Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 1319 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6269 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 7 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 356 Wikipedia 274 ISBN 189 University 168 Press 163 John 153 English 124 New 90 London 76 York 70 England 64 Literature 60 Thomas 57 William 56 history 49 United 48 War 48 January 48 James 47 article 45 british 43 October 42 literature 40 american 40 Prize 40 Oxford 38 World 36 March 33 July 33 April 32 August 31 play 31 June 31 George 31 December 30 November 29 Shakespeare 28 Library 28 King 28 Britain 27 September 27 Cambridge 23 german 23 Church 22 Theatre 22 BBC 21 english 21 South 21 Old 21 Nobel 21 Ireland Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 20515 article 19479 p. 17355 book 13260 century 13171 work 12018 ^ 9693 novel 9585 history 9345 literature 9242 identifier 8350 year 8258 time 8084 page 7265 link 7214 language 6970 life 6511 writer 6410 poem 6395 story 6136 poet 6032 play 5673 original 5107 text 5091 poetry 4993 man 4879 author 4645 part 4526 death 4500 term 4488 library 4477 world 4323 b 4223 character 4205 view 4077 people 4058 period 3975 woman 3975 fiction 3917 source 3839 art 3836 version 3812 child 3712 name 3658 form 3581 film 3549 edition 3544 category 3507 country 3101 day 3017 number Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 31957 ^ 17761 Wikipedia 16040 ISBN 15548 University 14270 English 12772 New 12423 John 11496 Press 11156 London 10812 pp 7749 England 7737 York 7652 Retrieved 7157 William 6830 Library 6315 Thomas 6054 Oxford 5937 January 5863 James 5351 October 5250 World 5191 May 5178 United 5107 de 5060 Literature 5038 George 4886 Cambridge 4838 December 4820 War 4724 July 4723 March 4671 April 4632 ed 4625 June 4569 August 4546 November 4538 Robert 4536 September 4276 Henry 4079 King 4026 Charles 3798 February 3686 Europe 3660 BBC 3659 National 3635 J. 3612 British 3571 Britain 3475 Richard 3462 Shakespeare Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 30471 he 23237 it 10021 i 8496 they 6908 him 6717 you 6635 she 4064 them 2783 we 2390 her 2259 himself 2197 us 1602 me 1064 itself 851 themselves 524 one 440 herself 232 myself 91 em 86 yourself 65 thee 65 ourselves 48 mine 39 oneself 32 на 29 his 26 yours 26 ''s 22 theirs 21 ya 20 bookshelf 19 ours 18 ''em 16 u 15 je 14 au 13 tt 12 ہے 11 ay 10 þe 9 hers 7 با 7 å 7 o 6 ye 6 thyself 6 svět 6 na 6 dhem 5 zelf Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 158854 be 37868 have 13552 write 11121 find 10160 retrieve 9562 include 8903 use 8729 see 8458 do 8094 publish 7071 become 7060 make 5841 know 4930 take 4457 begin 4168 give 4119 edit 4019 read 4004 follow 3861 bear 3836 call 3689 come 3654 say 3318 die 3315 need 3179 go 3038 live 3031 lead 2996 relate 2910 work 2894 describe 2763 base 2712 appear 2646 play 2624 learn 2555 leave 2464 consider 2455 set 2446 produce 2406 contain 2341 change 2298 create 2276 remain 2230 continue 2044 show 1948 believe 1924 develop 1873 receive 1869 accord 1867 bring Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 17112 not 12759 also 11977 first 11614 other 9049 early 7862 more 7609 most 6936 such 6349 many 6325 archived 6099 english 5860 later 5649 well 5458 only 5383 - 5146 british 5018 new 4641 short 4326 literary 4188 modern 4142 as 3988 american 3906 great 3836 last 3574 however 3433 often 3366 own 3339 old 3334 up 3302 political 3233 then 3212 so 3196 much 3158 late 3146 long 3029 good 2976 large 2949 now 2866 original 2795 french 2758 public 2753 second 2667 major 2626 same 2615 several 2585 popular 2573 out 2560 free 2540 social 2533 even Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1874 most 1608 good 997 large 877 early 858 great 752 least 583 Most 402 old 378 high 162 fine 141 long 139 late 130 eld 122 young 119 bad 108 big 93 close 89 low 77 strong 50 rich 41 small 31 near 31 busy 25 temp 23 fast 21 tall 20 wealthy 18 short 18 noble 18 new 17 slight 16 deep 15 southernmost 15 happy 15 full 15 cold 14 poor 13 www.bbc.co.uk 12 dear 12 broad 11 wide 11 simple 11 m 11 deadly 10 rare 10 pure 9 reconqu 9 dark 8 j 8 hot Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5735 most 945 well 259 least 41 long 30 highest 15 early 12 oldest 10 fast 9 goethe 7 greatest 4 worst 3 biggest 2 hard 2 broadest 1 web[133 1 strongest 1 severest 1 palimpsest 1 nastiest 1 medes"—the 1 link)(link 1 laudanum 1 iolanthe 1 fourteenth 1 est 1 bijvoorbeeld 1 beliefs[edit 1 1927–1992 Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1159 en.wikipedia.org 112 www.britannica.com 48 web.archive.org 28 creativecommons.org 21 archive.org 19 books.google.com 16 www.gutenberg.org 15 www.nytimes.com 15 themanbookerprize.com 14 www.bbc.co.uk 13 www.oxforddnb.com 13 doi.org 11 www.oxfordreference.com 10 .. 8 www.victorianweb.org 8 www.poets.org 8 www.luminarium.org 7 www.newadvent.org 7 www.bl.uk 6 www.webtoons.com 6 www.theguardian.com 6 www.magakernow.org.uk 6 www.cbc.ca 6 uw.digitalmappa.org 5 www.youtube.com 5 nobelprize.org 5 genome.ch.bbc.co.uk 5 en.wikisource.org 4 www.tate.org.uk 4 www.stagebeauty.net 4 www.poetryfoundation.org 4 www.online-literature.com 4 www.npg.org.uk 4 www.irishtimes.com 4 www.irdp.co.uk 4 www.independent.co.uk 4 www.google.com 4 www.carcanet.co.uk 4 www.academia.edu 4 rpo.library.utoronto.ca 3 www.worldcat.org 3 www.vcu.edu 3 www.nobelprize.org 3 www.musicals101.com 3 www.morrissociety.org 3 www.mediawiki.org 3 www.libertystory.net 3 www.imdb.com 3 www.doe.utoronto.ca 3 www.cambridge.org Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 57 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature" 18 http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/PDMCreative 13 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/314020/John-Keats> 12 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/127459/Ben 10 http://.. 9 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/68793/William-Blake> 8 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/188217/English-literature> 8 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/125261/Samuel-Taylor-Coleridge> 6 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/85638/Fanny-Burney> 6 http://web.archive.org/web/20160317185406/http://themanbookerprize.com/people/j-m-coetzee 6 http://web.archive.org/web/20160313224147/http://themanbookerprize.com/people/hilary-mantel 6 http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_literature&oldid=1001281427 6 http://archive.org/details/spanishtragedya00kydgoog 5 http://www.magakernow.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=38590 5 http://web.archive.org/web/20140128102619/http://www.poets.org/apope/ 5 http://themanbookerprize.com/people/j-m-coetzee 5 http://themanbookerprize.com/people/hilary-mantel 5 http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_literature&oldid=1001281427" 4 http://www.stagebeauty.net/th-frames.html?http&&&www.stagebeauty.net/th-longr.html 4 http://www.poets.org/pshel/] 4 http://www.poets.org/apope/ 4 http://www.oxfordreference.com 4 http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/theme/95605 4 http://www.irdp.co.uk/radiodrama.htm 4 http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/alice-munro-is-1st-canadian-woman-to-win-nobel-literature-prize-1.1958383 4 http://www.carcanet.co.uk/cgi-bin/indexer?owner_id=770 4 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/474262/Pre-Romanticis]. 4 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/421071/novel 4 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/383113/John-Milton>. 4 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/383113/John-Milton> 4 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-30313775 4 http://web.archive.org/web/20131205120405/http://www.poets.org/pshel/ 4 http://web.archive.org/web/20120212222859/http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poem/1051.html 4 http://web.archive.org/web/20081225172227/http://www.magakernow.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=38590 4 http://uw.digitalmappa.org/58 4 http://themanbookerprize.com/search/node/j%20g%20farrell] 4 http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poem/1051.html 4 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2001/ 3 http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/clough/bio.html 3 http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/arnold/ 3 http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/eng372/intro.htm 3 http://www.oxfordreference.com/}}. 3 http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t238.e1140 3 http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/14918|access-date=25 3 http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15367a.htm 3 http://www.musicals101.com/gilbert3.htm 3 http://www.libertystory.net/LSARTSGILBERT.htm 3 http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/once-upon-a-time-there-was-a-man-who-liked-to-make-up-stories-2158052.html|title=Once 3 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/26192/26192-h/26192-h.htm 3 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17976 Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 57 stewards@wikimedia.org 4 privacy@wikimedia.org 2 rogerharris@biggles.info 2 raysdesigns2000@hotmail.com 1 webperson@hw.ac.uk 1 permissions-en@wikimedia.org 1 gbnewby@pglaf.org 1 donate@wikimedia.org 1 ccx074@coventry.ac.uk 1 business@pglaf.org 1 beckettfoundation@reading.ac.uk Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1054 page was last 371 articles needing additional 91 article needs additional 87 articles needing clarification 75 articles needing page 35 ^ see also 21 wikipedia is not 20 articles using small 20 pages needing cleanup 20 pages using sister 19 literature is literature 18 article has multiple 17 work was not 16 articles needing factual 15 book is usually 15 isbn do not 15 wikipedia find articles 14 works are often 13 article does not 12 england were still 11 book was not 11 century was arguably 11 works are however 11 works make use 10 english are novelist 9 article is part 9 english are samuel 9 link is locally 9 pages needing factual 9 work was unconventional 9 works were also 8 articles needing translation 8 century were equally 8 england did not 8 language became less 8 novel was also 8 novel was first 8 work did not 8 works include genres 7 ^ see online 7 article is about 7 articles needing cleanup 7 century is usually 7 century were examples 7 england saw little 7 england was not 7 english is not 7 literature see also 7 novel is also 7 pages use british Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 language had no more 4 wikipedia is not biographies 3 english is not monolithic 3 english was not static 2 century are not particularly 2 england was not particularly 2 english had no standard 2 language is not entirely 2 literature is not only 2 time were not as 2 wikipedia is not disclaimer 2 wikipedia is not readers 2 work are not equal 2 work is not only 1 article did not completely 1 article has no lead 1 article has no references 1 article is not just 1 article was not also 1 articles is not just 1 book had no discernible 1 book is not entirely 1 book was not obscene 1 book was not popular 1 book was not pornographic 1 book was not so 1 book was not specifically 1 books were not allegorical 1 books were not allegory 1 books were not more 1 century were not strictly 1 england did not actually 1 england had no allies 1 england had no scholarship 1 england had not before 1 england has no single 1 english had no back 1 english is no longer 1 english is not mutually 1 english was not just 1 english was not popular 1 english was not well 1 language has no official 1 language is not only 1 language is not ottoman 1 language knows no barriers 1 language was not enough 1 language was not identical 1 language was not officially 1 languages are not generally Sizes of items; "Measures in words, how big is each item?" 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fr-wikipedia-org-1473 427 web-archive-org-5729 421 zh-wikipedia-org-6257 403 fi-wikipedia-org-7140 402 tt-wikipedia-org-328 396 en-wikipedia-org-78 361 pnb-wikipedia-org-4543 345 en-wikipedia-org-7758 343 azb-wikipedia-org-7359 340 pa-wikipedia-org-2114 315 en-wikipedia-org-6787 300 war-wikipedia-org-8744 286 en-wikipedia-org-3839 265 en-wikipedia-org-2451 265 en-wikipedia-org-9346 263 sk-wikipedia-org-8099 240 en-wikipedia-org-5031 210 www-luminarium-org-4656 209 en-wikipedia-org-1396 207 web-archive-org-6416 187 www-luminarium-org-7290 185 ja-wikipedia-org-3767 176 www-childrensuniversity-manchester-ac-uk-6187 170 login-wikimedia-org-5201 168 zh-yue-wikipedia-org-9820 161 books-google-com-8574 149 www-luminarium-org-745 146 wuu-wikipedia-org-6282 102 en-wikipedia-org-3367 95 www-luminarium-org-7718 93 web-archive-org-4050 88 en-wikipedia-org-5885 83 www-victorianweb-org-417 78 archive-org-2133 78 archive-org-8115 68 web-archive-org-5638 39 sites-google-com-8986 en-wikipedia-org-1189 en-wikipedia-org-1531 en-wikipedia-org-3953 en-wikipedia-org-3953 en-wikipedia-org-9378 stats-wikimedia-org-3333 upload-wikimedia-org-1313 upload-wikimedia-org-1694 upload-wikimedia-org-1845 upload-wikimedia-org-1907 upload-wikimedia-org-192 upload-wikimedia-org-2339 upload-wikimedia-org-2686 upload-wikimedia-org-2692 upload-wikimedia-org-2943 upload-wikimedia-org-2956 upload-wikimedia-org-3231 upload-wikimedia-org-3363 upload-wikimedia-org-3560 upload-wikimedia-org-368 upload-wikimedia-org-3731 upload-wikimedia-org-3827 upload-wikimedia-org-3964 upload-wikimedia-org-4506 upload-wikimedia-org-4612 upload-wikimedia-org-5376 upload-wikimedia-org-5890 upload-wikimedia-org-6135 upload-wikimedia-org-646 upload-wikimedia-org-6470 upload-wikimedia-org-6512 upload-wikimedia-org-6591 upload-wikimedia-org-6723 upload-wikimedia-org-736 upload-wikimedia-org-9276 upload-wikimedia-org-9438 www-stagebeauty-net-4455 Readability of items; "How difficult is each item to read?" 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en-wikipedia-org-290 32.0 en-wikipedia-org-4856 31.0 en-wikipedia-org-7498 29.0 www-librarything-com-4645 118.0 hi-wikipedia-org-1307 117.0 gu-wikipedia-org-4147 117.0 kn-wikipedia-org-1528 117.0 si-wikipedia-org-6267 115.0 ar-wikipedia-org-7910 115.0 ru-wikipedia-org-7934 114.0 ko-wikipedia-org-1074 113.0 bh-wikipedia-org-7071 113.0 mk-wikipedia-org-5379 112.0 kk-wikipedia-org-9514 111.0 bg-wikipedia-org-7731 111.0 bn-wikipedia-org-7096 111.0 el-wikipedia-org-7053 111.0 fa-wikipedia-org-7915 111.0 uk-wikipedia-org-5469 110.0 he-wikipedia-org-363 110.0 ta-wikipedia-org-1067 109.0 sd-wikipedia-org-4204 108.0 pnb-wikipedia-org-4543 107.0 azb-wikipedia-org-7359 105.0 pa-wikipedia-org-2114 104.0 my-wikipedia-org-1649 104.0 vi-wikipedia-org-6297 103.0 hy-wikipedia-org-6733 101.0 zh-wikipedia-org-6257 100.0 ur-wikipedia-org-9614 en-wikipedia-org-1189 en-wikipedia-org-1531 en-wikipedia-org-3953 en-wikipedia-org-3953 en-wikipedia-org-9378 stats-wikimedia-org-3333 upload-wikimedia-org-1313 upload-wikimedia-org-1694 upload-wikimedia-org-1845 upload-wikimedia-org-1907 upload-wikimedia-org-192 upload-wikimedia-org-2339 upload-wikimedia-org-2686 upload-wikimedia-org-2692 upload-wikimedia-org-2943 upload-wikimedia-org-2956 upload-wikimedia-org-3231 upload-wikimedia-org-3363 upload-wikimedia-org-3560 upload-wikimedia-org-368 upload-wikimedia-org-3731 upload-wikimedia-org-3827 upload-wikimedia-org-3964 upload-wikimedia-org-4506 upload-wikimedia-org-4612 upload-wikimedia-org-5376 upload-wikimedia-org-5890 upload-wikimedia-org-6135 upload-wikimedia-org-646 upload-wikimedia-org-6470 upload-wikimedia-org-6512 upload-wikimedia-org-6591 upload-wikimedia-org-6723 upload-wikimedia-org-736 upload-wikimedia-org-9276 upload-wikimedia-org-9438 www-stagebeauty-net-4455 Item summaries; "In a narrative form, how can each item be abstracted?" ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ar-wikipedia-org-7910 الأدب الإنجليزي (بالإنجليزية: English literature)‏، وهو يشمل ما يكتبه الكُتَّاب من إنجلترا واسكتلندا وويلز باللغة الإنجليزية في مجالات الشعر والنثر والمسرحية.[1][2][3] وهو أدب غني بالروائع في مختلف المجالات الأدبية، كما أنه من أقدم الآداب الغربية. ولا تشمل هذه المقالة التي تستعرض تاريخ الأدب الإنجليزي آداب الولايات المتحدة وكندا وأستراليا وأيرلندا. استقرت القبائل الألمانية المعروفة بالأنجلو ـ سكسونية في إنجلترا في القرنين الخامس والسادس، وعُرفت اللهجات التي كانت تتكلمها هذه القبائل باسم اللغة الإنجليزية العتيقة أو الأنجلو ـ سكسونية، وكانت هذه لغة الأدب حتى نحو عام 1100. كتب معظم كُتّاب النثر باللاتينية حتى القرن التاسع، حين ترجم ألفرد الأكبر ملك وَسِكس عدة أعمال من اللاتينية إلى الإنجليزية العتيقة، ومن أهم هذه الأعمال التاريخ الكنسي للأمة الإنجليزية (عام 731) للراهب بيدا، وهو أول سجل لتاريخ هذا الشعب ومصدر مهم عن حياته منذ نهاية القرن السادس إلى عام 731. وقد نقل السير توماس واييت السوناتة من إيطاليا وأدخلها إلى الأدب الإنجليزي لأول مرة في مطلع القرن السادس عشر. وسيطرت روايات هاردي على الأدب الإنجليزي في نهاية القرن التاسع عشر. archive-org-2133 Internet Archive BookReader English literature : its history and its significance for the life of the English-speaking world : a text-book for schools English literature : its history and its significance for the life of the English-speaking world : a text-book for schools The BookReader requires JavaScript to be enabled. Please check that your browser supports JavaScript and that it is enabled in the browser settings. You can also try one of the other formats of the book. archive-org-6184 The tenant of Wildfell Hall : Brontë, Anne, 1820-1849 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive See what''s new with book lending at the Internet Archive An illustration of an open book. An illustration of text ellipses. Search text contents Search archived websites Share or Embed This Item EMBED (for wordpress.com hosted blogs and archive.org item tags) Flag this item for London ; New York : Penguin Books Internet Archive Internet Archive External-identifier urn:oclc:record:1036469213 Identifier-ark Openlibrary_edition urn:lccn:2007030097 urn:lccn:2007030097 urn:lccn:2007030097 urn:lccn:2007030097 urn:lccn:2007030097 urn:lccn:2007030097 urn:lccn:2007030097 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 urn:isbn:1592245188 plus-circle Add Review Books for People with Print Disabilities Internet Archive Books archive-org-7523 The Spanish tragedy, a play : Kyd, Thomas, 1558-1594 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive See what''s new with book lending at the Internet Archive An illustration of an open book. An illustration of an audio speaker. An illustration of two photographs. An illustration of text ellipses. Search text contents Search archived websites Advanced Search Share or Embed This Item EMBED (for wordpress.com hosted blogs and archive.org item tags) Flag this item for Book digitized by Google from the library of University of Michigan and uploaded to the Internet Archive by user tpb. Identifier-ark Openlibrary_edition Worldcat (source edition) plus-circle Add Review DOWNLOAD OPTIONS ABBYY GZ download DAISY download EPUB download FULL TEXT download KINDLE download PDF download TORRENT download download 16 Files download 16 Files download 16 Files download 16 Files download 16 Files download 16 Files download 16 Files download 16 Files download 9 Original archive-org-8115 Internet Archive BookReader English literature : its history and its significance for the life of the English-speaking world : a text-book for schools English literature : its history and its significance for the life of the English-speaking world : a text-book for schools The BookReader requires JavaScript to be enabled. Please check that your browser supports JavaScript and that it is enabled in the browser settings. You can also try one of the other formats of the book. ast-wikipedia-org-5966 Nun foi hasta los entamos del sieglu XVI, cuando Albión convertir n''independiente y les sos rellaciones con Francia volviéronse más distantes, el momentu en que l''idioma empezó a camudar. Mientres esti periodu, la lliteratura carauterizar por un especial interés nel comportamientu humanu como tema principal de les obres, en parte por influencia del humanismu italianu. Otru estilu teatral que se fixo bien popular mientres la dómina xacobina fueron les obres de vengación, popularizaes por John Webster y Thomas Kyd. George Chapman escribió tamién un par de traxedies d''esti estilu anque se-y recuerda especialmente pola traducción que realizó de les obres de Homero que resultaron de gran influencia pa la lliteratura inglesa; sirvieron inclusive d''inspiración a John Keats pa escribir dalgunos de los sos poemes más destacaos. La Biblia del Rei Jacobo, unu de los proyeutos de traducción más importantes na hestoria d''Inglaterra, empecipiar nel 1604 y nun se completó hasta''l 1611. az-wikipedia-org-7010 İngilis və ya anqlosaks ədəbiyyatı — 1066-cı ildə Normand istilasının başa çatması və İngiltərədə sakslar, həmçinin yutlar və anqllar kimi digər german tayfalarının məskunlaşmasından sonrakı dövr ərzində anqlosaks İngiltərəsində qədim ingilis dilində yazılmış ədəbiyyat əsərləri. Erkən orta əsr ingilis ədəbiyyatı[redaktə | əsas redaktə] Orta əsr ingilis ədəbiyyatı (1100-1500)[redaktə | əsas redaktə] Bu isə həmçinin Anqlosaks xronikasının yazıldığı vaxtdan bəri ingilis dilində olan ilk yazılı tarixi əsər idi. Digər ədəbi janr olan, Anqlonormand mənbələrində Horn romantizmi kimi verilən Romantizm İngiltərədə kral Horn və danimarkalı Heyvlok sayəsində 13-cü əsrdə meydana gəlmişdir, lakin İngiltərə tarixində, əsasən, aparıcı yazıçıların ədəbiyyata gəlişi 14-cü əsrə təsadüf edir. İtaliya İngiltərədə Renessans ideyalarının əsas mənbəyi idi və atası italyan olan, özü isə I Ceymsin sarayında dövlət dili məsləhətçisi kimi fəaliyyət göstərən dilçi alim və leksikoqraf Con Florio (1553-1625) bundan əlavə italyan dilinin və mədəniyyətinin əksər xüsusiyyətlərini İngiltərəyə gətirmişdir. XIX əsr ədəbiyyatı Romantizm (1798-1837)[redaktə | əsas redaktə] azb-wikipedia-org-7359 اینگیلیس ادبیاتی ویکی‌پدیا اینگیلیس ادبیاتی پرش به ناوبری پرش به جستجو قدیم اینگیلیس و یا آنقلوساکس ادبیاتی ۱۰۶۶-جی ایلده نورماند ایستیلاسینین باشا چاتماسی و اینگیلیسده ساکسلار، بیرده یوتلار و آنقللار کیمی دیگر قرمان طایفه لارینین مسکونلاشماسیندان سونراکی دؤور عرضینده آنقلوساکس قدیم اینگیلیس دیلینده یازیلمیش ادبیات اثرلریندن عبارت‌دیر. شیفاهی خالق ادبیاتی[دَییشدیر] شیفاهی خالق ادبیاتی ارکن اینگیلیس مدنیتینده سارسیلماز مؤقعیه مالیک‌دیر. بۇ سبب‌دن ده اپیک شعرلر چوْخ گئنیش یاییلمیش‌دیر و «بوولف»'' دا داخیل اوْلماقلا بعضیلری بۇ گۆنوموزه کیمی قورونوب ساخلانیلمیش‌دیر. حاضیرکی الیازمالاردا قدیم اینگیلیس دیلینده یازیلمیش بیر چوْخ شعر، چوْخ گومان کی، ساواش کۇنوسوندا اوْلان ارکن قرمان شعرلریندن آلینمیش‌دیر. بیرده باخ[دَییشدیر] اینگیلیس «https://azb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=اینگیلیس_ادبیاتی&oldid=552482»-دن آلینمیش‌دیر دوْلانماق مِنوسو صفحه دَییشدیر دوْلانماق آنا صفحه سوْن دَییشیکلیکلر تصادوفی صفحه صفحه ایطلاعاتی چاپ ائت/ائشیگه چیخارت آیری پروژه‌لرده آیری دیل‌لرده English Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Simple English بۇ صفحه‌‌ سوْن دفعه ‏۲۹ سپتامبر ۲۰۱۸، ‏۰۰:۵۱ تاریخینده دَییشدیریلمیشدیر. bg-wikipedia-org-7731 Английска литература – Уикипедия Английска литература За информацията в тази статия или раздел не са посочени източници. Имайте предвид, че това може да стане причина за изтриването на цялата статия или раздел. Английската литература (на английски: English literature) е термин се отнася до литературата писана на английски език, включително литература създадена на английски от автори, които не са непременно от Англия Джоузеф Конрад е поляк, Робърт Бърнс е шотландец, Джеймс Джойс е ирландец, Дилън Томас е уелсец и т.н. С други думи английската литература е разнообразна, точно както и разновидностите, и диалектите на английския език, който е говорен по света. Тази статия, свързана с литература, все още е мъниче. Помогнете на Уикипедия, като я редактирате и разширите. Кралски военновъздушни сили Литература Категория: Английска литература Мъничета за литература Статия Редактиране на кода Фейсбук страница На други езици За контакт с Уикипедия bh-wikipedia-org-7071 ई साहित्य-संबंधी लेख एगो आधार बाटे। जानकारी जोड़ के एकरा के बढ़ावे में विकिपीडिया के मदद करीं। खाता में प्रवेश नइखीं भइल पन्ना से जुड़ल जानकारी PDF की रूप में डाउनलोड करीं bn-wikipedia-org-7096 ইংরেজি সাহিত্য উইকিপিডিয়া এলিয়ট ও এজরা পাউন্ড এবং ঔপন্যাসিক উইলিয়াম ফকনার। ২০শ শতাব্দীর মধ্যভাগে ব্রিটিশ কমনওয়েলথের বিভিন্ন রাষ্ট্রে ইংরেজি ভাষায় সাহিত্য রচনা শুরু হয়। এই সব দেশের অনেক সাহিত্যিক সাহিত্যে নোবেল পুরস্কারও লাভ করেন। ২০শ ও ২১শ শতাব্দীর অনেক প্রধান সাহিত্যিকই যুক্তরাজ্যের বাইরের অধিবাসী। দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ-পরবর্তী সাহিত্যের বিভিন্ন দিকগুলিকে উত্তর-আধুনিক সাহিত্য হিসেবে চিহ্নিত করা শুরু হয়। ১ প্রাচীন ইংরেজি সাহিত্য প্রাচীন ইংরেজি সাহিত্য[সম্পাদনা] মূল নিবন্ধ: প্রাচীন ইংরেজি সাহিত্য প্রাচীন ইংরেজি সাহিত্যে, বা এংলো স্যাক্সন সাহিত্য, স্যাক্সন এবং ইংল্যান্ডে অন্যান্য জার্মানিক উপজাতিদের নিষ্পত্তির পর নির্দিষ্ট সময়ের মধ্যে এংলো স্যাক্সন ইংল্যান্ডে প্রাচীন ইংরেজিতে লেখা জীবিত সাহিত্য। এ সময় ব্রিটিশ দ্বীপপুঞ্জে ধীরে ধীরে খ্রীষ্টধর্মের অনুপ্রবেশ ঘটে এবং কেল্টিক ড্রুইড পুরোহিতদের আধিপত্য শেষ হয়। প্রাচীন যুগের সাহিত্যের মধ্যে অন্যতম হলো বিউলফ, কিনেউলফ, দি রুইন, দি ওয়ান্ডারার, দি সী ফেয়ারার প্রভৃতি। [৩] ভারতীয় ইংরেজি সাহিত্য books-google-com-6138 Beowulf and the Beowulf Manuscript Kevin S. Kiernan Google Books Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More » Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Advanced Book Search University of Michigan Press, 1996 Literary Criticism 328 pages Kiernan, one of the world''s foremost Beowulf scholars, has studied the manuscript extensively with the most up-to-date methods, including fiber-optic backlighting and computer digitization. This volume reprints Kiernan''s earlier study of the manuscript, in which he presented his novel conclusions about the date of Beowulf. This important volume will be a must-read not only for the scholar of early English history and literature, but for all those who are interested in practical applications of the new technologies. Other editions View all No preview available 1996 All Book Search results » Literary Criticism / European / General books-google-com-7444 Showings Julian (of Norwich), Julian of Norwich, Classics of western spirituality, beata Giuliana (di Norwich) Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Paulist Press, 1978 Religion 369 pages "...these translations thus supersede former ones...if the introductions, translations, and other apparatus of the rest of the series are of the same high quality, the series will be indispensable for most libraries." Library Journal JULIAN OF NORWICH SHOWINGS translated and introduced by Edmund Colledge, O.S.A., and James Walsh, S.J. As truly as God is our Father, so truly is God our Mother. In the light of their thirteen years of work on the critical edition of Showings, Colledge and Walsh give us this first modern English rendering from the place of Julian''s teaching in Catholic Spirituality. Julian (of Norwich),Julian of Norwich,Classics of western spirituality,beata Giuliana (di Norwich) books-google-com-8574 Google Books Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More » Sign in Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features Try it now No thanks Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Help Advanced Book Search Get print book No eBook available McFarland Amazon.com Barnes&Noble.com Books-A-Million IndieBound Find in a library Find in a library All sellers » 0 ReviewsWrite review Bram Stoker and Russophobia: Evidence of the British Fear of Russia in ... Bram Stoker and Russophobia: Evidence of the British Fear of Russia in ... By Jimmie E. By Jimmie E. Cain, Jr. Cain, Jr. About this book About this book Get Textbooks on Google Play Go to Google Play Now » Pages displayed by permission of McFarland. Page 182 Restricted Page You have reached your viewing limit for this book (why?). bs-wikipedia-org-3609 Engleska književnost Wikipedia Ovaj članak ili neki od njegovih odlomaka nije dovoljno potkrijepljen izvorima (literatura, veb-sajtovi ili drugi izvori). Pomozite Wikipediji tako što ćete navesti validne izvore putem referenci te nakon toga možete ukloniti ovaj šablon. Književnost Književnici[uredi | uredi izvor] Emily Brontë George Eliot George Meredith George Orwell William Shakespeare Djela[uredi | uredi izvor] Antonije i Kleopatra (William Shakespeare) Hamlet (William Shakespeare) Julije Cezar (William Shakespeare) Kralj Lir (William Shakespeare) Macbeth (William Shakespeare) Mletački trgovac (William Shakespeare) Otelo (William Shakespeare) Romeo i Julija (William Shakespeare) Također pogledajte[uredi | uredi izvor] Irska književnost Američka književnost Nedovršeni članak Engleska književnost koji govori o književnosti treba dopuniti. Dopunite ga prema pravilima Wikipedije. Commons ima datoteke na temu: Engleska književnost Kategorije: U začetku, Književnost Britanska književnost Engleska književnost Engleska književnost Sakrivena kategorija: Članci koji trebaju izvor Stranica Uredi izvor Nasumična stranica Korištenjem ovog sajta slažete se s uvjetima korištenja i pravilima o privatnosti. ca-wikipedia-org-2338 En un sentit més ampli, també es pot utilitzar per referir-se a literatura escrita en anglès en altres països. La primera gran figura literària d''aquesta època és el poeta Geoffrey Chaucer, però la gran figura de la literatura anglesa és William Shakespeare, al segle xvi. Els períodes de la literatura anglesa, si bé segueixen les conveccions estilístiques europees, acostumen a estar associades al monarca, de manera que els reis poden donar nom a un període o corrent. Article principal: Literatura anglesa medieval Els primers poemes èpics orals pertanyien a la cultura dels saxons, com el poema Beowulf, escrit en anglès antic. Article principal: Literatura de la Restauració anglesa Alguns autors intenten emular les cançons de gesta, ja que pensen que Anglaterra no té una gran epopeia nacional com altres països. Aquest segon corrent va inspirar la novel·la, amb autors com Mary Shelley o les germanes Brontë. Literatura en anglès commons-wikimedia-org-4014 Category:English-language literature Wikimedia Commons Category:English-language literature Jump to navigation Jump to search English literature literary works written in the English language ► Books in English‎ (238 C, 399 F) ► English literature translated‎ (1 C, 1 P, 10 F) ► Furs literature (English)‎ (31 C, 379 F) Media in category "English-language literature" The following 19 files are in this category, out of 19 total. English as a foreign language on Angel Island.jpg How-green-was-my-valley-armed-services-edition-1024.jpg Spanish influence on English literature (IA spanishinfluence00humeiala).pdf Stover at Yale book cover image.jpg Wireless Networking in the Developing World (WNDW) Second Edition.pdf Retrieved from "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:English-language_literature&oldid=298407239" Categories: English language Literature by language Non-topical/index: Uses of Wikidata Infobox Uses of Wikidata Infobox providing interwiki links Uses of Wikidata Infobox with no image Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018, at 22:10. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and the Privacy Policy. cs-wikipedia-org-8017 Naprosto zásadní bylo pro další rozvoj anglické literatury zavedení knihtisku Williamem Caxtonem (asi 1422–1491), který roku 1473 vytiskl v Bruggách ve vlastním překladu z francouzštiny první anglickou knihu Sbírka pověsti trojských (The Recuyell of the Histories of Troy) a rok později opět ve vlastním překladu (tentokrát z latiny) nejslavnější alegorickou satiru na středověkou společnost od italského dominikána Jakoba de Cessolise pod názvem Hra v šachy (Game and Playe of the Chesse). Rozvíjely se i další žánry dobrodružné literatury, jako například dobrodružný historický román z jehož autorů je možno jmenovat Rafaela Sabatiniho (1875–1950) a z jeho díla především romány Scaramouche (1921) z období Velké francouzské revoluce nebo Odysea kapitána Blooda (1922, Captain Blood: His Odyssey) s pirátskou tematikou. da-wikipedia-org-4428 I kraft af at disse lande som USA, Indien, Canada, Sydafrika eller Australien ligger i andre verdensdele præget af deres særegne geografiske beliggenhed, historiske, politiske og socialøkonomiske faktorer, udviklede de sine egne engelske dialekter og sin egen engelsksprogede litteratur. [1] Efter den normanniske erobring i 1066 var det officielle sprog i England normandisk-fransk og latin blandt regeringen, kirkestanden og adelen, mens litteratur på middel-engelsk var populær hos den mere almene befolkning, med især historier om kong Artur, Robin Hood og de populære ridder-romaner, hvoraf digteren Chaucer og Perlepoeten er mest kendte forfattere. Den skønlitterære forfatter, der påvirkede hele det engelske sprog og litteratur markant er William Shakespeare fra Englands elizabethanske guldalder, der skrev poesi og skuespil i alsidige genrer. De vigtigste eller mest kendte engelske forfattere siden Shakespeare var blandt andet Mary Shelley[10], Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats[11] , [12], Bram Stoker, Ann Radcliffe, Alexander Pope, Daniel Defoe, William Blake, Jane Austen[13][14], Mary Wollstonecraft, Charles Dickens[15], Brontë-søstrene[16][17], William Makepeace Thackeray, Mary Somerville, Alfred Tennyson, sir Walter Scott[18], H. de-wikipedia-org-9990 Englischsprachige Literatur – Wikipedia Die englische Sprache entwickelt sich in dem Maße zur Weltsprache, wie zunächst Großbritannien, dann die USA eine Weltmacht werden. in Großbritannien mit England, Schottland, Wales und Nordirland, siehe auch Englische Literatur Republik Irland siehe auch Anglo-Irische Literatur USA siehe auch US-amerikanische Literatur Kanada siehe auch Kanadische Literatur Australien siehe auch Australische Literatur Neuseeland siehe auch Neuseeländische Literatur Indien siehe auch Indische Literatur afrikanischen Staaten wie zum Beispiel Westafrika, Kenia, Ghana oder der Republik Südafrika siehe auch Afrikanische Literatur Abgesehen von der gemeinsamen Sprache haben die Autoren auch gemeinsame Traditionen, auf die sie sich beziehen, wie etwa Shakespeare oder Virginia Woolf, und sie wenden sich an einen internationalen gemeinsamen Leserkreis. Siehe auch[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten] Commons: English-language literature – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien Eine Einführung (Grundlagen der Anglistik und Amerikanistik; 26). Metzler Lexikon Englischsprachiger Autorinnen und Autoren. von Eberhard Kreutzer und Ansgar Nünning, Metzler, Stuttgart/Weimar 2002, ISBN 3-476-01746-X Abgerufen von „https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Englischsprachige_Literatur&oldid=164906793" Kategorie: Literatur (Englisch) donate-wikimedia-org-1039 We''re a non-profit that depends on donations to stay online and thriving, but 98% of our readers don''t give; they simply look the other way. When we made Wikipedia a non-profit, people told us we''d regret it. The heart and soul of Wikipedia is a community of people working to bring you unlimited access to reliable, neutral information. We have about 400 staff and contractors to support a wide variety of projects, making your donation a great investment in a highly-efficient not-for-profit organization. By donating, you agree to share your personal information with the Wikimedia Foundation, the nonprofit organization that hosts Wikipedia and other Wikimedia projects, and its service providers pursuant to our donor policy. For recurring donors, fixed monthly payments will be debited by the Wikimedia Foundation on the monthly anniversary of the first donation, until such time as you notify us to discontinue them. For questions, please contact donate@wikimedia.org. Retrieved from "https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:LandingPage" el-wikipedia-org-7053 Η λογοτεχνία της Αγγλίας, καθώς και η λογοτεχνία των βρετανικών νησιών που είναι γραμμένη στα Αγγλικά, αποτελεί μέρος της λογοτεχνικής κληρονομιάς του αγγλόφωνου κόσμου. Από τότε που αρχίζουν να διαφαίνονται τα αποτελέσματα της νορμανδικής κατάκτησης στην αγγλική λογοτεχνία, στις αρχές του 12ου αιώνα, τα κείμενα που γράφτηκαν πριν από τον Τσόσερ χωρίζονται συμβατικά σε δύο περιόδους με διαχωριστικό όριο το 1100μ.Χ. Η θρησκευόμενη λογοτεχνία συνέχισε να είναι δημοφιλής, ενώ γράφτηκαν, προσαρμόστηκαν και μεταφράστηκαν Αγιογραφίες, όπως για παράδειγμα «Η ζωή του Άγιου Ανδρέα» (The Life of Saint Audrey), η σύγχρονη βιογραφία του Άνσελμ από το Κάντερμπέρι (Anselm of Canterbury) από τον Έντμερ και το South English Legendary. Ο ρομαντισμός εμφανίζεται στην αγγλική λογοτεχνία από τον 13ο αιώνα με τον «Βασιλιά Χορν» (King Horn) και το «Χάβελοκ το Δανό» (Havelock the Dane), μυθιστορήματα βασισμένα σε αγγλονορμανδικά πρωτότυπα, όπως το «Το Ρομάντζο του Χόρν» (Romance of Horn). Αναπτυσσόμενο από την Ουαλική, Ιρλανδική και Αγγλική παράδοση, ο Σερ Γκαουέιν τονίζει τη σημασία της τιμιότητας και του ιπποτισμού. en-m-wikipedia-org-4559 Poet and playwright William Shakespeare (1564 – 1616) is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and one of the world''s greatest dramatists.[5][6][7] His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.[8] In the nineteenth century Sir Walter Scott''s historical romances inspired a generation of painters, composers, and writers throughout Europe.[9] It was in the Victorian era (1837–1901) that the novel became the leading literary genre in English.[115] Women played an important part in this rising popularity both as authors and as readers,[116] and monthly serialising of fiction also encouraged this surge in popularity, further upheavals which followed the Reform Act of 1832".[117] This was in many ways a reaction to rapid industrialization, and the social, political, and economic issues associated with it, and was a means of commenting on abuses of government and industry and the suffering of the poor, who were not profiting from England''s economic prosperity.[118] Significant early examples of this genre include Sybil, or The Two Nations (1845) by Benjamin Disraeli, and Charles Kingsley''s Alton Locke (1849). en-m-wikipedia-org-9166 Poet and playwright William Shakespeare (1564 – 1616) is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and one of the world''s greatest dramatists.[5][6][7] His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.[8] In the nineteenth century Sir Walter Scott''s historical romances inspired a generation of painters, composers, and writers throughout Europe.[9] It was in the Victorian era (1837–1901) that the novel became the leading literary genre in English.[115] Women played an important part in this rising popularity both as authors and as readers,[116] and monthly serialising of fiction also encouraged this surge in popularity, further upheavals which followed the Reform Act of 1832".[117] This was in many ways a reaction to rapid industrialization, and the social, political, and economic issues associated with it, and was a means of commenting on abuses of government and industry and the suffering of the poor, who were not profiting from England''s economic prosperity.[118] Significant early examples of this genre include Sybil, or The Two Nations (1845) by Benjamin Disraeli, and Charles Kingsley''s Alton Locke (1849). en-wikibooks-org-8312 Guide to English Literature Wikibooks, open books for an open world This book is intended for readers who might not have got a chance to pursue literature since childhood, but are trying to get hold of it, or just experiment with reading, in later stages of life, like youth or middle age. Fast-moving means that the story will be attracting, and makes the reader stick to the book, read it eagerly. If you have not read Sherlock Holmes yet, it may be the best place to start enjoying good books. Science fiction translates well into film because it is often dramatic and shows you things you wouldn''t normally see in real life, but it can be just as thrilling on the written page. Austen''s books can be likened to the chick lit of their time, and Bridget Jones''s Diary is known to have borrowed heavily from the story of Pride and Prejudice. Categories: Book:Guide to English Literature en-wikipedia-org-1010 P. Lal (1929–2010), a poet, translator, publisher and essayist, founded a press in the 1950s for Indian English writing, Writers Workshop. Another writer who has contributed immensely to the Indian English Literature is Amitav Ghosh who is the author of The Circle of Reason (his 1986 debut novel), The Shadow Lines (1988), The Calcutta Chromosome (1995), The Glass Palace (2000), The Hungry Tide (2004), and Sea of Poppies (2008), the first volume of The Ibis trilogy, set in the 1830s, just before the Opium War, which encapsulates the colonial history of the East. "In Search of Indian English: History,Politics and Indigenisation. "Indian Writing in English: Critical Insights." New Delhi, Authorspress, 2014. "Jasmine on a String: a Survey of Women Writing English Fiction in India." Oxford University Press, 2014. Modern Indian Poetry in English: Revised Edition. A History of Indian Literature in English. Ten Twentieth-Century Indian Poets (New Poetry in India). en-wikipedia-org-1022 In 31 years under the "Novel" name, the prize was awarded 27 times; in its first 69 years to 2016 under the "Fiction" name, 62 times. It has never been shared by two authors.[2] Four writers have won two prizes each in the Fiction category: Booth Tarkington, William Faulkner, John Updike, and Colson Whitehead. While the Pulitzer Board initially intended to give the award to the jury''s third choice, Ernest Hemingway''s For Whom the Bell Tolls, the president of Columbia University, Nicholas Murray Butler, persuaded the board to reverse its judgment because he deemed the novel offensive, and no award was given that year.[3][5] "Pulitzer Prize for the Novel". The Pulitzer Prizes: A History of the Awards in Books, Drama, Music, and Journalism, Based on the Private Files Over Six Decades. Novel/Fiction Awards 1917–1994: From Pearl S. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pulitzer Prize for Fiction winners. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pulitzer Prize for the Novel winners. Official website for Pulitzer Prize: for the Novel and for Fiction en-wikipedia-org-1034 However, this celebration is mixed with questioning and this hinders the continuity of the poem.[20] The poem is also related to the elegy in that it mourns the loss of childhood vision,[21] and the title page of the 1807 edition emphasises the influence of Virgil''s Eclogue 4.[22] Wordsworth''s use of the elegy, in his poems including the "Lucy" poems, parts of The Excursion, and others, focus on individuals that protect themselves from a sense of loss by turning to nature or time. en-wikipedia-org-1037 Early Christian notions of the person and sacrificial role of Jesus in human salvation were further elaborated by the Church Fathers, medieval writers and modern scholars in various atonement theories, such as the ransom theory, Christus Victor theory, the recapitulation theory, the satisfaction theory, the penal substitution theory, and the moral influence theory. Variant views on salvation are among the main fault lines dividing the various Christian denominations, including conflicting definitions of sin and depravity (the sinful nature of mankind), justification (God''s means of removing the consequences of sin), and atonement (the forgiving or pardoning of sin through the suffering, death and resurrection of Jesus). en-wikipedia-org-1046 Arthur William Symons (28 February 1865 – 22 January 1945), was a British poet, critic and magazine editor. He reflects French tendencies both in the subject-matter and style of his poems, in their eroticism and their vividness of description.[1] Symons contributed poems and essays to The Yellow Book, including an important piece which was later expanded into The Symbolist Movement in Literature, which would have a major influence on William Butler Yeats and T. Poems by Arthur Symons Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-1054 Artists include Sam Kieth, Mike Dringenberg, Jill Thompson, Shawn McManus, Marc Hempel and Michael Zulli, lettering by Todd Klein, colours by Daniel Vozzo, and covers by Dave McKean.[17] The series became one of DC''s top selling titles, eclipsing even Batman and Superman.