id sid tid token lemma pos en-wikipedia-org-910 1 1 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 1 2 hieroglyphs hieroglyphs NN en-wikipedia-org-910 1 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 1 4 Wikipedia wikipedia JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 1 5 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 1 6 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 1 7 From from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 1 8 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 1 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 1 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 1 11 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 1 12 encyclopedia encyclopedia NN en-wikipedia-org-910 1 13 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 1 14 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 1 15 navigation navigation NN en-wikipedia-org-910 1 16 Jump Jump NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 1 17 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 1 18 search search VB en-wikipedia-org-910 1 19 Formal formal JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 1 20 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 1 21 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-910 1 22 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 1 23 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 1 24 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 1 25 Egyptians Egyptians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 1 26 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 1 27 Hieroglyphics Hieroglyphics NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 1 28 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 1 29 redirects redirect VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 1 30 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-910 1 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 2 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 2 2 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 2 3 uses use NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 2 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 2 5 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-910 2 6 Hieroglyph Hieroglyph NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 2 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 2 8 disambiguation disambiguation NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 2 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 2 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 3 1 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 3 2 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 3 3 Hieroglyphs Hieroglyphs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 3 4 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 3 5 KV17 KV17 NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 3 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 3 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 3 8 tomb tomb NN en-wikipedia-org-910 3 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 3 10 Seti Seti NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 3 11 I I NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 3 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 3 13 13th 13th JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 3 14 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-910 3 15 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 3 16 Type Type NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 3 17 Logography Logography NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 3 18 usable usable JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 3 19 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 3 20 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-910 3 21 abjad abjad NN en-wikipedia-org-910 3 22 Languages Languages NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 3 23 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 3 24 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-910 3 25 Time Time NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 3 26 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-910 3 27 c. c. NN en-wikipedia-org-910 3 28 3200 3200 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 3 29 BC[1][2][3 BC[1][2][3 NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 3 30 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 3 31 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 3 32 AD ad NN en-wikipedia-org-910 3 33 400[4 400[4 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 3 34 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 3 35 Parent parent NN en-wikipedia-org-910 3 36 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 3 37 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 3 38 Proto proto RB en-wikipedia-org-910 3 39 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 3 40 writing write VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 3 41 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 3 42 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 3 43 hieroglyphs hieroglyphs NN en-wikipedia-org-910 3 44 Child Child NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 3 45 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 3 46 Hieratic hieratic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 3 47 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 3 48 Proto proto JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 3 49 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 3 50 Sinaitic Sinaitic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 3 51 Direction Direction NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 3 52 Left left NN en-wikipedia-org-910 3 53 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 3 54 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 3 55 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 3 56 right right JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 3 57 ISO iso NN en-wikipedia-org-910 3 58 15924 15924 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 3 59 Egyp Egyp NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 3 60 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 3 61 050 050 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 3 62 Unicode Unicode NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 3 63 alias alia VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 3 64 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 3 65 Hieroglyphs Hieroglyphs NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 3 66 Unicode Unicode NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 3 67 range range NN en-wikipedia-org-910 3 68 U+13000–U+1342F U+13000–U+1342F NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 3 69 Hieroglyphs Hieroglyphs NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 3 70 U+13430–U+1343F U+13430–U+1343F NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 3 71 Controls Controls NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 3 72 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-910 3 73 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-910 3 74 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 3 75 IPA ipa JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 3 76 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 3 77 symbols symbol NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 3 78 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 4 1 Without without IN en-wikipedia-org-910 4 2 proper proper JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 4 3 rendering rendering JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 4 4 support support NN en-wikipedia-org-910 4 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 4 6 you -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 4 7 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-910 4 8 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-910 4 9 question question NN en-wikipedia-org-910 4 10 marks mark NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 4 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 4 12 boxes box NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 4 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 4 14 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 4 15 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 4 16 symbols symbol NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 4 17 instead instead RB en-wikipedia-org-910 4 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 4 19 Unicode Unicode NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 4 20 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 4 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 5 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 5 2 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-910 5 3 introductory introductory JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 5 4 guide guide NN en-wikipedia-org-910 5 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-910 5 6 IPA ipa JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 5 7 symbols symbol NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 5 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 5 9 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-910 5 10 Help help NN en-wikipedia-org-910 5 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 5 12 IPA IPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 5 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 6 1 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 6 2 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 6 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 6 4 /ˈhaɪrəɡlɪfs/)[5][6 /ˈhaɪrəɡlɪfs/)[5][6 NN en-wikipedia-org-910 6 5 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 6 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 6 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 6 8 formal formal JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 6 9 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 6 10 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-910 6 11 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 6 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 6 13 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 6 14 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 6 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 7 1 Hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 7 2 combined combine VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 7 3 logographic logographic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 7 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 7 5 syllabic syllabic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 7 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 7 7 alphabetic alphabetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 7 8 elements element NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 7 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 7 10 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 7 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 7 12 total total NN en-wikipedia-org-910 7 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 7 14 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-910 7 15 1,000 1,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 7 16 distinct distinct JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 7 17 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 7 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 8 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 8 2 7][8 7][8 NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 8 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 8 4 Cursive cursive JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 8 5 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 8 6 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 8 7 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 8 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 8 9 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 8 10 literature literature NN en-wikipedia-org-910 8 11 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-910 8 12 papyrus papyru NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 8 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 8 14 wood wood NN en-wikipedia-org-910 8 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 9 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 9 2 later later JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 9 3 hieratic hieratic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 9 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 9 5 demotic demotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 9 6 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 9 7 scripts script NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 9 8 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 9 9 derived derive VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 9 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 9 11 hieroglyphic hieroglyphic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 9 12 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 9 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 9 14 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 9 15 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 9 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 9 17 Proto proto JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 9 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 9 19 Sinaitic Sinaitic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 9 20 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-910 9 21 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 9 22 later later RB en-wikipedia-org-910 9 23 evolved evolve VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 9 24 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-910 9 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 9 26 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 9 27 alphabet alphabet NN en-wikipedia-org-910 9 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 10 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 10 2 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 10 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 10 4 Through through IN en-wikipedia-org-910 10 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 10 6 Phoenician phoenician JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 10 7 alphabet alphabet NN en-wikipedia-org-910 10 8 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-910 10 9 major major JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 10 10 child child NN en-wikipedia-org-910 10 11 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 10 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 10 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 10 14 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 10 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 10 16 Aramaic Aramaic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 10 17 scripts script NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 10 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 10 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 10 20 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 10 21 hieroglyphic hieroglyphic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 10 22 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-910 10 23 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 10 24 ancestral ancestral JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 10 25 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 10 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 10 27 majority majority NN en-wikipedia-org-910 10 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 10 29 scripts script NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 10 30 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 10 31 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 10 32 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-910 10 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 10 34 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-910 10 35 prominently prominently RB en-wikipedia-org-910 10 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 10 37 Latin latin JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 10 38 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 10 39 Cyrillic cyrillic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 10 40 scripts script NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 10 41 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 10 42 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-910 10 43 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 10 44 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 10 45 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 10 46 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 10 47 Arabic arabic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 10 48 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-910 10 49 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 10 50 Brahmic brahmic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 10 51 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-910 10 52 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 10 53 scripts script NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 10 54 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 10 55 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-910 10 56 Aramaic Aramaic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 10 57 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 10 58 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 11 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 11 2 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-910 11 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 11 4 hieroglyphic hieroglyphic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 11 5 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 11 6 arose arise VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 11 7 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 11 8 proto proto RB en-wikipedia-org-910 11 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 11 10 literate literate NN en-wikipedia-org-910 11 11 symbol symbol NN en-wikipedia-org-910 11 12 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 11 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 11 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 11 15 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 11 16 Bronze Bronze NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 11 17 Age Age NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 11 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 11 19 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-910 11 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 11 21 32nd 32nd JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 11 22 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-910 11 23 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 11 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 11 25 Naqada Naqada NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 11 26 III),[2 III),[2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 11 27 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 11 28 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 11 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 11 30 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 11 31 decipherable decipherable JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 11 32 sentence sentence NN en-wikipedia-org-910 11 33 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 11 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 11 35 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 11 36 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 11 37 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-910 11 38 dating date VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 11 39 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 11 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 11 41 Second Second NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 11 42 Dynasty Dynasty NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 11 43 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 11 44 28th 28th JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 11 45 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-910 11 46 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 11 47 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 11 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 12 1 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 12 2 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 12 3 developed develop VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 12 4 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-910 12 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 12 6 mature mature JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 12 7 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 12 8 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-910 12 9 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 12 10 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 12 11 monumental monumental JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 12 12 inscription inscription NN en-wikipedia-org-910 12 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 12 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 12 15 classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 12 16 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-910 12 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 12 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 12 19 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 12 20 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 12 21 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-910 12 22 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 12 23 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-910 12 24 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-910 12 25 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-910 12 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 12 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 12 28 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-910 12 29 made make VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 12 30 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-910 12 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 12 32 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-910 12 33 900 900 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 12 34 distinct distinct JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 12 35 signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 12 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 13 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 13 2 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-910 13 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 13 4 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-910 13 5 writing write VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 13 6 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-910 13 7 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 13 8 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-910 13 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 13 10 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 13 11 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 13 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 13 13 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 13 14 Period Period NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 13 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 13 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 13 17 on on RB en-wikipedia-org-910 13 18 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-910 13 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 13 20 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 13 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 13 22 Ptolemaic Ptolemaic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 13 23 periods period NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 13 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 14 1 Late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 14 2 survivals survival NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 14 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 14 4 hieroglyphic hieroglyphic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 14 5 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-910 14 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 14 7 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 14 8 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-910 14 9 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-910 14 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 14 11 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 14 12 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-910 14 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 14 14 extending extend VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 14 15 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-910 14 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 14 17 4th 4th JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 14 18 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-910 14 19 AD ad NN en-wikipedia-org-910 14 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 15 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 15 2 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 15 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 15 4 With with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 15 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 15 6 final final JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 15 7 closing closing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 15 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 15 9 pagan pagan JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 15 10 temples temple NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 15 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 15 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 15 13 5th 5th JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 15 14 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-910 15 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 15 16 knowledge knowledge NN en-wikipedia-org-910 15 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 15 18 hieroglyphic hieroglyphic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 15 19 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 15 20 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 15 21 lost lose VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 15 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 16 1 Although although IN en-wikipedia-org-910 16 2 attempts attempt NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 16 3 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 16 4 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 16 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 16 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 16 7 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-910 16 8 remained remain VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 16 9 undeciphered undeciphered JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 16 10 throughout throughout IN en-wikipedia-org-910 16 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 16 12 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 16 13 Ages Ages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 16 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 16 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 16 16 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 16 17 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 16 18 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-910 16 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 17 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 17 2 decipherment decipherment NN en-wikipedia-org-910 17 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 17 4 hieroglyphic hieroglyphic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 17 5 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 17 6 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 17 7 finally finally RB en-wikipedia-org-910 17 8 accomplished accomplish VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 17 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 17 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 17 11 1820s 1820 NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 17 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 17 13 Jean Jean NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 17 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 17 15 François François NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 17 16 Champollion Champollion NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 17 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 17 18 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 17 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 17 20 help help NN en-wikipedia-org-910 17 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 17 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 17 23 Rosetta Rosetta NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 17 24 Stone Stone NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 17 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 18 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 18 2 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 18 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 18 4 Contents content NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 18 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 18 6 Etymology etymology NN en-wikipedia-org-910 18 7 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 18 8 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-910 18 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 18 10 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-910 18 11 2.1 2.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 18 12 Origin Origin NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 18 13 2.2 2.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 18 14 Mature mature JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 18 15 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 18 16 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-910 18 17 2.3 2.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 18 18 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 18 19 Period Period NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 18 20 2.4 2.4 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 18 21 Late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 18 22 survival survival NN en-wikipedia-org-910 18 23 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 18 24 Decipherment Decipherment NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 18 25 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 18 26 Writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 18 27 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-910 18 28 4.1 4.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 18 29 Phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 18 30 reading read VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 18 31 4.1.1 4.1.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 18 32 Uniliteral uniliteral JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 18 33 signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 18 34 4.1.2 4.1.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 18 35 Phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 18 36 complements complement NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 18 37 4.2 4.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 18 38 Semantic semantic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 18 39 reading reading NN en-wikipedia-org-910 18 40 4.2.1 4.2.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 18 41 Logograms Logograms NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 18 42 4.2.2 4.2.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 18 43 Determinatives determinative NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 18 44 4.3 4.3 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 18 45 Additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 18 46 signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 18 47 4.3.1 4.3.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 18 48 Cartouche Cartouche NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 18 49 4.3.2 4.3.2 NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 18 50 Filling Filling NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 18 51 stroke stroke NN en-wikipedia-org-910 18 52 4.4 4.4 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 18 53 Signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 18 54 joined join VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 18 55 together together RB en-wikipedia-org-910 18 56 4.4.1 4.4.1 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 18 57 Doubling double VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 18 58 4.5 4.5 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 18 59 Grammatical grammatical JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 18 60 signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 18 61 5 5 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 18 62 Spelling spell VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 18 63 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 18 64 Simple simple JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 18 65 examples example NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 18 66 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 18 67 Encoding encoding NN en-wikipedia-org-910 18 68 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 18 69 font font NN en-wikipedia-org-910 18 70 support support NN en-wikipedia-org-910 18 71 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 18 72 See see VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 18 73 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-910 18 74 9 9 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 18 75 Notes note NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 18 76 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 18 77 references reference NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 18 78 10 10 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 18 79 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 18 80 reading read VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 18 81 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 18 82 External external JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 18 83 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 18 84 Etymology etymology NN en-wikipedia-org-910 18 85 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 18 86 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-910 18 87 hieroglyph hieroglyph NN en-wikipedia-org-910 18 88 comes come VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 18 89 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 18 90 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 18 91 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 18 92 adjective adjective NN en-wikipedia-org-910 18 93 ἱερογλυφικός ἱερογλυφικός NN en-wikipedia-org-910 18 94 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 18 95 hieroglyphikos),[11 hieroglyphikos),[11 NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 18 96 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 18 97 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 18 98 compound compound NN en-wikipedia-org-910 18 99 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 18 100 ἱερός ἱερός NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 18 101 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 18 102 hierós hieró NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 18 103 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-910 18 104 sacred')[12 sacred')[12 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 18 105 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 18 106 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 18 107 γλύφω γλύφω NN en-wikipedia-org-910 18 108 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 18 109 glýphō glýphō NN en-wikipedia-org-910 18 110 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-910 18 111 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 18 112 Ι ι NN en-wikipedia-org-910 18 113 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 18 114 carve carve NN en-wikipedia-org-910 18 115 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 18 116 engrave engrave NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 18 117 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-910 18 118 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 18 119 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-910 18 120 glyph glyph NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 18 121 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 18 122 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 19 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 19 2 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 19 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 19 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 19 5 glyphs glyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 19 6 themselves -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 19 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 19 8 since since IN en-wikipedia-org-910 19 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 19 10 Ptolemaic Ptolemaic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 19 11 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-910 19 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 19 13 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 19 14 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 19 15 τὰ τὰ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 19 16 ἱερογλυφικὰ ἱερογλυφικὰ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 19 17 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 19 18 γράμματα γράμματα NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 19 19 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 19 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 19 21 tà tà NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 19 22 hieroglyphikà hieroglyphikà NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 19 23 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 19 24 grámmata grámmata NN en-wikipedia-org-910 19 25 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 19 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 19 27 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 19 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 19 29 sacred sacred JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 19 30 engraved engrave VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 19 31 letters letter NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 19 32 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 19 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 19 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 19 35 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 19 36 counterpart counterpart NN en-wikipedia-org-910 19 37 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 19 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 19 39 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 19 40 expression expression NN en-wikipedia-org-910 19 41 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 19 42 mdw.w mdw.w CD en-wikipedia-org-910 19 43 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 19 44 nṯr nṯr NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 19 45 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 19 46 god god NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 19 47 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-910 19 48 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 19 49 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 19 50 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 20 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 20 2 14 14 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 20 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 20 4 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 20 5 ἱερόγλυφος ἱερόγλυφος NN en-wikipedia-org-910 20 6 meant mean VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 20 7 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 20 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 20 9 carver carver NN en-wikipedia-org-910 20 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 20 11 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 20 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 20 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 21 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 21 2 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 21 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 21 4 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 21 5 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 21 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 21 7 hieroglyph hieroglyph JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 21 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 21 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 21 10 noun noun NN en-wikipedia-org-910 21 11 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 21 12 recorded record VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 21 13 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 21 14 1590 1590 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 21 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 21 16 originally originally RB en-wikipedia-org-910 21 17 short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 21 18 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 21 19 nominalised nominalise VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 21 20 hieroglyphic hieroglyphic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 21 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 21 22 1580s 1580 NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 21 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 21 24 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 21 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 21 26 plural plural JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 21 27 hieroglyphics hieroglyphic NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 21 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 21 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 21 30 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 21 31 adjectival adjectival NN en-wikipedia-org-910 21 32 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-910 21 33 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 21 34 hieroglyphic hieroglyphic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 21 35 character character NN en-wikipedia-org-910 21 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 21 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 22 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 22 2 16][17 16][17 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 22 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 22 4 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-910 22 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 22 6 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-910 22 7 Origin Origin NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 22 8 See See NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 22 9 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-910 22 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 22 11 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-910 22 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 22 13 writing write VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 22 14 Paintings painting NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 22 15 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 22 16 symbols symbol NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 22 17 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-910 22 18 Naqada Naqada NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 22 19 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 22 20 pottery pottery NN en-wikipedia-org-910 22 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 22 22 3500–3200 3500–3200 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 22 23 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 22 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 22 25 Hieroglyphs Hieroglyphs NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 22 26 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-910 22 27 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-910 22 28 emerged emerge VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 22 29 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 22 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 22 31 preliterate preliterate NN en-wikipedia-org-910 22 32 artistic artistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 22 33 traditions tradition NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 22 34 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 22 35 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 22 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 23 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 23 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-910 23 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 23 4 symbols symbol NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 23 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-910 23 6 Gerzean gerzean JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 23 7 pottery pottery NN en-wikipedia-org-910 23 8 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 23 9 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 23 10 4000 4000 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 23 11 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 23 12 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 23 13 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 23 14 argued argue VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 23 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 23 16 resemble resemble VB en-wikipedia-org-910 23 17 hieroglyphic hieroglyphic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 23 18 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 23 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 24 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 24 2 18 18 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 24 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 24 4 Designs design NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 24 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-910 24 6 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-910 24 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 24 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 24 9 labels label NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 24 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 24 11 token token VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 24 12 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 24 13 Abydos Abydos NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 24 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 24 15 carbon carbon NN en-wikipedia-org-910 24 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 24 17 dated date VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 24 18 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 24 19 circa circa NN en-wikipedia-org-910 24 20 3400–3200 3400–3200 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 24 21 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 24 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 24 23 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-910 24 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 24 25 earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-910 24 26 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-910 24 27 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 24 28 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 24 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 24 30 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 24 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 25 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 25 2 19][20 19][20 LS en-wikipedia-org-910 25 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 25 4 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 25 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 25 6 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 25 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 25 8 contemporary contemporary JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 25 9 tags tag NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 25 10 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 25 11 Uruk Uruk NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 25 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 25 13 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 25 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 26 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 26 2 21 21 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 26 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 26 4 Proto proto RB en-wikipedia-org-910 26 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 26 6 hieroglyphic hieroglyphic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 26 7 symbol symbol NN en-wikipedia-org-910 26 8 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 26 9 developed develop VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 26 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 26 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 26 12 second second JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 26 13 half half NN en-wikipedia-org-910 26 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 26 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 26 16 4th 4th JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 26 17 millennium millennium NN en-wikipedia-org-910 26 18 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 26 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 26 20 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 26 21 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 26 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 26 23 clay clay NN en-wikipedia-org-910 26 24 labels label NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 26 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 26 26 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 26 27 Predynastic predynastic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 26 28 ruler ruler NN en-wikipedia-org-910 26 29 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 26 30 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 26 31 Scorpion scorpion NN en-wikipedia-org-910 26 32 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 26 33 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 26 34 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 26 35 Naqada Naqada NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 26 36 IIIA IIIA NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 26 37 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-910 26 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 26 39 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 26 40 33rd 33rd NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 26 41 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-910 26 42 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 26 43 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 26 44 recovered recover VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 26 45 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-910 26 46 Abydos Abydos NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 26 47 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 26 48 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 26 49 Umm Umm NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 26 50 el el NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 26 51 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 26 52 Qa'ab Qa'ab NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 26 53 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 26 54 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 26 55 1998 1998 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 26 56 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 26 57 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 26 58 Narmer Narmer NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 26 59 Palette Palette NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 26 60 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 26 61 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 26 62 31st 31st NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 26 63 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-910 26 64 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 26 65 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 26 66 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 27 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 27 2 2 2 LS en-wikipedia-org-910 27 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 27 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 27 5 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 27 6 full full JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 27 7 sentence sentence NN en-wikipedia-org-910 27 8 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 27 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 27 10 mature mature JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 27 11 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 27 12 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-910 27 13 far far RB en-wikipedia-org-910 27 14 discovered discover VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 27 15 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 27 16 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 27 17 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-910 27 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 27 19 seal seal NN en-wikipedia-org-910 27 20 impression impression NN en-wikipedia-org-910 27 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 27 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 27 23 tomb tomb NN en-wikipedia-org-910 27 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 27 25 Seth Seth NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 27 26 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 27 27 Peribsen Peribsen NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 27 28 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-910 27 29 Umm Umm NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 27 30 el el NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 27 31 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 27 32 Qa'ab Qa'ab NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 27 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 27 34 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 27 35 dates date VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 27 36 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 27 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 27 38 Second Second NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 27 39 Dynasty Dynasty NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 27 40 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 27 41 28th 28th JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 27 42 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 27 43 27th 27th JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 27 44 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-910 27 45 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 27 46 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 27 47 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 28 1 Around around IN en-wikipedia-org-910 28 2 800 800 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 28 3 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 28 4 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 28 5 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 28 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 28 7 date date NN en-wikipedia-org-910 28 8 back back RB en-wikipedia-org-910 28 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 28 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 28 11 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 28 12 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 28 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 28 14 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 28 15 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 28 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 28 17 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 28 18 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 28 19 Eras Eras NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 28 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 29 1 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 29 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 29 3 Greco Greco NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 29 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 29 5 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 29 6 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-910 29 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 29 8 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-910 29 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 29 10 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-910 29 11 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-910 29 12 5,000 5,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 29 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 30 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 30 2 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 30 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 30 4 Geoffrey Geoffrey NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 30 5 Sampson Sampson NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 30 6 stated state VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 30 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-910 30 8 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 30 9 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 30 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 30 11 came come VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 30 12 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-910 30 13 existence existence NN en-wikipedia-org-910 30 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 30 15 little little JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 30 16 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-910 30 17 Sumerian sumerian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 30 18 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-910 30 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 30 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 30 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 30 22 probably probably RB en-wikipedia-org-910 30 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 30 24 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 30 25 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 30 26 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 30 27 invented invent VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 30 28 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-910 30 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 30 30 influence influence NN en-wikipedia-org-910 30 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 30 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 30 33 latter",[22 latter",[22 NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 30 34 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 30 35 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 30 36 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-910 30 37 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 30 38 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 30 39 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 30 40 probable probable JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 30 41 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-910 30 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 30 43 general general JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 30 44 idea idea NN en-wikipedia-org-910 30 45 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 30 46 expressing express VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 30 47 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 30 48 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 30 49 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 30 50 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-910 30 51 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 30 52 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 30 53 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 30 54 brought bring VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 30 55 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 30 56 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 30 57 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 30 58 Sumerian Sumerian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 30 59 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 30 60 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 30 61 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 31 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 31 2 23][24 23][24 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 31 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 31 4 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-910 31 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 31 6 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 31 7 instances instance NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 31 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 31 9 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 31 10 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 31 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 