 61 1 Periodically periodically RB doi-org-6451 61 2 ††NNP doi-org-6451 61 3 ” " '' doi-org-6451 61 4 perhaps perhaps RB doi-org-6451 61 5 hourly hourly RB doi-org-6451 61 6 ††NNP doi-org-6451 61 7 ” " '' doi-org-6451 61 8 a a DT doi-org-6451 61 9 number number NN doi-org-6451 61 10 of of IN doi-org-6451 61 11 ' ' `` doi-org-6451 61 12 monitor monitor NN doi-org-6451 61 13 ' ' '' doi-org-6451 61 14 servers server NNS doi-org-6451 61 15 contact contact VBP doi-org-6451 61 16 the the DT doi-org-6451 61 17 log log NN doi-org-6451 61 18 servers server NNS doi-org-6451 61 19 and and CC doi-org-6451 61 20 ask ask VB doi-org-6451 61 21 for for IN doi-org-6451 61 22 a a DT doi-org-6451 61 23 list list NN doi-org-6451 61 24 of of IN doi-org-6451 61 25 all all PDT doi-org-6451 61 26 the the DT doi-org-6451 61 27 new new JJ doi-org-6451 61 28 certificates certificate NNS doi-org-6451 61 29 for for IN doi-org-6451 61 30 which which WDT doi-org-6451 61 31 they -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 61 32 have have VBP doi-org-6451 61 33 issued issue VBN doi-org-6451 61 34 proofs proof NNS doi-org-6451 61 35 . . . doi-org-6451 62 1 These these DT doi-org-6451 62 2 monitors monitor NNS doi-org-6451 62 3 ††NNP doi-org-6451 62 4 ” " '' doi-org-6451 62 5 operated operate VBN doi-org-6451 62 6 by by IN doi-org-6451 62 7 companies company NNS doi-org-6451 62 8 , , , doi-org-6451 62 9 banks bank NNS doi-org-6451 62 10 , , , doi-org-6451 62 11 individuals individual NNS doi-org-6451 62 12 and and CC doi-org-6451 62 13 service service NN doi-org-6451 62 14 providers provider NNS doi-org-6451 62 15 ††NNP doi-org-6451 62 16 ” " '' doi-org-6451 62 17 would would MD doi-org-6451 62 18 discover discover VB doi-org-6451 62 19 any any DT doi-org-6451 62 20 unauthorized unauthorized JJ doi-org-6451 62 21 certificates certificate NNS doi-org-6451 62 22 , , , doi-org-6451 62 23 just just RB doi-org-6451 62 24 as as IN doi-org-6451 62 25 credit credit NN doi-org-6451 62 26 reports report NNS doi-org-6451 62 27 alert alert VBP doi-org-6451 62 28 people people NNS doi-org-6451 62 29 to to IN doi-org-6451 62 30 cards card NNS doi-org-6451 62 31 or or CC doi-org-6451 62 32 loans loan NNS doi-org-6451 62 33 issued issue VBN doi-org-6451 62 34 falsely falsely RB doi-org-6451 62 35 in in IN doi-org-6451 62 36 their -PRON- PRP$ doi-org-6451 62 37 names name NNS doi-org-6451 62 38 . . . doi-org-6451 63 1 This this DT doi-org-6451 63 2 process process NN doi-org-6451 63 3 works work VBZ doi-org-6451 63 4 only only RB doi-org-6451 63 5 if if IN doi-org-6451 63 6 the the DT doi-org-6451 63 7 log log NN doi-org-6451 63 8 servers server NNS doi-org-6451 63 9 are be VBP doi-org-6451 63 10 honest honest JJ doi-org-6451 63 11 ; ; : doi-org-6451 63 12 here here RB doi-org-6451 63 13 , , , doi-org-6451 63 14 auditor auditor NN doi-org-6451 63 15 servers server NNS doi-org-6451 63 16 come come VBP doi-org-6451 63 17 in in RP doi-org-6451 63 18 . . . doi-org-6451 64 1 Every every DT doi-org-6451 64 2 so so RB doi-org-6451 64 3 often often RB doi-org-6451 64 4 , , , doi-org-6451 64 5 a a DT doi-org-6451 64 6 browser browser NN doi-org-6451 64 7 sends send VBZ doi-org-6451 64 8 all all PDT doi-org-6451 64 9 the the DT doi-org-6451 64 10 proofs proof NNS doi-org-6451 64 11 it -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 64 12 has have VBZ doi-org-6451 64 13 received receive VBN doi-org-6451 64 14 to to IN doi-org-6451 64 15 a a DT doi-org-6451 64 16 number number NN doi-org-6451 64 17 of of IN doi-org-6451 64 18 auditors auditor NNS doi-org-6451 64 19 ††NNP doi-org-6451 64 20 ” " '' doi-org-6451 64 21 anyone anyone NN doi-org-6451 64 22 may may MD doi-org-6451 64 23 act act VB doi-org-6451 64 24 as as IN doi-org-6451 64 25 one one CD doi-org-6451 64 26 , , , doi-org-6451 64 27 because because IN doi-org-6451 64 28 the the DT doi-org-6451 64 29 logs log NNS doi-org-6451 64 30 are be VBP doi-org-6451 64 31 public public JJ doi-org-6451 64 32 . . . doi-org-6451 65 1 If if IN doi-org-6451 65 2 a a DT doi-org-6451 65 3 proof proof NN doi-org-6451 65 4 has have VBZ doi-org-6451 65 5 been be VBN doi-org-6451 65 6 signed sign VBN doi-org-6451 65 7 by by IN doi-org-6451 65 8 a a DT doi-org-6451 65 9 log log NN doi-org-6451 