id sid tid token lemma pos en-wikipedia-org-239 1 1 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 1 2 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-239 1 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 1 4 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 1 5 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 1 6 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-239 1 7 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 1 8 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 1 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 1 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 1 11 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 1 12 encyclopedia encyclopedia NN en-wikipedia-org-239 1 13 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 1 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 1 15 navigation navigation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 1 16 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 1 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 1 18 search search VB en-wikipedia-org-239 1 19 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-239 1 20 entity entity NN en-wikipedia-org-239 1 21 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 1 22 issues issue VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 1 23 digital digital JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 1 24 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 1 25 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 1 26 cryptography cryptography NN en-wikipedia-org-239 1 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 1 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 1 29 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 1 30 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-239 1 31 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 1 32 certification certification NN en-wikipedia-org-239 1 33 authority authority NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 1 34 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 1 35 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 1 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 1 37 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 1 38 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-239 1 39 entity entity NN en-wikipedia-org-239 1 40 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 1 41 issues issue VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 1 42 digital digital JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 1 43 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 1 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 2 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 2 2 digital digital JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 2 3 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 2 4 certifies certifie NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 2 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 2 6 ownership ownership NN en-wikipedia-org-239 2 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 2 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 2 9 public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 2 10 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 2 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 2 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 2 13 named name VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 2 14 subject subject NN en-wikipedia-org-239 2 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 2 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 2 17 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 2 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 3 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-239 3 2 allows allow VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 3 3 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 3 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 3 5 relying rely VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 3 6 parties party NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 3 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 3 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 3 9 rely rely VB en-wikipedia-org-239 3 10 upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-239 3 11 signatures signature NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 3 12 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 3 13 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 3 14 assertions assertion NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 3 15 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 3 16 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-239 3 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 3 18 private private JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 3 19 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 3 20 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 3 21 corresponds correspond VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 3 22 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 3 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 3 24 certified certify VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 3 25 public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 3 26 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 3 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 4 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 4 2 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 4 3 acts act VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 4 4 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-239 4 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 4 6 trusted trust VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 4 7 third third JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 4 8 party party NN en-wikipedia-org-239 4 9 — — : en-wikipedia-org-239 4 10 trusted trust VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 4 11 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-239 4 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 4 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 4 14 subject subject NN en-wikipedia-org-239 4 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 4 16 owner owner NN en-wikipedia-org-239 4 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 4 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 4 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 4 20 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 4 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 4 22 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 4 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 4 24 party party NN en-wikipedia-org-239 4 25 relying rely VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 4 26 upon upon IN en-wikipedia-org-239 4 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 4 28 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 4 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 5 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 5 2 format format NN en-wikipedia-org-239 5 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 5 4 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-239 5 5 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 5 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 5 7 specified specify VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 5 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 5 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 5 10 X.509 X.509 NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 5 11 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 5 12 EMV EMV NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 5 13 standard standard NN en-wikipedia-org-239 5 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 6 1 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-239 6 2 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-239 6 3 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 6 4 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-239 6 5 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 6 6 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 6 7 authorities authority NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 6 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 6 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 6 10 sign sign VB en-wikipedia-org-239 6 11 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 6 12 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 6 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 6 14 HTTPS HTTPS NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 6 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 6 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 6 17 secure secure JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 6 18 browsing browse VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 6 19 protocol protocol NN en-wikipedia-org-239 6 20 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 6 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 6 22 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 6 23 Wide Wide NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 6 24 Web Web NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 6 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 7 1 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-239 7 2 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 7 3 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-239 7 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 7 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 7 6 issuing issue VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 7 7 identity identity NN en-wikipedia-org-239 7 8 cards card NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 7 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 7 10 national national JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 7 11 governments government NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 7 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 7 13 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-239 7 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 7 15 electronically electronically RB en-wikipedia-org-239 7 16 signing sign VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 7 17 documents document NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 7 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 8 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 8 2 1 1 LS en-wikipedia-org-239 8 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 8 4 Contents content NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 8 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 8 6 Overview overview NN en-wikipedia-org-239 8 7 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 8 8 Providers provider NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 8 9 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 8 10 Validation validation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 8 11 standards standard NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 8 12 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 8 13 Validation validation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 8 14 weaknesses weakness NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 8 15 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 8 16 Issuing issue VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 8 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 8 18 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 8 19 5.1 5.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 8 20 Example Example NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 8 21 5.2 5.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 8 22 Security Security NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 8 23 5.3 5.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 8 24 Authority Authority NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 8 25 revocation revocation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 8 26 lists list VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 8 27 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 8 28 Industry industry NN en-wikipedia-org-239 8 29 organizations organization NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 8 30 6.1 6.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 8 31 Baseline Baseline NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 8 32 requirements requirement NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 8 33 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 8 34 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 8 35 compromise compromise VB en-wikipedia-org-239 8 36 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 8 37 Key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 8 38 storage storage NN en-wikipedia-org-239 8 39 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 8 40 Implementation implementation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 8 41 weakness weakness NN en-wikipedia-org-239 8 42 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 8 43 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 8 44 trusted trust VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 8 45 third third NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 8 46 party party NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 8 47 scheme scheme NN en-wikipedia-org-239 8 48 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 8 49 See See NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 8 50 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-239 8 51 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 8 52 References reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 8 53 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 8 54 External external JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 8 55 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 8 56 Overview[edit overview[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-239 8 57 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 8 58 Trusted trust VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 8 59 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 8 60 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-239 8 61 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 8 62 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 8 63 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 8 64 create create VB en-wikipedia-org-239 8 65 secure secure JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 8 66 connections connection NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 8 67 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 8 68 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 8 69 server server NN en-wikipedia-org-239 8 70 via via IN en-wikipedia-org-239 8 71 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 8 72 Internet internet NN en-wikipedia-org-239 8 73 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 9 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 9 2 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 9 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 9 4 essential essential JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 9 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 9 6 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-239 9 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 9 8 circumvent circumvent VB en-wikipedia-org-239 9 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 9 10 malicious malicious JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 9 11 party party NN en-wikipedia-org-239 9 12 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 9 13 happens happen VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 9 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 9 15 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 9 16 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 9 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 9 18 route route NN en-wikipedia-org-239 9 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 9 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 9 21 target target NN en-wikipedia-org-239 9 22 server server NN en-wikipedia-org-239 9 23 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 9 24 acts act VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 9 25 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-239 9 26 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-239 9 27 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 9 28 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 9 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 9 30 target target NN en-wikipedia-org-239 9 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 10 1 Such such PDT en-wikipedia-org-239 10 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 10 3 scenario scenario NN en-wikipedia-org-239 10 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 10 5 commonly commonly RB en-wikipedia-org-239 10 6 referred refer VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 10 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 10 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-239 10 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 10 10 man man NN en-wikipedia-org-239 10 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 10 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 10 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 10 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 10 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 10 16 middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 10 17 attack attack NN en-wikipedia-org-239 10 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 11 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 11 2 client client NN en-wikipedia-org-239 11 3 uses use VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 11 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 11 5 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 11 6 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 11 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 11 8 authenticate authenticate VB en-wikipedia-org-239 11 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 11 10 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 11 11 signature signature NN en-wikipedia-org-239 11 12 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 11 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 11 14 server server NN en-wikipedia-org-239 11 15 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 11 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 11 17 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-239 11 18 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-239 11 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 11 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 11 21 authorizations authorization NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 11 22 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-239 11 23 launching launch VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 11 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 11 25 secure secure JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 11 26 connection connection NN en-wikipedia-org-239 11 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 12 1 Usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-239 12 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 12 3 client client NN en-wikipedia-org-239 12 4 software software NN en-wikipedia-org-239 12 5 — — : en-wikipedia-org-239 12 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 12 7 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-239 12 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 12 9 browsers browser NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 12 10 — — : en-wikipedia-org-239 12 11 include include VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 12 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 12 13 set set NN en-wikipedia-org-239 12 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 12 15 trusted trust VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 12 16 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 12 17 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 12 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 13 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-239 13 2 makes make VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 13 3 sense sense NN en-wikipedia-org-239 13 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 13 5 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-239 13 6 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 13 7 users user NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 13 8 need need VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 13 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 13 10 trust trust VB en-wikipedia-org-239 13 11 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 13 12 client client NN en-wikipedia-org-239 13 13 software software NN en-wikipedia-org-239 13 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 14 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 14 2 malicious malicious JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 14 3 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 14 4 compromised compromise VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 14 5 client client NN en-wikipedia-org-239 14 6 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-239 14 7 skip skip VB en-wikipedia-org-239 14 8 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-239 14 9 security security NN en-wikipedia-org-239 14 10 check check NN en-wikipedia-org-239 14 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 14 12 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-239 14 13 fool fool VB en-wikipedia-org-239 14 14 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 14 15 users user NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 14 16 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-239 14 17 believing believe VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 14 18 otherwise otherwise RB en-wikipedia-org-239 14 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 15 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 15 2 clients client NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 15 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 15 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 15 5 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 15 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 15 7 server server NN en-wikipedia-org-239 15 8 supervisors supervisor NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 15 9 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-239 15 10 call call VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 15 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 15 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 15 13 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 15 14 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 15 15 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 15 16 servers server NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 15 17 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-239 15 18 bestow bestow VB en-wikipedia-org-239 15 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 15 20 users user NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 15 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 16 1 Commercial commercial JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 16 2 CAs CAs NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 16 3 charge charge NN en-wikipedia-org-239 16 4 money money NN en-wikipedia-org-239 16 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 16 6 issue issue VB en-wikipedia-org-239 16 7 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 16 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 16 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 16 10 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 16 11 customers customer NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 16 12 anticipate anticipate VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 16 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 16 14 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 16 15 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-239 16 16 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 16 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 16 18 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 16 19 contained contain VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 16 20 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-239 16 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 16 22 majority majority NN en-wikipedia-org-239 16 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 16 24 web web NN en-wikipedia-org-239 16 25 browsers browser NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 16 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 16 27 so so IN en-wikipedia-org-239 16 28 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-239 16 29 safe safe JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 16 30 connections connection NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 16 31 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 16 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 16 33 certified certify VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 16 34 servers server NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 16 35 work work VB en-wikipedia-org-239 16 36 efficiently efficiently RB en-wikipedia-org-239 16 37 out out IN en-wikipedia-org-239 16 38 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 16 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 16 40 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 16 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 16 42 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 16 43 box box NN en-wikipedia-org-239 16 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 17 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 17 2 quantity quantity NN en-wikipedia-org-239 17 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 17 4 internet internet NN en-wikipedia-org-239 17 5 browsers browser NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 17 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 17 7 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 17 8 devices device NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 17 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 17 10 applications application NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 17 11 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 17 12 trust trust VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 17 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 17 14 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 17 15 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 17 16 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-239 17 17 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 17 18 referred refer VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 17 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 17 20 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-239 17 21 ubiquity ubiquity NN en-wikipedia-org-239 17 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 18 1 Mozilla Mozilla NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 18 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 18 3 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 18 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 18 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 18 6 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 18 7 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 18 8 profit profit JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 18 9 business business NN en-wikipedia-org-239 18 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 18 11 issues issue NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 18 12 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 18 13 commercial commercial JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 18 14 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 18 15 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 18 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-239 18 17 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 18 18 products product NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 18 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 19 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 19 2 2 2 LS en-wikipedia-org-239 19 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 19 4 While while IN en-wikipedia-org-239 19 5 Mozilla Mozilla NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 19 6 developed develop VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 19 7 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 19 8 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 19 9 policy policy NN en-wikipedia-org-239 19 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 19 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 19 12 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 19 13 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 19 14 Browser Browser NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 19 15 Forum Forum NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 19 16 developed develop VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 19 17 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 19 18 guidelines guideline NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 19 19 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 19 20 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 19 21 trust trust NN en-wikipedia-org-239 19 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 19 23 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-239 19 24 on on RB en-wikipedia-org-239 19 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 20 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 20 2 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 20 3 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 20 4 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 20 5 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-239 20 6 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 20 7 shared share VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 20 8 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-239 20 9 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 20 10 CAs ca NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 20 11 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 20 12 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 20 13 resellers reseller NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 20 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 21 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 21 2 root root NN en-wikipedia-org-239 21 3 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 21 4 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 21 5 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-239 21 6 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 21 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 21 8 base base NN en-wikipedia-org-239 21 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 21 10 issue issue VB en-wikipedia-org-239 21 11 multiple multiple JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 21 12 intermediate intermediate JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 21 13 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 21 14 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 21 15 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-239 21 16 varying vary VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 21 17 validation validation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 21 18 requirements requirement NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 21 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 22 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 22 2 addition addition NN en-wikipedia-org-239 22 3 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 22 4 commercial commercial JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 22 5 CAs CAs NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 22 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 22 7 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-239 22 8 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 22 9 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 22 10 profits profits JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 22 11 issue issue VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 22 12 digital digital JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 22 13 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 22 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 22 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 22 16 public public NN en-wikipedia-org-239 22 17 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-239 22 18 charge charge NN en-wikipedia-org-239 22 19 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-239 22 20 notable notable JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 22 21 examples example NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 22 22 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 22 23 CAcert CAcert NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 22 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 22 25 Let let VB en-wikipedia-org-239 22 26 's -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 22 27 Encrypt Encrypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 22 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 23 1 Large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 23 2 organizations organization NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 23 3 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 23 4 government government NN en-wikipedia-org-239 23 5 bodies body NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 23 6 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-239 23 7 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-239 23 8 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 23 9 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 23 10 PKIs pki NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 23 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 23 12 public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 23 13 key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 23 14 infrastructure infrastructure NN en-wikipedia-org-239 23 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 23 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 23 17 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-239 23 18 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 23 19 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 23 20 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 23 21 CAs ca NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 23 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 24 1 Any any DT en-wikipedia-org-239 24 2 site site NN en-wikipedia-org-239 24 3 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 24 4 self self NN en-wikipedia-org-239 24 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 24 6 signed sign VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 24 7 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 24 8 acts act VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 24 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-239 24 10 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 24 11 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 24 12 CA ca NN en-wikipedia-org-239 24 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 25 1 Commercial commercial JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 25 2 banks bank NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 25 3 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 25 4 issue issue VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 25 5 EMV EMV NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 25 6 payment payment NN en-wikipedia-org-239 25 7 cards card NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 25 8 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 25 9 governed govern VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 25 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 25 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 25 12 EMV EMV NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 25 13 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 25 14 Authority,[3 Authority,[3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 25 15 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 25 16 payment payment NN en-wikipedia-org-239 25 17 schemes scheme NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 25 18 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 25 19 route route VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 25 20 payment payment NN en-wikipedia-org-239 25 21 transactions transaction NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 25 22 initiated initiate VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 25 23 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-239 25 24 Point Point NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 25 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 25 26 Sale Sale NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 25 27 Terminals Terminals NNPS en-wikipedia-org-239 25 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 25 29 POS POS NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 25 30 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 25 31 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 25 32 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 25 33 Card Card NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 25 34 Issuing Issuing NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 25 35 Bank Bank NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 25 36 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 25 37 transfer transfer VB en-wikipedia-org-239 25 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 25 39 funds fund NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 25 40 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 25 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 25 42 card card NN en-wikipedia-org-239 25 43 holder holder NN en-wikipedia-org-239 25 44 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-239 25 45 bank bank NN en-wikipedia-org-239 25 46 account account NN en-wikipedia-org-239 25 47 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 25 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 25 49 payment payment NN en-wikipedia-org-239 25 50 recipient recipient NN en-wikipedia-org-239 25 51 ’s ’s POS en-wikipedia-org-239 25 52 bank bank NN en-wikipedia-org-239 25 53 account account NN en-wikipedia-org-239 25 54 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 26 1 Each each DT en-wikipedia-org-239 26 2 payment payment NN en-wikipedia-org-239 26 3 card card NN en-wikipedia-org-239 26 4 presents present VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 26 5 along along IN en-wikipedia-org-239 26 6 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-239 26 7 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 26 8 card card NN en-wikipedia-org-239 26 9 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 26 10 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-239 26 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 26 12 Card Card NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 26 13 Issuer Issuer NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 26 14 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 26 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 26 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 26 17 POS POS NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 26 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 27 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 27 2 Issuer Issuer NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 27 3 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 27 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 27 5 signed sign VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 27 6 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 27 7 EMV EMV NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 27 8 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 27 9 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 27 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 28 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 28 2 POS POS NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 28 3 retrieves retrieve VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 28 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 28 5 public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 28 6 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 28 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 28 8 EMV EMV NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 28 9 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 28 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 28 11 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 28 12 storage storage NN en-wikipedia-org-239 28 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 28 14 validates validate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 28 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 28 16 Issuer Issuer NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 28 17 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 28 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 28 19 authenticity authenticity NN en-wikipedia-org-239 28 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 28 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 28 22 payment payment NN en-wikipedia-org-239 28 23 card card NN en-wikipedia-org-239 28 24 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-239 28 25 sending send VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 28 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 28 27 payment payment NN en-wikipedia-org-239 28 28 request request NN en-wikipedia-org-239 28 29 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 28 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 28 31 payment payment NN en-wikipedia-org-239 28 32 scheme scheme NN en-wikipedia-org-239 28 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 29 1 Browsers browser NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 29 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 29 3 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 29 4 clients client NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 29 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 29 6 sorts sort NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 29 7 characteristically characteristically RB en-wikipedia-org-239 29 8 allow allow VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 29 9 users user NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 29 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 29 11 add add VB en-wikipedia-org-239 29 12 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 29 13 do do VB en-wikipedia-org-239 29 14 away away RB en-wikipedia-org-239 29 15 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-239 29 16 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 29 17 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 29 18 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-239 29 19 will will NN en-wikipedia-org-239 29 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 30 1 While while IN en-wikipedia-org-239 30 2 server server NN en-wikipedia-org-239 30 3 certificates certificate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 30 4 regularly regularly RB en-wikipedia-org-239 30 5 last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 30 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 30 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 30 8 relatively relatively RB en-wikipedia-org-239 30 9 short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 30 10 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-239 30 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 30 12 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 30 13 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 30 14 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 30 15 further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 30 16 extended,[4 extended,[4 NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 30 17 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 30 18 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-239 30 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 30 20 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 30 21 repeatedly repeatedly RB en-wikipedia-org-239 30 22 visited visit VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 30 23 servers server NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 30 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 30 25 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 30 26 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 30 27 less less JJR en-wikipedia-org-239 30 28 error error NN en-wikipedia-org-239 30 29 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 30 30 prone prone JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 30 31 importing importing NN en-wikipedia-org-239 30 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 30 33 trusting trust VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 30 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 30 35 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 30 36 issued issue VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 30 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 30 38 rather rather RB en-wikipedia-org-239 30 39 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-239 30 40 confirm confirm VB en-wikipedia-org-239 30 41 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 30 42 security security NN en-wikipedia-org-239 30 43 exemption exemption NN en-wikipedia-org-239 30 44 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-239 30 45 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-239 30 46 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 30 47 server server NN en-wikipedia-org-239 30 48 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-239 30 49 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 30 50 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 30 51 renewed renew VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 30 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 31 1 Less less RBR en-wikipedia-org-239 31 2 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-239 31 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 31 4 trustworthy trustworthy JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 31 5 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 31 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 31 7 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 31 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 31 9 encrypting encrypt VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 31 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 31 11 signing sign VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 31 12 messages message NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 