31 12 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 31 13 relations relation NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 31 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 31 15 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-910 31 16 given give VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 31 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 31 18 lack lack NN en-wikipedia-org-910 31 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 31 20 direct direct JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 31 21 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-910 31 22 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 31 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 31 24 transfer transfer NN en-wikipedia-org-910 31 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 31 26 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 31 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 31 28 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 31 29 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-910 31 30 definitive definitive JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 31 31 determination determination NN en-wikipedia-org-910 31 32 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 31 33 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 31 34 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 31 35 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 31 36 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 31 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 31 38 origin origin NN en-wikipedia-org-910 31 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 31 40 hieroglyphics hieroglyphic NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 31 41 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 31 42 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 31 43 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 31 44 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 31 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 32 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 32 2 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 32 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 32 4 Others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 32 5 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 32 6 held hold VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 32 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-910 32 8 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 32 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 32 10 evidence evidence NN en-wikipedia-org-910 32 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 32 12 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 32 13 direct direct JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 32 14 influence influence NN en-wikipedia-org-910 32 15 remains remain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 32 16 flimsy flimsy JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 32 17 ” " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 32 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 32 19 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-910 32 20 “ " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 32 21 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 32 22 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-910 32 23 credible credible JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 32 24 argument argument NN en-wikipedia-org-910 32 25 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-910 32 26 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-910 32 27 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-910 32 28 made make VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 32 29 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 32 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 32 31 independent independent JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 32 32 development development NN en-wikipedia-org-910 32 33 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 32 34 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 32 35 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 32 36 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 32 37 ... ... : en-wikipedia-org-910 32 38 "[26 "[26 NN en-wikipedia-org-910 32 39 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 32 40 Since since IN en-wikipedia-org-910 32 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 32 42 1990s 1990s CD en-wikipedia-org-910 32 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 32 44 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 32 45 above above RB en-wikipedia-org-910 32 46 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 32 47 mentioned mention VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 32 48 discoveries discovery NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 32 49 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 32 50 glyphs glyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 32 51 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-910 32 52 Abydos Abydos NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 32 53 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 32 54 dated date VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 32 55 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 32 56 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-910 32 57 3400 3400 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 32 58 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 32 59 3200 3200 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 32 60 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 32 61 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 32 62 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 32 63 shed shed VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 32 64 doubt doubt NN en-wikipedia-org-910 32 65 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-910 32 66 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 32 67 classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 32 68 notion notion NN en-wikipedia-org-910 32 69 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-910 32 70 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 32 71 Mesopotamian mesopotamian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 32 72 symbol symbol NN en-wikipedia-org-910 32 73 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-910 32 74 predates predate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 32 75 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 32 76 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 32 77 one one NN en-wikipedia-org-910 32 78 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 33 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-910 33 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 33 3 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 33 4 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 33 5 appeared appear VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 33 6 suddenly suddenly RB en-wikipedia-org-910 33 7 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-910 33 8 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-910 33 9 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-910 33 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 33 11 while while IN en-wikipedia-org-910 33 12 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 33 13 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 33 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 33 15 long long JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 33 16 evolutionary evolutionary JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 33 17 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-910 33 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 33 19 sign sign NN en-wikipedia-org-910 33 20 usage usage NN en-wikipedia-org-910 33 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 33 22 tokens token NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 33 23 dating date VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 33 24 back back RB en-wikipedia-org-910 33 25 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 33 26 circa circa NN en-wikipedia-org-910 33 27 8000 8000 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 33 28 BCE BCE NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 33 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 34 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 34 2 20 20 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 34 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 34 4 Hieroglyphs Hieroglyphs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 34 5 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 34 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 34 7 inspiration inspiration NN en-wikipedia-org-910 34 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 34 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 34 10 original original JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 34 11 alphabet alphabet NN en-wikipedia-org-910 34 12 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 34 13 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 34 14 ancestral ancestral JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 34 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 34 16 nearly nearly RB en-wikipedia-org-910 34 17 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-910 34 18 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 34 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 34 20 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 34 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 34 22 Latin latin JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 34 23 alphabet alphabet NN en-wikipedia-org-910 34 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 35 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 35 2 citation citation NN en-wikipedia-org-910 35 3 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 35 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 35 5 Labels label NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 35 6 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 35 7 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 35 8 inscriptions inscription NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 35 9 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 35 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 35 11 tomb tomb NN en-wikipedia-org-910 35 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 35 13 Menes Menes NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 35 14 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 35 15 3200–3000 3200–3000 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 35 16 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 35 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 35 18 Ivory Ivory NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 35 19 plaque plaque NN en-wikipedia-org-910 35 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 35 21 Menes mene NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 35 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 35 23 3200 3200 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 35 24 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-910 35 25 3000 3000 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 35 26 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 35 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 35 28 Ivory ivory NN en-wikipedia-org-910 35 29 plaque plaque NN en-wikipedia-org-910 35 30 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 35 31 Menes Menes NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 35 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 35 33 drawing draw VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 35 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 35 35 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 35 36 oldest oldest RBS en-wikipedia-org-910 35 37 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 35 38 full full JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 35 39 sentence sentence NN en-wikipedia-org-910 35 40 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 35 41 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 35 42 mature mature JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 35 43 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 35 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 36 1 Seal seal NN en-wikipedia-org-910 36 2 impression impression NN en-wikipedia-org-910 36 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 36 4 Seth Seth NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 36 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 36 6 Peribsen Peribsen NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 36 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 36 8 Second Second NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 36 9 Dynasty Dynasty NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 36 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 36 11 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 36 12 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 36 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 36 14 27th 27th CD en-wikipedia-org-910 36 15 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-910 36 16 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 36 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 36 18 Mature Mature NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 36 19 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 36 20 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-910 36 21 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 36 22 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-910 36 23 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 36 24 Middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 36 25 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 36 26 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-910 36 27 Hieroglyphs Hieroglyphs NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 36 28 consist consist VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 36 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 36 30 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-910 36 31 kinds kind NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 36 32 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 36 33 glyphs glyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 36 34 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 36 35 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 36 36 glyphs glyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 36 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 36 38 including include VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 36 39 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 36 40 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 36 41 consonant consonant NN en-wikipedia-org-910 36 42 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 36 43 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 36 44 function function VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 36 45 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-910 36 46 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-910 36 47 alphabet alphabet NN en-wikipedia-org-910 36 48 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 36 49 logographs logograph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 36 50 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 36 51 representing represent VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 36 52 morphemes morpheme NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 36 53 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 36 54 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 36 55 determinatives determinative NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 36 56 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 36 57 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 36 58 narrow narrow VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 36 59 down down IN en-wikipedia-org-910 36 60 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 36 61 meaning meaning NN en-wikipedia-org-910 36 62 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 36 63 logographic logographic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 36 64 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 36 65 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 36 66 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 36 67 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 37 1 Hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 37 2 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-910 37 3 stela stela NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 37 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 37 5 Louvre Louvre NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 37 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 37 7 circa circa NN en-wikipedia-org-910 37 8 1321 1321 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 37 9 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 37 10 Late Late NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 37 11 Period Period NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 37 12 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 37 13 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-910 37 14 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 37 15 Late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 37 16 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 37 17 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-910 37 18 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 37 19 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 37 20 developed develop VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 37 21 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 37 22 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 37 23 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-910 37 24 widespread widespread JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 37 25 among among IN en-wikipedia-org-910 37 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 37 27 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 37 28 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 37 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 37 30 simplified simplify VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 37 31 glyph glyph JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 37 32 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 37 33 developed develop VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 37 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 37 35 resulting result VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 37 36 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 37 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 37 38 hieratic hieratic NN en-wikipedia-org-910 37 39 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 37 40 priestly priestly RB en-wikipedia-org-910 37 41 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 37 42 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 37 43 demotic demotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 37 44 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 37 45 popular popular JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 37 46 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 37 47 scripts script NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 37 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 38 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-910 38 2 variants variant NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 38 3 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 38 4 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-910 38 5 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-910 38 6 suited suited JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 38 7 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-910 38 8 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 38 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 38 10 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-910 38 11 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-910 38 12 papyrus papyrus NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 38 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 39 1 Hieroglyphic hieroglyphic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 39 2 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 39 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 39 4 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-910 39 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 39 6 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-910 39 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 39 8 eclipsed eclipse VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 39 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 39 10 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-910 39 11 existed exist VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 39 12 alongside alongside IN en-wikipedia-org-910 39 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 39 14 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 39 15 forms form NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 39 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 39 17 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-910 39 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 39 19 monumental monumental JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 39 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 39 21 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 39 22 formal formal JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 39 23 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 39 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 40 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 40 2 Rosetta Rosetta NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 40 3 Stone Stone NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 40 4 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 40 5 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-910 40 6 parallel parallel JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 40 7 scripts script NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 40 8 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 40 9 hieroglyphic hieroglyphic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 40 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 40 11 demotic demotic NN en-wikipedia-org-910 40 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 40 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 40 14 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 40 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 41 1 Late late JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 41 2 survival survival NN en-wikipedia-org-910 41 3 Hieroglyphs Hieroglyphs NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 41 4 continued continue VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 41 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 41 6 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-910 41 7 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 41 8 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-910 41 9 Persian persian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 41 10 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-910 41 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 41 12 intermittent intermittent NN en-wikipedia-org-910 41 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 41 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 41 15 6th 6th JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 41 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 41 17 5th 5th JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 41 18 centuries century NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 41 19 BC BC NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 41 20 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 41 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 41 22 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 41 23 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-910 41 24 Alexander Alexander NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 41 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 41 26 Great Great NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 41 27 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-910 41 28 conquest conquest NN en-wikipedia-org-910 41 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 41 30 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 41 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 41 32 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-910 41 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 41 34 ensuing ensue VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 41 35 Ptolemaic Ptolemaic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 41 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 41 37 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 41 38 periods period NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 41 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 42 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 42 2 appears appear VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 42 3 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-910 42 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 42 5 misleading misleading JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 42 6 quality quality NN en-wikipedia-org-910 42 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 42 8 comments comment NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 42 9 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 42 10 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 42 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 42 12 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 42 13 writers writer NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 42 14 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-910 42 15 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 42 16 came come VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 42 17 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-910 42 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 42 19 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-910 42 20 least least JJS en-wikipedia-org-910 42 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 42 22 part part NN en-wikipedia-org-910 42 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 42 24 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 42 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 42 26 response response NN en-wikipedia-org-910 42 27 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 42 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 42 29 changed change VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 42 30 political political JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 42 31 situation situation NN en-wikipedia-org-910 42 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 43 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-910 43 2 believed believe VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 43 3 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-910 43 4 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 43 5 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-910 43 6 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-910 43 7 functioned function VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 43 8 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 43 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 43 10 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-910 43 11 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 43 12 distinguish distinguish VB en-wikipedia-org-910 43 13 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-910 43 14 true true JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 43 15 Egyptians Egyptians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 43 16 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-910 43 17 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 43 18 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-910 43 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 43 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 43 21 foreign foreign JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 43 22 conquerors conqueror NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 43 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 44 1 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-910 44 2 reason reason NN en-wikipedia-org-910 44 3 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-910 44 4 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-910 44 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 44 6 refusal refusal NN en-wikipedia-org-910 44 7 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 44 8 tackle tackle VB en-wikipedia-org-910 44 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 44 10 foreign foreign JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 44 11 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-910 44 12 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-910 44 13 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-910 44 14 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 44 15 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 44 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 44 17 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 44 18 characterized characterize VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 44 19 Greco Greco NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 44 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 44 21 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 44 22 approaches approach NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 44 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 44 24 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 44 25 culture culture NN en-wikipedia-org-910 44 26 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-910 44 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 45 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 45 2 citation citation NN en-wikipedia-org-910 45 3 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 45 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 45 5 Having have VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 45 6 learned learn VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 45 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-910 45 8 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 45 9 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 45 10 sacred sacred JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 45 11 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 45 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 45 13 Greco Greco NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 45 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 45 15 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 45 16 authors author NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 45 17 imagined imagine VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 45 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 45 19 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 45 20 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-910 45 21 rational rational JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 45 22 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-910 45 23 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 45 24 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-910 45 25 allegorical allegorical JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 45 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 45 27 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-910 45 28 magical magical JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 45 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 45 30 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-910 45 31 transmitting transmitting NN en-wikipedia-org-910 45 32 secret secret JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 45 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 45 34 mystical mystical JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 45 35 knowledge knowledge NN en-wikipedia-org-910 45 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 46 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 46 2 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 46 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 46 4 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 46 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 46 6 4th 4th JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 46 7 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-910 46 8 AD ad NN en-wikipedia-org-910 46 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 46 10 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 46 11 Egyptians Egyptians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 46 12 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 46 13 capable capable JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 46 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 46 15 reading read VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 46 16 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 46 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 46 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 46 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 46 20 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 46 21 myth myth NN en-wikipedia-org-910 46 22 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 46 23 allegorical allegorical JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 46 24 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 46 25 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 46 26 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 46 27 ascendant ascendant JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 46 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 47 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 47 2 4 4 LS en-wikipedia-org-910 47 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 47 4 Monumental monumental JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 47 5 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-910 47 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 47 7 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 47 8 ceased cease VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 47 9 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-910 47 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 47 11 closing closing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 47 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 47 13 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-910 47 14 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 47 15 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 47 16 Christian christian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 47 17 temples temple NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 47 18 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 47 19 391 391 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 47 20 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 47 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 47 22 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 47 23 Emperor Emperor NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 47 24 Theodosius Theodosius NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 47 25 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 47 26 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 47 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 47 28 last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 47 29 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 47 30 inscription inscription NN en-wikipedia-org-910 47 31 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 47 32 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 47 33 Philae Philae NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 47 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 47 35 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 47 36 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 47 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 47 38 Graffito Graffito NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 47 39 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 47 40 Esmet Esmet NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 47 41 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 47 42 Akhom Akhom NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 47 43 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 47 44 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 47 45 394 394 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 47 46 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 48 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 48 2 4][27 4][27 LS en-wikipedia-org-910 48 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 48 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 48 5 Hieroglyphica Hieroglyphica NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 48 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 48 7 Horapollo Horapollo NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 48 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 48 9 c. c. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 48 10 5th 5th JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 48 11 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-910 48 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 48 13 appears appear VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 48 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 48 15 retain retain VB en-wikipedia-org-910 48 16 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-910 48 17 genuine genuine JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 48 18 knowledge knowledge NN en-wikipedia-org-910 48 19 about about IN en-wikipedia-org-910 48 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 48 21 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 48 22 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-910 48 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 49 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 49 2 offers offer VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 49 3 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-910 49 4 explanation explanation NN en-wikipedia-org-910 49 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 49 6 close close JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 49 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 49 8 200 200 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 49 9 signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 49 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 50 1 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-910 50 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 50 3 identified identify VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 50 4 correctly correctly RB en-wikipedia-org-910 50 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 50 6 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 50 7 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 50 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 50 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 50 10 goose goose NN en-wikipedia-org-910 50 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 50 12 hieroglyph hieroglyph NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 50 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 50 14 zꜣ zꜣ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 50 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 50 16 representing represent VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 50 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 50 18 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-910 50 19 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 50 20 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 50 21 son son NN en-wikipedia-org-910 50 22 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 50 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 51 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 51 2 4 4 LS en-wikipedia-org-910 51 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 51 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 51 5 half half JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 51 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 51 7 dozen dozen NN en-wikipedia-org-910 51 8 Demotic demotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 51 9 glyphs glyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 51 10 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 51 11 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-910 51 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 51 13 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-910 51 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 51 15 added add VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 51 16 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 51 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 51 18 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 51 19 alphabet alphabet NN en-wikipedia-org-910 51 20 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-910 51 21 writing write VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 51 22 Coptic Coptic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 51 23 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 52 1 Decipherment Decipherment NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 52 2 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 52 3 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-910 52 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 52 5 Decipherment decipherment NN en-wikipedia-org-910 52 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 52 7 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 52 8 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 52 9 scripts script NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 52 10 Ibn Ibn NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 52 11 Wahshiyya Wahshiyya NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 52 12 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-910 52 13 translation translation NN en-wikipedia-org-910 52 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 52 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 52 16 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 52 17 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 52 18 hieroglyph hieroglyph NN en-wikipedia-org-910 52 19 alphabet alphabet NN en-wikipedia-org-910 52 20 Knowledge knowledge NN en-wikipedia-org-910 52 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 52 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 52 23 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 52 24 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 52 25 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 52 26 lost lose VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 52 27 completely completely RB en-wikipedia-org-910 52 28 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 52 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 52 30 medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 52 31 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-910 52 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 53 1 Early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 53 2 attempts attempt NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 53 3 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-910 53 4 decipherment decipherment NN en-wikipedia-org-910 53 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 53 6 due due JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 53 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 53 8 Dhul Dhul NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 53 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 53 10 Nun Nun NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 53 11 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 53 12 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 53 13 Misri Misri NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 53 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 53 15 Ibn Ibn NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 53 16 Wahshiyya Wahshiyya NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 53 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 53 18 9th 9th JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 53 19 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 53 20 10th 10th JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 53 21 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-910 53 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 53 23 respectively respectively RB en-wikipedia-org-910 53 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 53 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 54 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 54 2 28 28 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 54 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 54 4 All all RB en-wikipedia-org-910 54 5 medieval medieval JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 54 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 54 7 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 54 8 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 54 9 attempts attempt NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 54 10 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 54 11 hampered hamper VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 54 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 54 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 54 14 fundamental fundamental JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 54 15 assumption assumption NN en-wikipedia-org-910 54 16 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-910 54 17 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 54 18 recorded record VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 54 19 ideas idea NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 54 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 54 21 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-910 54 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 54 23 sounds sound NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 54 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 54 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 54 26 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-910 54 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 55 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 55 2 no no DT en-wikipedia-org-910 55 3 bilingual bilingual JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 55 4 texts text NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 55 5 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 55 6 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 55 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 55 8 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-910 55 9 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 55 10 symbolic symbolic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 55 11 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-910 55 12 translation translation NN en-wikipedia-org-910 55 13 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-910 55 14 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-910 55 15 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-910 55 16 proposed propose VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 55 17 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-910 55 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 55 19 possibility possibility NN en-wikipedia-org-910 55 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 55 21 verification verification NN en-wikipedia-org-910 55 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 56 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 56 2 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 56 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 56 4 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 56 5 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 56 6 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-910 56 7 until until IN en-wikipedia-org-910 56 8 Athanasius Athanasius NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 56 9 Kircher Kircher NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 56 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 56 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 56 12 mid mid NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 56 13 17th 17th JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 56 14 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-910 56 15 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 56 16 scholars scholar NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 56 17 began begin VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 56 18 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 56 19 think think VB en-wikipedia-org-910 56 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 56 21 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 56 22 might may MD en-wikipedia-org-910 56 23 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-910 56 24 represent represent VB en-wikipedia-org-910 56 25 sounds sound NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 56 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 57 1 Kircher Kircher NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 57 2 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 57 3 familiar familiar JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 57 4 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 57 5 Coptic Coptic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 57 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 57 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 57 8 thought think VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 57 9 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-910 57 10 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 57 11 might may MD en-wikipedia-org-910 57 12 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-910 57 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 57 14 key key NN en-wikipedia-org-910 57 15 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 57 16 deciphering decipher VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 57 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 57 18 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 57 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 57 20 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-910 57 21 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 57 22 held hold VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 57 23 back back RP en-wikipedia-org-910 57 24 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 57 25 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 57 26 belief belief NN en-wikipedia-org-910 57 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 57 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 57 29 mystical mystical JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 57 30 nature nature NN en-wikipedia-org-910 57 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 57 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 57 33 symbols symbol NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 57 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 58 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 58 2 4 4 LS en-wikipedia-org-910 58 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 58 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 58 5 Rosetta Rosetta NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 58 6 Stone Stone NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 58 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 58 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 58 9 British British NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 58 10 Museum Museum NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 58 11 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 58 12 breakthrough breakthrough NN en-wikipedia-org-910 58 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 58 14 decipherment decipherment NN en-wikipedia-org-910 58 15 came come VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 58 16 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-910 58 17 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 58 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 58 19 discovery discovery NN en-wikipedia-org-910 58 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 58 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 58 22 Rosetta Rosetta NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 58 23 Stone Stone NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 58 24 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 58 25 Napoleon Napoleon NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 58 26 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-910 58 27 troops troop NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 58 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 58 29 1799 1799 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 58 30 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 58 31 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-910 58 32 Napoleon Napoleon NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 58 33 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-910 58 34 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 58 35 invasion invasion NN en-wikipedia-org-910 58 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 58 37 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 59 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 59 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 59 3 stone stone NN en-wikipedia-org-910 59 4 presented present VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 59 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 59 6 hieroglyphic hieroglyphic NN en-wikipedia-org-910 59 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 59 8 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 59 9 demotic demotic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 59 10 version version NN en-wikipedia-org-910 59 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 59 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 59 13 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 59 14 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-910 59 15 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 59 16 parallel parallel NN en-wikipedia-org-910 59 17 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 59 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 59 19 Greek greek JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 59 20 translation translation NN en-wikipedia-org-910 59 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 59 22 plenty plenty NN en-wikipedia-org-910 59 23 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 59 24 material material NN en-wikipedia-org-910 59 25 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 59 26 falsifiable falsifiable JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 59 27 studies study NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 59 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 59 29 translation translation NN en-wikipedia-org-910 59 30 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 59 31 suddenly suddenly RB en-wikipedia-org-910 59 32 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 59 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 60 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 60 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 60 3 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 60 4 19th 19th JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 60 5 century century NN en-wikipedia-org-910 60 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 60 7 scholars scholar NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 60 8 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 60 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 60 10 Silvestre Silvestre NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 60 11 de de NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 60 12 Sacy Sacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 60 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 60 14 Johan Johan NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 60 15 David David NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 60 16 Åkerblad Åkerblad NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 60 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 60 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 60 19 Thomas Thomas NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 60 20 Young Young NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 60 21 studied study VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 60 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 60 23 inscriptions inscription NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 60 24 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-910 60 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 60 26 stone stone NN en-wikipedia-org-910 60 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 60 28 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 60 29 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 60 30 able able JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 60 31 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 60 32 make make VB en-wikipedia-org-910 60 33 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-910 60 34 headway headway NN en-wikipedia-org-910 60 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 61 1 Finally finally RB en-wikipedia-org-910 61 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 61 3 Jean Jean NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 61 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 61 5 François François NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 61 6 Champollion Champollion NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 61 7 made make VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 61 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 61 9 complete complete JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 61 10 decipherment decipherment NN en-wikipedia-org-910 61 11 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 61 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 61 13 1820s 1820 NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 61 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 62 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 62 2 his -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-910 62 3 Lettre Lettre NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 62 4 à à NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 62 5 M. M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 62 6 Dacier Dacier NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 62 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 62 8 1822 1822 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 62 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 62 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 62 11 he -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 62 12 wrote write VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 62 13 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 62 14 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 62 15 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 62 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 62 17 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 62 18 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-910 62 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 62 20 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 62 21 figurative figurative JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 62 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 62 23 symbolic symbolic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 62 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 62 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 62 26 phonetic phonetic VB en-wikipedia-org-910 62 27 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-910 62 28 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-910 62 29 once once RB en-wikipedia-org-910 62 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 62 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 62 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 62 33 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 62 34 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-910 62 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 62 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 62 37 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 62 38 phrase phrase NN en-wikipedia-org-910 62 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 62 40 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 62 41 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-910 62 42 almost almost RB en-wikipedia-org-910 62 43 say say VB en-wikipedia-org-910 62 44 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 62 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 62 46 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 62 47 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-910 62 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 63 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 63 2 30 30 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 63 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 63 4 Illustration illustration NN en-wikipedia-org-910 63 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 63 6 Tabula Tabula NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 63 7 Aegyptiaca Aegyptiaca NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 63 8 hieroglyphicis hieroglyphicis VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 63 9 exornata exornata NN en-wikipedia-org-910 63 10 published publish VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 63 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 63 12 Acta Acta NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 63 13 Eruditorum Eruditorum NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 63 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 63 15 1714 1714 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 63 16 Writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 63 17 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-910 63 18 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-910 63 19 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-910 63 20 contains contain VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 63 21 IPA ipa JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 63 22 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 63 23 symbols symbol NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 63 24 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 64 1 Without without IN en-wikipedia-org-910 64 2 proper proper JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 64 3 rendering rendering JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 64 4 support support NN en-wikipedia-org-910 64 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 64 6 you -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 64 7 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-910 64 8 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-910 64 9 question question NN en-wikipedia-org-910 64 10 marks mark NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 64 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 64 12 boxes box NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 64 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 64 14 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 64 15 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 64 16 symbols symbol NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 64 17 instead instead RB en-wikipedia-org-910 64 18 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 64 19 Unicode Unicode NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 64 20 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 64 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 65 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 65 2 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-910 65 3 introductory introductory JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 65 4 guide guide NN en-wikipedia-org-910 65 5 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-910 65 6 IPA ipa JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 65 7 symbols symbol NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 65 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 65 9 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-910 65 10 Help help NN en-wikipedia-org-910 65 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 65 12 IPA IPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 65 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 66 1 Visually visually RB en-wikipedia-org-910 66 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 66 3 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 66 4 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 66 5 all all RB en-wikipedia-org-910 66 6 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-910 66 7 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 66 8 less less RBR en-wikipedia-org-910 66 9 figurative figurative JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 66 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 66 11 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 66 12 represent represent VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 66 13 real real JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 66 14 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 66 15 abstract abstract JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 66 16 elements element NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 66 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 66 18 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-910 66 19 stylized stylize VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 66 20 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 66 21 simplified simplify VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 66 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 66 23 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-910 66 24 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-910 66 25 generally generally RB en-wikipedia-org-910 66 26 perfectly perfectly RB en-wikipedia-org-910 66 27 recognizable recognizable JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 66 28 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 66 29 form form NN en-wikipedia-org-910 66 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 67 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-910 67 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 67 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 67 4 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 67 5 sign sign NN en-wikipedia-org-910 67 6 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-910 67 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 67 8 according accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 67 9 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 67 10 context context NN en-wikipedia-org-910 67 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 67 12 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-910 67 13 interpreted interpret VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 67 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 67 15 diverse diverse JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 67 16 ways way NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 67 17 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 67 18 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 67 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 67 20 phonogram phonogram NN en-wikipedia-org-910 67 21 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 67 22 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 67 23 reading reading NN en-wikipedia-org-910 67 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 67 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 67 26 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 67 27 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 67 28 logogram logogram NN en-wikipedia-org-910 67 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 67 30 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 67 31 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 67 32 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-910 67 33 ideogram ideogram NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 67 34 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 67 35 semagram semagram NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 67 36 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 67 37 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 67 38 determinative determinative JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 67 39 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 67 40 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 67 41 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 67 42 semantic semantic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 67 43 reading reading NN en-wikipedia-org-910 67 44 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 67 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 68 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 68 2 determinative determinative JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 68 3 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 68 4 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-910 68 5 read read VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 68 6 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 68 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 68 8 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 68 9 constituent constituent NN en-wikipedia-org-910 68 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 68 11 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-910 68 12 facilitated facilitate VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 68 13 understanding understanding NN en-wikipedia-org-910 68 14 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 68 15 differentiating differentiate VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 68 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 68 17 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-910 68 18 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 68 19 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-910 68 20 homophones homophone NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 68 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 69 1 Phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 69 2 reading read VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 69 3 Hieroglyphs Hieroglyphs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 69 4 typical typical JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 69 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 69 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 69 7 Graeco Graeco NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 69 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 69 9 Roman roman JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 69 10 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-910 69 11 Most Most JJS en-wikipedia-org-910 69 12 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 69 13 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 69 14 determinative determinative JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 69 15 hieroglyphic hieroglyphic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 69 16 signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 69 17 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 69 18 phonograms phonogram NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 69 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 69 20 whose whose WP$ en-wikipedia-org-910 69 21 meaning meaning NN en-wikipedia-org-910 69 22 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 69 23 determined determine VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 69 24 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 69 25 pronunciation pronunciation NN en-wikipedia-org-910 69 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 69 27 independent independent JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 69 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 69 29 visual visual JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 69 30 characteristics characteristic NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 69 31 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 70 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-910 70 2 follows follow VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 70 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 70 4 rebus rebus JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 70 5 principle principle NN en-wikipedia-org-910 70 6 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-910 70 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 70 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 70 9 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-910 70 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 70 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 70 12 picture picture NN en-wikipedia-org-910 70 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 70 14 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-910 70 15 eye eye NN en-wikipedia-org-910 70 16 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-910 70 17 stand stand VB en-wikipedia-org-910 70 18 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-910 70 19 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-910 70 20 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 70 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 70 22 English english JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 70 23 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-910 70 24 eye eye NN en-wikipedia-org-910 70 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 70 26 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-910 70 27 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-910 70 28 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 70 29 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-910 70 30 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 70 31 equivalent equivalent NN en-wikipedia-org-910 70 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 70 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 70 34 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 70 35 person person NN en-wikipedia-org-910 70 36 pronoun pronoun NN en-wikipedia-org-910 70 37 I. I. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 70 38 Phonograms Phonograms NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 70 39 formed form VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 70 40 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 70 41 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-910 70 42 consonant consonant NN en-wikipedia-org-910 70 43 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 70 44 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 70 45 uniliteral uniliteral JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 70 46 signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 70 47 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 70 48 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 70 49 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-910 70 50 consonants consonant NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 70 51 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 70 52 biliteral biliteral JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 70 53 signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 70 54 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 70 55 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 70 56 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-910 70 57 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 70 58 triliteral triliteral JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 70 59 signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 70 60 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 71 1 Twenty twenty CD en-wikipedia-org-910 71 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 71 3 four four CD en-wikipedia-org-910 71 4 uniliteral uniliteral JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 71 5 signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 71 6 make make VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 71 7 up up RP en-wikipedia-org-910 71 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 71 9 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-910 71 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 71 11 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 71 12 hieroglyphic hieroglyphic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 71 13 alphabet alphabet NN en-wikipedia-org-910 71 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 72 1 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 72 2 hieroglyphic hieroglyphic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 72 3 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 72 4 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 72 5 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-910 72 6 normally normally RB en-wikipedia-org-910 72 7 indicate indicate VB en-wikipedia-org-910 72 8 vowels vowel NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 72 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 72 10 unlike unlike IN en-wikipedia-org-910 72 11 cuneiform cuneiform NN en-wikipedia-org-910 72 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 72 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 72 14 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 72 15 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-910 72 16 reason reason NN en-wikipedia-org-910 72 17 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 72 18 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 72 19 labelled label VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 72 20 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 72 21 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-910 72 22 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-910 72 23 abjad abjad NN en-wikipedia-org-910 72 24 alphabet alphabet NN en-wikipedia-org-910 72 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 72 26 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-910 72 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 72 28 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-910 72 29 alphabet alphabet NN en-wikipedia-org-910 72 30 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-910 72 31 vowels vowel NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 72 32 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 73 1 Thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-910 73 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 73 3 hieroglyphic hieroglyphic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 73 4 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 73 5 representing represent VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 73 6 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 73 7 pintail pintail NN en-wikipedia-org-910 73 8 duck duck NN en-wikipedia-org-910 73 9 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 73 10 read read VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 73 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 73 12 Egyptian Egyptian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 73 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 73 14 sꜣ sꜣ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 73 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 73 16 derived derive VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 73 17 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 73 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 73 19 main main JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 73 20 consonants consonant NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 73 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 73 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 73 23 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 73 24 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-910 73 25 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 73 26 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-910 73 27 duck duck NN en-wikipedia-org-910 73 28 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 73 29 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-910 73 30 s s NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 73 31 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-910 73 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 73 33 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-910 73 34 ꜣ ꜣ LS en-wikipedia-org-910 73 35 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-910 73 36 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 73 37 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-910 73 38 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-910 73 39 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-910 73 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 74 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 74 2 Note note VB en-wikipedia-org-910 74 3 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-910 74 4 ꜣ ꜣ NN en-wikipedia-org-910 74 5 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 74 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 74 7 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-910 74 8 half half CD en-wikipedia-org-910 74 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 74 10 rings ring NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 74 11 opening opening NN en-wikipedia-org-910 74 12 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 74 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 74 14 left left NN en-wikipedia-org-910 74 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 74 16 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-910 74 17 replaced replace VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 74 18 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 74 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 74 20 digit digit NN en-wikipedia-org-910 74 21 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-910 74 22 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 74 23 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-910 74 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 74 25 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 74 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 74 27 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 74 28 alef alef NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 74 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 74 30 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 75 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 75 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 75 3 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-910 75 4 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 75 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 75 6 use use VB en-wikipedia-org-910 75 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 75 8 hieroglyph hieroglyph NN en-wikipedia-org-910 75 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 75 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 75 11 pintail pintail NN en-wikipedia-org-910 75 12 duck duck NN en-wikipedia-org-910 75 13 without without IN en-wikipedia-org-910 75 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 75 15 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-910 75 16 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 75 17 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-910 75 18 meaning meaning NN en-wikipedia-org-910 75 19 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 75 20 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-910 75 21 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 75 22 represent represent VB en-wikipedia-org-910 75 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 75 24 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-910 75 25 phonemes phoneme NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 75 26 s s NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 75 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 75 28 ꜣ ꜣ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 75 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 75 30 independently independently RB en-wikipedia-org-910 75 31 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 75 32 any any DT en-wikipedia-org-910 75 33 vowels vowel NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 75 34 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 75 35 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-910 75 36 accompany accompany VB en-wikipedia-org-910 75 37 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-910 75 38 consonants consonant NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 75 39 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 75 40 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 75 41 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 75 42 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-910 75 43 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-910 75 44 write write VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 75 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 75 46 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-910 75 47 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 75 48 sꜣ sꜣ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 75 49 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 75 50 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 75 51 son son NN en-wikipedia-org-910 75 52 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 75 53 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-910 75 54 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 75 55 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-910 75 56 complemented complement VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 75 57 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 75 58 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 75 59 signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 75 60 detailed detail VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 75 61 below[clarification below[clarification CD en-wikipedia-org-910 75 62 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 75 63 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 75 64 sꜣ sꜣ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 75 65 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 75 66 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 75 67 keep keep VB en-wikipedia-org-910 75 68 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 75 69 watch watch VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 75 70 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 75 71 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 75 72 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 75 73 sꜣṯ.w sꜣṯ.w UH en-wikipedia-org-910 75 74 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 75 75 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 75 76 hard hard JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 75 77 ground ground NN en-wikipedia-org-910 75 78 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 75 79 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 76 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 76 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-910 76 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 76 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 76 5 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 76 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 76 7 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 76 8 sꜣ sꜣ XX en-wikipedia-org-910 76 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 76 10   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 76 11 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 76 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 76 13 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 76 14 character character NN en-wikipedia-org-910 76 15 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 76 16 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-910 76 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 76 18 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-910 76 19 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 76 20 signify signify VB en-wikipedia-org-910 76 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 76 22 according accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 76 23 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 76 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 76 25 context context NN en-wikipedia-org-910 76 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 76 27 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 76 28 pintail pintail NN en-wikipedia-org-910 76 29 duck duck NN en-wikipedia-org-910 76 30 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 76 31 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 76 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 76 33 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 76 34 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 76 35 appropriate appropriate JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 76 36 determinative determinative JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 76 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 76 38 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 76 39 son son NN en-wikipedia-org-910 76 40 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 76 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 76 42 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-910 76 43 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 76 44 having have VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 76 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 76 46 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 76 47 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 76 48 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 76 49 consonants consonant NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 76 50 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 76 51 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 76 52 meaning meaning NN en-wikipedia-org-910 76 53 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 76 54 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 76 55 little little JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 76 56 vertical vertical JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 76 57 stroke stroke NN en-wikipedia-org-910 76 58 will will MD en-wikipedia-org-910 76 59 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-910 76 60 explained explain VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 76 61 further further RB en-wikipedia-org-910 76 62 on on RB en-wikipedia-org-910 76 63 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 76 64   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 76 65 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 76 66 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 76 67 character character NN en-wikipedia-org-910 76 68 sꜣ sꜣ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 76 69 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 76 70 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 76 71 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 76 72 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 76 73 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-910 76 74 sꜣw sꜣw NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 76 75 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 76 76 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 76 77 keep keep VB en-wikipedia-org-910 76 78 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 76 79 watch"[clarification watch"[clarification NN en-wikipedia-org-910 76 80 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 76 81 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 76 82 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 76 83 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 76 84 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 76 85 Arabic arabic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 76 86 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-910 76 87 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 76 88 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-910 76 89 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-910 76 90 vowels vowel NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 76 91 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 76 92 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 76 93 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 76 94 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 76 95 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 76 96 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 76 97 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 76 98 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 76 99 debatable debatable JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 76 100 whether whether IN en-wikipedia-org-910 76 101 vowels vowel NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 76 102 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 76 103 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 76 104 at at RB en-wikipedia-org-910 76 105 all all RB en-wikipedia-org-910 76 106 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 77 1 Possibly possibly RB en-wikipedia-org-910 77 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 77 3 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 77 4 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 77 5 Arabic Arabic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 77 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 77 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 77 8 semivowels semivowel NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 77 9 /w/ /w/ . en-wikipedia-org-910 77 10 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 77 11 /j/ /j/ . en-wikipedia-org-910 77 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 77 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 77 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 77 15 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 77 16 W W NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 77 17 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 77 18 Y Y NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 77 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 77 20 could could MD en-wikipedia-org-910 77 21 double double VB en-wikipedia-org-910 77 22 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 77 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 77 24 vowels vowel NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 77 25 /u/ /u/ . en-wikipedia-org-910 77 26 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 77 27 /i/. /i/. . en-wikipedia-org-910 78 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 78 2 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 78 3 transcriptions transcription NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 78 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 78 5 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-910 78 6 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-910 78 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 78 8 added add VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 78 9 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-910 78 10 consonants consonant NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 78 11 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 78 12 aid aid VB en-wikipedia-org-910 78 13 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 78 14 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-910 78 15 pronunciation pronunciation NN en-wikipedia-org-910 78 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 79 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 79 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-910 79 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 79 4 nfr nfr VB en-wikipedia-org-910 79 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 79 6 good good JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 79 7 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 79 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 79 9 typically typically RB en-wikipedia-org-910 79 10 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 79 11 nefer nefer RB en-wikipedia-org-910 79 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 80 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-910 80 2 does do VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 80 3 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-910 80 4 reflect reflect VB en-wikipedia-org-910 80 5 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 80 6 vowels vowel NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 80 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 80 8 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 80 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 80 10 obscure obscure JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 80 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 80 12 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-910 80 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 80 14 merely merely RB en-wikipedia-org-910 80 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 80 16 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 80 17 convention convention NN en-wikipedia-org-910 80 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 81 1 Likewise likewise RB en-wikipedia-org-910 81 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 81 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 81 4 ꜣ ꜣ NN en-wikipedia-org-910 81 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 81 6 ʾ ʾ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 81 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 81 8 commonly commonly RB en-wikipedia-org-910 81 9 transliterated transliterate VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 81 10 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 81 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 81 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 81 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 81 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 81 15 Ra Ra NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 81 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 82 1 Hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 82 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 82 3 inscribed inscribe VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 82 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 82 5 rows row NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 82 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 82 7 pictures picture NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 82 8 arranged arrange VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 82 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 82 10 horizontal horizontal JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 82 11 lines line NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 82 12 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 82 13 vertical vertical JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 82 14 columns column NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 82 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 83 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 83 2 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 83 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 83 4 Both both CC en-wikipedia-org-910 83 5 hieroglyph hieroglyph JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 83 6 lines line NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 83 7 as as RB en-wikipedia-org-910 83 8 well well RB en-wikipedia-org-910 83 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 83 10 signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 83 11 contained contain VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 83 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 83 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 83 14 lines line NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 83 15 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 83 16 read read VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 83 17 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 83 18 upper upper JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 83 19 content content NN en-wikipedia-org-910 83 20 having have VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 83 21 precedence precedence NN en-wikipedia-org-910 83 22 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-910 83 23 content content NN en-wikipedia-org-910 83 24 below below RB en-wikipedia-org-910 83 25 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 84 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 84 2 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 84 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 84 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 84 5 lines line NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 84 6 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 84 7 columns column NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 84 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 84 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 84 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 84 11 individual individual JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 84 12 inscriptions inscription NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 84 13 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-910 84 14 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 84 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 84 16 read read VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 84 17 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 84 18 left left NN en-wikipedia-org-910 84 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 84 20 right right NN en-wikipedia-org-910 84 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 84 22 rare rare JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 84 23 instances instance NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 84 24 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-910 84 25 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 84 26 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 84 27 particular particular JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 84 28 reasons reason NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 84 29 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-910 84 30 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-910 84 31 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 84 32 ordinarily ordinarily RB en-wikipedia-org-910 84 33 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-910 84 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 84 35 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 84 36 read read VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 84 37 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 84 38 right right NN en-wikipedia-org-910 84 39 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 84 40 left left NN en-wikipedia-org-910 84 41 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 84 42 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 84 43 Egyptians Egyptians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 84 44 ' ' POS en-wikipedia-org-910 84 45 preferred preferred JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 84 46 direction direction NN en-wikipedia-org-910 84 47 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 84 48 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 84 49 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 84 50 although although IN en-wikipedia-org-910 84 51 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 84 52 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 84 53 convenience convenience NN en-wikipedia-org-910 84 54 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 84 55 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 84 56 texts text NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 84 57 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 84 58 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-910 84 59 normalized normalize VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 84 60 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-910 84 61 left left NN en-wikipedia-org-910 84 62 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 84 63 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 84 64 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 84 65 right right JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 84 66 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-910 84 67 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 84 68 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 85 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 85 2 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 85 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 85 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 85 5 direction direction NN en-wikipedia-org-910 85 6 toward toward IN en-wikipedia-org-910 85 7 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 85 8 asymmetrical asymmetrical JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 85 9 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 85 10 face face VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 85 11 indicate indicate VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 85 12 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-910 85 13 proper proper JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 85 14 reading reading NN en-wikipedia-org-910 85 15 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-910 85 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 86 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 86 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-910 86 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 86 4 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-910 86 5 human human NN en-wikipedia-org-910 86 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 86 7 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-910 86 8 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 86 9 face face VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 86 10 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 86 11 look look VB en-wikipedia-org-910 86 12 toward toward IN en-wikipedia-org-910 86 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 86 14 left left NN en-wikipedia-org-910 86 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 86 16 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 86 17 almost almost RB en-wikipedia-org-910 86 18 always always RB en-wikipedia-org-910 86 19 must must MD en-wikipedia-org-910 86 20 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-910 86 21 read read VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 86 22 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 86 23 left left NN en-wikipedia-org-910 86 24 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 86 25 right right NN en-wikipedia-org-910 86 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 86 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 86 28 vice vice NN en-wikipedia-org-910 86 29 versa versa RB en-wikipedia-org-910 86 30 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 87 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 87 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 87 3 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 87 4 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 87 5 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 87 6 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 87 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 87 8 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 87 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 87 10 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-910 87 11 separated separate VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 87 12 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 87 13 blanks blank NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 87 14 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 87 15 punctuation punctuation NN en-wikipedia-org-910 87 16 marks mark NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 87 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 88 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-910 88 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 88 3 certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 88 4 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 88 5 appear appear VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 88 6 particularly particularly RB en-wikipedia-org-910 88 7 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 88 8 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-910 88 9 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-910 88 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 88 11 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-910 88 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 88 13 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 88 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 88 15 making make VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 88 16 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 88 17 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 88 18 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 88 19 readily readily RB en-wikipedia-org-910 88 20 distinguish distinguish VB en-wikipedia-org-910 88 21 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 88 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 89 1 Uniliteral uniliteral JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 89 2 signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 89 3 Hieroglyphs Hieroglyphs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 89 4 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-910 89 5 Amada Amada NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 89 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 89 7 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-910 89 8 temple temple NN en-wikipedia-org-910 89 9 founded found VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 89 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 89 11 Tuthmosis Tuthmosis NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 89 12 III III NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 89 13 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 89 14 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-910 89 15 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 89 16 Transliteration transliteration NN en-wikipedia-org-910 89 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 89 18 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 89 19 Egyptian Egyptian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 89 20 § § -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 89 21   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 89 22 Uniliteral uniliteral JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 89 23 signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 89 24 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 89 25 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 89 26 hieroglyphic hieroglyphic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 89 27 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-910 89 28 contained contain VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 89 29 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 89 30 uniliterals uniliteral NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 89 31 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 89 32 symbols symbol NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 89 33 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 89 34 stood stand VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 89 35 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 89 36 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 89 37 consonants consonant NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 89 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 89 39 much much RB en-wikipedia-org-910 89 40 like like IN en-wikipedia-org-910 89 41 letters letter NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 89 42 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 89 43 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 89 44 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 89 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 90 1 It -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 90 2 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-910 90 3 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-910 90 4 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 90 5 possible possible JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 90 6 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 90 7 write write VB en-wikipedia-org-910 90 8 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-910 90 9 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 90 10 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 90 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 90 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 90 13 manner manner NN en-wikipedia-org-910 90 14 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 90 15 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-910 90 16 signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 90 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 90 18 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-910 90 19 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 90 20 Egyptians Egyptians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 90 21 never never RB en-wikipedia-org-910 90 22 did do VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 90 23 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-910 90 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 90 25 never never RB en-wikipedia-org-910 90 26 simplified simplify VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 90 27 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-910 90 28 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 90 29 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 90 30 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-910 90 31 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 90 32 true true JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 90 33 alphabet alphabet NN en-wikipedia-org-910 90 34 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 91 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 91 2 32 32 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 91 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 91 4 Each each DT en-wikipedia-org-910 91 5 uniliteral uniliteral JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 91 6 glyph glyph NN en-wikipedia-org-910 91 7 once once RB en-wikipedia-org-910 91 8 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 91 9 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 91 10 unique unique JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 91 11 reading reading NN en-wikipedia-org-910 91 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 91 13 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-910 91 14 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 91 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 91 16 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-910 91 17 fell fall VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 91 18 together together RB en-wikipedia-org-910 91 19 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 91 20 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 91 21 Egyptian Egyptian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 91 22 developed develop VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 91 23 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-910 91 24 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 91 25 Egyptian Egyptian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 91 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 92 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 92 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-910 92 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 92 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 92 5 folded fold VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 92 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 92 7 cloth cloth NN en-wikipedia-org-910 92 8 glyph glyph NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 92 9 seems seem VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 92 10 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 92 11 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-910 92 12 been be VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 92 13 originally originally RB en-wikipedia-org-910 92 14 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-910 92 15 /s/ /s/ . en-wikipedia-org-910 92 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 92 17 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 92 18 door door NN en-wikipedia-org-910 92 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 92 20 bolt bolt NN en-wikipedia-org-910 92 21 glyph glyph NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 92 22 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 92 23 /θ/ /θ/ . en-wikipedia-org-910 92 24 sound sound NN en-wikipedia-org-910 92 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 92 26 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-910 92 27 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-910 92 28 both both DT en-wikipedia-org-910 92 29 came come VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 92 30 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 92 31 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-910 92 32 pronounced pronounce VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 92 33 /s/ /s/ . en-wikipedia-org-910 92 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 92 35 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 92 36 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 92 37 /θ/ /θ/ . en-wikipedia-org-910 92 38 sound sound NN en-wikipedia-org-910 92 39 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 92 40 lost lose VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 92 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 93 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 93 2 clarification clarification NN en-wikipedia-org-910 93 3 needed need VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 93 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 93 5 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 93 6 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 93 7 uniliterals uniliteral NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 93 8 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-910 93 9 appear appear VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 93 10 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 93 11 Middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 93 12 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 93 13 texts text NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 93 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 94 1 Besides besides IN en-wikipedia-org-910 94 2 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 94 3 uniliteral uniliteral JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 94 4 glyphs glyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 94 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 94 6 there there EX en-wikipedia-org-910 94 7 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 94 8 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-910 94 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 94 10 biliteral biliteral JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 94 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 94 12 triliteral triliteral JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 94 13 signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 94 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 94 15 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 94 16 represent represent VB en-wikipedia-org-910 94 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 94 18 specific specific JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 94 19 sequence sequence NN en-wikipedia-org-910 94 20 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 94 21 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-910 94 22 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 94 23 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-910 94 24 consonants consonant NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 94 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 94 26 consonants consonant NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 94 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 94 28 vowels vowel NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 94 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 94 30 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 94 31 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 94 32 few few JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 94 33 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 94 34 vowel vowel NN en-wikipedia-org-910 94 35 combinations combination NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 94 36 only only RB en-wikipedia-org-910 94 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 94 38 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 94 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 94 40 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-910 94 41 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 95 1 Phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 95 2 complements complement NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 95 3 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 95 4 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 95 5 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 95 6 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-910 95 7 redundant redundant JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 95 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 95 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 95 10 fact fact NN en-wikipedia-org-910 95 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 95 12 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 95 13 happens happen VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 95 14 very very RB en-wikipedia-org-910 95 15 frequently frequently RB en-wikipedia-org-910 95 16 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-910 95 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 95 18 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-910 95 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 95 20 followed follow VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 95 21 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 95 22 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 95 23 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 95 24 writing write VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 95 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 95 26 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 95 27 sounds sound NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 95 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 95 29 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 95 30 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-910 95 31 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 95 32 guide guide VB en-wikipedia-org-910 95 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 95 34 reader reader NN en-wikipedia-org-910 95 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 96 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 96 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-910 96 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 96 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 96 5 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-910 96 6 nfr nfr NN en-wikipedia-org-910 96 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 96 8 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 96 9 beautiful beautiful JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 96 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 96 11 good good JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 96 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 96 13 perfect perfect JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 96 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 96 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 96 16 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 96 17 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 96 18 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 96 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 96 20 unique unique JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 96 21 triliteral triliteral NN en-wikipedia-org-910 96 22 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 96 23 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 96 24 read read VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 96 25 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 96 26 nfr nfr NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 96 27 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 96 28 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-910 96 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 96 30 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 96 31 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 96 32 considerably considerably RB en-wikipedia-org-910 96 33 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-910 96 34 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 96 35 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 96 36 add add VB en-wikipedia-org-910 96 37 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 96 38 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-910 96 39 triliteral triliteral NN en-wikipedia-org-910 96 40 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 96 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 96 42 uniliterals uniliteral NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 96 43 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 96 44 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 96 45 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 96 46 r. r. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 96 47 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 96 48 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-910 96 49 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-910 96 50 thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-910 96 51 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-910 96 52 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 96 53 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 96 54 nfr+f+r nfr+f+r CD en-wikipedia-org-910 96 55 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 96 56 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-910 96 57 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-910 96 58 still still RB en-wikipedia-org-910 96 59 reads read VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 96 60 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 96 61 merely merely RB en-wikipedia-org-910 96 62 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 96 63 nfr nfr NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 96 64 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 97 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 97 2 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-910 97 3 alphabetic alphabetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 97 4 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 97 5 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 97 6 adding add VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 97 7 clarity clarity NN en-wikipedia-org-910 97 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 97 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 97 10 spelling spelling NN en-wikipedia-org-910 97 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 97 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 97 13 preceding precede VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 97 14 triliteral triliteral JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 97 15 hieroglyph hieroglyph NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 97 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 98 1 Redundant redundant JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 98 2 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 98 3 accompanying accompany VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 98 4 biliteral biliteral JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 98 5 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 98 6 triliteral triliteral JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 98 7 signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 98 8 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 98 9 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 98 10 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 98 11 complements complement NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 98 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 98 13 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 98 14 complementaries complementary NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 98 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 98 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 99 1 They -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 99 2 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-910 99 3 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-910 99 4 placed place VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 99 5 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 99 6 front front NN en-wikipedia-org-910 99 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 99 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 99 9 sign sign NN en-wikipedia-org-910 99 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 99 11 rarely rarely RB en-wikipedia-org-910 99 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 99 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 99 14 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-910 99 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 99 16 sign sign NN en-wikipedia-org-910 99 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 99 18 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 99 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 99 20 general general JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 99 21 rule rule NN en-wikipedia-org-910 99 22 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 99 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 99 24 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 99 25 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-910 99 26 framing frame VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 99 27 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 99 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 99 29 appearing appear VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 99 30 both both CC en-wikipedia-org-910 99 31 before before IN en-wikipedia-org-910 99 32 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 99 33 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-910 99 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 99 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 100 1 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 100 2 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 100 3 scribes scribe NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 100 4 consistently consistently RB en-wikipedia-org-910 100 5 avoided avoid VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 100 6 leaving leave VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 100 7 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 100 8 areas area NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 100 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 100 10 blank blank JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 100 11 space space NN en-wikipedia-org-910 100 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 100 13 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-910 100 14 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 100 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 100 16 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 100 17 might may MD en-wikipedia-org-910 100 18 add add VB en-wikipedia-org-910 100 19 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 100 20 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 100 21 complements complement NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 100 22 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 100 23 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-910 100 24 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-910 100 25 invert invert VB en-wikipedia-org-910 100 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 100 27 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-910 100 28 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 100 29 signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 100 30 if if IN en-wikipedia-org-910 100 31 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-910 100 32 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-910 100 33 result result VB en-wikipedia-org-910 100 34 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 100 35 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 100 36 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-910 100 37 aesthetically aesthetically RB en-wikipedia-org-910 100 38 pleasing pleasing JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 100 39 appearance appearance NN en-wikipedia-org-910 100 40 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 100 41 good good JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 100 42 scribes scribe NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 100 43 attended attend VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 100 44 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 100 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 100 46 artistic artistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 100 47 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 100 48 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 100 49 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-910 100 50 religious religious JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 100 51 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 100 52 aspects aspect NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 100 53 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 100 54 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 100 55 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 100 56 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 100 57 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 100 58 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-910 100 59 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-910 100 60 simply simply RB en-wikipedia-org-910 100 61 view view VB en-wikipedia-org-910 100 62 them -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 100 63 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 100 64 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 100 65 communication communication NN en-wikipedia-org-910 100 66 tool tool NN en-wikipedia-org-910 100 67 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 100 68 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 101 1 Various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 101 2 examples example NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 101 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 101 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 101 5 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-910 101 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 101 7 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 101 8 complements complement NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 101 9 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-910 101 10 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-910 101 11 seen see VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 101 12 below below IN en-wikipedia-org-910 101 13 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 101 14 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 101 15 md md NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 101 16 + + NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 101 17 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 101 18 + + SYM en-wikipedia-org-910 101 19 w w NN en-wikipedia-org-910 101 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 101 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 101 22 complementary complementary JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 101 23 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 101 24 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 101 25 placed place VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 101 26 after after IN en-wikipedia-org-910 101 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 101 28 sign sign NN en-wikipedia-org-910 101 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 101 30 → → NFP en-wikipedia-org-910 101 31 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 101 32 reads read VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 101 33 mdw mdw NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 101 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 101 35 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 101 36 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 101 37 tongue tongue NN en-wikipedia-org-910 101 38 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 101 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 102 1 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 102 2 ḫ ḫ NN en-wikipedia-org-910 102 3 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-910 102 4 p p NN en-wikipedia-org-910 102 5 + + NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 102 6 ḫpr ḫpr NN en-wikipedia-org-910 102 7 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-910 102 8 r r NN en-wikipedia-org-910 102 9 + + SYM en-wikipedia-org-910 102 10 j j NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 102 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 102 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 102 13 four four CD en-wikipedia-org-910 102 14 complementaries complementary NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 102 15 frame frame VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 102 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 102 17 triliteral triliteral JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 102 18 sign sign NN en-wikipedia-org-910 102 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 102 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 102 21 scarab scarab JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 102 22 beetle beetle NN en-wikipedia-org-910 102 23 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 102 24 → → NFP en-wikipedia-org-910 102 25 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 102 26 reads read VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 102 27 ḫpr.j ḫpr.j CD en-wikipedia-org-910 102 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 102 29 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 102 30 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 102 31 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-910 102 32 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 102 33 Khepri Khepri NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 102 34 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 102 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 102 36 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 102 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 102 38 final final JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 102 39 glyph glyph NN en-wikipedia-org-910 102 40 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 102 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 102 42 determinative determinative NN en-wikipedia-org-910 102 43 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 102 44 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-910 102 45 ruler ruler NN en-wikipedia-org-910 102 46 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 102 47 god god NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 102 48 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-910 102 49 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 103 1 Notably notably RB en-wikipedia-org-910 103 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 103 3 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 103 4 complements complement NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 103 5 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 103 6 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-910 103 7 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 103 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 103 9 allow allow VB en-wikipedia-org-910 103 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 103 11 reader reader NN en-wikipedia-org-910 103 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 103 13 differentiate differentiate VB en-wikipedia-org-910 103 14 between between IN en-wikipedia-org-910 103 15 signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 103 16 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 103 17 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 103 18 homophones homophone NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 103 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 103 20 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 103 21 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 103 22 do do VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 103 23 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-910 103 24 always always RB en-wikipedia-org-910 103 25 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-910 103 26 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 103 27 unique unique JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 103 28 reading reading NN en-wikipedia-org-910 103 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 104 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 104 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-910 104 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 104 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 104 5 symbol symbol NN en-wikipedia-org-910 104 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 104 7 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 104 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 104 9 seat seat NN en-wikipedia-org-910 104 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 104 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 104 12 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 104 13 chair chair NN en-wikipedia-org-910 104 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 104 15 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 104 16 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 104 17 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-910 104 18 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-910 104 19 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-910 104 20 read read VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 104 21 st st NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 104 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 104 23 ws ws NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 104 24 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 104 25 ḥtm ḥtm NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 104 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 104 27 according accord VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 104 28 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 104 29 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 104 30 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-910 104 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 104 32 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 104 33 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 104 34 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 104 35 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 104 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 105 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 105 2 presence presence NN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 4 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 105 5 complements complement NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 105 6 — — : en-wikipedia-org-910 105 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 105 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 105 10 suitable suitable JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 105 11 determinative determinative NN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 12 — — : en-wikipedia-org-910 105 13 allows allow VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 105 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 105 15 reader reader NN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 16 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 105 17 know know VB en-wikipedia-org-910 105 18 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 105 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 20 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 105 21 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-910 105 22 readings reading NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 105 23 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 105 24 choose choose VB en-wikipedia-org-910 105 25 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 105 26 1st 1st JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 105 27 Reading reading NN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 28 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 105 29 st st NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 105 30 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 105 31 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 105 32 st st NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 105 33 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 105 34 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 35 st+t st+t NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 105 36 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 105 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 105 38 last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 105 39 character character NN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 40 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 105 41 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 105 42 determinative determinative NN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 43 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 44 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 105 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 105 46 house house NN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 47 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 105 48 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 105 49 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-910 105 50 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 105 51 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 105 52 found find VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 53 there there RB en-wikipedia-org-910 105 54 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 105 55 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 105 56 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 105 57 seat seat NN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 58 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 105 59 throne throne NN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 60 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 105 61 place place NN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 62 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 105 63 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-910 105 64 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 105 65 st st NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 105 66 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 105 67 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 68 st+t st+t NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 105 69 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 105 70 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 105 71 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 105 72 egg egg NN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 73 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 105 74 determinative determinative JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 105 75 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 105 76 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 77 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 78 female female JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 105 79 personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 105 80 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 105 81 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 82 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-910 105 83 periods period NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 105 84 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 105 85 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 105 86 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 105 87 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 105 88 Isis Isis NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 105 89 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 105 90 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 105 91 2nd 2nd JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 105 92 Reading reading NN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 93 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 105 94 ws ws LS en-wikipedia-org-910 105 95 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 105 96 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 105 97 wsjr wsjr NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 105 98 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 105 99 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 100 ws+jr ws+jr NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 105 101 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 105 102 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 103 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 105 104 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 105 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 105 106 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 105 107 complement complement NN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 108 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 105 109 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 105 110 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 105 111 eye eye NN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 112 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 105 113 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 105 114 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 105 115 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 105 116 read read VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 117 jr jr NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 105 118 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 105 119 following follow VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 105 120 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 105 121 determinative determinative NN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 122 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 123 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 105 124 god god NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 105 125 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 105 126 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 105 127 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 105 128 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 105 129 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 105 130 Osiris Osiris NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 105 131 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 105 132 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 105 133 3rd 3rd JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 105 134 Reading reading NN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 135 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 105 136 ḥtm ḥtm NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 105 137 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 105 138 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 105 139 ḥtm.t ḥtm.t NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 105 140 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 105 141 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 142 ḥ+ḥtm+m+t ḥ+ḥtm+m+t NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 105 143 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 105 144 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 145 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 105 146 determinative determinative NN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 147 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 148 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 105 149 Anubis Anubis NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 105 150 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 105 151 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 105 152 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 105 153 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 105 154 jackal jackal NN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 155 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 105 156 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 105 157 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 105 158 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 105 159 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 105 160 kind kind NN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 161 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 162 wild wild JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 105 163 animal animal NN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 164 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 105 165 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 105 166 ḥtm ḥtm NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 105 167 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 105 168 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 169 ḥ ḥ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 105 170 + + CC en-wikipedia-org-910 105 171 ḥtm ḥtm NN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 172 + + SYM en-wikipedia-org-910 105 173 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 174 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 105 175 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 176 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 105 177 determinative determinative NN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 178 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 179 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 105 180 flying fly VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 105 181 bird bird NN en-wikipedia-org-910 105 182 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 105 183 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 105 184 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 105 185 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 105 186 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 105 187 disappear disappear VB en-wikipedia-org-910 105 188 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 105 189 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 106 1 Finally finally RB en-wikipedia-org-910 106 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 106 3 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 106 4 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-910 106 5 happens happen VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 106 6 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-910 106 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 106 8 pronunciation pronunciation NN en-wikipedia-org-910 106 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 106 10 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 106 11 might may MD en-wikipedia-org-910 106 12 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-910 106 13 changed change VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 106 14 because because IN en-wikipedia-org-910 106 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 106 16 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-910 106 17 connection connection NN en-wikipedia-org-910 106 18 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 106 19 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 106 20 Egyptian Egyptian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 106 21 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 106 22 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 106 23 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-910 106 24 case case NN en-wikipedia-org-910 106 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 106 26 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 106 27 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 106 28 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-910 106 29 rare rare JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 106 30 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 106 31 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 106 32 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 106 33 adopt adopt VB en-wikipedia-org-910 106 34 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 106 35 compromise compromise NN en-wikipedia-org-910 106 36 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 106 37 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-910 106 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 106 39 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 106 40 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-910 106 41 readings reading NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 106 42 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 106 43 indicated indicate VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 106 44 jointly jointly RB en-wikipedia-org-910 106 45 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 107 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 107 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-910 107 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 107 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 107 5 adjective adjective JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 107 6 bnj bnj NN en-wikipedia-org-910 107 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 107 8 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 107 9 sweet sweet JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 107 10 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 107 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 107 12 became become VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 107 13 bnr bnr NN en-wikipedia-org-910 107 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 108 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 108 2 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 108 3 Egyptian Egyptian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 108 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 108 5 one one PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 108 6 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-910 108 7 write write VB en-wikipedia-org-910 108 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 108 9 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 108 10 bnrj bnrj NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 108 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 108 12 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 108 13 b+n+r+i b+n+r+i NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 108 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 108 15 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 108 16 determinative determinative JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 108 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 108 18 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 108 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 108 20 fully fully RB en-wikipedia-org-910 108 21 read read VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 108 22 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 108 23 bnr bnr NN en-wikipedia-org-910 108 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 108 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 108 26 j j NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 108 27 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-910 108 28 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 108 29 pronounced pronounce VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 108 30 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-910 108 31 retained retain VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 108 32 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 108 33 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-910 108 34 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 108 35 keep keep VB en-wikipedia-org-910 108 36 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 108 37 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 108 38 connection connection NN en-wikipedia-org-910 108 39 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 108 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 108 41 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 108 42 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-910 108 43 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 108 44 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 108 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 108 46 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 108 47 fashion fashion NN en-wikipedia-org-910 108 48 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 108 49 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 108 50 English english JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 108 51 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-910 108 52 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 108 53 through through IN en-wikipedia-org-910 108 54 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 108 55 knife knife NN en-wikipedia-org-910 108 56 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 108 57 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 108 58 victuals victual NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 108 59 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 108 60 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 108 61 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 108 62 no no RB en-wikipedia-org-910 108 63 longer long RBR en-wikipedia-org-910 108 64 pronounced pronounce VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 108 65 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 108 66 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-910 108 67 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 108 68 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 108 69 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 108 70 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 108 71 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 109 1 Semantic semantic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 109 2 reading read VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 109 3 Comparative comparative JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 109 4 evolution evolution NN en-wikipedia-org-910 109 5 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 109 6 pictograms pictogram NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 109 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 109 8 abstract abstract JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 109 9 shapes shape NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 109 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 109 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 109 12 cuneiform cuneiform NN en-wikipedia-org-910 109 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 109 14 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 109 15 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 109 16 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 109 17 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 109 18 Besides besides IN en-wikipedia-org-910 109 19 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 109 20 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 109 21 interpretation interpretation NN en-wikipedia-org-910 109 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 109 23 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 109 24 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-910 109 25 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-910 109 26 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-910 109 27 read read VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 109 28 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 109 29 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-910 109 30 meaning meaning NN en-wikipedia-org-910 109 31 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 109 32 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 109 33 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-910 109 34 instance instance NN en-wikipedia-org-910 109 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 109 36 logograms logogram NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 109 37 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 109 38 being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 109 39 spoken speak VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 109 40 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 109 41 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 109 42 ideograms ideograms NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 109 43 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 109 44 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 109 45 semagrams semagrams NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 109 46 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 109 47 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 109 48 latter latter JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 109 49 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 109 50 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-910 109 51 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 109 52 determinatives determinative NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 109 53 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 109 54 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 110 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 110 2 clarification clarification NN en-wikipedia-org-910 110 3 needed][33 needed][33 . en-wikipedia-org-910 110 4 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 110 5 Logograms Logograms NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 110 6 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 110 7 hieroglyph hieroglyph NN en-wikipedia-org-910 110 8 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 110 9 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 110 10 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 110 11 logogram logogram NN en-wikipedia-org-910 110 12 defines define VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 110 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 110 14 object object NN en-wikipedia-org-910 110 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 110 16 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 110 17 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 110 18 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 110 19 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-910 110 20 image image NN en-wikipedia-org-910 110 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 111 1 Logograms logogram NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 111 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 111 3 therefore therefore RB en-wikipedia-org-910 111 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 111 5 most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-910 111 6 frequently frequently RB en-wikipedia-org-910 111 7 used use VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 111 8 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 111 9 nouns noun NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 111 10 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 111 11 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 111 12 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 111 13 always always RB en-wikipedia-org-910 111 14 accompanied accompany VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 111 15 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 111 16 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 111 17 mute mute JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 111 18 vertical vertical JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 111 19 stroke stroke NN en-wikipedia-org-910 111 20 indicating indicate VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 111 21 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-910 111 22 status status NN en-wikipedia-org-910 111 23 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 111 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 111 25 logogram logogram NN en-wikipedia-org-910 111 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 111 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 111 28 usage usage NN en-wikipedia-org-910 111 29 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 111 30 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 111 31 vertical vertical JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 111 32 stroke stroke NN en-wikipedia-org-910 111 33 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 111 34 further further RB en-wikipedia-org-910 111 35 explained explain VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 111 36 below below RB en-wikipedia-org-910 111 37 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 111 38 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 111 39 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 111 40 theory theory NN en-wikipedia-org-910 111 41 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 111 42 all all DT en-wikipedia-org-910 111 43 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 111 44 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-910 111 45 have have VB en-wikipedia-org-910 111 46 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 111 47 ability ability NN en-wikipedia-org-910 111 48 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 111 49 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-910 111 50 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 111 51 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 111 52 logograms logogram NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 111 53 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 112 1 Logograms logogram NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 112 2 can can MD en-wikipedia-org-910 112 3 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-910 112 4 accompanied accompany VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 112 5 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 112 6 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 112 7 complements complement NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 112 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 113 1 Here here RB en-wikipedia-org-910 113 2 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 113 3 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-910 113 4 examples example NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 113 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 113 6 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 113 7 rꜥ rꜥ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 113 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 113 9 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 113 10 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 113 11 sun sun NN en-wikipedia-org-910 113 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 113 13 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-910 113 14 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 113 15 pr pr UH en-wikipedia-org-910 113 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 113 17 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 113 18 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 113 19 house house NN en-wikipedia-org-910 113 20 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 113 21 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-910 113 22 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 113 23 swt swt NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 113 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 113 25 sw+t sw+t NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 113 26 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 113 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 113 28 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 113 29 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 113 30 reed reed NN en-wikipedia-org-910 113 31 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 113 32 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-910 113 33 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 113 34 ḏw ḏw UH en-wikipedia-org-910 113 35 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 113 36 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 113 37 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 113 38 mountain mountain NN en-wikipedia-org-910 113 39 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 113 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 114 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 114 2 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-910 114 3 cases case NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 114 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 114 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 114 6 semantic semantic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 114 7 connection connection NN en-wikipedia-org-910 114 8 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 114 9 indirect indirect JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 114 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 114 11 metonymic metonymic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 114 12 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 114 13 metaphoric metaphoric JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 114 14 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 114 15 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 114 16 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 114 17 nṯr nṯr JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 114 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 114 19 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 114 20 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 114 21 god god NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 114 22 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 114 23 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 114 24 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 114 25 character character NN en-wikipedia-org-910 114 26 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 114 27 fact fact NN en-wikipedia-org-910 114 28 represents represent VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 114 29 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 114 30 temple temple NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 114 31 flag flag NN en-wikipedia-org-910 114 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 114 33 standard standard NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 114 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 114 35 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 114 36 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 114 37 bꜣ bꜣ UH en-wikipedia-org-910 114 38 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 114 39 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 114 40 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 114 41 Bâ Bâ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 114 42 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 114 43 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 114 44 soul soul NN en-wikipedia-org-910 114 45 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 114 46 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 114 47 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 114 48 character character NN en-wikipedia-org-910 114 49 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 114 50 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 114 51 traditional traditional JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 114 52 representation representation NN en-wikipedia-org-910 114 53 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 114 54 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 114 55 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 114 56 bâ bâ NN en-wikipedia-org-910 114 57 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 114 58 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 114 59 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 114 60 bird bird NN en-wikipedia-org-910 114 61 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 114 62 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 114 63 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 114 64 head head NN en-wikipedia-org-910 114 65 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 114 66 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 114 67 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 114 68 dšr dšr NN en-wikipedia-org-910 114 69 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 114 70 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 114 71 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 114 72 flamingo flamingo NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 114 73 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 114 74 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 114 75 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 114 76 corresponding correspond VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 114 77 phonogram phonogram NN en-wikipedia-org-910 114 78 means mean VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 114 79 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 114 80 red red JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 114 81 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 114 82 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 114 83 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 114 84 bird bird NN en-wikipedia-org-910 114 85 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 114 86 associated associate VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 114 87 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 114 88 metonymy metonymy NN en-wikipedia-org-910 114 89 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 114 90 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-910 114 91 color color NN en-wikipedia-org-910 114 92 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 115 1 Determinatives Determinatives NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 115 2 Determinatives Determinatives NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 115 3 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 115 4 semagrams semagram NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 115 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 115 6 semantic semantic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 115 7 symbols symbol NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 115 8 specifying specify VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 115 9 meaning meaning NN en-wikipedia-org-910 115 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 115 11 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 115 12 placed place VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 115 13 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-910 115 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 115 15 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-910 115 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 115 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 115 18 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-910 115 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 116 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-910 116 2 mute mute JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 116 3 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 116 4 serve serve VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 116 5 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 116 6 clarify clarify VB en-wikipedia-org-910 116 7 what what WP en-wikipedia-org-910 116 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 116 9 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-910 116 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 116 11 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-910 116 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 116 13 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 116 14 homophonic homophonic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 116 15 glyphs glyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 116 16 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 116 17 common common JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 116 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 117 1 If if IN en-wikipedia-org-910 117 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 117 3 similar similar JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 117 4 procedure procedure NN en-wikipedia-org-910 117 5 existed exist VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 117 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 117 7 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 117 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 117 9 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 117 10 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 117 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 117 12 same same JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 117 13 spelling spelling NN en-wikipedia-org-910 117 14 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-910 117 15 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-910 117 16 followed follow VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 117 17 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 117 18 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-910 117 19 indicator indicator NN en-wikipedia-org-910 117 20 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 117 21 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-910 117 22 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-910 117 23 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-910 117 24 read read VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 117 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 117 26 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-910 117 27 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 117 28 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-910 117 29 fine fine JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 117 30 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 117 31 tune tune VB en-wikipedia-org-910 117 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 117 33 meaning meaning NN en-wikipedia-org-910 117 34 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 117 35 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 117 36 retort retort NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 117 37 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 117 38 chemistry chemistry NN en-wikipedia-org-910 117 39 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 117 40 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 117 41 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 117 42 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 117 43 retort retort VB en-wikipedia-org-910 117 44 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 117 45 rhetoric rhetoric NN en-wikipedia-org-910 117 46 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 117 47 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 117 48 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-910 117 49 thus thus RB en-wikipedia-org-910 117 50 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-910 117 51 distinguished distinguish VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 117 52 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 118 1 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 118 2 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-910 118 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 118 4 determinatives determinative NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 118 5 exist exist VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 118 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 118 7 divinities divinity NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 118 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 118 9 humans human NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 118 