65 10 server server NN doi-org-6451 65 11 but but CC doi-org-6451 65 12 does do VBZ doi-org-6451 65 13 not not RB doi-org-6451 65 14 appear appear VB doi-org-6451 65 15 in in IN doi-org-6451 65 16 its -PRON- PRP$ doi-org-6451 65 17 log log NN doi-org-6451 65 18 , , , doi-org-6451 65 19 the the DT doi-org-6451 65 20 auditor auditor NN doi-org-6451 65 21 knows know VBZ doi-org-6451 65 22 that that IN doi-org-6451 65 23 something something NN doi-org-6451 65 24 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 65 25 wrong wrong JJ doi-org-6451 65 26 . . . doi-org-6451 66 1 Within within IN doi-org-6451 66 2 an an DT doi-org-6451 66 3 hour hour NN doi-org-6451 66 4 of of IN doi-org-6451 66 5 committing commit VBG doi-org-6451 66 6 their -PRON- PRP$ doi-org-6451 66 7 first first JJ doi-org-6451 66 8 transgressions transgression NNS doi-org-6451 66 9 , , , doi-org-6451 66 10 rogue rogue JJ doi-org-6451 66 11 CAs ca NNS doi-org-6451 66 12 and and CC doi-org-6451 66 13 log log NN doi-org-6451 66 14 servers server NNS doi-org-6451 66 15 could could MD doi-org-6451 66 16 be be VB doi-org-6451 66 17 detected detect VBN doi-org-6451 66 18 and and CC doi-org-6451 66 19 removed remove VBN doi-org-6451 66 20 from from IN doi-org-6451 66 21 browsers browser NNS doi-org-6451 66 22 ' ' POS doi-org-6451 66 23 lists list NNS doi-org-6451 66 24 . . . doi-org-6451 67 1 Even even RB doi-org-6451 67 2 with with IN doi-org-6451 67 3 modest modest JJ doi-org-6451 67 4 uptake uptake NN doi-org-6451 67 5 , , , doi-org-6451 67 6 CT CT NNP doi-org-6451 67 7 will will MD doi-org-6451 67 8 begin begin VB doi-org-6451 67 9 cleaning clean VBG doi-org-6451 67 10 up up RP doi-org-6451 67 11 the the DT doi-org-6451 67 12 Internet internet NN doi-org-6451 67 13 immediately immediately RB doi-org-6451 67 14 on on IN doi-org-6451 67 15 roll roll NN doi-org-6451 67 16 - - HYPH doi-org-6451 67 17 out out NN doi-org-6451 67 18 . . . doi-org-6451 68 1 Blocking blocking NN doi-org-6451 68 2 will will MD doi-org-6451 68 3 improve improve VB doi-org-6451 68 4 as as IN doi-org-6451 68 5 more more JJR doi-org-6451 68 6 organizations organization NNS doi-org-6451 68 7 , , , doi-org-6451 68 8 browser browser NN doi-org-6451 68 9 vendors vendor NNS doi-org-6451 68 10 and and CC doi-org-6451 68 11 users user NNS doi-org-6451 68 12 participate participate VBP doi-org-6451 68 13 . . . doi-org-6451 69 1 Initially initially RB doi-org-6451 69 2 , , , doi-org-6451 69 3 browsers browser NNS doi-org-6451 69 4 that that WDT doi-org-6451 69 5 adopt adopt VBP doi-org-6451 69 6 CT CT NNP doi-org-6451 69 7 will will MD doi-org-6451 69 8 not not RB doi-org-6451 69 9 be be VB doi-org-6451 69 10 able able JJ doi-org-6451 69 11 to to TO doi-org-6451 69 12 block block VB doi-org-6451 69 13 connections connection NNS doi-org-6451 69 14 for for IN doi-org-6451 69 15 which which WDT doi-org-6451 69 16 no no DT doi-org-6451 69 17 proofs proof NNS doi-org-6451 69 18 are be VBP doi-org-6451 69 19 offered offer VBN doi-org-6451 69 20 . . . doi-org-6451 70 1 After after IN doi-org-6451 70 2 a a DT doi-org-6451 70 3 year year NN doi-org-6451 70 4 , , , doi-org-6451 70 5 Chrome Chrome NNP doi-org-6451 70 6 will will MD doi-org-6451 70 7 be be VB doi-org-6451 70 8 updated update VBN doi-org-6451 70 9 to to TO doi-org-6451 70 10 warn warn VB doi-org-6451 70 11 users user NNS doi-org-6451 70 12 before before IN doi-org-6451 70 13 establishing establish VBG doi-org-6451 70 14 a a DT doi-org-6451 70 15 secure secure JJ doi-org-6451 70 16 connection connection NN doi-org-6451 70 17 without without IN doi-org-6451 70 18 a a DT doi-org-6451 70 19 proof proof NN doi-org-6451 70 20 . . . doi-org-6451 71 1 Later later RB doi-org-6451 71 2 , , , doi-org-6451 71 3 it -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 71 4 will will MD doi-org-6451 71 5 not not RB doi-org-6451 71 6 connect connect VB doi-org-6451 71 7 to to IN doi-org-6451 71 8 any any DT doi-org-6451 71 9 site site NN doi-org-6451 71 10 without without IN doi-org-6451 71 11 one one CD doi-org-6451 71 12 . . . doi-org-6451 72 1 We -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 72 2 hope hope VBP doi-org-6451 72 3 that that IN doi-org-6451 72 4 other other JJ doi-org-6451 72 5 browsers