31 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 32 1 CAs cas JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 32 2 dispense dispense NN en-wikipedia-org-239 32 3 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-239 32 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 32 5 user user NN en-wikipedia-org-239 32 6 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 32 7 too too RB en-wikipedia-org-239 32 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 32 9 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 32 10 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-239 32 11 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 32 12 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 32 13 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-239 32 14 S S NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 32 15 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 32 16 MIME MIME NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 32 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 33 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-239 33 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 33 3 encryption encryption NN en-wikipedia-org-239 33 4 entails entail VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 33 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 33 6 receiver receiver NN en-wikipedia-org-239 33 7 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-239 33 8 public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 33 9 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 33 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 33 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 33 12 since since IN en-wikipedia-org-239 33 13 authors author NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 33 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 33 15 receivers receiver NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 33 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 33 17 encrypted encrypted JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 33 18 messages message NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 33 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 33 20 apparently apparently RB en-wikipedia-org-239 33 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 33 22 know know VB en-wikipedia-org-239 33 23 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-239 33 24 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-239 33 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 33 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 33 27 usefulness usefulness NN en-wikipedia-org-239 33 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 33 29 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 33 30 trusted trust VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 33 31 third third JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 33 32 party party NN en-wikipedia-org-239 33 33 remains remain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 33 34 confined confine VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 33 35 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 33 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 33 37 signature signature NN en-wikipedia-org-239 33 38 verification verification NN en-wikipedia-org-239 33 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 33 40 messages message NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 33 41 sent send VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 33 42 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 33 43 public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 33 44 mailing mailing NN en-wikipedia-org-239 33 45 lists list NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 33 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 34 1 Providers[edit providers[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-239 34 2 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 34 3 Worldwide Worldwide NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 34 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 34 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 34 6 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 34 7 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-239 34 8 business business NN en-wikipedia-org-239 34 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 34 10 fragmented fragmented JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 34 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 34 12 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-239 34 13 national national JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 34 14 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 34 15 regional regional JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 34 16 providers provider NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 34 17 dominating dominate VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 34 18 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 34 19 home home NN en-wikipedia-org-239 34 20 market market NN en-wikipedia-org-239 34 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 35 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-239 35 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 35 3 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-239 35 4 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 35 5 uses use NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 35 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 35 7 digital digital JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 35 8 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 35 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 35 10 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 35 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-239 35 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 35 13 legally legally RB en-wikipedia-org-239 35 14 binding bind VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 35 15 digital digital JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 35 16 signatures signature NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 35 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 35 18 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 35 19 linked link VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 35 20 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 35 21 local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 35 22 law law NN en-wikipedia-org-239 35 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 35 24 regulations regulation NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 35 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 35 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 35 27 accreditation accreditation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 35 28 schemes scheme NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 35 29 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 35 30 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 35 31 authorities authority NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 35 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 36 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-239 36 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 36 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 36 4 market market NN en-wikipedia-org-239 36 5 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 36 6 globally globally RB en-wikipedia-org-239 36 7 trusted trust VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 36 8 TLS TLS NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 36 9 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 36 10 SSL SSL NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 36 11 server server NN en-wikipedia-org-239 36 12 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 36 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 36 14 largely largely RB en-wikipedia-org-239 36 15 held hold VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 36 16 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 36 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 36 18 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 36 19 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-239 36 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 36 21 multinational multinational JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 36 22 companies company NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 36 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 37 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-239 37 2 market market NN en-wikipedia-org-239 37 3 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 37 4 significant significant JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 37 5 barriers barrier NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 37 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 37 7 entry entry NN en-wikipedia-org-239 37 8 due due IN en-wikipedia-org-239 37 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 37 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 37 11 technical technical JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 37 12 requirements requirement NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 37 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 38 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 38 2 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 38 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 38 4 While while IN en-wikipedia-org-239 38 5 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-239 38 6 legally legally RB en-wikipedia-org-239 38 7 required require VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 38 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 38 9 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 38 10 providers provider NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 38 11 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-239 38 12 choose choose VB en-wikipedia-org-239 38 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 38 14 undergo undergo VB en-wikipedia-org-239 38 15 annual annual JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 38 16 security security NN en-wikipedia-org-239 38 17 audits audits NN en-wikipedia-org-239 38 18 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 38 19 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 38 20 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-239 38 21 WebTrust[6 WebTrust[6 NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 38 22 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 38 23 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 38 24 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 38 25 authorities authority NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 38 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 38 27 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 38 28 America America NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 38 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 38 30 ETSI ETSI NNPS en-wikipedia-org-239 38 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 38 32 Europe[7 europe[7 NN en-wikipedia-org-239 38 33 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 38 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 38 35 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 38 36 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 38 37 included include VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 38 38 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-239 38 39 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 38 40 trusted trust VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 38 41 root root NN en-wikipedia-org-239 38 42 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 38 43 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 38 44 web web NN en-wikipedia-org-239 38 45 browser browser NN en-wikipedia-org-239 38 46 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 38 47 operating operating NN en-wikipedia-org-239 38 48 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-239 38 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 39 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-239 39 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 39 3 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 39 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-239 39 5 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 39 6   _SP en-wikipedia-org-239 39 7 2020[update 2020[update CD en-wikipedia-org-239 39 8 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 39 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 39 10 147 147 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 39 11 root root NN en-wikipedia-org-239 39 12 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 39 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 39 14 representing represent VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 39 15 52 52 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 39 16 organizations organization NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 39 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 39 18 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 39 19 trusted trust VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 39 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 39 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 39 22 Mozilla Mozilla NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 39 23 Firefox Firefox NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 39 24 web web NN en-wikipedia-org-239 39 25 browser,[8 browser,[8 NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 39 26 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 39 27 168 168 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 39 28 root root NN en-wikipedia-org-239 39 29 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 39 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 39 31 representing represent VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 39 32 60 60 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 39 33 organizations organization NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 39 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 39 35 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 39 36 trusted trust VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 39 37 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 39 38 macOS,[9 macOS,[9 NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 39 39 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 39 40 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 39 41 255 255 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 39 42 root root NN en-wikipedia-org-239 39 43 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 39 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 39 45 representing represent VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 39 46 101 101 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 39 47 organizations organization NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 39 48 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 39 49 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 39 50 trusted trust VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 39 51 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 39 52 Microsoft Microsoft NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 39 53 Windows Windows NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 39 54 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 40 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 40 2 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 40 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 40 4 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-239 40 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 40 6 Android Android NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 40 7 4.2 4.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 40 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 40 9 Jelly Jelly NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 40 10 Bean Bean NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 40 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 40 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 40 13 Android Android NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 40 14 currently currently RB en-wikipedia-org-239 40 15 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 40 16 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-239 40 17 100 100 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 40 18 CAs ca NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 40 19 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 40 20 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 40 21 updated update VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 40 22 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-239 40 23 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-239 40 24 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-239 40 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 41 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 41 2 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 41 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 41 4 On on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 41 5 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 41 6 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 41 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 41 8 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 41 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 41 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 41 11 group group NN en-wikipedia-org-239 41 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 41 13 companies company NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 41 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 41 15 nonprofit nonprofit JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 41 16 organizations organization NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 41 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 41 18 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 41 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 41 20 Electronic Electronic NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 41 21 Frontier Frontier NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 41 22 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 41 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 41 24 Mozilla Mozilla NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 41 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 41 26 Cisco Cisco NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 41 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 41 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 41 29 Akamai Akamai NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 41 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 41 31 announced announce VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 41 32 Let let NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 41 33 's -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 41 34 Encrypt Encrypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 41 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 41 36 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 41 37 nonprofit nonprofit JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 41 38 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 41 39 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-239 41 40 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 41 41 provides provide VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 41 42 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 41 43 domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-239 41 44 validated validate VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 41 45 X.509 X.509 NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 41 46 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 41 47 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-239 41 48 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-239 41 49 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-239 41 50 software software NN en-wikipedia-org-239 41 51 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 41 52 enable enable VB en-wikipedia-org-239 41 53 installation installation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 41 54 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 41 55 maintenance maintenance NN en-wikipedia-org-239 41 56 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 41 57 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 41 58 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 42 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 42 2 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 42 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 42 4 Let let VB en-wikipedia-org-239 42 5 's -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 42 6 Encrypt Encrypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 42 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 42 8 operated operate VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 42 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 42 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 42 11 newly newly RB en-wikipedia-org-239 42 12 formed form VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 42 13 Internet Internet NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 42 14 Security Security NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 42 15 Research Research NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 42 16 Group Group NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 42 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 42 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 42 19 California California NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 42 20 nonprofit nonprofit NN en-wikipedia-org-239 42 21 recognized recognize VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 42 22 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-239 42 23 federally federally RB en-wikipedia-org-239 42 24 tax tax NN en-wikipedia-org-239 42 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 42 26 exempt exempt JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 42 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 43 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 43 2 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 43 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 43 4 According accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 43 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 43 6 Netcraft Netcraft NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 43 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 43 8 May May NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 43 9 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 43 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 43 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 43 12 industry industry NN en-wikipedia-org-239 43 13 standard standard NN en-wikipedia-org-239 43 14 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 43 15 monitoring monitor VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 43 16 active active JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 43 17 TLS TLS NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 43 18 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 43 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 43 20 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 43 21 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-239 43 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 43 23 global global JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 43 24 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 43 25 TLS TLS NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 43 26 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 43 27 ecosystem ecosystem NN en-wikipedia-org-239 43 28 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 43 29 competitive competitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 43 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 43 31 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 43 32 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 43 33 dominated dominate VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 43 34 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 43 35 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 43 36 handful handful NN en-wikipedia-org-239 43 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 43 38 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 43 39 CAs ca NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 43 40 — — : en-wikipedia-org-239 43 41 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-239 43 42 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 43 43 authorities authority NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 43 44 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 43 45 Symantec Symantec NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 43 46 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 43 47 Comodo Comodo NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 43 48 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 43 49 GoDaddy GoDaddy NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 43 50 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 43 51 account account VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 43 52 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 43 53 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-239 43 54 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 43 55 quarters quarter NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 43 56 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 43 57 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-239 43 58 issued issue VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 43 59 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 43 60 TLS TLS NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 43 61 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 43 62 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 43 63 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 43 64 public public NN en-wikipedia-org-239 43 65 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 43 66 facing face VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 43 67 web web NN en-wikipedia-org-239 43 68 servers server NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 43 69 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 44 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 44 2 top top JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 44 3 spot spot NN en-wikipedia-org-239 44 4 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 44 5 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 44 6 held hold VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 44 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 44 8 Symantec Symantec NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 44 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 44 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 44 11 VeriSign VeriSign NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 44 12 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-239 44 13 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 44 14 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 44 15 purchased purchase VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 44 16 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 44 17 Symantec Symantec NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 44 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 44 19 ever ever RB en-wikipedia-org-239 44 20 since since IN en-wikipedia-org-239 44 21 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 44 22 our -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 44 23 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 44 24 survey survey NN en-wikipedia-org-239 44 25 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 44 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 44 27 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-239 44 28 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 44 29 currently currently RB en-wikipedia-org-239 44 30 accounting account VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 44 31 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 44 32 just just RB en-wikipedia-org-239 44 33 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-239 44 34 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 44 35 third third NN en-wikipedia-org-239 44 36 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 44 37 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-239 44 38 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 44 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 45 1 To to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 45 2 illustrate illustrate VB en-wikipedia-org-239 45 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 45 4 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-239 45 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 45 6 differing differing JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 45 7 methodologies methodology NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 45 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 45 9 amongst amongst IN en-wikipedia-org-239 45 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 45 11 million million CD en-wikipedia-org-239 45 12 busiest busy JJS en-wikipedia-org-239 45 13 sites site NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 45 14 Symantec Symantec NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 45 15 issued issue VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 45 16 44 44 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 45 17 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-239 45 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 45 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 45 20 valid valid JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 45 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 45 22 trusted trust VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 45 23 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 45 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 45 25 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-239 45 26 — — : en-wikipedia-org-239 45 27 significantly significantly RB en-wikipedia-org-239 45 28 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-239 45 29 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-239 45 30 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 45 31 overall overall JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 45 32 market market NN en-wikipedia-org-239 45 33 share share NN en-wikipedia-org-239 45 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 46 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 46 2 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 46 3 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 46 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 46 5 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-239 46 6 updated update VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 46 7 W3Techs w3techs CD en-wikipedia-org-239 46 8 survey survey NN en-wikipedia-org-239 46 9 shows show VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 46 10 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-239 46 11 IdenTrust IdenTrust NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 46 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 46 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 46 14 cross cross NN en-wikipedia-org-239 46 15 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-239 46 16 signer signer NN en-wikipedia-org-239 46 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 46 18 Let let VB en-wikipedia-org-239 46 19 's -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 46 20 Encrypt Encrypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 46 21 intermediates,[15 intermediates,[15 NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 46 22 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 46 23 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 46 24 remained remain VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 46 25 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-239 46 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 46 27 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-239 46 28 popular popular JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 46 29 SSL SSL NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 46 30 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 46 31 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-239 46 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 46 33 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-239 46 34 Symantec Symantec NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 46 35 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 46 36 dropped drop VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 46 37 out out IN en-wikipedia-org-239 46 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 46 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 46 40 chart chart NN en-wikipedia-org-239 46 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 46 42 due due IN en-wikipedia-org-239 46 43 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 46 44 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 46 45 security security NN en-wikipedia-org-239 46 46 services service NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 46 47 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 46 48 acquired acquire VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 46 49 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 46 50 DigiCert DigiCert NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 46 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 47 1 Sectigo Sectigo NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 47 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 47 3 formerly formerly RB en-wikipedia-org-239 47 4 Comodo Comodo NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 47 5 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 47 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 47 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 47 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 47 9 third third RB en-wikipedia-org-239 47 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 47 11 largest large JJS en-wikipedia-org-239 47 12 SSL ssl NN en-wikipedia-org-239 47 13 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 47 14 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-239 47 15 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-239 47 16 17.7 17.7 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 47 17 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-239 47 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 47 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 47 20 market:[16][17 market:[16][17 NN en-wikipedia-org-239 47 21 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 47 22 Digicert Digicert NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 47 23 maintains maintain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 47 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 47 25 GeoTrust GeoTrust NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 47 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 47 27 Digicert Digicert NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 47 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 47 29 Thawte Thawte NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 47 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 47 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 47 32 RapidSSL rapidssl VB en-wikipedia-org-239 47 33 brands brand NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 47 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 48 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 48 2 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 48 4 Rank Rank NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 48 5 Issuer Issuer NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 48 6 Usage Usage NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 48 7 Market market NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 8 share share NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 9 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 10 IdenTrust IdenTrust NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 48 11 38.0 38.0 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 12 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 13 51.2 51.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 14 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 15 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 16 DigiCert DigiCert NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 48 17 14.6 14.6 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 18 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 19 19.7 19.7 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 20 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 21 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 22 Sectigo Sectigo NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 48 23 13.1 13.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 24 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 25 17.7 17.7 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 26 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 27 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 28 GoDaddy GoDaddy NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 48 29 5.1 5.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 30 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 31 6.9 6.9 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 32 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 33 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 34 GlobalSign GlobalSign NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 48 35 2.2 2.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 36 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 37 3.0 3.0 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 38 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 39 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 40 Certum Certum NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 48 41 0.4 0.4 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 42 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 43 0.7 0.7 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 44 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 45 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 46 Actalis Actalis NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 48 47 0.2 0.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 48 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 49 0.3 0.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 50 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 51 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 52 Entrust Entrust NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 48 53 0.2 0.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 54 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 55 0.3 0.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 56 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 57 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 58 Secom Secom NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 48 59 0.1 0.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 60 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 61 0.3 0.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 62 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 63 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 64 Let let NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 48 65 's -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 48 66 Encrypt encrypt VB en-wikipedia-org-239 48 67 0.1 0.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 68 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 69 0.2 0.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 70 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 71 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 72 Trustwave Trustwave NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 48 73 0.1 0.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 74 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 75 0.1 0.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 76 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 77 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 78 WISeKey wisekey CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 79 Group Group NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 48 80 < < XX en-wikipedia-org-239 48 81 0.1 0.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 82 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 83 0.1 0.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 84 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 85 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 86 StartCom StartCom NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 48 87 < < XX en-wikipedia-org-239 48 88 0.1 0.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 89 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 90 0.1 0.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 91 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 92 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 93 Network Network NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 48 94 Solutions Solutions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-239 48 95 < < XX en-wikipedia-org-239 48 96 0.1 0.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 97 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 98 0.1 0.