EFFECT OF GIBBERELLIC ACID (GA3) ON ENHANCING FLOWERING AND FRUIT SETTING IN SELECTED


171 
Arab Univ.  

J. Agric. Sci.,  
Ain Shams Univ.,  

Cairo, 26(1), 171-182, 2018 

 
(Received 26 April, 2017) 
(Revised 4 June, 2017) 
(Accepted 10 July, 2017) 

 
PERFORMACE EVALUATION OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC PUMP 

FOR OPERATING OF LANDSCAPE SYSTEM 

 [12] 
Swidan, B.M. and M.M. Mostafa 

Agric. Eng. Dept., Fac. of Agric., Ain Shams Univ., Cairo, Egypt 
    

Keywords: Solar water pumping; Pumping sys-

tem; Photovoltaic water pumping; landscape; Per-

formance evaluation 

 

ABSTRACT 

 

Most landscapes requires the water essentially, 

water pumping consumes a significant amount 

energy. The study carried out to evaluate the per-

formance of a solar water pumping system for the 

purpose of operating landscape system. The sys-

tem consists of a centrifugal water pump connect-

ed directly to DC electric motor that which con-

nected directly to a solar photovoltaic generator. 

Field test had been carried out at Menofia Gover-

norate, Egypt. Measurements were taken every 

hour starting from 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM through 

randomly selected days during the period between 

August 2016 and February 2017. Results show the 

relation between the solar radiation and the output 

electrical power, hydraulic power, pumping rates 

and the efficiency of the system. System evalua-

tion was carried out by estimating the intensity of 

solar radiation, Photovoltaic output power and the 

hydraulic power generated. The PV output power 

was 712 W at solar radiation intensity of 841 W/m². 

Also, photovoltaic generator and pumping system 

efficiencies were 14.98% and 14.21% respectively. 

 

INTRODUCTION 

 

The world is witnessing in the current period, 

an increase in the steady population growth and a 

marked rise in the levels of culture, urbanization 

and luxury living. Thus, the horizontal expansion of 

the building industry becomes the element that 

meets the needs and must be done to urban plan-

ning standards, green spaces and public spaces in 

size up to 80% of the total area of the layout. Most 

landscapes depends on water essentially, whether 

used in the water features such as fountains, wa-

terfalls and pools or irrigate plants and even in the 

hydration and reduce air temperature. The pres-

ence of water in the landscape like plants is of the 

most important elements that brings life to the 

landscape. 

Water pumping consumes a significant amount 

of the electricity of the national grid and diesel fuel. 

On the other hand, Egypt currently faces an ener-

gy crisis due to the growing energy demand, in 

addition to fluctuating and increasing costs of en-

ergy derived from fossil fuels. It is important to find 

ways of decreasing dependency on fossil fuels. 

The utilization of solar energy is good choice to 

face the energy crisis Gawdat (2013). 

Solar radiation on Egypt ranges from 5 to 8 

kWh/m
2
 per day with about 3500 sunshine hours 

per year, (Sorensen, 2003). Solar water pumping 

may be a competitive application for remote areas 

and luxurious areas where power costs a lot. 

(Kaldellis et al 2011).  

 Nowadays, the utilization of PV conversion of 

solar energy to power the water pumps is an 

emerging technology with great challenges. The 

PV technology can be applied on a larger scale 

and it also presents an environmentally favorable 

alternative to diesel fuel and grid electricity as a 

power source for water pumps, (Kumar et al 2010 

and Mittal et al 2012).  

Solar photovoltaic water pumping systems 

(SPVWPS) providing domestic, livestock and irri-

gation water supplies in remote areas have gained 

enormously in acceptance, reliability and perfor-

mance. Installing SPVWPS has many advantages 

to the pumping sites, where the national electricity 

grid connection is not available, solar energy is 

available abundantly, and the transport facilities 

are not good enough (Ghoneim, 2006). 