browser NNS doi-org-6451 72 6 will will MD doi-org-6451 72 7 follow follow VB doi-org-6451 72 8 a a DT doi-org-6451 72 9 similar similar JJ doi-org-6451 72 10 path path NN doi-org-6451 72 11 . . . doi-org-6451 73 1 Also also RB doi-org-6451 73 2 based base VBN doi-org-6451 73 3 on on IN doi-org-6451 73 4 Merkle Merkle NNP doi-org-6451 73 5 - - HYPH doi-org-6451 73 6 tree tree NN doi-org-6451 73 7 logs log NNS doi-org-6451 73 8 , , , doi-org-6451 73 9 SK SK NNP doi-org-6451 73 10 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 73 11 a a DT doi-org-6451 73 12 more more RBR doi-org-6451 73 13 theoretical theoretical JJ doi-org-6451 73 14 approach approach NN doi-org-6451 73 15 . . . doi-org-6451 74 1 Instead instead RB doi-org-6451 74 2 of of IN doi-org-6451 74 3 requiring require VBG doi-org-6451 74 4 CAs ca NNS doi-org-6451 74 5 and and CC doi-org-6451 74 6 domain domain NN doi-org-6451 74 7 registrars registrar NNS doi-org-6451 74 8 , , , doi-org-6451 74 9 SK SK NNP doi-org-6451 74 10 issues issue VBZ doi-org-6451 74 11 a a DT doi-org-6451 74 12 private private JJ doi-org-6451 74 13 key key NN doi-org-6451 74 14 for for IN doi-org-6451 74 15 each each DT doi-org-6451 74 16 website website NN doi-org-6451 74 17 to to IN doi-org-6451 74 18 only only RB doi-org-6451 74 19 one one CD doi-org-6451 74 20 holder holder NN doi-org-6451 74 21 . . . doi-org-6451 75 1 No no DT doi-org-6451 75 2 one one NN doi-org-6451 75 3 else else RB doi-org-6451 75 4 may may MD doi-org-6451 75 5 use use VB doi-org-6451 75 6 that that DT doi-org-6451 75 7 key key NN doi-org-6451 75 8 , , , doi-org-6451 75 9 so so CC doi-org-6451 75 10 misuse misuse NN doi-org-6451 75 11 by by IN doi-org-6451 75 12 a a DT doi-org-6451 75 13 third third JJ doi-org-6451 75 14 party party NN doi-org-6451 75 15 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 75 16 not not RB doi-org-6451 75 17 a a DT doi-org-6451 75 18 problem problem NN doi-org-6451 75 19 . . . doi-org-6451 76 1 Anything anything NN doi-org-6451 76 2 unverified unverified JJ doi-org-6451 76 3 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 76 4 blocked block VBN doi-org-6451 76 5 , , , doi-org-6451 76 6 so so RB doi-org-6451 76 7 SK SK NNP doi-org-6451 76 8 would would MD doi-org-6451 76 9 foil foil VB doi-org-6451 76 10 attempts attempt NNS doi-org-6451 76 11 by by IN doi-org-6451 76 12 governments government NNS doi-org-6451 76 13 to to TO doi-org-6451 76 14 use use VB doi-org-6451 76 15 domain domain NN doi-org-6451 76 16 seizures seizure NNS doi-org-6451 76 17 to to TO doi-org-6451 76 18 censor censor VB doi-org-6451 76 19 content content NN doi-org-6451 76 20 that that IN doi-org-6451 76 21 they -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 76 22 find find VBP doi-org-6451 76 23 to to TO doi-org-6451 76 24 be be VB doi-org-6451 76 25 objectionable objectionable JJ doi-org-6451 76 26 . . . doi-org-6451 77 1 Long long JJ doi-org-6451 77 2 - - HYPH doi-org-6451 77 3 term term NN doi-org-6451 77 4 gain gain NN doi-org-6451 77 5 Through through IN doi-org-6451 77 6 systems system NNS doi-org-6451 77 7 such such JJ doi-org-6451 77 8 as as IN doi-org-6451 77 9 CT CT NNP doi-org-6451 77 10 and and CC doi-org-6451 77 11 SK SK NNP doi-org-6451 77 12 , , , doi-org-6451 77 13 software software NN doi-org-6451 77 14 engineers engineer NNS doi-org-6451 77 15 can can MD doi-org-6451 77 16 and and CC doi-org-6451 77 17 should should MD doi-org-6451 77 18 solve solve VB doi-org-6451 77 19 the the DT doi-org-6451 77 20 certificate certificate NN doi-org-6451 77 21 problem problem NN doi-org-6451 77 22 . . . doi-org-6451 78 1 After after RB doi-org-6451 78 2 all all RB doi-org-6451 78 3 , , , doi-org-6451 78 4 the the DT doi-org-6451 78 5 Internet internet NN doi-org-6451 78 6 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 78 7 international international JJ doi-org-6451 78 8 and and CC doi-org-6451 78 9 independent independent JJ doi-org-6451 78 10 ; ; : doi-org-6451 78 11 governments government NNS doi-org-6451 78 12 can can MD doi-org-6451 78 13 not not RB doi-org-6451 78 14 mandate mandate VB doi-org-6451 78 15 a a DT doi-org-6451 78 16 solution solution NN doi-org-6451 78 17 . . . doi-org-6451 79 1 There there EX doi-org-6451 79 2 are