[46] Comics historian Les Daniels called Gaiman''s work "astonishing" and noted that The Sandman was "a mixture of fantasy, horror, and ironic humor such as comic books had never seen before".[47][48] DC Comics writer and executive Paul Levitz observed that "The Sandman became the first extraordinary success as a series of graphic novel collections, reaching out and converting new readers to the medium, particularly young women on college campuses, and making Gaiman himself into an iconic cultural figure."[49] en-wikipedia-org-1056 Conte du Graal, Lancelot-Grail cycle, Prose Tristan,Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Le Morte d''Arthur and many short Middle English romances See also: Accolon, Agravain, King Arthur, Bagdemagus, Bedivere, Bors, Brunor, Cador, Caradoc, Dagonet, Dinadan, Feirefiz, Gaheris, Galahad, Galehaut, Gareth, Gawain, Geraint, Gingalain, Hoel, Sir Kay, Lamorak, Lancelot, Sir Lionel, Mordred, Palamedes (Arthurian legend), Pelleas, Pellinore, Percival, Sagramore, Tristan, Urien, and Yvain However, the Post-Vulgate Queste turns it into a deliberate murder, a part of the Orkney clan''s long vendetta for the death of King Lot, assuring that Percival would have avenged his brother if he only knew the culprit.[10] In Malory, Aglovale is mentioned only a few times before he and Tor turn out among the knights charged by King Arthur with defending the execution of Guinevere and both are killed when Lancelot and his men rescue the queen. en-wikipedia-org-1067 Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban,[a] Kt PC QC (/ˈbeɪkən/;[5] 22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626), also known as Lord Verulam, was an English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and as Lord Chancellor of England. Another major link is said to be the resemblance between Bacon''s New Atlantis and the German Rosicrucian Johann Valentin Andreae''s Description of the Republic of Christianopolis (1619).[98] Andreae describes a utopic island in which Christian theosophy and applied science ruled, and in which the spiritual fulfilment and intellectual activity constituted the primary goals of each individual, the scientific pursuits being the highest intellectual calling—linked to the achievement of spiritual perfection. The Works of Francis Bacon, Lord Chancellor of England (new ed.). The Works of Francis Bacon, Baron of Verulam, Viscount St Albans and Lord High Chancellor of England (15 volumes). en-wikipedia-org-1075 Saint Lucia (UK: /sənt luˈsiːə, -ˈluː.ʃə/ (listen), US: /seɪnt ˈluːʃə/ (listen); French: Sainte-Lucie) is a sovereign island country in the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean Sea on the boundary with the Atlantic Ocean.[8] The island was previously called Iyonola, the name given to the island by the native Arawaks and later, Hewanorra, the name given by the native Caribs, two separate Amerindian peoples. Legend states French sailors were shipwrecked at St. Lucia on 13 December, the feast day of St. Lucy, naming the island in honor of Sainte Lucie.[14] Saint Lucia is a full and participating member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), and La Francophonie. On 30 June 2014, Saint Lucia signed a Model 1 agreement with the United States of America in relation to Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA).[50] As of 1 September 2016, the status of the agreement is listed as "in force". en-wikipedia-org-1093 This has led to the revival of previously forgotten traditions such as the henna night dances and also paved the way for the mixed practice by men and women of dances traditionally associated with one sex only, such as "testi oyunu".[17] Turkish Cypriot folk dance groups practice their traditions in festivals in several European countries.[18] Since the 1980s, the country has also organized international folk dance festivals and competitions, in Trikomo/İskele[19] and Gönyeli.[20] The first folk dance and folklore association in Northern Cyprus, HASDER, was founded in 1977.[21] en-wikipedia-org-1111 File:Jk-rowling-crop.JPG Wikipedia File:Jk-rowling-crop.JPG Jk-rowling-crop.JPG ‎(297 × 446 pixels, file size: 38 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Sjhill, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publishes it under the following licenses: This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. This licensing tag was added to this file as part of the GFDL licensing update.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/CC-BY-SA-3.0Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0truetrue This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic, 2.0 Generic and 1.0 Generic license. 11:45, 17 August 2007 297 × 446 (33 KB) Aconcagua {{Information |Description=JK Rowling, after receiving an honorary degree from The University of Aberdeen |Source={{Moved to commons|en|Sjhill|09:05, 3 August 2007}} |Date= |Author=Sjhill |Permission= |other_versions= }} {{GFDL-user-en|Sjhill}} {{cc-by-s The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): View more global usage of this file. File change date and time 02:09, 5 April 2018 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jk-rowling-crop.JPG" en-wikipedia-org-1115 "Resolution and Independence" is a lyric poem by the English Romantic poet William Wordsworth, composed in 1802 and published in 1807 in Poems in Two Volumes. The poem contains twenty stanzas written in modified rhyme royal, and describes Wordsworth''s encounter with a leech-gatherer near his home in the Lake District of England. Wikisource has original text related to this article: The poem concludes in stanzas VIII–XX with Wordsworth meeting an old, poor leech-gatherer who endures the hardships of his life with patience and acceptance. It was during this walk that he "[recollected] the emotion in tranquility" and associated the leech-gatherer he had met two years earlier with his current experience.[2] The first version of the poem was written between 3–9 May 1802 under the title of "The Leech-Gatherer", but Wordsworth considerably revised the poem during the following months after it was reviewed by his fiancée, Mary Hutchinson, and her sister Sara.[3] en-wikipedia-org-1118 The Moonstone (1868) by Wilkie Collins is a 19th-century British epistolary novel. The plot also shows some parallels with The Hermitage (1839), an earlier murder mystery story by the English novelist Sarah Burney: for example, the return of a childhood companion, the sexual symbolism of defloration implied in the crime, and the almost catatonic reactions of the heroine to it.[3] However, The Moonstone introduced a number of the elements that became classic attributes of the twentieth-century detective story in novel form, as opposed to Poe''s short story form. The Moonstone has also been described as perhaps the earliest police procedural, due to the portrayal of Cuff.[5] The social difference between Collins''s two detectives is shown by their relationships with the Verinder family: Sergeant Cuff befriends Gabriel Betteredge, Lady Verinder''s steward (chief servant), whereas Franklin Blake eventually marries her daughter Rachel. en-wikipedia-org-1123 View source for English literature Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. The growth of universities thus contributed to a stronger connection between English literature and literary criticism in the twentieth century. en-wikipedia-org-113 Landa presents Swift''s A Modest Proposal as a critique of the popular and unjustified maxim of mercantilism in the 18th century that "people are the riches of a nation".[21] Swift presents the dire state of Ireland and shows that mere population itself, in Ireland''s case, did not always mean greater wealth and economy.[22] The uncontrolled maxim fails to take into account that a person who does not produce in an economic or political way makes a country poorer, not richer.[22] Swift also recognises the implications of this fact in making mercantilist philosophy a paradox: the wealth of a country is based on the poverty of the majority of its citizens.[22] Swift however, Landa argues, is not merely criticising economic maxims but also addressing the fact that England was denying Irish citizens their natural rights and dehumanising them by viewing them as a mere commodity.[22] en-wikipedia-org-1143 View source for Template:English literature Wikipedia View source for Template:English literature ← Template:English literature You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. Module:Color contrast/colors (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:English_literature" en-wikipedia-org-1146 S. Thomas, was a Welsh poet and Anglican priest who was noted for his nationalism, spirituality and dislike of the anglicisation of Wales. Thomas''s poetry achieved a breakthrough with the publication in 1955 of his fourth book, Song at the Year''s Turning, in effect a collected edition of his first three volumes. Thomas died on 25 September 2000 aged 87, at his home in Pentrefelin near Criccieth, survived by his second wife, Elizabeth Vernon.[9] He had been ill with a heart condition and treated at Ysbyty Gwynedd in Bangor until two weeks before he died.[12][13] A memorial event celebrating his life and poetry was held at Westminster Abbey with readings from Heaney, Andrew Motion, Gillian Clarke and John Burnside. Thomas believed in what he called "the true Wales of my imagination", a Welsh-speaking aboriginal community in tune with the natural world.[20] He viewed western (specifically English) materialism and greed, represented in the poetry by his mythical "Machine", as the destroyers of community. en-wikipedia-org-1149 Abkhaz literature Wikipedia The written Abkhaz literature appeared relatively recently in the beginning of the 20th century although Abkhaz oral tradition is quite rich.[1] Abkhaz share with other Caucasian peoples the Nart sagas — series of tales about mythical heroes, some of which can be considered as creation myths and ancient theology. The first newspaper in Abkhaz, called Abkhazia (Apsny) and edited by Dmitry Gulia appeared in 1917.[citation needed] It was replaced by the Apsny Kapsh (Аҧсны ҟаҧшь, meaning Red Abkhazia) newspaper after the Soviet rule was established in the country.[citation needed] His most known work (translated in English and Russian) is the novel The Last of the Departed, dedicated to the tragic destiny of Ubykh nation which became extinct along a hundred of years. Russian translations of Abkhaz Nartic legends Categories: Abkhaz literature Articles with Russian-language sources (ru) en-wikipedia-org-115 Often, "the South" is defined, for historical as well as geographical reasons, as the states of South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, North Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma, Kentucky, West Virginia and Arkansas.[5] Pre-Civil War definitions of the South often included Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware as well. Southern literature has always drawn audiences outside the South and outside the United States, and Gone with the Wind has continued to popularize harmful stereotypes of southern history and culture for audiences around the world[12] Despite this criticism, Gone with the Wind has enjoyed an enduring legacy as the most popular American novel ever written, an incredible achievement for a female writer. Literature of Southern states: Alabama; Arkansas; Florida; Georgia; Kentucky; Louisiana; Maryland; Mississippi, North Carolina; South Carolina; Tennessee; Texas; Virginia; West Virginia MacKethan (eds.) The Companion to Southern Literature: Themes, Genres, Places, People, Movements, and Motifs, Louisiana State University Press, 2001. en-wikipedia-org-1164 Johann Christoph Friedrich (von) Schiller (German: [ˈjoːhan ˈkʁɪstɔf ˈfʁiːdʁɪç fɔn ˈʃɪlɐ], short: pronounced [ˈfʁiː.dʁɪç ˈʃɪ.lɐ] (listen); 10 November 1759 – 9 May 1805) was a German poet, philosopher, physician, historian, and playwright. A pivotal work by Schiller was On the Aesthetic Education of Man in a Series of Letters[31] (Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen), first published 1794, which was inspired by the great disenchantment Schiller felt about the French Revolution, its degeneration into violence and the failure of successive governments to put its ideals into practice.[32] Schiller wrote that "a great moment has found a little people"; he wrote the Letters as a philosophical inquiry into what had gone wrong, and how to prevent such tragedies in the future. Schiller''s focus on the dialectical interplay between Formtrieb and Sinnestrieb has inspired a wide range of succeeding aesthetic philosophical theory, including notably Jacques Rancière''s conception of the "aesthetic regime of art," as well as social philosophy in Herbert Marcuse. en-wikipedia-org-1179 File:Jonathan Swift by Charles Jervas detail.jpg Wikipedia File:Jonathan Swift by Charles Jervas detail.jpg described at URL: http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw06170/Jonathan-Swift one or more third parties have made copyright claims against Wikimedia Commons in relation to the work from which this is sourced or a purely mechanical reproduction thereof. See User:Dcoetzee/NPG legal threat for original threat and National Portrait Gallery and Wikimedia Foundation copyright dispute for more information. This is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional, public domain work of art. This work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the author''s life plus 100 years or fewer. current 02:53, 24 April 2009 1,544 × 1,736 (2.26 MB) Dcoetzee Level-adjusted cropped detail of File:Jonathan_Swift_by_Charles_Jervas.jpg. {{Information |Description=''''Jonathan Swift'''', by Charles Jervas (died 1739). The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jonathan_Swift_by_Charles_Jervas_detail.jpg" en-wikipedia-org-1186 Nietzsche''s writing spans philosophical polemics, poetry, cultural criticism, and fiction while displaying a fondness for aphorism and irony.[42] Prominent elements of his philosophy include his radical critique of truth in favor of perspectivism; a genealogical critique of religion and Christian morality and related theory of master–slave morality;[36][43][i] the aesthetic affirmation of existence in response to the "death of God" and the profound crisis of nihilism;[36] the notion of Apollonian and Dionysian forces; and a characterization of the human subject as the expression of competing wills, collectively understood as the will to power.[44] He also developed influential concepts such as the Übermensch and the doctrine of eternal return.[45][46] In his later work, he became increasingly preoccupied with the creative powers of the individual to overcome cultural and moral mores in pursuit of new values and aesthetic health.[39] His body of work touched a wide range of topics, including art, philology, history, religion, tragedy, culture, and science, and drew early inspiration from figures such as philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer,[20] composer Richard Wagner,[20] and writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.[20] en-wikipedia-org-1189 en-wikipedia-org-1196 306–337) refounded the city of Byzantium as the newly renamed eastern capital, Constantinople.[26] Diocletian''s reforms strengthened the governmental bureaucracy, reformed taxation, and strengthened the army, which bought the empire time but did not resolve the problems it was facing: excessive taxation, a declining birthrate, and pressures on its frontiers, among others.[27] Civil war between rival emperors became common in the middle of the 4th century, diverting soldiers from the empire''s frontier forces and allowing invaders to encroach.[28] For much of the 4th century, Roman society stabilised in a new form that differed from the earlier classical period, with a widening gulf between the rich and poor, and a decline in the vitality of the smaller towns.[29] Another change was the Christianisation, or conversion of the empire to Christianity, a gradual process that lasted from the 2nd to the 5th centuries.[30][31] en-wikipedia-org-1197 Paul Mark Scott (25 March 1920 – 1 March 1978) was an English novelist, playwright, and poet, best known for his tetralogy The Raj Quartet. It also charts events from the Quit India riots of August 1942 to the violence accompanying the Partition of India and creation of Pakistan in 1946–47, and so represents the collapse of imperial dominance, a process Scott describes in the early pages of The Day of the Scorpion as the time when "the British came to the end of themselves as they were." ^ Spurling, Hilary, Paul Scott: A Life (London, Hutchinson, 1990). Peter Childs, Paul Scott''s Raj Quartet: History and Division (Victoria: English Literary Studies, 1998 [ELS Monograph Series 77]) Haswell, Behind Paul Scott''s Raj Quartet: A Life in letters. Haswell, Behind Paul Scott''s Raj Quartet: A Life in letters. John Lennard, "Paul Scott", in Jay Parini, ed., World Writers in English (2 vols, New York and London: Charles Scribner''s Sons, 2004), II.645–64 Weinbaum, "Paul Scott'' India: The Raj Quartet", Critique 20 (1978): 100–110 The Raj Quartet by Paul Scott en-wikipedia-org-1230 Matthew Arnold (24 December 1822 – 15 April 1888) was an English poet and cultural critic who worked as an inspector of schools. In Culture and Anarchy, Arnold identifies himself as a Liberal and "a believer in culture" and takes up what historian Richard Bellamy calls the "broadly Gladstonian effort to transform the Liberal Party into a vehicle of political moralism."[32][33] Arnold viewed with skepticism the plutocratic grasping in socioeconomic affairs, and engaged the questions which vexed many Victorian liberals on the nature of power and the state''s role in moral guidance.[34] Arnold vigorously attacked the Nonconformists and the arrogance of "the great Philistine middle-class, the master force in our politics."[35] The Philistines were "humdrum people, slaves to routine, enemies to light" who believed that England''s greatness was due to her material wealth alone and took little interest in culture.[35] Liberal education was essential, and by that Arnold meant a close reading and attachment to the cultural classics, coupled with critical reflection.[36] Arnold saw the "experience" and "reflection" of Liberalism as naturally leading to the ethical end of "renouncement," as evoking the "best self" to suppress one''s "ordinary self."[33] Despite his quarrels with the Nonconformists, Arnold remained a loyal Liberal throughout his life, and in 1883, William Gladstone awarded him an annual pension of 250 pounds "as a public recognition of service to the poetry and literature of England."[37][38][39] en-wikipedia-org-1234 The introduction of the International Prize to complement the Man Booker Prize was announced in June 2004.[1] Sponsored by the Man Group, from 2005 until 2015 the award was given every two years to a living author of any nationality for a body of work published in English or generally available in English translation.[2] It rewarded one author''s "continued creativity, development and overall contribution to fiction on the world stage",[3] and was a recognition of the writer''s body of work rather than any one title. The longlist for the eighth Man Booker International Prize was announced on 14 March 2017, and the shortlist on 20 April 2017. "Polish novelist Olga Tokarczuk wins Man Booker International Prize for translated novel ''Flights''". en-wikipedia-org-1241 Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 – 19 October 1745) was an Anglo-Irish[1] satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer (first for the Whigs, then for the Tories), poet and Anglican cleric who became Dean of St Patrick''s Cathedral, Dublin,[2] hence his common sobriquet, "Dean Swift". His printer, Edward Waters, was convicted of seditious libel in 1720, but four years later a grand jury refused to find that the Drapier''s Letters (which, though written under a pseudonym, were universally known to be Swift''s work) were seditious.[35] Swift responded with an attack on the Irish judiciary almost unparalleled in its ferocity, his principal target being the "vile and profligate villain" William Whitshed, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland.[36] "A Tritical Essay upon the Faculties of the Mind" (1707–1711): Full text: Jonathan Swift Archives, King''s College London[46] Poems of Jonathan Swift, D.D. Texts at Project Gutenberg: Volume One, Volume Two en-wikipedia-org-1245 Charles Kingsley (12 June 1819 – 23 January 1875) was a broad church priest of the Church of England, a university professor, social reformer, historian, novelist and poet. Kingsley''s interest in history is shown in several of his writings, including The Heroes (1856), a children''s book about Greek mythology, and several historical novels, of which the best known are Hypatia (1853), Hereward the Wake (1865) and Westward Ho! His version of the old Greek stories entitled The Heroes, and Water-babies and Madam How and Lady Why, in which he deals with popular natural history, take high rank among books for children.[6] Kingsley was influenced by Frederick Denison Maurice, and was close to many Victorian thinkers and writers, including the Scottish writer George MacDonald. Kingsley was highly critical of Roman Catholicism and his argument in print with John Henry Newman, accusing him of untruthfulness and deceit, prompted the latter to write his Apologia Pro Vita Sua.[12] Kingsley also wrote poetry and political articles, as well as several volumes of sermons. en-wikipedia-org-1275 The choice of James Kelman''s book How Late It Was, How Late as 1994 Booker Prize winner proved to be one of the most controversial in the award''s history.[18] Rabbi Julia Neuberger, one of the judges, declared it "a disgrace" and left the event, later deeming the book to be "crap"; WHSmith''s marketing manager called the award "an embarrassment to the whole book trade"; Waterstone''s in Glasgow sold a mere 13 copies of Kelman''s book the following week.[19] In 1994, The Guardian''s literary editor Richard Gott, citing the lack of objective criteria and the exclusion of American authors, described the prize as "a significant and dangerous iceberg in the sea of British culture that serves as a symbol of its current malaise."[6][20] It was announced on 18 September 2013 that future Booker Prize awards would consider authors from anywhere in the world, so long as their work was in English and published in the UK.[27] This change proved controversial in literary circles. en-wikipedia-org-1284 The most commonly studied traditions of alliterative verse are those found in the oldest literature of the Germanic languages, where scholars use the term ''alliterative poetry'' rather broadly to indicate a tradition which not only shares alliteration as its primary ornament but also certain metrical characteristics. The Old English epic Beowulf, as well as most other Old English poetry, the Old High German Muspilli, the Old Saxon Heliand, the Old Norse Poetic Edda, and many Middle English poems such as Piers Plowman, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, and the Alliterative Morte Arthur all use alliterative verse.[a] As described above for the Germanic tradition as a whole, each line of poetry in Old English consists of two half-lines or verses with a pause or caesura in the middle of the line. R. Tolkien (1892–1973), a scholar of Old and Middle English, used alliterative verse extensively in both translations and original poetry. en-wikipedia-org-1299 Despite the submission of the English nobles, resistance continued for several years.[66] William left control of England in the hands of his half-brother Odo and one of his closest supporters, William fitzOsbern.[65] In 1067 rebels in Kent launched an unsuccessful attack on Dover Castle in combination with Eustace II of Boulogne.[66] The Shropshire landowner Eadric the Wild,[k] in alliance with the Welsh rulers of Gwynedd and Powys, raised a revolt in western Mercia, fighting Norman forces based in Hereford.[66] These events forced William to return to England at the end of 1067.[65] In 1068 William besieged rebels in Exeter, including Harold''s mother Gytha, and after suffering heavy losses managed to negotiate the town''s surrender.[68] In May, William''s wife Matilda was crowned queen at Westminster, an important symbol of William''s growing international stature.[69] Later in the year Edwin and Morcar raised a revolt in Mercia with Welsh assistance, while Gospatric, the newly appointed Earl of Northumbria,[l] led a rising in Northumbria, which had not yet been occupied by the Normans. en-wikipedia-org-1304 Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead is an absurdist, existential tragicomedy by Tom Stoppard, first staged at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 1966.[1][2] The play expands upon the exploits of two minor characters from Shakespeare''s Hamlet, the courtiers Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Several times since 1995, the American Shakespeare Center has mounted repertories that included both Hamlet and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, with the same actors performing the same roles in each; in their 2001 and 2009 seasons the two plays were "directed, designed, and rehearsed together to make the most out of the shared scenes and situations".[21] A 1983 radio adaptation was broadcast on the BBC World Service on 17 October directed by Gordon House, with Nigel Anthony as Rosencrantz, Nicky Henson as Guildenstern, Jack May as The Player, John Duttine as Hamlet, Peter Vaughan as Claudius, Marcia Warren as Gertrude, Eileen Tully as Ophelia, Cyril Shaps as Polonius and Alex Jennings as a Tragedian. en-wikipedia-org-1306 Godwin ''God'' Baxter is a scientist who implants Bella Baxter with the brain of her own unborn child.[10] It was Gray''s most commercially successful work and he enjoyed writing it.[49] The London Review of Books considered it his funniest novel, and a welcome return to form.[50] It won a Whitbread Novel Award and a Guardian Fiction Prize.[51] A History Maker (1994) is set in a 23rd-century matriarchal society in the area around St Mary''s Loch, and shows a utopia going wrong.[52] The Book of Prefaces (2000) tells the story of the development of the English language and of humanism, using a selection of prefaces from books ranging from Cædmon to Wilfred Owen. en-wikipedia-org-131 According to Honan, the atmosphere of the Austen home was an "open, amused, easy intellectual" one, where the ideas of those with whom the Austens might disagree politically or socially were considered and discussed.[29] The family relied on the patronage of their kin and hosted visits from numerous family members.[30] Cassandra Austen spent the summer of 1770 in London with George''s sister, Philadelphia, and her daughter Eliza, accompanied by his other sister, Mrs Walter and her daughter Philly.[31][f] Philadelphia and Eliza Hancock were, according to Le Faye, "the bright comets flashing into an otherwise placid solar system of clerical life in rural Hampshire, and the news of their foreign travels and fashionable London life, together with their sudden descents upon the Steventon household in between times, all helped to widen Jane''s youthful horizon and influence her later life and works."[32] en-wikipedia-org-1315 Carte agreed on terms for a new opera with the Comedy Opera Company, and Gilbert began work on H.M.S. Pinafore before the end of 1877.[8] Gilbert''s father had been a naval surgeon, and the nautical theme of the opera appealed to him.[9] He drew on several of his earlier "Bab Ballad" poems (many of which also have nautical themes), including "Captain Reece" (1868) and "General John" (1867).[10] Some of the characters also have prototypes in the ballads: Dick Deadeye is based on a character in "Woman''s Gratitude" (1869); an early version of Ralph Rackstraw can be seen in "Joe Go-Lightly" (1867), with its sailor madly in love with the daughter of someone who far outranks him; and Little Buttercup is taken almost wholesale from "The Bumboat Woman''s Story" (1870).[11][12] On 27 December 1877, while Sullivan was on holiday on the French Riviera, Gilbert sent him a plot sketch accompanied by the following note:[13] en-wikipedia-org-1324 The Portrait of a Lady is a novel by Henry James, first published as a serial in The Atlantic Monthly and Macmillan''s Magazine in 1880–81 and then as a book in 1881. The extensive revisions James made for the 1908 New York Edition generally have been accepted as improvements, unlike the changes he made to other texts, such as The American or Roderick Hudson. In 1884, when the actor Lawrence Barrett wanted James to turn the novel into a play, James replied that he did not think it could be done.[8] In his opinion, given in the preface to the New York Edition, the best scene in the book consists of Isabel sitting motionless in a chair.[9] Modern Critical Views: Henry James edited by Harold Bloom (New York: Chelsea House Publishers 1987) The Portrait of a Lady: An Authoritative Text, Henry James and the Novel, Reviews and Criticism. en-wikipedia-org-1326 Christopher John Reid, FRSL (born 13 May 1949) is a British poet, essayist, cartoonist, and writer. In January 2010 he won the 2009 Costa Book Award for A Scattering, written as a tribute to his late wife, the actress Lucinda Gane. Beside winning the poetry category, Reid became the first poet to take the overall Costa Book of the Year since Seamus Heaney in 1999.[1] He has worked as poetry editor at Faber and Faber and Professor of Creative Writing at the University of Hull. "Poet Christopher Reid is surprise winner of Costa Book of the Year". Christopher Reid at British Council: Literature Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-1337 Find sources: "She Stoops to Conquer" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Constance tells Kate that she pretends to be willing to marry Tony so that Mrs. Hardcastle won''t suspect she loves Hastings. Tony and Constance enter, followed by Hastings and Mrs. Hardcastle. Everyone except Mrs. Hardcastle is thrilled that the two young couples – Hastings and Constance, and Marlow and Kate – will marry. Perhaps one of the most famous modern incarnations of She Stoops to Conquer was Peter Hall''s version, staged in 1993 and starring Miriam Margolyes as Mrs. Hardcastle.[according to whom?] The most famous TV production is the 1971 version featuring Ralph Richardson, Tom Courtenay, Juliet Mills, and Brian Cox, with Trevor Peacock as Tony Lumpkin. Miss Kate Hardcastle – Daughter to Mr. Hardcastle, and the play''s stooping-to-conquer heroine. en-wikipedia-org-1339 Leaves of Grass is a poetry collection by American poet Walt Whitman (1819–1892), each poem of which is loosely connected and represents the celebration of his philosophy of life and humanity. at last complete — after 33 y''rs of hackling at it, all times & moods of my life, fair weather & foul, all parts of the land, and peace & war, young & old."[25] This last version of Leaves of Grass was published in 1892 and is referred to as the deathbed edition.[26] In January 1892, two months before Whitman''s death, an announcement was published in the New York Herald: Walt Whitman wishes respectfully to notify the public that the book Leaves of Grass, which he has been working on at great intervals and partially issued for the past thirty-five or forty years, is now completed, so to call it, and he would like this new 1892 edition to absolutely supersede all previous ones. en-wikipedia-org-1367 Cædmon is one of twelve Anglo-Saxon poets identified in mediaeval sources, and one of only three of these for whom both roughly contemporary biographical information and examples of literary output have survived.[1] His story is related in the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum ("Ecclesiastical History of the English People") by Bede who wrote, "[t]here was in the Monastery of this Abbess a certain brother particularly remarkable for the Grace of God, who was wont to make religious verses, so that whatever was interpreted to him out of scripture, he soon after put the same into poetical expressions of much sweetness and humility in Old English, which was his native language. While our knowledge of these texts is based entirely on a 16th-century edition by Flacius Illyricus,[16] both are usually assumed on semantic and grammatical grounds to be of medieval composition.[17] This apparent debt to the Cædmon story agrees with semantic evidence attested to by Green demonstrating the influence of Anglo Saxon biblical poetry and terminology on early continental Germanic literatures.[18] en-wikipedia-org-1380 In June 1910 Pound returned for eight months to the United States; his arrival coincided with the publication in London of his first book of literary criticism, The Spirit of Romance, based on his lecture notes from the polytechnic.[81] Patria Mia, his essays on the United States, were written at this time.[82] In August he moved to New York, renting rooms on Waverly Place and Park Avenue South, facing Gramercy Square.[83] Although he loved New York, he felt alienated by the commercialism and newcomers from Eastern and Southern Europe who were displacing the white Anglo-Saxon Protestants.[84] The recently built New York Public Library Main Branch he found especially offensive.[85] It was during this period that his antisemitism became apparent; he referred in Patria Mia to the "detestable qualities" of Jews.[86] After persuading his parents to finance his passage back to Europe, he sailed from New York on the R.M.S. Mauretania on 22 February 1911. en-wikipedia-org-1384 Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution''s recognition of 11 official languages, the fourth-highest number in the world.[13] According to the 2011 census, the two most spoken first languages are Zulu (22.7%) and Xhosa (16.0%).[9] The two next ones are of European origin: Afrikaans (13.5%) developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans; English (9.6%) reflects the legacy of British colonialism, and is commonly used in public and commercial life. The country is a middle power in international affairs; it maintains significant regional influence and is a member of both the Commonwealth of Nations and G20.[20][21] However, crime, poverty and inequality remain widespread, with about a quarter of the population unemployed and living on less than US$1.25 a day.[22][23] Moreover, climate change is an important issue for South Africa: it is a major contributor to climate change as the 14th largest emitter of greenhouse gases as of 2018 (in large part due to its coal industry),[24] and is vulnerable to many of its impacts, because of its water-insecure environment and vulnerable communities. en-wikipedia-org-1388 Genre (from French genre ''kind, sort'') is any form or type of communication in any mode (written, spoken, digital, artistic, etc.) with socially-agreed-upon conventions developed over time.[citation needed] Genre is most popularly known as a category of literature, music, or other forms of art or entertainment, whether written or spoken, audio or visual, based on some set of stylistic criteria, yet genres can be aesthetic, rhetorical, communicative, or functional. Given that art is often a response to a social state, in that people write/paint/sing/dance about what they know about, the use of genre as a tool must be able to adapt to changing meanings. Most dramatic feature films, especially from Hollywood fall fairly comfortably into one of a long list of film genres such as the Western, war film, horror film, romantic comedy film, musical, crime film, and many others. en-wikipedia-org-1391 Fiction generally is a narrative form, in any medium, consisting of people, events, or places that are imaginary—in other words, not based strictly on history or fact.[1][2][3] In its most narrow usage, fiction refers to written narratives in prose and often specifically novels,[4][5] though also novellas and short stories. An example is Tim O''Brien''s The Things They Carried, a 1990 series of short stories about the Vietnam War. Fictional works that explicitly involve supernatural, magical, or scientifically impossible elements are often classified under the genre of fantasy, including Lewis Carroll''s 1865 novel Alice''s Adventures in Wonderland, J. Main articles: Literature and Literary fiction Neal Stephenson has suggested that while any definition will be simplistic there is today a general cultural difference between literary and genre fiction. en-wikipedia-org-1396 Account creation error Wikipedia Account creation error Jump to navigation Jump to search Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by Jon Kolbert (meta.wikimedia.org). The reason given is Open Proxy: Webhost: Contact stewards if you are affected . Start of block: 20:12, 23 July 2019 Expiry of block: 20:12, 23 January 2022 Your current IP address is 40.76.139.33 and the blocked range is 40.76.0.0/16. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki or send an email to the stewards OTRS queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CreateAccount" Navigation menu Personal tools Views Navigation Tools Special pages Special pages About Wikipedia About Wikipedia Contact Wikipedia Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-1403 Ovid''s next poem, the Medicamina Faciei, a fragmentary work on women''s beauty treatments, preceded the Ars Amatoria, the Art of Love, a parody of didactic poetry and a three-book manual about seduction and intrigue, which has been dated to AD 2 (Books 1–2 would go back to 1 BC[16]). In 1985, a research paper by Fitton Brown advanced new arguments in support of Hartman''s theory.[27] Brown''s article was followed by a series of supports and refutations in the short space of five years.[28] Among the supporting reasons Brown presents are: Ovid''s exile is only mentioned by his own work, except in "dubious" passages by Pliny the Elder[29] and Statius,[30] but no other author until the 4th century;[31] that the author of Heroides was able to separate the poetic "I" of his own and real life; and that information on the geography of Tomis was already known by Virgil, by Herodotus and by Ovid himself in his Metamorphoses.[d][32] en-wikipedia-org-1405 During his stay in Italy he frequently visited his friend and fellow poet Percy Bysshe Shelley.[6] Later in life Byron joined the Greek War of Independence fighting the Ottoman Empire and died of disease leading a campaign during that war, for which Greeks revere him as a national hero.[7] He died in 1824 at the age of 36 from a fever contracted after the First and Second Siege of Missolonghi. The journey provided the opportunity to flee creditors, as well as a former love, Mary Chaworth (the subject of his poem from this time, "To a Lady: On Being Asked My Reason for Quitting England in the Spring").[37] Letters to Byron from his friend Charles Skinner Matthews reveal that a key motive was also the hope of homosexual experience.[45] Attraction to the Levant was probably also a reason; he had read about the Ottoman and Persian lands as a child, was attracted to Islam (especially Sufi mysticism), and later wrote, "With these countries, and events connected with them, all my really poetical feelings begin and end."[46][47] en-wikipedia-org-1407 In 1969, Muldoon read English at Queen''s University Belfast, where he met Seamus Heaney and became close to the Belfast Group of poets which included Michael Longley, Ciarán Carson, Medbh McGuckian and Frank Ormsby. His poetry is known for his difficult, sly, allusive style, casual use of obscure or archaic words, understated wit, punning, and deft technique in meter and slant rhyme.[9] As Peter Davidson says in The New York Times review of books "Muldoon takes some honest-to-God reading. In the book Irish Poetry since 1950, John Goodby states it is "by common consent, the most complex poem in modern Irish literature [...] – a massively ambitious, a historiographical metafiction".[11] The post-modern poem narrates, in 233 sections (the same number as the number of Native American tribes), an alternative history in which Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey come to America to found a utopian community. Muldoon has also edited a number of anthologies, written two children''s books, translated the work of other authors, performed live at the Poetry Brothel.[16] and published critical prose. en-wikipedia-org-1409 Comus (A Masque Presented at Ludlow Castle, 1634) is a masque in honour of chastity, written by John Milton. Known colloquially as Comus, the masque''s actual full title is A Mask presented at Ludlow Castle, 1634: on Michelmas night, before the Rt Hon. Iohn Earl of Bridgewater, Viscount Brackly, Lord President of Wales, and one of His Maiesties most honorable privie councill. Comus and the masque genre[edit] Milton''s title for the masque was not Comus (this was imposed later by scholars), but A Mask, Presented at Ludlow Castle. Demaray, "Milton''s Comus: the Sequel to a Masque of Circe", Huntington Library Quarterly 29 (1966), pp. "Comus and the Castlehaven Scandal" Milton Studies 3 (1971), 201–224. "The Milieu of Milton''s Comus: Judicial Reform at Ludlow and the Problem of Sexual Assault." Criticism 25 (1983): 293–327. Wikiquote has quotations related to: Comus (John Milton) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Comus (Milton). en-wikipedia-org-141 From February 1961, Dylan played at clubs around Greenwich Village, befriending and picking up material from folk singers there, including Dave Van Ronk, Fred Neil, Odetta, the New Lost City Ramblers and Irish musicians the Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem.[35] On April 11, Dylan commenced a two-week engagement at Gerde''s Folk City, supporting John Lee Hooker.[36] In September, New York Times critic Robert Shelton boosted Dylan''s career with a very enthusiastic review of his performance at Gerde''s Folk City: "Bob Dylan: A Distinctive Folk-Song Stylist".[37] That month, Dylan played harmonica on folk singer Carolyn Hester''s third album. en-wikipedia-org-1422 Vanity Fair is an English novel by William Makepeace Thackeray, which follows the lives of Becky Sharp and Amelia Sedley amid their friends and families during and after the Napoleonic Wars. The title page of the 1848 first edition of Vanity Fair: A Novel without a Hero. (1898), The Works of William Makepeace Thackeray, Vol. I: Vanity Fair: A Novel without a Hero, London: Smith, Elder, & Co. Vanity Fair (2019), BBC Radio 4 broadcast a three-part adaptation of the novel by Jim Poyser with additional material by Al Murray (Thackeray''s actual descendant, who also stars as Thackeray),[70] with Ellie White as Becky Sharp, Helen O''Hara as Amelia Sedley, Blake Ritson as Rawdon Crawley, Rupert Hill as George Osborne and Graeme Hawley as Dobbin. Vanity Fair (1987), a BBC miniseries starring Eve Matheson as Becky Sharp, Rebecca Saire as Amelia Sedley, James Saxon as Jos Sedley and Simon Dormandy as Dobbin.[73] en-wikipedia-org-1428 The roots of English-language poetic modernism can be traced back to the works of a number of earlier writers, including Walt Whitman, whose long lines approached a type of free verse, the prose poetry of Oscar Wilde, Robert Browning''s subversion of the poetic self, Emily Dickinson''s compression and the writings of the early English Symbolists, especially Arthur Symons.[citation needed] However, these poets essentially remained true to the basic tenets of the Romantic movement and the appearance of the Imagists marked the first emergence of a distinctly modernist poetic in the language. For many Dadaists, including German writer Hugo Ball and New York poet and performer Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven, sound poems were protestations against the sounds of war.[3] As Irene Gammel and Suzanne Zelazo write, "Born as the trench warfare intensified, phonetic poetry was the language of trauma, a new language to counter the noise of the cannons".[4] The Baroness''s poem "Klink-Hratzvenga (Death-wail)", written in response to her husband''s suicide after the war''s end, was "a mourning song in nonsense sounds that transcended national boundaries".