id sid tid token lemma pos en-wikipedia-org-8767 1 1 Merkle merkle JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 1 2 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 1 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 1 4 Wikipedia wikipedia NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 1 5 Merkle Merkle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 1 6 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 1 7 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 1 8 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 1 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 1 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 1 11 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 1 12 encyclopedia encyclopedia NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 1 13 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 1 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 1 15 navigation navigation NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 1 16 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 1 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8767 1 18 search search VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 1 19 Type type NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 1 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 1 21 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 1 22 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 1 23 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 1 24 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 1 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 1 26 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 1 27 binary binary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 1 28 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 1 29 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 1 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 1 Hashes Hashes NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 2 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 4 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 6 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 8 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 11 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 12 values value NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 14 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 15 blocks blocks NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 16 L1 L1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 18 L2 L2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 20 respectively respectively RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 23 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 24 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 25 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 27 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 30 concatenation concatenation NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 32 hashes hashes NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 33 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 34 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 35 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 37 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 38 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 39 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 2 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 2 cryptography cryptography NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 3 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 4 computer computer NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 5 science science NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 8 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 9 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 11 Merkle Merkle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 12 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 15 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 16 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 17 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 18 every every DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 19 leaf leaf NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 20 node node NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 21 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 22 labelled label VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 23 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 25 cryptographic cryptographic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 26 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 29 data data NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 30 block block NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 33 every every DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 34 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 35 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 36 leaf leaf JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 37 node node NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 38 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 39 labelled label VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 40 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 42 cryptographic cryptographic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 43 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 44 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 46 labels label NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 47 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 48 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 49 child child NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 50 nodes node NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 3 51 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 4 1 Hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 4 2 trees tree NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 4 3 allow allow VBP en-wikipedia-org-8767 4 4 efficient efficient JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 4 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 4 6 secure secure JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 4 7 verification verification NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 4 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 4 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 4 10 contents content NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 4 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 4 12 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 4 13 data data NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 4 14 structures structure NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 4 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 5 1 Hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 5 2 trees tree NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 5 3 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8767 5 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 5 5 generalization generalization NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 5 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 5 7 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 5 8 lists list NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 5 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 5 10 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 5 11 chains chain NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 5 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 1 Demonstrating demonstrate VBG en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 2 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 4 leaf leaf NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 5 node node NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 8 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 11 given give VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 12 binary binary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 13 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 14 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 15 requires require VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 16 computing compute VBG en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 18 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 20 hashes hash NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 21 proportional proportional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 22 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 24 logarithm logarithm NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 27 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 29 leaf leaf NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 30 nodes node NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 33 tree;[1 tree;[1 NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 34 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 35 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 36 contrasts contrast VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 37 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 38 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 39 lists list NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 41 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 43 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 44 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 45 proportional proportional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 46 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 47 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 48 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 49 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 50 leaf leaf NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 51 nodes node NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 52 itself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8767 6 53 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 7 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 7 2 concept concept NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 7 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 7 4 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 7 5 trees tree NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 7 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 7 7 named name VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 7 8 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 7 9 Ralph Ralph NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 7 10 Merkle Merkle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 7 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 7 12 who who WP en-wikipedia-org-8767 7 13 patented patent VBD en-wikipedia-org-8767 7 14 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8767 7 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 7 16 1979 1979 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 7 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 2 2][3 2][3 NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 4 Contents content NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 6 Uses use NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 7 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 8 Overview overview NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 9 2.1 2.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 10 Second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 11 preimage preimage NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 12 attack attack NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 13 2.2 2.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 14 Tiger Tiger NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 15 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 16 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 17 2.2.1 2.2.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 18 Example example NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 19 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 20 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 21 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 22 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 23 References reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 24 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 25 Further further RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 26 reading read VBG en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 27 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 28 External external JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 29 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 30 Uses[edit uses[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 31 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 32 Hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 33 trees tree NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 34 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 35 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 36 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 37 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 38 verify verify VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 39 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 40 kind kind NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 41 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 42 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 43 stored store VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 44 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 45 handled handle VBD en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 46 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 47 transferred transfer VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 48 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 49 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 50 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 51 computers computer NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 8 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 2 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 3 help help VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 4 ensure ensure VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 5 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 6 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 7 blocks block NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 8 received receive VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 9 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 10 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 11 peers peer NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 13 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 14 peer peer NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 16 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 18 peer peer NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 19 network network NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 20 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 21 received receive VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 22 undamaged undamaged JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 23 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 24 unaltered unaltered JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 27 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 28 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 29 check check VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 30 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 32 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 33 peers peer NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 34 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 35 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 36 lie lie VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 37 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 38 send send VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 39 fake fake JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 40 blocks block NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 9 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 10 1 Hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 10 2 trees tree NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 10 3 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8767 10 4 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 10 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 10 6 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 10 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 10 8 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 10 9 cryptography cryptography NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 10 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 1 Hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 2 trees tree NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 3 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 4 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 5 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 8 IPFS ipfs NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 10 Btrfs Btrfs NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 12 ZFS ZFS NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 13 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 14 systems[4 systems[4 '' en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 15 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 18 counter counter VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 19 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 20 degradation[5 degradation[5 HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 21 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 23 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 24 Dat Dat NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 25 protocol protocol NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 26 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 27 Apache Apache NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 28 Wave Wave NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 29 protocol;[6 protocol;[6 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 30 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 31 Git Git NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 33 Mercurial Mercurial NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 34 distributed distribute VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 35 revision revision NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 36 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 37 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 38 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 40 Tahoe Tahoe NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 41 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 42 LAFS LAFS NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 43 backup backup NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 44 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 45 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 46 Zeronet zeronet NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 47 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 48 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 49 Bitcoin Bitcoin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 50 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 51 Ethereum Ethereum NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 52 peer peer NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 53 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 54 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 55 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 56 peer peer NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 57 networks;[7 networks;[7 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 58 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 59 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 60 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 61 Transparency Transparency NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 62 framework framework NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 63 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 