be VBP doi-org-6451 79 3 some some DT doi-org-6451 79 4 economic economic JJ doi-org-6451 79 5 barriers barrier NNS doi-org-6451 79 6 to to IN doi-org-6451 79 7 improving improve VBG doi-org-6451 79 8 security security NN doi-org-6451 79 9 , , , doi-org-6451 79 10 but but CC doi-org-6451 79 11 it -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 79 12 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 79 13 a a DT doi-org-6451 79 14 worthwhile worthwhile JJ doi-org-6451 79 15 investment investment NN doi-org-6451 79 16 . . . doi-org-6451 80 1 CAs ca NNS doi-org-6451 80 2 have have VBP doi-org-6451 80 3 no no DT doi-org-6451 80 4 short short JJ doi-org-6451 80 5 - - HYPH doi-org-6451 80 6 term term NN doi-org-6451 80 7 incentive incentive NN doi-org-6451 80 8 to to TO doi-org-6451 80 9 support support VB doi-org-6451 80 10 these these DT doi-org-6451 80 11 measures measure NNS doi-org-6451 80 12 , , , doi-org-6451 80 13 but but CC doi-org-6451 80 14 the the DT doi-org-6451 80 15 CA CA NNP doi-org-6451 80 16 network network NN doi-org-6451 80 17 offers offer VBZ doi-org-6451 80 18 the the DT doi-org-6451 80 19 best good JJS doi-org-6451 80 20 avenue avenue NN doi-org-6451 80 21 for for IN doi-org-6451 80 22 rolling roll VBG doi-org-6451 80 23 out out RP doi-org-6451 80 24 steps step NNS doi-org-6451 80 25 such such JJ doi-org-6451 80 26 as as IN doi-org-6451 80 27 CT CT NNP doi-org-6451 80 28 . . . doi-org-6451 81 1 Similarly similarly RB doi-org-6451 81 2 , , , doi-org-6451 81 3 someone someone NN doi-org-6451 81 4 must must MD doi-org-6451 81 5 run run VB doi-org-6451 81 6 the the DT doi-org-6451 81 7 log log NN doi-org-6451 81 8 servers server NNS doi-org-6451 81 9 , , , doi-org-6451 81 10 even even RB doi-org-6451 81 11 though though IN doi-org-6451 81 12 doing do VBG doi-org-6451 81 13 so so RB doi-org-6451 81 14 will will MD doi-org-6451 81 15 not not RB doi-org-6451 81 16 lead lead VB doi-org-6451 81 17 to to IN doi-org-6451 81 18 direct direct JJ doi-org-6451 81 19 economic economic JJ doi-org-6451 81 20 gain gain NN doi-org-6451 81 21 . . . doi-org-6451 82 1 But but CC doi-org-6451 82 2 the the DT doi-org-6451 82 3 long long JJ doi-org-6451 82 4 - - HYPH doi-org-6451 82 5 term term NN doi-org-6451 82 6 stability stability NN doi-org-6451 82 7 and and CC doi-org-6451 82 8 security security NN doi-org-6451 82 9 of of IN doi-org-6451 82 10 the the DT doi-org-6451 82 11 Internet internet NN doi-org-6451 82 12 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 82 13 good good JJ doi-org-6451 82 14 for for IN doi-org-6451 82 15 business business NN doi-org-6451 82 16 . . . doi-org-6451 83 1 In in IN doi-org-6451 83 2 line line NN doi-org-6451 83 3 with with IN doi-org-6451 83 4 this this DT doi-org-6451 83 5 view view NN doi-org-6451 83 6 , , , doi-org-6451 83 7 Google Google NNP doi-org-6451 83 8 will will MD doi-org-6451 83 9 run run VB doi-org-6451 83 10 some some DT doi-org-6451 83 11 log log NN doi-org-6451 83 12 servers server NNS doi-org-6451 83 13 ††NNP doi-org-6451 83 14 ” " '' doi-org-6451 83 15 but but CC doi-org-6451 83 16 others other NNS doi-org-6451 83 17 should should MD doi-org-6451 83 18 as as RB doi-org-6451 83 19 well well RB doi-org-6451 83 20 , , , doi-org-6451 83 21 so so IN doi-org-6451 83 22 that that IN doi-org-6451 83 23 we -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 83 24 can can MD doi-org-6451 83 25 avoid avoid VB doi-org-6451 83 26 putting put VBG doi-org-6451 83 27 all all DT doi-org-6451 83 28 of of IN doi-org-6451 83 29 our -PRON- PRP$ doi-org-6451 83 30 eggs egg NNS doi-org-6451 83 31 in in IN doi-org-6451 83 32 one one CD doi-org-6451 83 33 basket basket NN doi-org-6451 83 34 . . . doi-org-6451 84 1 Browser browser NN doi-org-6451 84 2 vendors vendor NNS doi-org-6451 84 3 should should MD doi-org-6451 84 4 also also RB doi-org-6451 84 5 commit commit VB doi-org-6451 84 6 to to IN doi-org-6451 84 7 supporting support VBG doi-org-6451 84 8 CT CT NNP doi-org-6451 84 9 . . . doi-org-6451 84 10 History history NN doi-org-6451 84 11 tells tell VBZ doi-org-6451 84 12 us -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 84 13 that that IN doi-org-6451 84 14 those those DT doi-org-6451 84 15 who who WP doi-org-6451 84 16 seek