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== Management and organization science ==
In management and organization science, trust is studied as a factor that can be managed and influenced by organizational actors. Scholars have paid particular attention to how trust develops across individual and organizational levels of analysis.[{{Cite journal|last1=Fulmer|first1=C. Ashley|last2=Gelfand|first2=Michele J.|s2cid=5506486|date=2012-07-01|title=At What Level (and in Whom) We Trust: Trust Across Multiple Organizational Levels|journal=Journal of Management|language=en|volume=38|issue=4|pages=1167–1230|doi=10.1177/0149206312439327|issn=0149-2063}}] They suggest a reciprocal process where organizational structures influence individuals’ trust and, at the same time, individuals’ trust manifests in organizational structures. Trust is also one of the conditions of an [[organizational culture]] that supports [[knowledge sharing]].[{{Cite book|last=Dalkir|first=Kimiz|title=Knowledge Management in Theory and Practice|publisher=MIT Press|year=2017|isbn=9780262036870|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}] An organizational culture that supports knowledge sharing allows employees to feel secure and comfortable to share their knowledge, their work and their expertise.[{{Cite journal|last=Vanhala|first=Mika|last2=Puumalainen|first2=Kaisu|last3=Blomqvist|first3=Kirsimarja|date=2011|title=Impersonal trust: The development of the construct and the scale|journal=Personnel Review|volume=40|pages=485-513}}] Structure often creates trust in a person that encourages them to feel comfortable and excel in the workplace; it makes an otherwise stressful environment manageable. By having a conveniently organized area to work on, concentration will increase as well as effort.
Management and organization science scholars have also paid attention to how trust is influenced by contracts and how trust interacts with formal mechanisms.[{{Cite journal|last1=Poppo|first1=Laura|last2=Zenger|first2=Todd|date=2002|title=Do formal contracts and relational governance function as substitutes or complements?|journal=Strategic Management Journal|language=en|volume=23|issue=8|pages=707–725|doi=10.1002/smj.249|issn=0143-2095}}][{{Cite journal|last1=Cao|first1=Zhi|last2=Lumineau|first2=Fabrice|s2cid=12536364|date=2015|title=Revisiting the interplay between contractual and relational governance: A qualitative and meta-analytic investigation|journal=Journal of Operations Management|language=en|volume=33-34|issue=1|pages=15–42|doi=10.1016/j.jom.2014.09.009|issn=1873-1317}}] Parallel to the very large interest in trust, scholars in management and related disciplines have made the case for the importance of distrust as a related but distinct construct.
Since the mid-1990s, a substantial body of organizational research has fallen into one of two distinct but nonexclusive paradigms of trust research.[{{Cite journal|last1=Tomlinson|first1=Edward|last2=Schnackenberg|first2=Andrew|last3=Dawley|first3=David|last4=Ash|first4=Steven|date=2020|title=Revisiting the trustworthiness-trust relationship: Exploring the differential predictors of cognition- and affect-based trust|journal=Journal of Organizational Behavior|language=en|volume=41|issue=6|pages=535–550|doi=10.1002/job.2448}}] The first paradigm distinguishes between two major dimensions of trust. Trust in another can be characterized as cognition-based trust (i.e., based on rational calculation) and affect-based trust (i.e., based on emotional attachment).[{{Cite journal|last1=McAllister|first1=Daniel|date=1995|title= Affect-and cognition-based trust as foundations for interpersonal cooperation in organizations|journal=Academy of Management Journal|language=en|volume=38|issue=1|pages=24–59|doi= 10.5465/256727}}] For example, trust in an auto repair shop could come in the form of an assessment of the capabilities of the shop to do a good job repairing one's car (cognition-based trust) or having a longstanding relationship with the shop's owner (affect-based trust). The second paradigm distinguishes between the trustworthiness factors that give rise to trust (i.e., one’s perceived ability, benevolence, and integrity) and trust itself.