George Akerlof - Wikipedia George Akerlof From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search American economist (born 1940) George Akerlof Akerlof in 2007 Born George Arthur Akerlof (1940-06-17) June 17, 1940 (age 80) New Haven, Connecticut, U.S. Spouse(s) Janet Yellen Institution Georgetown University University of California, Berkeley School or tradition New Keynesian economics Alma mater Lawrenceville School Yale University (B.A.) MIT (Ph.D.) London School of Economics Doctoral advisor Robert Solow[1] Doctoral students Charles Engel Adriana Kugler Influences John Maynard Keynes Contributions Information asymmetry Efficiency wages Awards Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (2001) Information at IDEAS / RePEc George Arthur Akerlof (born June 17, 1940) is an American economist who is a university professor at the McCourt School of Public Policy at Georgetown University and Koshland Professor of Economics Emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley.[2][3] He won the 2001 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (shared with Michael Spence and Joseph E. Stiglitz). Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Contributions to economics 2.1 "The Market for Lemons" and asymmetric information 2.2 Identity economics 2.3 Reproductive technology shock 2.4 Looting 2.5 Norms and macroeconomics 3 Personal life 4 Bibliography 5 References 6 External links Early life and education[edit] Akerlof was born in New Haven, Connecticut, United States, the son of Rosalie Clara Grubber (née Hirschfelder) and Gösta Carl Åkerlöf, who was a chemist and inventor.[4][5][6] His mother was Jewish, from a family that had emigrated from Germany. His father was a Swedish immigrant.[7] Akerlof graduated from the Lawrenceville School[7] in 1958 and received the Aldo Leopold Award in 2002. In 1962 he received his BA degree from Yale University, in 1966 his PhD degree from MIT and taught at the London School of Economics 1978–80. Contributions to economics[edit] "The Market for Lemons" and asymmetric information[edit] Akerlof is perhaps best known for his article, "The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism", published in Quarterly Journal of Economics in 1970, in which he identified certain severe problems that afflict markets characterized by asymmetric information, the paper for which he was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize.[10] In Efficiency Wage Models of the Labor Market, Akerlof and coauthor/former Fed Chair Janet Yellen propose rationales for the efficiency wage hypothesis in which employers pay above the market-clearing wage, in contradiction to the conclusions of neoclassical economics. Identity economics[edit] In his latest work, Akerlof and collaborator Rachel Kranton of Duke University introduce social identity into formal economic analysis, creating the field of identity economics. Drawing on social psychology and many fields outside of economics, Akerlof and Kranton argue that individuals do not have preferences only over different goods and services. They also adhere to social norms for how different people should behave. The norms are linked to a person's social identities. These ideas first appeared in their article "Economics and Identity", published in Quarterly Journal of Economics in 2000. Reproductive technology shock[edit] In the late 1990s Akerlof's ideas attracted the attention of some on both sides of the debate over legal abortion. In articles appearing in The Quarterly Journal of Economics,[11] The Economic Journal,[12] and other forums Akerlof described a phenomenon that he labeled "reproductive technology shock." He contended that the new technologies that had helped to spawn the late twentieth century sexual revolution, modern contraceptives and legal abortion, had not only failed to suppress the incidence of out-of-wedlock childbearing but also had actually worked to increase it. According to Akerlof, for women who did not use them, these technologies had largely transformed the old paradigm of socio-sexual assumptions, expectations, and behaviors in ways that were especially disadvantageous. For example, the availability of legal abortion now allowed men to view their offspring as the deliberate product of female choice rather than as the joint product of sexual intercourse. Thus, it encouraged biological fathers to reject not only the notion of an obligation to marry the mother but also the idea of a paternal obligation. While Akerlof did not recommend legal restrictions on either abortion or the availability of contraceptives his analysis seemed to lend support to those who did. Thus, a scholar strongly associated with liberal and Democratic-leaning policy positions has been approvingly cited by conservative and Republican-leaning analysts and commentators.