64 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 65 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 66 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 67 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 68 NoSQL NoSQL NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 69 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 70 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 71 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 72 Apache Apache NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 73 Cassandra Cassandra NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 74 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 75 Riak Riak NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 76 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 77 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 78 Dynamo Dynamo NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 11 79 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 12 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 12 2 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 12 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 12 4 Suggestions suggestion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 12 5 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8767 12 6 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 12 7 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 12 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8767 12 9 use use VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 12 10 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 12 11 trees tree NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 12 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 12 13 trusted trusted JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 12 14 computing computing NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 12 15 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 12 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 2 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 5 initial initial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 6 Bitcoin Bitcoin NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 7 implementation implementation NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 9 Merkle Merkle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 10 trees tree NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 12 Satoshi Satoshi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 13 Nakamoto Nakamoto NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 14 applies apply VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 16 compression compression NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 17 step step NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 20 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 21 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 22 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 23 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 24 excessive excessive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 25 degree degree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 27 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 28 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 29 mitigated mitigate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 30 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 31 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 32 Fast fast JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 33 Merkle Merkle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 34 Trees Trees NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 13 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 2 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 4 Overview[edit overview[edit CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 6 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 7 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 8 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 11 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 13 hashes hash NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 15 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 17 leaves leave NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 18 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 19 hashes hash NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 21 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 22 blocks block NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 25 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 26 instance instance NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 29 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 30 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 31 set set NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 33 files file NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 14 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 15 1 Nodes node NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 15 2 further further RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 15 3 up up RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 15 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 15 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 15 6 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 15 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8767 15 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 15 9 hashes hash NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 15 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 15 11 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8767 15 12 respective respective JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 15 13 children child NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 15 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 16 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 16 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 16 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 16 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 16 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 16 6 picture picture NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 16 7 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 16 8 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 16 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 16 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 16 11 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 16 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 16 13 hashing hash VBG en-wikipedia-org-8767 16 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 16 15 concatenation concatenation NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 16 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 16 17 hash hash NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 16 18 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 16 19 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8767 16 20 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 16 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 16 22 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 16 23 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 16 24 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8767 16 25 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 16 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 17 1 That that RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 17 2 is is RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 17 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 17 4 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 17 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 17 6 = = SYM en-wikipedia-org-8767 17 7 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 17 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 17 9 hash(0 hash(0 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 17 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 17 11 0 0 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 17 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 17 13 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 17 14 hash(0 hash(0 NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 17 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 17 16 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 17 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 17 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 17 19 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-8767 17 20 + + DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 17 21 denotes denote VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 17 22 concatenation concatenation NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 17 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 18 1 Most Most JJS en-wikipedia-org-8767 18 2 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 18 3 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 18 4 implementations implementation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 18 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8767 18 6 binary binary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 18 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 18 8 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 18 9 child child NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 18 10 nodes node NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 18 11 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 18 12 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 18 13 node node NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 18 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 18 15 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 18 16 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8767 18 17 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8767 18 18 just just RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 18 19 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 18 20 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 18 21 use use VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 18 22 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 18 23 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-8767 18 24 child child NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 18 25 nodes node NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 18 26 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 18 27 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 18 28 node node NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 18 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 19 1 Usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 19 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 19 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 19 4 cryptographic cryptographic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 19 5 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 19 6 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 19 7 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 19 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 19 9 SHA-2 SHA-2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 19 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 19 11 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 19 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 19 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 19 14 hashing hashing NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 19 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 20 1 If if IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 20 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 20 3 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 20 4 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 20 5 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 20 6 needs need VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 20 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8767 20 8 protect protect VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 20 9 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 20 10 unintentional unintentional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 20 11 damage damage NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 20 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 20 13 unsecured unsecured JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 20 14 checksums checksum NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 20 15 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 20 16 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 20 17 CRCs CRCs NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 20 18 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8767 20 19 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 20 20 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 20 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 21 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 21 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 21 3 top top NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 21 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 21 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 21 6 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 21 7 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 21 8 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-8767 21 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 21 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 21 11 top top JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 21 12 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 21 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 21 14 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 21 15 root root NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 21 16 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 21 17 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 21 18 master master NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 21 19 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 21 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 21 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 1 Before before IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 2 downloading download VBG en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 4 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 7 p2p p2p NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 8 network network NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 11 most most JJS en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 12 cases case NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 14 top top JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 15 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 16 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 17 acquired acquire VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 18 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 20 trusted trust VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 21 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 23 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 24 instance instance NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 26 friend friend NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 27 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 28 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 29 web web NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 30 site site NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 31 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 32 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 33 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 34 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 35 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 36 good good JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 37 recommendations recommendation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 38 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 39 files file NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 40 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 41 download download VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 22 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 23 1 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8767 23 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 23 3 top top JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 23 4 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 23 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 23 6 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 23 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 23 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 23 9 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 23 10 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 23 11 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8767 23 12 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 23 13 received receive VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 23 14 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 23 15 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 23 16 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 23 17 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 23 18 trusted trusted JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 23 19 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 23 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 23 21 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 23 22 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 23 23 peer peer NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 23 24 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 23 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 23 26 p2p p2p NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 23 27 network network NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 23 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 1 Then then RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 4 received receive VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 5 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 6 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 8 checked check VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 9 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 11 trusted trust VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 12 top top JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 13 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 16 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 18 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 19 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 20 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 21 damaged damage VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 22 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 23 fake fake JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 25 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 26 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 27 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 28 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 29 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 30 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 31 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 32 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 33 tried try VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 34 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 36 program program NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 37 finds find VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 38 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 39 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 40 matches match VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 42 top top JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 43 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 24 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 2 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 5 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 6 difference difference NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 7 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 