[5] Working from a confrontational feminist and artistic agenda, the Baroness asserted a distinctly female subjectivity in the post-World War I era. en-wikipedia-org-1484 en-wikipedia-org-1490 When Norse Vikings from modern day Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Iceland arrived in the then-province of Neustria and settled the land that became known as Normandy, these Germanic-speaking people came to live among a local Romance-speaking population.[3] In time, the communities converged, so that Normandy continued to form the name of the region while the original Normans became assimilated by the Gallo-Romance people, adopting their speech. An isogloss termed the "Joret line" (ligne Joret) separates the northern and southern dialects of the Norman language (the line runs from Granville, Manche to the French-speaking Belgian border in the province of Hainaut and Thiérache). As of 2017[update] the Norman language remains strongest in the less accessible areas of the former Duchy of Normandy: the Channel Islands and the Cotentin Peninsula (Cotentinais) in the west, and the Pays de Caux (Cauchois dialect) in the east. en-wikipedia-org-1494 His younger brother was the writer Shiva Naipaul.[4] In the 1880s, his grandparents had migrated from India to work as indentured labourers on the sugar plantations.[5][6] In the Indian immigrant community in Trinidad, Naipaul''s father became an English-language journalist, and in 1929 began contributing articles to the Trinidad Guardian.[7] In 1932, the year Naipaul was born, his father joined the staff as the Chaguanas correspondent.[8] In "A Prologue to an Autobiography" (1983), Naipaul describes how his father''s reverence for writers and for the writing life spawned his own dreams and aspirations to become a writer.[9] en-wikipedia-org-15 Thomas Kyd (baptised 6 November 1558; buried 15 August 1594) was an English playwright, the author of The Spanish Tragedy, and one of the most important figures in the development of Elizabethan drama. A hundred years later, scholars in Germany and England began to shed light on his life and work, including the controversial finding that he may have been the author of a Hamlet play pre-dating Shakespeare''s, which is now known as the Ur-Hamlet. The earliest surviving edition was printed in 1592; the full title being, The Spanish Tragedie, Containing the lamentable end of Don Horatio, and Bel-imperia: with the pittifull death of olde Hieronimo. ^ Thomas Kyd, The First Part of Hieronimo and The Spanish Tragedy, ed. ^ Lukas Erne, Beyond the Spanish Tragedy: A Study of the Works of Thomas Kyd, Manchester University Press 2002, ISBN 0-7190-6093-1 en-wikipedia-org-150 Category:All articles needing additional references Wikipedia Category:All articles needing additional references This category contains all pages labeled with {{Refimprove}}, {{Refimprovesect}}, {{One source}} and {{Unreferenced section}} and exists primarily for bot-based monitoring of articles which need additional sources. Biography Women Food and drink Internet culture Linguistics Literature Books Entertainment Films Media Music Radio Software Television Video games Performing arts Philosophy and religion Sports Architecture Comics and anime Fashion Visual arts Geographical Africa Central Africa Eastern Africa Northern Africa Southern Africa Western Africa Central America North America South America Asia Central Asia East Asia North Asia South Asia Southeast Asia West Asia Eastern Europe Europe Northern Europe Southern Europe Western Europe Oceania Business and economics Education History Military and warfare Politics and government Society Transportation Biology Chemistry Computing Earth and environment Engineering Libraries and information Mathematics Medicine and health Physics STEM Space Technology Pages in category "All articles needing additional references" 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States) 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States) en-wikipedia-org-1501 Ian James Rankin OBE DL FRSE FRSL (born 28 April 1960) is a Scottish crime writer, best known for his Inspector Rebus novels. The Scottish novelist Allan Massie, who tutored Rankin while Massie was writer-in-residence at the University of Edinburgh, reassured him by saying, "Do you think John Buchan ever worried about whether he was writing literature or not?"[7] They lived for a number of years in the Merchiston/Morningside area,[20] near the authors JK Rowling, Alexander McCall Smith and Kate Atkinson,[21] before moving to a penthouse flat in the former Edinburgh Royal Infirmary building in Quartermile in Lauriston.[22] The couple also own a house in Cromarty in the Scottish Highlands.[23] Rankin appears as a character in McCall Smith''s 2004 novel, 44 Scotland Street. To date, he has published 25 novels, two short story collections, one original graphic novel and one novella, and a non-fiction book. en-wikipedia-org-1502 In descending order of quantity, Old English literature consists of: sermons and saints'' lives; biblical translations; translated Latin works of the early Church Fathers; Anglo-Saxon chronicles and narrative history works; laws, wills and other legal works; practical works on grammar, medicine, geography; and poetry.[8] In all there are over 400 surviving manuscripts from the period, of which about 189 are considered "major".[9] 174, which contains part of Ælfric''s Grammar and Glossary and a short fragmentary poem often called "St. Bede''s Lament", in addition to the Body and Soul poem.[11] In the 19th and early 20th centuries the focus was on the Germanic and pagan roots that scholars thought they could detect in Old English literature.[12] Later, on account of the work of Bernard F. Crowne drew on examples of the theme''s appearance in twelve Anglo-Saxon texts, including one occurrence in Beowulf.[40] It was also observed in other works of Germanic origin, Middle English poetry, and even an Icelandic prose saga. en-wikipedia-org-1520 Montenegro''s culture has drawn influences mainly from Ancient Rome, Christianity, Islam, the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Venice, Austria-Hungary, and Yugoslavia. A Montenegrin tradition made into law in Montenegro by King Nikola during his reign, consisting of newly-weds planting an olive tree on their wedding day as a symbol of marriage. The painters from Montenegro gave a great contribution to the affirmation of the Montenegrin culture in the world. With his "Balkan Empress" – inspired by the work of King Nikola, got all the praises of Italian critique in the second half of the 19th century.[3] The first music school in Montenegro was founded in 1934 in Cetinje. In traditional music, different styles can be noticed in the Gulf of Kotor area, Old Montenegro and Sanjak regions. There have been a number of notable classical music composers from Montenegro, especially during the 20th century. Popular music in Montenegro[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Culture of Montenegro. en-wikipedia-org-1524 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-1531 en-wikipedia-org-1537 Ideologically, the Victorian era witnessed resistance to the rationalism that defined the Georgian period and an increasing turn towards romanticism and even mysticism with regard to religion, social values, and arts.[1] Technologically, this era saw a staggering amount of innovations that proved key to Britain''s power and prosperity.[2][3] Doctors started moving away from tradition and mysticism towards a science-based approach; modern medicine saw the light of day thanks to the adoption of the germ theory of disease and pioneering research in epidemiology.[4] Multiple studies suggest that on the per-capita basis, the numbers of significant innovations in science and technology and of scientific geniuses peaked during the Victorian era and have been on the decline ever since.[5] In the strictest sense, the Victorian era covers the duration of Victoria''s reign as Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, from her accession on 20 June 1837—after the death of her uncle, William IV—until her death on 22 January 1901, after which she was succeeded by her eldest son, Edward VII. en-wikipedia-org-1541 Within the successive editions of Edmé Boursault''s Letters of Respect, Gratitude and Love (Lettres de respect, d''obligation et d''amour) (1669), a group of letters written to a girl named Babet were expanded and became more and more distinct from the other letters, until it formed a small epistolary novel entitled Letters to Babet (Lettres à Babet). John Cleland''s early erotic novel Fanny Hill (1748) is written as a series of letters from the titular character to an unnamed recipient. Daniel Keyes''s short story and novel Flowers for Algernon (1959, 1966) takes the form of a series of lab progress reports written by the main character as his treatment progresses, with his writing style changing correspondingly. Stephen King''s novel Carrie (1974) is written in an epistolary structure through newspaper clippings, magazine articles, letters, and book excerpts. In John Barth''s epistolary work Letters (1979), the author interacts with characters from his other novels. en-wikipedia-org-1544 Following several constitutional conferences, the British North America Act 1867 officially proclaimed Canadian Confederation on July 1, 1867, initially with four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.[72][73] Canada assumed control of Rupert''s Land and the North-Western Territory to form the Northwest Territories, where the Métis'' grievances ignited the Red River Rebellion and the creation of the province of Manitoba in July 1870.[74] British Columbia and Vancouver Island (which had been united in 1866) joined the confederation in 1871, while Prince Edward Island joined in 1873.[75] In 1898, during the Klondike Gold Rush in the Northwest Territories, parliament created the Yukon Territory. The Great Depression in Canada during the early 1930s saw an economic downturn, leading to hardship across the country.[90] In response to the downturn, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) in Saskatchewan introduced many elements of a welfare state (as pioneered by Tommy Douglas) in the 1940s and 1950s.[91] On the advice of Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, war with Germany was declared effective September 10, 1939, by King George VI, seven days after the United Kingdom. en-wikipedia-org-1552 Even so, there is general agreement that the kingdoms of Wessex, Mercia and Northumbria housed significant numbers of Britons.[50] Härke states that "it is widely accepted that in the north of England, the native population survived to a greater extent than the south," and that in Bernicia, "a small group of immigrants may have replaced the native British elite and took over the kingdom as a going concern."[34] Evidence for the natives in Wessex, meanwhile, can be seen in the late seventh century laws of King Ine, which gave them fewer rights and a lower status than the Saxons.[51] This might have provided an incentive for Britons in the kingdom to adopt Anglo-Saxon culture. en-wikipedia-org-1556 Much of his verse was based on classical mythological themes, such as "Ulysses", although "In Memoriam A.H.H." was written to commemorate his friend Arthur Hallam, a fellow poet and student at Trinity College, Cambridge, after he died of a stroke at the age of 22.[3] Tennyson also wrote some notable blank verse including Idylls of the King, "Ulysses", and "Tithonus". In 1884 Victoria created him Baron Tennyson, of Aldworth in the County of Sussex and of Freshwater in the Isle of Wight.[17] He took his seat in the House of Lords on 11 March 1884.[7] en-wikipedia-org-1557 He composed the last over a year before he died, signing it at the Swedish–Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895.[12][13] To widespread astonishment, Nobel''s last will specified that his fortune be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace.[14] Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million SEK (c. The following year, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was awarded for the first time. The deadline for the return of the nomination forms is 31 January of the year of the award.[45][46] The Nobel Committee nominates about 300 potential laureates from these forms and additional names.[47] The nominees are not publicly named, nor are they told that they are being considered for the prize. en-wikipedia-org-1560 Henry Mackenzie FRSE (August 1745 – 14 January 1831, born and died in Edinburgh)[1] was a Scottish lawyer, novelist and writer. Inglis had his Edinburgh office on Niddry Wynd, off the Royal Mile,[6] a short distance from Mackenzie''s family home. There is admiring but discriminating criticism of his work in a Prefatory Memoir affixed by Sir Walter Scott to an edition of Mackenzie''s novels in Ballantyne''s Novelist''s Library (vol. MacKenzie was a Scottish Freemason initiated into Lodge Canongate Kilwinning, No. 2, (Edinburgh, Scotland), on 2 December 1784.[24] ^ [Sir Walter Scott], "A Short Sketch of the Author''s Life and Writings," in Henry Mackenzie, The Man of Feeling (London, 1806), iv, reprinted in Scott, Miscellaneous Prose Works (Edinburgh: Cadell, 1847), 1: p. Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-1562 Henri-Louis Bergson (French: [bɛʁksɔn]; 18 October 1859 – 4 January 1941) was a French philosopher of Jewish descent[6][7][8][9][10] who was influential in the tradition of continental philosophy, especially during the first half of the 20th century until the Second World War.[11] Bergson is known for his arguments on processes of immediate experience and intuition are more significant than abstract rationalism and science for understanding reality. portrayed the realism of Karl Marx and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon as hostile to all forms of intellectualism, and argued, therefore, that supporters of Marxist socialism should welcome a philosophy such as that of Bergson.[citation needed] Other writers, in their eagerness, claimed that the thought of the holder of the Chair of Philosophy at the Collège de France, and the aims of the Confédération Générale du Travail and the Industrial Workers of the World were in essential agreement. Works by Henri Bergson in French at "La Philosophie" en-wikipedia-org-1569 He has also written crime fiction under the pseudonym Dan Kavanagh.[1] In addition to novels, Barnes has published collections of essays and short stories. Barnes'' eleventh novel, The Sense of an Ending, published by Jonathan Cape, was released on 4 August 2011.[9] In October of that year, the book was awarded the Man Booker Prize.[10] The judges took 31 minutes to decide the winner and head judge, Stella Rimington, said The Sense of an Ending was a "beautifully written book" and the panel thought it "spoke to humankind in the 21st Century."[10][11] The Sense of an Ending also won the Europese Literatuurprijs and was on the New York Times Bestseller list for several weeks. Julian Barnes is a patron of human rights organisation Freedom from Torture, for which he has sponsored several fundraising events, and Dignity in Dying, a campaign group for assisted dying.[15] He has lived in Tufnell Park, north London, since 1983. "Julian Barnes wins the 2011 Man Booker Prize". "Julian Barnes Interview". en-wikipedia-org-1581 Tolkien‎ 21:15 −1‎ ‎Deor talk contribs‎ Reverted edits by 2A02:C7F:A832:E300:8C7C:B183:C56F:34D5 (talk) to last version by Double Plus Ungood Tag: Rollback Christianity‎ 19:39 +3‎ ‎Hazhk talk contribs‎ →‎top: avoid terminology like "papal primacy" in the lead when clearer language is available. Charles Dickens‎ 18:42 +708‎ ‎Shtove talk contribs‎ →‎Middle years: cited info on view of the Indian Mutiny Tag: Visual edit m William Wordsworth‎ 16:51 +2‎ ‎Serols talk contribs‎ Reverted edits by 202.142.93.53 (talk) (HG) (3.4.10) Tag: Rollback m Japan‎ 16:19 0‎ ‎ROE100 talk contribs‎ Tags: Mobile edit Mobile app edit iOS app edit m Japan‎ 16:19 0‎ ‎ROE100 talk contribs‎ Tags: Mobile edit Mobile app edit iOS app edit King Lear‎ 15:44 −870‎ ‎Untitled50reg talk contribs‎ Reformed lead Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit Church of England‎ 15:28 +32‎ ‎WeavingGrace talk contribs‎ →‎External links: add Librivox author template m England‎ 14:18 −4‎ ‎Ravenpuff talk contribs‎ →‎top: fix quotation marks en-wikipedia-org-1583 Matilda is a book by British writer Roald Dahl. It was adapted as an audio reading by actress Kate Winslet; a 1996 feature film directed by Danny DeVito; a two-part BBC Radio 4 programme starring Lauren Mote as Matilda, Emerald O''Hanrahan as Miss Honey, Nichola McAuliffe as Miss Trunchbull and narrated by Lenny Henry; and a 2010 musical.[1][2][3][4] On 27 November 2018, Netflix was revealed to be adapting Matilda as an animated series, which will be part of an "animated event series" along with other Roald Dahl books such as The BFG, The Twits, and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.[15] ^ "Netflix''s new Roald Dahl animated series ''reimagines'' Matilda and Willy Wonka". Roald Dahl''s Matilda Roald Dahl''s Matilda Roald Dahl''s Matilda en-wikipedia-org-1589 306–337) refounded the city of Byzantium as the newly renamed eastern capital, Constantinople.[26] Diocletian''s reforms strengthened the governmental bureaucracy, reformed taxation, and strengthened the army, which bought the empire time but did not resolve the problems it was facing: excessive taxation, a declining birthrate, and pressures on its frontiers, among others.[27] Civil war between rival emperors became common in the middle of the 4th century, diverting soldiers from the empire''s frontier forces and allowing invaders to encroach.[28] For much of the 4th century, Roman society stabilised in a new form that differed from the earlier classical period, with a widening gulf between the rich and poor, and a decline in the vitality of the smaller towns.[29] Another change was the Christianisation, or conversion of the empire to Christianity, a gradual process that lasted from the 2nd to the 5th centuries.[30][31] en-wikipedia-org-1597 In painting, during the 1920s and the 1930s and the Great Depression, modernism was defined by Surrealism, late Cubism, Bauhaus, De Stijl, Dada, German Expressionism, and Modernist and masterful color painters like Henri Matisse and Pierre Bonnard as well as the abstractions of artists like Piet Mondrian and Wassily Kandinsky which characterized the European art scene. 1939[96] with regard to British and American literature, "When (if) Modernism petered out and postmodernism began has been contested almost as hotly as when the transition from Victorianism to Modernism occurred."[97] Clement Greenberg sees modernism ending in the 1930s, with the exception of the visual and performing arts,[23] but with regard to music, Paul Griffiths notes that, while Modernism "seemed to be a spent force" by the late 1920s, after World War II, "a new generation of composers—Boulez, Barraqué, Babbitt, Nono, Stockhausen, Xenakis" revived modernism".[98] In fact many literary modernists lived into the 1950s and 1960s, though generally they were no longer producing major works. en-wikipedia-org-1609 Brendan''s father Stephen Behan, a house painter who had been active in the Irish War of Independence, read classic literature to the children at bedtime from sources including Zola, Galsworthy, and Maupassant; his mother, Kathleen, took them on literary tours of the city. Behan''s uncle Peadar Kearney wrote the Irish national anthem "The Soldier''s Song".[7] His brother, Dominic Behan, was also a renowned songwriter best known for the song "The Patriot Game";[8] another sibling, Brian Behan, was a prominent radical political activist and public speaker, actor, author, and playwright.[9][10][11] Following Brendan''s death, his widow had a child with Cathal Goulding called Paudge Behan; the two men were described as "good friends".[12] He wrote about the experience in the memoir Borstal Boy. In 1942, during the wartime state of emergency declared by Irish Taoiseach Eamonn De Valera, Behan was arrested by the Garda Síochána and put on trial for conspiracy to murder and the attempted murder of two Garda Detectives, which the IRA had planned for during a Dublin commemoration ceremony for Theobald Wolfe Tone. en-wikipedia-org-1623 Angela Olive Pearce (formerly Carter, née Stalker; 7 May 1940 – 16 February 1992), who published under the name Angela Carter, was an English novelist, short story writer, poet, and journalist, known for her feminist, magical realism, and picaresque works. In 1969, she used the proceeds of her Somerset Maugham Award to leave her husband and relocate for two years to Tokyo, where she claims in Nothing Sacred (1982) that she "learnt what it is to be a woman and became radicalised".[8] She wrote about her experiences there in articles for New Society and a collection of short stories, Fireworks: Nine Profane Pieces (1974), and evidence of her experiences in Japan can also be seen in The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman (1972). As well as being a prolific writer of fiction, Carter contributed many articles to The Guardian, The Independent and New Statesman, collected in Shaking a Leg.[12] She adapted a number of her short stories for radio and wrote two original radio dramas on Richard Dadd and Ronald Firbank. en-wikipedia-org-1634 While the origins of the Székely are unclear, modern scholarship is skeptical that they are related to the Huns.[276] László Makkai notes as well that some archaeologists and historians believe Székelys were a Hungarian tribe or an Onogur-Bulgar tribe drawn into the Carpathian Basin at the end of the 7th century by the Avars (who were identified with the Huns by contemporary Europeans).[277] Unlike in the legend, the Székely were resettled in Transylvania from Western Hungary in the eleventh century.[278] Their language similarly shows no evidence of a change from any non-Hungarian language to Hungarian, as one would expect if they were Huns.[279][280] While the Hungarians and the Székelys may not be descendants of the Huns, they were historically closely associated with Turkic peoples.[281] Pál Engel notes that it "cannot be wholly excluded" that Arpadian kings may have been descended from Attila, however, and believes that it is likely the Hungarians once lived under the rule of the Huns.[270] Hyun Jin Kim supposes that the Hungarians might be linked to the Huns via the Bulgars and Avars, both of whom he holds to have had Hunnish elements.[282] en-wikipedia-org-1640 Christian graves were usually aligned East to West, whereas with some exceptions pagan burial sites were not.[35] The lack of archaeological grave evidence in the land of the Haestingas is seen as supporting the hypothesis that the peoples there would have been Christian Jutes who had migrated from Kent.[36] In contrast to Kent, the Isle of Wight was the last area of Anglo-Saxon England to be evangilised in 686.[37][20] The Jutes have also been identified with the Eotenas (ēotenas) involved in the Frisian conflict with the Danes as described in the Finnesburg episode in the Old English poem Beowulf.[44] Theudebert, king of the Franks wrote to the Emperor Justinian and in the letter claimed that he had lordship over a nation called the Saxones Eucii . en-wikipedia-org-1645 A number of Scottish poets, including William Alexander, John Murray and Robert Aytoun accompanied the king to London, where they continued to write,[31] but they soon began to anglicise their written language.[32] James''s characteristic role as active literary participant and patron in the Scottish court made him a defining figure for English Renaissance poetry and drama, which would reach a pinnacle of achievement in his reign,[33] but his patronage for the high style in his own Scottish tradition largely became sidelined.[34] The only significant court poet to continue to work in Scotland after the king''s departure was William Drummond of Hawthornden (1585–1649).[35] He laid the foundations of a reawakening of interest in older Scottish literature, publishing The Ever Green (1724), a collection that included many major poetic works of the Stewart period.[42] He led the trend for pastoral poetry, helping to develop the Habbie stanza, which would be later be used by Robert Burns as a poetic form.[43] His Tea-Table Miscellany (1724–37) contained old Scots folk material, his own poems in the folk style and "gentilizings" of Scots poems in the English neo-classical style.[44] Ramsay was part of a community of poets working in Scots and English. en-wikipedia-org-1650 This page provides a listing of current collaborations, tasks, and news about English Wikipedia. Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos (WPWP), an annual campaign in which Wikipedians across language projects and communities add photos to articles, has started (prizes!). WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia is looking for people who are interested in helping out in our project to get our articles into an audio format that can be used for any number of uses including, but not limited to, visually impaired or people who just prefer to listen to the article instead of reading it for whatever reason they choose. The January 2021 Backlog Drive is a one-month-long effort of the Guild of Copy Editors to reduce the backlog of articles that require copy editing; those carrying the {{copy edit}} tag (also {{awkward}}, {{copy edit section}}, {{inappropriate person}}, and {{copy edit inline}} and their redirects) or listed on the GOCE Requests page. en-wikipedia-org-1653 Old English (Englisc, pronounced [ˈeŋɡliʃ]), or Anglo-Saxon,[1] is the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. Old English developed from a set of Anglo-Frisian or Ingvaeonic dialects originally spoken by Germanic tribes traditionally known as the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. Old English is a West Germanic language, developing out of Ingvaeonic (also known as North Sea Germanic) dialects from the 5th century. The strength of the Viking influence on Old English appears from the fact that the indispensable elements of the language – pronouns, modals, comparatives, pronominal adverbs (like "hence" and "together"), conjunctions and prepositions – show the most marked Danish influence; the best evidence of Scandinavian influence appears in the extensive word borrowings for, as Jespersen indicates, no texts exist in either Scandinavia or in Northern England from this time to give certain evidence of an influence on syntax. en-wikipedia-org-1656 A dystopia (from Ancient Greek δυσ"bad, hard" and τόπος "place"; alternatively cacotopia[2] or simply anti-utopia) is a community or society that is undesirable or frightening.[3][4] It is often treated as an antonym of utopia, a term that was coined by Sir Thomas More and figures as the title of his best known work, published in 1516, which created a blueprint for an ideal society with minimal crime, violence and poverty. Dystopian societies appear in many sub-genres of fiction and are often used to draw attention to society, environment, politics, economics, religion, psychology, ethics, science or technology. Dystopian political situations are depicted in novels such as We, Parable of the Sower, Darkness at Noon, Nineteen Eighty-Four, Brave New World, The Hunger Games, Divergent and Fahrenheit 451 and such films as Metropolis, Brazil, Battle Royale, FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions, Soylent Green, Logan''s Run, and The Running Man. Economics[edit] en-wikipedia-org-1662 She had distant Italian ancestry,[1] and under the pseudonym "Speranza" (the Italian word for ''hope''), she wrote poetry for the revolutionary Young Irelanders in 1848; she was a lifelong Irish nationalist.[2] Jane Wilde read the Young Irelanders'' poetry to Oscar and Willie, inculcating a love of these poets in her sons.[3] Her interest in the neo-classical revival showed in the paintings and busts of ancient Greece and Rome in her home.[3] He suggested that it be published in Reynolds'' Magazine, "because it circulates widely among the criminal classes – to which I now belong – for once I will be read by my peers – a new experience for me".[191] It was an immediate roaring commercial success, going through seven editions in less than two years, only after which "[Oscar Wilde]" was added to the title page, though many in literary circles had known Wilde to be the author.[192][193] It brought him a small amount of money. The Oscar Wilde Temple, an installation by visual artists McDermott & McGough, opened in 2017 in cooperation with Church of the Village in New York City,[217] then moved to Studio Voltaire in London the next year.[218][219] en-wikipedia-org-1663 Sentimentalism includes a variety of aspects in literature, such as sentimental poetry, the sentimental novel, and the German sentimentalist music movement, Empfindsamkeit. In eighteenth-century England, the sentimental novel was a major literary genre. While 18th-century rationalism corresponded itself with the development of the analytic mind as the basis for acquiring truth, sentimentalism hinged upon an intrinsic human capacity to feel and how this leads to truth. In addition, Samuel Richardson''s sentimental epistolary novel "Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded" (1740) had great literary influence. For example, in Laurence Sterne''s novel, A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy, the narrator is using the sentimental character Yorick as a device to critique the obligation of morality, whether it is sentimental or rational. The musician and publisher Johann Christoph Bode translated Laurence Sterne''s novel, A sentimental Journey Through France and Italy, into German in 1768 under the title Yoriks empfindsame Reise. Sentiment and Sociability: The Language of Feeling in the Eighteenth Century. en-wikipedia-org-1668 Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2019 Wikipedia Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2019 These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. This category combines all articles with unsourced statements from October 2019 (2019-10) to enable us to work through the backlog more systematically. It is a member of Category:Articles with unsourced statements. Backlog: Articles with unsourced statements from October 2019 Pages in category "Articles with unsourced statements from October 2019" 1832 United States presidential election 1832 United States presidential election 1930–31 French Rugby Union Championship 2012 United States House of Representatives elections in New York 2012 United States Senate election in Maine 2014 United States Senate election in Georgia Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2019&oldid=928885052" Monthly clean-up category (Articles with unsourced statements) counter en-wikipedia-org-1683 Some of his early novels, called "scientific romances", invented several themes now classic in science fiction in such works as The Time Machine, The Island of Doctor Moreau, The Invisible Man, The War of the Worlds, When the Sleeper Wakes, and The First Men in the Moon. An enthusiast of random and irresponsible violence, Griffin has become an iconic character in horror fiction.[57] The Island of Doctor Moreau sees a shipwrecked man left on the island home of Doctor Moreau, a mad scientist who creates human-like hybrid beings from animals via vivisection.[58] The earliest depiction of uplift, the novel deals with a number of philosophical themes, including pain and cruelty, moral responsibility, human identity, and human interference with nature.[59] In The First Men in the Moon Wells used the idea of radio communication between astronomical objects, a plot point inspired by Nikola Tesla''s claim that he had received radio signals from Mars.[60] Though Tono-Bungay is not a science-fiction novel, radioactive decay plays a small but consequential role in it. en-wikipedia-org-1695 Individual episodes from the ensuing carnage are described, and the fates of several Anglo-Saxon warriors depicted – notably that of Byrhtnoth himself, who dies urging his soldiers forward and commending his soul to God. Not all the English are portrayed as heroic however: one, Godric the son of Odda (there are two Godrics in the poem), flees the battle with his brothers and, most improperly, does so on Byrhtnoth''s horse. Importantly, Clarke ends the novel with her own, powerful Modern English translation of the Anglo-Saxon poem, The Battle of Maldon. "The Battle of Maldon" is edited, annotated and linked to digital images of its manuscript transcription and original printing, with modern translation, in the Old English Poetry in Facsimile Project: https://uw.digitalmappa.org/58 en-wikipedia-org-1711 1110[1] – after 1174[2]), sometimes referred to as Robert Wace,[3] was a Medieval Norman poet, who was born in Jersey and brought up in mainland Normandy (he tells us in the Roman de Rou that he was taken as a child to Caen), ending his career as Canon of Bayeux. In the various versions of the Roman de Rou, his name appears five times as Wace, then Gace (once), Vace, Vacce, Vaicce (three times all together).[4] Until the 11th century, the w spelling corresponded to the pronunciation [w] (like in English) in Northern Normandy (including the Channel Islands), but it shifted to [v] in the 12th century.[5] South to an isogloss corresponding more or less to the Joret line, [w] had been turned to [gw] and later [g] (like in common French). Wace, Roman de Rou, ed. Wace, Roman de Rou, ed. en-wikipedia-org-1713 The Pilgrim''s Progress from This World, to That Which Is to Come is a 1678 Christian allegory written by John Bunyan. Atop the Hill of Difficulty, Christian makes his first stop for the night at the House of the Palace Beautiful, which is a place built by God for the refresh of pilgrims and godly travelers. Christian and Hopeful, with deep discourse about the truth of their glorious salvation, manage to make it through the dangerous Enchanted Ground (a place where the air makes them sleepy and if they fall asleep, they never wake up) into the Land of Beulah, where they ready themselves to cross the dreaded River of Death on foot to Mount Zion and the Celestial City. ^ a b c d John Bunyan, The Pilgrim''s Progress, edited with an introduction by Roger Sharrock, (Harmondsworth: Penguins Books, Ltd., 1965), 10, 59, 94, 326–27, 375. en-wikipedia-org-1725 This article is missing information about a recorded passage of text read in Middle English before the Great Vowel Shift. Long vowels in Middle English had "continental" values, much like those in Italian and Standard German; in standard Modern English, they have entirely different pronunciations.[8] The differing pronunciations of English vowel letters do not stem from the Great Shift as such but because English spelling did not adapt to the changes. This timeline shows the main vowel changes that occurred between late Middle English in the year 1400 and Received Pronunciation in the mid-20th century by using representative words. In Northern Middle English, the back close-mid vowel /oː/ in boot had already shifted to front /øː/ (a sound change known as fronting), like the long ö in German hören [ˈhøːʁən] (listen) "hear". en-wikipedia-org-1732 The development of the printing press in Europe may have been influenced by various sporadic reports of movable type technology brought back to Europe by returning business people and missionaries to China.[2][3][4] Some of these medieval European accounts are still preserved in the library archives of the Vatican and Oxford University among many others.[5] Around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg introduced the metal movable-type printing press in Europe, along with innovations in casting the type based on a matrix and hand mould. The high quality and relatively low price of the Gutenberg Bible (1455) established the superiority of movable type in Europe and the use of printing presses spread rapidly. Main articles: History of Western typography and Spread of European movable type printing ^ a b Pan Jixing, A history of movable metal type printing technique in China 2001 en-wikipedia-org-1739 Larry''s Party Wikipedia Larry''s Party Cover to the first edition Pages 339 pp (hardback first edition) ISBN 0-679-30877-6 (hardback first edition) Larry''s Party is a 1997 novel by Carol Shields. The novel examines the life of Larry Weller, an "ordinary man made extraordinary" by his unique talent for creating labyrinths. By 1983, Larry is spending all of his spare time working on a maze around his house, and it now takes up both the front and back yards. In 1991, Larry''s son, Ryan, is twelve and visits him in Chicago. In 1994, Larry wins the State of Illinois award for creative excellence for his mazes, but a few months later he and Beth are separated after she moves to England to accept a teaching position, and they get divorced. Larry''s Party at Random House of Canada: Larry''s Party at CanStage en-wikipedia-org-1745 Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded is an epistolary novel first published in 1740 by English writer Samuel Richardson. Since Ian Watt discussed it in The Rise of the Novel: Studies in Defoe, Richardson and Fielding in 1957, literary critics and historians have generally agreed that Pamela played a critical role in the development of the novel in English.[1] A plate from the 1742 deluxe edition of Richardson''s Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded showing Mr. B intercepting Pamela''s first letter home to her mother. Richardson responded to some of these criticisms by revising the novel for each new edition; he also created a "reading group" of such women to advise him. "The Place of Sally Godfrey in Richardson''s Pamela." Passion and Virtue: Essays on the Novels of Samuel Richardson, edited by David Blewett, University of Toronto Press, 2001, pp. en-wikipedia-org-1749 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-1750 Le Morte d''Arthur (originally spelled Le Morte Darthur, ungrammatical[1] Middle French for "The Death of Arthur") is a 15th-century Middle English prose reworking by Sir Thomas Malory of tales about the legendary King Arthur, Guinevere, Lancelot, Merlin and the Knights of the Round Table—along with their respective folklore. Until the discovery of the Winchester Manuscript in 1934, the 1485 edition was considered the earliest known text of Le Morte d''Arthur and that closest to Malory''s original version.[2] Modern editions under various titles are inevitably variable, changing spelling, grammar and pronouns for the convenience of readers of modern English, as well as sometimes abridging or revising the material. Sir Thomas Malory''s Morte Darthur: A New Modern English Translation Based on the Winchester Manuscript (Renaissance and Medieval Studies) Anderson, SC: Parlor Press, 2009. en-wikipedia-org-1762 Wales (Welsh: Cymru [ˈkəm.rɨ] (listen)) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.[10] It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and the Bristol Channel to the south. By AD 500 the land that would become Wales had divided into a number of kingdoms free from Anglo-Saxon rule.[39] The kingdoms of Gwynedd, Powys, Dyfed and Seisyllwg, Morgannwg and Gwent emerged as independent Welsh successor states.[39] Archaeological evidence, in the Low Countries and what was to become England, shows early Anglo-Saxon migration to Great Britain reversed between 500 and 550, which concurs with Frankish chronicles.[47] John Davies notes this as consistent with the British victory at Badon Hill, attributed to Arthur by Nennius.[47] en-wikipedia-org-1769 Sidney''s original version was all but forgotten until 1908, when the antiquarian Bertram Dobell discovered that a manuscript of the Arcadia he had purchased differed from published editions. This version of the Arcadia was first published in 1926, in Albert Feuillerat''s edition of Sidney''s collected works. After Sidney''s death, his revised Arcadia was prepared for the press and published in two differing editions. Hoping to preempt this fate, Basilius entrusts the Arcadian government to his loyal subject, Philanax, and retires to a pastoral lodge with his wife, Gynecia, their attractive daughters, Pamela and Philoclea, his boorish servant, Dametas, and the latter''s repulsive wife and daughter, Miso and Mopsa. Sidney''s manuscripts of the Old Arcadia were not published until the 20th century. The New Arcadia, however, was published in two different editions during the 16th century, and enjoyed great popularity for more than a hundred years afterwards. en-wikipedia-org-178 A novel of manners is work of fiction that re-creates a social world, conveying with finely detailed observation the customs, values, and mores of a highly developed and complex society. The scope of a novel of manners may be particular, as in the works of Jane Austen, which deal with the domestic affairs of the English landed gentry of the 19th century, or general, as in the novels of Balzac, which mirror the 19th century in stories dealing with Parisian life, provincial life, private life, public life, and military life. Notable writers of the novel of manners from the end of the 19th century into the 20th include Henry James, Evelyn Waugh, Jane Austen, Edith Wharton, and John Marquand.[1] The illustrated title-pages of volume II, Fourth Edition of the novel Evelina: Or the History of a Young Lady''s Entrance into the World (1779), by Frances Burney. Walpole''s knowledge of Chesterfield and the importance of manners perhaps influenced not only his work but carried over into other authors'' novels dubbed "Gothic" as well. en-wikipedia-org-1783 Roger Joseph McGough CBE FRSL (/məˈɡɒf/; born 6 November 1937) is an English poet, performance poet, broadcaster, children''s author and playwright. Contemporaneously, the poet Philip Larkin became the university''s librarian; newly arrived at Hull, he served as a sub-warden at Needler Hall, though he lived in private accommodation nearby.[6] Several years later McGough corresponded with Larkin about poetry, sending him some of his own poems as he still lacked the confidence to approach the man directly. One of McGough''s early poems, Let Me Die a Youngman''s Death (but not, as the poem states, before the poet reaches 73, 91 or 104 years of age), was included in a BBC anthology of the British nation''s hundred favourite poems.[12] McGough has been nicknamed "the patron saint of poetry" by Carol Ann Duffy.[13] Philip Larkin included McGough''s poetry in The Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse, which he edited in 1973. ^ CBE for Liverpool poet McGough BBC News 12 June 2004 en-wikipedia-org-1784 London is one of the world''s most important global cities.[18] It exerts a considerable impact upon the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transportation.[19] It is one of the largest financial centres.[20] In 2019, London had the highest number of ultra high-net-worth individuals in Europe.[21] And in 2020, London had the second-highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe, after Moscow.[22] London''s universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe,[23] and London is home to highly ranked institutions such as Imperial College London in natural and applied sciences, and the London School of Economics in social sciences.[24] In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted three modern Summer Olympic Games.[25] en-wikipedia-org-1790 L''Allegro (which means "the happy man" in Italian) has from its first appearance been paired with the contrasting pastoral poem, Il Penseroso ("the melancholy man"), which depicts a similar day spent in contemplation and thought. Tillyard;[11] as pastoral by Sara Watson;[12] as part of classical philosophy by Maren-Sofie Rostvig;[13] as part of Renaissance encomia by S. P. Woodhouse and Douglas Bush,[14] and as similar to Homeric hymns and Pindaric odes.[15] Stelle Revard believes that the poems follow the classical hymn model which discuss goddess that are connected to poetry and uses these females to replace Apollo completely.[3] Revard believes that Milton, in his first publication of poems, "takes care to showcase himself as a poet in these first and last selections and at the same time to build his poetic reputation along the way by skillful positioning of poems such as ''L''Allegro'' and ''Il Penseroso.''"