Furthermore, the use of solar photovoltaic 

power to operate the water pumping system is the 

most appropriate choice because there is a natural 



172          
 

Arab Univ. J. Agric. Sci., 26(1), 2018 

Swidan and Mostafa 

relationship between requirement of water and the 

availability of solar power (Hsieh, 1986). 

The solar energy systems are devices convert 

the solar radiation into other forms of energy. They 

can be divided into thermal effect and photo effect 

(non-thermal) systems, (Yüncü et al 2012). 

The non-thermal solar systems or the solar 

photovoltaic cells (PVCs) directly convert sunlight 

into electricity which can be captured in the form of 

a direct electric current. This electricity can be 

used to power an appliance. The solar panels are 

therefore effective only during daylight hours and 

batteries will have to be utilized to provide an elec-

tricity supply at other times, (Carrasco et al 2006 

and Liserre et al 2010).  

In this respect a solar pumping system was 

tested to evaluate its performance under local 

working conditions. 

 

The objectives of this research are  

 Use of photovoltaic to operate water pumping 

system for landscape. 

 Study the factors that affect the PV pumping 

system. 

 Evaluate the system performance. 

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 

 

The constructed system comprised of three 

stages; first stage was generating DC power from 

PV cells, second stage was converting DC power 

into mechanical power using DC motor and third 

stage was converting mechanical power into hy-

draulic power using centrifugal pump. 

Fig. (1) Shows the constructed system, which 

is designed to work in daylight hours only without 

the use of inverters (AC/DC) or battery banks for 

the storage of electricity. The system consists of 

the following elements 

 

 
Fig. 1 Components of solar pumping systems and energy conversion steps. 

 

 
Photovoltaic generator (PV) 

 

The basic photovoltaic module are presented in 

Tables 1, 2 and 3 

 

Table 1. Basic photovoeltaic module data 

 

Model Aleo P18 

Length x width x height [mm] 1660 x 990 x 35 

Weight [kg]   19 

Number of cells 60 

Cell Size [mm] 156 x 156 

Cell material Polycrystalline Si 

Front sheet   Solar glass (ISG) 

Back sheet   Polymer sheet, white 

Frame material                                      Al alloy, silver 

Table 2. Photovoltaic module electrical data (STC) 

 

 

Rated power PMPP [W] 260 

Rated voltage UMPP [V] 30.5 

Rated Current IMPP [A] 8.51 

Open circuit voltage Uoc [V] 37.7 

Short circuit current Isc [A] 9.01 

Efficiency n [%] 15.8 

 

Electrical values measured under standard test condi-

tions (STC): irradiance 1000W/m², module temperature 

25°c, air mass=1.5G 



Performance evaluation of solar photovoltaic pump for operating  
of landscape system 

 

Arab Univ. J. Agric. Sci., 26(1), 2018 

173 

Table 3. Photovoltaic module electrical data 

(NOCT). 

 

Power PMPP [W] 190 

Voltage UMPP [V] 27.6 

Current  IMPP [A] 6.89 

Open circuit voltage Uoc [V 34.6 

Short circuit current Isc [A] 7.33 

Efficiency n [%] 14.5 

 

 DC powered motor; 

Voltage: 180v (operates between 20 and 

220V.DC), Max. Speed: 3800RPM and Max. 

Power: 2.5HP. 

 Centrifugal pump; 

Characteristics of the water pump are presented in 

Table (4).  

 

Table 4 Characteristics of the water pump: 

                                          

Parameter Value 

Q. min 5 l/min 

Q. max 30 l/min 

H. max 25 m 

RPM 2860 

 

Water storage tank; 

 

The tank of water storage has dimensions of 30 

cm width, 30 cm length and 50 cm height. 