9 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 10 list list NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 12 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 13 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 14 branch branch NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 17 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 18 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 19 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 20 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 21 downloaded download VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 22 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 23 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 24 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 27 integrity integrity NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 29 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 30 branch branch NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 31 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 32 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 33 checked check VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 34 immediately immediately RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 36 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 37 though though IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 39 whole whole JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 40 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 41 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 42 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 43 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 44 yet yet RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 25 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 6 picture picture NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 9 integrity integrity NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 11 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 12 block block NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 13 L2 L2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 14 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 15 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 16 verified verify VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 17 immediately immediately RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 18 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 20 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 21 already already RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 22 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 23 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 24 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 25 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 26 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 28 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 29 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 30 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 31 hashing hash VBG en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 33 data data NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 34 block block NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 36 iteratively iteratively RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 37 combining combine VBG en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 39 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 40 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 41 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 42 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 43 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 44 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 45 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 46 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 47 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 48 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 49 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 50 finally finally RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 51 comparing compare VBG en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 52 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 53 result result NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 54 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 55 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 56 top top JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 57 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 26 58 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 27 1 Similarly similarly RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 27 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 27 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 27 4 integrity integrity NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 27 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 27 6 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 27 7 block block NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 27 8 L3 L3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 27 9 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8767 27 10 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 27 11 verified verify VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 27 12 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 27 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 27 14 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 27 15 already already RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 27 16 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 27 17 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 27 18 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 27 19 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8767 27 20 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 27 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 27 22 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 27 23 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 27 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 2 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 3 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 4 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 5 advantage advantage NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 6 since since IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 7 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 9 efficient efficient JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 11 split split VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 12 files file NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 13 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 15 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 16 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 17 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 18 blocks block NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 19 so so IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 20 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 21 only only JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 22 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 23 blocks block NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 24 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 25 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 26 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 27 re re VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 28 - - VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 29 downloaded download VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 30 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 31 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 32 get get VBP en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 33 damaged damage VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 28 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 29 1 If if IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 29 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 29 3 hashed hash VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 29 4 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 29 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 29 6 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 29 7 big big JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 29 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 29 9 such such PDT en-wikipedia-org-8767 29 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 29 11 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 29 12 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 29 13 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 29 14 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 29 15 list list NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 29 16 becomes become VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 29 17 fairly fairly RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 29 18 big big JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 29 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 1 But but CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 2 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 3 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 6 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 8 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 9 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 10 branch branch NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 11 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 12 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 13 downloaded download VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 14 quickly quickly RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 17 integrity integrity NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 20 branch branch NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 21 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 22 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 23 checked check VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 26 then then RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 28 downloading downloading NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 30 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 31 blocks block NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 32 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 33 start start VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 30 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 2 citation citation NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 3 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 5 Second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 6 preimage preimage NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 7 attack[edit attack[edit , en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 8 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 9 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 10 Merkle Merkle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 11 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 12 root root NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 13 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 14 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 15 indicate indicate VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 17 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 18 depth depth NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 20 enabling enable VBG en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 22 second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 23 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 24 preimage preimage NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 25 attack attack NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 27 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 28 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 29 attacker attacker NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 30 creates create VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 31 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 32 document document NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 33 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 34 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 36 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 37 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 38 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 40 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 41 Merkle Merkle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 42 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 43 root root NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 31 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 3 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 4 above above RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 6 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 7 attacker attacker NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 8 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 9 create create VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 11 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 12 document document NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 13 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 14 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 15 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 16 blocks block NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 18 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 20 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 21 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 22 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 23 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 24 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 25 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 26 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 27 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 28 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 29 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 30 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 34 second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 35 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 36 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 37 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 38 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 39 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 40 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 41 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 42 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 43 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 44 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 32 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 2 12][13 12][13 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 4 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 5 simple simple JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 6 fix fix NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 8 defined define VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 10 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 11 Transparency Transparency NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 13 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 14 computing compute VBG en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 15 leaf leaf NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 16 node node NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 17 hashes hash NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 20 0x00 0x00 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 21 byte byte NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 22 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 23 prepended prepended JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 24 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 26 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 27 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 29 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 30 0x01 0x01 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 31 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 32 prepended prepended JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 33 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 34 computing compute VBG en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 35 internal internal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 36 node node NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 37 hashes hash NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 33 38 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 34 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 34 2 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 34 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 34 4 Limiting limit VBG en-wikipedia-org-8767 34 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 34 6 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 34 7 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 34 8 size size NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 34 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 34 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 34 11 prerequisite prerequisite NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 34 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 34 13 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 34 14 formal formal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 34 15 security security NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 34 16 proofs proof NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 34 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 34 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 34 19 helps help VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 34 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 34 21 making make VBG en-wikipedia-org-8767 34 22 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 34 23 proofs proof NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 34 24 tighter tight JJR en-wikipedia-org-8767 34 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 2 implementations implementation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 3 limit limit VBP en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 5 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 6 depth depth NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 7 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 8 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 9 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 10 depth depth NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 11 prefixes prefix NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 12 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 13 hashes hash NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 15 so so CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 16 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 17 extracted extracted JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 18 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 19 chain chain NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 20 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 21 defined define VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 22 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 23 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 24 valid valid JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 25 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 26 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 28 prefix prefix NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 29 decreases decrease VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 30 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 31 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 32 step step NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 33 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 34 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 35 