Hatred - Wikipedia Hatred From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Deep and emotional extreme dislike For other uses, see Hatred (disambiguation). "Hate" redirects here. For other uses, see Hate (disambiguation). "Hates" redirects here. For the German singer, see Adrian Hates. "Loathe" redirects here. For the British band, see Loathe (band). Part of a series on Emotions Acceptance Affection Amusement Anger Angst Anguish Annoyance Anticipation Anxiety Apathy Arousal Awe Boredom Confidence Contempt Contentment Courage Curiosity Depression Desire Disappointment Disgust Distrust Doubt Ecstasy Embarrassment Empathy Enthusiasm Envy Euphoria Faith Fear Frustration Gratification Gratitude Greed Grief Guilt Happiness Hatred Hope Horror Hostility Humiliation Interest Jealousy Joy Kindness Loneliness Love Lust Nostalgia Outrage Panic Passion Pity Pleasure Pride Rage Regret Rejection Remorse Resentment Sadness Self-pity Shame Shock Shyness Social connection Sorrow Suffering Surprise Trust Wonder Worry v t e Hatred is a feeling that can cause an angry, or resentful emotional response, which can be used against certain people, or ideas.[1] Hatred is often associated with feelings of anger, disgust and a disposition towards the source of hostility. Contents 1 As emotion 2 Psychoanalytic views 3 Legal issues 4 Neurological research 5 Ethnolinguistics 6 Religious perspectives 7 Philosophical views 8 Literary explications 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading As emotion[edit] As an emotion, hatred can be short-lived or long-lasting.[2] It can be of low intensity - 'I hate broccoli' - or high intensity: 'I hate the whole world'.[3] Robert Sternberg saw three main elements in hatred: a negation of intimacy, by creating distance when closeness had become threatening; an infusion of passion, such as fear or anger; a decision to devalue a previously valued object.[4] The important self-protective function, to be found in hatred,[5] can be illustrated by Steinberg's analysis of 'mutinous' hatred, whereby a dependent relationship is repudiated in a quest for autonomy.[6] Psychoanalytic views[edit] Sigmund Freud defined hate as an ego state that wishes to destroy the source of its unhappiness, stressing that it was linked to the question of self-preservation.[7] Donald Winnicott highlighted the developmental step involved in hatred, with its recognition of an outside object: "As compared to magical destruction, aggressive ideas and behaviour take on a positive value, and hate becomes a sign of civilization".[8] In his wake, Object relations theory has emphasised the importance of recognising hate in the analytic setting: the analyst acknowledges his own hate (as revealed in the strict time-limits and the fee charged),[9] which in turn may make it possible for the patient to acknowledge and contain their previously concealed hate for the analyst.[10] Adam Phillips went so far as to suggest that true kindness is impossible in a relationship without hating and being hated, so that an unsentimental acknowledgement of interpersonal frustrations and their associated hostilities can allow real fellow-feeling to emerge.[11] Legal issues[edit] In the English language, a hate crime (also known as a "bias-motivated crime") generally refers to criminal acts which are seen to have been motivated by hate. Those who commit hate crimes target victims because of their perceived membership in a certain social group, usually defined by race, gender, religion, sexual orientation, mental disorder, disability, class, ethnicity, nationality, age, gender identity, or political affiliation.[12] Incidents may involve physical assault, destruction of property, bullying, harassment, verbal abuse or insults, or offensive graffiti or letters (hate mail).[13] Hate speech is speech perceived to disparage a person or group of people based on their social or ethnic group,[14] such as race, sex, age, ethnicity, nationality, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, mental disorder, disability, language ability, ideology, social class, occupation, appearance (height, weight, skin color, etc.), mental capacity, and any other distinction that might be considered a liability. The term covers written as well as oral communication and some forms of behaviors in a public setting. It is also sometimes called antilocution and is the first point on Allport's scale which measures prejudice in a society. In many countries, deliberate use of hate speech is a criminal offence prohibited under incitement to hatred legislation. It is often alleged that the criminalization of hate speech is sometimes used to discourage legitimate discussion of negative aspects of voluntary behavior (such as political persuasion, religious adherence and philosophical allegiance). There is also some question as to whether or not hate speech falls under the protection of freedom of speech in some countries. Both of these classifications have sparked debate, with counter-arguments such as, but not limited to, a difficulty in distinguishing motive and intent for crimes, as well as philosophical debate on the validity of valuing targeted hatred as a greater crime than general misanthropy and contempt for humanity being a potentially equal crime in and of itself. Neurological research[edit] The neural correlates of hate have been investigated with an fMRI procedure. In this experiment, people had their brains scanned while viewing pictures of people they hated. The results showed increased activity in the middle frontal gyrus, right putamen, bilaterally in the premotor cortex, in the frontal pole, and bilaterally in the medial insular cortex of the human brain.