[17] Wikisource has original text related to this article: en-wikipedia-org-1794 You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. Though John Keats shared Byron and Shelley''s radical politics, "his best poetry is not political",''''The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature'''', p. Keats has always been regarded as a major Romantic, "and his stature as a poet has grown steadily through all changes of fashion".''''The Oxford Companion to English Literature'''' (1996), p. en-wikipedia-org-1798 William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 – 23 April 1850) was an English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their joint publication Lyrical Ballads (1798). Main article: Early life of William Wordsworth William''s sister, the poet and diarist Dorothy Wordsworth, to whom he was close all his life, was born the following year, and the two were baptised together. Dove Cottage (Town End, Grasmere) – home of William and Dorothy Wordsworth, 1799–1808; home of Thomas De Quincey, 1809–1820 Following the death of Robert Southey in 1843 Wordsworth became Poet Laureate. Main article: List of poems by William Wordsworth Stephen Gill, William Wordsworth: A Life, Oxford University Press, 1989, Stephen Gill, William Wordsworth: A Life, Oxford University Press, 1989, Mary Moorman, William Wordsworth, A Biography: The Early Years, 1770–1803 v. Mary Moorman, William Wordsworth: A Biography: The Later Years, 1803–1850 v. en-wikipedia-org-1809 The title page of Robert Andrews'' translation of Virgil into English blank verse, printed by John Baskerville in 1766 History of English blank verse[edit] Christopher Marlowe was the first English author to achieve critical notoriety for his use of blank verse[citation needed]. The major achievements in English blank verse were made by William Shakespeare, who wrote much of the content of his plays in unrhymed iambic pentameter, and John Milton, whose Paradise Lost is written in blank verse. Romantic English poets such as William Wordsworth, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats used blank verse as a major form. Blank verse was not much used in the non-dramatic poetry of the 17th century until Paradise Lost, in which Milton used it with much license and tremendous skill. Blank verse in German literature[edit] ^ Robert Burns Shaw, Blank Verse: A Guide to its History and Use (Ohio University Press, 2007), page 1. Blank Verse: A guide to its history and use. en-wikipedia-org-1817 By 1890, the city had over 1 million people.[2] Chicago''s dynamic growth, as well as the manufacturing, economics, and politics that fueled this growth, can be seen in the works of writers like Carl Sandburg, Theodore Dreiser, Sherwood Anderson, Hamlin Garland, Frank Norris, Upton Sinclair, Willa Cather, and Edna Ferber.[3] The Encyclopedia of Chicago identifies three periods of works from Chicago which had a major influence on American Literature:[18] Bone''s list of Chicago Renaissance writers includes fiction writers like Richard Wright, William Attaway, and Willard Motley along with poets like Frank Marshall Davis and Margaret Walker.[19] It is worth noting that the term "Chicago Black Renaissance" is often used to denote creativity in all the arts, not just in literature, during the 1930s-50s.[20] Gwendolyn Brooks''s A Street in Bronzeville (1945) is the collection of poems that launched the career of the famous Chicago poet, focusing on the aspirations, disappointments, and daily life of African-Americans living in 1940s Bronzeville.[24] en-wikipedia-org-1823 He became an atheist at age 15, though he later described his young self as being paradoxically "very angry with God for not existing" and "equally angry with him for creating a world".[41] His early separation from Christianity began when he started to view his religion as a chore and a duty; around this time, he also gained an interest in the occult, as his studies expanded to include such topics.[42] Lewis quoted Lucretius (De rerum natura, 5.198–9) as having one of the strongest arguments for atheism:[43] Kennedy, which occurred on the same day (approximately 55 minutes following Lewis''s collapse), as did the death of English writer Aldous Huxley, author of Brave New World.[72] This coincidence was the inspiration for Peter Kreeft''s book Between Heaven and Hell: A Dialog Somewhere Beyond Death with John F. en-wikipedia-org-1824 View source for English literature Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. His stature in modern literature has been contested, but probably the most common critical view from the 1930s onward ranked him as one of the three major twentieth-century British poets, and heir to Yeats and Eliot.Smith, Stan (2004). en-wikipedia-org-1831 All That Fall is a one-act radio play by Samuel Beckett produced following a request[1] from the BBC. At each stage of the journey the technology she encounters advances, but despite this each means of locomotion is beset by problems, foreshadowing the problem with the train: she finds walking difficult and is forced to sit down, Christy needs to whip his hinny to make her go, Tyler''s tire goes flat, and Slocum''s engine dies. Something Dan says reminds Maddy of a visit she once made to hear "a lecture by one of these new mind doctors.[25] What she heard there was the story of a patient the doctor had failed to cure, a young girl who was dying, and "did in fact die, shortly after he had washed his hands of her."[26] The reason the doctor gave for the girl''s death, as if the revelation had just come to him there and then, was: "The trouble with her was that she had never really been born!"[27] "Hear Samuel Beckett''s Avant-Garde Radio Plays: All That Fall, Embers, and More". en-wikipedia-org-1834 In addition to the standard historical works about the medieval and eighteenth-century periods, her library included histories of snuff boxes, sign posts, and costumes.[38] She often clipped illustrations from magazine articles and jotted down interesting vocabulary or facts onto note cards, but rarely recorded where she found the information.[39] Her notes were sorted into categories, such as Beauty, Colours, Dress, Hats, Household, Prices, and Shops; and even included details such as the cost of candles in a particular year.[38][40] Other notebooks contained lists of phrases, covering such topics as "Food and Crockery", "Endearments", and "Forms of Address."[40] One of her publishers, Max Reinhardt, once attempted to offer editorial suggestions about the language in one of her books but was promptly informed by a member of his staff that no one in England knew more about Regency language than Heyer.[41] en-wikipedia-org-185 The Satanic Verses is a reflection of the author''s dilemmas." The work is an "albeit surreal, record of its own author''s continuing identity crisis."[2] Ally said that the book reveals the author ultimately as "the victim of nineteenth-century British colonialism."[2] Rushdie himself spoke confirming this interpretation of his book, saying that it was not about Islam, "but about migration, metamorphosis, divided selves, love, death, London and Bombay."[2] He has also said "It''s a novel which happened to contain a castigation of Western materialism. After the Satanic Verses controversy developed, some scholars familiar with the book and the whole of Rushdie''s work, like M. Within the book "there are major parallel stories, alternating dream and reality sequences, tied together by the recurring names of the characters in each; this provides intertexts within each novel which comment on the other stories." The Satanic Verses also exhibits Rushdie''s common practice of using allusions to invoke connotative links. en-wikipedia-org-1857 File:Hayfestival-2016-Salman-Rushdie-1-cu.jpg Wikipedia File:Hayfestival-2016-Salman-Rushdie-1-cu.jpg Original file ‎(2,861 × 4,292 pixels, file size: 1.82 MB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Commons is a freely licensed media file repository. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org File change date and time 14:09, 29 May 2016 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hayfestival-2016-Salman-Rushdie-1-cu.jpg" en-wikipedia-org-1858 Elizabeth tells her father that Darcy was responsible for uniting Lydia and Wickham, one of the two earliest illustrations of Pride and Prejudice.[5] The clothing styles reflect the time the illustration was engraved (the 1830s), not the time in which the novel was written or set. Page 2 of a letter from Jane Austen to her sister Cassandra (11 June 1799) in which she first mentions Pride and Prejudice, using its working title First Impressions. The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice. en-wikipedia-org-1859 In the beginning of the 20th century, mainly through the many German and Russian connections, Latvian literature had diverging movements of symbolism, decadence, and politically – socialism, Marxism, these movements went underground after the defeat of the largest national Latvian uprising the 1905 revolution – and the revenge from the tsarist regime was severe, leading to the first emigration of intellectuals from Latvia. Latvian Literature after Second World War[edit] In the mid 1950s two important things happened: young Latvian exile writers started to publish their works in Stockholm, London, New York – the NY Hell''s Kitchen group became the leading one, and secondly, in the Soviet union Nikita Khrushchev revealed the Stalinist-era crimes against humanity at the 20 th congress of the Communist Party in 1956. Recently the new writers have been writing in two and three languages, with texts in Russian or English appearing alongside texts in the Latvian or Latgalian literary languages. en-wikipedia-org-1869 This is a list of recent changes to Wikipedia. Talk:Larry Beckett‎ 22:56 +440‎ ‎LeepKendall talk contribs‎ →‎COI Edit Request for Page Updates Page curation log 22:56 Hughesdarren talk contribs marked Union Square, Timișoara as reviewed ‎ Tag: PageTriage Page curation log 22:56 Hughesdarren talk contribs marked Juno Temple (Grand Canyon) as reviewed ‎ Tag: PageTriage m Chuck Baer‎ 22:56 +6‎ ‎InfoArchivist talk contribs‎ added missing word "coach" Tag: Visual edit Wikipedia:Today''s featured list/February 5, 2021‎ 22:56 −78‎ ‎Ravenpuff talk contribs‎ Per article m Baldwinsville, New York‎ 22:56 −1‎ ‎Sumac22 talk contribs‎ Tag: Visual edit Why Don''t We discography‎ 22:56 +408‎ ‎Nounisimproper talk contribs‎ →‎Albums: Added The Good Times and the Bad Ones sales Tag: Visual edit: Switched N User talk:2601:681:8700:7220:2417:3752:B961:BFAC‎ 22:56 +1,189‎ ‎Drmies talk contribs‎ You have been blocked from editing to prevent further vandalism. User creation log 22:56 User account Hamzamahe talk contribs was created ‎ Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit en-wikipedia-org-1881 The original manuscript is known in academic circles as Cotton Nero A.x, following a naming system used by one of its owners, Robert Cotton, a collector of Medieval English texts.[2] Before the manuscript came into Cotton''s possession, it was in the library of Henry Savile of Bank in Yorkshire.[3] Little is known about its previous ownership, and until 1824, when the manuscript was introduced to the academic community in a second edition of Thomas Warton''s History edited by Richard Price, it was almost entirely unknown.[4][5] Now held in the British Library, it has been dated to the late 14th century, so the poet was a contemporary of Geoffrey Chaucer, author of The Canterbury Tales, though it is highly unlikely that they ever met.[6] The three other works found in the same manuscript as Pearl (commonly known as Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Patience, and Cleanness or Purity) are often considered to be written by the same author. en-wikipedia-org-1889 Christopher Marlowe, also known as Kit Marlowe (/ˈmɑːrloʊ/; baptised 26 February 1564 – 30 May 1593), was an English playwright, poet and translator of the Elizabethan era.[nb 1] Modern scholars count Marlowe among the most famous of the Elizabethan playwrights; based upon the "many imitations" of his play Tamburlaine, they consider him to have been the foremost dramatist in London in the years just before his mysterious early death.[nb 2] Some scholars also believe that he greatly influenced William Shakespeare, who was baptised in the same year as Marlowe and later succeeded him as the pre-eminent Elizabethan playwright.[nb 3] Marlowe was the first to achieve critical notoriety for his use of blank verse, which became the standard for the era. en-wikipedia-org-189 Hitler''s prophecy was a statement first made by Adolf Hitler in a speech (pictured) at the Reichstag on 30 January 1939: "If international finance Jewry inside and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, the result will be not the Bolshevization of the earth and thereby the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe". The historical significance of the prophecy is debated: intentionalists view it as proof of Hitler''s previously developed master plan to systematically murder the European Jews, while functionalists argue that "annihilation" was not meant or understood to mean mass murder, at least initially. Community portal – Bulletin board, projects, resources and activities covering a wide range of Wikipedia areas. Local embassy – For Wikipedia-related communication in languages other than English. Site news – Announcements, updates, articles and press releases on Wikipedia and the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikipedia is hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization that also hosts a range of other projects: en-wikipedia-org-1904 In this period were written in Cagliari some of the most precious and ancient codes of the time, like maybe the Codex Lausianus, containing one or perhaps the oldest one edition of the Acts of the Apostles, has come down and now preserved in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, and the Codex Basilianus, containing some of the works of St. Hilary of Poitiers, wrote in Cagliari, as a specified in a note in the manuscript and preserved in the Vatican Library.[15] The Passions of the martyrs San Saturno, San Lussorio and San Gavino also come down as well as the hagiographic stories of Sant''Antioco and San Giorgio from Suelli.[16] Giovanni Spano undertook the first archaeological excavations, Giuseppe Manno wrote the first great general history of the island, Pasquale Tola published important documents of the past, Pietro Martini writes biographies of famous Sardinian, Alberto La Marmora runs through the island far and wide, studying in detail and writing a massive work in four parts entitled Voyage en Sardaigne, published in Paris. en-wikipedia-org-1907 File:Revolutionary Joyce Better Contrast.jpg Wikipedia File:Revolutionary Joyce Better Contrast.jpg Originally uploaded to English Wikipedia by en:User:Chick Bowen. This image might not be in the public domain outside of the United States; this especially applies in the countries and areas that do not apply the rule of the shorter term for US works, such as Canada, Mainland China (not Hong Kong or Macao), Germany, Mexico, and Switzerland. This image may not be in the public domain in these countries, which moreover do not implement the rule of the shorter term. The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Usage on ce.wikipedia.org Usage on ce.wikipedia.org Usage on ce.wikipedia.org Usage on ce.wikipedia.org Usage on ce.wikipedia.org Usage on ce.wikipedia.org Usage on ce.wikipedia.org Usage on ce.wikipedia.org Usage on ce.wikipedia.org Usage on ce.wikipedia.org View more global usage of this file. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Revolutionary_Joyce_Better_Contrast.jpg" en-wikipedia-org-191 The centuries long chapter known as Decadència that followed the golden age of Valencian literature, was perceived as extremely poor and lacking literary works of quality. Literary use of the Catalan language is generally said to have started with the religious text known as Homilies d''Organyà, written either in late 11th or early 12th century, though the earlier Cançó de Santa Fe, from 1054–76, may be Catalan or Occitan. The most prolific Catalan troubadour during the ascendancy of Occitan as language of literature, was Cerverí de Girona, who left behind more than one hundred works. Written by the Valencian writer Joanot Martorell, this epic romance was among its time''s most influential novels, and possibly the last major book in Catalan literature until the 19th century. Lists of Catalan-language writers and poets[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Catalan-language literature. Categories: Catalan-language literature en-wikipedia-org-1921 Also, Bang, like Frederic in The Pirates of Penzance, had never seen a woman before and felt a keen sense of duty, as an apprenticed pirate, until the passage of his twenty-first birthday freed him from his articles of indenture.[12][13] Bernard Shaw believed that Gilbert drew on ideas in Les brigands for his new libretto, including the businesslike bandits and the bumbling police.[14] Gilbert and Sullivan also inserted into Act II an idea they first considered for a one-act opera parody in 1876 about burglars meeting police, while their conflict escapes the notice of the oblivious father of a large family of girls.[15] As in Pinafore, "there was a wordful self-descriptive set-piece for Stanley ["The Major-General''s Song"], introducing himself much as Sir Joseph Porter had done ... en-wikipedia-org-1928 Evelina: Or the History of a Young Lady''s Entrance into the World Fourth edition (1779), title page for Vol II Evelina, or the History of a Young Lady''s Entrance into the World is a novel written by English author Fanny Burney and first published in 1778. Through a series of humorous events that take place in London and the resort town of Hotwells, near Bristol, Evelina learns to navigate the complex layers of 18th-century society and come under the eye of a distinguished nobleman with whom a romantic relationship is formed in the latter part of the novel. Reverend Villars fears Mme Duval''s influence could lead Evelina to a fate similar to that of her mother Caroline, who secretly wedded Sir John Belmont, a libertine, who afterwards denied the marriage. en-wikipedia-org-1929 His earliest extant fiction, "The Haunted Grange of Goresthorpe", was unsuccessfully submitted to Blackwood''s Magazine.[9] His first published piece, "The Mystery of Sasassa Valley", a story set in South Africa, was printed in Chambers''s Edinburgh Journal on 6 September 1879.[9][20] On 20 September 1879, he published his first academic article, "Gelsemium as a Poison" in the British Medical Journal,[9][21][22] a study which The Daily Telegraph regarded as potentially useful in a 21st-century murder investigation.[23] He was later reinterred together with his wife in Minstead churchyard in the New Forest, Hampshire.[9] Carved wooden tablets to his memory and to the memory of his wife, originally from the church at Minstead, are on display as part of a Sherlock Holmes exhibition at Portsmouth Museum.[116][117] The epitaph on his gravestone in the churchyard reads, in part: "Steel true/Blade straight/Arthur Conan Doyle/Knight/Patriot, Physician and man of letters".[118] The Man Who Created Sherlock Holmes: The Life and Times of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. en-wikipedia-org-1930 This includes literature in Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, Latin, Cornish, Anglo-Norman, Guernésiais, Jèrriais, Manx, and Irish (but only in Northern Ireland after 1922). Welsh writers such as John Owen and William Vaughan wrote in Latin or English to communicate their ideas outside Wales, but the humanists were unsuccessful in opening the established practices of professional Welsh poets to Renaissance influences.[17] From the Reformation until the 19th century most literature in the Welsh language was religious in character. This is considered the first printed book in Scottish Gaelic though the language resembles classical Irish.[23] The Irish translation of the Bible dating from the Elizabethan period was in use in Scotland until the Bible was translated into Scottish Gaelic.[24] James Kirkwood (1650–1709) promoted Gaelic education and attempted to provide a version of William Bedell''s Bible translations into Irish, edited by his friend Robert Kirk (1644–1692), which failed, though he did succeed in publishing a Psalter in Gaelic (1684).[25][26] en-wikipedia-org-1936 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-1939 View source for English literature Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-1941 Comedy of manners is used as a synonym of Restoration comedy.[1] After public stage performances had been banned for 18 years by the Puritan regime, the re-opening of the theatres in 1660 signalled a renaissance of English drama.[2] Sexually explicit language was encouraged by King Charles II (1660–1685) personally and by the rakish style of his court. The drama of the 1660s and 1670s was vitalised by the competition between the two patent companies created at the Restoration, as well as by the personal interest of Charles II, and the comic playwrights rose to the demand for new plays. The classics, Wycherley''s The Country Wife and The Plain-Dealer, Etherege''s The Man of Mode, and Congreve''s Love For Love and The Way of the World have competition not only from Vanbrugh''s The Relapse and The Provoked Wife, but from such dark, unfunny comedies as Thomas Southerne''s The Wives Excuse. en-wikipedia-org-1945 View source for English literature Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. 957–8">''''The Oxford Companion to English Literature'''', pp. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature" en-wikipedia-org-1946 Sir Arthur Charles Clarke CBE FRAS (16 December 1917 – 19 March 2008) was an English science-fiction writer, science writer, futurist,[3] inventor, undersea explorer, and television series host. Known as GRB 080319B, the burst set a new record as the farthest object that can be seen from Earth with the naked eye.[70] It occurred about 7.5 billion years ago, the light taking that long to reach Earth.[70] Larry Sessions, a science writer for Sky and Telescope magazine blogging on earthsky.org, suggested that the burst be named the "Clarke Event".[71][72] American Atheist Magazine wrote of the idea: "It would be a fitting tribute to a man who contributed so much, and helped lift our eyes and our minds to a cosmos once thought to be province only of gods."[73] en-wikipedia-org-196 Alan Stewart Paton (11 January 1903 – 12 April 1988) was a South African author and anti-apartheid activist. During his time in Norway, he began work on his seminal novel Cry, The Beloved Country, which he completed over the course of his journey, finishing it on Christmas Eve in San Francisco in 1946.[4] There, he met Aubrey and Marigold Burns, who read his manuscript and found a publisher: the editor Maxwell Perkins, noted for editing novels of Ernest Hemingway and Thomas Wolfe, guided Paton''s first novel through publication with Scribner''s. On 9 May 1953, it became the Liberal Party of South Africa, with Paton as a founding co-vice-president,[7] which fought against the apartheid laws introduced by the National Party government. ^ Avakian, Talia (10 January 2018)."Google Doodle Celebrates South African Author and Anti-Apartheid Activist Alan Paton", Time. en-wikipedia-org-1987 Roxana: The Fortunate Mistress Title page from the first edition Roxana: The Fortunate Mistress (full title: The Fortunate Mistress: Or, A History of the Life and Vast Variety of Fortunes of Mademoiselle de Beleau, Afterwards Called the Countess de Wintselsheim, in Germany, Being the Person known by the Name of the Lady Roxana, in the Time of King Charles II) is a 1724 novel by Daniel Defoe. Published anonymously, and not attributed to Defoe till 1775, Roxana was nonetheless a popular hit in the eighteenth century, frequently reprinted in altered versions to suit the taste of the day: thus the 1775 edition, which called itself The New Roxana, had been sentimentalised to meet the tastes of the day.[6] Only gradually from the 19th century onwards did the novel begin to be treated as serious literature: Ethel Wilson has been one of the 20th century authors subsequently influenced by its matter-of-factness and freedom from cant.[7] en-wikipedia-org-2006 Although the main season for mumming throughout Britain was around Christmas, some parts of England had plays performed around All Souls'' Day (known as Souling or soul-caking) or Easter (Pace-egging or Peace-egging). First recorded in 1832, the Manx White Boys play features a song and a sword dance at its conclusion.[36] Although the key traditional characters include St. George, St. Patrick and others, modern versions frequently adapt the play to contemporary political concerns.[37] Characters featured since the 1990s include Sir MHK, Sir Banker, Expert and Estate Agent.[37] A a book on the White Boys compiled and edited by Stephen Miller was published in 2010; "Who wants to see the White Boys act?" The Mumming Play in the Isle of Man: A Compendium of Sources.[38] It continues to be performed on the Saturday before Christmas each year. en-wikipedia-org-2013 Paradise Lost is an epic poem in blank verse by the 17th-century English poet John Milton (1608–1674). A second edition followed in 1674, arranged into twelve books (in the manner of Virgil''s Aeneid) with minor revisions throughout.[1][2] It is considered to be Milton''s major work, and it helped solidify his reputation as one of the greatest English poets of his time.[3] The poem concerns the biblical story of the Fall of Man: the temptation of Adam and Eve by the fallen angel Satan and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Milton''s story has two narrative arcs, one about Satan (Lucifer) and the other, Adam and Eve. It begins after Satan and the other fallen angels have been defeated and banished to Hell, or, as it is also called in the poem, Tartarus. William Blake, The Temptation and Fall of Eve, 1808 (illustration of Milton''s Paradise Lost) John Milton''s Paradise Lost en-wikipedia-org-2014 He was responsible for many innovations in English poetry, and alongside Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (1516/1517–47) introduced the sonnet from Italy into England in the early 16th century.[4][5][6] Wyatt''s professed object was to experiment with the English tongue, to civilise it, to raise its powers to those of its neighbours.[4] Much of his literary output consists of translations and imitations of sonnets by the Italian poet Petrarch, but he also wrote sonnets of his own. He is generally seen as the last major poet of the English Renaissance, though his most renowned epic poems were written in the Restoration period, including Paradise Lost (1667). In the past decades there has been substantial scholarly and critical work done on women poets of the long 18th century: first, to reclaim them and make them available in contemporary editions in print or online, and second, to assess them and position them within a literary tradition. en-wikipedia-org-2025 William Holman Hunt OM (2 April 1827 – 7 September 1910) was an English painter and one of the founders of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. In the mid-1850s Hunt travelled to the Holy Land in search of accurate topographical and ethnographical material for further religious works, and to employ his "powers to make more tangible Jesus Christ''s history and teaching";[7] there he painted The Scapegoat, The Finding of the Saviour in the Temple, and The Shadow of Death, along with many landscapes of the region. Hunt also painted many works based on poems, such as Isabella and The Lady of Shalott. His last major works, including a large version of The Light of the World hanging in St.Paul''s Cathedral, London, were completed with the help of his assistant, Edward Robert Hughes. William Holman Hunt: the True Pre-Raphaelite. Wikimedia Commons has media related to William Holman Hunt. 55 paintings by or after William Holman Hunt at the Art UK site en-wikipedia-org-2026 Gothic fiction tends to place emphasis on both emotion and a pleasurable kind of terror, serving as an extension of the Romantic literary movement that was relatively new at the time that Walpole''s novel was published. Clara Reeve, best known for her work The Old English Baron (1778), set out to take Walpole''s plot and adapt it to the demands of the time by balancing fantastic elements with 18th-century realism.[13] In her preface, Reeve wrote: "This Story is the literary offspring of The Castle of Otranto, written upon the same plan, with a design to unite the most attractive and interesting circumstances of the ancient Romance and modern Novel."[13] The question now arose whether supernatural events that were not as evidently absurd as Walpole''s would not lead the simpler minds to believe them possible.[16] en-wikipedia-org-204 Dystopian fiction offers the opposite: the portrayal of a setting that completely disagrees with the author''s ethos.[1] Some novels combine both genres, often as a metaphor for the different directions humanity can take depending on its choices, ending up with one of two possible futures. Forster is widely accepted as a ''pioneer of dystopian literature.''[citation needed] M Keith Booker states that "The Machine Stops", We and Brave New World are "the great defining texts of the genre of dystopian fiction, both in [the] vividness of their engagement with real-world social and political issues, and in the scope of their critique of the societies on which they focus."[10] Jonathan Swift''s Gulliver''s Travels is also sometimes linked with both utopian and dystopian literatures, because it shares the general preoccupation with ideas of good and bad societies. Dystopias and Utopias, The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction en-wikipedia-org-2040 File:Beowulf.firstpage.jpeg Wikipedia File:Beowulf.firstpage.jpeg Beowulf.firstpage.jpeg ‎(363 × 576 pixels, file size: 54 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Kip Wheeler declared its status thus: "The original image of the Beowulf manuscript comes from the anonymous Anglo-Saxon scribe who wrote the ''Nowell Codex'', Cotton Vitellius A.x.v. 129 r. Derivative works of this file: Beowulf cropped.png EnglishFirst page of Beowulf in Cotton Vitellius A. current 14:52, 25 November 2004 363 × 576 (54 KB) EugeneZelenko Original image of the Beowulf manuscript.
Originally uploaded to English Wikipedia by Jwrosenzweig.
{{PD}} More than 100 pages use this file. The following list shows the first 100 pages that use this file only. Beowulf & Grendel Beowulf (2007 film) Beowulf (2007 film) List of Beowulf characters List of adaptations of Beowulf List of translations of Beowulf Wikipedia talk:List of infoboxes/Proposed/Infobox Poetry View more links to this file. Usage on az.wikipedia.org View more global usage of this file. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beowulf.firstpage.jpeg" en-wikipedia-org-2046 He soon became involved as a stage manager and acting, joining Anthony Creighton''s provincial touring company.[9] Osborne tried his hand at writing plays, co-writing his first, The Devil Inside Him, with his mentor Stella Linden, who then directed it at the Theatre Royal in Huddersfield in 1950. When he first saw Look Back in Anger, Laurence Olivier was dismissive, viewing the play as unpatriotic and bad theatre, "a travesty on England".[15] At the time, Olivier was making a film of Rattigan''s The Prince and the Showgirl co-starring Marilyn Monroe, and she was accompanied to London by her then-husband Arthur Miller. John Osborne''s plays in the 1970s included West of Suez which starred Ralph Richardson, A Sense of Detachment, first produced at the Royal Court in 1972, and the disappointing Watch It Come Down, first produced at the National Theatre, starring Frank Finlay. en-wikipedia-org-2048 Dictionary of the Middle Ages Wikipedia Jump to navigation Find sources: "Dictionary of the Middle Ages" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The encyclopedia covers over 112,000 persons, places, things and concepts of "legitimate scholarly interest" in 7,000 distinct articles in more than 8,000 pages written by over 1,800 contributing editors from academic institutions mainly in the United States but also Europe and Asia. It is the largest and most detailed modern encyclopedia of the Middle Ages in the English language, comparable to the nine volume German Lexikon des Mittelalters.[1] This article about an encyclopedia is a stub. This article about a non-fiction book on European history is a stub. Hidden categories: Articles with German-language sources (de) Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references All stub articles en-wikipedia-org-205 Basil Cheesman Bunting (1 March 1900 – 17 April 1985)[2] was a British modernist poet whose reputation was established with the publication of Briggflatts in 1966, generally regarded as one of the major achievements of the modernist tradition in English.[3] He had a lifelong interest in music that led him to emphasise the sonic qualities of poetry, particularly the importance of reading poetry aloud. The Basil Bunting Poetry Award and Young Person''s Prize, administered by Newcastle University, are open internationally to any poet writing in English.[14][15] 1999: Basil Bunting on Poetry (posthumous, edited by Peter Makin) ^ The Basil Bunting Poetry Award, Changes Ahead by John Halliday 29 November 2013 Archived 23 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine Alldritt, Keith, Modernism in the Second World War:The Later Poetry of Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, Basil Bunting and Hugh MacDiarmid, New York: Peter Lang, 1989, en-wikipedia-org-2050 Watson, known as Dr. Watson, is a fictional character in the Sherlock Holmes stories by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Watson is Sherlock Holmes'' best friend, assistant and, in most of the cases redacted by him, flatmate, and the first person narrator of all but four of these stories. Whilst retaining his role as Holmes''s friend and confidant, Watson has been adapted in various films, television series, video games, comics and radio programmes. Watson appears on the 2010 direct-to-DVD Asylum film Sir Arthur Conan Doyle''s Sherlock Holmes, a science fiction reinvention in which he was portrayed by actor Gareth David-Lloyd. Lowrie and Albert also played Holmes and Watson respectively in The Classic Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, which adapted all of Arthur Conan Doyle''s short stories and novels. en-wikipedia-org-2072 Truman Garcia Capote[1] (/kəˈpoʊti/;[2] born Truman Streckfus Persons, September 30, 1924 – August 25, 1984) was an American novelist, short story writer, screenwriter, playwright, and actor. Its language and subject matter were still deemed "not suitable", and there was concern that Tiffany''s, a major advertiser, would react negatively.[33] An outraged Capote resold the novella to Esquire for its November 1958 issue; by his own account, he told Esquire he would only be interested in doing so if Attie''s original series of photos was included, but to his disappointment, the magazine ran just a single full-page image of Attie''s (another was later used as the cover of at least one paperback edition of the novella).[34] The novella was published by Random House shortly afterwards. The chapter from Answered Prayers, "La Côte Basque" begins with Jonesy, the main character said to be based on a mixture of Truman Capote himself and the serial killer victim Herbert Clutter[53] (on whom In Cold Blood was based), meets up with a Lady Ina Coolbirth on a New York City street. en-wikipedia-org-2085 Much of the American poetry published between 1910 and 1945 remains lost in the pages of small circulation political periodicals, particularly the ones on the far left, destroyed by librarians during the 1950s McCarthy era.[2] The received narrative of Modernism proposes that Ezra Pound and T.S. Eliot (who was awarded the Nobel prize in literature in 1948) were perhaps the more influential modernist English-language poets in the period during World War I.[3] But this narrative leaves out African American and women poets who were published and read widely in the first half of the 20th century. While Romanticism transitioned into Victorianism in post-reform England, it became energetic in America from the 1830s through to the Civil War. Edgar Allan Poe was a unique poet during this time, brooding over themes of the macabre and dark, connecting his poetry and aesthetic vision to his philosophical, psychological, moral, and cosmological theories.[16] Diverse authors in France, Sweden and Russia were heavily influenced by his works, and his poem "The Raven" swept across Europe and was translated into many languages. en-wikipedia-org-2091 The first clear reference to "rhymes of Robin Hood" is from the alliterative poem Piers Plowman, thought to have been composed in the 1370s, followed shortly afterwards by a quotation of a later common proverb,[1] "many men speak of Robin Hood and never shot his bow",[2] in Friar Daw''s Reply (c.1402)[3] and a complaint in Dives and Pauper (1405-1410) that people would rather listen to "tales and songs of Robin Hood" than attend Mass.[4] Robin Hood is also mentioned in a famous Lollard tract (Cambridge University Library MS Ii.6.26) dated to the first half of the fifteenth century[5] (thus also possibly predating his other earliest historical mentions)[6] alongside several other folk heroes such as Guy of Warwick, Bevis of Hampton and Sir Lybeaus.[7] In these early accounts, Robin Hood''s partisanship of the lower classes, his devotion to the Virgin Mary and associated special regard for women, his outstanding skill as an archer, his anti-clericalism, and his particular animosity towards the Sheriff of Nottingham are already clear.[8] Little John, Much the Miller''s Son and Will Scarlet (as Will "Scarlok" or "Scathelocke") all appear, although not yet Maid Marian or Friar Tuck. en-wikipedia-org-2094 As there is no dominant national language, the four main languages of French, Italian, German and Romansch form the four branches which make up a literature of Switzerland. During that period the Swiss vernacular literature was in German, although in the 18th century, French became fashionable in Bern and elsewhere. But the many-sided Conrad Gesner, a born Swiss, wrote all his works in Latin, German translations appearing only at a later date.[1] In the later literary history of German-speaking Switzerland three names stand out above all others: Albert Bitzius, known as Jeremias Gotthelf from the first of his numerous tales of peasant life in the Emmenthal, Gottfried Keller, perhaps the most genuinely Swiss poet and novelist of the century, and Conrad Ferdinand Meyer, also a poet and novelist, but of more cosmopolitan leanings and tastes. en-wikipedia-org-2133 His characters become more complex and tender as he switches deftly between comic and serious scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the narrative variety of his mature work.[129][130][131] This period begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged adolescence, love, and death;[132][133] and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North''s 1579 translation of Plutarch''s Parallel Lives—which introduced a new kind of drama.[134][135] According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, character, inwardness, contemporary events, even Shakespeare''s own reflections on the act of writing, began to infuse each other".[136] en-wikipedia-org-2150 Virtually all subsequent Western philosophy, especially Spinoza, Leibniz, John Locke, Nicolas Malebranche, Antoine Arnauld, Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet,[14] Blaise Pascal, Christiaan Huygens, Isaac Newton, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, David Hume, Edward Gibbon, Immanuel Kant, Arthur Schopenhauer, Friedrich Nietzsche, Edmund Husserl, Noam Chomsky In the 17th-century Dutch Republic, the rise of early modern rationalism – as a highly systematic school of philosophy in its own right for the first time in history – exerted an immense and profound influence on modern Western thought in general, with the birth of two influential rationalistic philosophical systems of Descartes (who spent most of his adult life and wrote all his major work in the United Provinces of the Netherlands) and Spinoza – namely Cartesianism and Spinozism. en-wikipedia-org-2157 Remounted page from Beowulf, British Library Cotton Vitellius A.XV, 133r First page of Beowulf, contained in the damaged Nowell Codex (132r) The Nowell Codex is the second of two manuscripts comprising the bound volume Cotton MS Vitellius A XV, one of the four major Anglo-Saxon poetic manuscripts. In addition to this, it contains first a fragment of The Life of Saint Christopher, then the more complete texts Wonders of the East and Letters of Alexander to Aristotle, and, after Beowulf, a poetic translation of Judith. Van Kirk Dobbie suggests the damage to the third of these pages was due to Beowulf being separated from Judith prior to the 17th century, and fol. The first codex contains four works of Old English prose: a copy of Alfred''s translation of Augustine''s Soliloquies, a translation of the Gospel of Nicodemus, the prose Solomon and Saturn, and a fragment of a life of Saint Quentin. en-wikipedia-org-2161 View source for English literature Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. Cædmon is the earliest English poet whose name is known,{{Sfn | Fulk | Cain | 2003}}{{Pages needed |date=January 2015}} and his only known surviving work ''''[[Cædmon''s Hymn]]'''' probably dates from the late 7th century. en-wikipedia-org-2179 The best known of the cavalier poets are Robert Herrick, Richard Lovelace, Thomas Carew, and Sir John Suckling. Characteristics of Cavalier poetry[edit] The intent of their works was often to promote the crown (particularly Charles I), and cavalier poets spoke outwardly against the Roundheads who supported the rebellion of Parliament against the crown. The Cavalier Poets strove to create poetry where both pleasure and virtue thrived. However, authors like Thomas Carew and Sir John Suckling died years before the war began, yet are still classified as cavalier poets for the political nature of their poetry. There was also a celebration of the monarchy of Charles I among the cavalier poets. The foremost poets of the Jacobean era, Ben Jonson and John Donne, are regarded as the originators of two diverse poetic traditions—the Cavalier and the metaphysical styles. "Cavalier poet" medical school mystery en-wikipedia-org-2186 The Sangam literature of the Tamil language reveals that, between 200 BCE and 200 CE, the southern peninsula was ruled by the Cheras, the Cholas, and the Pandyas, dynasties that traded extensively with the Roman Empire and with West and South-East Asia.[94][95] In North India, Hinduism asserted patriarchal control within the family, leading to increased subordination of women.[96][89] By the 4th and 5th centuries, the Gupta Empire had created a complex system of administration and taxation in the greater Ganges Plain; this system became a model for later Indian kingdoms.[97][98] Under the Guptas, a renewed Hinduism based on devotion, rather than the management of ritual, began to assert itself.[99] This renewal was reflected in a flowering of sculpture and architecture, which found patrons among an urban elite.[98] Classical Sanskrit literature flowered as well, and Indian science, astronomy, medicine, and mathematics made significant advances.[98] en-wikipedia-org-221 Meanwhile, Housman pursued his classical studies independently, and published scholarly articles on Horace, Propertius, Ovid, Aeschylus, Euripides and Sophocles.[7] He also completed an edition of Propertius, which however was rejected by both Oxford University Press and Macmillan in 1885, and was destroyed after his death. As the 150th anniversary of his birth approached, London University inaugurated its Housman lectures on classical subjects in 2005, initially given every second year then annually after 2011.