seek VBP doi-org-6451 84 17 new new JJ doi-org-6451 84 18 avenues avenue NNS doi-org-6451 84 19 of of IN doi-org-6451 84 20 attack attack NN doi-org-6451 84 21 will will MD doi-org-6451 84 22 eventually eventually RB doi-org-6451 84 23 find find VB doi-org-6451 84 24 them -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 84 25 . . . doi-org-6451 85 1 But but CC doi-org-6451 85 2 this this DT doi-org-6451 85 3 troubling troubling JJ doi-org-6451 85 4 breach breach NN doi-org-6451 85 5 must must MD doi-org-6451 85 6 be be VB doi-org-6451 85 7 closed close VBN doi-org-6451 85 8 down down RB doi-org-6451 85 9 now now RB doi-org-6451 85 10 . . . doi-org-6451 86 1 References reference NNS doi-org-6451 86 2 1Anonymous 1Anonymous NNP doi-org-6451 86 3 . . . doi-org-6451 87 1 India India NNP doi-org-6451 87 2 to to TO doi-org-6451 87 3 seek seek VB doi-org-6451 87 4 Interpol Interpol NNP doi-org-6451 87 5 help help NN doi-org-6451 87 6 to to TO doi-org-6451 87 7 intercept intercept VB doi-org-6451 87 8 encrypted encrypt VBN doi-org-6451 87 9 data datum NNS doi-org-6451 87 10 from from IN doi-org-6451 87 11 BlackBerry BlackBerry NNP doi-org-6451 87 12 , , , doi-org-6451 87 13 Gmail Gmail NNP doi-org-6451 87 14 , , , doi-org-6451 87 15 Skype Skype NNP doi-org-6451 87 16 . . . doi-org-6451 88 1 The the DT doi-org-6451 88 2 Economic Economic NNP doi-org-6451 88 3 Times Times NNP doi-org-6451 88 4 ( ( -LRB- doi-org-6451 88 5 20 20 CD doi-org-6451 88 6 December December NNP doi-org-6451 88 7 2011 2011 CD doi-org-6451 88 8 ) ) -RRB- doi-org-6451 88 9 . . . doi-org-6451 89 1 2US 2us CD doi-org-6451 89 2 House House NNP doi-org-6451 89 3 of of IN doi-org-6451 89 4 Representatives Representatives NNPS doi-org-6451 89 5 , , , doi-org-6451 89 6 112th 112th VBD doi-org-6451 89 7 Congress Congress NNP doi-org-6451 89 8 , , , doi-org-6451 89 9 1st 1st JJ doi-org-6451 89 10 sess sess NN doi-org-6451 89 11 . . . doi-org-6451 90 1 bill bill NNP doi-org-6451 90 2 no no UH doi-org-6451 90 3 . . . doi-org-6451 91 1 HR HR NNP doi-org-6451 91 2 3261 3261 CD doi-org-6451 91 3 ( ( -LRB- doi-org-6451 91 4 2011 2011 CD doi-org-6451 91 5 ) ) -RRB- doi-org-6451 91 6 . . . doi-org-6451 92 1 Download download JJ doi-org-6451 92 2 references reference NNS doi-org-6451 92 3 Author author NN doi-org-6451 92 4 information information NN doi-org-6451 92 5 Affiliations Affiliations NNP doi-org-6451 92 6 Ben Ben NNP doi-org-6451 92 7 Laurie Laurie NNP doi-org-6451 92 8 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 92 9 a a DT doi-org-6451 92 10 visiting visit VBG doi-org-6451 92 11 industrial industrial JJ doi-org-6451 92 12 fellow fellow NN doi-org-6451 92 13 at at IN doi-org-6451 92 14 the the DT doi-org-6451 92 15 University University NNP doi-org-6451 92 16 of of IN doi-org-6451 92 17 Cambridge Cambridge NNP doi-org-6451 92 18 , , , doi-org-6451 92 19 Cambridge Cambridge NNP doi-org-6451 92 20 CB2 CB2 NNP doi-org-6451 92 21 1TN 1TN NNP doi-org-6451 92 22 , , , doi-org-6451 92 23 UK UK NNP doi-org-6451 92 24 . . . doi-org-6451 93 1 Ben Ben NNP doi-org-6451 93 2 Laurie Laurie NNP doi-org-6451 93 3 Cory Cory NNP doi-org-6451 93 4 Doctorow Doctorow NNP doi-org-6451 93 5 is be VBZ doi-org-6451 93 6 a a DT doi-org-6451 93 7 visiting visit VBG doi-org-6451 93 8 senior senior JJ doi-org-6451 93 9 lecturer lecturer NN doi-org-6451 93 10 in in IN doi-org-6451 93 11 the the DT doi-org-6451 93 12 Computing Computing NNP doi-org-6451 93 13 Department Department NNP doi-org-6451 93 14 at at IN doi-org-6451 93 15 the the DT doi-org-6451 93 16 Open Open NNP doi-org-6451 93 17 University University NNP doi-org-6451 93 18 , , , doi-org-6451 93 19 Milton Milton NNP doi-org-6451 93 20 Keynes Keynes NNP doi-org-6451 93 21 MK7 MK7 NNP doi-org-6451 93 22 6BJ 6BJ NNP doi-org-6451 93 23 , , , doi-org-6451 93 24 UK UK NNP doi-org-6451 93 25 . . . doi-org-6451 94 1 Cory Cory NNP doi-org-6451 94 2 Doctorow Doctorow NNP doi-org-6451 94 3 Authors Authors NNPS doi-org-6451 94 4 Ben Ben NNP doi-org-6451 94 5 LaurieView LaurieView NNP doi-org-6451 94 6 author author NN doi-org-6451 94 7 publications publication NNS doi-org-6451 94 8 You -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 94 9 can can MD doi-org-6451 94 10 also also RB