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 118 11 parts part NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 118 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 118 13 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 118 14 human human JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 118 15 body body NN en-wikipedia-org-910 118 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 118 17 animals animal NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 118 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 118 19 plants plant NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 118 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 118 21 etc etc FW en-wikipedia-org-910 118 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 119 1 Certain certain JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 119 2 determinatives determinative NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 119 3 possess possess VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 119 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 119 5 literal literal NN en-wikipedia-org-910 119 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 119 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 119 8 figurative figurative JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 119 9 meaning meaning NN en-wikipedia-org-910 119 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 120 1 For for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 120 2 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-910 120 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 120 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 120 5 roll roll NN en-wikipedia-org-910 120 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 120 7 papyrus papyru NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 120 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 120 9     _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 120 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 120 11 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 120 12 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 120 13 define define VB en-wikipedia-org-910 120 14 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 120 15 books book NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 120 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 120 17 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-910 120 18 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-910 120 19 abstract abstract JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 120 20 ideas idea NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 120 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 121 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 121 2 determinative determinative NN en-wikipedia-org-910 121 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 121 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 121 5 plural plural NN en-wikipedia-org-910 121 6 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 121 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 121 8 shortcut shortcut NN en-wikipedia-org-910 121 9 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 121 10 signal signal VB en-wikipedia-org-910 121 11 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-910 121 12 occurrences occurrence NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 121 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 121 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 121 15 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-910 121 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 121 17 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-910 121 18 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 121 19 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 121 20 say say VB en-wikipedia-org-910 121 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 121 22 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-910 121 23 plural plural NN en-wikipedia-org-910 121 24 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 121 25 since since IN en-wikipedia-org-910 121 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 121 27 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 121 28 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-910 121 29 had have VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 121 30 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 121 31 dual dual JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 121 32 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 121 33 sometimes sometimes RB en-wikipedia-org-910 121 34 indicated indicate VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 121 35 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 121 36 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-910 121 37 strokes stroke NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 121 38 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 121 39 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 122 1 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-910 122 2 special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 122 3 character character NN en-wikipedia-org-910 122 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 122 5 explained explain VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 122 6 below below RB en-wikipedia-org-910 122 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 123 1 Extract extract VB en-wikipedia-org-910 123 2 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 123 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 123 4 Tale Tale NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 123 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 123 6 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 123 7 Two Two NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 123 8 Brothers Brothers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 123 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 124 1 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 124 2 34 34 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 124 3 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 124 4 Here here RB en-wikipedia-org-910 124 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 124 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 124 7 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 124 8 examples example NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 124 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 124 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 124 11 use use NN en-wikipedia-org-910 124 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 124 13 determinatives determinative NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 124 14 borrowed borrow VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 124 15 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 124 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 124 17 book book NN en-wikipedia-org-910 124 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 124 19 Je Je NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 124 20 lis lis NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 124 21 les les NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 124 22 hiéroglyphes hiéroglyphes NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 124 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 124 24 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 124 25 I -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 124 26 am be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 124 27 reading read VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 124 28 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 124 29 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 124 30 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 124 31 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 124 32 Jean Jean NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 124 33 Capart Capart NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 124 34 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 124 35 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 124 36 illustrate illustrate VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 124 37 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-910 124 38 importance importance NN en-wikipedia-org-910 124 39 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 124 40 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 124 41 nfrw nfrw NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 124 42 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 124 43 w w NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 124 44 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 124 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 124 46 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-910 124 47 strokes stroke NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 124 48 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 124 49 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 124 50 marks mark NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 124 51 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 124 52 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 124 53 plural plural NN en-wikipedia-org-910 124 54 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 124 55 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 124 56 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 124 57 literally literally RB en-wikipedia-org-910 124 58 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 124 59 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 124 60 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 124 61 beautiful beautiful JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 124 62 young young JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 124 63 people people NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 124 64 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 124 65 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 124 66 that that DT en-wikipedia-org-910 124 67 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 124 68 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 124 69 say say VB en-wikipedia-org-910 124 70 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 124 71 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 124 72 young young JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 124 73 military military JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 124 74 recruits recruit NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 124 75 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 125 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 125 2 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 3 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 125 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 125 5 young young JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 125 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 125 7 person person NN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 8 determinative determinative JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 125 9 symbol symbol NN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 125 11 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 125 12 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 125 13 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 125 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 125 15 determinative determinative JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 125 16 indicating indicate VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 125 17 babies baby NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 125 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 125 19 children child NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 125 20 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-910 125 21 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 125 22 nfr.t nfr.t UH en-wikipedia-org-910 125 23 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 125 24 .t .t . en-wikipedia-org-910 125 25 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 125 26 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-910 125 27 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 125 28 suffix suffix NN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 29 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 125 30 forms form VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 125 31 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 125 32 feminine feminine NN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 33 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 125 34 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 125 35 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 125 36 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 125 37 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 125 38 nubile nubile NN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 39 young young JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 125 40 woman woman NN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 41 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 125 42 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 125 43 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 44 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 45 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 125 46 determinative determinative JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 125 47 indicating indicate VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 125 48 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 125 49 woman woman NN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 50 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 125 51 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 125 52 nfrw nfrw NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 125 53 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 125 54 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 125 55 tripling tripling NN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 56 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 57 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 125 58 character character NN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 59 serving serve VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 125 60 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 125 61 express express VB en-wikipedia-org-910 125 62 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 125 63 plural plural JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 125 64 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 125 65 flexional flexional JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 125 66 ending ending NN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 67 w w NN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 68 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 125 69   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 125 70 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 125 71 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 125 72 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 125 73 foundations foundation NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 125 74 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 125 75 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 76 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 125 77 house house NN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 78 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 125 79 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 125 80 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 125 81 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 82 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 125 83 house house NN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 84 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 85 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 125 86 determinative determinative NN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 87 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 125 88 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 125 89 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 125 90 nfr nfr NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 125 91   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 125 92 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 125 93 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 125 94 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 125 95 clothing clothing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 96 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 125 97 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 98     _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 125 99 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 100 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 125 101 determinative determinative NN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 102 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 103 lengths length NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 125 104 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 105 cloth cloth NN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 106 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 125 107 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 125 108 nfr nfr NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 125 109   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 125 110 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 125 111 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 125 112 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 125 113 wine wine NN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 114 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 125 115 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 125 116 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 125 117 beer beer NN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 118 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 125 119 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 125 120 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 121 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 125 122 jug jug NN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 123     _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 125 124 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 125 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 125 126 determinative determinative NN en-wikipedia-org-910 125 127 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 126 1 All all PDT en-wikipedia-org-910 126 2 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-910 126 3 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 126 4 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 126 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 126 6 meliorative meliorative JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 126 7 connotation connotation NN en-wikipedia-org-910 126 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 126 9 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 126 10 good good JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 126 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 126 12 beautiful beautiful JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 126 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 126 14 perfect perfect JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 126 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 126 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 127 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 127 2 Concise Concise NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 127 3 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 127 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 127 5 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 127 6 Egyptian Egyptian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 127 7 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 127 8 Raymond Raymond NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 127 9 A. A. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 127 10 Faulkner Faulkner NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 127 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 127 12 gives give VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 127 13 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-910 127 14 twenty twenty CD en-wikipedia-org-910 127 15 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 127 16 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 127 17 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 127 18 read read VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 127 19 nfr nfr NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 127 20 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 127 21 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 127 22 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 127 23 formed form VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 127 24 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 127 25 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-910 127 26 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-910 127 27 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 128 1 Additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 128 2 signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 128 3 Cartouche Cartouche NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 128 4 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 128 5 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 128 6 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 128 7 cartouches cartouche NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 128 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 128 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 128 10 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-910 128 11 Ramesses Ramesses NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 128 12 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 128 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 128 14 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 128 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 128 16 Luxor Luxor NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 128 17 Temple Temple NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 128 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 128 19 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 128 20 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 128 21 Rarely rarely RB en-wikipedia-org-910 128 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 128 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 128 24 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 128 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 128 26 gods god NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 128 27 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 128 28 placed place VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 128 29 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-910 128 30 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 128 31 cartouche cartouche NN en-wikipedia-org-910 128 32 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 128 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 128 34 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-910 128 35 last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 128 36 names name NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 128 37 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 128 38 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 128 39 sitting sit VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 128 40 king king NN en-wikipedia-org-910 128 41 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 128 42 always always RB en-wikipedia-org-910 128 43 placed place VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 128 44 within within IN en-wikipedia-org-910 128 45 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 128 46 cartouche cartouche NN en-wikipedia-org-910 128 47 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 128 48 jmn jmn NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 128 49 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 128 50 rꜥ rꜥ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 128 51 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 128 52 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 128 53 Amon Amon NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 128 54 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 128 55 Ra Ra NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 128 56 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 128 57 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 128 58 qljwꜣpdrꜣ.t qljwꜣpdrꜣ.t UH en-wikipedia-org-910 128 59 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 128 60 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 128 61 Cleopatra Cleopatra NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 128 62 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 128 63 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 128 64 Filling fill VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 128 65 stroke stroke NN en-wikipedia-org-910 128 66 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 128 67 filling fill VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 128 68 stroke stroke NN en-wikipedia-org-910 128 69 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 128 70 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 128 71 character character NN en-wikipedia-org-910 128 72 indicating indicate VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 128 73 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 128 74 end end NN en-wikipedia-org-910 128 75 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 128 76 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 128 77 quadrat quadrat NN en-wikipedia-org-910 128 78 that that WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 128 79 would would MD en-wikipedia-org-910 128 80 otherwise otherwise RB en-wikipedia-org-910 128 81 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-910 128 82 incomplete incomplete JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 128 83 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 129 1 Signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 129 2 joined join VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 129 3 together together RB en-wikipedia-org-910 129 4 Some some DT en-wikipedia-org-910 129 5 signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 129 6 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 129 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 129 8 contraction contraction NN en-wikipedia-org-910 129 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 129 10 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 129 11 others other NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 129 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 130 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-910 130 2 signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 130 3 have have VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 130 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 130 5 however however RB en-wikipedia-org-910 130 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 130 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 130 8 function function NN en-wikipedia-org-910 130 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 130 10 existence existence NN en-wikipedia-org-910 130 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 130 12 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-910 130 13 own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 130 14 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 130 15 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 130 16 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-910 130 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 130 18 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 130 19 forearm forearm NN en-wikipedia-org-910 130 20 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-910 130 21 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 130 22 hand hand NN en-wikipedia-org-910 130 23 holds hold VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 130 24 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 130 25 scepter scepter NN en-wikipedia-org-910 130 26 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 130 27 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 130 28 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 130 29 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 130 30 determinative determinative NN en-wikipedia-org-910 130 31 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 130 32 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 130 33 meaning mean VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 130 34 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 130 35 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 130 36 direct direct VB en-wikipedia-org-910 130 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 130 38 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 130 39 drive drive VB en-wikipedia-org-910 130 40 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 130 41 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 130 42 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-910 130 43 derivatives derivative NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 130 44 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 131 1 Doubling double VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 131 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 131 3 doubling doubling NN en-wikipedia-org-910 131 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 131 5 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 131 6 sign sign NN en-wikipedia-org-910 131 7 indicates indicate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 131 8 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-910 131 9 dual dual NN en-wikipedia-org-910 131 10 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 131 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 131 12 tripling tripling NN en-wikipedia-org-910 131 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 131 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 131 15 sign sign NN en-wikipedia-org-910 131 16 indicates indicate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 131 17 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-910 131 18 plural plural NN en-wikipedia-org-910 131 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 132 1 Grammatical grammatical JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 132 2 signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 132 3 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 132 4 vertical vertical JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 132 5 stroke stroke NN en-wikipedia-org-910 132 6 indicates indicate VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 132 7 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-910 132 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 132 9 sign sign NN en-wikipedia-org-910 132 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 132 11 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 132 12 logogram logogram NN en-wikipedia-org-910 132 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 133 1 Two two CD en-wikipedia-org-910 133 2 strokes stroke NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 133 3 indicate indicate VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 133 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 133 5 dual dual JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 133 6 number number NN en-wikipedia-org-910 133 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 133 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 133 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 133 10 three three CD en-wikipedia-org-910 133 11 strokes stroke NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 133 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 133 13 plural plural NN en-wikipedia-org-910 133 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 134 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 134 2 direct direct JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 134 3 notation notation NN en-wikipedia-org-910 134 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 134 5 flexional flexional JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 134 6 endings ending NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 134 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 134 8 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 134 9 example example NN en-wikipedia-org-910 134 10 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 134 11 Spelling spelling JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 134 12 Standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 134 13 orthography—"correct orthography—"correct NN en-wikipedia-org-910 134 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 134 15 spelling spelling NN en-wikipedia-org-910 134 16 — — : en-wikipedia-org-910 134 17 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 134 18 Egyptian Egyptian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 134 19 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 134 20 much much RB en-wikipedia-org-910 134 21 looser loose JJR en-wikipedia-org-910 134 22 than than IN en-wikipedia-org-910 134 23 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 134 24 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 134 25 languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 134 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 135 1 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 135 2 fact fact NN en-wikipedia-org-910 135 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 135 4 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-910 135 5 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 135 6 several several JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 135 7 variants variant NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 135 8 exist exist VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 135 9 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 135 10 almost almost RB en-wikipedia-org-910 135 11 every every DT en-wikipedia-org-910 135 12 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-910 135 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 136 1 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-910 136 2 finds find VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 136 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 136 4 Redundancies redundancy NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 136 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 136 6 Omission Omission NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 136 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 136 8 graphemes grapheme NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 136 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 136 10 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 136 11 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 136 12 ignored ignore VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 136 13 whether whether IN en-wikipedia-org-910 136 14 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 136 15 not not RB en-wikipedia-org-910 136 16 they -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 136 17 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 136 18 intentional intentional JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 136 19 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 136 20 Substitutions substitution NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 136 21 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 136 22 one one CD en-wikipedia-org-910 136 23 grapheme grapheme NN en-wikipedia-org-910 136 24 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 136 25 another another DT en-wikipedia-org-910 136 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 136 27 such such JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 136 28 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-910 136 29 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 136 30 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 136 31 impossible impossible JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 136 32 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 136 33 distinguish distinguish VB en-wikipedia-org-910 136 34 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 136 35 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 136 36 mistake mistake NN en-wikipedia-org-910 136 37 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 136 38 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 136 39 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-910 136 40 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 136 41 alternate alternate JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 136 42 spelling spelling NN en-wikipedia-org-910 136 43 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 136 44 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 136 45 Errors error NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 136 46 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 136 47 omission omission NN en-wikipedia-org-910 136 48 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 136 49 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 136 50 drawing drawing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 136 51 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 136 52 signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 136 53 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 136 54 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 136 55 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 136 56 much much RB en-wikipedia-org-910 136 57 more more RBR en-wikipedia-org-910 136 58 problematic problematic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 136 59 when when WRB en-wikipedia-org-910 136 60 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 136 61 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 136 62 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 136 63 cursive cursive JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 136 64 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 136 65 hieratic hieratic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 136 66 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 136 67 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 136 68 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 136 69 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-910 136 70 especially especially RB en-wikipedia-org-910 136 71 demotic demotic NN en-wikipedia-org-910 136 72 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 136 73 where where WRB en-wikipedia-org-910 136 74 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 136 75 schematization schematization NN en-wikipedia-org-910 136 76 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 136 77 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 136 78 signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 136 79 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 136 80 extreme extreme JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 136 81 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 137 1 However however RB en-wikipedia-org-910 137 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 137 3 many many JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 137 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 137 5 these these DT en-wikipedia-org-910 137 6 apparent apparent JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 137 7 spelling spelling NN en-wikipedia-org-910 137 8 errors error NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 137 9 constitute constitute VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 137 10 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-910 137 11 issue issue NN en-wikipedia-org-910 137 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 137 13 chronology chronology NN en-wikipedia-org-910 137 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 138 1 Spelling spelling NN en-wikipedia-org-910 138 2 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 138 3 standards standard NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 138 4 varied vary VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 138 5 over over IN en-wikipedia-org-910 138 6 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-910 138 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 138 8 so so RB en-wikipedia-org-910 138 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 138 10 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 138 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 138 12 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 138 13 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-910 138 14 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-910 138 15 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 138 16 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 138 17 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 138 18 might may MD en-wikipedia-org-910 138 19 be be VB en-wikipedia-org-910 138 20 considerably considerably RB en-wikipedia-org-910 138 21 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 138 22 during during IN en-wikipedia-org-910 138 23 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 138 24 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 138 25 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 138 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 139 1 Furthermore furthermore RB en-wikipedia-org-910 139 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 139 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 139 4 Egyptians Egyptians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 139 5 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 139 6 perfectly perfectly RB en-wikipedia-org-910 139 7 content content JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 139 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 139 9 include include VB en-wikipedia-org-910 139 10 older old JJR en-wikipedia-org-910 139 11 orthography orthography NN en-wikipedia-org-910 139 12 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 139 13 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 139 14 historical historical JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 139 15 spelling spelling NN en-wikipedia-org-910 139 16 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 139 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 139 18 alongside alongside IN en-wikipedia-org-910 139 19 newer new JJR en-wikipedia-org-910 139 20 practices practice NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 139 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 139 22 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 139 23 though though IN en-wikipedia-org-910 139 24 it -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 139 25 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 139 26 acceptable acceptable JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 139 27 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 139 28 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 139 29 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 139 30 use use VB en-wikipedia-org-910 139 31 archaic archaic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 139 32 spellings spelling NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 139 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 139 34 modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 139 35 texts text NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 139 36 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 140 1 Most most RBS en-wikipedia-org-910 140 2 often often RB en-wikipedia-org-910 140 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 140 4 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 140 5 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 140 6 spelling spelling NN en-wikipedia-org-910 140 7 errors error NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 140 8 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 140 9 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 140 10 simply simply RB en-wikipedia-org-910 140 11 misinterpretations misinterpretation NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 140 12 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 140 13 context context NN en-wikipedia-org-910 140 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 141 1 Today today NN en-wikipedia-org-910 141 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 141 3 hieroglyphicists hieroglyphicist NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 141 4 use use VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 141 5 numerous numerous JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 141 6 cataloguing cataloguing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 141 7 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 141 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 141 9 notably notably RB en-wikipedia-org-910 141 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 141 11 Manuel Manuel NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 141 12 de de NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 141 13 Codage Codage NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 141 14 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 141 15 Gardiner Gardiner NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 141 16 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-910 141 17 Sign Sign NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 141 18 List List NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 141 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 141 20 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 141 21 clarify clarify VB en-wikipedia-org-910 141 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 141 23 presence presence NN en-wikipedia-org-910 141 24 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 141 25 determinatives determinative NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 141 26 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 141 27 ideograms ideogram NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 141 28 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 141 29 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 141 30 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 141 31 ambiguous ambiguous JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 141 32 signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 141 33 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 141 34 transliteration transliteration NN en-wikipedia-org-910 141 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 142 1 Simple simple JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 142 2 examples example NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 142 3 nomen noman NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 142 4 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 142 5 birth birth NN en-wikipedia-org-910 142 6 name name NN en-wikipedia-org-910 142 7 Ptolemy Ptolemy NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 142 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 142 9 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 142 10 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 142 11 glyphs glyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 142 12 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 142 13 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-910 142 14 cartouche cartouche NN en-wikipedia-org-910 142 15 are be VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 142 16 transliterated transliterate VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 142 17 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 142 18 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 142 19 p p NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 142 20 t t NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 142 21 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 142 22 ua ua NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 142 23 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 142 24 l l NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 142 25 m m NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 142 26 y y NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 142 27 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 142 28 ii ii NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 142 29 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 142 30 s s LS en-wikipedia-org-910 142 31 Ptolmys Ptolmys NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 142 32 though though IN en-wikipedia-org-910 142 33 ii ii PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 142 34 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 142 35 considered consider VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 142 36 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 142 37 single single JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 142 38 letter letter NN en-wikipedia-org-910 142 39 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 142 40 transliterated transliterate VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 142 41 y. y. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 143 1 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-910 143 2 way way NN en-wikipedia-org-910 143 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 143 4 which which WDT en-wikipedia-org-910 143 5 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 143 6 work work NN en-wikipedia-org-910 143 7 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 143 8 illustrated illustrate VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 143 9 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 143 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 143 11 two two CD en-wikipedia-org-910 143 12 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 143 13 words word NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 143 14 pronounced pronounce VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 143 15 pr pr FW en-wikipedia-org-910 143 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 143 17 usually usually RB en-wikipedia-org-910 143 18 vocalised vocalise VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 143 19 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 143 20 per per IN en-wikipedia-org-910 143 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 143 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 144 1 One one CD en-wikipedia-org-910 144 2 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-910 144 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 144 4 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-910 144 5 house house NN en-wikipedia-org-910 144 6 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-910 144 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 144 8 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 144 9 its -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-910 144 10 hieroglyphic hieroglyphic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 144 11 representation representation NN en-wikipedia-org-910 144 12 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 144 13 straightforward straightforward JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 144 14 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 144 15 Name name NN en-wikipedia-org-910 144 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 144 17 Alexander Alexander NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 144 18 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 144 19 Great Great NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 144 20 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 144 21 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 144 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 144 23 c. c. 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20 logogram logogram NN en-wikipedia-org-910 146 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 147 1 Another another DT en-wikipedia-org-910 147 2 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-910 147 3 pr pr UH en-wikipedia-org-910 147 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 147 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 147 6 verb verb NN en-wikipedia-org-910 147 7 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-910 147 8 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 147 9 go go VB en-wikipedia-org-910 147 10 out out RP en-wikipedia-org-910 147 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 147 12 leave leave VB en-wikipedia-org-910 147 13 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-910 147 14 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 148 1 When when WRB en-wikipedia-org-910 148 2 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-910 148 3 word word NN en-wikipedia-org-910 148 4 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 148 5 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 148 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 148 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 148 8 ' ' `` en-wikipedia-org-910 148 9 house house NN en-wikipedia-org-910 148 10 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-910 148 11 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the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 151 25 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 151 26 Hieroglyphs Hieroglyphs NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 151 27 block block NN en-wikipedia-org-910 151 28 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 151 29 U+13000–U+1342F u+13000–u+1342f NN en-wikipedia-org-910 151 30 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 151 31 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 151 32 1,071 1,071 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 151 33 defined define VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 151 34 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 151 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 152 1 As as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 152 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 152 3 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 152 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 152 5 2013[update 2013[update NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 152 6 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 152 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 152 8 four four CD en-wikipedia-org-910 152 9 fonts font NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 152 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 152 11 Aegyptus Aegyptus NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 152 12 , , , 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158 10 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-910 158 11 Richard Richard NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 158 12 Mattessich Mattessich NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 158 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 158 14 2002 2002 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 158 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 158 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 159 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 159 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 159 3 oldest old JJS en-wikipedia-org-910 159 4 writings writing NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 159 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 159 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 159 7 inventory inventory NN en-wikipedia-org-910 159 8 tags tag NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 159 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 159 10 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 159 11 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 159 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 160 1 Accounting Accounting NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 160 2 Historians Historians NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 160 3 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 160 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 161 1 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 161 2 ( ( -LRB- 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P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 164 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 164 7 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 164 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 164 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 165 1 Middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 165 2 Egyptian Egyptian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 165 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 165 4 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-910 165 5 Introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-910 165 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 165 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 165 8 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 165 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 165 10 Culture Culture NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 165 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 165 12 Hieroglyphs Hieroglyphs NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 165 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 166 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 166 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 166 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 166 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 167 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-910 167 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 167 3 2 2 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 167 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 168 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 168 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 168 3 9781139486354 9781139486354 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 168 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 169 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 169 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 169 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 169 4 c c NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 169 5 d d NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 169 6 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 169 7 f f NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 169 8 g g NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 169 9 Allen Allen NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 169 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 169 11 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 169 12 P. P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 169 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 169 14 2010 2010 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 169 15 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 169 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 170 1 Middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 170 2 Egyptian Egyptian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 170 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 170 4 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-910 170 5 Introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-910 170 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 170 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 170 8 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 170 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 170 10 Culture Culture NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 170 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 170 12 Hieroglyphs Hieroglyphs NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 170 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 171 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 171 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 171 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 171 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 172 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-910 172 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 172 3 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 172 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 173 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 173 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 173 3 9781139486354 9781139486354 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 173 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 174 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 174 2 Jones Jones NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 174 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 174 4 Daniel Daniel NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 174 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 174 6 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 174 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 174 8 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 174 9 1917 1917 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 174 10 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 174 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 174 12 Peter Peter NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 174 13 Roach Roach NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 174 14 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 174 15 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 174 16 Hartmann Hartmann NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 174 17 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 174 18 Jane Jane NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 174 19 Setter Setter NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 174 20 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 174 21 eds eds XX en-wikipedia-org-910 174 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 175 1 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 175 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 175 3 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 175 4 Pronouncing Pronouncing NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 175 5 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 175 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 175 7 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 175 8 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 175 9 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 175 10 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 175 11 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 175 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 175 13 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 175 14   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 175 15 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 175 16 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 175 17 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 175 18 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 175 19 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 175 20 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 175 21 539683 539683 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 175 22 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 175 23 8 8 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 175 24 ^ ^ SYM en-wikipedia-org-910 175 25 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 175 26 hieroglyph hieroglyph NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 175 27 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 175 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 176 1 Merriam Merriam NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 176 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 176 3 Webster Webster NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 176 4 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 176 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 177 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 177 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 177 3 b b NN en-wikipedia-org-910 177 4 There there EX en-wikipedia-org-910 177 5 were be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 177 6 about about RB en-wikipedia-org-910 177 7 1,000 1,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 177 8 graphemes grapheme NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 177 9 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 177 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 177 11 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 177 12 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 177 13 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-910 177 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 177 15 reduced reduce VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 177 16 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 177 17 around around IN en-wikipedia-org-910 177 18 750 750 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 177 19 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 177 20 850 850 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 177 21 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 177 22 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 177 23 classical classical JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 177 24 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-910 177 25 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 177 26 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 177 27 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 177 28 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 177 29 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 177 30 but but CC en-wikipedia-org-910 177 31 inflated inflate VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 177 32 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 177 33 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 177 34 order order NN en-wikipedia-org-910 177 35 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 177 36 some some DT en-wikipedia-org-910 177 37 5,000 5,000 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 177 38 signs sign NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 177 39 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 177 40 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 177 41 Ptolemaic Ptolemaic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 177 42 period period NN en-wikipedia-org-910 177 43 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 178 1 Antonio Antonio NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 178 2 Loprieno Loprieno NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 178 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 178 4 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 178 5 Egyptian Egyptian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 178 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 178 7 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 178 8 Linguistic Linguistic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 178 9 Introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-910 178 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 178 11 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 178 12 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 178 13 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 178 14 UP UP NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 178 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 178 16 1995 1995 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 178 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 178 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 178 19 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-910 178 20 12 12 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 178 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 179 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-910 179 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 179 3 standard standard JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 179 4 inventory inventory NN en-wikipedia-org-910 179 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 179 6 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 179 7 used use VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 179 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 179 9 Egyptology Egyptology NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 179 10 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 179 11 Gardiner Gardiner NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 179 12 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-910 179 13 sign sign NN en-wikipedia-org-910 179 14 list list NN en-wikipedia-org-910 179 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 179 16 1928–1953 1928–1953 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 179 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 179 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 180 1 A.H. A.H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 180 2 Gardiner Gardiner NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 180 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 180 4 1928 1928 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 180 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 180 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 180 7 Catalogue Catalogue NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 180 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 180 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 180 10 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 180 11 hieroglyphic hieroglyphic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 180 12 printing printing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 180 13 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-910 180 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 180 15 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 180 16 matrices matrix NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 180 17 owned own VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 180 18 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 180 19 controlled control VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 180 20 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 180 21 Dr. Dr. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 180 22 Alan Alan NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 180 23 Gardiner Gardiner NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 180 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 180 25 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 180 26 Additions addition NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 180 27 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 180 28 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 180 29 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 180 30 hieroglyphic hieroglyphic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 180 31 fount fount NN en-wikipedia-org-910 180 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 180 33 1928 1928 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 180 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 180 35 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 180 36 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 180 37 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 180 38 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 180 39 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 180 40 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 180 41 Egyptian Egyptian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 180 42 Archaeology Archaeology NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 180 43 15 15 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 180 44 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 180 45 1929 1929 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 180 46 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 180 47 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 180 48 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-910 180 49 95 95 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 180 50 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 180 51 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 180 52 Additions addition NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 180 53 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 180 54 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 180 55 new new JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 180 56 hieroglyphic hieroglyphic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 180 57 fount fount NN en-wikipedia-org-910 180 58 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 180 59 1931 1931 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 180 60 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 180 61 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 180 62 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 180 63 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 180 64 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 180 65 Journal Journal NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 180 66 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 180 67 Egyptian Egyptian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 180 68 Archaeology Archaeology NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 180 69 17 17 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 180 70 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 180 71 1931 1931 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 180 72 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 180 73 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 180 74 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 180 75 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 181 1 245 245 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 181 2 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-910 181 3 247 247 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 181 4 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 181 5 A.H. A.H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 181 6 Gardiner Gardiner NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 181 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 181 8 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 181 9 Supplement supplement NN en-wikipedia-org-910 181 10 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 181 11 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 181 12 catalogue catalogue NN en-wikipedia-org-910 181 13 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 181 14 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 181 15 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 181 16 hieroglyphic hieroglyphic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 181 17 printing printing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 181 18 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-910 181 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 181 20 showing show VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 181 21 acquisitions acquisition NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 181 22 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 181 23 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 181 24 1953 1953 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 181 25 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 181 26 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 181 27 1953 1953 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 181 28 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 181 29 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 182 1 Unicode Unicode NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 182 2 Egyptian Egyptian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 182 3 Hieroglyphs Hieroglyphs NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 182 4 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 182 5 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 182 6 version version NN en-wikipedia-org-910 182 7 5.2 5.2 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 182 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 182 9 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 182 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 182 11 assigned assign VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 182 12 1,070 1,070 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 182 13 Unicode Unicode NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 182 14 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 182 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 183 1 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-910 183 2 Michael Michael NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 183 3 C. C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 183 4 Howard Howard NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 183 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 183 6 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 183 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 183 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 184 1 Transnationalism transnationalism NN en-wikipedia-org-910 184 2 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 184 3 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 184 4 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 184 5 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 184 6 Societies Societies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 184 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 185 1 P. P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 185 2 23 23 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 185 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 186 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 186 2 Houston Houston NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 186 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 186 4 Stephen Stephen NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 186 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 186 6 Baines Baines NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 186 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 186 8 John John NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 186 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 186 10 Cooper Cooper NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 186 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 186 12 Jerrold Jerrold NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 186 13 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 186 14 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 186 15 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 186 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 186 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 187 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 187 2 Last last JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 187 3 Writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 187 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 187 5 Script Script NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 187 6 Obsolescence Obsolescence NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 187 7 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 187 8 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 187 9 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 187 10 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 187 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 187 12 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 187 13 Mesoamerica Mesoamerica NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 187 14 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 187 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 188 1 Comparative Comparative NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 188 2 Studies Studies NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 188 3 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 188 4 Society Society NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 188 5 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 188 6 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-910 188 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 189 1 45 45 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 189 2 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 189 3 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 189 4 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 189 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 190 1 doi:10.1017 doi:10.1017 NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 190 2 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-910 190 3 s0010417503000227 s0010417503000227 NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 190 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 191 1 ISSN ISSN NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 191 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 191 3 0010 0010 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 191 4 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-910 191 5 4175 4175 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 191 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 192 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 192 2 ἱερογλυφικός ἱερογλυφικός NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 192 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 193 1 Liddell Liddell NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 193 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 193 3 Henry Henry NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 193 4 George George NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 193 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 193 6 Scott Scott NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 193 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 193 8 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 193 9 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 193 10 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 193 11 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 193 12 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 193 13 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 193 14 Lexicon Lexicon NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 193 15 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-910 193 16 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 193 17 Perseus Perseus NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 193 18 Project Project NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 193 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 194 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 194 2 ἱερός ἱερός NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 194 3   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 194 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 194 5 Liddell Liddell NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 194 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 194 7 Scott Scott NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 194 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 195 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 195 2 γλύφω γλύφω NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 195 3   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 195 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 195 5 Liddell Liddell NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 195 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 195 7 Scott Scott NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 195 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 196 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-910 196 2 Antonio Antonio NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 196 3 Loprieno Loprieno NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 196 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 196 5 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 196 6 Egyptian Egyptian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 196 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 196 8 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 196 9 Linguistic Linguistic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 196 10 Introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-910 196 11 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 196 12 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 196 13 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 196 14 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 196 15 UP UP NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 196 16 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 196 17 1995 1995 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 196 18 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 196 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 196 20 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-910 196 21 11 11 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 196 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 197 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 197 2 ἱερόγλυφος ἱερόγλυφος NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 197 3   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 197 4 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 197 5 Liddell Liddell NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 197 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 197 7 Scott Scott NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 197 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 198 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-910 198 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 198 3 Hieroglyphic Hieroglyphic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 198 4 | | NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 198 5 Definition Definition NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 198 6 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 198 7 Hieroglyphic Hieroglyphic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 198 8 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 198 9 Merriam Merriam NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 198 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 198 11 Webster Webster NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 198 12 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 198 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 199 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 199 2 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 199 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-910 199 4 08 08 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 199 5 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 199 6 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 199 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 200 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 200 2 Harper Harper NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 200 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 200 4 Douglas Douglas NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 200 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 201 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 201 2 hieroglyphic hieroglyphic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 201 3 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 201 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 202 1 Online Online NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 202 2 Etymology Etymology NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 202 3 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 202 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 203 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 203 2 Joly Joly NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 203 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 203 4 Marcel Marcel NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 203 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 203 6 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 203 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 203 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 204 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 204 2 Sayles Sayles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 204 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 204 4 George George NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 204 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 204 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 204 7 Sr Sr NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 204 8 . . 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M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 208 17 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 208 18 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 208 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 208 20 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 209 1 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 209 2 Civilizations Civilizations NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 209 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 210 1 Routledge Routledge NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 210 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 211 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-910 211 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 211 3 106 106 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 211 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 212 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 212 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 212 3 9781317296089 9781317296089 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 212 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 213 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 213 2 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 213 3 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 213 4 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 213 5 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 213 6 seal seal NN en-wikipedia-org-910 213 7 impressions impression NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 213 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 213 9 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 213 10 various various JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 213 11 tombs tomb NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 213 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 213 13 date date NN en-wikipedia-org-910 213 14 even even RB en-wikipedia-org-910 213 15 further far RBR en-wikipedia-org-910 213 16 back back RB en-wikipedia-org-910 213 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 213 18 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 213 19 3400 3400 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 213 20 B.C. B.C. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 214 1 These these DT en-wikipedia-org-910 214 2 dates date NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 214 3 challenge challenge VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 214 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 214 5 commonly commonly RB en-wikipedia-org-910 214 6 held hold VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 214 7 belief belief NN en-wikipedia-org-910 214 8 that that IN en-wikipedia-org-910 214 9 early early JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 214 10 logographs logograph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 214 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 214 12 pictographic pictographic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 214 13 symbols symbol NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 214 14 representing represent VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 214 15 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 214 16 specific specific JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 214 17 place place NN en-wikipedia-org-910 214 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 214 19 object object NN en-wikipedia-org-910 214 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 214 21 or or CC en-wikipedia-org-910 214 22 quantity quantity NN en-wikipedia-org-910 214 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 214 24 first first RB en-wikipedia-org-910 214 25 evolved evolve VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 214 26 into into IN en-wikipedia-org-910 214 27 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-910 214 28 complex complex JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 214 29 phonetic phonetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 214 30 symbols symbol NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 214 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 214 32 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 214 33 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 214 34 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 215 1 Mitchell Mitchell NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 215 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 215 3 Larkin Larkin NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 215 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 216 1 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 216 2 Earliest early JJS en-wikipedia-org-910 216 3 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 216 4 Glyphs glyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 216 5 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 216 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 217 1 Archaeology archaeology NN en-wikipedia-org-910 217 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 218 1 Archaeological Archaeological NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 218 2 Institute Institute NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 218 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 218 4 America America NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 218 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 219 1 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 219 2 29 29 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 219 3 February February NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 219 4 2012 2012 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 219 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 220 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-910 220 2 Conference Conference NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 220 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 220 4 William William NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 220 5 Foxwell Foxwell NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 220 6 Albright Albright NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 220 7 Centennial Centennial NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 220 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 220 9 1996 1996 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 220 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 220 11 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 221 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 221 2 Study Study NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 221 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 221 4 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 221 5 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 221 6 Near Near NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 221 7 East East NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 221 8 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 221 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 221 10 Twenty Twenty NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 221 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 221 12 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 221 13 Century century NN en-wikipedia-org-910 221 14 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 221 15 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 221 16 William William NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 221 17 Foxwell Foxwell NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 221 18 Albright Albright NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 221 19 Centennial Centennial NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 221 20 Conference Conference NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 221 21 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 222 1 Eisenbrauns eisenbraun NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 222 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 223 1 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-910 223 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 223 3 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 223 4 24–25 24–25 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 223 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 224 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 224 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 224 3 9780931464966 9780931464966 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 224 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 225 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 225 2 Geoffrey Geoffrey NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 225 3 Sampson Sampson NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 225 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 225 5 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 225 6 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 225 7 1990 1990 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 225 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 225 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 226 1 Writing Writing NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 226 2 Systems Systems NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 226 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 226 4 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 226 5 Linguistic linguistic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 226 6 Introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-910 226 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 227 1 Stanford Stanford NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 227 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 227 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 227 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 228 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 228 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 229 1 78–. 78–. CD en-wikipedia-org-910 230 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 230 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 230 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 230 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 230 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 230 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 230 7 8047 8047 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 230 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 230 9 1756 1756 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 230 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-910 230 11 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 230 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 231 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 231 2 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 231 3 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 231 4 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 231 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 232 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 232 2 Geoffrey Geoffrey NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 232 3 W. W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 232 4 Bromiley Bromiley NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 232 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 232 6 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 232 7 1995 1995 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 232 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 232 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 233 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 233 2 international international JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 233 3 standard standard NN en-wikipedia-org-910 233 4 Bible Bible NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 233 5 encyclopedia encyclopedia NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 233 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 234 1 Wm Wm NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 234 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 235 1 B. B. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 235 2 Eerdmans Eerdmans NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 235 3 Publishing Publishing NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 235 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 236 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 236 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 237 1 1150–. 1150–. CD en-wikipedia-org-910 238 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 238 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 238 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 238 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 238 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 238 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 238 7 8028 8028 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 238 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 238 9 3784 3784 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 238 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 238 11 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 238 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 239 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 239 2 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 239 3 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 239 4 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 239 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 240 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 240 2 Iorwerth Iorwerth NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 240 3 Eiddon Eiddon NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 240 4 Stephen Stephen NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 240 5 Edwards Edwards NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 240 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 240 7 et et NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 240 8 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 240 9 . . NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 240 10 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 240 11 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 240 12 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 240 13 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 240 14 History History NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 240 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 240 16 3d 3d NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 240 17 ed ed NN en-wikipedia-org-910 240 18 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 241 1 1970 1970 LS en-wikipedia-org-910 241 2 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 241 3 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 241 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 242 1 43–44 43–44 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 242 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 243 1 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-910 243 2 Robert Robert NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 243 3 E. E. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 243 4 Krebs Krebs NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 243 5 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 243 6 Carolyn Carolyn NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 243 7 A. a. NN en-wikipedia-org-910 243 8 Krebs Krebs NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 243 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 243 10 December December NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 243 11 2003 2003 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 243 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 243 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 244 1 Groundbreaking groundbreake VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 244 2 scientific scientific JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 244 3 experiments experiment NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 244 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 244 5 inventions invention NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 244 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 244 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 244 8 discoveries discovery NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 244 9 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 244 10 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 244 11 ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 244 12 world world NN en-wikipedia-org-910 244 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 245 1 Greenwood Greenwood NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 245 2 Publishing Publishing NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 245 3 Group Group NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 245 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 246 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 246 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 247 1 91–. 91–. CD en-wikipedia-org-910 248 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 248 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 248 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 248 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 248 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 248 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 248 7 313 313 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 248 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 248 9 31342 31342 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 248 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 248 11 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 248 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 249 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 249 2 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 249 3 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 249 4 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 249 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 250 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 250 2 Simson Simson NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 250 3 Najovits Najovits NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 250 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 250 5 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 250 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 250 7 Trunk Trunk NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 250 8 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 250 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 250 10 Tree tree NN en-wikipedia-org-910 250 11 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 250 12 A A NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 250 13 Modern Modern NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 250 14 Survey Survey NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 250 15 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 250 16 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-910 250 17 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 250 18 Land Land NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 250 19 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 250 20 Algora Algora NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 250 21 Publishing Publishing NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 250 22 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 250 23 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 250 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 250 25 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 250 26 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 251 1 55–56 55–56 LS en-wikipedia-org-910 251 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 252 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 252 2 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 252 3 latest late JJS en-wikipedia-org-910 252 4 presently presently RB en-wikipedia-org-910 252 5 known know VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 252 6 hieroglyphic hieroglyphic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 252 7 inscription inscription NN en-wikipedia-org-910 252 8 date date NN en-wikipedia-org-910 252 9 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 252 10 Birthday birthday NN en-wikipedia-org-910 252 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 252 12 Osiris Osiris NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 252 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 252 14 year year NN en-wikipedia-org-910 252 15 110 110 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 252 16 [ [ -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 252 17 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 252 18 Diocletian Diocletian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 252 19 ] ] -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 252 20 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 252 21 dated date VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 252 22 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 252 23 August August NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 252 24 24 24 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 252 25 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 252 26 394 394 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 252 27 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-910 252 28 Ahmed Ahmed NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 252 29 ibn ibn NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 252 30 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-910 252 31 Ali Ali NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 252 32 ibn ibn NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 252 33 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 252 34 Mukhtar Mukhtar NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 252 35 ibn ibn NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 252 36 ' ' '' en-wikipedia-org-910 252 37 Abd Abd NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 252 38 al al NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 252 39 Karim Karim NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 252 40 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 252 41 called call VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 252 42 Ibn Ibn NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 252 43 Wahshiyah Wahshiyah NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 252 44 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 252 45 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 252 46 1806 1806 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 252 47 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 252 48 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 253 1 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 253 2 alphabets alphabet NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 253 3 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-910 253 4 hieroglyphic hieroglyphic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 253 5 characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 253 6 explained explain VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 253 7 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 253 8 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 253 9 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-910 253 10 account account NN en-wikipedia-org-910 253 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 253 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 253 13 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 253 14 priests priest NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 253 15 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 253 16 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-910 253 17 classes class NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 253 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 253 19 initiation initiation NN en-wikipedia-org-910 253 20 time time NN en-wikipedia-org-910 253 21 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 253 22 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-910 253 23 sacrifices sacrifice NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 253 24 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 253 25 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 253 26 aztecs aztecs NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 253 27 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 253 28 their -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-910 253 29 birds bird NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 253 30 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 253 31 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 253 32 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 253 33 Arabic arabic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 253 34 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-910 253 35 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 254 1 W. W. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 254 2 Bulmer Bulmer NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 254 3 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-910 254 4 co. co. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 254 5 Retrieved retrieve VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 254 6 31 31 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 254 7 October October NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 254 8 2011 2011 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 254 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 255 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-910 255 2 Tabula Tabula NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 255 3 Aegyptiaca Aegyptiaca NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 255 4 hieroglyphicis hieroglyphicis VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 255 5 exornata exornata NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 255 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 256 1 Acta Acta NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 256 2 Eruditorum Eruditorum NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 256 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 257 1 Leipzig Leipzig NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 257 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 258 1 1714 1714 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 258 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 258 3 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-910 258 4   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 258 5 127 127 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 258 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 259 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-910 259 2 Jean Jean NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 259 3 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 259 4 François François NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 259 5 Champollion Champollion NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 259 6 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 259 7 Letter Letter NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 259 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 259 9 M. M. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 259 10 Dacier Dacier NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 259 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 259 12 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 259 13 27 27 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 259 14 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 259 15 1822 1822 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 259 16 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-910 259 17 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 259 18 b b NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 259 19 c c NN en-wikipedia-org-910 259 20 Sir Sir NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 259 21 Alan Alan NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 259 22 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 259 23 Gardiner Gardiner NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 259 24 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 259 25 Egyptian Egyptian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 259 26 Grammar Grammar NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 259 27 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 259 28 Third Third NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 259 29 Edition Edition NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 259 30 Revised Revised NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 259 31 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 259 32 Griffith Griffith NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 259 33 Institute Institute NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 259 34 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 259 35 2005 2005 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 259 36 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 259 37 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 259 38 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-910 259 39 25 25 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 259 40 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 260 1 ^ ^ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 260 2 Gardiner Gardiner NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 260 3 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 260 4 Sir Sir NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 260 5 Alan Alan NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 260 6 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 260 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 260 8 1973 1973 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 260 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 260 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 261 1 Egyptian Egyptian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 261 2 Grammar Grammar NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 261 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 262 1 Griffith Griffith NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 262 2 Institute Institute NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 262 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 263 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 263 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 263 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 263 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 263 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 263 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 263 7 900416 900416 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 263 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 263 9 35 35 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 263 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-910 263 11 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 263 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 264 1 ^ ^ NFP en-wikipedia-org-910 264 2 Antonio Antonio NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 264 3 Loprieno Loprieno NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 264 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 264 5 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 264 6 Egyptian Egyptian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 264 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 264 8 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 264 9 Linguistic Linguistic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 264 10 Introduction Introduction NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 264 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 264 12 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 264 13 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 264 14 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 264 15 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 264 16 1995 1995 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 264 17 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 264 18 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 264 19 p. p. NN en-wikipedia-org-910 264 20 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 264 21 ^ ^ NN en-wikipedia-org-910 264 22 Budge Budge NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 264 23 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 264 24 Wallis Wallis NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 264 25 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 264 26 1889 1889 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 264 27 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 264 28 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 265 1 Egyptian Egyptian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 265 2 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 265 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 266 1 pp pp NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 266 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 267 1 38–42 38–42 LS en-wikipedia-org-910 267 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 268 1 ^ ^ FW en-wikipedia-org-910 268 2 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 268 3 Segoe segoe JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 268 4 UI UI NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 268 5 Historic Historic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 268 6 Phallus Phallus NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 268 7 Microsoft Microsoft NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 268 8 Censorship Censorship NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 268 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 268 10 Fonts Fonts NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 268 11 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 268 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 268 13 Spludlow Spludlow NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 268 14 Framework Framework NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 268 15 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 268 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 269 1 www.spludlow.co.uk www.spludlow.co.uk NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 269 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 270 1 Retrieved Retrieved NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 270 2 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 270 3 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-910 270 4 05 05 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 270 5 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-910 270 6 13 13 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 270 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 271 1 Further further JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 271 2 reading read VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 271 3 Adkins Adkins NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 271 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 271 5 Lesley Lesley NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 271 6 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 271 7 Adkins Adkins NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 271 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 271 9 Roy Roy NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 271 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 271 11 2000 2000 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 271 12 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 271 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 272 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 272 2 Keys Keys NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 272 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 272 4 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 272 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 272 6 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 272 7 Obsession Obsession NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 272 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 272 9 Decipher Decipher NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 272 10 Egyptian Egyptian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 272 11 Hieroglyphs Hieroglyphs NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 272 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 273 1 HarperCollins HarperCollins NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 273 2 Publishers Publishers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 273 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 274 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 274 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 274 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 274 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 274 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 274 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 274 7 06 06 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 274 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 274 9 019439 019439 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 274 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 274 11 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 274 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 275 1 Allen Allen NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 275 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 275 3 James James NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 275 4 P. P. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 275 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 275 6 1999 1999 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 275 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 275 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 276 1 Middle middle JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 276 2 Egyptian Egyptian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 276 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 276 4 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-910 276 5 Introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-910 276 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 276 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 276 8 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 276 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 276 10 Culture Culture NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 276 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 276 12 Hieroglyphs Hieroglyphs NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 276 13 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 277 1 Cambridge Cambridge NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 277 2 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 277 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 277 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 278 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 278 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 278 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 278 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 278 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 278 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 278 7 521 521 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 278 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 278 9 77483 77483 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 278 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 278 11 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 278 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 279 1 Collier Collier NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 279 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 279 3 Mark Mark NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 279 4 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-910 279 5 Bill Bill NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 279 6 Manley Manley NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 279 7 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 279 8 1998 1998 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 279 9 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 279 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 280 1 How how WRB en-wikipedia-org-910 280 2 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 280 3 Read read VB en-wikipedia-org-910 280 4 Egyptian Egyptian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 280 5 Hieroglyphs Hieroglyphs NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 280 6 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 280 7 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 280 8 step step NN en-wikipedia-org-910 280 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 280 10 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 280 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 280 12 step step NN en-wikipedia-org-910 280 13 guide guide NN en-wikipedia-org-910 280 14 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 280 15 teach teach VB en-wikipedia-org-910 280 16 yourself -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 280 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 281 1 British British NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 281 2 Museum Museum NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 281 3 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 281 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 282 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 282 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 282 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 282 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 282 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 282 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 282 7 7141 7141 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 282 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 282 9 1910 1910 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 282 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-910 282 11 6 6 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 282 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 283 1 Selden Selden NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 283 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 283 3 Daniel Daniel NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 283 4 L. L. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 283 5 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 283 6 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 283 7 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 283 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 284 1 Hieroglyphic hieroglyphic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 284 2 Egyptian Egyptian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 284 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 284 4 An an DT en-wikipedia-org-910 284 5 Introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-910 284 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 284 7 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 284 8 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 284 9 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 284 10 Literature Literature NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 284 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 284 12 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 284 13 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 284 14 Kingdom Kingdom NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 284 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 285 1 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 285 2 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 285 3 California California NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 285 4 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 285 5 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 286 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 286 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 286 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 286 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 286 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 286 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 286 7 520 520 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 286 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 286 9 27546 27546 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 286 10 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 286 11 1 1 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 286 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 287 1 Faulkner Faulkner NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 287 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 287 3 Raymond Raymond NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 287 4 O. O. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 288 1 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 288 2 1962 1962 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 288 3 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 288 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 289 1 Concise Concise NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 289 2 Dictionary Dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 289 3 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 289 4 Middle Middle NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 289 5 Egyptian Egyptian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 289 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 290 1 Griffith Griffith NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 290 2 Institute Institute NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 290 3 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 291 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 291 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 291 3 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 291 4 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 291 5 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 291 6 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 291 7 900416 900416 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 291 8 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 291 9 32 32 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 291 10 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-910 291 11 3 3 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 291 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 292 1 Gardiner Gardiner NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 292 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 292 3 Sir Sir NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 292 4 Alan Alan NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 292 5 H. H. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 292 6 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 292 7 1957 1957 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 292 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 292 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 293 1 Egyptian Egyptian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 293 2 Grammar Grammar NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 293 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 293 4 Being be VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 293 5 an an DT en-wikipedia-org-910 293 6 Introduction introduction NN en-wikipedia-org-910 293 7 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 293 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 293 9 Study Study NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 293 10 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 293 11 Hieroglyphs Hieroglyphs NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 293 12 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 293 13 3rd 3rd NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 293 14 ed ed NN en-wikipedia-org-910 293 15 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 294 1 revised revise VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 294 2 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 295 1 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 295 2 Griffith Griffith NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 295 3 Institute Institute NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 295 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 296 1 Hill Hill NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 296 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 296 3 Marsha Marsha NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 296 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 296 5 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 296 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 296 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 297 1 Gifts gift NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 297 2 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 297 3 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 297 4 gods god NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 297 5 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 297 6 images image NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 297 7 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 297 8 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 297 9 temples temple NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 297 10 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 298 1 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 298 2 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 298 3 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 298 4 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 298 5 Metropolitan Metropolitan NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 298 6 Museum Museum NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 298 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 298 8 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 298 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 299 1 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 299 2   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 299 3 9781588392312 9781588392312 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 299 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 300 1 Kamrin Kamrin NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 300 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 300 3 Janice Janice NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 300 4 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 300 5 2004 2004 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 300 6 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 300 7 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 301 1 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 301 2 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 301 3 Hieroglyphs Hieroglyphs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 301 4 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 301 5 A a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 301 6 Practical Practical NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 301 7 Guide Guide NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 301 8 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 302 1 Harry Harry NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 302 2 N. N. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 302 3 Abrams Abrams NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 302 4 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 302 5 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 302 6 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 302 7   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 302 8 978 978 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 302 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 302 10 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 302 11 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 302 12 8109 8109 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 302 13 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 302 14 4961 4961 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 302 15 - - SYM en-wikipedia-org-910 302 16 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 302 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 303 1 McDonald McDonald NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 303 2 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 303 3 Angela Angela NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 303 4 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 304 1 Write write VB en-wikipedia-org-910 304 2 Your -PRON- PRP$ en-wikipedia-org-910 304 3 Own own JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 304 4 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 304 5 Hieroglyphs Hieroglyphs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 304 6 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 305 1 Berkeley Berkeley NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 305 2 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 305 3 University University NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 305 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 305 5 California California NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 305 6 Press Press NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 305 7 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 305 8 2007 2007 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 305 9 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 305 10 paperback paperback NN en-wikipedia-org-910 305 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 305 12 ISBN ISBN NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 305 13   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 305 14 0 0 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 305 15 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 305 16 520 520 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 305 17 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 305 18 25235 25235 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 305 19 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 305 20 7 7 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 305 21 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 305 22 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 306 1 External external JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 306 2 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 306 3 Look look VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 306 4 up up RB en-wikipedia-org-910 306 5 hieroglyph hieroglyph JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 306 6 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 306 7 Wiktionary Wiktionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 306 8 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 306 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 306 10 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 306 11 dictionary dictionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 306 12 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 307 1 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 307 2 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 307 3 has have VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 307 4 media medium NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 307 5 related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 307 6 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 307 7 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 307 8 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 307 9 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 308 1 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 308 2 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 308 3 Hieroglyphics Hieroglyphics NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 308 4 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 308 5 Aldokkan aldokkan JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 308 6 Glyphs Glyphs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 308 7 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 308 8 Grammars grammar NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 308 9 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 308 10 Resources resource NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 308 11 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 308 12 those those DT en-wikipedia-org-910 308 13 interested interested JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 308 14 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 308 15 learning learn VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 308 16 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 308 17 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 308 18 compiled compile VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 308 19 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 308 20 Aayko Aayko NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 308 21 Eyma Eyma NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 308 22 Hieroglyphics Hieroglyphics NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 308 23 ! ! . en-wikipedia-org-910 309 1 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 309 2 Annotated annotate VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 3 directory directory NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 4 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 5 popular popular JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 6 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 309 7 scholarly scholarly JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 8 resources resource NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 9 Egyptian Egyptian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 10 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 11 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 309 12 Writing Writing NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 13 Full Full NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 14 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 309 15 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 16 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 17 The the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 309 18 stela stela NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 19 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 20 Menthu Menthu NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 21 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 309 22 weser weser NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 23 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 24 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 25 hieroglyph hieroglyph JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 26 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 27 codes code VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 28 Unicode Unicode NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 29 Fonts Fonts NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 30 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 31 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 32 Scripts Scripts NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 33 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 309 34 Ancient ancient JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 35 scripts script NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 36 free free JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 37 software software NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 38 fonts font NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 39 v v IN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 40 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 41 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 42 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 43 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 44 topics topic NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 45 Index Index NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 46 Major Major NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 47 topics topic NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 48 Glossary Glossary NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 49 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 50 artifacts artifact NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 51 Agriculture Agriculture NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 52 Architecture Architecture NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 53 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 54 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 55 Revival Revival NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 56 architecture architecture NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 57 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 58 Art Art NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 59 Portraiture Portraiture NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 60 Astronomy Astronomy NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 61 Chronology Chronology NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 62 Cities Cities NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 63 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 64 list list NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 65 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 66 Clothing Clothing NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 67 Cuisine Cuisine NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 68 Dance Dance NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 69 Dynasties Dynasties NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 70 Funerary Funerary NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 71 practices practice NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 72 Geography Geography NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 73 Great Great NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 74 Royal Royal NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 75 Wives wife NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 76 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 77 list list NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 78 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 79 Hieroglyphs Hieroglyphs NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 80 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 81 Language Language NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 82 Literature Literature NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 83 Mathematics Mathematics NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 84 Medicine Medicine NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 85 Military Military NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 86 Music Music NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 87 Mythology Mythology NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 88 People People NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 89 Pharaohs Pharaohs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 90   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 91 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 92 list list NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 93 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 94 Philosophy Philosophy NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 95 Religion Religion NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 96 Sites Sites NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 97 Technology Technology NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 98 Trade Trade NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 99 Writing Writing NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 100 Egyptology Egyptology NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 101 Egyptologists egyptologist VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 102 Museums Museums NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 103   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 104 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 105 Egypt Egypt NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 106 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 107 Book Book NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 108 Category Category NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 109 WikiProject WikiProject NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 110 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 111 Outline Outline NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 112 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 113 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 114 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 115 Types type NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 116 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 117 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 118 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 119 Overview Overview NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 120 History history NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 121 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 122 writing write VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 309 123 Grapheme Grapheme NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 124 Lists Lists NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 125 Writing Writing NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 126 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 127 undeciphered undeciphere VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 309 128 inventors inventor NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 129 constructed construct VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 309 130 Languages language NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 131 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 132 writing write VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 309 133 system system NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 134 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-910 309 135 by by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 136 first first JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 137 written write VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 138 accounts account NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 139 Types Types NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 140 Abjads Abjads NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 141 Numerals Numerals NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 142 Aramaic Aramaic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 143 Hatran Hatran NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 144 Arabic arabic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 145 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 146 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 147 Hebrew Hebrew NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 148 Ashuri Ashuri NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 149 Cursive Cursive NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 150 Rashi Rashi NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 151 Solitreo Solitreo NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 152 Tifinagh Tifinagh NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 153 Manichaean Manichaean NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 154 Nabataean Nabataean NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 155 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 156 North North NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 157 Arabian Arabian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 158 Pahlavi Pahlavi NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 159 Pegon Pegon NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 160 Phoenician Phoenician NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 161 Paleo Paleo NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 162 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 309 163 Hebrew Hebrew NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 164 Pitman Pitman NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 165 shorthand shorthand NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 166 Proto Proto NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 167 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 309 168 Sinaitic Sinaitic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 169 Psalter Psalter NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 170 Pahlavi Pahlavi NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 171 Punic Punic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 172 Samaritan Samaritan NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 173 South South NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 174 Arabian Arabian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 175 Zabur Zabur NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 176 Musnad Musnad NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 177 Sogdian Sogdian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 178 Syriac Syriac NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 179 ʾEsṭrangēlā ʾEsṭrangēlā NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 180 Serṭā Serṭā NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 181 Maḏnḥāyā Maḏnḥāyā NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 182 Teeline Teeline NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 183 Shorthand Shorthand NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 184 Ugaritic Ugaritic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 185 Abugidas Abugidas NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 186 Brahmic brahmic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 187 Northern northern JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 188 Assamese assamese NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 189 Bengali Bengali NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 190 Bhaiksuki Bhaiksuki NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 191 Bhujimol Bhujimol NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 192 Brāhmī Brāhmī NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 193 Devanāgarī Devanāgarī NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 194 Dogri Dogri NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 195 Gujarati Gujarati NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 196 Gupta Gupta NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 197 Gurmukhī Gurmukhī NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 198 Kaithi Kaithi NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 199 Kalinga Kalinga NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 200 Khojki Khojki NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 201 Khudabadi Khudabadi NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 202 Laṇḍā Laṇḍā NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 203 Lepcha Lepcha NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 204 Limbu Limbu NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 205 Mahajani Mahajani NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 206 Meitei Meitei NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 207 Modi Modi NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 208 Multani Multani NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 209 Nagari Nagari NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 210 Nandinagari Nandinagari NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 211 Odia Odia NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 212 Karani Karani NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 213 ʼPhags ʼPhags NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 214 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 309 215 pa pa NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 216 Pracalit Pracalit NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 217 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 218 Newar Newar NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 219 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 220 Ranjana Ranjana NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 221 Sharada Sharada NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 222 Siddhaṃ Siddhaṃ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 223 Soyombo Soyombo NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 224 Sylheti Sylheti NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 225 Nagari Nagari NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 226 Takri Takri NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 227 Tibetan Tibetan NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 228 Uchen Uchen NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 229 Umê Umê NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 230 Tirhuta Tirhuta NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 231 Tocharian tocharian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 232 Zanabazar Zanabazar NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 233 Square Square NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 234 Marchen Marchen NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 235 Marchung Marchung NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 236 Pungs Pungs NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 237 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 309 238 chen chen NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 239 Pungs Pungs NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 240 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 309 241 chung chung NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 242 Drusha Drusha NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 243 Southern Southern NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 244 Ahom Ahom NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 245 Balinese Balinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 246 Batak Batak NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 247 Baybayin Baybayin NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 248 Bhattiprolu Bhattiprolu NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 249 Buhid Buhid NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 250 Burmese Burmese NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 251 Chakma Chakma NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 252 Cham Cham NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 253 Grantha Grantha NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 254 Goykanadi Goykanadi NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 255 Hanunuo Hanunuo NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 256 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 257 Hanunó'o Hanunó'o NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 258 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 259 Javanese Javanese NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 260 Kadamba Kadamba NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 261 Kannada Kannada NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 262 Karen Karen NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 263 Kawi Kawi NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 264 Khmer Khmer NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 265 Kulitan Kulitan NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 266 Lanna Lanna NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 267 Lao Lao NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 268 Leke Leke NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 269 Lontara Lontara NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 270 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 271 Bilang Bilang NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 272 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 309 273 bilang bilang NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 274 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 275 Makasar Makasar NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 276 Malayalam Malayalam NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 277 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 278 Maldivian Maldivian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 279 Dhives dhive VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 280 Akuru Akuru NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 281 Eveyla Eveyla NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 282 Akuru Akuru NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 283 Mon Mon NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 284 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 285 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 286 Mon Mon NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 287 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 288 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 289 Tai Tai NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 290 Lue Lue NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 291 Pallava Pallava NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 292 Pyu Pyu NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 293 Rejang Rejang NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 294 Rencong Rencong NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 295 Saurashtra Saurashtra NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 296 Shan Shan NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 297 Sinhala Sinhala NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 298 Sundanese Sundanese NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 299 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 300 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 301 Sundanese Sundanese NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 302 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 303 Tagbanwa Tagbanwa NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 304 Tai Tai NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 305 Le Le NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 306 Tai Tai NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 307 Tham Tham NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 308 Tai Tai NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 309 Viet Viet NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 310 Tamil Tamil NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 311 Tamil Tamil NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 312 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 309 313 Brahmi Brahmi NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 314 Telugu Telugu NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 315 Thai Thai NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 316 Tigalari Tigalari NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 317 Vatteluttu Vatteluttu NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 318 Kolezhuthu Kolezhuthu NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 319 Malayanma Malayanma NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 320 Others Others NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 321 Boyd Boyd NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 322 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 323 syllabic syllabic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 324 shorthand shorthand JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 325 Canadian canadian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 326 syllabics syllabic NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 327 Blackfoot Blackfoot NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 328 Déné Déné NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 329 syllabics syllabic NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 330 Fox Fox NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 331 I I NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 332 Geʽez Geʽez NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 333 Gunjala Gunjala NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 334 Gondi Gondi NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 335 Japanese japanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 336 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 337 Jenticha Jenticha NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 338 Kharosthi Kharosthi NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 339 Mandombe Mandombe NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 340 Masaram Masaram NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 341 Gondi Gondi NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 342 Meroitic Meroitic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 343 Miao Miao NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 344 Mwangwego Mwangwego NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 345 Pahawh Pahawh NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 346 Hmong Hmong NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 347 Sorang Sorang NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 348 Sompeng Sompeng NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 349 Thaana Thaana NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 350 Thomas Thomas NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 351 Natural Natural NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 352 Shorthand Shorthand NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 353 Warang Warang NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 354 Citi Citi NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 355 Alphabets Alphabets NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 356 Linear Linear NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 357 Abkhaz Abkhaz NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 358 Adlam Adlam NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 359 Armenian Armenian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 360 Avestan Avestan NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 361 Avoiuli Avoiuli NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 362 Bassa Bassa NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 363 Vah Vah NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 364 Borama Borama NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 365 Carian Carian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 366 Caucasian caucasian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 367 Albanian Albanian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 368 Coelbren Coelbren NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 369 Coorgi Coorgi NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 370 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 309 371 Cox Cox NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 372 alphabet alphabet NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 373 Coptic Coptic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 374 Cyrillic Cyrillic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 375 Deseret Deseret NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 376 Duployan Duployan NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 377 shorthand shorthand NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 378 Chinook Chinook NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 379 writing write VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 309 380 Early Early NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 381 Cyrillic cyrillic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 382 Eclectic eclectic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 383 shorthand shorthand NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 384 Elbasan Elbasan NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 385 Etruscan Etruscan NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 386 Evenki Evenki NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 387 Fox Fox NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 388 II II NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 389 Fraser Fraser NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 390 Gabelsberger Gabelsberger NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 391 shorthand shorthand NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 392 Garay Garay NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 393 Georgian Georgian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 394 Asomtavruli Asomtavruli NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 395 Nuskhuri Nuskhuri NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 396 Mkhedruli Mkhedruli NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 397 Glagolitic Glagolitic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 398 Gothic Gothic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 399 Gregg Gregg NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 400 shorthand shorthand NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 401 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 402 Greco Greco NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 403 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 309 404 Iberian iberian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 405 alphabet alphabet NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 406 Hangul Hangul NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 407 Hanifi Hanifi NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 408 IPA IPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 409 Jenticha Jenticha NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 410 Kaddare Kaddare NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 411 Kayah Kayah NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 412 Li Li NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 413 Klingon Klingon NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 414 Latin Latin NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 415 Beneventan Beneventan NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 416 Blackletter Blackletter NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 417 Carolingian carolingian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 418 minuscule minuscule JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 419 Fraktur Fraktur NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 420 Gaelic Gaelic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 421 Insular Insular NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 422 Kurrent Kurrent NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 423 Merovingian Merovingian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 424 Sigla Sigla NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 425 Sütterlin Sütterlin NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 426 Tironian Tironian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 427 notes note VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 428 Visigothic Visigothic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 429 Luo Luo NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 430 Lycian lycian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 431 Lydian lydian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 432 Manchu Manchu NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 433 Mandaic Mandaic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 434 Medefaidrin Medefaidrin NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 435 Molodtsov Molodtsov NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 436 Mongolian Mongolian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 437 Mru Mru NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 438 Neo Neo NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 439 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 309 440 Tifinagh Tifinagh NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 441 N'Ko N'Ko NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 442 Ogham Ogham NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 443 Oirat Oirat NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 444 Ol old NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 445 Chiki Chiki NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 446 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 447 Hungarian Hungarian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 448 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 449 Italic Italic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 450 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 451 Permic Permic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 452 Orkhon Orkhon NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 453 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 454 Uyghur Uyghur NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 455 Osage Osage NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 456 Osmanya Osmanya NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 457 Pau Pau NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 458 Cin Cin NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 459 Hau Hau NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 460 Runic Runic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 461 Anglo Anglo NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 462 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 309 463 Saxon Saxon NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 464 Cipher Cipher NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 465 Dalecarlian Dalecarlian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 466 Elder eld JJR en-wikipedia-org-910 309 467 Futhark Futhark NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 468 Younger young JJR en-wikipedia-org-910 309 469 Futhark Futhark NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 470 Gothic Gothic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 471 Marcomannic Marcomannic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 472 Medieval Medieval NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 473 Staveless Staveless NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 474 Sidetic sidetic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 475 Shavian shavian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 476 Somali somali JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 477 Sorang Sorang NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 478 Sompeng Sompeng NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 479 Tifinagh Tifinagh NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 480 Tolong Tolong NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 481 Siki Siki NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 482 Vagindra Vagindra NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 483 Vietnamese vietnamese JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 484 Visible Visible NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 485 Speech Speech NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 486 Vithkuqi Vithkuqi NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 487 Wancho Wancho NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 488 Warang Warang NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 489 Citi Citi NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 490 Zaghawa Zaghawa NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 491 Non Non NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 492 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 493 linear linear JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 494 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 495 Maritime Maritime NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 496 flags flag NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 497 Telegraph Telegraph NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 498 code code NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 499 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 500 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 501 Point Point NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 502 Flag Flag NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 503 semaphore semaphore NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 504 Moon Moon NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 505 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 506 Ideograms ideogram NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 507 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 309 508 pictograms pictograms NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 509 Adinkra Adinkra NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 510 Aztec Aztec NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 511 Blissymbol Blissymbol NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 512 Dongba Dongba NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 513 Ersu Ersu NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 514 Shaba Shaba NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 515 Emoji Emoji NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 516 IConji IConji NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 517 Isotype Isotype NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 518 Kaidā Kaidā NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 519 Míkmaq Míkmaq NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 520 Mixtec Mixtec NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 521 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 522 Epoch Epoch NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 523 Notation Notation NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 524 Painting Painting NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 525 Nsibidi Nsibidi NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 526 Ojibwe Ojibwe NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 527 Hieroglyphs Hieroglyphs NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 528 Siglas Siglas NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 529 poveiras poveira NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 530 Testerian testerian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 531 Yerkish yerkish JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 532 Zapotec Zapotec NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 533 Logograms Logograms NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 534 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 535 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 536 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 537 scripts script NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 538 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 539 Characters character NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 540 Simplified simplify VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 309 541 Traditional Traditional NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 542 Oracle Oracle NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 543 bone bone NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 544 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 545 Bronze Bronze NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 546 Script Script NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 547 Seal Seal NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 548 Script Script NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 549 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 550 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 551 bird bird NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 552 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 309 553 worm worm NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 554 Hanja Hanja NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 555 Idu Idu NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 556 Kanji Kanji NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 557 Chữ Chữ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 558 Nôm Nôm NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 559 Zhuang Zhuang NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 560 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 561 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 309 562 influenced influence VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 563 Jurchen Jurchen NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 564 Khitan Khitan NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 565 large large JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 566 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 567 Sui Sui NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 568 Tangut Tangut NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 569 Cuneiform Cuneiform NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 570 Akkadian Akkadian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 571 Assyrian Assyrian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 572 Elamite Elamite NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 573 Hittite Hittite NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 574 Luwian Luwian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 575 Sumerian sumerian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 576 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 577 logo logo NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 578 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 309 579 syllabic syllabic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 580 Anatolian anatolian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 581 Bagam Bagam NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 582 Cretan Cretan NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 583 Isthmian Isthmian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 584 Maya Maya NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 585 Proto Proto NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 586 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 309 587 Elamite Elamite NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 588 Yi Yi NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 589 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 590 Classical Classical NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 591 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 592 Logo logo NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 593 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 309 594 consonantal consonantal NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 595 Demotic Demotic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 596 Hieratic Hieratic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 597 Hieroglyphs Hieroglyphs NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 598 Numerals Numerals NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 599 Hindu Hindu NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 600 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 309 601 Arabic Arabic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 602 Abjad Abjad NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 603 Attic Attic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 604 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 605 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 606 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 607 Muisca Muisca NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 608 Roman Roman NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 609 Semi Semi NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 610 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 309 611 syllabaries syllabaries JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 612 Full full JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 613 Celtiberian celtiberian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 614 Northeastern northeastern JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 615 Iberian iberian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 616 Southeastern southeastern JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 617 Iberian iberian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 618 Khom Khom NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 619 Redundant Redundant NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 620 Espanca Espanca NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 621 Pahawh Pahawh NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 622 Hmong Hmong NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 623 Khitan Khitan NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 624 small small JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 625 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 626 Southwest Southwest NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 627 Paleohispanic Paleohispanic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 628 Zhuyin Zhuyin NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 629 fuhao fuhao NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 630 Somacheirograms Somacheirograms NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 631 ASLwrite ASLwrite NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 632 SignWriting SignWriting NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 633 si5s si5s NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 634 Stokoe Stokoe NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 635 Notation Notation NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 636 Syllabaries Syllabaries NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 637 Afaka Afaka NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 638 Bamum Bamum NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 639 Bété Bété NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 640 Byblos Byblos NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 641 Canadian Canadian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 642 Aboriginal Aboriginal NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 643 Cherokee Cherokee NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 644 Cypriot Cypriot NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 645 Cypro Cypro NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 646 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 309 647 Minoan Minoan NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 648 Ditema Ditema NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 649 tsa tsa NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 650 Dinoko Dinoko NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 651 Eskayan eskayan VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 652 Geba Geba NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 653 Great Great NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 654 Lakes Lakes NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 655 Algonquian Algonquian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 656 Iban Iban NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 657 Japanese Japanese NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 658 Hiragana Hiragana NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 659 Katakana Katakana NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 660 Man'yōgana Man'yōgana NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 661 Hentaigana Hentaigana NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 662 Sogana Sogana NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 663 Jindai Jindai NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 664 moji moji VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 309 665 Kikakui Kikakui NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 666 Kpelle Kpelle NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 667 Linear Linear NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 668 B B NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 669 Linear Linear NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 670 Elamite Elamite NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 671 Lisu Lisu NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 672 Loma Loma NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 673 Nüshu Nüshu NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 674 Nwagu Nwagu NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 675 Aneke Aneke NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 676 script script NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 677 Old Old NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 678 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 679 Cuneiform Cuneiform NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 680 Sumerian Sumerian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 681 Vai Vai NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 682 Woleai Woleai NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 683 Yi Yi NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 684 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 685 Modern modern JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 686 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 687 Yugtun Yugtun NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 688 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 689 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 690 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 691 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 692   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 693 ⠃ ⠃ VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 694 ⠗ ⠗ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 695 ⠁ ⠁ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 696 ⠊ ⠊ CD en-wikipedia-org-910 309 697 ⠇ ⠇ NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 309 698 ⠇ ⠇ CD en-wikipedia-org-910 309 699 ⠑ ⠑ JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 700 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 701 cell cell NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 702 1829 1829 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 309 703 braille braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 704 International international JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 705 uniformity uniformity NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 706 ASCII ASCII NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 707 braille braille FW en-wikipedia-org-910 309 708 Unicode Unicode NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 709 braille braille NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 710 patterns pattern VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 711 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 712 scripts script VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 713 French French NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 714 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 309 715 ordered order VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 716 Albanian Albanian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 717 Azerbaijani Azerbaijani NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 718 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 719 Catalan Catalan NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 720 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 721 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 722 mainland mainland NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 723 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 724 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 725 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 726 largely largely RB en-wikipedia-org-910 309 727 reassigned reassign VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 728 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 729 Czech Czech NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 730 Dutch Dutch NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 731 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 732 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 733 Unified Unified NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 734 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 735 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 736 Esperanto Esperanto NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 737 French french JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 738 German german JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 739 Ghanaian Ghanaian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 740 Guarani Guarani NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 741 Hawaiian Hawaiian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 742 Hungarian Hungarian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 743 Iñupiaq Iñupiaq NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 744 IPA IPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 745 Irish irish JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 746 Italian italian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 747 Latvian latvian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 748 Lithuanian lithuanian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 749 Luxembourgish Luxembourgish NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 750 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 751 extended extend VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 752 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 753 8-dots 8-dots CD en-wikipedia-org-910 309 754 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 755 Maltese maltese JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 756 Māori Māori NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 757 Navajo Navajo NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 758 Nigerian nigerian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 759 Philippine philippine JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 760 Polish polish JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 761 Portuguese portuguese JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 762 Romanian Romanian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 763 Samoan Samoan NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 764 Slovak Slovak NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 765 South south JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 766 African african JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 767 Spanish spanish JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 768 Taiwanese Taiwanese NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 769 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 770 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 771 largely largely RB en-wikipedia-org-910 309 772 reassigned reassign VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 773 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 309 774 Turkish turkish JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 775 Vietnamese Vietnamese NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 776 Welsh Welsh NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 777 Yugoslav yugoslav JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 778 Zambian zambian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 779 Nordic nordic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 780 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 781 Estonian Estonian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 782 Faroese faroese JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 783 Icelandic icelandic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 784 Northern Northern NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 785 Sami sami JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 786 Scandinavian scandinavian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 787 Danish danish JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 788 Finnish finnish JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 789 Greenlandic Greenlandic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 309 790 Norwegian norwegian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 791 Swedish swedish JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 792 Russian russian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 309 793 lineage lineage NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 794 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-910 309 795 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-910 310 1 Cyrillic cyrillic RB en-wikipedia-org-910 310 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 310 3 mediated mediate VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 310 4 scripts script NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 310 5 Belarusian Belarusian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 310 6 Bulgarian Bulgarian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 310 7 Kazakh Kazakh NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 310 8 Kyrgyz Kyrgyz NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 310 9 Mongolian mongolian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 310 10 Russian Russian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 310 11 Tatar Tatar NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 310 12 Ukrainian ukrainian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 310 13 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 310 14 lineage lineage NN en-wikipedia-org-910 310 15 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-910 310 16 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-910 311 1 Arabic Arabic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 311 2 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 311 3 mediated mediate VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 311 4 scripts script NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 311 5 Arabic Arabic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 311 6 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 311 7 Urdu Urdu NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 311 8 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 311 9 Pakistan Pakistan NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 311 10 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 311 11 Indian indian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 311 12 lineage lineage NN en-wikipedia-org-910 311 13 family family NN en-wikipedia-org-910 311 14 i.e. i.e. FW en-wikipedia-org-910 312 1 Bharati Bharati NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 2 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 4 see see VB en-wikipedia-org-910 312 5 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-910 312 6 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 7 more more JJR en-wikipedia-org-910 312 8 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 9 Devanagari Devanagari NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 10 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 11 Hindi Hindi NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 12 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-910 312 13 Marathi Marathi NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 14 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-910 312 15 Nepali Nepali NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 16 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 17 Bengali Bengali NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 18 Punjabi Punjabi NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 19 Sinhala Sinhala NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 20 Tamil Tamil NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 21 Urdu Urdu NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 22 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 23 India India NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 24 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 25 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 312 26 scripts script NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 312 27 Amharic Amharic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 28 Armenian Armenian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 29 Burmese Burmese NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 30 Cambodian Cambodian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 31 Dzongkha Dzongkha NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 32 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 33 Bhutanese bhutanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 312 34 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 35 Georgian georgian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 312 36 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 37 Hebrew Hebrew NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 38 Inuktitut Inuktitut NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 39 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 40 reassigned reassign VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 41 vowels vowel NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 312 42 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 43 Thai Thai NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 44 & & CC en-wikipedia-org-910 312 45 Lao Lao NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 46 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 47 Japanese japanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 312 48 vowels vowel NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 312 49 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 50 Tibetan Tibetan NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 51 Reordered Reordered NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 52 Algerian Algerian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 53 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 54 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 55 obsolete obsolete JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 312 56 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 57 Frequency frequency NN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 58 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 312 59 based base VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 60 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 61 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 62 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 63 obsolete obsolete JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 312 64 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 65 Independent independent JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 312 66 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 312 67 semi semi JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 312 68 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 312 69 syllabaries syllabaries JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 312 70 Cantonese Cantonese NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 71 Mainland Mainland NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 72 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 73 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 74 Taiwanese Taiwanese NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 75 Mandarin Mandarin NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 76 Two Two NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 77 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 312 78 Cell Cell NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 79 Chinese Chinese NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 312 80 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 81 Shuangpin Shuangpin NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 82 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 83 Japanese japanese JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 312 84 Korean Korean NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 85 Eight eight CD en-wikipedia-org-910 312 86 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 312 87 dot dot NN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 88 Luxembourgish Luxembourgish NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 89 Kanji Kanji NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 90 Gardner Gardner NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 91 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 312 92 Salinas Salinas NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 93 braille braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 94 codes code NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 312 95 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 96 GS8 GS8 NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 97 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 98 Symbols symbol NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 312 99 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 100 braille braille FW en-wikipedia-org-910 312 101 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 102 music music NN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 103 Canadian canadian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 312 104 currency currency NN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 105 marks mark VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 312 106 Computer Computer NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 107 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 108 Code Code NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 109 Gardner Gardner NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 110 – – : en-wikipedia-org-910 312 111 Salinas Salinas NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 112 braille braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 113 codes code NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 312 114 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 115 science science NN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 116 ; ; : en-wikipedia-org-910 312 117 GS8 GS8 NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 118 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-910 312 119 GS6 GS6 NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 120 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 121 International International NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 122 Phonetic Phonetic NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 123 Alphabet Alphabet NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 124 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 125 IPA IPA NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 126 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 127 Nemeth Nemeth NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 128 braille braille NN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 129 code code NN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 130 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 131 technology technology NN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 132 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 133 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 134 - - NN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 135 book book NN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 136 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 137 embosser embosser NN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 138 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 139 translator translator NN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 140 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 141 watch watch VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 142 Mountbatten Mountbatten NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 143 Brailler Brailler NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 144 Optical optical JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 312 145 braille braille NN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 146 recognition recognition NN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 147 Perforation Perforation NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 148 Perkins Perkins NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 149 Brailler Brailler NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 150 Refreshable refreshable JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 312 151 braille braille NN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 152 display display NN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 153 Slate Slate NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 154 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 312 155 stylus stylus NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 156 Braigo Braigo NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 157 Persons Persons NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 312 158 Louis Louis NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 159 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 160 Charles Charles NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 161 Barbier Barbier NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 162 Valentin Valentin NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 163 Haüy Haüy NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 164 Thakur Thakur NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 165 Vishva Vishva NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 166 Narain Narain NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 167 Singh Singh NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 168 Sabriye Sabriye NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 169 Tenberken Tenberken NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 170 William William NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 171 Bell Bell NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 172 Wait Wait NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 173 Organisations Organisations NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 174 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 175 Institute Institute NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 176 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 177 America America NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 178 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 179 Without without IN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 180 Borders Borders NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 312 181 Japan Japan NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 182 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 183 Library Library NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 184 National National NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 185 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 186 Association Association NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 187 Blindness Blindness NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 188 organizations organization NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 312 189 Schools Schools NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 190 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 191 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 312 192 blind blind JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 312 193 American American NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 194 Printing Printing NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 195 House House NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 196 for for IN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 197 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 312 198 Blind Blind NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 199 Other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 312 200 tactile tactile NN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 201 alphabets alphabet NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 312 202 Decapoint Decapoint NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 203 Moon Moon NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 204 type type NN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 205 New New NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 206 York York NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 207 Point Point NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 208 Night Night NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 209 writing write VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 312 210 Vibratese Vibratese NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 211 Related related JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 312 212 topics topic NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 312 213 Accessible accessible JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 312 214 publishing publish VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 312 215 Braille Braille NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 216 literacy literacy NN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 217 RoboBraille RoboBraille NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 218 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 219 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 220 e e NN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 221 Electronic electronic JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 312 222 writing writing NN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 223 systems system NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 312 224 Emoticons emoticon NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 312 225 Emoji Emoji NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 226 Kaomoji Kaomoji NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 227 iConji iConji NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 228 Leet Leet NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 229 Unicode Unicode NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 230 v v NN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 231 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 232 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 233 Internet internet NN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 234 slang slang NN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 235 variants variant VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 312 236 3arabizi 3arabizi NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 237 Alay Alay NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 238 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 239 Indonesia Indonesia NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 240 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 241 Denglisch Denglisch NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 242 Doge Doge NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 243 DoggoLingo DoggoLingo NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 244 Fingilish Fingilish NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 245 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 246 Persian Persian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 247 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 248 Greeklish Greeklish NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 249 Gyaru Gyaru NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 250 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 312 251 moji moji NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 252 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 253 Japan Japan NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 254 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 255 Jejemon Jejemon NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 256 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 257 Philippines Philippines NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 258 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 259 Leet Leet NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 260 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 261 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 312 262 1337 1337 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 312 263 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 312 264 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 265 Lolspeak Lolspeak NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 266 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-910 312 267 LOLspeak LOLspeak NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 268 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-910 312 269 Kitteh Kitteh NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 270 Martian martian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 312 271 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 272 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 273 Chinese Chinese NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 274 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 275 Miguxês Miguxês NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 276 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 277 Portuguese Portuguese NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 312 278 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 312 279 O o UH en-wikipedia-org-910 312 280 RLY rly NN en-wikipedia-org-910 312 281 ? ? . en-wikipedia-org-910 313 1 Padonkaffsky Padonkaffsky NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 2 jargon jargon NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 3 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 313 4 Russian Russian NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 5 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 313 6 Pseudo Pseudo NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 7 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 313 8 Chinese chinese JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 313 9 Translit Translit NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 10 Volapuk Volapuk NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 11 See See NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 12 also also RB en-wikipedia-org-910 313 13 English English NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 14 internet internet NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 15 slang slang NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 16 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 313 17 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 18 Wiktionary Wiktionary NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 19 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 313 20 SMS sms NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 21 language language NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 22 v v NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 23 t t NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 24 e e NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 25 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 313 26 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 27 List list NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 28 Uniliteral Uniliteral NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 29 Biliteral Biliteral NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 30 Triliteral Triliteral NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 31 Numerals Numerals NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 32 Gardiner Gardiner NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 33 's 's POS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 34 list list NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 35 Unicode Unicode NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 36 Authority Authority NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 37 control control NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 38 NDL NDL NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 39 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 313 40 00978198 00978198 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 313 41 Retrieved retrieve VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 42 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 43 " " `` en-wikipedia-org-910 313 44 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_hieroglyphs&oldid=998337653 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_hieroglyphs&oldid=998337653 NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 45 " " '' en-wikipedia-org-910 313 46 Categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 47 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 313 48 Scripts script NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 49 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 50 ISO iso NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 51 15924 15924 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 313 52 four four CD en-wikipedia-org-910 313 53 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 313 54 letter letter NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 55 codes code NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 56 Egyptian egyptian JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 313 57 hieroglyphs hieroglyph NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 58 Hidden hide VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 59 categories category NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 60 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 313 61 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 62 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 313 63 Ancient Ancient NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 64 Greek Greek NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 65 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 313 66 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 313 67 1453)-language 1453)-language VB en-wikipedia-org-910 313 68 text text NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 69 CS1 CS1 NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 70 errors error NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 71 : : : en-wikipedia-org-910 313 72 missing miss VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 313 73 periodical periodical JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 313 74 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 75 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 76 short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 313 77 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 78 Short short JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 313 79 description description NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 80 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 313 81 different different JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 313 82 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 83 Wikidata Wikidata NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 84 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 85 pages page NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 86 semi semi RB en-wikipedia-org-910 313 87 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 313 88 protected protect VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 313 89 against against IN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 90 vandalism vandalism NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 91 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-910 313 92 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 93 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 94 unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 313 95 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 96 Articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 97 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 98 unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 313 99 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 100 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 101 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 102 2021 2021 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 313 103 Articles Articles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 104 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 105 unsourced unsourced JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 313 106 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 107 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 108 November November NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 109 2016 2016 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 313 110 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 111 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 112 needing need VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 313 113 clarification clarification NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 114 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 115 September September NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 116 2019 2019 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 313 117 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 118 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 119 needing need VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 313 120 clarification clarification NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 121 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 122 June June NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 123 2009 2009 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 313 124 Articles Articles NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 125 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 313 126 potentially potentially RB en-wikipedia-org-910 313 127 dated date VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 128 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 129 from from IN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 130 July July NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 131 2013 2013 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 313 132 All all DT en-wikipedia-org-910 313 133 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 134 containing contain VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 313 135 potentially potentially RB en-wikipedia-org-910 313 136 dated date VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 137 statements statement NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 138 Commons Commons NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 139 category category NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 140 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 141 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 313 142 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 143 Wikidata Wikidata NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 144 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 145 articles article NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 146 with with IN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 147 NDL NDL NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 148 identifiers identifier NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 149 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 150 menu menu NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 151 Personal personal JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 313 152 tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 153 Not not RB en-wikipedia-org-910 313 154 logged log VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 155 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 156 Talk Talk NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 157 Contributions Contributions NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 158 Create Create NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 159 account account NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 160 Log Log NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 161 in in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 162 Namespaces Namespaces NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 163 Article Article NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 164 Talk talk NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 165 Variants variant VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 313 166 Views view NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 167 Read read VB en-wikipedia-org-910 313 168 View View NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 169 source source NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 170 View View NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 171 history history NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 172 More More JJR en-wikipedia-org-910 313 173 Search Search NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 174 Navigation Navigation NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 175 Main Main NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 176 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 177 Contents content VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 313 178 Current current JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 313 179 events event NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 180 Random random JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 313 181 article article NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 182 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 183 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 184 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 185 us -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 186 Donate Donate NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 187 Contribute contribute NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 188 Help help NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 189 Learn learn VB en-wikipedia-org-910 313 190 to to TO en-wikipedia-org-910 313 191 edit edit VB en-wikipedia-org-910 313 192 Community community NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 193 portal portal JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 313 194 Recent recent JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 313 195 changes change NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 196 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 313 197 file file NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 198 Tools tool NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 199 What what WP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 200 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 201 here here RB en-wikipedia-org-910 313 202 Related relate VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 203 changes change VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 313 204 Upload upload JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 313 205 file file VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 206 Special special JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 313 207 pages page NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 208 Permanent permanent JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 313 209 link link NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 210 Page Page NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 211 information information NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 212 Cite cite VB en-wikipedia-org-910 313 213 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-910 313 214 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 215 Wikidata wikidata NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 216 item item NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 217 Print print NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 218 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-910 313 219 export export NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 220 Download Download NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 221 as as IN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 222 PDF PDF NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 223 Printable Printable NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 224 version version NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 225 In in IN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 226 other other JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 313 227 projects project NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 228 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 229 Commons Commons NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 230 Languages Languages NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 231 Afrikaans Afrikaans NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 232 Alemannisch Alemannisch NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 233 العربية العربية NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 234 Asturianu Asturianu NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 235 Azərbaycanca Azərbaycanca NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 236 বাংলা বাংলা NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 237 Banjar Banjar NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 238 Bân Bân NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 239 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 313 240 lâm lâm NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 241 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 313 242 gú gú NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 243 Беларуская Беларуская NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 244 Български Български NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 245 Brezhoneg Brezhoneg NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 246 Català Català NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 247 Čeština Čeština NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 248 Dansk Dansk NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 249 Deutsch Deutsch NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 250 Ελληνικά Ελληνικά NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 251 Español Español NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 252 Esperanto Esperanto NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 253 Estremeñu Estremeñu NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 254 Euskara Euskara NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 255 فارسی فارسی JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 313 256 Français Français NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 257 Gaeilge Gaeilge NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 258 Gaelg Gaelg NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 259 Gàidhlig Gàidhlig NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 260 Galego Galego NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 261 한국어 한국어 NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 262 Հայերեն Հայերեն NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 263 हिन्दी हिन्दी NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 264 Hrvatski Hrvatski NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 265 Ido Ido NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 266 Bahasa Bahasa NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 267 Indonesia Indonesia NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 268 Íslenska Íslenska NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 269 Italiano Italiano NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 270 עברית עברית NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 271 ქართული ქართული NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 272 Қазақша Қазақша NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 273 Kiswahili Kiswahili NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 274 Kurdî Kurdî NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 275 Кыргызча Кыргызча NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 276 Latina Latina NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 277 Latviešu Latviešu NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 278 Lietuvių Lietuvių NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 279 Македонски Македонски NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 280 മലയാളം മലയാളം IN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 281 Malti Malti NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 282 მარგალური მარგალური NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 283 مصرى مصرى NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 284 Bahasa Bahasa NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 285 Melayu Melayu NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 286 Mìng Mìng NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 287 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 313 288 dĕ̤ng dĕ̤ng NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 289 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 313 290 ngṳ̄ ngṳ̄ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 291 Nederlands Nederlands NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 292 日本語 日本語 . en-wikipedia-org-910 313 293 Nordfriisk Nordfriisk NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 294 Norsk Norsk NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 295 nynorsk nynorsk VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 313 296 Occitan Occitan NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 297 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 298 پښتو پښتو NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 299 Polski Polski NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 300 Português Português NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 301 Română Română NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 302 Русский Русский NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 303 Scots Scots NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 304 Slovenčina Slovenčina NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 305 Slovenščina Slovenščina NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 306 Soomaaliga Soomaaliga NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 307 کوردی کوردی IN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 308 Српски Српски NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 309 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-910 313 310 srpski srpski JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 313 311 Srpskohrvatski Srpskohrvatski NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 312 / / SYM en-wikipedia-org-910 313 313 српскохрватски српскохрватски NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 314 Suomi Suomi NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 315 Tagalog Tagalog NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 316 ไทย ไทย NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 317 Türkçe Türkçe NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 318 Українська Українська NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 319 اردو اردو NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 320 Tiếng Tiếng NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 321 Việt Việt NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 322 吴语 吴语 NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 323 粵語 粵語 NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 324 Zazaki Zazaki NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 325 中文 中文 NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 326 Edit Edit NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 327 links link NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 313 328 This this DT en-wikipedia-org-910 313 329 page page NN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 330 was be VBD en-wikipedia-org-910 313 331 last last RB en-wikipedia-org-910 313 332 edited edit VBN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 333 on on IN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 334 4 4 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 313 335 January January NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 336 2021 2021 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 313 337 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 313 338 at at IN en-wikipedia-org-910 313 339 22:58 22:58 CD en-wikipedia-org-910 313 340   _SP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 341 ( ( -LRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 313 342 UTC UTC NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 313 343 ) ) -RRB- en-wikipedia-org-910 313 344 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 314 1 Text text NN en-wikipedia-org-910 314 2 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 314 3 available available JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 314 4 under under IN en-wikipedia-org-910 314 5 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 314 6 Creative Creative NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 314 7 Commons Commons NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 314 8 Attribution Attribution NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 314 9 - - HYPH en-wikipedia-org-910 314 10 ShareAlike ShareAlike NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 314 11 License License NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 314 12 ; ; , en-wikipedia-org-910 314 13 additional additional JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 314 14 terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 314 15 may may MD en-wikipedia-org-910 314 16 apply apply VB en-wikipedia-org-910 314 17 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 315 1 By by IN en-wikipedia-org-910 315 2 using use VBG en-wikipedia-org-910 315 3 this this DT en-wikipedia-org-910 315 4 site site NN en-wikipedia-org-910 315 5 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 315 6 you -PRON- PRP en-wikipedia-org-910 315 7 agree agree VBP en-wikipedia-org-910 315 8 to to IN en-wikipedia-org-910 315 9 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 315 10 Terms term NNS en-wikipedia-org-910 315 11 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 315 12 Use Use NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 315 13 and and CC en-wikipedia-org-910 315 14 Privacy Privacy NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 315 15 Policy Policy NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 315 16 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 316 1 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 316 2 ® ® NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 316 3 is be VBZ en-wikipedia-org-910 316 4 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 316 5 registered registered JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 316 6 trademark trademark NN en-wikipedia-org-910 316 7 of of IN en-wikipedia-org-910 316 8 the the DT en-wikipedia-org-910 316 9 Wikimedia Wikimedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 316 10 Foundation Foundation NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 316 11 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 316 12 Inc. Inc. NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 316 13 , , , en-wikipedia-org-910 316 14 a a DT en-wikipedia-org-910 316 15 non non JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 316 16 - - JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 316 17 profit profit JJ en-wikipedia-org-910 316 18 organization organization NN en-wikipedia-org-910 316 19 . . . en-wikipedia-org-910 317 1 Privacy privacy NN en-wikipedia-org-910 317 2 policy policy NN en-wikipedia-org-910 317 3 About about IN en-wikipedia-org-910 317 4 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 317 5 Disclaimers Disclaimers NNPS en-wikipedia-org-910 317 6 Contact Contact NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 317 7 Wikipedia Wikipedia NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 317 8 Mobile Mobile NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 317 9 view view NN en-wikipedia-org-910 317 10 Developers Developers NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 317 11 Statistics Statistics NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 317 12 Cookie Cookie NNP en-wikipedia-org-910 317 13 statement statement NN