[51] The anniversary itself in 2009 saw the publication of a new edition of A Shropshire Lad, including pictures from across Shropshire taken by local photographer Gareth Thomas.[52] Among other events, there were performances of Vaughan Williams'' On Wenlock Edge and Gurney''s Ludlow and Teme at St Laurence''s Church in Ludlow.[53] en-wikipedia-org-2216 You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. After [[William Caxton]] introduced the printing press in England in 1476, [[vernacular literature]] flourished. The [[English Reformation|Reformation]] inspired the production of [[vernacular]] [[liturgy]] which led to the [[Book of Common Prayer]] (1549), a lasting influence on literary language. Besides Shakespeare and Ben Jonson, the major poets of the early 17th century included the [[Metaphysical poet]]s: [[John Donne]] (1572–1631), [[George Herbert]] (1593–1633), [[Henry Vaughan]], [[Andrew Marvell]], and [[Richard Crashaw]].{{Citation | first = Colin | last = Burrow | contribution = Metaphysical poets (act. en-wikipedia-org-2223 1,100,000 speakers) [1] The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Germany, Sweden, and Russia resulted in few early written literary works in the Estonian language. As opposed to the recent nature of written literature, the oral tradition, found in collections of Estonian folklore, tells of the ancient pre-Northern Crusades period of independence. Peterson''s translation of Ganander''s dictionary found many readers in Estonia and abroad, becoming an important source of national ideology and inspiration for early Estonian literature. His five volume epic novel Tõde ja Õigus (Truth and Justice, 1926–1933) is considered one of the major works of Estonian literature.[12] Other prominent prose writers were August Mälk (1900–1987), Karl Ristikivi (1912–1977). After the Second World War Estonian literature was split in two for almost half a century. ^ Jaan Kross at Estonian Literature information Center ^ Jaan Kaplinski at Estonian Literature information Center en-wikipedia-org-2228 William Golding was born in his maternal grandmother''s house, 47 Mount Wise, Newquay,[4] Cornwall.[5] The house was known as Karenza, the Cornish language word for love, and he spent many childhood holidays there.[6] He grew up in Marlborough, Wiltshire, where his father (Alec Golding) was a science master at Marlborough Grammar School (1905 to retirement), the school the young Golding and his elder brother Joseph attended.[7] His mother, Mildred (Curnoe),[8] kept house at 29, The Green, Marlborough, and was a campaigner for female suffrage. At one point Golding describes setting his students up into two groups to fight each other an experience he drew on when writing Lord of the Flies.[15] John Carey, the emeritus professor of English literature at Oxford university, was eventually given ''unprecedented access to Golding''s unpublished papers and journals by the Golding estate''. en-wikipedia-org-2230 New Grub Street is a novel by George Gissing published in 1891, which is set in the literary and journalistic circles of 1880s London. Its two central characters are a sharply contrasted pair of writers: Edwin Reardon, a novelist of some talent but limited commercial prospects, and a shy, cerebral man; and Jasper Milvain, a young journalist, hard-working and capable of generosity, but cynical and only semi-scrupulous about writing and its purpose in the modern (i.e. late Victorian) world. New Grub Street opens with Milvain, an "alarmingly modern young man" driven by pure financial ambition in navigating his literary career. After a broken engagement with Marian Yule, Milvain marries her cousin (and Edwin Reardon''s widow), Amy, who received a legacy of £10,000 on her uncle''s death. 2009, New Grub Street: The 1901 Revised Text, edited by Paul Delany. en-wikipedia-org-2232 Theatre in Wales includes dramatic works in both the Welsh language and English language. The development of Renaissance theatre in England did not have great influence in Wales, as the gentry found different forms of artistic patronage. By 1912 Wales had 34 theatres and many halls licensed for dramatic performances. A full theatre tradition only developed in Wales with 20th century Welsh drama. Thomas Scott-Ellis, 8th Baron Howard de Walden, used his patronage to attempt the foundation of a national theatre for Wales. He was commissioned to write an exemplary play for the National Eisteddfod in 1957; his offering Absolom Fy Mab was accepted to great critical acclaim in Welsh dramatic circles, as were his translations of two English language plays: John Masefield''s Good Friday and Norman Nicholson''s The Old Man of the Mountain. "Has Welsh theatre found its voice?". List of theatres in Wales en-wikipedia-org-2253 George Etherege was born in Maidenhead, Berkshire, around 1636, to George Etherege and Mary Powney, as the eldest of six children.[5] Educated at Lord Williams''s School, where a school building was later named after him, he was also rumoured to have attended the University of Cambridge,[6] although John Dennis states that to his certain knowledge Etherege understood neither Greek nor Latin,[4] thus raising doubts that he could have been there.[7] After a silence of eight years, he came forward with only one further play: The Man of Mode or, Sir Fopling Flutter, widely considered the best comedy of manners written in England before the days of Congreve. He died in Paris, probably in 1691,[4] as Narcissus Luttrell notes this as a recent event in February 1692, identifying Sir George Etherege as the late King James''s Ambassador to Vienna.[4] ^ "Sir George Etherege (British dramatist) Encyclopædia Britannica". Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-2260 Byzantine literature is the Greek literature of the Middle Ages, whether written in the territory of the Byzantine Empire or outside its borders.[1] It forms the second period in the history of Greek literature after Ancient Greek literature.[1] According to the Victorian Edmund Martin Geldart, although popular Byzantine literature and early Modern Greek literature both began in the 11th century, the two are indistinguishable.[2] The prestige of the Attic literature remained undiminished until the 7th century AD, but in the following two centuries when the existence of the Byzantine Empire was threatened, city life and education declined, and along with them the use of the classicizing language and style. The political recovery of the 9th century instigated a literary revival, in which a conscious attempt was made to recreate the Hellenic-Christian literary culture of late antiquity.[1] Simple or popular Greek was avoided in literary use and many of the early saints'' lives were rewritten in an archaizing style. en-wikipedia-org-2273 William Congreve (24 January 1670 – 19 January 1729) was an English playwright and poet of the Restoration period. William Congreve shaped the English comedy of manners through his use of satire and well-written dialogue. Congreve achieved fame in 1693 when he wrote some of the most popular English plays of the Restoration period. He reportedly was particularly stung by a critique written by Jeremy Collier (A Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage), to the point that he wrote a long reply, "Amendments of Mr. Collier''s False and Imperfect Citations." Although no longer on the stage, Congreve continued his literary art. Two of Congreve''s phrases from The Mourning Bride (1697) have become famous, although sometimes misquoted or misattributed to William Shakespeare.[6] The comedies of William Congreve (3 ed.). The Double-Dealer: A Comedy by William Congreve. Love for Love: A Comedy by William Congreve. Congreve, William (1 January 1753). "Life and Work." William Congreve. en-wikipedia-org-2286 Project Gutenberg (PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, as well as to "encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks."[2] It was founded in 1971 by American writer Michael S. He manually entered all of the text until 1989 when image scanners and optical character recognition software improved and became more available, making book scanning more feasible.[8] Hart later came to an arrangement with Carnegie Mellon University, which agreed to administer Project Gutenberg''s finances. Michael Hart said in 2004, "The mission of Project Gutenberg is simple: ''To encourage the creation and distribution of ebooks''".[2] His goal was "to provide as many e-books in as many formats as possible for the entire world to read in as many languages as possible".[3] Likewise, a project slogan is to "break down the bars of ignorance and illiteracy",[21] because its volunteers aim to continue spreading public literacy and appreciation for the literary heritage just as public libraries began to do in the late 19th century.[22][23] en-wikipedia-org-2291 The title page of the second edition of Astrophil and Stella (1591), from the British Library''s holdings Probably composed in the 1580s, Philip Sidney''s Astrophil and Stella is an English sonnet sequence containing 108 sonnets and 11 songs. Some have suggested that the love represented in the sequence may be a literal one as Sidney evidently connects Astrophil to himself and Stella to Lady Penelope Devereux, afterward Lady Rich. Many of the poems were circulated in manuscript form before the first edition was printed by Thomas Newman in 1591, five years after Sidney''s death. Though still not completely free from error, this was prepared under the supervision of his sister the Countess of Pembroke and is considered the most authoritative text available.[3] All known versions of Astrophil and Stella have the poems in the same order, making it almost certain that Sidney determined their sequence. en-wikipedia-org-2300 Waiting for Godot (/ˈɡɒdoʊ/ GOD-oh)[1] is a play by Samuel Beckett in which two characters, Vladimir (Didi) and Estragon (Gogo), engage in a variety of discussions and encounters while awaiting Godot, who never arrives.[2] Waiting for Godot is Beckett''s translation of his own original French-language play, En attendant Godot, and is subtitled (in English only) "a tragicomedy in two acts".[3] The original French text was composed between 9 October 1948 and 29 January 1949.[4] The premiere, directed by Roger Blin, was on 5 January 1953 at the Théâtre de Babylone [fr], Paris. Alan Schneider once suggested putting the play on in the round—Pozzo has been described as a ringmaster[56]—but Beckett dissuaded him: "I don''t in my ignorance agree with the round and feel Godot needs a very closed box." He even contemplated at one point having a "faint shadow of bars on stage floor" but, in the end, decided against this level of what he called "explicitation".[57] In his 1975 Schiller Theater production, there are times when Didi and Gogo appear to bounce off something "like birds trapped in the strands of [an invisible] net", in James Knowlson''s description. en-wikipedia-org-2303 An Apology for Poetry (or The Defence of Poesy) is a work of literary criticism by Elizabethan poet Philip Sidney. Philip Sidney''s influence can be seen throughout the subsequent history of English literary criticism. In 1858, William Stigant, a Cambridge-educated translator, poet and essayist, writes in his essay "Sir Philip Sidney"[1] that Shelley''s "beautifully written Defence of Poetry is a work which "analyses the very inner essence of poetry and the reason of its existence,—its development from, and operation on, the mind of man". An Apology for Poetry is one of the most important contributions to literary theory written in English during the Renaissance. In an era of antipathy to poetry and puritanical belief in the corruption engendered by literature, Sidney''s defense was a significant contribution to the genre of literary criticism. Sidney writes An Apology for Poetry in the form of a judicial oration for the defense, and thus it is like a trial in structure. en-wikipedia-org-2309 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-2310 View source for English literature Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-2311 Shakespeare''s sonnets are considered a continuation of the sonnet tradition that swept through the Renaissance from Petrarch in 14th-century Italy and was finally introduced in 16th-century England by Thomas Wyatt and was given its rhyming meter and division into quatrains by Henry Howard. With few exceptions, Shakespeare''s sonnets observe the stylistic form of the English sonnet—the rhyme scheme, the 14 lines, and the meter. A New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare: The Sonnets [2 Volumes]. It was considered an anonymous work, and that is how it was first published, but in the late 1990s it began to be included in publications of the complete works as co-authored by Shakespeare.[71] Scholars who have supported this attribution include Jonathan Bate, Edward Capell, Eliot Slater,[72] Eric Sams,[73] Giorgio Melchiori,[74] Brian Vickers, and others. "First edition of Shakespeare''s Sonnets, 1609". E., A New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare: The Sonnets. ^ Burrow, Colin, William Shakespeare: Complete Sonnets and Poems, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. Categories: Sonnets by William Shakespeare en-wikipedia-org-2315 In Parenthesis is an epic poem of the First World War by David Jones first published in England in 1937. Based on Jones''s own experience as an infantryman, In Parenthesis narrates the experiences of English Private John Ball in a mixed English-Welsh regiment starting with embarkation from England and ending seven months later with the assault on Mametz Wood during the Battle of the Somme. H. Auden considered it "a masterpiece," "the greatest book about the First World War" that he had read, a work in which Jones did "for the British and the Germans what Homer did for the Greeks and the Trojans" in "a masterpiece" comparable in quality to The Divine Comedy. "David Jones, the Heroic Vision", English Poetry of the First World War. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964. BBC documentary – "The Greatest Poem of World War One: David Jones''s In Parenthesis" en-wikipedia-org-2332 Frisian literature is works written in the Frisian languages, including that of West Frisian spoken in the province of Friesland in the Netherlands, from which most texts were produced or have survived. The Frisian language was firmly established as an academic study in the twentieth century (Rolf Bremmer is the current professor of Old Frisian at Leiden University[1]), and the language is available for study in secondary education as well. Literature in the various dialects of the North Frisian language developed only in the age of Romanticism. The 20th century brought a new development in North Frisian literature which started again on Sylt and spread across the islands to the mainland. Lorenz Conrad Peters, Jens Mungard, Albrecht Johannsen and James Krüss are notable authors of the early and middle 20th century.[7] The first ever held North Frisian literature competition was won in 1991 by Ellin Nickelsen with a novelette in Fering.[8] Collection of articles on Frisian language and literature en-wikipedia-org-234 William Butler Yeats[a] (13 June 1865 – 28 January 1939) was an Irish poet, dramatist, prose writer and one of the foremost figures of 20th-century literature. In December 1923, Yeats was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, "for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation".[71] He was aware of the symbolic value of an Irish winner so soon after Ireland had gained independence, and sought to highlight the fact at each available opportunity. en-wikipedia-org-2340 In 1648, during the Second English Civil War, Charles moved to The Hague, where his sister Mary and his brother-in-law William II, Prince of Orange, seemed more likely to provide substantial aid to the royalist cause than his mother''s French relations.[6] However, the royalist fleet that came under Charles''s control was not used to any advantage, and did not reach Scotland in time to join up with the royalist Engager army of the Duke of Hamilton before it was defeated at the Battle of Preston by the Parliamentarians.[7] With many of the Scots (including Lord Argyll and other leading Covenanters) refusing to participate, and with few English royalists joining the force as it moved south into England, the invasion ended in defeat at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, after which Charles eluded capture by hiding in the Royal Oak at Boscobel House. en-wikipedia-org-2344 The Vicar of Wakefield – subtitled A Tale, Supposed to be written by Himself – is a novel by Irish writer Oliver Goldsmith (1728–1774). Dr. Samuel Johnson, one of Goldsmith''s closest friends, told how The Vicar of Wakefield came to be sold for publication:[1] The Vicar – Dr. Charles Primrose – lives an idyllic life in a country parish with his wife Deborah, son George, daughters Olivia and Sophia, and three other children. The vicar''s daughter, Olivia, is reported dead, Sophia is abducted, and George too is sent to prison in chains and covered with blood, as he had challenged Thornhill to a duel when he had heard about his wickedness. Olivia and Sophia Primrose[edit] In literary history books, The Vicar of Wakefield is often described as a sentimental novel, which displays the belief in the innate goodness of human beings. Wikisource has the text of The New Student''s Reference Work article about "The Vicar of Wakefield". en-wikipedia-org-2345 Old Norse epic poem about a battle of Goths and Huns. Hlöðskviða (also Hlǫðskviða and Hlǫðsqviða), known in English as The Battle of the Goths and Huns and occasionally known by its German name Hunnenschlachtlied, is an Old Norse epic poem found in Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks. Hlöðr, whose mother was the daughter of Humli, king of the Huns, and who was born and raised among the Huns, claimed half the inheritance, Angantýr refused to split evenly and war ensued, claiming first Hervör, their sister, then Hlöðr himself as casualties. Poetic Edda, the poem generally does not appear in Eddic poetry collections (exceptions include Vigfússon & Powell 1883 and Jónnson 1956 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFJónnson1956 (help)), but contains some poetry in a similar style (1883), "(Book.5 § 5) The Hun''s Cycle : Hlod and Angantheow''s Lay", Corpus Poeticum Boreale: The Poetry of the Old Northern Tongue, 1 Eddic Poetry, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. The Battle of the Goths and the Huns", Anglo-Saxon and Norse poems en-wikipedia-org-235 The poem consists of 124 lines, followed by the single word "Amen" and is recorded only at folios 81 verso 83 recto[1] of the tenth-century[2] Exeter Book, one of the four surviving manuscripts of Old English poetry. Pope and Stanley Greenfield have specifically debated the meaning of the word sylf (modern English: self, very, own),[35] which appears in the first line of the poem.[36][37] They also debate whether the seafarer''s earlier voyages were voluntary or involuntary.[18] Klinck included the poem in her compendium edition of Old English elegies in 1992.[42] In 2000 Bernard J Muir produced a revised second edition of The Exeter Anthology of Old English Poetry, first published in 1994 by the Exeter University Press, in two volumes, which includes text and commentary on The Seafarer.[43] en-wikipedia-org-2356 Martian poetry Wikipedia Movement in British poetry This article includes a list of general references, but it remains largely unverified because it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. The term Martianism has also been applied more widely to include fiction as well as to poetry. Perhaps the best-known Martian poetry is Craig Raine''s "A Martian Sends a Postcard Home" in which a Martian attempts to describe everyday human interactions and habits from his own point of view. Samuel Johnson''s descriptions of the metaphysical poets'' approach where ''the most heterogeneous ideas are yoked by violence together'' could aptly describe much Martian poetry; in this context what was distinctive about Martian Poetry was its focus on visual experience. Poetry[edit] Raine, Craig, A Martian Sends a Postcard Home, Oxford University Press, 1979. This poetry-related article is a stub. Categories: British poetry Poetry movements Articles lacking in-text citations from December 2020 en-wikipedia-org-2367 The corresponding French and German terms are bibliothèque bleue (blue book) and Volksbuch, respectively.[34][35][36] The principal historical subject matter of chapbooks was abridgements of ancient historians, popular medieval histories of knights, stories of comical heroes, religious legends, and collections of jests and fables.[37] The new printed books reached the households of urban citizens and country merchants who visited the cities as traders. Europe witnessed the generic shift in the titles of works in French published in Holland, which supplied the international market and English publishers exploited the novel/romance controversy in the 1670s and 1680s.[47] Contemporary critics listed the advantages of the new genre: brevity, a lack of ambition to produce epic poetry in prose; the style was fresh and plain; the focus was on modern life, and on heroes who were neither good nor bad.[48] The novel''s potential to become the medium of urban gossip and scandal fuelled the rise of the novel/novella. en-wikipedia-org-2376 Sir John Vanbrugh (/ˈvænbrə/; 24 January 1664 (baptised) – 26 March 1726) was an English architect, dramatist and herald, perhaps best known as the designer of Blenheim Palace and Castle Howard.[3] He wrote two argumentative and outspoken Restoration comedies, The Relapse (1696) and The Provoked Wife (1697), which have become enduring stage favourites but originally occasioned much controversy. A committed Whig, Vanbrugh was a member of the Kit-Cat Club – and particularly popular for "his colossal geniality, his great good humour, his easy-going temperament".[21] The Club is best known today as an early 18th-century social gathering point for culturally and politically prominent Whigs, including many artists and writers (William Congreve, Joseph Addison, Godfrey Kneller) and politicians (the Duke of Marlborough, Charles Seymour, the Earl of Burlington, Thomas Pelham-Holles, Sir Robert Walpole and Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham who gave Vanbrugh several architectural commissions at Stowe). en-wikipedia-org-2388 Period in English and Scottish culture corresponding to the reign of James VI and I The Jacobean era was the period in English and Scottish history that coincides with the reign of James VI of Scotland who also inherited the crown of England in 1603 as James I.[1] The Jacobean era succeeds the Elizabethan era and precedes the Caroline era. James as King of England[edit] The result was a series of tense and often failed negotiations with Parliament for financial supports, a situation that deteriorated over the reigns of James and his son and heir Charles I until the crisis of the English Civil War.[4] The marriage of James'' daughter Princess Elizabeth to Frederick V, Elector Palatine on 14 February 1613 was more than the social event of the era; the couple''s union had important political and military implications. "James VI and I: Two Kings or One?" History 68#223 (1983), 187–209. en-wikipedia-org-2389 Robert Oxton Bolt CBE (15 August 1924 – 21 February 1995) was an English playwright and a twice Oscar-winning screenwriter, known for writing the screenplays for Lawrence of Arabia, Doctor Zhivago, and A Man for All Seasons, the latter two of which won him the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. Although he was best known for his original play A Man for All Seasons – a depiction of Sir Thomas More''s clash with King Henry VIII over his divorce from Catherine of Aragon – which won awards on the stage and in its film version, most of his writing was screenplays for films or television. Among the original cast were John Normington as Fitz-Oblong, Michael Jayston as the play''s narrator, Bolt perennial Leo McKern as the title character, and Terence Rigby and a young Malcolm McDowell in supporting roles. Doctor Zhivago (1965) – Bolt won an Oscar for Best Adapted Screenplay en-wikipedia-org-2399 The veneration of George spread from Syria Palaestina through Lebanon to the rest of the Byzantine Empire – though the martyr is not mentioned in the Syriac Breviarium[17] – and the region east of the Black Sea. By the 5th century, the veneration of George had reached the Christian Western Roman Empire, as well: in 494, George was canonized as a saint by Pope Gelasius I, among those "whose names are justly reverenced among men, but whose acts are known only to [God]."[citation needed] In 1191 and during the conflict known as the Third Crusade (1189–92), the church was again destroyed by the forces of Saladin, Sultan of the Ayyubid dynasty (reigned 1171–93).[citation needed] A new church was erected in 1872 and is still standing, where the feast of the translation of the relics of Saint George to that location is celebrated on November 3 each year.Eastern Christian Publications, Theosis: Calendar of Saints (2020), pp. en-wikipedia-org-2423 He contributed to The Daily Telegraph as its jazz critic from 1961 to 1971, articles gathered in All What Jazz: A Record Diary 1961–71 (1985), and he edited The Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse (1973).[1] His many honours include the Queen''s Gold Medal for Poetry.[2] He was offered, but declined, the position of Poet Laureate in 1984, following the death of Sir John Betjeman. Larkin''s public persona was that of the no-nonsense, solitary Englishman who disliked fame and had no patience for the trappings of the public literary life.[6] The posthumous publication by Anthony Thwaite in 1992 of his letters triggered controversy about his personal life and political views, described by John Banville as hair-raising, but also in places hilarious.[6] Lisa Jardine called him a "casual, habitual racist, and an easy misogynist", but the academic John Osborne argued in 2008 that "the worst that anyone has discovered about Larkin are some crass letters and a taste for porn softer than what passes for mainstream entertainment".[7] Despite the controversy Larkin was chosen in a 2003 Poetry Book Society survey, almost two decades after his death, as Britain''s best-loved poet of the previous 50 years, and in 2008 The Times named him Britain''s greatest post-war writer.[8] en-wikipedia-org-2431 William Butler Yeats[a] (13 June 1865 – 28 January 1939) was an Irish poet, dramatist, prose writer and one of the foremost figures of 20th-century literature. In December 1923, Yeats was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, "for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation".[71] He was aware of the symbolic value of an Irish winner so soon after Ireland had gained independence, and sought to highlight the fact at each available opportunity. en-wikipedia-org-2432 Cameron was born in Nova Scotia on 11 February 1941 and educated at Truro Senior High School (winning the Governor General''s award in 1958) and Mount Allison University before winning a Rhodes Scholarship to Jesus College, Oxford. In 1968, he was appointed as a lecturer in the Department of English and Centre for Medieval Studies by the University of Toronto, becoming a professor in 1977 and being elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1982.[1] Work on this project was still ongoing at the time of his death, leading to the university becoming a centre of the study of Old English. Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-2451 Template talk:English literature Wikipedia Template talk:English literature From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Creator''s note[edit] This template collects the major articles on English-language literature. Post-Victorian literary eras (i.e. modernist literature) have been omitted as they are not distinguished by language of origin. I''ve added some articles that are still English-language related. But the historical periods on this template are British; where do we put the American periods? Aristophanes68 (talk) 01:43, 23 October 2020 (UTC) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:English_literature&oldid=984947831" Navigation menu Personal tools Template Talk Talk Views Edit View history Search Navigation Main page Learn to edit Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Languages This page was last edited on 23 October 2020, at 01:44 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy About Wikipedia About Wikipedia Contact Wikipedia Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-2474 Skin Deep (1995 film) Wikipedia Skin Deep is a 1995 film directed by Canadian filmmaker Midi Onodera and starring Natsuko Ohama, Melanie Nicholls-King, and Keram Malicki-Sánchez. Skin Deep tells the story of an award-winning director, Alex Koyama (Natsuko Ohama), who is in the process of making a film about the tattoo industry, and the love and obsession that can arise in the "skin art" culture. It was produced in cooperation with the National Film Board of Canada, with funding from External links[edit] Skin Deep at Midi Onodera''s personal website This article related to a Canadian film of the 1990s is a stub. This article about a drama film with a lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender theme is a stub. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skin_Deep_(1995_film)&oldid=958281247" Canadian drama films Canadian LGBT-related films LGBT-related drama films 1990s Canadian film stubs LGBT-related drama film stubs This page was last edited on 22 May 2020, at 22:26 (UTC). en-wikipedia-org-2499 Shelley completed her writing in April/May 1817, and Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus was published on 1 January 1818[59] by the small London publishing house Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor, & Jones.[60][61] It was issued anonymously, with a preface written for Mary by Percy Bysshe Shelley and with a dedication to philosopher William Godwin, her father. B. Whittaker) following the success of the stage play Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein by Richard Brinsley Peake.[62] This edition credited Mary Shelley as the book''s author on its title page. en-wikipedia-org-2506 Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is a poem by Thomas Gray, completed in 1750 and first published in 1751.[1] The poem''s origins are unknown, but it was partly inspired by Gray''s thoughts following the death of the poet Richard West in 1742. This is compounded further by the narrator trying to avoid an emotional response to death, by relying on rhetorical questions and discussing what his surroundings lack.[28] Nevertheless, the sense of kinship with Robert Blair''s "The Grave" was so generally recognised that Gray''s Elegy was added to several editions of Blair''s poem between 1761 and 1808, after which other works began to be included as well.[29] en-wikipedia-org-2507 The Scarlet Pimpernel is the first novel in a series of historical fiction by Baroness Orczy, published in 1905. The novel The Scarlet Pimpernel was published two years after the play opened and was an immediate success.[citation needed] Orczy gained a following of readers in Britain and throughout the world. In addition to the direct sequels about Sir Percy and his league, Orczy''s related books include The Laughing Cavalier (1914) and The First Sir Percy (1921), about an ancestor of the Pimpernel''s; Pimpernel and Rosemary (1924), about a descendant; and The Scarlet Pimpernel Looks at the World (1933), a depiction of the 1930s world from the point of view of Sir Percy. Taking into account occasional discrepancies in the dates of events (real and fictional) referred to in the stories, the following is an approximate chronological listing of Orczy''s Scarlet Pimpernel novels and short stories: en-wikipedia-org-2525 View source for English literature Wikipedia View source for English literature If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature" en-wikipedia-org-2528 But it was the great popularity of Anthony Hope''s The Prisoner of Zenda (1894) which set the type, with its handsome political decoy restoring the rightful king to the throne, and resulted in a burst of similar popular fiction, such as George Barr McCutcheon''s Graustark novels (1901–27) and Frances Hodgson Burnett''s The Lost Prince (1915), Edgar Rice Burrough''s The Mad King of Lutha (1914), and other homages.[2] In children''s literature, the 1938–39 The Adventures of Tintin comic King Ottokar''s Sceptre[3][4][5] eschewed literal romance, but is an adventure about foiling a plot to depose the king of Syldavia. Many elements of the genre have been transplanted into fantasy worlds, particularly those of fantasy of manners and alternate history.[9] The science fiction writer Andre Norton first reached success with a 1934 Ruritanian novel, The Prince Commands.[9] Although "Ruritania" originally referred to a contemporary country, the idea has been adapted for use in historical fiction. en-wikipedia-org-257 Sodom, or the Quintessence of Debauchery Wikipedia The work has been attributed to John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester,[1] though its authorship is disputed.[2] Determining the date of composition and attribution are complicated owing mostly to misattribution of evidence for and against Rochester''s authorship in Restoration and later texts. The play begins with Bolloxinion, King of Sodom, authorising same-sex sodomy as an acceptable sexual practice within the realm. Sodom merits attention not just as an early piece of scabrous literature, but also as a disguised satire on the court of Charles II and especially of his apparent willingness to tolerate Catholicism in England at a time when that religion was officially proscribed. The play was publicly performed in 1986 for six weekends at Broom Street Theater in Madison, Wisconsin.[4] Sodom was revived at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in 2011 by the Movement Theatre Company, in what is described as a "reconstructed" version. en-wikipedia-org-2573 In a May 1921 letter to New York lawyer and patron of modernism John Quinn, Eliot wrote that he had "a long poem in mind and partly on paper which I am wishful to finish".[4] Richard Aldington, in his memoirs, relates that "a year or so" before Eliot read him the manuscript draft of The Waste Land in London, Eliot visited him in the country.[5] While walking through a graveyard, they discussed Thomas Gray''s Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. Weston''s book was so central to the structure of the poem that it was the first text that Eliot cited in his "Notes on the Waste Land". Sources from which Eliot quotes, or to which he alludes, include the works of Homer, Sophocles, Petronius, Virgil, Ovid,[32] Saint Augustine of Hippo, Dante Alighieri, William Shakespeare, Edmund Spenser, Gérard de Nerval, Thomas Kyd, Geoffrey Chaucer, Thomas Middleton, John Webster, Joseph Conrad, John Milton, Andrew Marvell, Charles Baudelaire, Richard Wagner, Oliver Goldsmith, Hermann Hesse, Aldous Huxley, Paul Verlaine, Walt Whitman and Bram Stoker. en-wikipedia-org-2589 Volpone (Italian for "sly fox") is a comedy play by English playwright Ben Jonson first produced in 1605–1606, drawing on elements of city comedy and beast fable. In the event, Voltore, Corbaccio, Corvino, Mosca and Volpone himself finally are punished. Wolfit''s dynamic performance in the title role, repeated several times over the next decades, set the standard for modern interpretations of Volpone: Politick''s plot was truncated or eliminated, and Mosca (played in 1938 by Alan Wheatley) relegated to a secondary role. In 1972, the play was staged at the Bristol Old Vic. A most memorable production of the 1970s was Peter Hall''s staging for the Royal National Theatre in 1974, with Paul Scofield as Volpone, Ben Kingsley as Mosca, John Gielgud as Sir Politick, and Ian Charleson as Peregrine. The ending is changed to see Volpone and Mosca escaping together with Corbaccio''s wife. ------.-Volpone, or The Fox, in: Ben Jonson''s Plays and Masques, Ed. Richard Harp, A Norton Critical Edition, 2nd Edn (New York & London: W. en-wikipedia-org-259 Slovak literature Wikipedia The first monuments of literature from territory now included in present-day Slovakia are from the time of Great Moravia (from 863 to the early 10th century). Literature in this period was written in Latin, Czech and slovakized Czech. An early Slovak Renaissance love poem is the anonymous epic Siládi and Hadmázi (1560), set against a background of the Turkish incursions into Central Europe.[1] Hugolín Gavlovič authored religious, moral, and educational writings in the contemporary West Slovak vernacular, and was a prominent representative of baroque literature in Slovakia. Janko Kráľ was one of the first poets to start writing in the modern Slovak language standard freshly codified (in 1843) by Ľudovít Štúr and his companions. A History of the Czechs and Slovaks. A History of Slovak Literature. A History of Slovak Literature. A History of Slovak Literature. ^ Petro, Peter.A History of Slovak Literature. Categories: Slovak literature Hidden categories: Articles with Slovak-language sources (sk) en-wikipedia-org-2600 The story revolves around four characters: Dr. Aziz, his British friend Mr. Cyril Fielding, Mrs. Moore, and Miss Adela Quested. In the novel''s last sentences, he explains that he and Fielding cannot be friends until India is free of the British Raj. Literary criticism[edit] Reviews of A Passage to India when it was first published challenged specific details and attitudes included in the book that Forster drew from his own time in India.[8] Early critics also expressed concern at the interracial camaraderie between Aziz and Fielding in the book.[9] Others saw the book as a vilification of humanist perspectives on the importance of interpersonal relationships, and the damage colonialism wrought on society.[10] More recent critiques by postcolonial theorists and literary critics have reinvestigated the text as a work of Orientalist fiction contributing to a discourse on colonial relationships by a European. en-wikipedia-org-2606 She is best known for her series of novels featuring the Scarlet Pimpernel, the alter ego of Sir Percy Blakeney, a wealthy English fop who turns into a quick-thinking escape artist in order to save French aristocrats from "Madame Guillotine" during the French Revolution, establishing the "hero with a secret identity" in popular culture.[1] In 1903, she and her husband wrote a play based on one of her short stories about an English aristocrat, Sir Percy Blakeney, Bart., who rescued French aristocrats from the French Revolution: The Scarlet Pimpernel. Orczy went on to write over a dozen sequels featuring Sir Percy Blakeney, his family, and the other members of the League of the Scarlet Pimpernel, of which the first, I Will Repay (1906), was the most popular. H.M. Brock''s cover of Baroness Orczy''s The Old Man in the Corner (popular edition, Greening & Co., London, 1910). en-wikipedia-org-2621 Many are directed against the female characters, a very distinct echo of Osborne''s uneasiness with women, including his mother, Nellie Beatrice, whom he describes in his autobiography A Better Class of Person as "hypocritical, self-absorbed, calculating and indifferent".[12] Madeline, the lost love Jimmy pines for, is based on Stella Linden, the older rep-company actress who first encouraged Osborne to write.[citation needed] After the first production in London, Osborne began a relationship with Mary Ure, who played Alison; he divorced his first wife (of five years) Pamela Lane to marry Ure in 1957. Alan Sillitoe, author of Saturday Night and Sunday Morning and The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner (both of which are also part of the "angry young men" movement), wrote that Osborne "didn''t contribute to British theatre, he set off a landmine and blew most of it up". en-wikipedia-org-2636 Joseph Addison (1 May 1672 – 17 June 1719) was an English essayist, poet, playwright and politician. Dryden, Lord Somers and Charles Montague, 1st Earl of Halifax, took an interest in Addison''s work and obtained for him a pension of £300 a year to enable him to travel to Europe with a view to diplomatic employment, all the time writing and studying politics. In 1789, Edmund Burke quoted the play in a letter to Charles-Jean-François Depont entitled Reflections on the revolution in France, saying that the French people may yet be obliged to go through more changes and "to pass, as one of our poets says, ''through great varieties of untried being,''" before their state obtains its final form.[10] The poet referred to is Addison and the passage quoted is from Cato (V.i. II): "Through what variety of untried being, through what new scenes and changes must we pass!" en-wikipedia-org-2666 George Herbert (3 April 1593 – 1 March 1633)[1] was a Welsh-born poet, orator, and priest of the Church of England. The earliest portrait of George Herbert was engraved long after his death by Robert White[45] for Walton''s biography of the poet in 1674 (see above). The poet is pictured in his riverside garden, prayer book in hand.[46] Over the meadows is Salisbury Cathedral, where he used to join in the musical evensong; his lute leans against a stone bench and against a tree a fishing rod is propped, a reminder of his first biographer, Isaac Walton.[47] There is also a musical reference in Charles West Cope''s "George Herbert and his mother" (1872) in Gallery Oldham.[48] The mother points a poem out to him with an arm twined round his neck in a room that has a virginal in the background. 2007: The English Poems of George Herbert, ed. en-wikipedia-org-2674 List of books set in New York City Wikipedia List of books set in New York City This article provides an incomplete list of fiction books set in New York City. A Hazard of New Fortunes William Dean Howells (1889) Yekl: A Tale of the New York Ghetto Abraham Cahan (1896) Old New York Edith Wharton (1924) Sheila Levine Is Dead and Living in New York Gail Parent (1973) The New York Trilogy Paul Auster (1985-86) A Fairy Tale of New York J.P. Donleavy (1989) The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love Oscar Hijuelos (1990) The Manhattan Hunt Club John Saul (2001) New York Times. Media in New York City Fiction set in New York City New York Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_books_set_in_New_York_City&oldid=997901010" New York City in popular culture Novels set in New York City New York City-related lists en-wikipedia-org-2675 Bartholomew Fair (play) Wikipedia Bartholomew Fair is a Jacobean comedy in five acts by Ben Jonson. It was first staged on 31 October 1614 at the Hope Theatre by the Lady Elizabeth''s Men company.[1] Written four years after The Alchemist, five after Epicœne, or the Silent Woman, and nine after Volpone, it is in some respects the most experimental of these plays.[2] Jonson''s play uses this fair as the setting for an unusually detailed and diverse panorama of early seventeenth-century London life. As with many long-ignored plays, Bartholomew Fair returned to the stage in a production by the Phoenix Society—this one, in 1921 at the New Oxford Theatre. The play was performed in 2019 at the Sam Wannamaker Theatre (part of Shakespeare''s Globe) in London.[8] Jonson, Ben. Bartholomew Fair. Memoirs of Bartholomew Fair by Henry Morley (chapter 10: In Ben Jonson''s Day) Categories: Plays by Ben Jonson en-wikipedia-org-2679 curprev 01:37, 7 January 2021‎ 2409:4064:4e81:ef5c::b78b:5d0e talk‎ 123,341 bytes +14‎ →‎English literature: Fixed typo undo Tags: Mobile edit canned edit summary Mobile app edit Android app edit Reverted curprev 01:00, 20 September 2020‎ GRodriguez572 talk contribs‎ 123,436 bytes −1‎ →‎Victorian literature (1837–1901): Fixed typo, Fixed grammar undo Tags: Mobile edit Mobile app edit Android app edit Reverted curprev 00:58, 20 September 2020‎ GRodriguez572 talk contribs‎ 123,437 bytes +2‎ →‎Romanticism (1798–1837): Fixed typo, Fixed grammar undo Tags: Mobile edit Mobile app edit Android app edit Reverted curprev 00:41, 20 September 2020‎ GRodriguez572 talk contribs‎ 123,435 bytes 0‎ →‎English Renaissance (1500–1660): Fixed typo undo Tags: Mobile edit Mobile app edit Android app edit Reverted curprev 00:30, 20 September 2020‎ GRodriguez572 talk contribs‎ 123,435 bytes 0‎ →‎Middle English literature (1066–1500): Fixed typo, Fixed grammar undo Tags: Mobile edit Mobile app edit Android app edit Reverted en-wikipedia-org-268 She wrote that she might "have been contented to reside in the same house with him", had not "his temper been so capricious and often so cruel" that her "life was not safe".