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 48 99 % % NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 100 Validation validation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 101 standards[edit standards[edit . en-wikipedia-org-239 48 102 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 48 103 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 48 104 commercial commercial JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 48 105 CAs ca NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 48 106 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 48 107 issue issue VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 48 108 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 48 109 bulk bulk NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 110 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 111 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 48 112 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 113 HTTPS HTTPS NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 48 114 servers server NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 48 115 typically typically RB en-wikipedia-org-239 48 116 use use VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 48 117 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 48 118 technique technique NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 119 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 120 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 48 121 domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 122 validation validation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 123 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 48 124 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 48 125 authenticate authenticate VB en-wikipedia-org-239 48 126 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 48 127 recipient recipient NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 128 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 129 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 48 130 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 48 131 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 49 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 49 2 techniques technique NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 49 3 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 49 4 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 49 5 domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-239 49 6 validation validation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 49 7 vary vary VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 49 8 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-239 49 9 CAs CAs NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 49 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 49 11 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-239 49 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 49 13 general general JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 49 14 domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-239 49 15 validation validation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 49 16 techniques technique NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 49 17 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 49 18 meant mean VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 49 19 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 49 20 prove prove VB en-wikipedia-org-239 49 21 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-239 49 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 49 23 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 49 24 applicant applicant NN en-wikipedia-org-239 49 25 controls control VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 49 26 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 49 27 given give VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 49 28 domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-239 49 29 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-239 49 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 49 31 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-239 49 32 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-239 49 33 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-239 49 34 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-239 49 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 49 36 applicant applicant NN en-wikipedia-org-239 49 37 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-239 49 38 identity identity NN en-wikipedia-org-239 49 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 50 1 Many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 50 2 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 50 3 Authorities Authorities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-239 50 4 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-239 50 5 offer offer VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 50 6 Extended extended JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 50 7 Validation validation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 50 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 50 9 EV EV NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 50 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 50 11 certificates certificate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 50 12 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-239 50 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 50 14 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-239 50 15 rigorous rigorous JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 50 16 alternative alternative NN en-wikipedia-org-239 50 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 50 18 domain domain VB en-wikipedia-org-239 50 19 validated validated JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 50 20 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 50 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 51 1 Extended extended JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 51 2 validation validation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 51 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 51 4 intended intend VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 51 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 51 6 verify verify VB en-wikipedia-org-239 51 7 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-239 51 8 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-239 51 9 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-239 51 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 51 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 51 12 domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-239 51 13 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-239 51 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 51 15 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-239 51 16 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 51 17 identity identity NN en-wikipedia-org-239 51 18 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-239 51 19 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 51 20 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 51 21 included include VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 51 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 51 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 51 24 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 51 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 52 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-239 52 2 browsers browser NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 52 3 display display VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 52 4 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-239 52 5 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 52 6 identity identity NN en-wikipedia-org-239 52 7 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-239 52 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 52 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 52 10 green green JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 52 11 box box NN en-wikipedia-org-239 52 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 52 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 52 14 URL URL NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 52 15 bar bar NN en-wikipedia-org-239 52 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 53 1 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-239 53 2 limitation limitation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 53 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 53 4 EV EV NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 53 5 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-239 53 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 53 7 solution solution NN en-wikipedia-org-239 53 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 53 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 53 10 weaknesses weakness NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 53 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 53 12 domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-239 53 13 validation validation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 53 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 53 15 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-239 53 16 attackers attacker NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 53 17 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-239 53 18 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-239 53 19 obtain obtain VB en-wikipedia-org-239 53 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 53 21 domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-239 53 22 validated validated JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 53 23 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 53 24 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 53 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 53 26 victim victim NN en-wikipedia-org-239 53 27 domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-239 53 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 53 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 53 30 deploy deploy VB en-wikipedia-org-239 53 31 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 53 32 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-239 53 33 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-239 53 34 attack attack NN en-wikipedia-org-239 53 35 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-239 53 36 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-239 53 37 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-239 53 38 occurred occur VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 53 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 53 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 53 41 difference difference NN en-wikipedia-org-239 53 42 observable observable JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 53 43 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 53 44 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 53 45 victim victim NN en-wikipedia-org-239 53 46 user user NN en-wikipedia-org-239 53 47 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-239 53 48 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 53 49 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 53 50 absence absence NN en-wikipedia-org-239 53 51 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 53 52 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 53 53 green green JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 53 54 bar bar NN en-wikipedia-org-239 53 55 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-239 53 56 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 53 57 company company NN en-wikipedia-org-239 53 58 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-239 53 59 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 54 1 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-239 54 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 54 3 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-239 54 4 question question NN en-wikipedia-org-239 54 5 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-239 54 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 54 7 whether whether IN en-wikipedia-org-239 54 8 users user NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 54 9 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-239 54 10 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 54 11 likely likely JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 54 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 54 13 recognise recognise VB en-wikipedia-org-239 54 14 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-239 54 15 absence absence NN en-wikipedia-org-239 54 16 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-239 54 17 indicative indicative JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 54 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 54 19 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-239 54 20 attack attack NN en-wikipedia-org-239 54 21 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 54 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 54 23 progress progress NN en-wikipedia-org-239 54 24 : : : en-wikipedia-org-239 54 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 54 26 test test NN en-wikipedia-org-239 54 27 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 54 28 Internet Internet NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 54 29 Explorer Explorer NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 54 30 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 54 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 54 32 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 54 33 showed show VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 54 34 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-239 54 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 54 36 absence absence NN en-wikipedia-org-239 54 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 54 38 IE7 IE7 NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 54 39 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-239 54 40 EV EV NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 54 41 warnings warning NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 54 42 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 54 43 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-239 54 44 noticed notice VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 54 45 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 54 46 users user NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 54 47 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 54 48 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-239 54 49 Microsoft Microsoft NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 54 50 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-239 54 51 current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 54 52 browser browser NN en-wikipedia-org-239 54 53 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 54 54 Edge Edge NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 54 55 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 54 56 shows show VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 54 57 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 54 58 significantly significantly RB en-wikipedia-org-239 54 59 greater great JJR en-wikipedia-org-239 54 60 difference difference NN en-wikipedia-org-239 54 61 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-239 54 62 EV EV NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 54 63 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 54 64 domain domain VB en-wikipedia-org-239 54 65 validated validated JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 54 66 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 54 67 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 54 68 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-239 54 69 domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-239 54 70 validated validated JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 54 71 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 54 72 having have VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 54 73 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 54 74 hollow hollow JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 54 75 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 54 76 grey grey JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 54 77 lock lock NN en-wikipedia-org-239 54 78 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 55 1 Validation validation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 55 2 weaknesses[edit weaknesses[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-239 55 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 55 4 Domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-239 55 5 validation validation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 55 6 suffers suffer VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 55 7 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 55 8 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 55 9 structural structural JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 55 10 security security NN en-wikipedia-org-239 55 11 limitations limitation NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 55 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 56 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 56 2 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 56 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 56 4 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 56 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 56 6 always always RB en-wikipedia-org-239 56 7 vulnerable vulnerable JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 56 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 56 9 attacks attack NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 56 10 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 56 11 allow allow VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 56 12 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-239 56 13 adversary adversary NN en-wikipedia-org-239 56 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 56 15 observe observe VB en-wikipedia-org-239 56 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 56 17 domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-239 56 18 validation validation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 56 19 probes probe NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 56 20 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 56 21 CAs CAs NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 56 22 send send VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 56 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 57 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-239 57 2 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-239 57 3 include include VB en-wikipedia-org-239 57 4 attacks attack NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 57 5 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-239 57 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 57 7 DNS dns NN en-wikipedia-org-239 57 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 57 9 TCP TCP NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 57 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 57 11 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 57 12 BGP BGP NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 57 13 protocols protocol NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 57 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 57 15 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 57 16 lack lack VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 57 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 57 18 cryptographic cryptographic JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 57 19 protections protection NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 57 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 57 21 TLS TLS NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 57 22 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 57 23 SSL SSL NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 57 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 57 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 57 26 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 57 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 57 28 compromise compromise NN en-wikipedia-org-239 57 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 57 30 routers router NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 57 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 58 1 Such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 58 2 attacks attack NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 58 3 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 58 4 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 58 5 either either CC en-wikipedia-org-239 58 6 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 58 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 58 8 network network NN en-wikipedia-org-239 58 9 near near IN en-wikipedia-org-239 58 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 58 11 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 58 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 58 13 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 58 14 near near IN en-wikipedia-org-239 58 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 58 16 victim victim NN en-wikipedia-org-239 58 17 domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-239 58 18 itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 58 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 59 1 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-239 59 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 59 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 59 4 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-239 59 5 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 59 6 domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-239 59 7 validation validation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 59 8 techniques technique NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 59 9 involves involve VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 59 10 sending send VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 59 11 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-239 59 12 email email NN en-wikipedia-org-239 59 13 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 59 14 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-239 59 15 authentication authentication NN en-wikipedia-org-239 59 16 token token NN en-wikipedia-org-239 59 17 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 59 18 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-239 59 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 59 20 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-239 59 21 email email NN en-wikipedia-org-239 59 22 address address NN en-wikipedia-org-239 59 23 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 59 24 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 59 25 likely likely JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 59 26 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 59 27 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 59 28 administratively administratively RB en-wikipedia-org-239 59 29 responsible responsible JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 59 30 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 59 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 59 32 domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-239 59 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 60 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-239 60 2 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-239 60 3 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 60 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 60 5 technical technical JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 60 6 contact contact NN en-wikipedia-org-239 60 7 email email NN en-wikipedia-org-239 60 8 address address NN en-wikipedia-org-239 60 9 listed list VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 60 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 60 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 60 12 domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-239 60 13 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-239 60 14 WHOIS whois NN en-wikipedia-org-239 60 15 entry entry NN en-wikipedia-org-239 60 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 60 17 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 60 18 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-239 60 19 administrative administrative JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 60 20 email email NN en-wikipedia-org-239 60 21 like like UH en-wikipedia-org-239 60 22 admin@ admin@ UH en-wikipedia-org-239 60 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 60 24 administrator@ administrator@ UH en-wikipedia-org-239 60 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 60 26 webmaster@ webmaster@ CD en-wikipedia-org-239 60 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 60 28 hostmaster@ hostmaster@ NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 60 29 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 60 30 postmaster@ postmaster@ NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 60 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 60 32 domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-239 60 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 61 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 61 2 19][20 19][20 LS en-wikipedia-org-239 61 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 61 4 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-239 61 5 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 61 6 Authorities Authorities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-239 61 7 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-239 61 8 accept accept VB en-wikipedia-org-239 61 9 confirmation confirmation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 61 10 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 61 11 root@,[citation root@,[citation NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 61 12 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 61 13 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 61 14 info@ info@ NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 61 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 61 16 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 61 17 support@ support@ CD en-wikipedia-org-239 61 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 61 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 61 20 domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-239 61 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 62 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 62 2 21 21 LS en-wikipedia-org-239 62 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 62 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 62 5 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-239 62 6 behind behind IN en-wikipedia-org-239 62 7 domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-239 62 8 validation validation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 62 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 62 10 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-239 62 11 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-239 62 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 62 13 legitimate legitimate JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 62 14 owner owner NN en-wikipedia-org-239 62 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 62 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 62 17 domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-239 62 18 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-239 62 19 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 62 20 able able JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 62 21 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 62 22 read read VB en-wikipedia-org-239 62 23 emails email NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 62 24 sent send VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 62 25 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 62 26 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-239 62 27 administrative administrative JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 62 28 addresses address NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 62 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 63 1 Domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-239 63 2 validation validation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 63 3 implementations implementation NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 63 4 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 63 5 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-239 63 6 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 63 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 63 8 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-239 63 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 63 10 security security NN en-wikipedia-org-239 63 11 vulnerabilities vulnerability NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 63 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 64 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 64 2 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-239 64 3 instance instance NN en-wikipedia-org-239 64 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 64 5 security security NN en-wikipedia-org-239 64 6 researchers researcher NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 64 7 showed show VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 64 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-239 64 9 attackers attacker NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 64 10 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-239 64 11 obtain obtain VB en-wikipedia-org-239 64 12 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 64 13 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 64 14 webmail webmail JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 64 15 sites site NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 64 16 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-239 64 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 64 18 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 64 19 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 64 20 willing willing JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 64 21 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 64 22 use use VB en-wikipedia-org-239 64 23 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-239 64 24 email email NN en-wikipedia-org-239 64 25 address address NN en-wikipedia-org-239 64 26 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-239 64 27 ssladmin@domain.com ssladmin@domain.com ADD en-wikipedia-org-239 64 28 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 64 29 domain.com domain.com NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 64 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 64 31 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-239 64 32 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-239 64 33 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-239 64 34 webmail webmail JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 64 35 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 64 36 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 64 37 reserved reserve VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 64 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 64 39 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 64 40 ssladmin ssladmin NN en-wikipedia-org-239 64 41 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 64 42 username username JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 64 43 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 64 44 prevent prevent VB en-wikipedia-org-239 64 45 attackers attacker NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 64 46 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 64 47 registering register VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 64 48 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 64 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 65 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 65 2 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 65 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 65 4 Prior prior RB en-wikipedia-org-239 65 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 65 6 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 65 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 65 8 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-239 65 9 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 65 10 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-239 65 11 standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 65 12 list list NN en-wikipedia-org-239 65 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 65 14 email email NN en-wikipedia-org-239 65 15 addresses address NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 65 16 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 65 17 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-239 65 18 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 65 19 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 65 20 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 65 21 domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-239 65 22 validation validation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 65 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 65 24 so so CC en-wikipedia-org-239 65 25 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 65 26 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 65 27 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-239 65 28 clear clear JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 65 29 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 65 30 email email NN en-wikipedia-org-239 65 31 administrators administrator NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 65 32 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 65 33 addresses address NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 65 34 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 65 35 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 65 36 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 65 37 reserved reserve VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 65 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 66 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 66 2 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 66 3 version version NN en-wikipedia-org-239 66 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 66 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 66 6 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 66 7 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 66 8 Browser Browser NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 66 9 Forum Forum NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 66 10 Baseline Baseline NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 66 11 Requirements Requirements NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 66 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 66 13 adopted adopt VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 66 14 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 66 15 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 66 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 66 17 specified specify VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 66 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 66 19 list list NN en-wikipedia-org-239 66 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 66 21 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 66 22 addresses address NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 66 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 67 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-239 67 2 allowed allow VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 67 3 mail mail NN en-wikipedia-org-239 67 4 hosts host NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 67 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 67 6 reserve reserve VB en-wikipedia-org-239 67 7 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-239 67 8 addresses address NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 67 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 67 10 administrative administrative JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 67 11 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-239 67 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 67 13 though though IN en-wikipedia-org-239 67 14 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 67 15 precautions precaution NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 67 16 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 67 17 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-239 67 18 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-239 67 19 universal universal JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 67 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 68 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 68 2 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 68 3 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 68 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 68 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 68 6 Finnish finnish JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 68 7 man man NN en-wikipedia-org-239 68 8 registered register VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 68 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 68 10 username username JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 68 11 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 68 12 hostmaster hostmaster NN en-wikipedia-org-239 68 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 68 14 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-239 68 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 68 16 Finnish finnish JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 68 17 version version NN en-wikipedia-org-239 68 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 68 19 Microsoft Microsoft NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 68 20 Live Live NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 68 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 68 22 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 68 23 able able JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 68 24 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 68 25 obtain obtain VB en-wikipedia-org-239 68 26 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 68 27 domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-239 68 28 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 68 29 validated validate VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 68 30 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 68 31 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 68 32 live.fi live.fi ADD en-wikipedia-org-239 68 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 68 34 despite despite IN en-wikipedia-org-239 68 35 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-239 68 36 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 68 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 68 38 owner owner NN en-wikipedia-org-239 68 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 68 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 68 41 domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-239 68 42 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-239 68 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 69 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 69 2 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 69 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 69 4 Issuing issue VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 69 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 69 6 certificate[edit certificate[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-239 69 7 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 69 8 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 69 9 procedure procedure NN en-wikipedia-org-239 69 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 69 11 obtaining obtain VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 69 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 69 13 Public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 69 14 key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 69 15 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 69 16 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 69 17 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 69 18 issues issue NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 69 19 digital digital JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 69 20 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 69 21 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 69 22 contain contain VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 69 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 69 24 public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 69 25 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 69 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 69 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 69 28 identity identity NN en-wikipedia-org-239 69 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 69 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 69 31 owner owner NN en-wikipedia-org-239 69 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 70 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 70 2 matching match VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 70 3 private private JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 70 4 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 70 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 70 6 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-239 70 7 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 70 8 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 70 9 publicly publicly RB en-wikipedia-org-239 70 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 70 11 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-239 70 12 kept keep VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 70 13 secret secret JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 70 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 70 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 70 16 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-239 70 17 user user NN en-wikipedia-org-239 70 18 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-239 70 19 generated generate VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 70 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 70 21 key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 70 22 pair pair NN en-wikipedia-org-239 70 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 71 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 71 2 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 71 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 71 4 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-239 71 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 71 6 confirmation confirmation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 71 7 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 71 8 validation validation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 71 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 71 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 71 11 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 71 12 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 71 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 71 14 public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 71 15 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 71 16 contained contain VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 71 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 71 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 71 19 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 71 20 belongs belong VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 71 21 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 71 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 71 23 person person NN en-wikipedia-org-239 71 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 71 25 organization organization NN en-wikipedia-org-239 71 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 71 27 server server NN en-wikipedia-org-239 71 28 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 71 29 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 71 30 entity entity NN en-wikipedia-org-239 71 31 noted note VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 71 32 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 71 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 71 34 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 71 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 72 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 72 2 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 72 3 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-239 72 4 obligation obligation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 72 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 72 6 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 72 7 schemes scheme NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 72 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 72 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 72 10 verify verify VB en-wikipedia-org-239 72 11 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-239 72 12 applicant applicant NN en-wikipedia-org-239 72 13 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-239 72 14 credentials credential NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 72 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 72 16 so so IN en-wikipedia-org-239 72 17 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-239 72 18 users user NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 72 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 72 20 relying rely VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 72 21 parties party NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 72 22 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-239 72 23 trust trust VB en-wikipedia-org-239 72 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 72 25 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-239 72 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 72 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 72 28 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 72 29 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-239 72 30 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 72 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 73 1 CAs ca NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 73 2 use use VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 73 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 73 4 variety variety NN en-wikipedia-org-239 73 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 73 6 standards standard NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 73 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 73 8 tests test NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 73 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 73 10 do do VB en-wikipedia-org-239 73 11 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-239 73 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 74 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 74 2 essence essence NN en-wikipedia-org-239 74 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 74 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 74 5 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 74 6 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-239 74 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 74 8 responsible responsible JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 74 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 74 10 saying say VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 74 11 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 74 12 yes yes UH en-wikipedia-org-239 74 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 74 14 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-239 74 15 person person NN en-wikipedia-org-239 74 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 74 17 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-239 74 18 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 74 19 say say VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 74 20 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 74 21 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 74 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 74 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 74 24 we -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 74 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 74 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 74 27 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 74 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 74 29 certify certify VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 74 30 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-239 74 31 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 74 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 75 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 75 2 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 75 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 75 4 If if IN en-wikipedia-org-239 75 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 75 6 user user NN en-wikipedia-org-239 75 7 trusts trust VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 75 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 75 9 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 75 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 75 11 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-239 75 12 verify verify VB en-wikipedia-org-239 75 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 75 14 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 75 15 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-239 75 16 signature signature NN en-wikipedia-org-239 75 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 75 18 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-239 75 19 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 75 20 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-239 75 21 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-239 75 22 assume assume VB en-wikipedia-org-239 75 23 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-239 75 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 75 25 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 75 26 public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 75 27 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 75 28 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 75 29 indeed indeed RB en-wikipedia-org-239 75 30 belong belong VB en-wikipedia-org-239 75 31 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 75 32 whoever whoever WP en-wikipedia-org-239 75 33 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 75 34 identified identify VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 75 35 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 75 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 75 37 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 75 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 76 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 76 2 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 76 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 76 4 Example[edit example[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-239 76 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 76 6 Public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 76 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 76 8 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 76 9 cryptography cryptography NN en-wikipedia-org-239 76 10 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-239 76 11 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 76 12 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 76 13 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 76 14 encrypt encrypt VB en-wikipedia-org-239 76 15 