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 36 positive positive JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 37 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 39 leaf leaf NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 40 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 41 reached reach VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 35 42 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 36 1 Tiger Tiger NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 36 2 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 36 3 hash[edit hash[edit NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 36 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 36 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 36 6 Tiger Tiger NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 36 7 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 36 8 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 36 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 36 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 36 11 widely widely RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 36 12 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 36 13 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 36 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 36 15 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 36 16 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 36 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 37 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8767 37 2 uses use VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 37 3 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 37 4 binary binary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 37 5 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 37 6 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 37 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 37 8 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 37 9 child child NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 37 10 nodes node NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 37 11 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 37 12 each each DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 37 13 node node NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 37 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 37 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 37 16 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 37 17 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 37 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 37 19 data data NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 37 20 block block NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 37 21 size size NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 37 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 37 23 1024 1024 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 37 24 bytes byte NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 37 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 37 26 uses use VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 37 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 37 28 Tiger Tiger NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 37 29 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 37 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 2 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 4 Tiger Tiger NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 5 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 6 hashes hash NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 8 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 10 Gnutella,[15 Gnutella,[15 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 11 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 12 Gnutella2 Gnutella2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 15 Direct Direct NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 16 Connect Connect NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 17 P2P p2p NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 18 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 19 sharing sharing NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 20 protocols[16 protocols[16 NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 21 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 24 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 25 sharing sharing NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 26 applications application NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 27 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 28 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 29 Phex,[17 Phex,[17 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 30 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 31 BearShare BearShare NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 33 LimeWire LimeWire NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 35 Shareaza Shareaza NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 37 DC++[18 DC++[18 -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 38 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 39 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 40 Valknut Valknut NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 38 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 2 19 19 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 4 Example[edit example[edit CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 6 Base32 Base32 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 8 R5T6Y8UYRYO5SUXGER5NMUOEZ5O6E4BHPP2MRFQ R5T6Y8UYRYO5SUXGER5NMUOEZ5O6E4BHPP2MRFQ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 9 URN URN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 11 urn urn NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 13 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 14 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 15 tiger tiger NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 16 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 17 R5T6Y8UYRYO5SUXGER5NMUOEZ5O6E4BHPP2MRFQ r5t6y8uyryo5suxger5nmuoez5o6e4bhpp2mrfq JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 18 magnet magnet NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 19 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 20 magnet:?xt magnet:?xt ADD en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 21 = = SYM en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 22 urn urn NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 23 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 24 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 25 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 26 tiger tiger NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 27 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 28 R5T6Y8UYRYO5SUXGER5NMUOEZ5O6E4BHPP2MRFQ R5T6Y8UYRYO5SUXGER5NMUOEZ5O6E4BHPP2MRFQ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 29 See see VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 30 also[edit also[edit NFP en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 31 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 32 Computer computer NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 33 programming programming NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 34 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 35 Binary binary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 36 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 37 Blockchain Blockchain NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 38 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 39 database database NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 40 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 41 Distributed distribute VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 42 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 43 table table NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 44 Hash Hash NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 45 table table NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 46 Hash Hash NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 47 trie trie NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 48 Linked linked JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 49 timestamping timestampe VBG en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 50 Radix Radix NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 51 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 52 References[edit references[edit NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 53 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 54 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 55 Becker Becker NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 56 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 57 Georg Georg NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 58 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 59 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 60 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 61 07 07 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 62 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 63 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 64 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 39 65 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 40 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8767 40 2 Merkle Merkle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 40 3 Signature Signature NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 40 4 Schemes scheme NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 40 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 40 6 Merkle Merkle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 40 7 Trees Trees NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 40 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 40 9 Their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8767 40 10 Cryptanalysis cryptanalysis NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 40 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8767 40 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 40 13 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 40 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 40 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 41 1 Ruhr Ruhr NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 41 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 41 3 Universität Universität NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 41 4 Bochum Bochum NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 41 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 42 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 42 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8767 42 3 16 16 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 42 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 43 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 43 2 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 43 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8767 43 4 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 43 5 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8767 43 6 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 43 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 44 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 44 2 Merkle Merkle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 44 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 44 4 R. R. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 44 5 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 44 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 44 7 1988 1988 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 44 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 44 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 45 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8767 45 2 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 45 3 Digital Digital NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 45 4 Signature signature NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 45 5 Based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 45 6 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 45 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 45 8 Conventional conventional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 45 9 Encryption encryption NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 45 10 Function function NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 45 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8767 45 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 46 1 Advances advance NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 46 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 46 3 Cryptology Cryptology NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 46 4 — — : en-wikipedia-org-8767 46 5 CRYPTO CRYPTO NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 46 6 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-8767 46 7 87 87 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 46 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 47 1 Lecture Lecture NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 47 2 Notes Notes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8767 47 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 47 4 Computer Computer NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 47 5 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 47 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 48 1 293 293 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 48 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 48 3 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 48 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 49 1 369–378 369–378 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 49 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 50 1 doi:10.1007/3 doi:10.1007/3 : en-wikipedia-org-8767 50 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 50 3 540 540 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 50 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 50 5 48184 48184 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 50 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 50 7 2_32 2_32 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 50 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 51 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 51 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8767 51 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 51 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 51 5 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 51 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 51 7 540 540 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 51 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 51 9 18796 18796 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 51 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8767 51 11 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 51 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 2 US US NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 3 patent patent NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 4 4309569 4309569 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 6 Ralph Ralph NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 7 Merkle Merkle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 10 Method method NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 12 providing provide VBG en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 13 digital digital JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 14 signatures signature NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 17 published publish VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 18 Jan Jan NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 19 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 21 1982 1982 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 23 assigned assign VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 24 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 25 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 26 Board Board NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 27 Of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 28 Trustees Trustees NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 29 Of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 30 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 31 Leland Leland NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 32 Stanford Stanford NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 33 Junior Junior NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 34 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 35     _SP en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 36 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 37 Bonwick Bonwick NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 39 Jeff Jeff NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 52 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 53 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8767 53 2 ZFS ZFS NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 53 3 End end NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 53 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 53 5 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 53 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 53 7 End end NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 53 8 Data Data NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 53 9 Integrity integrity NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 53 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8767 53 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 54 1 Jeff Jeff NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 54 2 Bonwick Bonwick NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 54 3 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8767 54 4 Blog Blog NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 54 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 55 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 55 2 Likai Likai NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 55 3 Liu Liu NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 55 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 56 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8767 56 2 Bitrot Bitrot NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 56 3 Resistance Resistance NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 56 4 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 56 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 56 6 Single Single NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 56 7 Drive Drive NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 56 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8767 56 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 57 1 likai.org likai.org NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 57 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 58 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8767 58 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8767 58 3 General General NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 58 4 Verifiable Verifiable NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 58 5 Federation Federation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 58 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8767 58 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 59 1 Google Google NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 59 2 Wave Wave NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 59 3 Protocol Protocol NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 59 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 60 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 60 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 60 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 60 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 60 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 60 6 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 60 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 60 8 04 04 