[13][14] Looting[edit] In 1993 Akerlof and Paul Romer brought forth "Looting: The Economic Underworld of Bankruptcy for Profit", describing how under certain conditions, owners of corporations will decide it is more profitable for them personally to 'loot' the company and 'extract value' from it instead of trying to make it grow and prosper. For example: Bankruptcy for profit will occur if poor accounting, lax regulation, or low penalties for abuse give owners an incentive to pay themselves more than their firms are worth and then default on their debt obligations. Bankruptcy for profit occurs most commonly when a government guarantees a firm's debt obligations.[15] Norms and macroeconomics[edit] In his 2007 presidential address to the American Economic Association, Akerlof proposed natural norms that decision makers have for how they should behave, and showed how such norms can explain discrepancies between theory and observed facts about the macroeconomy. Akerlof proposed a new agenda for macroeconomics, using social norms to explain macroeconomic behavior.[16] He is considered[according to whom?] together with Gary Becker as one of the founders of social economics. He is a trustee of Economists for Peace and Security and co-director of the Social Interactions, Identity and Well-Being Program at the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR). He is on the advisory board of the Institute for New Economic Thinking. He was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1985.[17] Personal life[edit] His wife, Janet Yellen, was the Chair of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and professor emeritus at Berkeley's Haas School of Business,[18] and was the former President and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco and former Chair of President Bill Clinton's Council of Economic Advisors.[19][20] His son Robert Akerlof[7] has a PhD in economics from Harvard University and teaches at the University of Warwick.[21] Akerlof was one of the signees of a 2018 amici curiae brief that expressed support for Harvard University in the Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard lawsuit. Other signees of the brief include Alan B. Krueger, Robert M. Solow, Janet Yellen, Cecilia Rouse, as well as numerous others.[22] Bibliography[edit] This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items with reliable sources. Akerlof, George A. (1984). An economic theorist's book of tales : essays that entertain the consequences of new assumptions in economic theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Akerlof, George A., and Janet Yellen. 1986. Efficiency Wage Models of the Labor Market. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press. Akerlof, George A., Romer, Paul M., Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, "Looting: The Economic Underworld of Bankruptcy for Profit" Vol. 1993, No. 2 (1993), pp. 1–73 [23] Akerlof, George A. 2000. "Economics and Identity," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(3), pp. 715–53. Akerlof, George A. 2005. Explorations in Pragmatic Economics, Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925390-6. Akerlof, George A. 2005. "Identity and the Economics of Organizations," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(1), pp. 9–32. Akerlof, George A. "Thoughts on global warming." chinadialogue (2006). 14 July 2008. Akerlof, George A. and Robert J. Shiller. 2009. Animal Spirits: How Human Psychology Drives the Economy, and Why It Matters for Global Capitalism. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14233-3. Akerlof, George A., and Rachel E. Kranton. 2010. Identity Economics: How Our Identities Shape Our Work, Wages, and Well-Being, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14648-5. Description & TOC, "Introduction," pp. 3–8, and preview. George A. Akerlof and Robert J. Shiller. 2015. Phishing for Phools: The Economics of Manipulation and Deception, Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-16831-9. References[edit] ^ Akerlof, George (1966). Wages and capital (PDF) (Ph.D.). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved June 28, 2017. ^ "George Akerlof (aka Mr. Janet Yellen) Heads to Georgetown - Real Time Economics - WSJ". blogs.wsj.com. 2014-09-23. Retrieved 2014-10-25. ^ "Faculty". ^ Swedberg, R. (1990). Economics and Sociology: Redefining Their Boundaries : Conversations with Economists and Sociologists. Princeton University Press. p. 61. ISBN 9780691003764. Retrieved 2014-10-25. ^ Secretary, O.H.; Sciences, N.A. (1980). Biographical Memoirs. 51. National Academies Press. p. 221. ISBN 9780309028882. Retrieved 2014-10-25. ^ http://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=407756 ^ a b c George Akerlof on Nobelprize.org "The Princeton Country Day School ended at grade nine. At that point most of my classmates dispersed among different New England prep schools. Both for financial reasons and also because they preferred that I stay at home, my family sent me down the road to the Lawrenceville School." ^ Writing the “The Market for ‘Lemons’”: A Personal and Interpretive Essay by George A. Akerlof ^ "Citations of Akerlof: The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism". Google Scholar. Archived from the original on 2012-07-23. Retrieved 2009-07-07. ^ Both the American Economic Review and The Review of Economic Studies rejected the paper for "triviality", while the reviewers for Journal of Political Economy rejected it as incorrect, arguing that if this paper was correct, then no goods could be traded. Only on the fourth attempt did the paper get published in Quarterly Journal of Economics.[8] Today, the paper is one of the most-cited papers in modern economic theory (more than 5800 citations in academic papers as of July 2009).[9] ^ Akerlof, George A.; Yellen, Janet & Katz, Lawrence F. (1996), "An Analysis on Out-of-Wedlock Childbearing in the United States", Quarterly Journal of Economics, The MIT Press, 111 (2): 277–317, doi:10.2307/2946680, JSTOR 2946680, S2CID 11777041 ^ Akerlof, George A. (1998), "Men Without Children", Economic Journal, Blackwell Publishing, 108 (447): 287–309, doi:10.1111/1468-0297.00288, JSTOR 2565562 ^ Failed Promises of Abortion, archived from the original on 2008-10-12 ^ The Facts of Life & Marriage ^ 1993 George Akerlof and Paul Romer, "Looting: The Economic Underworld of Bankruptcy for Profit", Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 24, Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, 1993, as quoted in Yves Smith (2010), Econned, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-230-62051-3 pp. 164–165 ^ The Missing Motivation in Macroeconomics ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved April 6, 2011. ^ "Janet Yellen Fact Sheet | Berkeley-Haas". newsroom.haas.berkeley.edu. 2013-09-25. Retrieved 2014-10-25. ^ Trustees, Economists for Peace and Security Archived July 23, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ Janet L. Yellen, White House Council of Economic Advisors Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine. ^ "Academic Staff – University of Warwick Department of Economics". www2.warwick.ac.uk. Retrieved 2014-12-12. ^ admissionscase.harvard.edu (PDF) https://admissionscase.harvard.edu/files/adm-case/files/economists_amended_brief_dkt._527-1.pdf. Retrieved 2018-12-22. Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ George A. Akerlof and Paul M. Romer (23 December 2007). "Looting: The Economic Underworld of Bankruptcy for Profit" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-10-25. External links[edit] Wikiquote has quotations related to: George Akerlof George A. Akerlof at University of California, Berkeley Identity Economics Biography at Encyclopædia Britannica George Akerlof on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Prize Lecture December 8, 2001 Behavioral Macroeconomics and Macroeconomic Behavior Profile and Papers at Research Papers in Economics/RePEc Works by or about George Akerlof in libraries (WorldCat catalog) "George A. Akerlof (1940– )". The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Library of Economics and Liberty (2nd ed.). Liberty Fund. 2008. Articles Akerlof's criticism of Bush, February 12, 2003 Akerlof slams Bush government, July 29, 2003 Awards Preceded by James J. Heckman Daniel L. McFadden Laureate of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics 2001 Served alongside: A. Michael Spence, Joseph E. Stiglitz Succeeded by Daniel Kahneman Vernon L. Smith Academic offices Preceded by Daniel McFadden President of the American Economic Association 2006–2007 Succeeded by Thomas J. Sargent v t e Keynesians Founder John Maynard Keynes Neo-Keynesians Gardner Ackley Robert Solow William Baumol James Duesenberry Robert Eisner Trygve Haavelmo Alvin Hansen Roy Harrod Walter Heller John Hicks Lawrence