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 76 16 communicated communicate VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 76 17 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-239 76 18 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-239 76 19 parties party NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 76 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 77 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-239 77 2 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-239 77 3 typically typically RB en-wikipedia-org-239 77 4 happen happen VB en-wikipedia-org-239 77 5 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-239 77 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 77 7 user user NN en-wikipedia-org-239 77 8 logs log VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 77 9 on on RP en-wikipedia-org-239 77 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 77 11 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-239 77 12 site site NN en-wikipedia-org-239 77 13 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 77 14 implements implement VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 77 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 77 16 HTTP HTTP NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 77 17 Secure Secure NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 77 18 protocol protocol NN en-wikipedia-org-239 77 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 78 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 78 2 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-239 78 3 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-239 78 4 let let VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 78 5 us -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 78 6 suppose suppose VB en-wikipedia-org-239 78 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-239 78 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 78 9 user user NN en-wikipedia-org-239 78 10 logs log VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 78 11 on on RP en-wikipedia-org-239 78 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 78 13 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 78 14 bank bank NN en-wikipedia-org-239 78 15 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-239 78 16 homepage homepage NN en-wikipedia-org-239 78 17 www.bank.example www.bank.example ADD en-wikipedia-org-239 78 18 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 78 19 do do VB en-wikipedia-org-239 78 20 online online JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 78 21 banking banking NN en-wikipedia-org-239 78 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 79 1 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-239 79 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 79 3 user user NN en-wikipedia-org-239 79 4 opens open VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 79 5 www.bank.example www.bank.example JJR en-wikipedia-org-239 79 6 homepage homepage UH en-wikipedia-org-239 79 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 79 8 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 79 9 receive receive VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 79 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 79 11 public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 79 12 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 79 13 along along IN en-wikipedia-org-239 79 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-239 79 15 all all PDT en-wikipedia-org-239 79 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 79 17 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 79 18 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 79 19 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 79 20 web web NN en-wikipedia-org-239 79 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 79 22 browser browser NN en-wikipedia-org-239 79 23 displays display NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 79 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 80 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 80 2 public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 80 3 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 80 4 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-239 80 5 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 80 6 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 80 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 80 8 encrypt encrypt VB en-wikipedia-org-239 80 9 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 80 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 80 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 80 12 client client NN en-wikipedia-org-239 80 13 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 80 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 80 15 server server NN en-wikipedia-org-239 80 16 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-239 80 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 80 18 safe safe JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 80 19 procedure procedure NN en-wikipedia-org-239 80 20 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 80 21 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 80 22 use use VB en-wikipedia-org-239 80 23 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 80 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 80 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 80 26 protocol protocol NN en-wikipedia-org-239 80 27 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 80 28 determines determine VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 80 29 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 80 30 temporary temporary JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 80 31 shared share VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 80 32 symmetric symmetric JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 80 33 encryption encryption NN en-wikipedia-org-239 80 34 key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 80 35 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-239 80 36 messages message NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 80 37 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 80 38 such such PDT en-wikipedia-org-239 80 39 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 80 40 key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 80 41 exchange exchange NN en-wikipedia-org-239 80 42 protocol protocol NN en-wikipedia-org-239 80 43 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-239 80 44 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 80 45 enciphered encipher VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 80 46 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-239 80 47 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 80 48 bank bank NN en-wikipedia-org-239 80 49 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-239 80 50 public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 80 51 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 80 52 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 80 53 such such PDT en-wikipedia-org-239 80 54 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 80 55 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-239 80 56 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 80 57 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-239 80 58 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 80 59 bank bank NN en-wikipedia-org-239 80 60 server server NN en-wikipedia-org-239 80 61 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 80 62 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 80 63 private private JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 80 64 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 80 65 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 80 66 read read VB en-wikipedia-org-239 80 67 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 80 68 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 81 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 81 2 26 26 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 81 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 81 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 81 5 rest rest NN en-wikipedia-org-239 81 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 81 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 81 8 communication communication NN en-wikipedia-org-239 81 9 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-239 81 10 proceeds proceed VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 81 11 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 81 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 81 13 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 81 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 81 15 disposable disposable JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 81 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 81 17 symmetric symmetric JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 81 18 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 81 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 81 20 so so CC en-wikipedia-org-239 81 21 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-239 81 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 81 23 user user NN en-wikipedia-org-239 81 24 enters enter VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 81 25 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-239 81 26 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-239 81 27 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 81 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 81 29 bank bank NN en-wikipedia-org-239 81 30 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-239 81 31 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-239 81 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 81 33 submits submit VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 81 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 81 35 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-239 81 36 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 81 37 sends send VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 81 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 81 39 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-239 81 40 back back RB en-wikipedia-org-239 81 41 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 81 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 81 43 bank bank NN en-wikipedia-org-239 81 44 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 81 45 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-239 81 46 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 81 47 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 81 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 81 49 user user NN en-wikipedia-org-239 81 50 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 81 51 entered enter VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 81 52 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 81 53 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 81 54 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-239 81 55 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-239 81 56 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 81 57 encrypted encrypt VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 81 58 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 81 59 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 81 60 web web NN en-wikipedia-org-239 81 61 browser browser NN en-wikipedia-org-239 81 62 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 82 1 Therefore therefore RB en-wikipedia-org-239 82 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 82 3 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-239 82 4 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-239 82 5 someone someone NN en-wikipedia-org-239 82 6 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-239 82 7 access access VB en-wikipedia-org-239 82 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 82 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 82 10 encrypted encrypted JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 82 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 82 12 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 82 13 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 82 14 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 82 15 communicated communicate VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 82 16 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 82 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 82 18 user user NN en-wikipedia-org-239 82 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 82 20 www.bank.example www.bank.example NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 82 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 82 22 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 82 23 eavesdropper eavesdropper NN en-wikipedia-org-239 82 24 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-239 82 25 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-239 82 26 read read VB en-wikipedia-org-239 82 27 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 82 28 decipher decipher VB en-wikipedia-org-239 82 29 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 82 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 83 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-239 83 2 mechanism mechanism NN en-wikipedia-org-239 83 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 83 4 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-239 83 5 safe safe JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 83 6 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-239 83 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 83 8 user user NN en-wikipedia-org-239 83 9 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-239 83 10 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 83 11 sure sure JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 83 12 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-239 83 13 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 83 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 83 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 83 16 bank bank NN en-wikipedia-org-239 83 17 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 83 18 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 83 19 see see VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 83 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 83 21 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 83 22 web web NN en-wikipedia-org-239 83 23 browser browser NN en-wikipedia-org-239 83 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 84 1 If if IN en-wikipedia-org-239 84 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 84 3 user user NN en-wikipedia-org-239 84 4 types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 84 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 84 6 www.bank.example www.bank.example NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 84 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 84 8 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-239 84 9 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 84 10 communication communication NN en-wikipedia-org-239 84 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 84 12 hijacked hijack VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 84 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 84 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 84 15 fake fake JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 84 16 website website NN en-wikipedia-org-239 84 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 84 18 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-239 84 19 pretends pretend NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 84 20 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 84 21 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 84 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 84 23 bank bank NN en-wikipedia-org-239 84 24 website website NN en-wikipedia-org-239 84 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 84 26 sends send VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 84 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 84 28 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-239 84 29 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-239 84 30 back back RB en-wikipedia-org-239 84 31 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 84 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 84 33 user user NN en-wikipedia-org-239 84 34 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-239 84 35 browser browser NN en-wikipedia-org-239 84 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 84 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 84 38 fake fake JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 84 39 web web NN en-wikipedia-org-239 84 40 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 84 41 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-239 84 42 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-239 84 43 send send VB en-wikipedia-org-239 84 44 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 84 45 fake fake JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 84 46 public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 84 47 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 84 48 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 84 49 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 84 50 user user NN en-wikipedia-org-239 84 51 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 84 52 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 84 53 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 84 54 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 84 55 fake fake JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 84 56 site site NN en-wikipedia-org-239 84 57 owns own VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 84 58 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 84 59 matching matching JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 84 60 private private JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 84 61 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 84 62 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 84 63 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 85 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 85 2 user user NN en-wikipedia-org-239 85 3 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-239 85 4 fill fill VB en-wikipedia-org-239 85 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 85 6 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-239 85 7 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-239 85 8 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 85 9 personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 85 10 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 85 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 85 12 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-239 85 13 submit submit VB en-wikipedia-org-239 85 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 85 15 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-239 85 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 86 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 86 2 fake fake JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 86 3 web web NN en-wikipedia-org-239 86 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 86 5 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-239 86 6 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-239 86 7 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-239 86 8 get get VB en-wikipedia-org-239 86 9 access access NN en-wikipedia-org-239 86 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 86 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 86 12 user user NN en-wikipedia-org-239 86 13 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-239 86 14 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 86 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 87 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-239 87 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 87 3 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-239 87 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 87 5 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 87 6 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-239 87 7 mechanism mechanism NN en-wikipedia-org-239 87 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 87 9 intended intend VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 87 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 87 11 prevent prevent VB en-wikipedia-org-239 87 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 88 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 88 2 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 88 3 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-239 88 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 88 5 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 88 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 88 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 88 8 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-239 88 9 organization organization NN en-wikipedia-org-239 88 10 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 88 11 stores store VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 88 12 public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 88 13 keys key NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 88 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 88 15 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 88 16 owners owner NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 88 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 88 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 88 19 every every DT en-wikipedia-org-239 88 20 party party NN en-wikipedia-org-239 88 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 88 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 88 23 communication communication NN en-wikipedia-org-239 88 24 trusts trust NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 88 25 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-239 88 26 organization organization NN en-wikipedia-org-239 88 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 88 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 88 29 knows know VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 88 30 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 88 31 public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 88 32 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 88 33 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 88 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 89 1 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-239 89 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 89 3 user user NN en-wikipedia-org-239 89 4 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-239 89 5 web web NN en-wikipedia-org-239 89 6 browser browser NN en-wikipedia-org-239 89 7 receives receive VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 89 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 89 9 public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 89 10 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 89 11 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 89 12 www.bank.example www.bank.example NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 89 13 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 89 14 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-239 89 15 receives receive VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 89 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 89 17 digital digital JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 89 18 signature signature NN en-wikipedia-org-239 89 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 89 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 89 21 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 89 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 89 23 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-239 89 24 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-239 89 25 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-239 89 26 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-239 89 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 89 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 89 29 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 89 30 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-239 89 31 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 89 32 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 89 33 X.509 X.509 NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 89 34 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 89 35 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 89 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 90 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 90 2 browser browser NN en-wikipedia-org-239 90 3 already already RB en-wikipedia-org-239 90 4 possesses possess VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 90 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 90 6 public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 90 7 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 90 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 90 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 90 10 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 90 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 90 12 consequently consequently RB en-wikipedia-org-239 90 13 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-239 90 14 verify verify VB en-wikipedia-org-239 90 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 90 16 signature signature NN en-wikipedia-org-239 90 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 90 18 trust trust VB en-wikipedia-org-239 90 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 90 20 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 90 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 90 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 90 23 public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 90 24 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 90 25 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 90 26 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 90 27 : : : en-wikipedia-org-239 90 28 since since IN en-wikipedia-org-239 90 29 www.bank.example www.bank.example NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 90 30 uses use VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 90 31 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 90 32 public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 90 33 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 90 34 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-239 90 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 90 36 certification certification NN en-wikipedia-org-239 90 37 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-239 90 38 certifies certifie NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 90 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 90 40 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 90 41 fake fake JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 90 42 www.bank.example www.bank.example NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 90 43 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-239 90 44 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-239 90 45 use use VB en-wikipedia-org-239 90 46 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 90 47 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 90 48 public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 90 49 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 90 50 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 91 1 Since since IN en-wikipedia-org-239 91 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 91 3 fake fake JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 91 4 www.bank.example www.bank.example NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 91 5 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 91 6 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-239 91 7 know know VB en-wikipedia-org-239 91 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 91 9 corresponding corresponding JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 91 10 private private JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 91 11 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 91 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 91 13 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 91 14 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-239 91 15 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-239 91 16 create create VB en-wikipedia-org-239 91 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 91 18 signature signature NN en-wikipedia-org-239 91 19 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 91 20 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 91 21 verify verify VB en-wikipedia-org-239 91 22 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 91 23 authenticity authenticity NN en-wikipedia-org-239 91 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 92 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 92 2 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 92 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 92 4 Security[edit security[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-239 92 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 92 6 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 92 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 92 8 difficult difficult JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 92 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 92 10 assure assure VB en-wikipedia-org-239 92 11 correctness correctness NN en-wikipedia-org-239 92 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 92 13 match match NN en-wikipedia-org-239 92 14 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-239 92 15 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 92 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 92 17 entity entity NN en-wikipedia-org-239 92 18 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-239 92 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 92 20 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 92 21 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 92 22 presented present VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 92 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 92 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 92 25 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 92 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 92 27 perhaps perhaps RB en-wikipedia-org-239 92 28 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-239 92 29 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-239 92 30 electronic electronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 92 31 network network NN en-wikipedia-org-239 92 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 92 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 92 34 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 92 35 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-239 92 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 92 37 credentials credential NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 92 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 92 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 92 40 person person NN en-wikipedia-org-239 92 41 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 92 42 company company NN en-wikipedia-org-239 92 43 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 92 44 program program NN en-wikipedia-org-239 92 45 asking ask VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 92 46 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 92 47 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 92 48 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 92 49 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 92 50 likewise likewise RB en-wikipedia-org-239 92 51 presented present VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 92 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 93 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-239 93 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 93 3 why why WRB en-wikipedia-org-239 93 4 commercial commercial JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 93 5 CAs ca NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 93 6 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-239 93 7 use use VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 93 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 93 9 combination combination NN en-wikipedia-org-239 93 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 93 11 authentication authentication NN en-wikipedia-org-239 93 12 techniques technique NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 93 13 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 93 14 leveraging leverage VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 93 15 government government NN en-wikipedia-org-239 93 16 bureaus bureaus NN en-wikipedia-org-239 93 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 93 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 93 19 payment payment NN en-wikipedia-org-239 93 20 infrastructure infrastructure NN en-wikipedia-org-239 93 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 93 22 third third JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 93 23 parties party NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 93 24 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-239 93 25 databases database NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 93 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 93 27 services service NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 93 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 93 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 93 30 custom custom NN en-wikipedia-org-239 93 31 heuristics heuristic NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 93 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 94 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 94 2 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-239 94 3 enterprise enterprise NN en-wikipedia-org-239 94 4 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 94 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 94 6 local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 94 7 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 94 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 94 9 authentication authentication NN en-wikipedia-org-239 94 10 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 94 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-239 94 12 Kerberos Kerberos NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 94 13 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-239 94 14 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 94 15 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 94 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 94 17 obtain obtain VB en-wikipedia-org-239 94 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 94 19 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 94 20 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 94 21 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-239 94 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 94 23 turn turn NN en-wikipedia-org-239 94 24 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 94 25 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 94 26 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 94 27 external external JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 94 28 relying rely VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 94 29 parties party NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 94 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 95 1 Notaries notary NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 95 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 95 3 required require VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 95 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 95 5 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-239 95 6 cases case NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 95 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 95 8 personally personally RB en-wikipedia-org-239 95 9 know know VB en-wikipedia-org-239 95 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 95 11 party party NN en-wikipedia-org-239 95 12 whose whose WP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 95 13 signature signature NN en-wikipedia-org-239 95 14 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 95 15 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 95 16 notarized notarize VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 95 17 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-239 95 18 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-239 95 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 95 20 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 95 21 higher high JJR en-wikipedia-org-239 95 22 standard standard NN en-wikipedia-org-239 95 23 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-239 95 24 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 95 25 reached reach VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 95 26 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 95 27 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 95 28 CAs ca NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 95 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 96 1 According accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 96 2 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 96 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 96 4 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 96 5 Bar Bar NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 96 6 Association Association NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 96 7 outline outline NN en-wikipedia-org-239 96 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 96 9 Online Online NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 96 10 Transaction Transaction NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 96 11 Management Management NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 96 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 96 13 primary primary JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 96 14 points point NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 96 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 96 16 US US NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 96 17 Federal Federal NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 96 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 96 19 State State NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 96 20 statutes statute NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 96 21 enacted enact VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 96 22 regarding regard VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 96 23 digital digital JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 96 24 signatures signature NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 96 25 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 96 26 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 96 27 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 96 28 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 96 29 prevent prevent VB en-wikipedia-org-239 96 30 conflicting conflicting NN en-wikipedia-org-239 96 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 96 32 overly overly RB en-wikipedia-org-239 96 33 burdensome burdensome JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 96 34 local local JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 96 35 regulation regulation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 96 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 96 37 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 96 38 establish establish VB en-wikipedia-org-239 96 39 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-239 96 40 electronic electronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 96 41 writings writing NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 96 42 satisfy satisfy VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 96 43 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 96 44 traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 96 45 requirements requirement NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 96 46 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 96 47 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-239 96 48 paper paper NN en-wikipedia-org-239 96 49 documents document NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 96 50 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 96 51 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 97 1 Further further RB en-wikipedia-org-239 97 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 97 3 US US NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 97 4 E e JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 97 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 97 6 Sign sign JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 97 7 statute statute NN en-wikipedia-org-239 97 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 97 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 97 10 suggested suggest VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 97 11 UETA UETA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 97 12 code[28 code[28 NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 97 13 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 97 14 help help VB en-wikipedia-org-239 97 15 ensure ensure VB en-wikipedia-org-239 97 16 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-239 97 17 : : : en-wikipedia-org-239 97 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 97 19 signature signature NN en-wikipedia-org-239 97 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 97 21 contract contract NN en-wikipedia-org-239 97 22 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 97 23 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 97 24 record record NN en-wikipedia-org-239 97 25 relating relate VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 97 26 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 97 27 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 97 28 transaction transaction NN en-wikipedia-org-239 97 29 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-239 97 30 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-239 97 31 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 97 32 denied deny VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 97 33 legal legal JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 97 34 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-239 97 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 97 36 validity validity NN en-wikipedia-org-239 97 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 97 38 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 97 39 enforceability enforceability NN en-wikipedia-org-239 97 40 solely solely RB en-wikipedia-org-239 97 41 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-239 97 42 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 97 43 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 97 44 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 97 45 electronic electronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 97 46 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-239 97 47 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-239 97 48 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 97 49 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 97 50 contract contract NN en-wikipedia-org-239 97 51 relating relate VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 97 52 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 97 53 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 97 54 transaction transaction NN en-wikipedia-org-239 97 55 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-239 97 56 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-239 97 57 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 97 58 denied deny VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 97 59 legal legal JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 97 60 effect effect NN en-wikipedia-org-239 97 61 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 97 62 validity validity NN en-wikipedia-org-239 97 63 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 97 64 enforceability enforceability NN en-wikipedia-org-239 97 65 solely solely RB en-wikipedia-org-239 97 66 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-239 97 67 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-239 97 68 electronic electronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 97 69 signature signature NN en-wikipedia-org-239 97 70 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 97 71 electronic electronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 97 72 record record NN en-wikipedia-org-239 97 73 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 97 74 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 97 75 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 97 76 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 97 77 formation formation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 97 78 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 98 1 Despite despite IN en-wikipedia-org-239 98 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 98 3 security security NN en-wikipedia-org-239 98 4 measures measure NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 98 5 undertaken undertake VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 98 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 98 7 correctly correctly RB en-wikipedia-org-239 98 8 verify verify VB en-wikipedia-org-239 98 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 98 10 identities identity NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 98 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 98 12 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 98 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 98 14 companies company NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 98 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 98 16 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-239 98 17 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 98 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 98 19 risk risk NN en-wikipedia-org-239 98 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 98 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 98 22 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 98 23 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 98 24 issuing issue VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 98 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 98 26 bogus bogus JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 98 27 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 98 28 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 98 29 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-239 98 30 imposter imposter NN en-wikipedia-org-239 98 