[15] Ethnolinguistics[edit] Hate, like love, takes different shapes and forms in different languages.[16] While it may be fair to say that one single emotion exists in English, French (haine), and German (Hass), hate is historically situated and culturally constructed: it varies in the forms in which it is manifested. Thus a certain relationless hatred is expressed in the French expression J'ai la haine, which has no precise equivalent in English; while for English-speakers, loving and hating invariably involve an object, or a person, and therefore, a relationship with something or someone, J'ai la haine (literally, I have hate) precludes the idea of an emotion directed at a person.[17] This is a form of frustration, apathy and animosity which churns within the subject but establishes no relationship with the world, other than an aimless desire for destruction. French forms of anti-Americanism have been seen as a specific form of cultural resentment, registering joy-in-hate.[18] Religious perspectives[edit] A United Nations Special Rapporteur on freedom and religion cited the concept of collective hatred based on religion, which he described as a man-made phenomenon caused by deliberate actions and omissions of hate-mongers.[19] Hatred can also be sanctioned by religion. The Hebrew word describing David's "perfect hatred" (KJV) means that it "brings a process to completion".[20] There also sources that explain how Islam developed around hatred for unbelief since it is considered the source of evil and that adherents endeavor to spread the Qur'anic faith as the vehicle for its eradication.[21] A specific example is hate speech. It is explained that religion aims to convert new adherents and that extreme speech made against other religion or its adherents is considered a tool so that changing other's beliefs is effective.[22] Philosophical views[edit] Philosophers from the ancient time sought to describe hatred and today, there are different definitions available. Aristotle, for instance, viewed it as distinct from anger and rage, describing hate as a desire to annihilate an object and is incurable by time.[23] David Hume also offered his own conceptualization, maintaining that hatred is an irreducible feeling that is not definable at all.[24] Literary explications[edit] W B Yeats had his (imaginary) hermit Ribh proclaim: I study hatred with great diligence, For that's a passion in my own control, A sort of besom that can clear the soul Of everything that is not mind or sense."[25] Doris Lessing considered there was a hate-region of the mind that could be tapped rather like a radio: "you discover hatred is a kind of wavelength you can tune into...plugged into Hater."[26] See also[edit] Look up hatred or hate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikiquote has quotations related to: Hatred Discrimination Forgiveness Gossip Misanthropy Moral emotions Nineteen Eighty-Four Resentment Revenge Self-compassion Self-loathing Two Minutes Hate Zelyonka attack References[edit] ^ Reber, A.S., & Reber, E. (2002). The Penguin dictionary of psychology. New York: Penguin Books. ^ Y Ito ed., Encyclopedia of Emotion (2010) p. 302 ^ S Kucuk, Brand Hate (2016) p. 12-3 ^ Y Ito ed., Encyclopedia of Emotion (2010) p. 302 ^ I Craib, Psychoanalysis (Cambridge 2001) p. 208 ^ Y Ito ed., Encyclopedia of Emotion (2010) p. 303 ^ S Freud, 'The instincts and their vicissitudes' (1915) in On Metapsychology (PFL 11) p. 135-5. ^ D W Winnicott, The Child, the Family, and the Outside World (Penguin 1973) p. 239 ^ J Malcolm, Psychoanalysis (London 1988) p. 143 ^ I Craib, Psychoanalysis (Cambridge 2001) p. 208 ^ A Phillips/B Taylor, On Kindness (London 2004) p. 93-4 ^ Stotzer, R.: Comparison of Hate Crime Rates Across Protected and Unprotected Groups, Williams Institute, 2007–06. Retrieved on 2007-08-09. ^ Hate crime Archived November 26, 2005, at the Wayback Machine, Home Office ^ "Dictionary.com: Hate speech". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2012-12-07. ^ Zeki, S.; Romaya, J.P. (October 2008). Lauwereyns, Jan (ed.). "Neural Correlates of Hate". PLoS ONE. 3 (10): e3556. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.3556Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003556. PMC 2569212. PMID 18958169. ^ James W. Underhill, Ethnolinguistics and Cultural Concepts: truth, love, hate & war, (2012) p. 160 ^ James W. Underhill, Ethnolinguistics and Cultural Concepts: truth, love, hate & war, (2012) p. 161-2 ^ James W. Underhill, Ethnolinguistics and Cultural Concepts: truth, love, hate & war, (2012) p. 173-181 ^ Temperman, Jeroen (2015). Religious Hatred and International Law: The Prohibition of Incitement to Violence or Discrimination. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 317. ISBN 9781107124172. ^ Harris, R Laird (2003-10-01). Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament. Moody Publishers; New Edition. ISBN 978-0802486493. ^ Johnson, James Turner (2010). Holy War Idea in Western and Islamic Traditions. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 89. ISBN 9780271042145. ^ Howard, Erica (2017-07-28). Freedom of Expression and Religious Hate Speech in Europe. Routledge. ISBN 9781351998789. ^ Smith, Tiffany Watt (2016-06-07). The Book of Human Emotions: From Ambiguphobia to Umpty -- 154 Words from Around the World for How We Feel. Little, Brown. ISBN 9780316265393. ^ Spencer, F. Scott (2017). Mixed Feelings and Vexed Passions: Exploring Emotions in Biblical Literature. Atlanta, GA: SBL Press. p. 61. ISBN 9780884142577. ^ W. B. Yeats, The Poems (London 1983) p. 286 ^ D Lessing, The Four-Gated City (London 1993) p. 69 and p. 564 Further reading[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hate. The Psychology of Hate by Robert Sternberg (Ed.) Hatred: The Psychological Descent into Violence by Willard Gaylin Why We Hate by Jack Levin The Psychology of Good and Evil: Why Children, Adults, and Groups Help and Harm Others by Ervin Staub Prisoners of Hate: The Cognitive Basis of Anger, Hostility, and Violence by Aaron T. Beck Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing by James Waller Ethnolinguistics and Cultural Concepts: truth, love, hate & war, by James W. Underhill, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. "Hatred as an Attitude", by Thomas Brudholm (in Philosophical Papers 39, 2010). The Globalisation of Hate, (eds.) Jennifer Schweppe and Mark Walters, Oxford: Oxford University Press. v t e Emotions (list) Emotions Acceptance Adoration Aesthetic emotions Affection Agitation Agony Amusement Anger Angst Anguish Annoyance Anticipation Anxiety Apathy Arousal Attraction Awe Boredom Calmness Compassion Confidence Contempt Contentment Courage Cruelty Curiosity Defeat Depression Desire Despair Disappointment Disgust Distrust Ecstasy Embarrassment Vicarious Empathy Enthrallment Enthusiasm Envy Euphoria Excitement Fear Flow (psychology) Frustration Gratification Gratitude Greed Grief Guilt Happiness Hatred Hiraeth Homesickness Hope Horror Hostility Humiliation Hygge Hysteria Indulgence Infatuation Insecurity Inspiration Interest Irritation Isolation Jealousy Joy Kindness Loneliness Longing Love Limerence Lust Mono no aware Neglect Nostalgia Outrage Panic Passion Pity Self-pity Pleasure Pride Grandiosity Hubris Insult Vanity Rage Regret Social connection Rejection Remorse Resentment Sadness Melancholy Saudade Schadenfreude Sehnsucht Self-confidence Sentimentality Shame Shock Shyness Sorrow Spite Stress Suffering Surprise Sympathy Tenseness Trust Wonder Worry World views Cynicism Defeatism Nihilism Optimism Pessimism Reclusion Weltschmerz Related Affect consciousness in education measures in psychology Affective computing forecasting neuroscience science spectrum Affectivity positive negative Appeal to emotion Emotion and art and memory and music and sex classification evolution expressed functional accounts group homeostatic perception recognition in conversation in animals regulation interpersonal work Emotional aperture bias blackmail competence conflict contagion detachment dysregulation eating exhaustion expression intelligence and bullying intimacy isolation lability labor lateralization literacy prosody reasoning responsivity security selection symbiosis well-being Emotionality bounded Emotions and culture in decision-making in the workplace in virtual communication history moral self-conscious social social sharing sociology Feeling Gender and emotional expression Group affective tone Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems Meta-emotion Pathognomy Pathos Social emotional development Stoic passions Theory affect appraisal discrete emotion somatic marker constructed emotion Authority control GND: 4023606-7 LCCN: sh85059272 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hatred&oldid=992984445" Categories: Hatred Love Discrimination Issues in ethics Emotions Aggression Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Commons category link is on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Languages العربية Asturianu Avañe'ẽ বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ Български བོད་ཡིག Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ/inuktitut Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk bokmål Nouormand ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 December 2020, at 04:30 (UTC). 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