Klein James Meade Lloyd Metzler Franco Modigliani Robert Mundell Arthur Melvin Okun Don Patinkin William Phillips William Poole Paul Samuelson James Tobin Post-Keynesians Victoria Chick Paul Davidson Evsey Domar James K. Galbraith John Kenneth Galbraith Myron J. Gordon Geoff Harcourt Michael Hudson Richard Kahn Nicholas Kaldor Michał Kalecki Steve Keen Jan Kregel Marc Lavoie Abba P. Lerner Hyman Minsky Bill Mitchell Basil Moore Steven Pressman Joan Robinson G. L. S. Shackle Pavlina R. Tcherneva Anthony Thirlwall Sidney Weintraub L. Randall Wray New Keynesians George Akerlof Ben Bernanke Olivier Blanchard Alan Blinder Guillermo Calvo Richard Clarida Brad DeLong Huw Dixon Stanley Fischer Jordi Galí Mark Gertler Robert J. Gordon Stephany Griffith-Jones Nobuhiro Kiyotaki Paul Krugman Greg Mankiw Marc Melitz Maurice Obstfeld Edmund Phelps Ricardo Reis Kenneth Rogoff David Romer Julio Rotemberg Nouriel Roubini Robert Shiller Andrei Shleifer Joseph Stiglitz Lawrence Summers John B. Taylor Michael Woodford Janet Yellen Related ► Keynesian economics v t e Laureates of the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences 1969–1975 1969: Ragnar Frisch / Jan Tinbergen 1970: Paul A. Samuelson 1971: Simon Kuznets 1972: John R. Hicks / Kenneth J. Arrow 1973: Wassily Leontief 1974: Gunnar Myrdal / Friedrich August von Hayek 1975: Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich / Tjalling C. Koopmans 1976–2000 1976: Milton Friedman 1977: Bertil Ohlin / James E. Meade 1978: Herbert A. Simon 1979: Theodore W. Schultz / Sir Arthur Lewis 1980: Lawrence R. Klein 1981: James Tobin 1982: George J. Stigler 1983: Gérard Debreu 1984: Richard Stone 1985: Franco Modigliani 1986: James M. Buchanan Jr. 1987: Robert M. Solow 1988: Maurice Allais 1989: Trygve Haavelmo 1990: Harry M. Markowitz / Merton H. Miller / William F. Sharpe 1991: Ronald H. Coase 1992: Gary S. Becker 1993: Robert W. Fogel / Douglass C. North 1994: John C. Harsanyi / John F. Nash Jr. / Reinhard Selten 1995: Robert E. Lucas Jr. 1996: James A. Mirrlees / William Vickrey 1997: Robert C. Merton / Myron S. Scholes 1998: Amartya Sen 1999: Robert A. Mundell 2000: James J. Heckman / Daniel L. McFadden 2001–present 2001: George A. Akerlof / A. Michael Spence / Joseph E. Stiglitz 2002: Daniel Kahneman / Vernon L. Smith 2003: Robert F. Engle III / Clive W.J. Granger 2004: Finn E. Kydland / Edward C. Prescott 2005: Robert J. Aumann / Thomas C. Schelling 2006: Edmund S. Phelps 2007: Leonid Hurwicz / Eric S. Maskin / Roger B. Myerson 2008: Paul Krugman 2009: Elinor Ostrom / Oliver E. Williamson 2010: Peter A. Diamond / Dale T. Mortensen / Christopher A. Pissarides 2011: Thomas J. Sargent / Christopher A. Sims 2012: Alvin E. Roth / Lloyd S. Shapley 2013: Eugene F. Fama / Lars Peter Hansen / Robert J. Shiller 2014: Jean Tirole 2015: Angus Deaton 2016: Oliver Hart / Bengt Holmström 2017: Richard H. Thaler 2018: William Nordhaus / Paul Romer 2019: Abhijit Banerjee / Esther Duflo / Michael Kremer 2020: Paul Milgrom / Robert B. Wilson v t e 2001 Nobel Prize laureates Chemistry William Standish Knowles (United States) Ryōji Noyori (Japan) Karl Barry Sharpless (United States) Literature V. S. Naipaul (Trinidad & Tobago/United Kingdom) Peace United Nations Kofi Annan (Ghana) Physics Eric Allin Cornell (United States) Wolfgang Ketterle (Germany) Carl Wieman (United States) Physiology or Medicine Leland H. Hartwell (United States) Tim Hunt (United Kingdom) Paul Nurse (United Kingdom) Economic Sciences George Akerlof (United States) Michael Spence (United States) Joseph Stiglitz (United States) Nobel Prize recipients 1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 v t e Presidents of the American Economic Association 1886–1900 Francis A. Walker (1886) Charles F. Dunbar (1893) John B. Clark (1894) Henry C. Adams (1896) Arthur T. Hadley (1898) Richard T. Ely (1900) 1901–1925 Edwin R. A. Seligman (1902) F. W. Taussig (1904) Jeremiah W. Jenks (1906) Simon N. Patten (1908) Davis R. Dewey (1909) Edmund J. James (1910) Henry W. Farnam (1911) Frank A. Fetter (1912) David Kinley (1913) John H. Gray (1914) Walter F. Willcox (1915) Thomas N. Carver (1916) John R. Commons (1917) Irving Fisher (1918) Henry B. Gardner (1919) Herbert J. Davenport (1920) Jacob H. Hollander (1921) Henry R. Seager (1922) Carl C. Plehn (1923) Wesley C. Mitchell (1924) Allyn A. Young (1925) 1926–1950 Edwin W. Kemmerer (1926) Thomas S. Adams (1927) Fred M. Taylor (1928) Edwin F. Gay (1929) Matthew B. Hammond (1930) Ernest L. Bogart (1931) George E. Barnett (1932) William Z. Ripley (1933) Harry