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 99 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 99 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 99 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-239 99 4 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 99 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 99 6 register register VB en-wikipedia-org-239 99 7 individuals individual NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 99 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 99 9 companies company NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 99 10 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-239 99 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 99 12 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 99 13 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 99 14 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-239 99 15 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 99 16 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 99 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 99 18 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 99 19 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-239 99 20 lead lead VB en-wikipedia-org-239 99 21 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 99 22 confusion confusion NN en-wikipedia-org-239 99 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 100 1 To to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 100 2 minimize minimize VB en-wikipedia-org-239 100 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-239 100 4 hazard hazard NN en-wikipedia-org-239 100 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 100 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 100 7 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 100 8 transparency transparency NN en-wikipedia-org-239 100 9 initiative initiative NN en-wikipedia-org-239 100 10 proposes propose VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 100 11 auditing audit VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 100 12 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-239 100 13 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 100 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 100 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 100 16 public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 100 17 unforgeable unforgeable JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 100 18 log log NN en-wikipedia-org-239 100 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 100 20 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 100 21 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-239 100 22 help help VB en-wikipedia-org-239 100 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 100 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 100 25 prevention prevention NN en-wikipedia-org-239 100 26 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 100 27 phishing phishing NN en-wikipedia-org-239 100 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 101 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 101 2 29][30 29][30 LS en-wikipedia-org-239 101 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 101 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 101 5 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 101 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 101 7 scale scale NN en-wikipedia-org-239 101 8 deployments deployment NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 101 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 101 10 Alice Alice NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 101 11 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-239 101 12 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-239 101 13 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 101 14 familiar familiar JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 101 15 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-239 101 16 Bob Bob NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 101 17 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-239 101 18 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 101 19 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-239 101 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 101 21 perhaps perhaps RB en-wikipedia-org-239 101 22 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 101 23 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-239 101 24 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 101 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 101 26 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 101 27 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 101 28 server server NN en-wikipedia-org-239 101 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 101 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 101 31 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-239 101 32 Bob Bob NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 101 33 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-239 101 34 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 101 35 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-239 101 36 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-239 101 37 include include VB en-wikipedia-org-239 101 38 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 101 39 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 101 40 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-239 101 41 public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 101 42 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 101 43 signed sign VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 101 44 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 101 45 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 101 46 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 101 47 CA2 ca2 NN en-wikipedia-org-239 101 48 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 101 49 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 101 50 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 101 51 presumably presumably RB en-wikipedia-org-239 101 52 recognizable recognizable JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 101 53 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 101 54 Alice Alice NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 101 55 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 102 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-239 102 2 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-239 102 3 typically typically RB en-wikipedia-org-239 102 4 leads lead VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 102 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 102 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 102 7 hierarchy hierarchy NN en-wikipedia-org-239 102 8 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 102 9 mesh mesh NN en-wikipedia-org-239 102 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 102 11 CAs CAs NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 102 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 102 13 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 102 14 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 102 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 103 1 Authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-239 103 2 revocation revocation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 103 3 lists[edit lists[edit NFP en-wikipedia-org-239 103 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 103 5 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-239 103 6 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-239 103 7 revocation revocation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 103 8 list list NN en-wikipedia-org-239 103 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 103 10 ARL ARL NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 103 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 103 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 103 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 103 14 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-239 103 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 103 16 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 103 17 revocation revocation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 103 18 list list NN en-wikipedia-org-239 103 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 103 20 CRL CRL NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 103 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 103 22 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 103 23 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 103 24 issued issue VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 103 25 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 103 26 certificate certificate VB en-wikipedia-org-239 103 27 authorities authority NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 103 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 103 29 contrary contrary JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 103 30 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 103 31 CRLs crl NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 103 32 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 103 33 contain contain VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 103 34 revoked revoke VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 103 35 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-239 103 36 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 103 37 entity entity NN en-wikipedia-org-239 103 38 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 103 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 104 1 Industry industry NN en-wikipedia-org-239 104 2 organizations[edit organizations[edit ADD en-wikipedia-org-239 104 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 104 4 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 104 5 Authority Authority NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 104 6 Security Security NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 104 7 Council Council NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 104 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 104 9 CASC CASC NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 104 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 104 11 – – : en-wikipedia-org-239 104 12 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 104 13 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 104 14 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 104 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 104 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 104 17 CASC CASC NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 104 18 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 104 19 founded found VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 104 20 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-239 104 21 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-239 104 22 industry industry NN en-wikipedia-org-239 104 23 advocacy advocacy NN en-wikipedia-org-239 104 24 organization organization NN en-wikipedia-org-239 104 25 dedicated dedicate VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 104 26 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 104 27 addressing address VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 104 28 industry industry NN en-wikipedia-org-239 104 29 issues issue NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 104 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 104 31 educating educate VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 104 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 104 33 public public NN en-wikipedia-org-239 104 34 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 104 35 internet internet NN en-wikipedia-org-239 104 36 security security NN en-wikipedia-org-239 104 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 105 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 105 2 founding found VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 105 3 members member NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 105 4 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 105 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 105 6 seven seven CD en-wikipedia-org-239 105 7 largest large JJS en-wikipedia-org-239 105 8 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 105 9 Authorities Authorities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-239 105 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 106 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 106 2 31][32 31][32 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 106 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 106 4 Common Common NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 106 5 Computing Computing NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 106 6 Security Security NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 106 7 Standards Standards NNPS en-wikipedia-org-239 106 8 Forum Forum NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 106 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 106 10 CCSF CCSF NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 106 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 106 12 – – : en-wikipedia-org-239 106 13 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 106 14 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 106 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 106 16 CCSF ccsf NN en-wikipedia-org-239 106 17 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 106 18 founded found VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 106 19 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 106 20 promote promote VB en-wikipedia-org-239 106 21 industry industry NN en-wikipedia-org-239 106 22 standards standard NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 106 23 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 106 24 protect protect VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 106 25 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-239 106 26 users user NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 106 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 107 1 Comodo Comodo NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 107 2 Group Group NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 107 3 CEO CEO NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 107 4 Melih Melih NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 107 5 Abdulhayoğlu Abdulhayoğlu NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 107 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 107 7 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 107 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 107 9 founder founder NN en-wikipedia-org-239 107 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 107 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 107 12 CCSF CCSF NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 107 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 108 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 108 2 33 33 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 108 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 108 4 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 108 5 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 108 6 Browser Browser NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 108 7 Forum Forum NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 108 8 – – : en-wikipedia-org-239 108 9 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 108 10 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 108 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 108 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 108 13 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 108 14 consortium consortium NN en-wikipedia-org-239 108 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 108 16 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 108 17 Authorities Authorities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-239 108 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 108 19 web web NN en-wikipedia-org-239 108 20 browser browser NN en-wikipedia-org-239 108 21 vendors vendor NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 108 22 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 108 23 formed form VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 108 24 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 108 25 promote promote VB en-wikipedia-org-239 108 26 industry industry NN en-wikipedia-org-239 108 27 standards standard NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 108 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 108 29 baseline baseline NN en-wikipedia-org-239 108 30 requirements requirement NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 108 31 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 108 32 internet internet NN en-wikipedia-org-239 108 33 security security NN en-wikipedia-org-239 108 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 109 1 Comodo Comodo NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 109 2 Group Group NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 109 3 CEO CEO NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 109 4 Melih Melih NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 109 5 Abdulhayoğlu Abdulhayoğlu NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 109 6 organized organize VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 109 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 109 8 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 109 9 meeting meeting NN en-wikipedia-org-239 109 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 109 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 109 12 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 109 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 109 14 founder founder NN en-wikipedia-org-239 109 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 109 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 109 17 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 109 18 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 109 19 Browser Browser NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 109 20 Forum Forum NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 109 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 110 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 110 2 34][35 34][35 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 110 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 110 4 Baseline Baseline NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 110 5 requirements[edit requirements[edit CD en-wikipedia-org-239 110 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 110 7 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 110 8 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 110 9 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 110 10 Browser Browser NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 110 11 Forum Forum NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 110 12 publishes publish VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 110 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 110 14 Baseline Baseline NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 110 15 Requirements,[36 requirements,[36 NN en-wikipedia-org-239 110 16 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 110 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 110 18 list list NN en-wikipedia-org-239 110 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 110 20 policies policy NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 110 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 110 22 technical technical JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 110 23 requirements requirement NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 110 24 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 110 25 CAs ca NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 110 26 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 110 27 follow follow VB en-wikipedia-org-239 110 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 111 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-239 111 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 111 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 111 4 requirement requirement NN en-wikipedia-org-239 111 5 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 111 6 inclusion inclusion NN en-wikipedia-org-239 111 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 111 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 111 9 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 111 10 stores store NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 111 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 111 12 Firefox[37 Firefox[37 NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 111 13 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 111 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 111 15 Safari Safari NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 111 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 112 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 112 2 38 38 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 112 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 112 4 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 112 5 compromise[edit compromise[edit , en-wikipedia-org-239 112 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 112 7 If if IN en-wikipedia-org-239 112 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 112 9 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 112 10 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-239 112 11 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 112 12 subverted subvert VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 112 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 112 14 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-239 112 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 112 16 security security NN en-wikipedia-org-239 112 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 112 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 112 19 entire entire JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 112 20 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-239 112 21 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 112 22 lost lose VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 112 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 112 24 potentially potentially RB en-wikipedia-org-239 112 25 subverting subvert VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 112 26 all all PDT en-wikipedia-org-239 112 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 112 28 entities entity NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 112 29 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 112 30 trust trust VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 112 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 112 32 compromised compromised JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 112 33 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 112 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 113 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 113 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-239 113 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 113 4 suppose suppose VB en-wikipedia-org-239 113 5 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-239 113 6 attacker attacker NN en-wikipedia-org-239 113 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 113 8 Eve Eve NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 113 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 113 10 manages manage VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 113 11 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 113 12 get get VB en-wikipedia-org-239 113 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 113 14 CA ca NN en-wikipedia-org-239 113 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 113 16 issue issue VB en-wikipedia-org-239 113 17 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 113 18 her -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 113 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 113 20 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 113 21 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 113 22 claims claim VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 113 23 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 113 24 represent represent VB en-wikipedia-org-239 113 25 Alice Alice NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 113 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 114 1 That that RB en-wikipedia-org-239 114 2 is is RB en-wikipedia-org-239 114 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 114 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 114 5 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 114 6 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-239 114 7 publicly publicly RB en-wikipedia-org-239 114 8 state state VB en-wikipedia-org-239 114 9 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-239 114 10 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 114 11 represents represent VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 114 12 Alice Alice NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 114 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 114 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 114 15 might may MD en-wikipedia-org-239 114 16 include include VB en-wikipedia-org-239 114 17 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 114 18 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-239 114 19 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-239 114 20 Alice Alice NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 114 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 115 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-239 115 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 115 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 115 4 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-239 115 5 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-239 115 6 Alice Alice NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 115 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 115 8 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 115 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-239 115 10 her -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 115 11 employer employer NN en-wikipedia-org-239 115 12 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-239 115 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 115 14 might may MD en-wikipedia-org-239 115 15 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 115 16 true true JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 115 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 115 18 increasing increase VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 115 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 115 20 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 115 21 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-239 115 22 credibility credibility NN en-wikipedia-org-239 115 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 116 1 Eve Eve NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 116 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 116 3 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-239 116 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 116 5 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-239 116 6 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-239 116 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 116 8 all all RB en-wikipedia-org-239 116 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 116 10 important important JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 116 11 private private JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 116 12 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 116 13 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 116 14 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-239 116 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 116 16 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 116 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 117 1 Eve Eve NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 117 2 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-239 117 3 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-239 117 4 use use VB en-wikipedia-org-239 117 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 117 6 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 117 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 117 8 send send VB en-wikipedia-org-239 117 9 digitally digitally RB en-wikipedia-org-239 117 10 signed sign VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 117 11 email email NN en-wikipedia-org-239 117 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 117 13 Bob Bob NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 117 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 117 15 tricking trick VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 117 16 Bob Bob NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 117 17 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-239 117 18 believing believe VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 117 19 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-239 117 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 117 21 email email NN en-wikipedia-org-239 117 22 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 117 23 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 117 24 Alice Alice NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 117 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 118 1 Bob Bob NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 118 2 might may MD en-wikipedia-org-239 118 3 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-239 118 4 respond respond VB en-wikipedia-org-239 118 5 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-239 118 6 encrypted encrypt VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 118 7 email email NN en-wikipedia-org-239 118 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 118 9 believing believe VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 118 10 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-239 118 11 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 118 12 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-239 118 13 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-239 118 14 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 118 15 read read VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 118 16 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 118 17 Alice Alice NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 118 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 118 19 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-239 118 20 Eve Eve NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 118 21 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 118 22 actually actually RB en-wikipedia-org-239 118 23 able able JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 118 24 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 118 25 decrypt decrypt VB en-wikipedia-org-239 118 26 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 118 27 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 118 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 118 29 private private JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 118 30 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 118 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 119 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 119 2 notable notable JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 119 3 case case NN en-wikipedia-org-239 119 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 119 5 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 119 6 subversion subversion NN en-wikipedia-org-239 119 7 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-239 119 8 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-239 119 9 occurred occur VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 119 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 119 11 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 119 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 119 13 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-239 119 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 119 15 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 119 16 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-239 119 17 VeriSign VeriSign NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 119 18 issued issue VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 119 19 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-239 119 20 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 119 21 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 119 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 119 23 person person NN en-wikipedia-org-239 119 24 claiming claim VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 119 25 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 119 26 represent represent VB en-wikipedia-org-239 119 27 Microsoft Microsoft NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 119 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 120 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 120 2 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 120 3 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 120 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 120 5 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-239 120 6 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 120 7 Microsoft Microsoft NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 120 8 Corporation Corporation NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 120 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 120 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 120 11 so so IN en-wikipedia-org-239 120 12 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 120 13 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-239 120 14 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 120 15 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 120 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 120 17 spoof spoof VB en-wikipedia-org-239 120 18 someone someone NN en-wikipedia-org-239 120 19 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-239 120 20 believing believe VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 120 21 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-239 120 22 updates update VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 120 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 120 24 Microsoft Microsoft NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 120 25 software software NN en-wikipedia-org-239 120 26 came come VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 120 27 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 120 28 Microsoft Microsoft NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 120 29 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-239 120 30 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 120 31 actually actually RB en-wikipedia-org-239 120 32 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 120 33 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-239 120 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 121 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 121 2 fraud fraud NN en-wikipedia-org-239 121 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 121 4 detected detect VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 121 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 121 6 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 121 7 2001 2001 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 121 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 122 1 Microsoft Microsoft NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 122 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 122 3 VeriSign VeriSign NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 122 4 took take VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 122 5 steps step NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 122 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 122 7 limit limit VB en-wikipedia-org-239 122 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 122 9 impact impact NN en-wikipedia-org-239 122 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 122 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 122 12 problem problem NN en-wikipedia-org-239 122 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 123 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 123 2 39][40 39][40 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 123 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 123 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 123 5 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 123 6 fraudulent fraudulent JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 123 7 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 123 8 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 123 9 obtained obtain VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 123 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 123 11 Comodo Comodo NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 123 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 123 13 DigiNotar,[41][42 DigiNotar,[41][42 NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 123 14 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 123 15 allegedly allegedly RB en-wikipedia-org-239 123 16 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 123 17 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 123 18 hackers hacker NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 123 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 124 1 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-239 124 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 124 3 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-239 124 4 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-239 124 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 124 6 fraudulent fraudulent JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 124 7 DigiNotar DigiNotar NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 124 8 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 124 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 124 10 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 124 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 124 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 124 13 man man NN en-wikipedia-org-239 124 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 124 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 124 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 124 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 124 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 124 19 middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 124 20 attack attack NN en-wikipedia-org-239 124 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 124 22 Iran Iran NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 124 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 125 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 125 2 43 43 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 125 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 125 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 125 5 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 125 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 125 7 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 125 8 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 125 9 known known JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 125 10 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-239 125 11 Trustwave Trustwave NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 125 12 issued issue VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 125 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 125 14 subordinate subordinate JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 125 15 root root NN en-wikipedia-org-239 125 16 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 125 17 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 125 18 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 125 19 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 125 20 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 125 21 transparent transparent JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 125 22 traffic traffic NN en-wikipedia-org-239 125 23 management management NN en-wikipedia-org-239 125 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 125 25 man man NN en-wikipedia-org-239 125 26 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 125 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 125 28 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 125 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 125 30 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 125 31 middle middle NN en-wikipedia-org-239 125 32 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 125 33 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 125 34 effectively effectively RB en-wikipedia-org-239 125 35 permitted permit VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 125 36 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-239 125 37 enterprise enterprise NN en-wikipedia-org-239 125 38 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 125 39 sniff sniff VB en-wikipedia-org-239 125 40 SSL SSL NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 125 41 internal internal JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 125 42 network network NN en-wikipedia-org-239 125 43 traffic traffic NN en-wikipedia-org-239 125 44 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 125 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 125 46 subordinate subordinate JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 125 47 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 125 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 126 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 126 2 44 44 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 126 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 126 4 Key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 126 5 storage[edit storage[edit NFP en-wikipedia-org-239 126 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 126 7 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-239 126 8 attacker attacker NN en-wikipedia-org-239 126 9 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-239 126 10 steals steal VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 126 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 126 12 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 126 13 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-239 126 14 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-239 126 15 private private JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 126 16 keys key NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 126 17 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 126 18 able able JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 126 19 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 126 20 forge forge VB en-wikipedia-org-239 126 21 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 126 22 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-239 126 23 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-239 126 24 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 126 25 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 126 26 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 126 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 126 28 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-239 126 29 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 126 30 ongoing ongoing JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 126 31 access access NN en-wikipedia-org-239 126 32 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 126 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 126 34 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 126 35 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-239 126 36 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 126 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 127 1 Key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 127 2 theft theft NN en-wikipedia-org-239 127 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 127 4 therefore therefore RB en-wikipedia-org-239 127 5 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-239 127 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 127 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 127 8 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 127 9 risks risk NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 127 10 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 127 11 authorities authority NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 127 12 defend defend VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 127 13 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-239 127 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 128 1 Publicly publicly RB en-wikipedia-org-239 128 2 trusted trust VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 128 3 CAs CAs NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 128 4 almost almost RB en-wikipedia-org-239 128 5 always always RB en-wikipedia-org-239 128 6 store store VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 128 7 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 128 8 keys key NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 128 9 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 128 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 128 11 hardware hardware NN en-wikipedia-org-239 128 12 security security NN en-wikipedia-org-239 128 13 module module NN en-wikipedia-org-239 128 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 128 15 HSM HSM NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 128 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 128 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 128 18 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 128 19 allows allow VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 128 20 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 128 21 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 128 22 sign sign VB en-wikipedia-org-239 128 23 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 128 24 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-239 128 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 128 26 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 128 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 128 28 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-239 128 29 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-239 128 30 prevent prevent VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 128 31 extraction extraction NN en-wikipedia-org-239 128 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 128 33 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-239 128 34 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 128 35 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-239 128 36 