doi-org-6451 94 11 search search VB doi-org-6451 94 12 for for IN doi-org-6451 94 13 this this DT doi-org-6451 94 14 author author NN doi-org-6451 94 15 in in IN doi-org-6451 94 16 PubMed pubmedâ NN doi-org-6451 94 17   _SP doi-org-6451 94 18 Google Google NNP doi-org-6451 94 19 Scholar Scholar NNP doi-org-6451 94 20 Cory Cory NNP doi-org-6451 94 21 DoctorowView DoctorowView NNP doi-org-6451 94 22 author author NN doi-org-6451 94 23 publications publication NNS doi-org-6451 94 24 You -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 94 25 can can MD doi-org-6451 94 26 also also RB doi-org-6451 94 27 search search VB doi-org-6451 94 28 for for IN doi-org-6451 94 29 this this DT doi-org-6451 94 30 author author NN doi-org-6451 94 31 in in IN doi-org-6451 94 32 PubMed pubmedâ NN doi-org-6451 94 33   _SP doi-org-6451 94 34 Google Google NNP doi-org-6451 94 35 Scholar Scholar NNP doi-org-6451 94 36 Corresponding Corresponding NNP doi-org-6451 94 37 authors author NNS doi-org-6451 94 38 Correspondence Correspondence 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NNP doi-org-6451 101 59 Secure Secure NNP doi-org-6451 101 60 the the DT doi-org-6451 101 61 Internet internet NN doi-org-6451 101 62 . . . doi-org-6451 102 1 Nature nature NN doi-org-6451 102 2 491 491 CD doi-org-6451 102 3 , , , doi-org-6451 102 4 325–326 325–326 CD doi-org-6451 102 5 ( ( -LRB- doi-org-6451 102 6 2012 2012 CD doi-org-6451 102 7 ) ) -RRB- doi-org-6451 102 8 . . . doi-org-6451 103 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/491325a https://doi.org/10.1038/491325a CD doi-org-6451 103 2 Download download JJ doi-org-6451 103 3 citation citation NN doi-org-6451 103 4 Published publish VBN doi-org-6451 103 5 : : : doi-org-6451 103 6 14 14 CD doi-org-6451 103 7 November November NNP doi-org-6451 103 8 2012 2012 CD doi-org-6451 103 9 Issue issue NN doi-org-6451 103 10 Date date NN doi-org-6451 103 11 : : : doi-org-6451 103 12 15 15 CD doi-org-6451 103 13 November November NNP doi-org-6451 103 14 2012 2012 CD doi-org-6451 103 15 DOI doi NN doi-org-6451 103 16 : : : doi-org-6451 103 17 https://doi.org/10.1038/491325a https://doi.org/10.1038/491325a CD doi-org-6451 103 18 Further further JJ doi-org-6451 103 19 reading read VBG doi-org-6451 103 20 TLS TLS NNP doi-org-6451 103 21 / / SYM doi-org-6451 103 22 PKI PKI NNP doi-org-6451 103 23 Challenges Challenges NNPS doi-org-6451 103 24 and and CC doi-org-6451 103 25 Certificate Certificate NNP doi-org-6451 103 26 Pinning Pinning NNP doi-org-6451 103 27 Techniques Techniques NNPS doi-org-6451 103 28 for for IN doi-org-6451 103 29 IoT iot NN doi-org-6451 103 30 and and CC doi-org-6451 103 31 M2 M2 NNP doi-org-6451 103 32 M M NNP doi-org-6451 103 33 Secure Secure NNP doi-org-6451 103 34 Communications Communications NNPS doi-org-6451 103 35 Daniel Daniel NNP doi-org-6451 103 36 Diaz Diaz NNP doi-org-6451 103 37 - - HYPH doi-org-6451 103 38 Sanchez Sanchez NNP doi-org-6451 103 39 , , , doi-org-6451 103 40 Andres Andres NNP doi-org-6451 103 41 Marin Marin NNP doi-org-6451 103 42 - - HYPH doi-org-6451 103 43 Lopez Lopez NNP doi-org-6451 103 44 , , , doi-org-6451 103 45 Florina Florina NNP doi-org-6451 103 46 Almenarez Almenarez NNP doi-org-6451 103 47 Mendoza Mendoza NNP doi-org-6451 103 48 , , , doi-org-6451 103 49 Patricia Patricia NNP doi-org-6451 103 50 Arias Arias NNP doi-org-6451 103 51 Cabarcos Cabarcos NNP doi-org-6451 103 52   _SP doi-org-6451 103 53 & & CC doi-org-6451 103 54   _SP doi-org-6451 103 55 R. 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NNP doi-org-6451 103 56 Simon Simon NNP doi-org-6451 103 57 Sherratt Sherratt NNP doi-org-6451 103 58 IEEE IEEE NNP doi-org-6451 103 59 Communications Communications NNPS doi-org-6451 103 60 Surveys Surveys NNP doi-org-6451 103 61 & & CC doi-org-6451 103 62 Tutorials Tutorials NNPS doi-org-6451 103 63 ( ( -LRB- doi-org-6451 103 64 2019 2019 CD doi-org-6451 103 65 ) ) -RRB- doi-org-6451 103 66 DNS DNS NNP doi-org-6451 103 67 / / SYM doi-org-6451 103 68 DANE DANE NNP doi-org-6451 103 69 Collision Collision NNP doi-org-6451 103 70 - - HYPH doi-org-6451 103 71 Based base VBN doi-org-6451 103 72 Distributed distributed JJ doi-org-6451 103 73 and and CC doi-org-6451 103 74 Dynamic Dynamic NNP doi-org-6451 