The photovoltaic system was implemented con-

sists of four modules 260W each, manufacturer 

ALEO, model P18 polycrystalline.  PV array were 

installed with tilt angle 30º from the horizontal and 

faces the south direction. Panels are connected in 

parallel to give a 7.33A and 138.4V total to gener-

ate power for running DC motor pump system. The 

photovoltaic modules were installed on a rigid and 

fixed metal structure on the roof of two floor build-

ing. The site was chosen because of the proximity 

to the water source and because it did not present 

trees or structures that could provide shade on the 

photovoltaic cells and damaging the performance. 

There was a greater concern with the positioning 

of the panels in relation to their alignment with the 

geographical north because its incorrect position-

ing can lead to a decrease in the efficiency of the 

photovoltaic system. 

Permanent magnet DC Motor of a treadmill 

was used to convert electrical power form the pho-

tovoltaic panels into mechanical power to drive the 

centrifugal water pump. AC motor equipped water 

pump manufacturer EMC, was engaged to the 

system by connecting its shaft to the DC motor 

shaft using a coupling and fixed on one base. The 

technical specifications of the DC motor are: Volt-

age: 180V (operates between 20 and 220V DC), 

maximum speed: 3800 rpm and maximum power: 

2.5HP. The technical specifications of the water 

pump are Q.min.:5 l/min, Q.max.:30 l/min, H. max.: 25m 

and 2860 rpm. 

The water tank was used as a reservoir of water, 

where it is providing the pump inlet with water and 

in the same time containing water from out stream, 

so that the system was working as a closed cycle 

of water to save water. 

Measuring instruments were used to obtain data of 

the following parameters: 

 The output voltage and current from the pho-

tovoltaic panels by digital electrical multime-

ter; 

 Water flow rate from the pump by electronic 

flow meter; 

 Water pressure from the pump by analog 

pressure gage; 

 Ambient air temperature behind the PV array 

by digital thermometer. 

 Data were collected for 7 months, beginning 

on August 24, 2016, till 12
th
 of February, 

2017, when the readings were performed 

every 1 h.  

 

Measurements were performed in order to 

evaluate the performance of photovoltaic solar 

pumping system and PV efficiency under condi-

tions of different parameters affecting the perfor-

mance. In order to study the energy conversion 

from solar radiation to water flow, the following six 

equations were used according to both Hamza 

and Taha (1995). 

 

The Input Power (Pi) 

 

The incident solar radiation to the PV array 

gives the input power (Pi) to the system: 

 

Pi = G x A    (W)      ----------- (1) 

Where: 

G = solar radiation (W/m
2
) and A = effective 

module cell area (m
2
). 

 

PV Array Output (Po) 

 

The DC output power (Po) from the PV array is 

given by: 

 

Po = V x I    (W)      ----------- (2) 



174          
 

Arab Univ. J. Agric. Sci., 26(1), 2018 

Swidan and Mostafa 

Where: V = operating voltage (V) and I = operating 

current (A). 

 

Hydraulic Power Output (Ph) 

 

Hydraulic power output of the pump (Ph) is the 

power required to lift a volume of water through a 

given head  

 

Ph = d x g x Q x H     (W)      ----------- (3) 

Where: 

d = water density (kg/m
3
), g = specific gravity 

(m/s
2
), Q = water discharge (m

3
/s) and H = 

total pumping head (m). 

 

Array efficiency (ηa)  

 

Array efficiency (ηa) is the measure of how effi-

cient the PV array is in converting sunlight to elec-

tricity: 

 

ηa = Po/Pi x 100      ----------- (4) 

 

Subsystem Efficiency (ηs)  

 

Subsystem efficiency (ηs) is the efficiency of 

the entire system components (motor and pump): 

ηs = Ph/Po x 100      ----------- (5) 

 

Overall efficiency (ηo) 

 

Overall efficiency (ηo) indicates how efficiently 

the overall system converts solar radiation into 

water delivery at a given head: 

ηo = Ph,/Pi x 100   or    ηo = ηa x ηs  ----------- (6) 

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 

 

The Input Power 

 

During the test period of this photovoltaic 

pumping system (August, 2016 – February, 2017), 

solar radiation ranged between 0 to 5390 

W/m
2
/day on the plane of the PV modules. Fig. (2) 

shows hourly average incident solar radiation. The 

maximum value of the solar radiation was 841.88 

w/m
2 

at 12:00 pm. 