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-239 128 37 physical physical JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 128 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 128 39 software software NN en-wikipedia-org-239 128 40 controls control NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 128 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 129 1 CAs CAs NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 129 2 typically typically RB en-wikipedia-org-239 129 3 take take VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 129 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 129 5 further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 129 6 precaution precaution NN en-wikipedia-org-239 129 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 129 8 keeping keep VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 129 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 129 10 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-239 129 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 129 12 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 129 13 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 129 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 129 15 term term NN en-wikipedia-org-239 129 16 root root NN en-wikipedia-org-239 129 17 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 129 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 129 19 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-239 129 20 HSM hsm NN en-wikipedia-org-239 129 21 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 129 22 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 129 23 kept keep VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 129 24 offline offline JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 129 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 129 26 except except IN en-wikipedia-org-239 129 27 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-239 129 28 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 129 29 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 129 30 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 129 31 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 129 32 sign sign VB en-wikipedia-org-239 129 33 shorter shorter RBR en-wikipedia-org-239 129 34 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 129 35 lived live VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 129 36 intermediate intermediate JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 129 37 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 129 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 130 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 130 2 intermediate intermediate JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 130 3 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 130 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 130 5 stored store VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 130 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 130 7 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-239 130 8 online online JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 130 9 HSM hsm NN en-wikipedia-org-239 130 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 130 11 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-239 130 12 do do VB en-wikipedia-org-239 130 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 130 14 day day NN en-wikipedia-org-239 130 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 130 16 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 130 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 130 18 day day NN en-wikipedia-org-239 130 19 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-239 130 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 130 21 signing sign VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 130 22 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-239 130 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 130 24 entity entity NN en-wikipedia-org-239 130 25 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 130 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 130 27 keeping keep VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 130 28 revocation revocation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 130 29 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-239 130 30 up up IN en-wikipedia-org-239 130 31 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 130 32 date date NN en-wikipedia-org-239 130 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 131 1 CAs ca NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 131 2 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-239 131 3 use use VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 131 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 131 5 key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 131 6 ceremony ceremony NN en-wikipedia-org-239 131 7 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-239 131 8 generating generate VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 131 9 signing signing NN en-wikipedia-org-239 131 10 keys key NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 131 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 131 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 131 13 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-239 131 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 131 15 ensure ensure VB en-wikipedia-org-239 131 16 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-239 131 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 131 18 keys key NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 131 19 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 131 20 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-239 131 21 tampered tamper VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 131 22 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-239 131 23 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 131 24 copied copy VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 131 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 132 1 Implementation implementation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 132 2 weakness weakness NN en-wikipedia-org-239 132 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 132 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 132 5 trusted trusted JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 132 6 third third JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 132 7 party party NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 132 8 scheme[edit scheme[edit , en-wikipedia-org-239 132 9 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 132 10 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 132 11 critical critical JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 132 12 weakness weakness NN en-wikipedia-org-239 132 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 132 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 132 15 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-239 132 16 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 132 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 132 18 current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 132 19 X.509 X.509 NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 132 20 scheme scheme NN en-wikipedia-org-239 132 21 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 132 22 implemented implement VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 132 23 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 132 24 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-239 132 25 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-239 132 26 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 132 27 trusted trust VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 132 28 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 132 29 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 132 30 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 132 31 party party NN en-wikipedia-org-239 132 32 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-239 132 33 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-239 132 34 issue issue VB en-wikipedia-org-239 132 35 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 132 36 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 132 37 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-239 132 38 domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-239 132 39 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 132 40 choose choose VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 132 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 133 1 Such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 133 2 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 133 3 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-239 133 4 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 133 5 accepted accept VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 133 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-239 133 7 valid valid JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 133 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 133 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 133 10 trusting trust VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 133 11 party party NN en-wikipedia-org-239 133 12 whether whether IN en-wikipedia-org-239 133 13 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 133 14 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 133 15 legitimate legitimate JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 133 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 133 17 authorized authorized JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 133 18 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 133 19 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-239 133 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 134 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 134 2 45 45 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 134 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 134 4 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-239 134 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 134 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 134 7 serious serious JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 134 8 shortcoming shortcoming NN en-wikipedia-org-239 134 9 given give VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 134 10 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-239 134 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 134 12 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-239 134 13 commonly commonly RB en-wikipedia-org-239 134 14 encountered encounter VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 134 15 technology technology NN en-wikipedia-org-239 134 16 employing employ VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 134 17 X.509 X.509 NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 134 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 134 19 trusted trust VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 134 20 third third JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 134 21 parties party NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 134 22 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 134 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 134 24 HTTPS HTTPS NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 134 25 protocol protocol NN en-wikipedia-org-239 134 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 135 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-239 135 2 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-239 135 3 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 135 4 web web NN en-wikipedia-org-239 135 5 browsers browser NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 135 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 135 7 distributed distribute VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 135 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 135 9 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 135 10 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-239 135 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 135 12 users user NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 135 13 pre pre VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 135 14 - - VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 135 15 configured configure VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 135 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-239 135 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 135 18 list list NN en-wikipedia-org-239 135 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 135 20 trusted trusted JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 135 21 CAs CAs NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 135 22 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 135 23 numbers number NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 135 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 135 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 135 26 dozens dozen NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 135 27 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-239 135 28 means mean VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 135 29 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-239 135 30 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-239 135 31 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-239 135 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 135 33 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-239 135 34 pre pre JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 135 35 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 135 36 approved approve VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 135 37 trusted trust VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 135 38 CAs ca NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 135 39 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-239 135 40 issue issue VB en-wikipedia-org-239 135 41 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 135 42 valid valid JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 135 43 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 135 44 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 135 45 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-239 135 46 domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-239 135 47 whatsoever whatsoever RB en-wikipedia-org-239 135 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 136 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 136 2 46 46 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 136 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 136 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 136 5 industry industry NN en-wikipedia-org-239 136 6 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-239 136 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 136 8 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-239 136 9 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 136 10 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 136 11 muted mute VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 136 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 137 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 137 2 47 47 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 137 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 137 4 Given give VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 137 5 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-239 137 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 137 7 contents content NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 137 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 137 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 137 10 browser browser NN en-wikipedia-org-239 137 11 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-239 137 12 pre pre JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 137 13 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 137 14 configured configure VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 137 15 trusted trust VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 137 16 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 137 17 list list NN en-wikipedia-org-239 137 18 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 137 19 determined determine VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 137 20 independently independently RB en-wikipedia-org-239 137 21 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 137 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 137 23 party party NN en-wikipedia-org-239 137 24 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-239 137 25 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 137 26 distributing distribute VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 137 27 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 137 28 causing cause VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 137 29 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 137 30 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 137 31 installed instal VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 137 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 137 33 browser browser NN en-wikipedia-org-239 137 34 application application NN en-wikipedia-org-239 137 35 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-239 137 36 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 137 37 really really RB en-wikipedia-org-239 137 38 nothing nothing NN en-wikipedia-org-239 137 39 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-239 137 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 137 41 CAs ca NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 137 42 themselves -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 137 43 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-239 137 44 do do VB en-wikipedia-org-239 137 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 138 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-239 138 2 issue issue NN en-wikipedia-org-239 138 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 138 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 138 5 driving drive VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 138 6 impetus impetus NN en-wikipedia-org-239 138 7 behind behind IN en-wikipedia-org-239 138 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 138 9 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-239 138 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 138 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 138 12 DNS dns NN en-wikipedia-org-239 138 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 138 14 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 138 15 Authentication Authentication NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 138 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 138 17 Named Named NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 138 18 Entities Entities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-239 138 19 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 138 20 DANE DANE NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 138 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 138 22 protocol protocol NN en-wikipedia-org-239 138 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 139 1 If if IN en-wikipedia-org-239 139 2 adopted adopt VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 139 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 139 4 conjunction conjunction NN en-wikipedia-org-239 139 5 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-239 139 6 Domain Domain NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 139 7 Name Name NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 139 8 System System NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 139 9 Security Security NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 139 10 Extensions extension NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 139 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 139 12 DNSSEC DNSSEC NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 139 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 139 14 DANE DANE NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 139 15 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-239 139 16 greatly greatly RB en-wikipedia-org-239 139 17 reduce reduce VB en-wikipedia-org-239 139 18 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-239 139 19 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-239 139 20 completely completely RB en-wikipedia-org-239 139 21 eliminate eliminate VB en-wikipedia-org-239 139 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 139 23 role role NN en-wikipedia-org-239 139 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 139 25 trusted trust VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 139 26 third third JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 139 27 parties party NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 139 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 139 29 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 139 30 domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-239 139 31 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-239 139 32 PKI PKI NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 139 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 140 1 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-239 140 2 also[edit also[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-239 140 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 140 4 SAFE SAFE NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 140 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 140 6 BioPharma BioPharma NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 140 7 Association Association NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 140 8 - - : en-wikipedia-org-239 140 9 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-239 140 10 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-239 140 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 140 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 140 13 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 140 14 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 140 15 HTTPS https JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 140 16 CA ca NN en-wikipedia-org-239 140 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 141 1 Validation Validation NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 141 2 Authority Authority NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 141 3 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 141 4 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-239 141 5 People People NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 141 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 141 7 Internet Internet NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 141 8 Responsibility Responsibility NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 141 9 Web Web NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 141 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 141 11 trust trust NN en-wikipedia-org-239 141 12 Chain chain NN en-wikipedia-org-239 141 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 141 14 trust trust NN en-wikipedia-org-239 141 15 Digital Digital NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 141 16 signature signature NN en-wikipedia-org-239 141 17 References[edit References[edit NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 141 18 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 141 19 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 141 20 https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/certificate-authority https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/certificate-authority NN en-wikipedia-org-239 141 21 ^ ^ . en-wikipedia-org-239 141 22 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 141 23 Mozilla Mozilla NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 141 24 Included include VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 141 25 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 141 26 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 141 27 List List NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 141 28 — — : en-wikipedia-org-239 141 29 Mozilla Mozilla NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 141 30 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 141 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 142 1 Mozilla.org Mozilla.org NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 142 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 143 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 143 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 143 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 143 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 143 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 143 6 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 143 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 143 8 08 08 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 143 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 143 10 04 04 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 143 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 144 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 144 2 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 144 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 144 4 06 06 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 144 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 144 6 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 144 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 145 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 145 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 145 3 EMV EMV NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 145 4 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 145 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 145 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 146 1 EMV EMV NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 146 2 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 146 3 Authority Authority NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 146 4 Worldwide Worldwide NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 146 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 147 1 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 147 2 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 147 3 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 147 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 148 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 148 2 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 148 3 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 148 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 148 5 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 148 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 149 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 149 2 Zakir Zakir NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 149 3 Durumeric Durumeric NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 149 4 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-239 149 5 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 149 6 Kasten Kasten NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 149 7 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-239 149 8 Michael Michael NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 149 9 Bailey Bailey NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 149 10 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-239 149 11 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 149 12 Alex Alex NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 149 13 Halderman Halderman NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 149 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 149 15 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 149 16 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 149 17 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 149 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 149 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 150 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 150 2 Analysis Analysis NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 150 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 150 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 150 5 HTTPS HTTPS NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 150 6 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 150 7 Ecosystem Ecosystem NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 150 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 150 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 150 10 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 150 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 150 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 151 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 151 2 Internet Internet NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 151 3 Measurement Measurement NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 151 4 Conference Conference NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 151 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 152 1 SIGCOMM SIGCOMM NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 152 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 153 1 Archived Archived NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 153 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 153 3 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 153 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 153 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 153 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 153 7 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 153 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 153 9 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 153 10 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 153 11 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 153 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 154 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 154 2 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 154 3 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 154 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 154 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 155 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 155 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 155 3 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-239 155 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 155 5 SSL SSL NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 155 6 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 155 7 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-239 155 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 155 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 156 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 156 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 156 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 156 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 156 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 156 6 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 156 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 156 8 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 156 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 156 10 03 03 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 156 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 157 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 157 2 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 157 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 157 4 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 157 5 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 157 6 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 157 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 158 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 158 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 158 3 webtrust webtrust NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 158 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 158 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 159 1 webtrust webtrust NN en-wikipedia-org-239 159 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 160 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 160 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 160 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 160 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 160 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 160 6 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 160 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 160 8 08 08 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 160 9 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 160 10 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 160 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 161 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 161 2 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 161 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 161 4 03 03 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 161 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 161 6 02 02 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 161 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 162 1 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-239 162 2 Kirk Kirk NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 162 3 Hall Hall NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 162 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 162 5 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 162 6 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 162 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 162 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 163 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 163 2 Standards Standards NNPS en-wikipedia-org-239 163 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 163 4 Industry Industry NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 163 5 Regulations Regulations NNPS en-wikipedia-org-239 163 6 Applicable applicable JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 163 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 163 8 Certification Certification NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 163 9 Authorities Authorities NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 163 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 163 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 163 12 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 163 13 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 163 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 164 1 Trend Trend NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 164 2 Micro Micro NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 164 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 165 1 Archived Archived NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 165 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 165 3 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 165 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 165 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 165 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 165 7 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 165 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 165 9 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 165 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 165 11 03 03 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 165 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 165 13 04 04 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 165 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 166 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 166 2 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 166 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 166 4 06 06 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 166 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 166 6 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 166 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 167 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 167 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 167 3 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 167 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-239 167 5 IncludedCAs IncludedCAs NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 167 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 167 7 MozillaWiki MozillaWiki NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 167 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 167 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 168 1 wiki.mozilla.org wiki.mozilla.org NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 168 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 169 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 169 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 169 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 169 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 169 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 169 6 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 169 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 169 8 03 03 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 169 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 169 10 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 169 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 170 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 170 2 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 170 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 170 4 03 03 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 170 5 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 170 6 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 170 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 171 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 171 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 171 3 List List NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 171 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 171 5 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 171 6 trusted trusted JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 171 7 root root NN en-wikipedia-org-239 171 8 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 171 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 171 10 macOS macos ADD en-wikipedia-org-239 171 11 High High NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 171 12 Sierra Sierra NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 171 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 171 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 172 1 Apple Apple NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 172 2 Support Support NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 172 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 173 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 173 2 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 173 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 173 4 08 08 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 173 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 173 6 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 173 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 174 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 174 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 174 3 Microsoft Microsoft NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 174 4 Included include VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 174 5 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 174 6 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 174 7 List List NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 174 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 174 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 175 1 ccadb-public.secure.force.com ccadb-public.secure.force.com NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 175 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 176 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 176 2 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 176 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 176 4 08 08 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 176 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 176 6 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 176 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 177 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 177 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 177 3 Security security NN en-wikipedia-org-239 177 4 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-239 177 5 HTTPS HTTPS NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 177 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 177 7 SSL SSL NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 177 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 177 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 178 1 developer.android.com developer.android.com NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 178 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 179 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 179 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 179 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 179 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 179 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 179 6 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 179 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 179 8 07 07 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 179 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 179 10 08 08 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 179 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 180 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 180 2 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 180 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 180 4 06 06 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 180 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 180 6 09 09 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 180 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 181 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 181 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 181 3 Let let VB en-wikipedia-org-239 181 4 's -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 181 5 Encrypt encrypt VB en-wikipedia-org-239 181 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-239 181 7 Delivering Delivering NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 181 8 SSL SSL NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 181 9 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 181 10 TLS TLS NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 181 11 Everywhere everywhere RB en-wikipedia-org-239 181 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 181 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 181 14 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 181 15 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-239 181 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 181 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 182 1 Let let VB en-wikipedia-org-239 182 2 's -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 182 3 Encrypt encrypt VB en-wikipedia-org-239 182 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 183 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 183 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 183 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 183 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 183 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 183 6 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 183 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 183 8 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 183 9 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 183 10 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 183 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 184 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 184 2 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 184 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 184 4 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 184 5 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 184 6 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 184 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 185 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 185 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 185 3 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-239 185 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 185 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 186 1 Let let VB en-wikipedia-org-239 186 2 's -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 186 3 Encrypt encrypt VB en-wikipedia-org-239 186 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 187 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 187 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 187 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 187 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 187 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 187 6 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 187 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 187 8 06 06 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 187 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 187 10 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 187 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 188 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 188 2 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 188 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 188 4 06 06 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 188 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 188 6 07 07 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 188 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 189 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 189 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 189 3 Counting count VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 189 4 SSL SSL NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 189 5 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 189 6 - - : en-wikipedia-org-239 189 7 Netcraft Netcraft NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 189 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 189 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 190 1 news.netcraft.com news.netcraft.com NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 190 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 191 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 191 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 191 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 191 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 191 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 191 6 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 191 