[4] When Charlotte left Benjamin, she did not secure a legal agreement that would protect her profits — he would have access to them under English primogeniture laws.[3] Smith knew that her children''s future rested on a successful settlement of the lawsuit over her father-in-law''s will, therefore she made every effort to earn enough money to fund the suit and retain the family''s genteel status.[4] Smith''s novels were republished at the end of the 20th century, and critics "interested in the period''s women poets and prose writers, the Gothic novel, the historical novel, the social problem novel, and post-colonial studies" have argued for her significance as a writer.[3] They concluded that she helped to revitalise the English sonnet, a view found in Coleridge and others. en-wikipedia-org-2682 You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. 1126) | title = Oxford Dictionary of National Biography | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2004 | url = http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8383 | access-date = 8 February 2011}}. At the end of the 12th century, [[Layamon]] in ''''[[Layamon''s Brut|Brut]]'''' adapted the [[Norman-French]] of [[Wace]] to produce the first English-language work to present the legends of [[King Arthur]] and the [[Knights of the Round Table]].{{Sfn | Drabble | 1996 | p = 44}} It was also the first historiography written in English since the [[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]. en-wikipedia-org-2683 After years of misunderstandings, accusations of duplicity, and hurried letters, Thomas Seltzer finally published the first edition of Women in Love in New York City, on 9 November 1920. This had come after three drawn out years of delays and revisions.[3] This first limited edition (1,250 books) was available only to subscribers, due to the controversy caused by Lawrence''s previous work, The Rainbow (1915). Charles Pilley, an early reviewer wrote of it in John Bull, "I do not claim to be a literary critic, but I know dirt when I smell it, and here is dirt in heaps—festering, putrid heaps which smell to high Heaven."[4] Lawrence was sued for libel by Lady Ottoline Morrell and others, who claimed their likenesses were unjustly drawn upon in The Rainbow.[5] The book also later stirred criticism for its portrayal of love, denounced as chauvinistic and centred upon the phallus by the feminist Simone de Beauvoir in The Second Sex (1949).[6] en-wikipedia-org-2690 Historical fiction as a contemporary Western literary genre has its foundations in the early-19th-century works of Sir Walter Scott and his contemporaries in other national literatures such as the Frenchman Honoré de Balzac, the American James Fenimore Cooper, and later the Russian Leo Tolstoy. Classical Greek novelists were also "very fond of writing novels about people and places of the past".[9] The Iliad has been described as historic fiction, since it treats historic events, although its genre is generally considered epic poetry.[10] Pierre Vidal-Naquet has suggested that Plato laid the foundations for the historical novel through the myth of Atlantis contained in his dialogues Timaeus and Critias.[11] The Tale of Genji (written before 1021) is a fictionalized account of Japanese court life about a century prior and its author asserted that her work could present a "fuller and therefore ''truer''" version of history.[12] en-wikipedia-org-2705 Anthony Dymoke Powell CH CBE (/ˈpoʊəl/ POH-əl;[1] 21 December 1905 – 28 March 2000) was an English novelist best known for his twelve-volume work A Dance to the Music of Time, published between 1951 and 1975. During his time in California Powell contributed several articles to the magazine Night and Day, edited by Graham Greene. Naipaul described his sentiments after a long-delayed review of Powell''s work following the author''s death this way: "it may be that our friendship lasted all this time because I had not examined his work".[13] While often compared to Proust, others find the comparison "obvious, although superficial."[14] Its narrator''s voice is more like the participant-observer of The Great Gatsby than that of Proust''s self-regarding narrator.[15] Powell was awarded the 1957 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for the fourth volume, At Lady Molly''s. Anthony Powell''s A Dance to the Music of Time en-wikipedia-org-2707 A popular style of theatre during Jacobean times was the revenge play, which had been popularised earlier in the Elizabethan era by Thomas Kyd (1558–94), and then subsequently developed by John Webster (1578–1632) in the 17th century. Three Girls is a three-part British television''s real life drama series, written by screenwriter Nicole Taylor, and directed by Philippa Lowthorpe, that broadcast on three consecutive nights between 16 and 18 May 2017 on BBC One.[27] the series is a dramatised version of the events surrounding the Rochdale child sex abuse ring, the mini series Three Girls attempts to create awareness about how complex criminal process of child grooming takes place while sexually abusing children [28] and describes how the authorities failed to investigate allegations of rape because the victims were perceived as unreliable witnesses.[29] The story is told from the viewpoint of three of the victims: fourteen-year-old Holly Winshaw (Molly Windsor), sixteen-year-old Amber Bowen (Ria Zmitrowicz) and her younger sister Ruby (Liv Hill)[30][31] According to lawyers Richard Scorer & Nazir Afzal, the drama Three girls helps in building awareness around child protection issues of 21st century.[28] While few critics including whistleblower Sara Rowbotham and few victims appreciated accuracy of depiction; Ben Lawrence in The Telegraph found it to be too timid and not going deep down to investigate & expose root causes surrounding inappropriate behavior of perpetrators of Pakistani descent fully enough.[28] en-wikipedia-org-2708 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-271 Other West Germanic languages include Afrikaans, an offshoot of Dutch, with over 7.1 million native speakers;[4] Low German, considered a separate collection of unstandardized dialects, with roughly 0.3 million native speakers and probably 6.7–10 million people who can understand it[5][6] (at least 5 million in Germany[5] and 1.7 million in the Netherlands);[7] Yiddish, once used by approximately 13 million Jews in pre-World War II Europe,[8] now with approximately 1.5 million native speakers; Scots, with 1.5 million native speakers; Limburgish varieties with roughly 1.3 million speakers along the Dutch–Belgian–German border; and the Frisian languages with over 0.5 million native speakers in the Netherlands and Germany. During the early Middle Ages, the West Germanic languages were separated by the insular development of Middle English on one hand and by the High German consonant shift on the continent on the other, resulting in Upper German and Low Saxon, with graded intermediate Central German varieties. en-wikipedia-org-274 Category:Use dmy dates from December 2020 Wikipedia Category:Use dmy dates from December 2020 These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Wikipedia articles (tagged in this month) that use dd mm yyyy date formats, whether by application of the first main contributor rule or by virtue of close national ties to the subject belong in this category. Use {{Use dmy dates}} to add an article to this category. Pages in category "Use dmy dates from December 2020" 9th Engineer Battalion (United States) 52nd Infantry Regiment (United States) 52nd Infantry Regiment (United States) 52nd Infantry Regiment (United States) 103rd Infantry Division (United States) 103rd Infantry Division (United States) 130th Engineer Brigade (United States) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2020&oldid=991422245" Monthly clean-up category (Use dmy dates) counter en-wikipedia-org-2741 The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle Wikipedia The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle First edition title page The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle is a picaresque novel by the Scottish author Tobias Smollett, first published in 1751 and revised and published again in 1758. Peregrine Pickle features several amusing characters, most notably Commodore Hawser Trunnion, an old seaman and misogynist who lives in a house with his former shipmates. George Orwell, writing in the Tribune in 1944, said regarding the novels Roderick Random and Peregrine Pickle: Upton published the Letters of Peregrine Pickle in the Chicago Tribune from 1866–1869 as weekly letters and then in book forms.[4] The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle at Project Gutenberg Peregrine Pickle, 1751 The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle (1751) The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle (1751) The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle (1751) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Adventures_of_Peregrine_Pickle&oldid=979630253" Novels by Tobias Smollett Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-2762 The number of poems increased in subsequent editions and came up to 645.[4] The greatest Czech romantic poet, Karel Hynek Mácha also wrote many sonnets. The first known sonnets in English, written by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, used the Italian, Petrarchan form, as did sonnets by later English poets, including John Milton, Thomas Gray, William Wordsworth and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. In American poetry, the first notable poet to use the sonnet form was Edgar Allan Poe. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow also wrote and translated many sonnets, among others the cycle Divina Commedia (Divine Comedy).[14] He used the Italian rhyme scheme. Germany''s national poet, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, also wrote many sonnets, using a rhyme scheme derived from Italian poetry. In an article about his translations, Sionóid wrote that Irish poetic forms are completely different from those of other languages and that both the sonnet form and the iambic pentameter line had long been considered "entirely unsuitable" for composing poetry in Irish. en-wikipedia-org-2776 After the first scene, which takes place on a ship at sea during a tempest, the rest of the story is set on a remote island, where the sorcerer Prospero, a complex and contradictory character, lives with his daughter Miranda, and his two servants—Caliban, a savage monster figure, and Ariel, an airy spirit. William Strachey''s A True Reportory of the Wracke and Redemption of Sir Thomas Gates, Knight, an eyewitness report of the real-life shipwreck of the Sea Venture in 1609 on the island of Bermuda while sailing toward Virginia, is considered a primary source for the opening scene, as well as a few other references in the play to conspiracies and retributions.[19] Although not published until 1625, Strachey''s report, one of several describing the incident, is dated 15 July 1610, and it is thought that Shakespeare must have seen it in manuscript sometime during that year. en-wikipedia-org-278 According to several commentators, including Santha Bhattacharji in her article in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Julian''s discussion of the maternal nature of God suggests that she knew of motherhood from her own experience of bringing up her own children.[29] As plague epidemics were rampant during the 14th century, it has been suggested that Julian may have lost her own family as a result of plague.[37][38] By then becoming an anchoress she would have been kept in quarantine away from the rest of the population of Norwich.[33] However, nothing in her writings provides any indication of the plagues, religious conflict, or civil insurrection that occurred in the city during her lifetime.[39] Kenneth Leach and Sister Benedicta Ward SLG, the joint authors of Julian Reconsidered (first published in 1988),[40] are of the opinion that she was a young widowed mother, and never a nun, based on a dearth of references about her occupation in life, and a lack of evidence to connect her with Carrow Priory, which would have honoured her, and buried her in the priory grounds.[41] en-wikipedia-org-2803 Morris dancing is a form of English folk dance usually accompanied by music. The earliest known and surviving English written mention of Morris dance is dated to 1448 and records the payment of seven shillings to Morris dancers by the Goldsmiths'' Company in London.[1] Further mentions of Morris dancing occur in the late 15th century, and there are also early records such as bishops'' "Visitation Articles" mentioning sword dancing, guising and other dancing activities, as well as mumming plays. C. Cawte in a 1963 article[36] on the Morris dance traditions of Herefordshire, Shropshire and Worcestershire: counties along the border with Wales. A tradition in Cotswold Morris is a collection of dances that come from a particular area, and have something in common: usually the steps, arm movements, and dance figures. en-wikipedia-org-282 John Galsworthy OM (/ˈɡɔːlzwɜːrði/; 14 August 1867 – 31 January 1933) was an English novelist and playwright. Along with those of other writers of the period, such as George Bernard Shaw, his plays addressed the class system and other social issues, two of the best known being Strife (1909) and The Skin Game (1920). Galsworthy added "What are we going to do for Belgium — for this most gallant of little countries, ground, because of sheer loyalty, under an iron heel?" [6] During the First World War he worked in a hospital in France as an orderly, after being passed over for military service, and in 1917 turned down a knighthood, for which he was nominated by Prime Minister David Lloyd George, on the precept that a writer''s reward comes simply from writing itself.[7] John Galsworthy (1867–1933) and Animal Welfare. John Galsworthy works John Galsworthy''s The Forsyte Saga en-wikipedia-org-2821 From 1925 until his mother''s death at age 90 in March 1945, Forster lived with her at the house West Hackhurst in the village of Abinger Hammer, Surrey, finally leaving in September 1946.[26] His London base was 26 Brunswick Square from 1930 to 1939, after which he rented 9 Arlington Park Mansions in Chiswick until at least 1961.[27][28] After a fall in April 1961, he spent his final years in Cambridge at King''s College.[29] It is a homosexual love story that also returns to matters familiar from Forster''s first three novels, such as the suburbs of London in the English home counties, the experience of attending Cambridge, and the wild landscape of Wiltshire. Forster''s explicitly homosexual writings, the novel Maurice and the short story collection The Life to Come, were published shortly after his death. en-wikipedia-org-2822 The original printing of the Authorized Version was published by Robert Barker, the King''s Printer, in 1611 as a complete folio Bible.[59] It was sold looseleaf for ten shillings, or bound for twelve.[60] Robert Barker''s father, Christopher, had, in 1589, been granted by Elizabeth I the title of royal Printer,[61] with the perpetual Royal Privilege to print Bibles in England.[c] Robert Barker invested very large sums in printing the new edition, and consequently ran into serious debt,[62] such that he was compelled to sub-lease the privilege to two rival London printers, Bonham Norton and John Bill.[63] It appears that it was initially intended that each printer would print a portion of the text, share printed sheets with the others, and split the proceeds. Scrivener, who for the first time consistently identified the source texts underlying the 1611 translation and its marginal notes.[106] Scrivener, like Blayney, opted to revise the translation where he considered the judgement of the 1611 translators had been faulty.[107] In 2005, Cambridge University Press released its New Cambridge Paragraph Bible with Apocrypha, edited by David Norton, which followed in the spirit of Scrivener''s work, attempting to bring spelling to present-day standards. en-wikipedia-org-2824 Burroughs published Naked Lunch in Paris in 1959 and in America in 1961; this is considered by some the first truly postmodern novel because it is fragmentary, with no central narrative arc; it employs pastiche to fold in elements from popular genres such as detective fiction and science fiction; it''s full of parody, paradox, and playfulness; and, according to some accounts, friends Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg edited the book guided by chance. This is a common technique in modernist fiction: fragmentation and nonlinear narratives are central features in both modern and postmodern literature. It has been applied, for instance, to the work of Jorge Luis Borges, author of Historia universal de la infamia (1935) is considered a bridge between modernism and postmodernism in world literature.[47] Colombian novelist Gabriel García Márquez is also regarded as a notable exponent of this kind of fiction—especially his novel One Hundred Years of Solitude. en-wikipedia-org-2842 By April, the Academy narrows the field to around twenty candidates.[21] By May, a short list of five names is approved by the Committee.[21] The next four months are spent in reading and reviewing the works of the five candidates.[21] In October, members of the Academy vote and the candidate who receives more than half of the votes is named the Nobel laureate in Literature. From 1986 the Academy acknowledged the international horizon in Nobel''s will, which rejected any consideration for the nationality of the candidates, and awarded authors from all over the world such as Wole Soyinka from Nigeria, Naguib Mahfouz from Egypt, Octavio Paz from Mexico, Nadine Gordimer from South Africa, Derek Walcott from St. Lucia, Toni Morrison, the first African-American on the list, Kenzaburo Oe from Japan, and Gao Xingjian, the first laureate to write in Chinese.[19] In the 2000s V. en-wikipedia-org-2843 "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" is a gothic story by American author Washington Irving, contained in his collection of 34 essays and short stories titled The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. Along with Irving''s companion piece "Rip Van Winkle", "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" is among the earliest examples of American fiction with enduring popularity, especially during Halloween because of a character known as the Headless Horseman believed to be a Hessian soldier who was decapitated by a cannonball in battle.[1] In 1949, the second film adaptation was produced by Walt Disney as one of two segments in the package film The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad. In 2006, a large sculpture depicting the Headless Horseman chasing Ichabod Crane was placed along Route 9 in Sleepy Hollow/Tarrytown, New York. en-wikipedia-org-2845 Transcendentalism is a philosophical movement that developed in the late 1820s and 1830s in the eastern United States.[1][2][3] A core belief is in the inherent goodness of people and nature,[1] and while society and its institutions have corrupted the purity of the individual, people are at their best when truly "self-reliant" and independent. Ram Mohan Roy (1772–1833), the founder of the Brahmo Samaj, rejected Hindu mythology, but also the Christian trinity.[28] He found that Unitarianism came closest to true Christianity,[28] and had a strong sympathy for the Unitarians,[29] who were closely connected to the Transcendentalists.[16] Ram Mohan Roy founded a missionary committee in Calcutta, and in 1828 asked for support for missionary activities from the American Unitarians.[30] By 1829, Roy had abandoned the Unitarian Committee,[31] but after Roy''s death, the Brahmo Samaj kept close ties to the Unitarian Church,[32] who strived towards a rational faith, social reform, and the joining of these two in a renewed religion.[29] Its theology was called "neo-Vedanta" by Christian commentators,[33][34] and has been highly influential in the modern popular understanding of Hinduism,[35] but also of modern western spirituality, which re-imported the Unitarian influences in the disguise of the seemingly age-old Neo-Vedanta.[35][36][37] en-wikipedia-org-2849 Major historical events in Early Modern British history include numerous wars, especially with France, along with the English Renaissance, the English Reformation and Scottish Reformation, the English Civil War, the Restoration of Charles II, the Glorious Revolution, the Treaty of Union, the Scottish Enlightenment and the formation and collapse of the First British Empire. The English Interregnum was the period of parliamentary and military rule in the land occupied by modern-day England and Wales after the English Civil War. It began with the regicide of Charles I in 1649 and ended with the restoration of Charles II in 1660. Peace between England and the Netherlands in 1688 meant that the two countries entered the Nine Years'' War as allies, but the conflict – waged in Europe and overseas between France, Spain and the Anglo-Dutch alliance – left the English a stronger colonial power than the Dutch, who were forced to devote a larger proportion of their military budget on the costly land war in Europe.[24] The 18th century would see England (after 1707, Great Britain) rise to be the world''s dominant colonial power, and France becoming its main rival on the imperial stage.[25] en-wikipedia-org-2852 Crime fiction, detective story, murder mystery, mystery novel, and police novel are terms used to describe narratives that centre on criminal acts and especially on the investigation, either by an amateur or a professional detective, of a serious crime, generally a murder.[1] It is usually distinguished from mainstream fiction and other genres such as historical fiction or science fiction, but the boundaries are indistinct. Harun orders his vizier, Ja''far ibn Yahya, to solve the crime and find the murderer within three days, or be executed if he fails his assignment.[4] The story has been described as a "whodunit" murder mystery[5] with multiple plot twists.[6] The story has detective fiction elements.[7] The psychological thriller or psychological suspense: this specific subgenre of the thriller genre also incorporates elements from detective fiction, as the protagonist must solve the mystery of the psychological conflict presented in these types of stories. Detective, mystery, and crime fiction en-wikipedia-org-2855 The novel is framed as a series of letters from Gilbert Markham to his friend about the events connected with his meeting a mysterious young widow, calling herself Helen Graham, who arrives at Wildfell Hall, an Elizabethan mansion which has been empty for many years, with her young son and a servant. Some aspects of the life and character of the author''s brother Branwell Brontë correspond to those of Arthur Huntingdon in The Tenant.[1] He resembles Branwell Brontë in three ways: physical good-looks; sexual adventures (before his affair with his employer''s wife, Mrs Robinson, Branwell is thought to have fathered an illegitimate child who died at birth[2]); and especially in his alcoholism.[1] Another character in the novel, Lord Lowborough, has an association with opium that may also reflect Branwell''s behaviour.[3] en-wikipedia-org-2862 Whitman''s poetry has been set to music by a large number of composers; indeed it has been suggested his poetry has been set to music more than that of any other American poet except for Emily Dickinson and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.[192] Those who have set his poems to music have included John Adams; Ernst Bacon; Leonard Bernstein; Benjamin Britten; Rhoda Coghill; David Conte; Ronald Corp; George Crumb; Frederick Delius; Howard Hanson; Karl Amadeus Hartmann; Hans Werner Henze; Paul Hindemith; Ned Rorem; Charles Villiers Stanford; Robert Strassburg;[193] Ralph Vaughan Williams; Kurt Weill; Charles Wood; and Roger Sessions. en-wikipedia-org-2865 In general, scholars use the term "Restoration" to denote the literature that began and flourished under Charles II, whether that literature was the laudatory ode that gained a new life with restored aristocracy, the eschatological literature that showed an increasing despair among Puritans, or the literature of rapid communication and trade that followed in the wake of England''s mercantile empire. Although Samuel Butler had invented the mock-heroic in English with Hudibras (written during the Interregnum but published in the Restoration), Dryden''s MacFlecknoe set up the satirical parody. The Victorians denounced the comedy as too indecent for the stage,[12] and the standard reference work of the early 20th century, The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, dismissed the tragedy as being of "a level of dulness and lubricity never surpassed before or since".[13] Today, the Restoration total theatre experience is again valued, both by postmodern literary critics and on the stage. en-wikipedia-org-2882 File:Dr-Johnson.jpg Wikipedia File:Dr-Johnson.jpg This is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional, public domain work of art. The work of art itself is in the public domain for the following reason: This work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the author''s life plus 100 years or fewer. This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published (or registered with the U.S. Copyright Office) before January 1, 1926. This photographic reproduction is therefore also considered to be in the public domain in the United States. Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): File change date and time 18:06, 27 November 2018 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dr-Johnson.jpg" en-wikipedia-org-2884 In 1839 Ludger Duvernay published Le Patriote Canadien, as a political exile in Burlington, Vermont, to support the Patriote movement in neighboring Canada.[9] However, it would not be until the height of the Great Migration that one such journalist, Honoré Beaugrand would publish what is widely considered the first Franco American novel, Jeanne la Fileuse ("Jeanne the Spinner").[4][10]:34[11] After stints as a journalist in St. Louis and New Orleans, Beaugrand founded La République in Fall River in 1875, by that time already a prominent figure in the French-Canadian cultural societies of that city.[12] Sometime around 1877 he published Jeanne la Fileuse ("Jeanne the Spinner") as a serial novel (or feuilleton) in his weekly paper.[13] Even among many other accomplishments, including writing down the French-Canadian folk legend of La Chasse-galerie, and his Montréal mayoralty, the Dictionary of Canadian Biography has described Beaugrand''s novel as "his most important work". A series of English-language short stories that have since been described as definitive Maine literature, Papa Martel portrays the Franco American family as accommodating, between French-Canadian Habitant culture and the assimilative influence of postwar America.[33] Though never attaining national fame, the book was widely successful in New England, particularly Maine. en-wikipedia-org-2886 Sentimentalism, which is to be distinguished from sensibility, was a fashion in both poetry and prose fiction beginning in the eighteenth century in reaction to the rationalism of the Augustan Age. Sentimental novels relied on emotional response, both from their readers and characters. The domestic novel uses sentimentalism as a tool to convince readers of the importance of its message.[9] Jane Austen''s Sense and Sensibility is most often seen as a "witty satire of the sentimental novel",[10] by juxtaposing values of the Age of Enlightenment (sense, reason) with those of the later eighteenth century (sensibility, feeling) while exploring the larger realities of women''s lives, especially through concerns with marriage and inheritance. Relation to the Gothic novel[edit] Gothic and sentimental novels are considered a form of popular fiction, reaching their height of popularity in the late 18th century. en-wikipedia-org-289 The title page of the first volume of the Dictionary of National Biography (1885) The updated Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB) was published on 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes and online, with 50,113 biographical articles covering 54,922 lives. Throughout the twentieth century, further volumes were published for those who had died, generally on a decade-by-decade basis, beginning in 1912 with a supplement edited by Lee covering those who died between 1901 and 1911. The volumes of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography The new dictionary, now known as the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (or ODNB), was published on 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes in print at a price of £7500, and in an online edition for subscribers. The volumes of the first edition of the Dictionary of National Biography in various file formats in the Internet Archive en-wikipedia-org-290 Western literature Wikipedia Jump to navigation History of literature Early Medieval Matter of France Literature portal Western literature is considered one of the defining elements of Western civilization. The best of Western literature is considered to be the Western canon. Western literature includes written works in many languages: American literature Basque literature Bulgarian literature Catalan literature Czech literature Dutch literature English literature French literature German literature Greek literature Ancient Greek literature Hungarian literature Icelandic literature Irish literature Italian literature Latin literature Latin American literature Northern Irish literature Russian literature Serbian literature Welsh literature Persian literature in Western culture ^ a b "Western literature". ^ a b "Western literature". Literature late antiquity Early modern Early modern Literature by language European literature European literature Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2021, at 15:50 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-2912 Thomas Campion (sometimes Campian; 12 February 1567 – 1 March 1620) was an English composer, poet, and physician. In 1607, he wrote and published a masque[6] for the occasion of the marriage of Lord Hayes, and, in 1613, issued a volume of Songs of Mourning: Bewailing the Untimely Death of Prince Henry, set to music by John Cooper (also known as Coperario). Some time in or after 1617 appeared his Third and Fourth Booke of Ayres.[10] In 1618 appeared the airs that were sung and played at Brougham Castle on the occasion of the King''s entertainment there, the music by George Mason and John Earsden, while the words were almost certainly by Campion. ^ Life of Thomas Campion (Luminarium: Anthology of English literature). Thomas Campion: his poetry and music (Vantage Press, 1971). Thomas Campion and the art of English poetry (Dublin: Talbot Press, 1913). Thomas Campion – Life and works (Luminarium: Anthology of English literature) en-wikipedia-org-2913 The family returned to New York in 1845, and Henry spent much of his childhood living between his paternal grandmother''s home in Albany, and a house on 14th Street in Manhattan.[3] His education was calculated by his father to expose him to many influences, primarily scientific and philosophical; it was described by Percy Lubbock, the editor of his selected letters, as "extraordinarily haphazard and promiscuous."[4] James did not share the usual education in Latin and Greek classics. When James assembled the New York Edition of his fiction in his final years, he wrote a series of prefaces that subjected his own work to searching, occasionally harsh criticism.[citation needed][nb 8] en-wikipedia-org-2915 Henry Fielding (22 April 1707 – 8 October 1754) was an English novelist and dramatist known for his earthy humour and satire. It was published on 17 April 1734, the same day writs were issued for the general election.[10] He dedicated his 1735 play The Universal Gallant to Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough, a political follower of Chesterfield.[11] The other prominent opposition newspaper, Common Sense, founded by Chesterfield and Lyttelton, was named after a character in Fielding''s Pasquin (1736). Fielding continued to air his political views in satirical articles and newspapers in the late 1730s and early 1740s. "Fielding, Henry (1707–1754), author and magistrate". New Essays by Henry Fielding: His Contributions to the Craftsman, 1734-1739 and Other Early Journalism. Works by or about Henry Fielding at Internet Archive en-wikipedia-org-2929 Laelius is the most quoted poet from this period and the most popular in mainland Normandy, most probably because of his familiarity with and fidelity to French classical models, as well as the fact that his writing is generally less satirical than his contemporaries and therefore requires less knowledge of Jersey institutions, events and personalities. He edited an annual literary anthology called "La Nouvelle Année", dedicated to the Norman literature of Jersey and Guernsey, between 1868 and 1875. Luce 1881–1918) was editor of the French language newspaper La Nouvelle Chronique de Jersey and a poet who wrote topical poems for the newspaper. Written in the Trinity dialect, as distinct from the St. Ouen dialect used by George d''la Forge and Frank Le Maistre which is laid out in the standard grammar of Jèrriais and the standard dictionaries, Sir Arthur''s articles included reminiscences of his life as a diplomat, especially in Japan, Thailand and Singapore, as well as comments on events and politics in Jersey. en-wikipedia-org-2932 The Elizabethan era is the epoch in the Tudor period of the history of England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603). The term Elizabethan era was already well-established in English and British historical consciousness, long before the accession of the current Queen Elizabeth II, and it remains solely applied to the time of the earlier Queen of this name. In 1562 Elizabeth sent privateers Hawkins and Drake to seize booty from Spanish and Portuguese ships off the coast of West Africa.[16] When the Anglo-Spanish Wars intensified after 1585, Elizabeth approved further raids against Spanish ports in the Americas and against shipping returning to Europe with treasure.[17] Meanwhile, the influential writers Richard Hakluyt and John Dee were beginning to press for the establishment of England''s own overseas empire. M. Palliser (1992) The Age of Elizabeth: England Under the Later Tudors, 1547–1603 (2nd ed.), pp 35-110 en-wikipedia-org-2943 285–246 BC), who allegedly hired 72 Jewish scholars for the purpose, for which reason the translation is commonly known as the Septuagint (from the Latin septuaginta, "seventy"), a name which it gained in "the time of Augustine of Hippo" (354–430 AD).[6][7] The Septuagint (LXX), the very first translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek, later became the accepted text of the Old Testament in the Christian church and the basis of its canon. The canonical Christian Bible was formally established by Bishop Cyril of Jerusalem in 350 (although it had been generally accepted by the church previously), confirmed by the Council of Laodicea in 363 (both lacked the book of Revelation), and later established by Athanasius of Alexandria in 367 (with Revelation added), and Jerome''s Vulgate Latin translation dates to between AD 382 and 405. Bible translations incorporating modern textual criticism usually begin with the masoretic text, but also take into account possible variants from all available ancient versions. en-wikipedia-org-2952 At age 13 he had the satisfaction of seeing his writing appear in print for the first time, when the Shrewsbury Chronicle published his letter (July 1791) condemning the riots in Birmingham over Joseph Priestley''s support for the French Revolution.[13] In 1793 his father sent him to a Unitarian seminary on what was then the outskirts of London, the New College at Hackney (commonly referred to as Hackney College).[14] The schooling he received there, though relatively brief, approximately two years, made a deep and abiding impression on Hazlitt.[15] The Surrey Institution lectures were printed in book form, followed by a collection of his drama criticism, A View of the English Stage, and the second edition of Characters of Shakespear''s Plays.[107] Hazlitt''s career as a lecturer gained some momentum, and his growing popularity allowed him to get a collection of his political writings published as well, Political Essays, with Sketches of Public Characters.[108] Lectures on "the English Comic Writers" soon followed, and these as well were published in book form.[109] He then delivered lectures on dramatists contemporary with Shakespeare, which were published as Lectures on the Dramatic Literature of the Age of Elizabeth. en-wikipedia-org-2958 Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (UK: /ˈwʊlstənkrɑːft/, US: /-kræft/; née Godwin; 30 August 1797 – 1 February 1851) was an English novelist who wrote the Gothic novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus (1818), which is considered an early example of science fiction.[2] She also edited and promoted the works of her husband, the Romantic poet and philosopher Percy Bysshe Shelley. She was still helping to support her father, and they looked out for publishers for each other.[130] In 1830, she sold the copyright for a new edition of Frankenstein for £60 to Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley for their new Standard Novels series.[131] After her father''s death in 1836 at the age of eighty, she began assembling his letters and a memoir for publication, as he had requested in his will; but after two years of work, she abandoned the project.[132] Throughout this period, she also championed Percy Shelley''s poetry, promoting its publication and quoting it in her writing. en-wikipedia-org-2959 His other major works from this period are the religious poems Religio Laici (1682), written from the position of a member of the Church of England; his 1683 edition of Plutarch''s Lives Translated From the Greek by Several Hands in which he introduced the word biography to English readers; and The Hind and the Panther, (1687) which celebrates his conversion to Roman Catholicism. S. Eliot, who wrote that he was "the ancestor of nearly all that is best in the poetry of the eighteenth century," and that "we cannot fully enjoy or rightly estimate a hundred years of English poetry unless we fully enjoy Dryden."[25] However, in the same essay, Eliot accused Dryden of having a "commonplace mind." Critical interest in Dryden has increased recently, but, as a relatively straightforward writer (William Empson, another modern admirer of Dryden, compared his "flat" use of language with Donne''s interest in the "echoes and recesses of words"[26]), his work has not occasioned as much interest as Andrew Marvell''s, John Donne''s or Pope''s.[27] en-wikipedia-org-2966 Despite the intense industrialisation of the coal mining valleys, many parts of the landscape of South Wales such as the upper Neath valley, the Vale of Glamorgan and the valleys of the River Usk and River Wye remain distinctly beautiful and unspoilt and have been designated Sites of Special Scientific Interest. By the 1831 census, the population of Merthyr was 60,000—more at that time than Cardiff, Swansea and Newport combined—and its industries included coal mines, iron works, cable factory, engine sheds and sidings and many others. Anglicanism in south Wales became autonomous from the Church of England with the Welsh Church Act 1914, but the immediate demise of the denomination feared at that time has not taken place in the Church in Wales.[15][16] There are a number of Brethren Assemblies in Cardiff and in the Swansea area and Free Presbyterian Churches in Rhiwderin, near Newport and at Merthyr Tydfil. en-wikipedia-org-2974 Belarusian literature was formed from the common basis of Kievan Rus'' literary tradition, which also gave rise to Ukrainian literature and Russian literature. The Statutes of the Great Duchy of 1529, 1566 and 1588, as well as polemic religious literature were all published in Old Belarusian language. They brought together a circle of writers, who were arguing for developing the Belarusian language and its literature (including Yanka Kupala, Maksim Bahdanovich, Źmitrok Biadula, Maksim Harecki, Yakub Kolas). After the end of the World War II, the key themes for the new Belarusian literature were war time experiences, the life of Belarusians in the Soviet Union and national history (in particular, novels by Ivan Melezh and Ivan Shamiakin). In 2015 Belarusian investigative journalist and prose writer Svetlana Alexievich was awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Literature "for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time".[1][2] Famous Belarusian writers[edit] Belarusian and Polish writers[edit] Categories: Belarusian literature en-wikipedia-org-2986 The most popular British writer of the early years of the 20th century was arguably Rudyard Kipling, a highly versatile writer of novels, short stories and poems, and to date the youngest ever recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature (1907). Other novelists writing in the 1950s and later were: Anthony Powell whose twelve-volume cycle of novels A Dance to the Music of Time, is a comic examination of movements and manners, power and passivity in English political, cultural and military life in the mid-20th century; comic novelist Kingsley Amis is best known for his academic satire Lucky Jim (1954); Nobel Prize laureate William Golding''s allegorical novel Lord of the Flies 1954, explores how culture created by man fails, using as an example a group of British schoolboys marooned on a deserted island who try to govern themselves, but with disastrous results. en-wikipedia-org-2988 Samuel Richardson (baptised 19 August 1689 – 4 July 1761[1]) was an English writer and printer best known for three epistolary novels: Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded (1740), Clarissa: Or the History of a Young Lady (1748) and The History of Sir Charles Grandison (1753). en-wikipedia-org-2995 Among them are Secretum ("My Secret Book"), an intensely personal, imaginary dialogue with a figure inspired by Augustine of Hippo; De Viris Illustribus ("On Famous Men"), a series of moral biographies; Rerum Memorandarum Libri, an incomplete treatise on the cardinal virtues; De Otio Religiosorum ("On Religious Leisure")[29] and De vita solitaria ("On the Solitary Life"), which praise the contemplative life; De Remediis Utriusque Fortunae ("Remedies for Fortune Fair and Foul"), a self-help book which remained popular for hundreds of years; Itinerarium ("Petrarch''s Guide to the Holy Land"); invectives against opponents such as doctors, scholastics, and the French; the Carmen Bucolicum, a collection of 12 pastoral poems; and the unfinished epic Africa. Petrarch collected his letters into two major sets of books called Rerum familiarum liber ("Letters on Familiar Matters") and Seniles ("Letters of Old Age"), both of which are available in English translation.