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 60 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 60 10 08 08 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 60 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 61 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 61 2 2017 2017 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 61 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 61 4 03 03 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 61 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 61 6 09 09 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 61 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 62 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 62 2 Koblitz Koblitz NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 62 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 62 4 Neal Neal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 62 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8767 62 6 Menezes Menezes NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 62 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 62 8 Alfred Alfred NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 62 9 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 63 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 63 2 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 63 3 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 63 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 63 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 64 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8767 64 2 Cryptocash cryptocash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 64 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 64 4 cryptocurrencies cryptocurrencie NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 64 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 64 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 64 7 cryptocontracts cryptocontract VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 64 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8767 64 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 65 1 Designs design NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 65 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 65 3 Codes Codes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8767 65 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 65 5 Cryptography Cryptography NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 65 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 66 1 78 78 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 66 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 66 3 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 66 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 66 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8767 66 6 87–102 87–102 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 66 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 67 1 CiteSeerX CiteSeerX NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 67 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8767 67 3 10.1.1.701.8721 10.1.1.701.8721 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 67 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 67 5 doi:10.1007 doi:10.1007 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 67 6 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8767 67 7 s10623 s10623 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 67 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 67 9 015 015 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 67 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 67 11 0148 0148 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 67 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 67 13 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 67 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 68 1 S2CID S2CID NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 68 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8767 68 3 16594958 16594958 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 68 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 69 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 69 2 Adam Adam NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 69 3 Marcus Marcus NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 69 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 70 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8767 70 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 70 3 NoSQL NoSQL NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 70 4 Ecosystem Ecosystem NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 70 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8767 70 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 71 1 aosabook.org aosabook.org ADD en-wikipedia-org-8767 71 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 1 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 3 replica replica NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 5 down down RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 7 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 8 extended extended JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 9 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 11 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 13 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 15 machine machine NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 16 storing store VBG en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 17 hinted hint VBD en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 18 handoffs handoff NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 19 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 20 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 21 unavailable unavailable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 22 replica replica NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 23 goes go VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 24 down down RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 25 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 26 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 28 replicas replica NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 29 must must MD en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 30 synchronize synchronize VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 31 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 32 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 33 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 72 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 73 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 73 2 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 73 3 case case NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 73 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 73 5 Cassandra Cassandra NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 73 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 73 7 Riak Riak NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 73 8 implement implement VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 73 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 73 10 Dynamo Dynamo NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 73 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 73 12 inspired inspire VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 73 13 process process NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 73 14 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 73 15 anti anti JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 73 16 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 73 17 entropy entropy JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 73 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 74 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 74 2 anti anti JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 74 3 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 74 4 entropy entropy JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 74 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 74 6 replicas replicas NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 74 7 exchange exchange NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 74 8 Merkle Merkle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 74 9 trees tree NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 74 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8767 74 11 identify identify VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 74 12 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 74 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 74 14 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-8767 74 15 replicated replicate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 74 16 key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 74 17 ranges range NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 74 18 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8767 74 19 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8767 74 20 out out IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 74 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 74 22 sync sync NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 74 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 2 Merkle Merkle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 3 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 6 hierarchical hierarchical JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 7 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 8 verification verification NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 10 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 12 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 13 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 15 entire entire JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 16 keyspace keyspace NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 17 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 18 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 20 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 21 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 22 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 23 replicas replica NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 25 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 26 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 27 exchange exchange VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 28 hashes hash NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 30 smaller small JJR en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 31 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 32 smaller small JJR en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 33 portions portion NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 36 replicated replicated JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 37 keyspace keyspace NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 38 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 40 out out JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 41 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 42 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 43 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 44 sync sync NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 45 keys key NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 46 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 47 identified identify VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 75 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 76 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 76 2 approach approach NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 76 3 reduces reduce VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 76 4 unnecessary unnecessary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 76 5 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 76 6 transfer transfer NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 76 7 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 76 8 replicas replica NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 76 9 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8767 76 10 contain contain VBP en-wikipedia-org-8767 76 11 mostly mostly RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 76 12 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 76 13 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 76 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 77 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 77 2 Kilian Kilian NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 77 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 77 4 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 78 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 78 2 1995 1995 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 78 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 78 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 79 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8767 79 2 Improved improve VBD en-wikipedia-org-8767 79 3 efficient efficient JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 79 4 arguments argument NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 79 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 79 6 preliminary preliminary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 79 7 version version NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 79 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 79 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8767 79 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 79 11 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 79 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 79 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 80 1 CRYPTO CRYPTO NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 80 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 81 1 doi:10.1007/3 doi:10.1007/3 : en-wikipedia-org-8767 81 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 81 3 540 540 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 81 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 81 5 44750 44750 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 81 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 81 7 4_25 4_25 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 81 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 82 1 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 82 2 Mark Mark NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 82 3 Friedenbach Friedenbach NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 82 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8767 82 5 Fast fast JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 82 6 Merkle Merkle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 82 7 Trees Trees NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 82 8 ^ ^ VBP en-wikipedia-org-8767 82 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 82 10 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 82 11 Laurie Laurie NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 82 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 82 13 B. B. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 82 14 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8767 82 15 Langley Langley NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 82 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 82 17 A. a. NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 82 18 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8767 82 19 Kasper Kasper NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 82 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 82 21 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 82 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 82 23 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 82 24 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 82 25 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 82 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 83 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8767 83 2 Certificate Certificate NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 83 3 Transparency Transparency NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 83 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8767 83 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 84 1 IETF IETF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 84 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8767 84 3 RFC6962 RFC6962 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 84 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 85 1 doi:10.17487 doi:10.17487 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 85 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8767 85 3 rfc6962 rfc6962 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 85 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 86 1 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 86 2 Elena Elena NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 86 3 Andreeva Andreeva NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 86 4 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8767 86 5 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 86 6 Bouillaguet Bouillaguet NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 86 7 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8767 86 8 Orr Orr NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 86 9 Dunkelman Dunkelman NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 86 10 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8767 86 11 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 86 12 Kelsey Kelsey NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 86 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 86 14 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 86 15 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 86 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 86 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 87 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8767 87 2 Herding herding NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 87 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 87 4 Second Second NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 87 5 Preimage Preimage NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 87 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 87 7 Trojan Trojan NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 87 8 Message Message NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 87 9 Attacks Attacks NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8767 87 10 beyond beyond IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 87 11 Merkle Merkle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 87 12 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8767 87 13 Damgård Damgård NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 87 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8767 87 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 88 1 Selected select VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 88 2 Areas Areas NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8767 88 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 88 4 Cryptography Cryptography NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 88 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 89 1 Lecture Lecture NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 89 2 Notes Notes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8767 89 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 89 4 Computer Computer NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 89 5 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 89 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 90 1 5867 5867 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 90 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 91 1 SAC SAC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 91 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 92 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 92 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 93 1 393–414 393–414 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 93 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 