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 191 8 05 05 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 191 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 191 10 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 191 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 192 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 192 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 192 3 Let let VB en-wikipedia-org-239 192 4 's -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 192 5 Encrypt Encrypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 192 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 192 7 Chain Chain NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 192 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 192 9 Trust Trust NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 192 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 192 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 193 1 Let let VB en-wikipedia-org-239 193 2 's -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 193 3 Encrypt encrypt VB en-wikipedia-org-239 193 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 194 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 194 2 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 194 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 194 4 06 06 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 194 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 194 6 08 08 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 194 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 195 1 ... ... NFP en-wikipedia-org-239 195 2 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 195 3 Let let VB en-wikipedia-org-239 195 4 's -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 195 5 Encrypt Encrypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 195 6 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-239 195 7 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 195 8 intermediate intermediate JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 195 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 195 10 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-239 195 11 cross cross JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 195 12 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 195 13 signed sign VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 195 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 195 15 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-239 195 16 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 195 17 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-239 195 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 195 19 IdenTrust IdenTrust NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 195 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 195 21 whose whose WP$ en-wikipedia-org-239 195 22 root root NN en-wikipedia-org-239 195 23 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 195 24 already already RB en-wikipedia-org-239 195 25 trusted trust VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 195 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 195 27 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-239 195 28 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 195 29 browsers browser NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 195 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 196 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 196 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 196 3 DigiCert DigiCert NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 196 4 Closes Closes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-239 196 5 Acquisition Acquisition NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 196 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 196 7 Symantec Symantec NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 196 8 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-239 196 9 Website Website NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 196 10 Security Security NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 196 11 Business Business NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 196 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 196 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 197 1 Symantec Symantec NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 197 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 197 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 197 4 release release NN en-wikipedia-org-239 197 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 197 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 198 1 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 198 2 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 198 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 198 4 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 198 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 199 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 199 2 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 199 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 199 4 06 06 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 199 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 199 6 08 08 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 199 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 200 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 200 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 200 3 Usage Usage NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 200 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 200 5 SSL SSL NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 200 6 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 200 7 authorities authority NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 200 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 200 9 websites website NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 200 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 200 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 201 1 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 201 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 201 3 05 05 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 201 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 201 5 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 201 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 202 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 202 2 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 202 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 202 4 06 06 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 202 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 202 6 08 08 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 202 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 203 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 203 2 https://www.eweek.com/security/symantec-selling-ssl-security-business-to-digicert-for-950 https://www.eweek.com/security/symantec-selling-ssl-security-business-to-digicert-for-950 NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 203 3 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 203 4 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-239 203 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 203 6 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 203 7 copy copy NN en-wikipedia-org-239 203 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 203 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 203 10 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 203 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 203 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 204 1 Archived Archived NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 204 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 204 3 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 204 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 204 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 204 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 204 7 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 204 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 204 9 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 204 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 204 11 03 03 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 204 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 204 13 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 204 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 205 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 205 2 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 205 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 205 4 03 03 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 205 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 205 6 20.CS1 20.cs1 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 205 7 maint maint NN en-wikipedia-org-239 205 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-239 205 9 archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 205 10 copy copy NN en-wikipedia-org-239 205 11 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-239 205 12 title title NN en-wikipedia-org-239 205 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 205 14 link link NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 205 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 205 16 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-239 205 17 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 205 18 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 205 19 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 205 20 Forbidden Forbidden NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 205 21 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-239 205 22 Problematic Problematic NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 205 23 Practices Practices NNPS en-wikipedia-org-239 205 24 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 205 25 MozillaWiki MozillaWiki NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 205 26 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 205 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 206 1 wiki.mozilla.org wiki.mozilla.org NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 206 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 207 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 207 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 207 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 207 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 207 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 207 6 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 207 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 207 8 07 07 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 207 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 207 10 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 207 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 208 1 Retrieved retrieved JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 208 2 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 208 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 208 4 07 07 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 208 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 208 6 06 06 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 208 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 209 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 209 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 209 3 SSL SSL NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 209 4 FAQ FAQ NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 209 5 - - : en-wikipedia-org-239 209 6 Frequently frequently RB en-wikipedia-org-239 209 7 Asked ask VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 209 8 Questions Questions NNPS en-wikipedia-org-239 209 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 209 10 Rapid Rapid NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 209 11 SSL SSL NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 209 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 209 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 210 1 www.rapidssl.com www.rapidssl.com ADD en-wikipedia-org-239 210 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 211 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 211 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 211 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 211 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 211 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 211 6 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 211 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 211 8 02 02 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 211 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 211 10 06 06 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 211 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 212 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 212 2 Zusman Zusman NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 212 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 212 4 Mike Mike NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 212 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 212 6 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 212 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 212 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 213 1 Criminal criminal JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 213 2 charges charge NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 213 3 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 213 4 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-239 213 5 pursued pursue VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 213 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-239 213 7 Hacking Hacking NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 213 8 PKI PKI NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 213 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 213 10 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 213 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 213 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 214 1 DEF DEF NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 214 2 CON CON NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 214 3 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 214 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 215 1 Las Las NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 215 2 Vegas Vegas NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 215 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 216 1 Archived Archived NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 216 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 216 3 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 216 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 216 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 216 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 216 7 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 216 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 216 9 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 216 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 216 11 04 04 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 216 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 216 13 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 216 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 217 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 217 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 217 3 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 217 4 Finnish finnish JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 217 5 man man NN en-wikipedia-org-239 217 6 created create VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 217 7 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-239 217 8 simple simple JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 217 9 email email NN en-wikipedia-org-239 217 10 account account NN en-wikipedia-org-239 217 11 - - : en-wikipedia-org-239 217 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 217 13 received receive VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 217 14 Microsoft Microsoft NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 217 15 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-239 217 16 security security NN en-wikipedia-org-239 217 17 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 217 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 217 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 218 1 tivi.fi tivi.fi ADD en-wikipedia-org-239 218 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 219 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 219 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 219 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 219 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 219 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 219 6 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 219 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 219 8 08 08 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 219 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 219 10 08 08 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 219 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 220 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 220 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 220 3 Responsibilities Responsibilities NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 220 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 220 5 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 220 6 Authority Authority NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 220 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 220 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 221 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 221 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 221 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 221 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 221 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 221 6 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 221 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 221 8 02 02 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 221 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 221 10 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 221 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 222 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 222 2 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 222 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 222 4 02 02 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 222 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 222 6 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 222 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 223 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 223 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 223 3 Network Network NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 223 4 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 223 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 223 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 224 1 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 224 2 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 224 3 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 224 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 225 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 225 2 https://www.google.com/books/edition/Applied_Cryptography_and_Network_Securit/GggFlaVxyVQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=applied+cryptography+certificate+issuance&pg=PA281&printsec=frontcover https://www.google.com/books/edition/Applied_Cryptography_and_Network_Securit/GggFlaVxyVQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=applied+cryptography+certificate+issuance&pg=PA281&printsec=frontcover NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 225 3 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 225 4 https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Shortcut_Guide_to_Managing_Certifica/BdJi5AQRzsIC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=digital+certificate+issuance&pg=PA40&printsec=frontcover https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Shortcut_Guide_to_Managing_Certifica/BdJi5AQRzsIC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=digital+certificate+issuance&pg=PA40&printsec=frontcover -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 225 5 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 225 6 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 225 7 Electronic electronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 225 8 Signatures signature NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 225 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 225 10 Records Records NNPS en-wikipedia-org-239 225 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 225 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 225 13 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 225 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 225 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 226 1 Archived Archived NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 226 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 226 3 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 226 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 226 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 226 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 226 7 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 226 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 226 9 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 226 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 226 11 03 03 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 226 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 226 13 04 04 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 226 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 227 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 227 2 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 227 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 227 4 08 08 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 227 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 227 6 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 227 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 228 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 228 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 228 3 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 228 4 transparency transparency NN en-wikipedia-org-239 228 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 228 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 229 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 229 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 229 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 229 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 229 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 229 6 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 229 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 229 8 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 229 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 229 10 01 01 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 229 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 230 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 230 2 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 230 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 230 4 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 230 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 230 6 03 03 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 230 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 231 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 231 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 231 3 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 231 4 transparency transparency NN en-wikipedia-org-239 231 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 231 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 232 1 Internet Internet NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 232 2 Engineering Engineering NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 232 3 Task Task NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 232 4 Force Force NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 232 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 233 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 233 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 233 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 233 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 233 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 233 6 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 233 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 233 8 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 233 9 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 233 10 22 22 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 233 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 234 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 234 2 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 234 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 234 4 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 234 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 234 6 03 03 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 234 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 235 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 235 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 235 3 Multivendor Multivendor NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 235 4 power power NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 235 5 council council NN en-wikipedia-org-239 235 6 formed form VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 235 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 235 8 address address VB en-wikipedia-org-239 235 9 digital digital JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 235 10 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 235 11 issues issue NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 235 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 235 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 236 1 Network Network NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 236 2 World World NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 236 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 237 1 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 237 2 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 237 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 237 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 237 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 238 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 238 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 238 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 238 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 238 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 238 6 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 238 7 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 238 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 238 9 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 238 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 239 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 239 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 239 3 Major Major NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 239 4 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 239 5 Authorities authority NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 239 6 Unite Unite NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 239 7 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 239 8 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 239 9 Name name NN en-wikipedia-org-239 239 10 Of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 239 11 SSL SSL NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 239 12 Security Security NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 239 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 239 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 240 1 Dark dark JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 240 2 Reading reading NN en-wikipedia-org-239 240 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 241 1 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 241 2 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 241 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 241 4 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 241 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 242 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 242 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 242 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 242 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 242 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 242 6 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 242 7 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 242 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 242 9 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 242 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 243 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 243 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 243 3 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 243 4 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 243 5 Browser Browser NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 243 6 Forum Forum NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 243 7 Founder Founder NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 243 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 243 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 244 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 244 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 244 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 244 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 244 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 244 6 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 244 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 244 8 08 08 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 244 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 244 10 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 244 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 245 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 245 2 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 245 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 245 4 08 08 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 245 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 245 6 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 245 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 246 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 246 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 246 3 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 246 4 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 246 5 Browser Browser NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 246 6 Forum Forum NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 246 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 246 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 247 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 247 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 247 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 247 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 247 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 247 6 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 247 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 247 8 05 05 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 247 9 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 247 10 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 247 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 248 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 248 2 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 248 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 248 4 04 04 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 248 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 248 6 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 248 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 249 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 249 2 Wilson Wilson NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 249 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 249 4 Wilson Wilson NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 249 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 250 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 250 2 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 250 3 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 250 4 Browser Browser NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 250 5 Forum Forum NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 250 6 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 250 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 250 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 250 9 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 250 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 250 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 251 1 DigiCert DigiCert NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 251 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 252 1 Archived Archived NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 252 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 252 3 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 252 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 252 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 252 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 252 7 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 252 8 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 252 9 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 252 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 252 11 05 05 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 252 12 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 252 13 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 252 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 253 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 253 2 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 253 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 253 4 04 04 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 253 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 253 6 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 253 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 254 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 254 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 254 3 Baseline Baseline NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 254 4 Requirements Requirements NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 254 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 254 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 255 1 CAB CAB NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 255 2 Forum Forum NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 255 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 256 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 256 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 256 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 256 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 256 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 256 6 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 256 7 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 256 8 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 256 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 257 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 257 2 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 257 3 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 257 4 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 257 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 258 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 258 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 258 3 Mozilla Mozilla NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 258 4 Root Root NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 258 5 Store Store NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 258 6 Policy Policy NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 258 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 258 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 259 1 Mozilla Mozilla NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 259 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 260 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 260 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 260 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 260 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 260 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 260 6 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 260 7 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 260 8 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 260 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 261 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 261 2 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 261 3 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 261 4 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 261 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 262 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 262 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 262 3 Apple Apple NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 262 4 Root Root NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 262 5 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 262 6 Program Program NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 262 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 262 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 263 1 Apple Apple NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 263 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 264 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 264 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 264 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 264 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 264 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 264 6 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 264 7 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 264 8 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 264 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 265 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 265 2 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 265 3 April April NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 265 4 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 265 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 266 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 266 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 266 3 CA-2001 CA-2001 NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 266 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 266 5 04 04 NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 266 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 266 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 267 1 Cert.org cert.org XX en-wikipedia-org-239 267 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 268 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 268 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 268 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 268 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 268 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 268 6 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 268 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 268 8 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 268 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 268 10 02 02 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 268 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 269 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 269 2 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 269 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 269 4 06 06 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 269 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 269 6 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 269 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 270 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 270 2 Microsoft Microsoft NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 270 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 270 4 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 270 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 270 6 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 270 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 270 8 02 02 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 270 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 270 10 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 270 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 270 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 271 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 271 2 Microsoft Microsoft NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 271 3 Security Security NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 271 4 Bulletin Bulletin NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 271 5 MS01 MS01 NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 271 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 271 7 017 017 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 271 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-239 271 9 Erroneous erroneous JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 271 10 VeriSign VeriSign NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 271 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 271 12 Issued issue VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 271 13 Digital Digital NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 271 14 Certificates Certificates NNPS en-wikipedia-org-239 271 15 Pose Pose NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 271 16 Spoofing Spoofing NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 271 17 Hazard Hazard NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 271 18 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 271 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 272 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 272 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 272 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 272 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 272 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 272 6 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 272 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 272 8 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 272 9 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 272 10 26 26 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 272 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 273 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 273 2 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 273 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 273 4 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 273 5 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 273 6 09 09 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 273 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 274 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 274 2 Bright Bright NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 274 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 274 4 Peter Peter NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 274 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 274 6 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 274 7 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 274 8 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 274 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 274 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 275 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 275 2 Independent independent JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 275 3 Iranian iranian JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 275 4 hacker hacker NN en-wikipedia-org-239 275 5 claims claim VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 275 6 responsibility responsibility NN en-wikipedia-org-239 275 7 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 275 8 Comodo comodo JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 275 9 hack hack NN en-wikipedia-org-239 275 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 275 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 276 1 Ars Ars NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 276 2 Technica Technica NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 276 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 277 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 277 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 277 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 277 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 277 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 277 6 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 277 7 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 277 8 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 277 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 278 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 278 2 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 278 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 278 4 09 09 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 278 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 278 6 01 01 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 278 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 279 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 279 2 Bright Bright NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 279 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 279 4 Peter Peter NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 279 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 279 6 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 279 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 279 8 08 08 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 279 9 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 279 10 30 30 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 279 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 279 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 280 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 280 2 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-239 280 3 fraudulent fraudulent JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 280 4 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 280 5 