[32] The plan for his letters was suggested to him by knowledge of Cicero''s letters. en-wikipedia-org-2999 The culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina encompasses the country''s ancient heritage, architecture, literature, visual arts, music, cinema, sports and cuisine. Matija Divković, Bosnian Franciscan and writer is considered to be the founder of the modern literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Main article: Art of Bosnia and Herzegovina Main article: Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina The most important international sporting event in the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina was the hosting of the 1984 Winter Olympics, held in Sarajevo from the 7th to 19 February 1984. Main article: Football in Bosnia and Herzegovina The Yugoslav national basketball team, medal-winners in every world championship from 1963 through 1990, included Bosnian players such as Dražen Dalipagić and Mirza Delibašić. Main article: Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine Wikimedia Commons has media related to Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina. en-wikipedia-org-3000 Early religious examples of shaped poems in English include "Easter Wings" and "The Altar" in George Herbert''s The Temple (1633)[7] and Robert Herrick''s "This crosstree here", which is set in the shape of a cross, from his Noble Numbers (1647).[8] An alternative religious precursor is Micrography, a technique for creating visual images used by Hebrew artists, which involves organizing small arrangements of Biblical texts such that they form images which illustrate the subject of the text. In 1954 the Swedish poet and visual artist Öyvind Fahlström had published the manifesto Hätila Ragulpr på Fåtskliaben.[19][20] Similarly in Germany Eugen Gomringer published his manifesto vom vers zur konstellation (from line to constellation), in which he declared that a poem should be "a reality in itself" rather than a statement about reality,[21] and "as easily understood as signs in airports and traffic signs".[22] The difficulty in defining such a style is admitted by Houédard''s statement that "a printed concrete poem is ambiguously both typographic-poetry and poetic-typography".[23] en-wikipedia-org-3009 If Carew was more than fifty years of age, he must have died during or after 1645, and in fact there were final additions made to his Poems in the third edition of 1651. More recently, Carew''s place among the Cavalier Poets has been examined, as have his poetic affinities with Ben Jonson and John Donne; "A Rapture" has been scrutinized as both biography and fantasy; the funerary poetry has been studied as a subgenre; evidence of Carew''s views concerning political hierarchy has been found in his occasional verse; and love and courtship have been probed as themes in the "Celia" poems. The works of Thomas Carew: reprinted from the original edition of MDCXL (1640). Poems by Thomas Carew at PoetryFoundation.org The poems and masque of Thomas Carew edited by Joseph Woodfall Ebsworth (1893) Poems by Thomas Carew at English Poetry Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-3034 Notable Baroque writer from this period is Gavril Stefanović Venclović who wrote numerous work in several genres and started an early language reform.[5] Other most important authors of the time are Dimitrije Ljubavić, Đorđe Branković, Andrija Zmajević, Vasilije III Petrović-Njegoš, Mojsije Putnik, Pavle Julinac, Jovan Rajić, Zaharije Orfelin Simeon Piščević, Gerasim Zelić and others.[13][14][15] According to literary historian Petar Milošević, Serbian Moderna has produced several masterful poems, chiefly authored by Vladislav Petković Dis, Jovan Dučić, Milan Rakić, Sima Pandurović and the first half of Milutin Bojić''s "Ode to a Blue Sea Tomb".[37] The most well known authors are Ivo Andrić (he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1961),[43] Miloš Crnjanski,[43] Meša Selimović, Vladan Desnica, Oskar Davičo,[42] Borislav Pekić, Branko Miljković, Danilo Kiš, Milorad Pavić, David Albahari, Miodrag Bulatović,[43] Radomir Konstantinović,[43] Mihailo Lalić,[43] Branko Ćopić,[43] Igor Marojević, Miroslav Josić Višnjić, Dobrica Ćosić,[43] and many others. en-wikipedia-org-3036 Old Norse literature Wikipedia Old Norse literature History of literature Old Norse literature refers to the vernacular literature of the Scandinavian peoples up to c. Some Old Norse poetry survives relating to this period. Besides these Icelandic sagas a few examples, sometimes fragmentary, of Norse poetry composed in Scotland survive.[2] Among the runic inscriptions at Maeshowe is a text identified as irregular verse.[3] Scandinavian cultural contacts in the Danelaw also left legacies in literature. Norse sagas Old Icelandic Homily Book Old Norse poetry Scandinavian literature Danish literature Faroese literature Icelandic literature Norwegian literature Swedish literature Old Norse Prose and Poetry from heimskringla.no Old Norse Scottish Gaelic Turkish Cypriot This article about literature from a country or region is a stub. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Norse_literature&oldid=991872030" Categories: Old Norse literature Early Germanic literature Literature by country stubs Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-3040 Opera is a form of theatre in which music has a leading role and the parts are taken by singers, but is distinct from musical theatre.[1] Such a "work" (the literal translation of the Italian word "opera") is typically a collaboration between a composer and a librettist[2] and incorporates a number of the performing arts, such as acting, scenery, costume, and sometimes dance or ballet. Opera originated in Italy at the end of the 16th century (with Jacopo Peri''s mostly lost Dafne, produced in Florence in 1598) especially from works by Claudio Monteverdi, notably L''Orfeo, and soon spread through the rest of Europe: Heinrich Schütz in Germany, Jean-Baptiste Lully in France, and Henry Purcell in England all helped to establish their national traditions in the 17th century. This situation continued throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, including in the work of Michael William Balfe, and the operas of the great Italian composers, as well as those of Mozart, Beethoven, and Meyerbeer, continued to dominate the musical stage in England. en-wikipedia-org-305 Eliot began writing "Prufrock" in February 1910, and it was first published in the June 1915 issue of Poetry: A Magazine of Verse[2] at the instigation of Ezra Pound (1885–1972). The poem''s structure was heavily influenced by Eliot''s extensive reading of Dante Alighieri[4] and makes several references to the Bible and other literary works—including William Shakespeare''s plays Henry IV Part II, Twelfth Night, and Hamlet, the poetry of seventeenth-century metaphysical poet Andrew Marvell, and the nineteenth-century French Symbolists. en-wikipedia-org-3064 However, Dracula''s scholar Elizabeth Miller has remarked that aside from the name and some mention of Romanian history, the background of Stoker''s Count bears no resemblance to that of Vlad III Dracula.[9] From 1890 to 1897 Stoker was a member of the London Library, where markings in Sabine Baring-Gould''s "Book of Were-Wolves", Thomas Browne''s "Pseudodoxica Epidemica", AF Crosse''s "Round About the Carpathians" and Charles Boner''s "Transylvania" are attributed to Stoker''s research for Dracula.[10] Also some 1896 New York World clippings about Mercy Brown were found amongst Stoker''s papers, but it is unsure how much the case could have influenced the novel.[11] Later he also claimed that he had a nightmare, caused by eating too much crab meat, about a "vampire king" rising from his grave.[12] en-wikipedia-org-3075 Poet and playwright William Shakespeare (1564 – 1616) is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and one of the world''s greatest dramatists.[5][6][7] His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.[8] In the nineteenth century Sir Walter Scott''s historical romances inspired a generation of painters, composers, and writers throughout Europe.[9] It was in the Victorian era (1837–1901) that the novel became the leading literary genre in English.[115] Women played an important part in this rising popularity both as authors and as readers,[116] and monthly serialising of fiction also encouraged this surge in popularity, further upheavals which followed the Reform Act of 1832".[117] This was in many ways a reaction to rapid industrialization, and the social, political, and economic issues associated with it, and was a means of commenting on abuses of government and industry and the suffering of the poor, who were not profiting from England''s economic prosperity.[118] Significant early examples of this genre include Sybil, or The Two Nations (1845) by Benjamin Disraeli, and Charles Kingsley''s Alton Locke (1849). en-wikipedia-org-3076 The Spectator was a daily publication founded by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele in England, lasting from 1711 to 1712. Women specifically were also a target audience for The Spectator, because one of the aims of the periodical was to increase the number of women who were "of a more elevated life and conversation." Steele states in The Spectator, No. 10, "But there are none to whom this paper will be more useful than to the female world."[3] He recommends that readers of the paper consider it "as a part of the tea-equipage" and set aside time to read it each morning.[4] The Spectator sought to provide readers with topics for well-reasoned discussion, and to equip them to carry on conversations and engage in social interactions in a polite manner.[5] In keeping with the values of Enlightenment philosophies of their time, the authors of The Spectator promoted family, marriage, and courtesy. en-wikipedia-org-3081 Percy Bysshe Shelley (/bɪʃ/ (listen) BISH;[1][2] 4 August 1792 – 8 July 1822) was one of the major English Romantic poets.[3] Harold Bloom calls him "a superb craftsman, a lyric poet without rival, and surely one of the most advanced sceptical intellects ever to write a poem."[4] A radical in his poetry as well as in his political and social views, Shelley did not achieve fame during his lifetime, but recognition of his achievements in poetry grew steadily following his death and he became an important influence on subsequent generations of poets including Browning, Swinburne, Hardy and Yeats.[5] It was hastily withdrawn after publication due to fears of prosecution for religious libel, and was re-edited and reissued as The Revolt of Islam in January 1818.[79] Shelley also published two political tracts under a pseudonym: A Proposal for putting Reform to the Vote throughout the Kingdom (March 1817) and An Address to the People on the Death of Princess Charlotte (November 1817)[80] In December he wrote "Ozymandias" as part of a competition with friend and fellow poet Horace Smith, which is considered to be one of his finest sonnets.[81][82] en-wikipedia-org-3082 Richard Brinsley Butler Sheridan (30 October 1751 – 7 July 1816) was an Irish satirist, a playwright, poet, and long-term owner of the London Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. She had two plays produced in London in the early 1760s, though she is best known for her novel The Memoirs of Miss Sidney Biddulph (1761).[1] His father, Thomas Sheridan, was for a while an actor-manager at the Smock Alley Theatre in Dublin, but following his move to England in 1758 he gave up acting and wrote several books on the subject of education, especially the standardisation of the English language in education.[2] In 1825 the Irish writer Thomas Moore published a sympathetic two-volume biography, Memoirs of the Life of Richard Brinsley Sheridan, which became a major influence on subsequent perceptions. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Richard Brinsley Sheridan. Works by Richard Brinsley Sheridan (illustrator) at Faded Page (Canada) Plays by Richard Brinsley Sheridan en-wikipedia-org-3089 By naming Edward King "Lycidas," Milton follows "the tradition of memorializing a loved one through Pastoral poetry, a practice that may be traced from ancient Greek Sicily through Roman culture and into the Christian Middle Ages and early Renaissance."[2] Milton describes King as "selfless," even though he was of the clergy – a statement both bold and, at the time, controversial among lay people: "Through allegory, the speaker accuses God of unjustly punishing the young, selfless King, whose premature death ended a career that would have unfolded in stark contrast to the majority of the ministers and bishops of the Church of England, whom the speaker condemns as depraved, materialistic, and selfish."[2] en-wikipedia-org-3094 Alton Locke Wikipedia Jump to navigation This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Find sources: "Alton Locke" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) First edition title page Alton Locke is an 1850 novel, by Charles Kingsley, written in sympathy with the Chartist movement, in which Carlyle is introduced as one of the personages. This article about an 1850s novel is a stub. Further suggestions might be found on the article''s talk page. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alton_Locke&oldid=815804502" Novels by Charles Kingsley Novels by Charles Kingsley Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources All stub articles This page was last edited on 17 December 2017, at 07:11 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-3106 1400[2] – February 3, 1468) was a German goldsmith, inventor, printer, and publisher who introduced printing to Europe with his mechanical movable-type printing press. By 1450, the press was in operation, and a German poem had been printed, possibly the first item to be printed there.[18] Gutenberg was able to convince the wealthy moneylender Johann Fust for a loan of 800 guilders. In 1952, the United States Postal Service issued a five hundredth anniversary stamp commemorating Johannes Gutenberg invention of the movable-type printing press. While the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition had attributed the invention of the printing press to Coster, the more recent editions of the work attribute it to Gutenberg to reflect, as it says, the common consent that has developed in the 20th century. Johannes Gutenberg and the Printing Press. Mainz: Printed by Johann Gutenberg? en-wikipedia-org-3118 "Ode on a Grecian Urn" is a poem written by the English Romantic poet John Keats in May 1819, first published anonymously in Annals of the Fine Arts for 1819[1] (see 1820 in poetry). He seems to have been averse to all speculative thought, and his only creed, we fear, was expressed in the words— Beauty is truth,—truth beauty".[47] The 1857 Encyclopædia Britannica contained an article on Keats by Alexander Smith, which stated: "Perhaps the most exquisite specimen of Keats'' poetry is the ''Ode to the Grecian Urn''; it breathes the very spirit of antiquity,—eternal beauty and eternal repose."[48] During the mid-19th century, Matthew Arnold claimed that the passage describing the little town "is Greek, as Greek as a thing from Homer or Theocritus; it is composed with the eye on the object, a radiancy and light clearness being added."[49] A. Richards, an English literary critic who analysed Keats''s poems in 1929, relied on the final lines of the "Ode on a Grecian Urn" to discuss "pseudo-statements" in poetry: en-wikipedia-org-3135 Joseph Andrews, or The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of his Friend Mr. Abraham Adams, was the first full-length novel by the English author Henry Fielding to be published and among the early novels in the English language. As becomes apparent from the first few chapters of the novel, in which Richardson and Cibber are parodied mercilessly, the real germ of Joseph Andrews is Fielding''s objection to the moral and technical limitations of the popular literature of his day. Joseph Andrews, a stage adaptation of the first and fourth books of the novel, was written by Samuel Jackson Pratt and performed on 20 April 1778 at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. "Henry Fielding: The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of his Friend Mr. Abraham Adams". Fielding, Henry Joseph Andrews with Shamela and Related Writings. Fielding, Henry Joseph Andrews and Shamela. Fielding, Henry Joseph Andrews and Shamela. en-wikipedia-org-314 Tess of the d''Urbervilles: A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented is a novel by Thomas Hardy. Though now considered a major 19th-century English novel, even Hardy''s fictional masterpiece,[2] Tess of the d''Urbervilles received mixed reviews when it first appeared, in part because it challenged the sexual morals of late Victorian England. 2008: A four-hour BBC adaptation, written by David Nicholls, aired in the United Kingdom in September and October 2008 (in four parts),[29] and in the United States on the PBS series Masterpiece Classic in January 2009 (in two parts).[30] The cast included Gemma Arterton (Tess), Hans Matheson (Alec), Eddie Redmayne (Angel), Ruth Jones (Joan), Anna Massey (Mrs d''Urberville), and Kenneth Cranham (Reverend James Clare).[31][32] ^ "Review: Tess of the d''Urbervilles: a Pure Woman Faithfully Presented by Thomas Hardy". ^ Tess of the D''Urbervilles – Thomas Hardy''s classic novel for BBC One. Thomas Hardy''s Tess of the d''Urbervilles (1891) en-wikipedia-org-3175 Adrian Henri (10 April 1932 – 20 December 2000) was a British poet and painter[1] best remembered as the founder of poetry-rock group the Liverpool Scene and as one of three poets in the best-selling anthology The Mersey Sound, along with Brian Patten and Roger McGough. The Liverpool Scene[edit] ^ "Poet Adrian Henri dies in his beloved Liverpool". Footage of Adrian Henri performing live with The Liverpool Scene Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-3176 Old English (Englisc, pronounced [ˈeŋɡliʃ]), or Anglo-Saxon,[1] is the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. Old English developed from a set of Anglo-Frisian or Ingvaeonic dialects originally spoken by Germanic tribes traditionally known as the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. Old English is a West Germanic language, developing out of Ingvaeonic (also known as North Sea Germanic) dialects from the 5th century. The strength of the Viking influence on Old English appears from the fact that the indispensable elements of the language – pronouns, modals, comparatives, pronominal adverbs (like "hence" and "together"), conjunctions and prepositions – show the most marked Danish influence; the best evidence of Scandinavian influence appears in the extensive word borrowings for, as Jespersen indicates, no texts exist in either Scandinavia or in Northern England from this time to give certain evidence of an influence on syntax. en-wikipedia-org-3181 James and the Giant Peach is a popular children''s novel written in 1961 by British author Roald Dahl. Though Roald Dahl declined numerous offers during his life to have a film version of James and the Giant Peach produced, his widow, Felicity Dahl, approved an offer to have a film adaptation produced in conjunction with Disney in the mid-1990s.[8] It was directed by Henry Selick and produced by Denise Di Novi and Tim Burton, both of whom previously produced The Nightmare Before Christmas. Felicity Dahl said that, "I think Roald would have been delighted with what they did with James."[8] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a positive review, praising the animated part, but calling the live-action segments "crude."[11] The movie was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Musical or Comedy Score (by Randy Newman). In May 2020, in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, Taika Waititi, the Oscar-winning director, worked with the Roald Dahl Story Company to publish audio-visual readings of the book. en-wikipedia-org-3188 Thomas Bradwardine was the archbishop of Canterbury, and his book On the Cause of God against the Pelagians, a bold recovery of the Pauline-Augustine doctrine of grace, would greatly shape young Wycliffe''s views,[11] as did the Black Death which reached England in the summer of 1348.[12] From his frequent references to it in later life, it appears to have made a deep and abiding impression upon him. On 22 May 1377 Pope Gregory XI sent five copies of a bull against Wycliffe, dispatching one to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the others to the Bishop of London, King Edward III, the Chancellor, and the university; among the enclosures were 18 theses of his, which were denounced as erroneous and dangerous to Church and State. en-wikipedia-org-3189 They were featured in a 1967 book The Liverpool Scene edited by Edward Lucie-Smith, with a blurb by Ginsberg and published by Donald Carroll. Other related poets include the Londoner Pete Brown (who wrote lyrics for Cream), Pete Morgan and Alan Jackson (both associated with the 1960s Edinburgh poetry scene), Tom Pickard and Barry MacSweeney (both from Newcastle), Spike Hawkins, Jim Bennett, Heather Holden, Mike Evans, Pete Roche and Henry Graham. The anthology The Mersey Sound was published by Penguin in 1967, containing the poems of Adrian Henri, Roger McGough and Brian Patten, and has remained in print ever since, selling in excess of 500,000 copies. The Liverpool Scene was a poetry band, which included Adrian Henri, Andy Roberts, Mike Evans, Mike Hart, Percy Jones and Brian Dodson. It grew out of the success of The Incredible New Liverpool Scene, a CBS LP featuring Henri and McGough reading their work, with accompaniment by the guitarist Roberts. en-wikipedia-org-3200 In 1700, his family moved to a small estate at Popeswood in Binfield, Berkshire, close to the royal Windsor Forest.[3] This was due to strong anti-Catholic sentiment and a statute preventing "Papists" from living within 10 miles (16 km) of London or Westminster.[6] Pope would later describe the countryside around the house in his poem Windsor Forest.[7] Pope''s formal education ended at this time, and from then on, he mostly educated himself by reading the works of classical writers such as the satirists Horace and Juvenal, the epic poets Homer and Virgil, as well as English authors such as Geoffrey Chaucer, William Shakespeare and John Dryden.[3] He studied many languages and read works by English, French, Italian, Latin, and Greek poets. At the time the poem was published, the heroic couplet style in which it was written was a moderately new poetic form, and Pope''s work was an ambitious attempt to identify and refine his own positions as a poet and critic. en-wikipedia-org-3209 The Mayor of Casterbridge First edition title page The Mayor of Casterbridge: The Life and Death of a Man of Character is an 1886 novel by the English author Thomas Hardy. One of Hardy''s Wessex novels, it is set in a fictional rural England with Casterbridge standing in for Dorchester in Dorset where the author spent his youth. At a country fair near Casterbridge in Wessex Michael Henchard, a 21-year-old hay-trusser, argues with his wife Susan. Thomas Hardy''s Mayor of Casterbridge: Tragedy or Social History?. Thomas Hardy''s The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886) Thomas Hardy''s The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886) en-wikipedia-org-321 Liz Stanley, Andrea Salter & Helen Dampier (2013), ''Olive Schreiner, Epistolary Practices and Microhistories, Cultural and Social History, 10:4, 577–597.[13] ''I Just Express My Views & Leave Them to Work'': Olive Schreiner as a Feminist Protagonist in a Masculine Political Landscape with Figures'' by Liz Stanley and Helen Dampier. Helen Dampier''s article, ''Re-Readings of Olive Schreiner''s Letters to Karl Pearson: Against Closure'', OSLP Working Papers on Letters, Letterness & Epistolary Networks No 3, University of Edinburgh, pp. ''"Her letters cut are generally nothing of interest": the Heterotopic Persona of Olive Schreiner and the Alterity-Persona of Cronwright-Schreiner'', an article by Liz Stanley and Andrea Salter in English in Africa, Volume 36, Number 2, 1 October 2009, pp. Liz Stanley''s article, ''Shadows lying across her pages: epistolary aspects of reading ''the eventful I'' in Olive Schreiner''s letters'' in Journal of European Studies (2002).[19] Krebs'' article, ''Olive Schreiner''s Racialization of South Africa'' in Victorian Studies Vol. 40, No. 3 (Spring, 1997), pp. en-wikipedia-org-3219 After a series of long poems published in the early 1870s, of which Balaustion''s Adventure and Red Cotton Night-Cap Country were the best-received,[29] the volume Pacchiarotto, and How He Worked in Distemper included an attack against Browning''s critics, especially Alfred Austin, who was later to become Poet Laureate. Browning is now popularly known for such poems as Porphyria''s Lover, My Last Duchess, How They Brought the Good News from Ghent to Aix, and The Pied Piper of Hamelin, and also for certain famous lines: "Grow old along with me!" (Rabbi Ben Ezra), "A man''s reach should exceed his grasp" and "Less is more" (Andrea Del Sarto), "It was roses, roses all the way" (The Patriot), and "God''s in His heaven—All''s right with the world!" (Pippa Passes). One such example used by teachers today is his satirisation of the sadistic attitude in his Soliloquy in a Spanish Cloister.[34] Ian Jack, in his introduction to the Oxford University Press edition of Browning''s poems 1833–1864, comments that Thomas Hardy, Rudyard Kipling, Ezra Pound and T. en-wikipedia-org-3231 Georges-Antoine Klein, an agent who became ill and died aboard Conrad''s steamer, is proposed by literary critics as a basis for Kurtz.[8] The principal figures involved in the disastrous "rear column" of the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition have also been identified as likely sources, including column leader Edmund Musgrave Barttelot, slave trader Tippu Tip and the expedition leader, Welsh explorer Henry Morton Stanley.[9][10] Conrad''s biographer Norman Sherry judged that Arthur Hodister (1847–1892), a Belgian solitary but successful trader, who spoke three Congolese languages and was venerated by the Congolese villagers among whom he worked to the point of deification, served as the main model, while later scholars have refuted this hypothesis.[11][12][13] Adam Hochschild, in King Leopold''s Ghost, believes that the Belgian soldier Léon Rom influenced the character.[14] Peter Firchow mentions the possibility that Kurtz is a composite, modelled on various figures present in the Congo Free State at the time as well as on Conrad''s imagining of what they might have had in common.[15] en-wikipedia-org-3233 Clarence Malcolm Lowry (/ˈlaʊri/; 28 July 1909 – 26 June 1957) was an English poet and novelist who is best known for his 1947 novel Under the Volcano, which was voted No. 11 in the Modern Library 100 Best Novels list.[1] In addition, Eridanus (the name Lowry gave his West Coast surroundings, referring "to both the stellar constellation and mythical river to which Faeton was cast down by gods")[19] seems to consist of the story collection Hear Us Oh Lord From Heaven Thy Dwelling Place, the poems of The Lighthouse Invites the Storm, and "other tales, poems, a play, etc."[20] As well, The Ordeal of Sigbjorn Wilderness was a novel he planned after spending time in a hospital after breaking his leg in 1949: "His experiences there due to a mixture of alcohol withdrawal and drugs were as traumatic as his time in Bellevue in 1936. "''Lost'' Malcolm Lowry novel published for the first time". en-wikipedia-org-325 The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, in which the Latin word Anglii is used.[20] The etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars; it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape.[21] How and why a term derived from the name of a tribe that was less significant than others, such as the Saxons, came to be used for the entire country and its people is not known, but it seems this is related to the custom of calling the Germanic people in Britain Angli Saxones or English Saxons to distinguish them from continental Saxons (Eald-Seaxe) of Old Saxony between the Weser and Eider rivers in Northern Germany.[22] In Scottish Gaelic, another language which developed on the island of Great Britain, the Saxon tribe gave their name to the word for England (Sasunn);[23] similarly, the Welsh name for the English language is "Saesneg". en-wikipedia-org-3252 Their operas have enjoyed broad and enduring international success and are still performed frequently throughout the English-speaking world.[5][6] Gilbert and Sullivan introduced innovations in content and form that directly influenced the development of musical theatre through the 20th century.[7] The operas have also influenced political discourse, literature, film and television and have been widely parodied and pastiched by humorists. At a rehearsal for one of these entertainments, Ages Ago, in 1870, the composer Frederic Clay introduced Gilbert to his friend, the young composer Arthur Sullivan.[13][14] Over the next year, before the two first collaborated, Gilbert continued to write humorous verse, stories and plays, including the comic operas Our Island Home (1870) and A Sensation Novel (1871), and the blank verse comedies The Princess (1870), The Palace of Truth (1870) and Pygmalion and Galatea (1871). Osmond Carr.[88] Meanwhile, the Savoy Theatre continued to revive the Gilbert and Sullivan operas, in between new pieces, and D''Oyly Carte touring companies also played them in repertory. en-wikipedia-org-3256 They became known as a team early in their association, so much so that their joined names were applied to the total canon of Fletcher, including his solo works and the plays he composed with various other collaborators including Philip Massinger and Nathan Field. Frontispiece from Comedies and tragedies, Beaumont, F., & Fletcher, J., 1647, State Library of New South Wales, DSM-Q822.35-B Beaumont/Fletcher plays, later revised by Massinger: The play is more Beaumont''s than it is Fletcher''s. Beaumont also dominates in The Maid''s Tragedy, The Noble Gentleman, Philaster, and The Woman Hater. In contrast, The Captain, The Coxcomb, Cupid''s Revenge, Beggars'' Bush, and The Scornful Lady contain more of Fletcher''s work than Beaumont''s. The cases of Thierry and Theodoret and Love''s Cure are somewhat confused by Massinger''s revision; but in these plays too, Fletcher appears the dominant partner. Wikiquote has quotations related to: Beaumont and Fletcher en-wikipedia-org-3261 Because Belgium is a multilingual country,[note 1] Belgian literature is divided into two main linguistic branches following the two most prominently spoken languages in the country Dutch and French. Some literature also exists in the regional languages of Belgium, with published works in both the Walloon language, which is related to French, and also in various regional Flemish or Dutch-related dialects. 1 Belgian literature in Dutch 2 Belgian literature in French Belgian literature in Dutch[edit] Belgian literature in French[edit] Belgian literature in Walloon[edit] But this theater remains popular in present-day Wallonia: Theatre is still flourishing with over 200 non-professional companies playing in the cities and villages of Wallonia for an audience of over 200,000 each year.[4] Jacques Ancion wanted to develop a regular adult audience.[5] This regional literature most commonly deals with local folklore and ancient traditions, the most prominent Walloon author being Arthur Masson.[6][7] en-wikipedia-org-3271 August Wilhelm (after 1812: von) Schlegel (/ˈʃleɪɡəl/; German: [ˈʃleːgl̩]; 8 September 1767 – 12 May 1845), usually cited as August Schlegel, was a German poet, translator and critic, and with his brother Friedrich Schlegel the leading influence within Jena Romanticism. His translations of Shakespeare turned the English dramatist''s works into German classics.[3] Schlegel was also the professor of Sanskrit in Continental Europe and produced a translation of the Bhagavad Gita. This was followed by his 1832 work Reflections on the Study of the Asiatic Languages.[3][4] Schlegel''s translation of Shakespeare, begun in Jena, was ultimately completed, under the superintendence of Ludwig Tieck, by Tieck''s daughter Dorothea and Wolf Heinrich Graf von Baudissin. ^ a b c d Hay, Katia D., "August Wilhelm von Schlegel", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2010 Edition), Edward N. Wikisource has the text of the Nuttall Encyclopædia article Schlegel, August Wilhelm von. en-wikipedia-org-328 The statue of the Sphinx is the place where the Morlocks hide the time machine and references the Sphinx in the story of Oedipus who gives a riddle that he must first solve before he can pass.[19] The Sphinx appeared on the cover of the first London edition as requested by Wells and would have been familiar to his readers.[17] In 1960, the novella was made into an American science fiction film, also known promotionally as H.G. Wells''s The Time Machine. It was a modernization of the Wells''s story, making the Time Traveller a 1970s scientist working for a fictional US defence contractor, "the Mega Corporation". Classics Illustrated was the first to adapt The Time Machine into a comic book format, issuing an American edition in July 1956. Paul Schullery''s The Time Traveller''s Tale: Chronicle of a Morlock Captivity (2012) continues the story in the voice and manner of the original Wells book. en-wikipedia-org-3288 Although critics have contended that the quality of its contents declined after Beardsley left and that The Yellow Book became a vehicle for promoting the work of Lane''s authors, a remarkably high standard in both art and literature was maintained until the periodical ceased publication in the spring of 1897. The Yellow Book differed from other periodicals in that it was issued clothbound, made a strict distinction between the literary and art contents (only in one or two instances were these connected), did not include serial fiction, and contained no advertisements except publishers'' lists. [They] will be quite separate".[17] The equilibrium which The Yellow Book poses between art and text is emphasized by the separate title pages before each individual work whether literary or pictorial. The cover for the final edition of the Yellow Book (published in April 1897) was designed by Mabel Syrett.[22] en-wikipedia-org-3291 Wit Wikipedia Wit is a form of intelligent humour, the ability to say or write things that are clever and usually funny. [1] Someone witty is a person who is skilled at making clever and funny remarks.[1][2] Forms of wit include the quip, repartee, and wisecrack. Forms[edit] Wit in poetry is characteristic of metaphysical poetry as a style, and was prevalent in the time of English playwright Shakespeare, who admonished pretension with the phrase "Better a witty fool than a foolish wit".[4] It may combine word play with conceptual thinking, as a kind of verbal display requiring attention, without intending to be laugh-aloud funny; in fact wit can be a thin disguise for more poignant feelings that are being versified. Oxford Wits Wit (play) Wit (film) Wikiquote has quotations related to: Wit Comedy of humours Musical theatre Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-3299 The lost world is a subgenre of the fantasy or science fiction genres that involves the discovery of an unknown world out of time, place, or both. Favorite locations were the interior of Africa (many of Haggard''s novels, Burroughs'' Tarzan novels) or inland South America (Doyle''s The Lost World, Merritt''s The Face in the Abyss), as well as Central Asia (Kipling''s The Man Who Would Be King, Haggard''s Ayesha, the Return of She, Merritt''s The Metal Monster, Hilton''s Lost Horizon) and Australia (James Francis Hogan''s The Lost Explorer and Eureka by Owen Hall (pseudonym of New Zealand politician Hugh Lusk)). Titles were selected from drawn from 333: A Bibliography of the Science-Fantasy Novel, Jessica Amanda Salmonson''s Lost Race checklist and E. Lost worlds in Central America[edit] Lost worlds in South America[edit] "Lost Worlds" at The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction – with linked entries on "Lost Races" and related themes en-wikipedia-org-3328 Some readings of the poem see the wanderer as progressing through three phases; first as the anhoga (solitary man) who dwells on the deaths of other warriors and the funeral of his lord, then as the modcearig man (man troubled in mind) who meditates on past hardships and on the fact that mass killings have been innumerable in history, and finally as the snottor on mode (man wise in mind) who has come to understand that life is full of hardships, impermanence, and suffering, and that stability only resides with God. Other readings accept the general statement that the exile does come to understand human history, his own included, in philosophical terms, but would point out that the poem has elements in common with "The Battle of Maldon", a poem about a battle in which an Anglo-Saxon troop was defeated by Viking invaders.[6] In John Josias Conybeare''s 1826 compilation of Anglo Saxon poetry, The Wanderer was erroneously treated as part of the preceding poem Juliana.[11] It was not until 1842 that it was identified as a separate work, in its first print edition, by the pioneering Anglo-Saxonist Benjamin Thorpe. en-wikipedia-org-3339 View source for English literature Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature" en-wikipedia-org-3342 Old and Middle Breton literature[edit] Many Old Breton extant words are glosses in Latin manuscripts from the 9th and 10th centuries, now scattered in libraries and collections throughout Europe. The manuscript itself is a fragment of medicinal recipes composed of plants suggesting that Breton may well have been used by people of learning at the turn of the 11th century.[3] Another early known piece of Breton literature is found in the margins of a 14th-century Latin manuscript, scribbled by a scribe weary of his toil and mind on more immediate concerns, he left for posterity a four line love poem, the first two lines beginning: Before the literary revival movement promoted by Gwalarn in the early 20th century, most literature in Breton consisted of religious writings.[4] Categories: Breton-language literature Middle Breton literature en-wikipedia-org-3343 File:PortraitOfACD.JPG Wikipedia English: Portrait of Arthur conan doyle by Sidney Paget.c. 1890 This is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional, public domain work of art. This work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the author''s life plus 70 years or fewer. {{PD-Art}} template without license parameter: please specify why the underlying work is public domain in both the source country and the United States Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. 13:26, 31 May 2009 322 × 420 (78 KB) Goodmanjoon {{Information |Description={{en|1=Portrait of Arthur conan doyle by Sidney Paget.c. 1890}} |Source=www.artinblood.com |Author=sydney paget |Date= |Permission= |other_versions= }} The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): File change date and time 20:48, 28 April 2020 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PortraitOfACD.JPG" en-wikipedia-org-3345 Macedonian literature (Macedonian: македонска книжевност) begins with the Ohrid Literary School in the First Bulgarian Empire (nowadays North Macedonia) in 886. These first written works in the dialects of the Macedonian recension were religious.[1] The school was established by St. Clement of Ohrid.[2][3] The Macedonian recension at that time was part of the Old Church Slavonic and it didn''t represent one regional dialect but a generalized form of early eastern South Slavic.[4] The standardization of the Macedonian language in the 20 century provided good ground for further development of the modern Macedonian literature and this period is the richest one in the history of the literature itself. After World War II, under the new Yugoslav SR Macedonia, the scholar Blaze Koneski and others were charged with the task of standardizing Macedonian as the official literary language. en-wikipedia-org-3351 There is no record of the first performance of the mystery plays, but they were recorded as celebrating the festival of Corpus Christi in York in 1376, by which time the use of pageant wagons had already been established. With Ray Stevenson in the role of Christ and Rory Mulvihill (Jesus in 1996) as Satan, the production was the most expensive and wide-reaching project in the history of the plays'' modern revival.[11] The first half began in heaven with the story of the fall of Lucifer, followed by the creation of the world, the fall of Adam and Eve, Noah''s Ark (with impressive and memorable representations of the animals and the flood) and the story of Abraham and Isaac. en-wikipedia-org-3362 Find sources: "European dragon" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) In and after the early Middle Ages, the European dragon is typically depicted as a large, fire-breathing, scaly, horned, lizard-like creature; the creature also has leathery, bat-like wings, four legs, and a long, muscular prehensile tail. In the modern period and late medieval times, the European dragon is typically depicted as a huge fire-breathing, scaly, and horned lizard-like creature, with wings (usually leathery bat-like, sometimes feathered), two or four legs, and a long muscular tail. en-wikipedia-org-3367 Log in Wikipedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Username Password Keep me logged in (for up to 365 days) Help with logging in Don''t have an account?Join Wikipedia Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:UserLogin" Navigation menu Personal tools Talk Create account Log in Log in Log in Log in Namespaces Variants Views Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article Contact us Donate Contribute Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Tools Upload file Upload file Special pages Special pages Printable version Languages Privacy policy About Wikipedia About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Mobile view Developers Statistics Cookie statement en-wikipedia-org-3368 Set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy (Ilium) by a coalition of Mycenean Greek states (Achaeans), it tells of the battles and events during the weeks of a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles. Hector – Prince of Troy, son of King Priam, and the foremost Trojan warrior. μῆνις, mēnis, "wrath," "rage," "fury"), establishes the Iliad''s principal theme: The "Wrath of Achilles".[32] His personal rage and wounded soldier''s pride propel the story: the Achaeans'' faltering in battle, the slayings of Patroclus and Hector, and the fall of Troy. en-wikipedia-org-3369 In 1901, as Lear explains, a Potter family friend and sometime poet, Canon Hardwicke Rawnsley, set Potter''s tale into "rather dreadful didactic verse and submitted it, along with Potter''s illustrations and half her revised manuscript, to Frederick Warne & Co.," who had been among the original rejecters.[8] Warne editors declined Rawnsley''s version "but asked to see the complete Potter manuscript" – their interest stimulated by the opportunity The Tale of Peter Rabbit offered the publisher to compete with the success of Helen Bannerman''s wildly popular Little Black Sambo and other small-format children''s books then on the market. Warne''s New York office "failed to register the copyright for The Tale of Peter Rabbit in the United States"[This quote needs a citation], and unlicensed copies of the book "(from which Potter would receive no royalties) began to appear in the spring of 1903. en-wikipedia-org-3370 Another type of epic poetry is epyllion (plural: epyllia), is a brief narrative poem with a romantic or mythological theme. The first edition (1835) of the Finnish national epic poetry Kalevala by Elias Lönnrot The first epics were products of preliterate societies and oral history poetic traditions.[citation needed] Oral tradition was used alongside written scriptures to communicate and facilitate the spread of culture.[11] In these traditions, poetry is transmitted to the audience and from performer to performer by purely oral means. Milman Parry and Albert Lord have argued that the Homeric epics, the earliest works of Western literature, were fundamentally an oral poetic form. Epic: a long narrative poem in elevated style presenting characters of high position in adventures forming an organic whole through their relation to a central heroic figure and through their development of episodes important to the history of a nation or race. Media related to Epic poems at Wikimedia Commons en-wikipedia-org-3372 The languages used by authors in Nigeria are based in part on geography, with authors in the northern part of the country writing in Hausa.