A. Millis (1934) John M. Clark (1935) Alvin S. Johnson (1936) Oliver M. W. Sprague (1937) Alvin Hansen (1938) Jacob Viner (1939) Frederick C. Mills (1940) Sumner Slichter (1941) Edwin G. Nourse (1942) Albert B. Wolfe (1943) Joseph S. Davis (1944) I. Leo Sharfman (1945) Emanuel A. Goldenweiser (1946) Paul Douglas (1947) Joseph Schumpeter (1948) Howard S. Ellis (1949) Frank Knight (1950) 1951–1975 John H. Williams (1951) Harold A. Innis (1952) Calvin B. Hoover (1953) Simon Kuznets (1954) John D. Black (1955) Edwin E. Witte (1956) Morris A. Copeland (1957) George W. Stocking (1958) Arthur F. Burns (1959) Theodore W. Schultz (1960) Paul A. Samuelson (1961) Edward S. Mason (1962) Gottfried Haberler (1963) George J. Stigler (1964) Joseph J. Spengler (1965) Fritz Machlup (1966) Milton Friedman (1967) Kenneth E. Boulding (1968) William J. Fellner (1969) Wassily Leontief (1970) James Tobin (1971) John Kenneth Galbraith (1972) Kenneth J. Arrow (1973) Walter W. Heller (1974) R. Aaron Gordon (1975) 1976–2000 Franco Modigliani (1976) Lawrence R. Klein (1977) Jacob Marschak (1978) Tjalling C. Koopmans (1978) Robert M. Solow (1979) Moses Abramovitz (1980) William J. Baumol (1981) Gardner Ackley (1982) W. Arthur Lewis (1983) Charles L. Schultze (1984) Charles P. Kindleberger (1985) Alice M. Rivlin (1986) Gary S. Becker (1987) Robert Eisner (1988) Joseph A. Pechman (1989) Gérard Debreu (1990) Thomas C. Schelling (1991) William Vickrey (1992) Zvi Griliches (1993) Amartya Sen (1994) Victor R. Fuchs (1995) Anne O. Krueger (1996) Arnold C. Harberger (1997) Robert W. Fogel (1998) D. Gale Johnson (1999) Dale W. Jorgenson (2000) 2001–present Sherwin Rosen (2001) Robert Lucas Jr. (2002) Peter Diamond (2003) Martin Feldstein (2004) Daniel McFadden (2005) George Akerlof (2006) Thomas J. Sargent (2007) Avinash Dixit (2008) Angus Deaton (2009) Robert Hall (2010) Orley Ashenfelter (2011) Christopher A. Sims (2012) Claudia Goldin (2013) William Nordhaus (2014) Richard Thaler (2015) Robert J. Shiller (2016) Alvin E. Roth (2017) Olivier Blanchard (2018) Ben Bernanke (2019) Janet Yellen (2020) Authority control BIBSYS: 14041673 BNE: XX4864768 BNF: cb12361941h (data) CANTIC: a10777465 CiNii: DA01047189 GND: 128530308 ICCU: IT\ICCU\MILV\012052 ISNI: 0000 0001 0920 6185 LCCN: n82241976 LNB: 000065790 MGP: 198146 NDL: 00511650 NKC: mzk2004231280 NLA: 35138484 NLG: 304456 NLI: 002216341 NLK: KAC200903641 NLP: A32161657 NSK: 000584069 NTA: 068886314 RERO: 02-A002914096 SELIBR: 236566 SUDOC: 032625146 Trove: 838790 VIAF: 84577765 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n82241976 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Akerlof&oldid=991803661" Categories: 1940 births Living people 20th-century American economists 21st-century American economists Academics of the London School of Economics American expatriate academics American Nobel laureates American people of German-Jewish descent American people of Swedish descent Distinguished Fellows of the American Economic Association Economists from Connecticut Economists from New Jersey Expatriate academics in the United Kingdom Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellows of the Econometric Society Georgetown University faculty Information economists Institute for New Economic Thinking Jewish American economists Jewish American scientists Jewish Nobel laureates Labor economists Lawrenceville School alumni Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences National Bureau of Economic Research New Keynesian economists Nobel laureates in Economics People from Princeton, New Jersey Presidents of the American Economic Association Russell Sage Foundation Scientists from New Haven, Connecticut University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty Yale University alumni Hidden categories: Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024 Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles with hCards All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2017 Incomplete lists from December 2017 Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ICCU identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with MGP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with RERO identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers AC with 25 elements Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Languages العربية Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Татарча/tatarça Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 December 2020, at 22:16 (UTC). 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