raises raise VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 280 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 280 7 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 280 8 old old JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 280 9 questions question NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 280 10 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-239 280 11 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 280 12 authorities authority NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 280 13 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 280 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 281 1 Ars Ars NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 281 2 Technica Technica NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 281 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 282 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 282 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 282 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 282 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 282 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 282 6 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 282 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 282 8 09 09 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 282 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 282 10 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 282 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 283 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 283 2 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 283 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 283 4 09 09 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 283 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 283 6 01 01 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 283 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 284 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 284 2 Leyden Leyden NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 284 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 284 4 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 284 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 284 6 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 284 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 284 8 09 09 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 284 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 284 10 06 06 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 284 11 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 284 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 285 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 285 2 Inside inside IN en-wikipedia-org-239 285 3 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-239 285 4 Operation Operation NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 285 5 Black Black NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 285 6 Tulip Tulip NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 285 7 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-239 285 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-239 285 9 DigiNotar DigiNotar NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 285 10 hack hack NN en-wikipedia-org-239 285 11 analysed analyse VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 285 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 285 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 286 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 286 2 Register Register NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 286 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 287 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 287 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 287 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 287 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 287 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 287 6 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 287 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 287 8 07 07 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 287 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 287 10 03 03 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 287 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 288 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 288 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 288 3 Trustwave Trustwave NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 288 4 issued issue VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 288 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 288 6 man man NN en-wikipedia-org-239 288 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 288 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 288 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 288 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 288 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 288 12 middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 288 13 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 288 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 288 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 289 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 289 2 H h NN en-wikipedia-org-239 289 3 Security security NN en-wikipedia-org-239 289 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 290 1 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 290 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 290 3 02 02 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 290 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 290 5 07 07 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 290 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 291 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 291 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 291 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 291 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 291 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 291 6 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 291 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 291 8 03 03 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 291 9 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 291 10 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 291 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 292 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 292 2 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 292 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 292 4 03 03 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 292 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 292 6 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 292 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 293 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 293 2 Osborne Osborne NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 293 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 293 4 Charlie Charlie NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 293 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 294 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 294 2 Symantec symantec NN en-wikipedia-org-239 294 3 sacks sack NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 294 4 staff staff NN en-wikipedia-org-239 294 5 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-239 294 6 issuing issue VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 294 7 unauthorized unauthorized JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 294 8 Google Google NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 294 9 certificates certificate NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 294 10 - - : en-wikipedia-org-239 294 11 ZDNet ZDNet NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 294 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 294 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 295 1 zdnet.com zdnet.com ADD en-wikipedia-org-239 295 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 296 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 296 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 296 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 296 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 296 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 296 6 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 296 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 296 8 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 296 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 296 10 02 02 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 296 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 297 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 297 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 297 3 Unauthorized Unauthorized NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 297 4 Google Google NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 297 5 Digital Digital NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 297 6 Certificates Certificates NNPS en-wikipedia-org-239 297 7 Discovered Discovered NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 297 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 297 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 298 1 linkedin.com linkedin.com ADD en-wikipedia-org-239 298 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 299 1 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 299 2 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 299 3 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 299 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 300 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-239 300 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 300 3 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 300 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 300 5 Wake Wake NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 300 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 300 7 Unauthorized Unauthorized NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 300 8 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 300 9 Issuance Issuance NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 300 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 300 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 300 12 Indian Indian NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 300 13 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 300 14 NIC NIC NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 300 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 300 16 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-239 300 17 Government Government NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 300 18 CAs CAs NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 300 19 Still still RB en-wikipedia-org-239 300 20 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-239 300 21 Considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 300 22 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 300 23 Trusted trust VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 300 24 Third Third NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 300 25 Parties Parties NNPS en-wikipedia-org-239 300 26 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 300 27 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-239 300 28 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 300 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 301 1 casecurity.org casecurity.org NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 301 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 302 1 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 302 2 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 302 3 2014 2014 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 302 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 303 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 303 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 303 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 303 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-239 303 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 303 6 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 303 7 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 303 8 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 303 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 304 1 External External NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 304 2 links[edit links[edit , en-wikipedia-org-239 304 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 304 4 How how WRB en-wikipedia-org-239 304 5 secure secure JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 304 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 304 7 HTTPS HTTPS NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 304 8 today today NN en-wikipedia-org-239 304 9 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-239 305 1 How how WRB en-wikipedia-org-239 305 2 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-239 305 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 4 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 5 attacked attack VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 6 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-239 305 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 305 8 Electronic Electronic NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 9 Frontier Frontier NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 10 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 12 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 305 13 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 14 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 305 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 16 v v NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 17 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 18 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 19 TLS TLS NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 305 21 SSL SSL NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 22 Protocols Protocols NNPS en-wikipedia-org-239 305 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 305 24 technologies technology NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 305 25 Transport Transport NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 26 Layer Layer NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 27 Security Security NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 28 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 305 29 Secure Secure NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 30 Sockets Sockets NNPS en-wikipedia-org-239 305 31 Layer Layer NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 33 TLS TLS NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 34 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 305 35 SSL SSL NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 37 Datagram Datagram NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 38 Transport Transport NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 39 Layer Layer NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 40 Security Security NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 41 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 42 DTLS DTLS NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 43 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 44 Server Server NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 45 Name Name NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 46 Indication Indication NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 47 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 48 SNI SNI NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 49 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 50 Application Application NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 51 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 305 52 Layer Layer NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 53 Protocol Protocol NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 54 Negotiation Negotiation NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 55 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 56 ALPN ALPN NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 57 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 58 DNS dns NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 59 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 305 60 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 61 Authentication Authentication NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 62 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 63 Named Named NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 64 Entities Entities NNPS en-wikipedia-org-239 305 65 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 66 DANE DANE NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 67 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 68 DNS DNS NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 69 Certification Certification NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 70 Authority Authority NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 71 Authorization Authorization NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 72 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 73 CAA CAA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 74 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 75 HTTPS HTTPS NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 76 HTTP HTTP NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 77 Strict Strict NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 78 Transport Transport NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 79 Security Security NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 80 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 81 HSTS HSTS NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 82 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 83 HTTP HTTP NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 84 Public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 85 Key Key NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 86 Pinning Pinning NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 87 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 88 HPKP HPKP NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 89 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 90 OCSP OCSP NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 91 stapling staple VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 305 92 Opportunistic opportunistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 93 TLS TLS NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 94 Perfect Perfect NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 95 forward forward RB en-wikipedia-org-239 305 96 secrecy secrecy NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 97 Public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 98 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 305 99 key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 100 infrastructure infrastructure NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 101 Automated Automated NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 102 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 103 Management Management NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 104 Environment Environment NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 105 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 106 ACME ACME NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 107 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 108 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 109 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 110 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 111 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 112 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 113 CA CA NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 114 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 305 115 Browser Browser NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 116 Forum Forum NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 117 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 118 policy policy NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 119 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 120 revocation revocation NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 121 list list NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 122 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 123 CRL CRL NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 124 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 125 Domain domain NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 126 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 305 127 validated validate VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 128 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 129 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 130 DV DV NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 131 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 132 Extended Extended NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 133 Validation Validation NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 134 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 135 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 136 EV EV NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 137 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 138 Online Online NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 139 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 140 Status Status NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 141 Protocol Protocol NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 142 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 143 OCSP OCSP NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 144 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 145 Public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 146 key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 147 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 148 Public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 149 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 305 150 key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 151 cryptography cryptography NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 152 Public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 153 key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 154 infrastructure infrastructure NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 155 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 156 PKI PKI NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 157 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 158 Root root NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 159 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 160 Self self NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 161 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 305 162 signed sign VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 163 certificate certificate NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 164 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-239 305 165 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-239 305 166 Domain Domain NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 167 Name Name NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 168 System System NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 169 Security Security NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 170 Extensions extension NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 305 171 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 172 DNSSEC DNSSEC NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 173 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 174 Internet Internet NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 175 Protocol Protocol NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 176 Security Security NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 177 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 178 IPsec IPsec NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 179 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 180 Secure Secure NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 181 Shell Shell NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 182 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 183 SSH SSH NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 184 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 185 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 186 Export Export NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 187 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 188 cryptography cryptography NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 189 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 190 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 305 191 United United NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 192 States States NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 193 Server Server NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 194 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 305 195 Gated Gated NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 196 Cryptography Cryptography NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 197 Implementations Implementations NNPS en-wikipedia-org-239 305 198 Bouncy Bouncy NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 199 Castle Castle NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 200 BoringSSL BoringSSL VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 201 Botan Botan NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 202 BSAFE BSAFE NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 203 cryptlib cryptlib VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 204 GnuTLS GnuTLS NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 205 JSSE JSSE NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 206 LibreSSL LibreSSL '' en-wikipedia-org-239 305 207 MatrixSSL MatrixSSL '' en-wikipedia-org-239 305 208 mbed mbe VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 305 209 TLS TLS NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 210 NSS NSS NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 211 OpenSSL OpenSSL NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 212 S2n S2n NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 213 SChannel SChannel NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 214 SSLeay SSLeay NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 215 stunnel stunnel NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 216 wolfSSL wolfSSL NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 217 Notaries Notaries NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 218 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 219 Transparency Transparency NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 220 Convergence Convergence NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 221 HTTPS https NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 222 Everywhere everywhere RB en-wikipedia-org-239 305 223 Perspectives perspective VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 224 Project project NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 225 Vulnerabilities vulnerability NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 305 226 Theory Theory NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 227 Man Man NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 228 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 305 229 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 230 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 305 231 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 305 232 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 305 233 middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 234 attack attack NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 235 Padding Padding NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 236 oracle oracle NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 237 attack attack NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 238 Cipher Cipher NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 239 Bar Bar NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 240 mitzvah mitzvah NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 241 attack attack NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 242 Protocol Protocol NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 243 BEAST BEAST NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 244 BREACH breach NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 245 CRIME crime NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 246 DROWN DROWN NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 247 Logjam Logjam NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 248 POODLE POODLE NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 249 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 250 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 251 regards regard NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 305 252 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 253 SSL SSL NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 254 3.0 3.0 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 305 255 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 256 Implementation Implementation NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 257 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 258 authority authority NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 259 compromise compromise NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 260 Random random JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 261 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 262 generator generator NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 263 attacks attack VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 264 FREAK FREAK NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 265 goto goto RB en-wikipedia-org-239 305 266 fail fail VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 267 Heartbleed Heartbleed NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 268 Lucky Lucky NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 269 Thirteen Thirteen NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 270 attack attack NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 271 POODLE POODLE NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 272 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 273 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 274 regards regard NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 305 275 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 276 TLS TLS NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 277 1.0 1.0 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 305 278 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 279 Kazakhstan Kazakhstan NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 280 MITM MITM NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 281 attack attack NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 282 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 283 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 284 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-239 305 285 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certificate_authority&oldid=1005384125 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Certificate_authority&oldid=1005384125 NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 286 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-239 305 287 Categories Categories NNPS en-wikipedia-org-239 305 288 : : : en-wikipedia-org-239 305 289 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 290 authorities authority NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 305 291 Public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 292 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 305 293 key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 294 cryptography cryptography NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 295 Key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 296 management management NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 297 Public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 298 key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 299 infrastructure infrastructure NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 300 Transport Transport NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 301 Layer Layer NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 302 Security Security NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 303 Hidden Hidden NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 304 categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 305 305 : : : en-wikipedia-org-239 305 306 CS1 cs1 NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 307 maint maint NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 308 : : : en-wikipedia-org-239 305 309 archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 310 copy copy NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 311 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 312 title title NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 313 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 305 314 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 315 short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 316 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 317 Short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 318 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 319 matches match VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 320 Wikidata Wikidata NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 321 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 305 322 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 305 323 potentially potentially RB en-wikipedia-org-239 305 324 dated date VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 325 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 305 326 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 327 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 328 2020 2020 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 305 329 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-239 305 330 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 305 331 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 305 332 potentially potentially RB en-wikipedia-org-239 305 333 dated date VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 334 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 305 335 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-239 305 336 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 305 337 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 338 unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 339 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 305 340 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 305 341 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 342 unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 343 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 305 344 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 345 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 346 2015 2015 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 305 347 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 348 menu menu NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 349 Personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 350 tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 305 351 Not not RB en-wikipedia-org-239 305 352 logged log VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 353 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 354 Talk Talk NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 355 Contributions Contributions NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 356 Create Create NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 357 account account NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 358 Log Log NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 359 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 360 Namespaces Namespaces NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 361 Article Article NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 362 Talk talk NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 363 Variants variant VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 364 Views view NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 305 365 Read read VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 366 Edit edit NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 367 View View NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 368 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 369 More More JJR en-wikipedia-org-239 305 370 Search Search NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 371 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 372 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 373 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 374 Contents content VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 375 Current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 376 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 305 377 Random random JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 378 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 379 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 380 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 381 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 382 us -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 383 Donate Donate NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 384 Contribute contribute NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 385 Help help NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 386 Learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-239 305 387 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-239 305 388 edit edit VB en-wikipedia-org-239 305 389 Community community NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 390 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 391 Recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 392 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 305 393 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 394 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 395 Tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 305 396 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 397 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 305 398 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-239 305 399 Related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 400 changes change VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 401 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 402 file file VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 403 Special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 404 pages page NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 305 405 Permanent permanent JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 406 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 407 Page Page NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 408 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 409 Cite cite VB en-wikipedia-org-239 305 410 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-239 305 411 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 412 Wikidata wikidata NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 413 item item NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 414 Print print NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 415 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-239 305 416 export export NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 417 Download Download NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 418 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 419 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 420 Printable Printable NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 421 version version NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 422 Languages language VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 423 العربية العربية NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 424 Català Català NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 425 Čeština Čeština NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 426 Deutsch Deutsch NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 427 Español Español NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 428 Euskara Euskara NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 429 فارسی فارسی JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 305 430 Français Français NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 431 한국어 한국어 NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 432 Bahasa Bahasa NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 433 Indonesia Indonesia NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 434 Italiano Italiano NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 435 Nederlands Nederlands NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 436 日本語 日本語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 437 Norsk Norsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 438 bokmål bokmål NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 439 Polski Polski NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 440 Português Português NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 441 Русский Русский NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 442 Svenska Svenska NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 443 ไทย ไทย NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 444 Türkçe Türkçe NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 445 Українська Українська NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 446 Tiếng Tiếng NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 447 Việt Việt NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 448 中文 中文 NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 449 Edit Edit NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 450 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 305 451 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-239 305 452 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 453 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-239 305 454 last last RB en-wikipedia-org-239 305 455 edited edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 456 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 457 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 305 458 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 459 2021 2021 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 305 460 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 305 461 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-239 305 462 11:39 11:39 CD en-wikipedia-org-239 305 463   _SP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 464 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 465 UTC UTC NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 305 466 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-239 305 467 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 306 1 Text text NN en-wikipedia-org-239 306 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 306 3 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 306 4 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-239 306 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 306 6 Creative Creative NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 306 7 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 306 8 Attribution Attribution NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 306 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-239 306 10 ShareAlike ShareAlike NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 306 11 License License NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 306 12 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-239 306 13 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 306 14 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 306 15 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-239 306 16 apply apply VB en-wikipedia-org-239 306 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 307 1 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-239 307 2 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-239 307 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-239 307 4 site site NN en-wikipedia-org-239 307 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 307 6 you -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-239 307 7 agree agree VBP en-wikipedia-org-239 307 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-239 307 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 307 10 Terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-239 307 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 307 12 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 307 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-239 307 14 Privacy Privacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 307 15 Policy Policy NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 307 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 308 1 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 308 2 ® ® NNPS en-wikipedia-org-239 308 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-239 308 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 308 5 registered registered JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 308 6 trademark trademark NN en-wikipedia-org-239 308 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-239 308 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-239 308 9 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 308 10 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 308 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 308 12 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 308 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-239 308 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-239 308 15 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 308 16 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 308 17 profit profit JJ en-wikipedia-org-239 308 18 organization organization NN en-wikipedia-org-239 308 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-239 309 1 Privacy privacy NN en-wikipedia-org-239 309 2 policy policy NN en-wikipedia-org-239 309 3 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-239 309 4 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 309 5 Disclaimers Disclaimers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-239 309 6 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 309 7 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 309 8 Mobile Mobile NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 309 9 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-239 309 10 Developers Developers NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 309 11 Statistics Statistics NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 309 12 Cookie Cookie NNP en-wikipedia-org-239 309 13 statement statement NN