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==Sociology{{multiple image
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| caption1 = Trust combined with other primary emotions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adliterate.com/archives/Plutchik.emotion.theorie.POSTER.pdf |title=Robert Plutchik's Psychoevolutionary Theory of Basic Emotions |website=Adliterate.com |accessdate=2017-06-05}}</ref><ref name="Turner2000">{{cite book|author=Jonathan Turner|title=On the Origins of Human Emotions: A Sociological Inquiry Into the Evolution of Human Affect|url=https://archive.org/details/onoriginsofhuman0000turn|url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-6436-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/onoriginsofhuman0000turn/page/76 76]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=A Fuzzy Inference System for Synergy Estimation of Simultaneous Emotion Dynamics in Agents|journal=International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research|volume=2|issue=6|date=June 2011|url=http://www.ijser.org/paper/A_Fuzzy_Inference_System_for_Synergy_Estimation_of_Simultaneous_Emotion_Dynamics_in_Agents.html|author1=Atifa Athar|author2=M. Saleem Khan|author3=Khalil Ahmed|author4=Aiesha Ahmed|author5=Nida Anwar}}
</ref>
}}==
Sociology claims trust is one of several [[social constructs]]; an element of the social reality.<ref>Searle, J.R. (1995). ''The Construction of Social Reality''. The Free Press</ref> Other constructs frequently discussed together with trust include control, confidence, risk, meaning and power. Trust is naturally attributable to relationships between social actors, both individuals and groups (social systems). Sociology is concerned with the position and role of trust in social systems. Interest in trust has grown significantly since the early eighties, from the early works of Luhmann,<ref>Luhmann, N. (1979). ''Trust and Power''. John Wiley & Sons.</ref> Barber<ref>Barber, B. (1983) ''The Logic and Limits of Trust''. Rutgerts University Press.</ref> and Giddens<ref>Giddens, A. (1984). ''The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration''; Polity Press, Cambridge</ref> (see<ref>Sztompka, P. (1999). ''Trust: A Sociological Theory''. Cambridge University Press.</ref> for a more detailed overview). This growth of interest in trust has been stimulated by ongoing changes in society, specifically known as [[late modernity]] and [[post-modernity]].

[[Sviatoslav I|Sviatoslav]] contended that society needs trust because it increasingly finds itself operating at the edge between confidence in what is known from everyday experience and contingency of new possibilities. Without trust, one should always consider all contingent possibilities, leading to [[Analysis paralysis|paralysis by analysis]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Braynov|first=Sviatoslav|date=2002|title=Contracting with uncertain level of Trust|journal=Computational Intelligence|volume=18|issue=4|pages=501–514|doi=10.1111/1467-8640.00200|s2cid=33473191}}</ref> In this sense, trust acts as a decisional heuristic, allowing the decision maker to overcome [[bounded rationality]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Simon|first=Herbert Alexander|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9CiwU28z6WQC&q=herbert+simon+bounded+rationality&pg=PA1|title=Models of Bounded Rationality: Empirically grounded economic reason|date=1997|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-19372-6|language=en}}</ref> and process what would otherwise be an excessively complex situation. Trust can be seen as a bet on one of many contingent futures, specifically, the one that appears to deliver the greatest benefits. Once the bet is decided (i.e. trust is granted), the trustor suspends his or her disbelief, and the possibility of a negative course of action is not considered at all. Hence trust acts as a reducing agent of [[social complexity]], allowing for [[cooperation]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bachmann | first1 = R. | s2cid = 5657206 | year = 2001 | title = Trust, Power and Control in Transorganizational Relations | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4a4dca9e8c68a1c2c836e052eb8ca2df27c67a15| journal = Organization Studies | volume = 22 | issue = 2| pages = 337–365 | doi=10.1177/0170840601222007}}</ref> 

Sociology tends to focus on two distinct views: the macro view of social systems, and a micro view of individual social actors (where it borders with [[social psychology]]). Similarly, views on trust follow this dichotomy. On one side, the systemic role of trust can be discussed with a certain disregard to the psychological complexity underpinning individual trust. The behavioral approach to trust is usually assumed<ref>Coleman, J. (1990). ''Foundations of Social Theory''. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.</ref> while actions of social actors are measurable, leading to statistical modelling of trust. This systemic approach can be contrasted<ref>Castelfranchi, C., Falcone, R. (2000). "Trust Is Much More than Subjective Probability: Mental Components and Sources of Trust". ''Proc. of the 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences''. Volume 6.</ref> with studies on social actors and their decision-making process, in anticipation that understanding of such a process will explain (and allow to model) the emergence of trust.

Sociology acknowledges that the contingency of the future creates dependency between social actors, and specifically that the trustor becomes dependent on the trustee. Trust is seen as one of the possible methods to resolve such a dependency, being an attractive alternative to control.<ref>Mollering, G.. "The Trust/Control Duality: An Integrative Perspective on Positive Expectations of Others". In: ''Int. Sociology'', September 2005, Vol. 20(3): 283–305.</ref> Trust is specifically valuable if the trustee is much more powerful than the trustor, yet the trustor is under social obligation to support the trustee.<ref>Baier, A. (1986). "Trust and antitrust". ''Ethics'', vol. 96, pp. 231–260. Reprinted in: ''Moral Prejudices''. Cambridge University Press.</ref>

Modern information technologies have not only facilitated the transition towards a post-modern society, but have also challenged traditional views on trust. [[Information system|Information systems]] research has identified that individuals have evolved to trust in technology, demonstrated by two primary constructs. The first consists of human-like constructs including benevolence, honesty and competence, whilst the second employs system-like constructs such as usefulness, reliability and functionality.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lankton|first1=Nancy|last2=McKnight|first2=Harrison|last3=Tripp|first3=John|date=2015|title=Technology, Humanness, and Trust: Rethinking Trust in Technology|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00411|journal=Journal of the Association for Information Systems|volume=16|issue=10|pages=880–918|doi=10.17705/1jais.00411|issn=1536-9323}}</ref> The discussion surrounding the relationship between information technologies and trust is still in progress as research remains in its infant stages.

Return to Trust (social science).



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