103 75 Authentication authentication NN doi-org-6451 103 76 for for IN doi-org-6451 103 77 Microservices microservice NNS doi-org-6451 103 78 in in IN doi-org-6451 103 79 IoT iot JJ doi-org-6451 103 80 ††NNP doi-org-6451 103 81     _SP doi-org-6451 103 82 Daniel Daniel NNP doi-org-6451 103 83 Díaz Díaz NNP doi-org-6451 103 84 - - NNP doi-org-6451 103 85 Sánchez Sánchez NNP doi-org-6451 103 86 , , , doi-org-6451 103 87 Andrà Andrà NNP doi-org-6451 103 88 © © NNP doi-org-6451 103 89 s s POS doi-org-6451 103 90 Marín marã­n CD doi-org-6451 103 91 - - HYPH doi-org-6451 103 92 Lopez Lopez NNP doi-org-6451 103 93 , , , doi-org-6451 103 94 Florina Florina NNP doi-org-6451 103 95 Almenárez Almenárez NNP doi-org-6451 103 96 Mendoza Mendoza NNP doi-org-6451 103 97   _SP doi-org-6451 103 98 & & CC doi-org-6451 103 99   _SP doi-org-6451 103 100 Patricia Patricia NNP doi-org-6451 103 101 Arias Arias NNP doi-org-6451 103 102 Cabarcos Cabarcos NNP doi-org-6451 103 103 Sensors Sensors NNP doi-org-6451 103 104 ( ( -LRB- doi-org-6451 103 105 2019 2019 CD doi-org-6451 103 106 ) ) -RRB- doi-org-6451 103 107 Comments comment NNS doi-org-6451 103 108 By by IN doi-org-6451 103 109 submitting submit VBG doi-org-6451 103 110 a a DT doi-org-6451 103 111 comment comment NN doi-org-6451 103 112 you -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 103 113 agree agree VBP doi-org-6451 103 114 to to TO doi-org-6451 103 115 abide abide VB doi-org-6451 103 116 by by IN doi-org-6451 103 117 our -PRON- PRP$ doi-org-6451 103 118 Terms term NNS doi-org-6451 103 119 and and CC doi-org-6451 103 120 Community Community NNP doi-org-6451 103 121 Guidelines Guidelines NNPS doi-org-6451 103 122 . . . doi-org-6451 104 1 If if IN doi-org-6451 104 2 you -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 104 3 find find VBP doi-org-6451 104 4 something something NN doi-org-6451 104 5 abusive abusive JJ doi-org-6451 104 6 or or CC doi-org-6451 104 7 that that DT doi-org-6451 104 8 does do VBZ doi-org-6451 104 9 not not RB doi-org-6451 104 10 comply comply VB doi-org-6451 104 11 with with IN doi-org-6451 104 12 our -PRON- PRP$ doi-org-6451 104 13 terms term NNS doi-org-6451 104 14 or or CC doi-org-6451 104 15 guidelines guideline NNS doi-org-6451 104 16 please please VBP doi-org-6451 104 17 flag flag VB doi-org-6451 104 18 it -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 104 19 as as IN doi-org-6451 104 20 inappropriate inappropriate JJ doi-org-6451 104 21 . . . doi-org-6451 105 1 Download download JJ doi-org-6451 105 2 PDF PDF NNP doi-org-6451 105 3 Explore Explore NNP doi-org-6451 105 4 content content NN doi-org-6451 105 5 Research research NN doi-org-6451 105 6 articles article VBZ doi-org-6451 105 7 News News NNP doi-org-6451 105 8 Opinion Opinion NNP doi-org-6451 105 9 Research Research NNP doi-org-6451 105 10 Analysis Analysis NNP doi-org-6451 105 11 Careers Careers NNPS doi-org-6451 105 12 Books Books NNP doi-org-6451 105 13 & & CC doi-org-6451 105 14 Culture Culture NNP doi-org-6451 105 15 Podcasts Podcasts NNPS doi-org-6451 105 16 Videos Videos NNP doi-org-6451 105 17 Current current JJ doi-org-6451 105 18 Issue issue NN doi-org-6451 105 19 Browse Browse NNP doi-org-6451 105 20 Issues Issues NNPS doi-org-6451 105 21 Collections Collections NNPS doi-org-6451 105 22 Subjects subject NNS doi-org-6451 105 23 Follow follow VBP doi-org-6451 105 24 us -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 105 25 on on IN doi-org-6451 105 26 Facebook Facebook NNP doi-org-6451 105 27 Follow follow VB doi-org-6451 105 28 us -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 105 29 on on IN doi-org-6451 105 30 Twitter Twitter NNP doi-org-6451 105 31 Sign Sign NNP doi-org-6451 105 32 up up RP doi-org-6451 105 33 for for IN doi-org-6451 105 34 alerts alert NNS doi-org-6451 105 35 RSS RSS NNP doi-org-6451 105 36 feed feed NN doi-org-6451 105 37 Journal Journal NNP doi-org-6451 105 38 information information NN doi-org-6451 105 39 About about IN doi-org-6451 105 40 the the DT doi-org-6451 105 41 Journal Journal NNP doi-org-6451 105 42 Awards Awards NNPS doi-org-6451 105 43 Publish publish VBP doi-org-6451 105 44 with with IN doi-org-6451 105 45 us -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 105 46 