94 1 doi:10.1007/978 doi:10.1007/978 LS en-wikipedia-org-8767 94 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 94 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 94 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 94 5 642 642 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 94 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 94 7 05445 05445 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 94 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 94 9 7_25 7_25 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 94 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 95 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 95 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8767 95 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 95 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 95 5 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 95 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 95 7 642 642 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 95 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 95 9 05443 05443 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 95 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 95 11 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 95 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 96 1 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 96 2 Elena Elena NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 96 3 Andreeva Andreeva NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 96 4 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8767 96 5 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 96 6 Bouillaguet Bouillaguet NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 96 7 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8767 96 8 Pierre Pierre NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 96 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 96 10 Alain Alain NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 96 11 Fouque Fouque NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 96 12 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8767 96 13 Jonathan Jonathan NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 96 14 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 96 15 Hoch Hoch NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 96 16 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8767 96 17 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 96 18 Kelsey Kelsey NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 96 19 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8767 96 20 Adi Adi NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 96 21 Shamir Shamir NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 96 22 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8767 96 23 Sebastien Sebastien NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 96 24 Zimmer Zimmer NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 96 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 96 26 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 96 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 96 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 97 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8767 97 2 Second Second NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 97 3 Preimage Preimage NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 97 4 Attacks Attacks NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8767 97 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 97 6 Dithered Dithered NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 97 7 Hash Hash NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 97 8 Functions Functions NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 97 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8767 97 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 98 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 98 2 Smart Smart NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 98 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 98 4 Nigel Nigel NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 98 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 98 6 ed ed NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 98 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 98 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 98 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 99 1 Advances advance NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 99 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 99 3 Cryptology cryptology NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 99 4 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8767 99 5 EUROCRYPT EUROCRYPT NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 99 6 2008 2008 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 99 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 100 1 Lecture Lecture NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 100 2 Notes Notes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8767 100 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 100 4 Computer Computer NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 100 5 Science Science NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 100 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 101 1 4965 4965 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 101 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 102 1 Istanbul Istanbul NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 102 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 102 3 Turkey Turkey NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 102 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 103 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 103 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 104 1 270–288 270–288 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 104 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 105 1 doi:10.1007/978 doi:10.1007/978 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 105 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 105 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 105 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 105 5 540 540 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 105 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 105 7 78967 78967 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 105 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 105 9 3_16 3_16 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 105 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 106 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 106 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8767 106 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 106 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 106 5 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 106 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 106 7 540 540 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 106 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 106 9 78966 78966 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 106 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8767 106 11 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 106 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 107 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 107 2 Chapweske Chapweske NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 107 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 107 4 J. J. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 107 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-8767 107 6 Mohr Mohr NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 107 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 107 8 G. G. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 107 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 107 10 March March NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 107 11 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 107 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 107 13 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 107 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 107 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 108 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8767 108 2 Tree Tree NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 108 3 Hash Hash NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 108 4 EXchange EXchange NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 108 5 format format NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 108 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 108 7 THEX THEX NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 108 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 108 9 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8767 108 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 109 1 Archived archived JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 109 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 109 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 109 4 original original NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 109 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 109 6 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 109 7 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8767 109 8 08 08 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 109 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 109 10 03 03 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 109 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 110 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8767 110 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8767 110 3 tigertree.c tigertree.c NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 110 4 File File NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 110 5 Reference reference NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 110 6 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8767 110 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 111 1 Gtk Gtk NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 111 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 111 3 Gnutella Gnutella NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 111 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 112 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 112 2 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 112 3 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 112 4 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 112 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 113 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8767 113 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8767 113 3 Audit audit NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 113 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8767 113 5 P2P p2p NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 113 6 DirectConnect DirectConnect NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 113 7 Application Application NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 113 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8767 113 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 114 1 Symantec symantec NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 114 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 115 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 115 2 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 115 3 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 115 4 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 115 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 116 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-8767 116 2 Arne Arne NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 116 3 Babenhauserheide Babenhauserheide NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 116 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 116 5 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 116 6 Jan Jan NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 116 7 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 116 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 116 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 117 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8767 117 2 Phex Phex NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 117 3 3.0.0 3.0.0 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 117 4 released release VBD en-wikipedia-org-8767 117 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8767 117 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 118 1 Phex Phex NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 118 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 119 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 119 2 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 119 3 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 119 4 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 119 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 120 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8767 120 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8767 120 3 DC++ DC++ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 120 4 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-8767 120 5 feature feature NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 120 6 list list NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 120 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8767 120 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 121 1 dcplusplus.sourceforge.net dcplusplus.sourceforge.net NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 121 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 122 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-8767 122 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8767 122 3 Development Development NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 122 4 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8767 122 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 123 1 GTK GTK NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 123 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 123 3 Gnutella Gnutella NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 123 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 124 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 124 2 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 124 3 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 124 4 2018 2018 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 124 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 1 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 2 reading[edit reading[edit LS en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 4 Merkle Merkle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 5 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 6 patent patent NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 7 4,309,569 4,309,569 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 8   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 9 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 10 explains explain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 11 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 13 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 14 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 15 structure structure NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 18 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 20 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 21 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 22 handle handle VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 23 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 24 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 25 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 26 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 27 signatures signature NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 28 Tree Tree NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 29 Hash Hash NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 30 EXchange EXchange NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 31 format format NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 33 THEX THEX NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 35   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 36 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 37 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 38 detailed detailed JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 39 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 41 Tiger Tiger NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 42 trees tree VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 43 External external JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 44 links[edit links[edit , en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 45 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 46 Listen listen VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 47 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 48 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 49 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 50 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 51 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 52 minutes minute NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 53 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 54 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 55 audio audio JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 56 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 57 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 58 created create VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 59 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 60 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 61 revision revision NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 62 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 63 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 64 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 65 dated date VBD en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 66 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 67   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 68 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 69   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 70 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 71   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 72 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 73 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 74 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 75 09 09 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 76 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 77 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 78 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 79 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 80 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 81 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 82 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 83 reflect reflect VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 84 subsequent subsequent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 85 edits edit NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 125 86 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 2 Audio audio NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 3 help help NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 5 · · NFP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 6 More more RBR en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 7 spoken spoken JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 8 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 10 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 11 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 12 implementation implementation NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 15 dynamically dynamically RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 16 re re JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 17 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 18 sizeable sizeable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 