The incident solar radiation to the PV array 

gives the input power (Pi) to the system. The max-

imum value of input power to the system was 

4917.118 w/m
2
/day at 12:00 pm. 

Fig. (3) shows the average input power ob-

tained during the experiment period.  

  

 

 

Fig. 2. Daily hourly average solar radiation. 

 

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

7 9 11 13 15 17

A
v

e
ra

g
e

 S
o

la
r 

ra
d

ia
ti

o
n

 (
w

/m
 2

) 

Day Time (hr) 



Performance evaluation of solar photovoltaic pump for operating  
of landscape system 

 

Arab Univ. J. Agric. Sci., 26(1), 2018 

175 

 

Fig. 3. Average input power to the system (w/day). 

 

 

PV Array Output 

 

Generated electric power 
 

Fig. (4) shows hourly average output power ob-

tained during the experiment period with the inci-

dent hourly average solar radiation. The maximum 

value of solar radiation was 841.88 w/m
2 

at 12:00 

pm, while the maximum value of output power was 

712.907 w at 12:00 pm. 

The results show that output power indicates 

gradually increase with increasing solar radiation 

intensity as shown in Fig. (5). 

 

 

Fig. 4. Daily hourly average PV array output power (W). 

 

 

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7 9 11 13 15 17

A
v

e
ra

g
e

 i
n

p
u

t 
p

o
w

e
r 

to
 t

h
e

 s
y

st
e

m
 

(w
/d

a
y

) 

Day Time (hr) 

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

7 9 11 13 15 17 H
o

u
rl

y
 a

v
e

ra
g

e
  

o
u

tp
o

t 
p

o
w

e
r(

w
) 

S
o

la
r 

R
a

d
ia

ti
o

n
 (

w
/m

2
) 

Day Time 

Solar Radiation (w/m2)

PV Array Output  Power (w)



176          
 

Arab Univ. J. Agric. Sci., 26(1), 2018 

Swidan and Mostafa 

 

Fig. 5. Daily measured output power as a function of average solar radiation intensity. 
 

 

Radiation intensity  

 

Also, the relationship between PV output power 

and solar radiation was obtained in the following 

equation: 

Y = 0.8937 X – 40.346 

Where: 

Y= PV output power (w) and X= Solar radiation 

(w/m
2
) 

 

Electric power consumption  

 

Measurements show increase of daily hourly 

average electric power consumption as a result of 

the increase of solar radiation as shown in Fig. (6). 

The highest average power consumption value 

was found 139 W which represent the maximum 

power consumption recorded for the pumping sys-

tem at 12:00 PM where the average solar radiation 

found to be 841W/m². 

Results also show that the increase of daily 

hourly average electric power consumption as a 

result of the increase of PV power output. The 

highest average power consumption value was 

found 139 W which represent the maximum power 

consumption recorded for the pumping system at 

12:00 PM where the average PV output found to 

be 712 W as shown in Fig. (7). 
 

 
 

Fig. 6. Hourly average electric power consumption and hourly average solar radiation levels at 

different day times. 

y = 0.8937x - 40.346 
R² = 0.9912 

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 200 400 600 800 1000

P
V

 o
u

tp
u

t 
p

o
w

e
r 

(w
) 

Solar radiation (w/m2) 

Avrage array output power 

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

7 9 11 13 15 17

E
le

ct
ri

c 
P

o
w

e
r 

co
n

su
m

p
ti

o
n

  (
w

) 

S
o

la
r 

R
a

d
ia

ti
o

n
 (

w
/m

2
) 

Day Time 

Solar Radiation (w/m2)

Electric Power consumption  (w)



Performance evaluation of solar photovoltaic pump for operating  
of landscape system 

 

Arab Univ. J. Agric. Sci., 26(1), 2018 

177 

 

Fig. 7. Hourly average electric power consumption and hourly average output power at different 

day times.  
 