For for IN doi-org-6451 105 47 Authors author NNS doi-org-6451 105 48 For for IN doi-org-6451 105 49 Referees Referees NNP doi-org-6451 105 50 Submit Submit NNP doi-org-6451 105 51 manuscript manuscript NN doi-org-6451 105 52 Search Search NNP doi-org-6451 105 53 Article Article NNP doi-org-6451 105 54 Search Search NNP doi-org-6451 105 55 Search Search NNP doi-org-6451 105 56 Advanced Advanced NNP doi-org-6451 105 57 search search NN doi-org-6451 105 58 Quick quick JJ doi-org-6451 105 59 links link NNS doi-org-6451 105 60 Explore explore VBP doi-org-6451 105 61 articles article NNS doi-org-6451 105 62 by by IN doi-org-6451 105 63 subject subject JJ doi-org-6451 105 64 Find find VB doi-org-6451 105 65 a a DT doi-org-6451 105 66 job job NN doi-org-6451 105 67 Guide Guide NNP doi-org-6451 105 68 to to TO doi-org-6451 105 69 authors author NNS doi-org-6451 105 70 Editorial editorial JJ doi-org-6451 105 71 policies policy NNS doi-org-6451 105 72 Nature nature NN doi-org-6451 105 73 ISSN ISSN NNP doi-org-6451 105 74 1476 1476 CD doi-org-6451 105 75 - - SYM doi-org-6451 105 76 4687 4687 CD doi-org-6451 105 77 ( ( -LRB- doi-org-6451 105 78 online online NN doi-org-6451 105 79 ) ) -RRB- doi-org-6451 105 80 nature.com nature.com ADD doi-org-6451 105 81 sitemap sitemap NNP doi-org-6451 105 82 About about IN doi-org-6451 105 83 us us NNP doi-org-6451 105 84 Press Press NNP doi-org-6451 105 85 releases release VBZ doi-org-6451 105 86 Press Press NNP doi-org-6451 105 87 office office NN doi-org-6451 105 88 Contact contact NN doi-org-6451 105 89 us -PRON- PRP doi-org-6451 105 90 Discover discover VBP doi-org-6451 105 91 content content NN doi-org-6451 105 92 Journals Journals NNP doi-org-6451 105 93 A a NN doi-org-6451 105 94 - - HYPH doi-org-6451 105 95 Z z NN doi-org-6451 105 96 Articles article NNS doi-org-6451 105 97 by by IN doi-org-6451 105 98 subject subject JJ doi-org-6451 105 99 Nano Nano NNP doi-org-6451 105 100 Protocol Protocol NNP doi-org-6451 105 101 Exchange Exchange NNP doi-org-6451 105 102 Nature Nature NNP doi-org-6451 105 103 Index Index NNP doi-org-6451 105 104 Publishing Publishing NNP doi-org-6451 105 105 policies policy NNS doi-org-6451 105 106 Nature nature NN doi-org-6451 105 107 portfolio portfolio NN doi-org-6451 105 108 policies policy NNS doi-org-6451 105 109 Open open JJ doi-org-6451 105 110 access access NN doi-org-6451 105 111 Author Author NNP doi-org-6451 105 112 & & CC doi-org-6451 105 113 Researcher Researcher NNP doi-org-6451 105 114 services service NNS doi-org-6451 105 115 Reprints Reprints NNPS doi-org-6451 105 116 & & CC doi-org-6451 105 117 permissions permission NNS doi-org-6451 105 118 Research Research NNP doi-org-6451 105 119 data datum NNS doi-org-6451 105 120 Language Language NNP doi-org-6451 105 121 editing edit VBG doi-org-6451 105 122 Scientific scientific JJ doi-org-6451 105 123 editing editing NN doi-org-6451 105 124 Nature Nature NNP doi-org-6451 105 125 Masterclasses Masterclasses NNPS doi-org-6451 105 126 Nature Nature NNP doi-org-6451 105 127 Research Research NNP doi-org-6451 105 128 Academies Academies NNPS doi-org-6451 105 129 Libraries Libraries NNPS doi-org-6451 105 130 & & CC doi-org-6451 105 131 institutions institutions NNP doi-org-6451 105 132 Librarian librarian JJ doi-org-6451 105 133 service service NN doi-org-6451 105 134 & & CC doi-org-6451 105 135 tools tools NNP doi-org-6451 105 136 Librarian Librarian NNP doi-org-6451 105 137 portal portal JJ doi-org-6451 105 138 Open open JJ doi-org-6451 105 139 research research NN doi-org-6451 105 140 Recommend Recommend NNP doi-org-6451 105 141 to to TO doi-org-6451 105 142 library library NN doi-org-6451 105 143 Advertising Advertising NNP doi-org-6451 105 144 & & CC doi-org-6451 105 145 partnerships partnership NNS doi-org-6451 105 146 Advertising Advertising NNP doi-org-6451 105 147 Partnerships Partnerships NNP doi-org-6451 105 148 & & CC doi-org-6451 105 149 Services Services NNP doi-org-6451 105 150 Media Media NNP doi-org-6451 105 151 kits kit NNS doi-org-6451 105 152 Branded brand VBD doi-org-6451 105 153 content content NN doi-org-6451 105 154 Career Career NNP doi-org-6451 105 155 development development NN doi-org-6451 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