19 binary binary NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 20 SHA-256 sha-256 NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 21 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 22 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 24 Merkle Merkle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 25 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 27 Merkle merkle NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 28 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 29 implementation implementation NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 31 Java Java NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 32 Tiger Tiger NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 33 Tree Tree NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 34 Hash Hash NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 35 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 36 TTH TTH NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 37 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 38 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 39 code code NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 40 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 41 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 42 # # NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 44 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 45 Gil Gil NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 46 Schmidt Schmidt NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 47 Tiger Tiger NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 48 Tree Tree NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 49 Hash Hash NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 50 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 51 TTH TTH NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 52 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 53 implementations implementation NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 54 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 55 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 56 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 57 Java Java NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 58 RHash RHash NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 59 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 60 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 61 open open JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 62 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 63 command command NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 64 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 65 line line NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 66 tool tool NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 67 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 68 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 69 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 70 calculate calculate VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 71 TTH tth NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 72 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 73 magnet magnet NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 74 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 75 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 76 TTH TTH NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 77 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 78 Golang Golang NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 79 implementation implementation NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 80 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 81 Package package NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 82 merkleTree merkletree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 83 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 84 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 85 generic generic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 86 Merkle Merkle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 87 Tree Tree NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 88 implementation implementation NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 89 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 90 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 91 provably provably RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 92 publishing publish VBG en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 93 much much JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 94 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 95 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 96 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 97 succinct succinct JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 98 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 99 root root NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 100 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 101 Golang Golang NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 102 implementation implementation NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 103 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 104 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 105 Golang Golang NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 106 implementation implementation NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 107 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 108 Package package NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 109 merkle merkle NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 110 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 111 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 112 fixed fix VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 113 merkle merkle NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 114 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 115 implementation implementation NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 116 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 117 Golang Golang NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 118 implementation implementation NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 119 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 120 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 121 Golang Golang NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 122 implementation implementation NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 123 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 124 Package package NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 125 merkle merkle NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 126 computes compute VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 127 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 128 deterministic deterministic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 129 minimal minimal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 130 height height NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 131 Merkle Merkle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 132 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 133 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 134 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 135 Golang Golang NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 136 implementation implementation NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 137 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 138 Package package NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 139 merkletree merkletree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 140 provides provide VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 141 tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 142 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 143 calculating calculate VBG en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 144 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 145 Merkle Merkle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 146 root root NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 147 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 148 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 149 dataset dataset NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 150 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 151 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 152 creating create VBG en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 153 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 154 proof proof NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 155 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 156 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 157 piece piece NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 158 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 159 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 160 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 161 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 162 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 163 Merkle Merkle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 164 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 165 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 166 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 167 given give VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 168 root root NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 169 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 170 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 171 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 172 verifying verify VBG en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 173 proofs proof NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 174 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 175 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 176 piece piece NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 177 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 178 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 179 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 180 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 181 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 182 Merkle Merkle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 183 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 184 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 185 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 186 given give VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 187 root root NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 126 188 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 127 1 Golang Golang NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 127 2 embedded embed VBD en-wikipedia-org-8767 127 3 Merkle Merkle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 127 4 Tree Tree NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 127 5 storage storage NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 127 6 implementation implementation NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 127 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8767 127 8 immudb immudb NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 127 9 Package package NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 127 10 embedded embed VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 127 11 embeddable embeddable JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 127 12 Key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 127 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 127 14 value value NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 127 15 store store NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 127 16 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 127 17 built build VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 127 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 127 19 in in RP en-wikipedia-org-8767 127 20 Merkle Merkle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 127 21 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 127 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 128 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 128 2 internal internal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 128 3 transaction transaction NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 128 4 processing processing NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 128 5 flow flow NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 128 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 128 7 cryptographic cryptographic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 128 8 linking linking NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 128 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8767 128 10 specifically specifically RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 128 11 designed design VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 128 12 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 128 13 leveraging leverage VBG en-wikipedia-org-8767 128 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 128 15 key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 128 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 128 17 value value NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 128 18 model model NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 128 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 1 v v NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 2 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 3 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 4 Cryptography Cryptography NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 5 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 7 cryptography cryptography NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 8 Cryptanalysis Cryptanalysis NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 9 Outline Outline NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 11 cryptography cryptography NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 12 Symmetric symmetric JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 14 key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 15 algorithm algorithm NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 16 Block Block NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 17 cipher cipher NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 18 Stream Stream NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 19 cipher cipher NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 20 Public public JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 22 key key JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 23 cryptography cryptography NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 24 Cryptographic cryptographic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 25 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 26 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 27 Message message NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 28 authentication authentication NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 29 code code NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 30 Random random JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 31 numbers number NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 32 Steganography Steganography NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 33 Category Category NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 34 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 35 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 36 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 37 Tree Tree NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 38 data data NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 39 structures structure NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 40 Search search NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 41 trees tree NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 42 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 43 dynamic dynamic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 44 sets set NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 45 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 46 associative associative JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 47 arrays arrays NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 48 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 49 2–3 2–3 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 50 2–3–4 2–3–4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 51 AA AA NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 52 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 53 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 54 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 55 b b LS en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 56 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 57 AVL avl NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 58 B b NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 59 B+ b+ NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 60 B b NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 61 * * NFP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 62 Bx bx IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 63 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 64 Optimal Optimal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 65 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 66   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 67 Binary binary JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 68 search search NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 69 Dancing dance VBG en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 70 HTree htree CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 71 Interval Interval NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 72 Order order NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 73 statistic statistic NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 74 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 75 Left left RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 76 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 77 leaning lean VBG en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 78 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 79   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 80 Red red JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 81 – – : en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 82 black black JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 83 Scapegoat Scapegoat NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 84 Splay Splay NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 85 T t NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 86 Treap Treap NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 87 UB UB NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 88 Weight weight NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 89 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 90 balanced balanced JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 91 Heaps Heaps NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 92 Binary Binary NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 93 Binomial Binomial NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 94 Brodal Brodal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 95 Fibonacci Fibonacci NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 96 Leftist Leftist NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 97 Pairing pair VBG en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 98 Skew Skew NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 99 van van NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 100 Emde Emde NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 101 Boas Boas NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 102 Weak Weak NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 103 Tries Tries NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 104 Ctrie Ctrie NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 