The hydraulic power output  

 

The results show that the pumping rate indicate 

gradually increase with increasing the solar radia-

tion intensity as shown in Fig. (8). 

Also, the relationship between average output 

flow rate and average solar radiation was obtained 

in as following: 
 

Y = 1.0083x + 240.38 

Where:  

Y= Hourly average output flow rate (L/hr.) at 

5m head and X= Hourly average solar radi-

ation.  

Test results shown in Fig. (9) and Fig. (10) in-

dicate that the relation of hourly average 

pumping rates to the hourly average solar 

radiation (w/m²) and relevant PV output 

power (w). The results show that water de-

livery by the pump ranged from 450 to 1031 

L/hr. at 5m head depending on solar radia-

tion level. The average solar radiation dur-

ing the test period was 841w/m², while the 

average water delivery was 1031 L/hr. The 

hydraulic power output of the pump (Ph) is 

the power required to lift a volume of water 

through a given head. 

 

 
 

Fig. 8. Pumping rate as a function of solar radiation. 

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

7 9 11 13 15 17

A
v

ra
g

e
 p

o
w

e
r 

co
n

su
m

p
ti

o
n

 (
w

) 

A
v

a
ra

g
e

 P
V

 O
u

tp
u

t 
P

o
w

e
r 

(w
) 

Day Time (hr) 

PV Array Output  Power (w)

Electric Power consumption  (w)

y = 1.0083x + 240.38 
R² = 0.9351 

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 200 400 600 800 1000

H
o

u
rl

y
 a

ve
ra

g
e

 o
u

tp
o

t 
fl

o
w

 r
a

te
 

(L
/h

r.
) 

a
t 

5
m

 h
e

a
d

 

Hourly average solar radiation (w/m2) 

Average pumping rate (L/hr.)

Linear (Average pumping rate (L/hr.))



178          
 

Arab Univ. J. Agric. Sci., 26(1), 2018 

Swidan and Mostafa 

 

Fig. 9. The variation of radiation intensity caused variation in the measured output pumping rates. 

 

 

Fig. 10. The variation of radiation intensity and relevant variation in the measured output 

pumping rates. 
 

       

Array efficiency 

 

Results show the gradually increase with in-

creasing solar radiation intensity. Array efficiency 

average values were ranged between 14.9% at 

11:00 AM and 12.33% at 5:00 PM The recorded 

values are in the range of 300 w/m
2
 at the evening 

and 841 at 11:00 AM. 

Fig. (11) shows array efficiency averages at 

different values of solar radiation intensity. 

The relationship between array efficiency and 

solar radiation was obtained in as following: 
 

y = 3*10
-15

x + 0.1235 

Where:  

Y= Array Efficiency and X= Solar Radiation 

(w/m
2
).        

 

Subsystem efficiency  

 

Subsystem efficiency (ηs) was calculated con-

sidering the input power is the closed circuit power 

of the system. Pumping system efficiency was 

measured by calculating electric power consump-

tion and hydraulic power. Fig. (12) shows that 

pumping system efficiency average at different 

values of solar radiation intensity. 
 

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

7 9 11 13 15 17

a
v

e
ra

g
e

 p
u

m
p

in
g

 r
a

te
s 

( 
L/

h
r)

 a
t 

5
m

 
h

e
a

d
 

S
o

la
r 

R
a

d
ia

ti
o

n
 (

w
/m

2
) 

Day Time (hr) 

Solar Radiation (w/m2)

Average pumping rate (L/hr.)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

7 9 11 13 15 17

h
y

d
ra

u
li

c 
p

o
w

e
r 

o
u

tp
u

t 
(w

) 

A
v

a
ra

g
e

 P
V

 O
u

tp
u

t 
P

o
w

e
r 

(w
) 

Day Time (hr) 

PV Array Output  Power (w)

hydraulic power output (w)



Performance evaluation of solar photovoltaic pump for operating  
of landscape system 

 

Arab Univ. J. Agric. Sci., 26(1), 2018 

179 

 

 
Fig. 11 Array efficiency averages at different values of solar radiation intensity. 

 

 
Fig. 12 shows pumping system efficiency average at deferent values of solar radiation intensity. 

 

The results show that increase of the solar ra-

diation duo to the decrease the subsystem effi-

ciency. 

The relationship between array efficiency and 

solar radiation was obtained in as following: 

 

y = -8*10
-5

 + 0.1615 

Where:  

Y= Pumping system Efficiency and X= Solar 

Radiation (w/m
2
).        

 

Overall efficiency  

 

Fig. (13) shows the overall average efficiency 

of the system at different average solar radiation 

levels. The results show that the increase in the 

solar radiation duo to decrease the overall efficien-

cy. 

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 

 

Solar radiation intensity variation during the day 

time influenced the output PV power that which 

affects the output hydraulic power and pumping 

rates relatively and the generated output electric 

power increases with increasing solar radiation 

intensity, ditto for the output hydraulic power. The 

highest solar radiation intensity was obtained at 

mid-day and when the solar radiation increase, the 

subsystem efficiency decreases.  Performance of 

the solar photovoltaic pumping system found to be 

increased with increasing solar radiation intensity. 

It’s highly recommended to use solar photovoltaic 

pumping system for small landscapes for the re-

mote areas out of the grid and for the growing 

countries to reduce the burden on national subsidi-

zation for energy sources.  

y = 3E-05x + 0.1235 
R² = 0.5096 

10%

11%

12%

13%

14%

15%

16%

100 300 500 700 900

A
rr

a
y

 E
ff

ic
ie

n
cy

; 
%

 

Solar Radiation (w/m2) 

Array Efficiency; %

Linear (Array Efficiency; %)

y = -8E-05x + 0.1615 
R² = 0.9347 

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

11%

12%

13%

14%

15%

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

P
u

m
p

in
g

 s
y

st
e

m
 E

ff
ic

ie
n

cy
; 

%
 

Solar Radiation (w/m2) 

Pumping system Efficiency; %

Linear (Pumping system Efficiency; %)



180          
 

Arab Univ. J. Agric. Sci., 26(1), 2018 

Swidan and Mostafa 

 

 

Fig. 13. Overall average efficiency of the system at different average solar radiation levels. 

 

As an economic and environmental wise. Also, it’s 

recommended to depend on the renewable ener-

gies and of course the solar energy particularly as 

an alternative for fossil fuels. Selection of system 

components plays a big role in the overall efficien-

cy maximization. By selecting the matched system 

components, a high performance with maximum 

efficiency can be made. 

In this respect a solar pumping systems were 

field tested in order to evaluate its performance 

under local working conditions. 

The system comprised of three stages:  

First stage: Generating DC power from PV 

cells. 

Second stage: Converting DC power into me-

chanical power using DC motor.  

Third stage: Converting mechanical power into 

hydraulic power using centrifugal pump. 

The photovoltaic system was implemented 

consists of four modules 260W each, manufacturer 

ALEO, model P18 polycrystalline. Panels were 

connected in parallel to give a 7.33A and 138.4V 

total to generate power for running DC motor pump 

system. 

Measuring instruments were used to obtain da-

ta of the following parameters: 

 The output voltage and current from the 

photovoltaic panels by digital electrical multimeter; 

 Water flow rate from the pump by electronic 

flow meter; 

 Water pressure from the pump by analog 

pressure gage; 

The results showed that the maximum hydrau-

lic output power was 14 W where the electrical 

power consumption was 140 W and the PV output 

power was 712 W at solar radiation intensity of 841 

W/m². The maximum efficiency recorded for the 

overall system was 0.41% where the photovoltaic 

generator and pumping system efficiencies were 

14.98% and 14.21% respectively. 

 

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