105 C C NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 106 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 107 trie trie NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 108 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 109 compressed compress VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 110 ADT ADT NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 111 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 112 Hash Hash NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 113 Radix Radix NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 114 Suffix Suffix NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 115 Ternary Ternary NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 116 search search NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 117 X x NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 118 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 119 fast fast JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 120 Y y NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 121 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 122 fast fast JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 123 Spatial spatial JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 124 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 125 partitioning partition VBG en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 126 trees tree NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 127 Ball Ball NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 128 BK BK NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 129 BSP BSP NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 130 Cartesian Cartesian NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 131 Hilbert Hilbert NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 132 R R NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 133 k k NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 134 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 135 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 136 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 137 implicit implicit JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 138 k k NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 139 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 140 d d NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 141 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 142 M M NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 143 Metric Metric NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 144 MVP MVP NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 145 Octree Octree NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 146 Priority Priority NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 147 R R NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 148 Quad quad NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 149 R r NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 150 R+ r+ NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 151 R r NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 152 * * NFP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 153 Segment segment NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 154 VP vp NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 155 X x NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 156 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 157 trees tree NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 158 Cover Cover NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 159 Exponential Exponential NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 160 Fenwick Fenwick NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 161 Finger Finger NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 162 Fractal Fractal NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 163 tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 164 index index NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 165 Fusion Fusion NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 166 Hash Hash NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 167 calendar calendar NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 168 iDistance iDistance NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 169 K K NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 170 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 171 ary ary NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 172 Left left JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 173 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 174 child child NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 175 right right RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 176 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 177 sibling sible VBG en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 178 Link Link NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 179 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 180 cut cut VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 181 Log Log NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 182 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 183 structured structure VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 184 merge merge VBP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 185 Merkle Merkle NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 186 PQ PQ NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 187 Range Range NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 188 SPQR SPQR NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 189 Top Top NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 190 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 191 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 192 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 193 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merkle_tree&oldid=998175271 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merkle_tree&oldid=998175271 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 194 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 195 Categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 196 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 197 Error error VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 198 detection detection NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 199 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 200 correction correction NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 201 Cryptographic cryptographic JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 202 hash hash NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 203 functions function NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 204 Hashing Hashing NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 205 Trees Trees NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 206 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 207 data datum NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 208 structures structure NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 209 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 210 Hidden hide VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 211 categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 212 : : : en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 213 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 214 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 215 short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 216 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 217 Short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 218 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 219 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 220 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 221 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 222 Wikidata Wikidata NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 223 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 224 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 225 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 226 unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 227 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 228 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 229 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 230 unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 231 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 232 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 233 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 234 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 235 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 236 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 237 hAudio hAudio NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 238 microformats microformat VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 239 Spoken Spoken NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 240 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 241 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 242 menu menu NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 243 Personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 244 tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 245 Not not RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 246 logged log VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 247 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 248 Talk Talk NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 249 Contributions Contributions NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 250 Create Create NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 251 account account NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 252 Log Log NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 253 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 254 Namespaces Namespaces NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 255 Article Article NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 256 Talk talk NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 257 Variants variant VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 258 Views view NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 259 Read read VBP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 260 Edit edit NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 261 View View NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 262 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 263 More More JJR en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 264 Search Search NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 265 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 266 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 267 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 268 Contents content VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 269 Current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 270 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 271 Random random JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 272 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 273 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 274 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 275 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 276 us -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 277 Donate Donate NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 278 Contribute contribute NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 279 Help help NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 280 Learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 281 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 282 edit edit VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 283 Community community NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 284 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 285 Recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 286 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 287 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 288 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 289 Tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 290 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 291 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 292 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 293 Related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 294 changes change VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 295 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 296 file file VBP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 297 Special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 298 pages page NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 299 Permanent permanent JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 300 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 301 Page Page NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 302 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 303 Cite cite VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 304 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 305 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 306 Wikidata wikidata NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 307 item item NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 308 Print print NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 309 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 310 export export NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 311 Download Download NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 312 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 313 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 314 Printable Printable NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 315 version version NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 316 Languages language VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 317 Català Català NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 318 Čeština Čeština NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 319 Deutsch Deutsch NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 320 Eesti Eesti NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 321 Español Español NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 322 فارسی فارسی JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 323 Français Français NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 324 한국어 한국어 NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 325 עברית עברית NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 326 Latviešu Latviešu NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 327 Nederlands Nederlands NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 328 日本語 日本語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 329 Polski Polski NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 330 Português Português NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 331 Română Română NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 332 Русский Русский NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 333 ไทย ไทย NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 334 Türkçe Türkçe NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 335 Українська Українська NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 336 中文 中文 NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 337 Edit Edit NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 338 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 339 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 340 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 341 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 342 last last RB en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 343 edited edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 344 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 345 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 346 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 347 2021 2021 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 348 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 349 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 350 04:41 04:41 CD en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 351   _SP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 352 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 353 UTC UTC NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 354 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-8767 129 355 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 130 1 Text text NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 130 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 130 3 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 130 4 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 130 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 130 6 Creative Creative NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 130 7 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 130 8 Attribution Attribution NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 130 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-8767 130 10 ShareAlike ShareAlike NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 130 11 License License NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 130 12 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-8767 130 13 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 130 14 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 130 15 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-8767 130 16 apply apply VB en-wikipedia-org-8767 130 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 131 1 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 131 2 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-8767 131 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 131 4 site site NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 131 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 131 6 you -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-8767 131 7 agree agree VBP en-wikipedia-org-8767 131 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 131 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 131 10 Terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-8767 131 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 131 12 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 131 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-8767 131 14 Privacy Privacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 131 15 Policy Policy NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 131 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 132 1 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 132 2 ® ® NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8767 132 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-8767 132 4 a a DT 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Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 132 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-8767 132 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-8767 132 15 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 132 16 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 132 17 profit profit JJ en-wikipedia-org-8767 132 18 organization organization NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 132 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-8767 133 1 Privacy privacy NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 133 2 policy policy NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 133 3 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-8767 133 4 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 133 5 Disclaimers Disclaimers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-8767 133 6 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 133 7 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 133 8 Mobile Mobile NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 133 9 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-8767 133 10 Developers Developers NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 133 11 Statistics Statistics NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 133 12 Cookie Cookie NNP en-wikipedia-org-8767 133 13 statement statement NN