[1] Nigerian authors have won numerous accolades, including the Nobel Prize in Literature and the Man Booker. 1 Northern Nigerian Written Literature Northern Nigerian Written Literature[edit] Northern Nigerian written literature can be divided into 4 main periods. This period had many authors who produced books that dealt with theology, history, biography, maths, language, writing, documentaries, geography, astronomy, diplomacy and poetry. Muhammad ibn al-Sabbagh was a 17th-century scholar and author from Katsina, Northern Nigeria. Nigeria has produced a number of important writers, who have won accolades for their work, including Daniel O. Wole Soyinka was the first black African to win the Nobel Prize for literature.[4] Previously, Claude Simon and Albert Camus, born in French Madagascar and French-held Algeria, respectively, had won the prize. Categories: Nigerian literature en-wikipedia-org-3385 S. Naipaul in one of his columns.[15] However, according to Wyatt Mason of The New Yorker, although Narayan''s writings seem simple and display a lack of interest in politics, he delivers his narrative with an artful and deceptive technique when dealing with such subjects and does not entirely avoid them, rather letting the words play in the reader''s mind.[101] Srinivasa Iyengar, former vice-chancellor of Andhra University, says that Narayan wrote about political topics only in the context of his subjects, quite unlike his compatriot Mulk Raj Anand who dealt with the political structures and problems of the time.[104] Paul Brians, in his book Modern South Asian Literature in English, says that the fact that Narayan completely ignored British rule and focused on the private lives of his characters is a political statement on its own, declaring his independence from the influence of colonialism.[99] en-wikipedia-org-3389 Robert Louis Stevenson (born Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson; 13 November 1850 – 3 December 1894) was a Scottish novelist, poet and travel writer, most noted for writing Treasure Island, Kidnapped, Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, and A Child''s Garden of Verses. Largely bedridden, Stevenson described himself as living "like a weevil in a biscuit." Yet, despite ill health, during his three years in Westbourne, Stevenson wrote the bulk of his most popular work: Treasure Island, Kidnapped, Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (which established his wider reputation), The Black Arrow: A Tale of the Two Roses, A Child''s Garden of Verses and Underwoods. en-wikipedia-org-3410 Other novelists writing in the 1950s and later were: [[Anthony Powell]] whose twelve-volume cycle of novels ''''[[A Dance to the Music of Time]]'''', is a comic examination of movements and manners, power and passivity in English political, cultural and military life in the mid-20th century; [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate [[William Golding]]''s [[Allegory|allegorical]] novel ''''[[Lord of the Flies]]'''' 1954, explores how culture created by man fails, using as an example a group of British schoolboys marooned on a deserted island. Many major British playwrights in fact, either effectively began their careers with the BBC, or had works adapted for radio, including [[Caryl Churchill]] and [[Tom Stoppard]] whose "first professional production was in the fifteen-minute ''''Just Before Midnight'''' programme on BBC Radio, which showcased new dramatists".{{Citation | publisher = IRDP | url = http://www.irdp.co.uk/radiodrama.htm | first = Tim | last = Crook | title = International radio drama | place = [[United Kingdom|UK]]}}. [[John Mortimer]] made his radio debut as a dramatist in 1955, with his adaptation of his own novel ''''Like Men Betrayed'''' for the [[BBC]] [[Light Programme]]. en-wikipedia-org-3411 Frances Burney (13 June 1752 – 6 January 1840), also known as Fanny Burney and later as Madame d''Arblay, was an English satirical novelist, diarist and playwright. Frances''s father, Charles Burney, was noted for his personal charm, and even more for his talents as a musician, a musicologist, a composer and a man of letters.[7] In 1760 he moved his family to London, a decision that improved their access to the cultured elements of English society, and so their social standing.[7] They lived amidst an artistically inclined social circle that gathered round Charles at their home in Poland Street, Soho. Esther and Susanna were sent by their father to be educated in Paris, while at home Frances educated herself by reading from the family collection, including Plutarch''s Lives, works by Shakespeare, histories, sermons, poetry, plays, novels and courtesy books.[12] She drew on this material, along with her journals, when writing her first novels. en-wikipedia-org-3422 Work on that novel continued through mid-1920, when he completed Main Street, which was published on October 23, 1920.[12] His biographer Mark Schorer wrote that the phenomenal success of Main Street "was the most sensational event in twentieth-century American publishing history".[13] Lewis''s agent had the most optimistic projection of sales at 25,000 copies. Thompson initially made the accusation in 1928 regarding her work "The New Russia" and Dreiser''s "Dreiser Goes to Russia", though the New York Times also linked the dispute to competition between Dreiser and Lewis over the Nobel Prize.[24][25] Dreiser fired back that Sinclair''s 1928 novel Arrowsmith (adapted later that year as a feature film) was unoriginal and that Dreiser himself was first approached to write it, which was disputed by the wife of Arrowsmith''s subject, microbiologist Dr. Paul de Kruif.[26][25] The feud carried on for some months.[27] In 1944, however, Lewis campaigned to have Dreiser recognized by the American Academy of Arts and Letters.[25] en-wikipedia-org-3430 His mother, Marrie (Potgieter), an Afrikaner, operated first a general store and then a lodging house; his father, Harold Fugard, was a disabled former jazz pianist of Irish, English and French Huguenot descent.[2][9][10] In 1935, his family moved to Port Elizabeth.[11] In 1938, he began attending primary school at Marist Brothers College.[12] After being awarded a scholarship, he enrolled at a local technical college for secondary education and then studied Philosophy and Social Anthropology at the University of Cape Town,[13] but he dropped out of the university in 1953, a few months before final examinations.[2] He left home, hitchhiked to North Africa with a friend, and then spent the next two years working in east Asia on a steamer ship, the SS Graigaur,[2] where he began writing, an experience "celebrated" in his 1999 autobiographical play The Captain''s Tiger: a memoir for the stage.[14] In 1958, Fugard organised "a multiracial theatre for which he wrote, directed, and acted", writing and producing several plays for it, including No-Good Friday (1958) and Nongogo (1959), in which he and his colleague black South African actor Zakes Mokae performed.[2] In 1978, Richard Eder of The New York Times criticized Nongogo as "awkward and thin. en-wikipedia-org-3445 In her first poem as poet laureate, Duffy tackled the scandal over British MPs'' expenses in the format of a sonnet.[18] Her second, "Last Post", was commissioned by the BBC to mark the deaths of Henry Allingham and Harry Patch, the last remaining British soldiers to fight in World War I.[19] Her third, "The Twelve Days of Christmas 2009", addresses current events such as species extinction, the climate change conference in Copenhagen, the banking crisis, and the war in Afghanistan.[20] In March 2010, she wrote "Achilles (for David Beckham)" about the Achilles tendon injury that left David Beckham out of the English football team at the 2010 FIFA World Cup;[21] the poem was published in The Daily Mirror and treats modern celebrity culture as a kind of mythicisation.[22] "Silver Lining", written in April 2010, acknowledges the grounding of flights caused by the ash of the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull.[23] On 30 August 2010 she premièred her poem "Vigil" for the Manchester Pride Candlelight Vigil in memory of LGBTQ people who have lost their lives to HIV/AIDS.[24] en-wikipedia-org-3451 Esslin presents the four defining playwrights of the movement as Samuel Beckett, Arthur Adamov, Eugène Ionesco, and Jean Genet, and in subsequent editions he added a fifth playwright, Harold Pinter.[7][8] Other writers associated with this group by Esslin and other critics include Tom Stoppard,[9] Friedrich Dürrenmatt,[10] Fernando Arrabal,[11] Edward Albee,[12] Boris Vian,[13] and Jean Tardieu.[7][8][11] Though layered with a significant amount of tragedy, the Theatre of the Absurd echoes other great forms of comedic performance, according to Esslin, from Commedia dell''arte to vaudeville.[14][19] Similarly, Esslin cites early film comedians and music hall artists such as Charlie Chaplin, the Keystone Cops and Buster Keaton as direct influences. en-wikipedia-org-3456 The Ordinalia are three medieval mystery plays dating to the late fourteenth century, written primarily in Middle Cornish, with stage directions in Latin.[1] The three plays are Origo Mundi (The Origin of the World, also known as Ordinale de Origine Mundi, 2,846 lines), Passio Christi (The Passion of Christ, also known as Passio Domini Nostri Jhesu Christi, 3,242 lines) and Resurrexio Domini (The Resurrection of Our Lord also known as Ordinale de Ressurexione Domini, 2,646 lines).[1][2] The metres of these plays are various arrangements of sevenand four-syllabled lines. Beunans Meriasek, another play in the Cornish language (Origo Mundi, Passio Domini Nostri) [edition and translation] P., ''Origo Mundi, First Play of the Cornish Mystery Cycle, The Ordinalia: A New Edition'' (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington) [edition] Ordinalia: The Cornish Mystery Play Cycle, trans. en-wikipedia-org-3494 In Everyman, perhaps the archetypal morality play, the characters take on the common pattern, representing broader ideas. At the same time, most morality plays focus more on evil, while Everyman focuses more on good, highlighting sin in contrast.[4] Only five English morality plays from the medieval period are extant: The Castle of Perseverance (c.1425); Wisdom, (1460-63); Mankind (c.1470); Everyman (c.1495); the fragmentary Pride of Life (late 14th century).[5] The emphasis on works can be seen in the final speech in one of the most well-known of medieval morality plays, Everyman, in which there is a clear statement about the necessity of good works for the one who desires heaven: The Vices in post-Reformation morality plays are almost always depicted as being Catholic. Therefore, the Vice served as a central component to discrediting the Catholic Church in post-Reformation morality plays.[16] en-wikipedia-org-3500 James Joyce Quarterly Wikipedia Find sources: "James Joyce Quarterly" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The James Joyce Quarterly (JJQ) is a peer-reviewed academic journal established in 1963 that covers critical and theoretical work focusing on the life, writing, and reception of James Joyce. The journal publishes essays, notes, reviews, letters, a comprehensive checklist of recent Joyce-related publications, and, formerly, the editor''s "Raising the Wind". The site provides an archive of past issues, a resources page, links to full-text options available on JSTOR and Project MUSE, a calendar of Joyce events, and an on-line checklist. The James Joyce Quarterly was established in 1963 at the University of Tulsa by Thomas F. JJQ at The James Joyce Centre James Joyce''s The Dead (1999 musical) James Joyce Quarterly James Joyce Quarterly Categories: Works about James Joyce en-wikipedia-org-3504 Horatio Walpole (/ˈwɔːlpoʊl/), 4th Earl of Orford (24 September 1717 – 2 March 1797), also known as Horace Walpole, was an English writer, art historian, man of letters, antiquarian and Whig politician.[1] Here he struck up a friendship with Horace Mann, an assistant to the British Minister at the Court of Tuscany.[19] In Florence he also wrote Epistle from Florence to Thomas Ashton, Esq., Tutor to the Earl of Plymouth, a mixture of Whig history and Middleton''s teachings.[20] In February 1740 Walpole and Gray left for Rome with the intention of witnessing the papal conclave upon the death of Pope Clement XII (which they never did see).[21] Walpole wanted to attend fashionable parties and Gray wanted to visit all the antiquities. After Walpole''s death, Lady Louisa Stuart, in the introduction to the letters of her grandmother, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1837), wrote of rumours that Horace''s biological father was not Sir Robert Walpole but Carr, Lord Hervey (1691–1723), elder half-brother of the more famous John Hervey. en-wikipedia-org-3507 In the English Wikipedia, verifiability means other people using the encyclopedia can check that the information comes from a reliable source. Verifiability, no original research, and neutral point of view are Wikipedia''s core content policies. The burden to demonstrate verifiability lies with the editor who adds or restores material, and it is satisfied by providing an inline citation to a reliable source that directly supports[2] the contribution.[3] Attribute all quotations, and any material whose verifiability is challenged or likely to be challenged, to a reliable, published source using an inline citation. As with sources in English, if a dispute arises involving a citation to a non-English source, editors may request a quotation of relevant portions of the original source be provided, either in text, in a footnote, or on the article talk page.[11] (See Template:Request quotation.) All material in Wikipedia articles must be attributable to a reliable published source. en-wikipedia-org-3509 International Standard Book Number A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code The initial ISBN identification format was devised in 1967, based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) created in 1966. The ISBN registration group identifier is a 1to 5-digit number that is valid within a single prefix element (i.e. one of 978 or 979),[15]:11 and can be separated between hyphens, such as "978-1-...". The original 9-digit standard book number (SBN) had no registration group identifier, but prefixing a zero (0) to a 9-digit SBN creates a valid 10-digit ISBN. The web site of the ISBN agency does not offer any free method of looking up publisher codes.[45] Partial lists have been compiled (from library catalogs) for the English-language groups: identifier 0 and identifier 1. "International Standard Book Numbering (ISBN) System original 1966 report". ISO 2108: International Standard Book Number (ISBN) ISO 2108: International Standard Book Number (ISBN) en-wikipedia-org-3512 The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (later known as the Pre-Raphaelites) was a group of English painters, poets, and art critics, founded in 1848 by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, William Michael Rossetti, James Collinson, Frederic George Stephens and Thomas Woolner who formed a seven-member "Brotherhood" modelled in part on the Nazarene movement.[1] The Brotherhood was only ever a loose association and their principles were shared by other artists of the time, including Ford Madox Brown, Arthur Hughes and Marie Spartali Stillman. By autumn, four more members, painters James Collinson and Frederic George Stephens, Rossetti''s brother, poet and critic William Michael Rossetti, and sculptor Thomas Woolner, had joined to form a seven-member-strong brotherhood.[7] Ford Madox Brown was invited to join, but the more senior artist remained independent but supported the group throughout the PRB period of Pre-Raphaelitism and contributed to The Germ. en-wikipedia-org-3529 It was originally published in 1820 by Charles in London as part of the collection Prometheus Unbound, A Lyrical Drama in Four Acts, With Other Poems.[2] Perhaps more than anything else, Shelley wanted his message of reform and revolution spread, and the wind becomes the trope for spreading the word of change through the poet-prophet figure. The poem "Ode to the West Wind" consists of five sections (cantos) written in terza rima. Line 21 begins with "Of some fierce Maenad" and again the west wind is part of the second canto of the poem; here he is two things at once: first he is "dirge/Of the dying year" (23–24) and second he is "a prophet of tumult whose prediction is decisive"; a prophet who does not only bring "black rain, and fire, and hail" (28), but who "will burst" (28) it. "Structure and Development of Shelley''s ''Ode to the West Wind'' ". "Shelley''s ''Ode to the West Wind'' ". en-wikipedia-org-3530 Henry VII, founder of the House of Tudor, became King of England by defeating King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the culmination of the Wars of the Roses. Historians often depict Elizabeth''s reign as the golden age in English history in terms of political, social and cultural development, and in comparison with Continental Europe.[54][55] Calling her "Gloriana" and using the symbol of Britannia starting in 1572, marked the Elizabethan age as a renaissance that inspired national pride through classical ideals, international expansion, and naval triumph over the hated and feared Spanish.[56] It disrupted the North of England in 1536 protesting the religious reforms of Henry VIII, his Dissolution of the Monasteries and the policies of the King''s chief minister, Thomas Cromwell, as well as other specific political, social and economic grievances.[65] M. The Age of Elizabeth: England Under the Later Tudors, 1547–1603 (2nd ed 2014) wide-ranging survey of social and economic history en-wikipedia-org-3532 All British colonies, whether Crown (such as the Falkland Islands) or self-governing (such as Bermuda), were renamed "British Dependent Territories" from 1 January, 1983, per a 1981 Act of Parliament. Despite its later usage, the term "Crown colony" was used primarily, until the mid-19th century, to refer to colonies that had been acquired through wars, such as Trinidad and Tobago.[3] After that time it was more broadly applied to every British territory other than British India,[4] and self-governing colonies, such as the Province of Canada, Newfoundland, British Columbia, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, and New Zealand.[5] By this time,[clarification needed] the term "Crown colony" referred specifically to colonies lacking substantial autonomy, which were administered by an executive governor, appointed by the British Government — such as Hong Kong, before its transfer in 1997 to the People''s Republic of China. en-wikipedia-org-3535 Within the essay, Emerson divides nature into four usages: Commodity, Beauty, Language and Discipline. These distinctions define the ways by which humans use nature for their basic needs, their desire for delight, their communication with one another and their understanding of the world.[4] Emerson followed the success of Nature with a speech, "The American Scholar", which together with his previous lectures laid the foundation for transcendentalism and his literary career. Emerson believed that solitude is the single mechanism through which we can be fully engaged in the world of nature, writing "To go into solitude, a man needs to retire as much from his chamber as from society. According to Emerson, there were three spiritual problems addressed about nature for humans to solve: "What is matter? "Emerson, Ralph Waldo." The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature. "Nature" by Ralph Waldo Emerson (1836) at Oregon State University en-wikipedia-org-3541 Even if the first poems in Friulian date from the 14th century (anonymous works written in Cividale such as Piruç myò doç inculurit and Soneto furlan, close to the Italian poetic movement Dolce Stil Novo), the birth of a full flavoured Friulian literature dates back only to the 19th century, when Friuli, after the Congress of Vienna, fell entirely under the control of the Austrian empire. During this period, the most important Friulian authors were Eusebi Stele (Eusebio Stella) of Spilimbergo (1602-1671), born to a noble family, who composed poems in a playful and ironic style about his life and love adventures; and the count Ermes di Colorêt (1622-1692), notable mainly for his use of the koinè from Udine, that would become the most notable literary language and the basis of today''s standard Friulian. This century was undoubtedly poor in the development of Friulian literature, probably due to the increasing influence of Venetian language in the city of Udine. en-wikipedia-org-3553 Local points of interest include Southwark Cathedral, The Shard, Tower Bridge and the City Hall offices of the Greater London Authority. In 1327 the City obtained control from King Edward III of the manor next to the south side of London Bridge known as the Town of Southwark (called latterly the Guildable Manor—i.e., the place of taxes and tolls). Since 2009, Southwark London Borough Council has its main offices at 160 Tooley Street, having moved administrative staff from the Camberwell Town Hall.[15] To the north is the River Thames, London Bridge station and Southwark Cathedral. Borough High Street runs roughly north to south from London Bridge towards Elephant and Castle. The area has three main tube stations: Borough, Southwark nearby and one close to the river which is combined with a major railway station above, London Bridge. Southwark London Borough Council. Categories: Districts of the London Borough of Southwark en-wikipedia-org-3575 Michael John Moorcock (born 18 December 1939) is an English writer and musician, primarily of science fiction and fantasy, who has also published literary novels. His publication of Bug Jack Barron (1969) by Norman Spinrad as a serial novel was notorious; in Parliament some British MPs condemned the Arts Council for funding the magazine.[2] He is also a successful recording musician, contributing to the bands Hawkwind, Blue Öyster Cult, Spirits Burning, and his own project (Michael Moorcock & The Deep Fix). The changes range from simple retitlings (the Elric story The Flame Bringers became The Caravan of Forgotten Dreams in the 1990s Victor Gollancz/White Wolf omnibus editions) to character name changes (such as detective "Minos Aquilinas" becoming first "Minos von Bek" and later "Sam Begg" in three different versions of the short story "The Pleasure Garden of Felipe Sagittarius"),[23] major textual alterations (for example, the addition of several new chapters to The Steel Tsar in the omnibus editions), and even complete restructurings (as with the 1966 novella Behold the Man being expanded to novel-length from the original version that appeared in New Worlds for republication as a book in 1969 by Allison and Busby). en-wikipedia-org-3594 His poetry likewise was first published in 1903 and 1910 (The Poetical Works of Thomas Traherne, B.D. and Poems of Felicity).[1] His prose works include Roman Forgeries (1673), Christian Ethics (1675), and A Serious and Patheticall Contemplation of the Mercies of God (1699). In his preface to The Poetical Works, Dobell linked him with "that small group of religious poets which includes Herbert, Vaughan and Crawshaw", but distinguished him as uniquely individual and "neither a follower nor imitator of any of these".[24] In the selection of his poems that followed two years later, they were accompanied in the same volume by the ''verse-remains'' of Henry Vaughan''s twin brother Thomas (Eugenius Philalethes) and John Norris of Bemerton.[25] The reputation of the two latter was then and remains as philosophers. en-wikipedia-org-3597 Important post-WW II authors include Tove Ditlevsen (1917–1976), Klaus Rifbjerg (born 1931), Dan Turèll (1946–1993), Leif Davidsen (born 1950), Bjarne Reuter (born 1950), Peter Høeg (born 1957), Jens Christian Grøndahl (born 1959), Benny Andersen (born 1929), Anders Bodelsen (born 1937), Elsebeth Egholm (born 1960), Christian Kampmann (1939–1988), Dea Trier Mørch (1941–2001), Jakob Ejersbo (1968–2008), Jussi Adler-Olsen (born 1950), and Birgithe Kosovic (born 1972). Remembered today for his Digte (1803) and Poetiske Skrifter (1805), Oehlenschläger quickly became the leading poet in Denmark.[12] Bernhard Severin Ingemann (1789–1862) also published a collection of romantic poems before producing first a number of plays, then a successful series of novels and finally a number of fine religious poems which, after being set to music, became an important addition to the hymns sung in Danish churches.[13] en-wikipedia-org-3599 Carol Ann Shields, CC OM FRSC (June 2, 1935 – July 16, 2003) was an American-born Canadian novelist and short story writer. She is best known for her 1993 novel The Stone Diaries, which won the U.S. Pulitzer Prize for Fiction as well as the Governor General''s Award in Canada. Carol Shields won the 1998 Orange Prize for Fiction for her 1997 novel Larry''s Party. She wrote the biography entitled Jane Austen, which won the $25,000 Charles Taylor Prize for literary non-fiction in April 2002, an award accepted by her daughter Meg on her behalf in Toronto, Ontario, on April 22, 2002. In 2020, the Carol Shields Prize for Fiction was announced as a new literary award to honour writing by Canadian and American women.[8] ^ Deborah Dundas, "New $150,000 Carol Shields fiction prize ''to shine a light on women writers''". en-wikipedia-org-3603 The Short Story Prize remains the sole award from Commonwealth Writers. 4.2 Commonwealth Writers'' Prize: Best First Book (1989–2011) 4.2 Commonwealth Writers'' Prize: Best First Book (1989–2011) Commonwealth Short Story Prize[edit] Commonwealth Book Prize (2012–13)[edit] Awarded for best first book, the Commonwealth Book Prize was established in 2012 for writers who were Commonwealth citizens aged 18 or over and who have had their first novel (full-length work of fiction) published in the year of entry. The Commonwealth Book Prize was part of an initiative by the Commonwealth Foundation called Commonwealth Writers, which seeks to unearth, develop and promote the best new fiction from across the Commonwealth. Each year, prizes for Best Book (1987–2011) and Best First Book (1989–2011) were awarded in four regions: Africa, Caribbean and Canada, South Asia and Europe and South East Asia and Pacific. Commonwealth Writers'' Prize: Best First Book (1989–2011)[edit] Commonwealth Writers'' Prize: Best First Book (1989–2011)[edit] en-wikipedia-org-3615 Bleak House is a novel by Charles Dickens, first published as a 20-episode serial between March 1852 and September 1853. Scholars – such as the English legal historian Sir William Searle Holdsworth, in his 1928 series of lectures Charles Dickens as a Legal Historian published by Yale University Press – have made a plausible case for treating Dickens''s novels, and Bleak House in particular, as primary sources illuminating the history of English law. In the preface of the book edition of Bleak House, Dickens wrote: "I shall not abandon the facts until there shall have been a considerable Spontaneous Combustion of the testimony on which human occurrences are usually received." K. Chesterton are among those literary critics and writers who consider Bleak House to be the best novel that Charles Dickens wrote. Like most Dickens novels, Bleak House was published in 20 monthly instalments, each containing 32 pages of text and two illustrations by Phiz (the last two being published together as a double issue). en-wikipedia-org-363 "Rip Van Winkle" is a short story by the American author Washington Irving, first published in 1819. "Rip Van Winkle" was one of the first stories Irving proposed for his new book, The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. Following the success of Rip Van Winkle in print and on stage, later celebrated editions were illustrated by Arthur (Heinemann, 1905) and N.C. Wyeth (McKay, 1921). Finally, he encountered his younger brother, who had become an old man, and learned that he had been asleep in the cave for fifty-seven years.[9][10] According to the different sources that Diogenes relates, Epimenides lived to be 154, 157, or 299 years old.[11] Multiple sources have identified the story of Epimenides as the earliest known variant of the "Rip Van Winkle" fairy tale.[9][10][12][13][14] Tales of Washington Irving, a one-hour animated television special from 1970, presented adaptations of "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle".[25] Washington Irving''s "Rip Van Winkle" (1819) en-wikipedia-org-364 View source for English literature Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. From [[Nigerian literature|Nigeria]] a number of writers have achieved an international reputation for works in English, including novelist [[Chinua Achebe]], as well as playwright [[Wole Soyinka]]. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature" en-wikipedia-org-3647 John Suckling (poet) Wikipedia The poet inherited his father''s estate at the age of 18, having attended Trinity College, Cambridge from 1623 and enrolled at Gray''s Inn in 1627.[2] His intimates included Ben Jonson, Thomas Carew, Richard Lovelace, Thomas Nabbes and especially John Hales and Sir William Davenant, who later furnished John Aubrey with information about him.[3] In 1628, Suckling left London for France and Italy, returning before the autumn of 1630, when he was knighted. The Poems and Songs of Sir John Suckling, edited by John Gray and decorated with woodcut border and initials by Charles Ricketts, was artistically printed at the Ballantyne Press in 1896. For anecdotes of Suckling''s life see John Aubrey''s Brief Lives (Clarendon Press ed., ii.242).[3] The Works of Sir John Suckling in prose and verse. "Suckling, Sir John (bap. en-wikipedia-org-3648 Scott probably did more than any other figure to define and popularise Scottish cultural identity in the nineteenth century.[13] Other major literary figures connected with Romanticism include the poets and novelists James Hogg (1770–1835), Allan Cunningham (1784–1842) and John Galt (1779–1839).[14] One of the most significant figures of the Romantic movement, Lord Byron, was brought up in Scotland until he acquired his English title.[15] Scotland was also the location of two of the most important literary magazines of the era, The Edinburgh Review (founded in 1802) and Blackwood''s Magazine (founded in 1817), which significantly influenced the development of British literature and drama in the era of Romanticism.[16][17] Ian Duncan and Alex Benchimol suggest that publications like the novels of Scott and these magazines were part of a highly dynamic Scottish Romanticism that by the early nineteenth century, caused Edinburgh to emerge as the cultural capital of Britain and become central to a wider formation of a "British Isles nationalism."[18] en-wikipedia-org-3651 This page provides help with the most common questions about Wikipedia. You can also search all Wikipedia''s help pages using the search box below, or browse the Help menu or the Help directory. The Readers'' FAQ and our about page contain the most commonly sought information about Wikipedia. The Simplified Manual of Style and Cheatsheet can remind you of basic wiki markup. If you spot a problem with an article, you can fix it directly, by clicking on the "Edit" link at the beginning of that page. See the "edit an article" section of this page for more information. Manual of Style directory: pages related to the style manual of Wikipedia articles. Editing Wikipedia: has general help for editors. A page history shows the order in which changes were made to any editable Wikipedia page, the difference between any two versions, and a menu of special external tools. Help page en-wikipedia-org-3664 Find sources: "An Apology for the Life of Mrs. Shamela Andrews" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The novel is a sustained parody of, and direct response to, the stylistic failings and moral hypocrisy that Fielding saw in Richardson''s Pamela. From this perspective, Fielding''s work may be seen as a development of possibilities already encoded in Richardson''s work, rather than a simple attack.[6][page needed] Another novel by Fielding parodying Pamela, albeit not so explicitly, is The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and his Friend, Mr. Abraham Adams (February 1742), more commonly known as Joseph Andrews. Fielding, Henry (12 July 2008), Keymer, Thomas (ed.), Joseph Andrews and Shamela (paperback) (New ed.), Oxford, ISBN 978-0-19-953698-6 Introduction to Joseph Andrews and Shamela, by Henry Fielding, pp. en-wikipedia-org-3665 In Wallachia an important figure of the time was Ion Heliade Rădulescu, who founded the first Romanian-language journal and the Philharmonic Society, which later created the National Theatre of Bucharest. Alecsandri was a prolific writer, contributing to Romanian literature with poetry, prose, several plays, and collections of Romanian folklore. After achieving national unity in 1918, Romanian literature entered what can be called a golden age, characterized by the development of the Romanian novel. George Călinescu is another complex personality of Romanian literature: novelist, playwright, poet, literary critic and historian, essayist, journalist. He published authoritative monographs about Eminescu and Creangă, and a monumental (almost 1,000 pages in quarto) history of Romanian literature from its origin to the time of his writing (1941). An important realist writer was Mihail Sadoveanu, who wrote mainly novels which took place at various times in the history of Moldova. Translations of Romanian literature[edit] Romanian poetry Categories: Romanian literature en-wikipedia-org-3671 Derek Mahon (23 November 1941 – 1 October 2020) was an Irish poet. At his passing it was noted that his "influence in the Irish poetry community, literary world and society at large, and his legacy, is immense".[1] President of Ireland Michael D Higgins said of Mahon "he shared with his northern peers the capacity to link the classical and the contemporary but he brought also an edge that was unsparing of cruelty and wickedness." [2] Mahon pursued third level studies at Trinity College, Dublin where he edited Icarus, and formed many friendships with writers such as Michael Longley, Eavan Boland and Brendan Kennelly. Haughton, Hugh (2007) The Poetry of Derek Mahon, Oxford University Press "Derek Mahon, Belfast-born giant of Irish poetry, dies aged 78". "Derek Mahon wins this year''s Irish Times Poetry Now Award". "Derek Mahon, The Art of Poetry No. 82". en-wikipedia-org-3672 Jacobean drama continued the trend of stage violence and horror set by Elizabethan tragedy, under the influence of Seneca.[3] The complexity of some of the play''s characters, particularly Bosola and the Duchess, and Webster''s poetic language, have led many critics to consider The Duchess of Malfi among the greatest tragedies of English renaissance drama.[citation needed] Antonio escapes with their eldest son, but the Duchess, her maid, and her two younger children are returned to Malfi and die at the hands of Bosola''s executioners, who are under Ferdinand''s orders. Scene 1—The Duchess''s palace in Malfi, after some time has passed: Antonio greets the returning Delio, who has come from Rome with Ferdinand. In January 2014, Shakespeare''s Globe staged a production [20] directed by Dominic Dromgoole and starring Gemma Arterton as the Duchess, James Garnon as the Cardinal, David Dawson as Ferdinand, Alex Waldmann as Antonio, and Sean Gilder as Bosola. en-wikipedia-org-3673 But perhaps the greatest single fault of these early lexicographers was, as historian Henry Hitchings put it, that they "failed to give sufficient sense of [the English] language as it appeared in use."[5] In that sense Dr. Johnson''s dictionary was the first to comprehensively document the English lexicon. By 1747 Johnson had written his Plan of a Dictionary of the English Language, which spelled out his intentions and proposed methodology for preparing his document. ^ Advertisement in Derby Mercury 4 April 1755, page 4 ''This day is published a Dictionary of the English Language by Samuel Johnson'' Samuel Johnson A Dictionary of the English Language: An Anthology. Dictionary of the English Language Abstracted from the Folio Edition (12th ed.). "A Dictionary of the English Language: A Digital Edition of the 1755 Classic by Samuel Johnson". Samuel Johnson''s Dictionary: Selections from the 1755 Work that Defined the English Language. Johnson''s A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) en-wikipedia-org-3677 John Clare (13 July 1793 – 20 May 1864) was an English poet. John Clare Cottage[edit] Main article: John Clare Cottage Frederick Martin, The Life of John Clare, 1865 Edward Storey, A Right to Song: The Life of John Clare, London: Methuen, 1982 Vardy, John Clare, Politics and Poetry, London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2003 Adam White, John Clare''s Romanticism, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017 John Clare: A Literary Life. "A Christian Consideration of John Clare – English Poet (1793–1864)". The Life of John Clare. The Life of John Clare. ^ Complete Works of John Clare (Illustrated), Delphi Poets Series version 1 2013 Extract "Poem of the week: Autumn by John Clare". John Clare Everyman''s Poetry. "First Publications of John Clare''s Poems by David Powell". Works by John Clare at Project Gutenberg The John Clare Society The John Clare Page, chronology, poems, images, essays, bibliography, press coverage, links, etc. en-wikipedia-org-3681 The Thirteen Colonies (New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia) that would become the United States of America were administered by the British as overseas dependencies.[69] All nonetheless had local governments with elections open to most free men.[70] With extremely high birth rates, low death rates, and steady settlement, the colonial population grew rapidly, eclipsing Native American populations.[71] The Christian revivalist movement of the 1730s and 1740s known as the Great Awakening fueled interest both in religion and in religious liberty.[72] Originating within U.S. military defense networks, the Internet spread to international academic platforms and then to the public in the 1990s, greatly affecting the global economy, society, and culture.[155] Due to the dot-com boom, stable monetary policy, and reduced social welfare spending, the 1990s saw the longest economic expansion in modern U.S. history.[156] Beginning in 1994, the U.S. signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), causing trade among the U.S., Canada, and Mexico to soar.[157] en-wikipedia-org-3686 File:William Blake by Thomas Phillips.jpg Wikipedia File:William Blake by Thomas Phillips.jpg described at URL: http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw00609/William-Blake one or more third parties have made copyright claims against Wikimedia Commons in relation to the work from which this is sourced or a purely mechanical reproduction thereof. See User:Dcoetzee/NPG legal threat for original threat and National Portrait Gallery and Wikimedia Foundation copyright dispute for more information. This is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional, public domain work of art. 13:22, 22 April 2005 1,423 × 1,848 (596 KB) Duesentrieb Portrait of William Blake by Thomas Phillips, painted in 1807. The original hangs in the National Portrait Gallery, London. The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): User:Jane023/Paintings in the National Portrait Gallery Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/William Blake by Thomas Phillips Usage on el.wikipedia.org View more global usage of this file. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Blake_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg" en-wikipedia-org-369 The earliest recorded use of the term "Industrial Revolution" appears to have been in a letter from 6 July 1799 written by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise.[23] In his 1976 book Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, Raymond Williams states in the entry for "Industry": "The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen, between 1811 and 1818, and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the [19th] century." The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change was becoming more common by the late 1830s, as in Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui''s description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle.[24] Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of "an industrial revolution, a revolution which at the same time changed the whole of civil society". en-wikipedia-org-37 Dramatic monologue Wikipedia This article includes a list of general references, but it remains largely unverified because it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Dramatic monologue is a type of poetry written in the form of a speech of an individual character. M.H. Abrams notes the following three features of the dramatic monologue as it applies to poetry: Types of dramatic monologue[edit] One of the most important influences on the development of the dramatic monologue is romantic poetry. Dramatic monologues are a way of expressing the views of a character and offering the audience greater insight into that character''s feelings. The Victorian period represented the high point of the dramatic monologue in English poetry. Alfred, Lord Tennyson''s Ulysses, published in 1842, has been called the first true dramatic monologue. "Dramatic Monologue." A Glossary of Literary Terms. en-wikipedia-org-3705 Avid readers of the Holmes stories helped create the modern practice of fandom.[6] The character and stories have had a profound and lasting effect on mystery writing and popular culture as a whole, with the original tales as well as thousands written by authors other than Conan Doyle being adapted into stage and radio plays, television, films, video games, and other media for over one hundred years. Contemporary with Conan Doyle, Maurice Leblanc directly featured Holmes in his popular series about the gentleman thief, Arsène Lupin, though legal objections from Conan Doyle forced Leblanc to modify the name to "Herlock Sholmes" in reprints and later stories.[196] Famed American mystery writer John Dickson Carr collaborated with Arthur Conan Doyle''s son, Adrian Conan Doyle, on The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes, a pastiche collection from 1954.[197] In 2011, Anthony Horowitz published a Sherlock Holmes novel, The House of Silk, presented as a continuation of Conan Doyle''s work and with the approval of the Conan Doyle estate;[198] a follow-up, Moriarty, appeared in 2014.[199] The "MX Book of New Sherlock Holmes Stories" series of pastiches, edited by David Marcum and published by MX Publishing, has reached two dozen volumes and features hundreds of stories echoing the original canon which were compiled for the restoration of Undershaw and the support of Stepping Stones School, now housed in it.[200][201] en-wikipedia-org-3714 Growing genres are Latino Speculative fiction, Sci Fi, and fantasy fiction, and with their swift development comes a growth in Latino comic books and graphic novels, as documented in Latinx Rising, the first anthology of science fiction and fantasy by Latinos living in the United States.[16] Edited by Matthew Goodwin and Frederick Luis Aldama, the anthology features a range of speculative and fantasy fiction (i.e, with ghosts, aliens, superheroes, robots, talking sardines) written by Junot Diaz, Giannina Braschi, Kathleen Alcalá, Carmen Maria Machado, Ana Castillo, Edmundo Paz Soldan, and emerging Latino short story tellers such as Ernest Hogan and Sabrina Vourvoulias.[17][18] Latinx speculative, fantasy, and weird fiction bring humor to fantastical, futuristic, comedic, and stark political subjects, offering readers strange new concepts such as: Los cosmos azteca, shape shifting robots, pre-Colombian holobooks, talking sardines, and patron saints that are cybernetically wired.[16] Cultural theorist Christopher Gonzalez argues that Latinx fantasy writing provides necessary excursions into the realm of impossible in order for writers and readers to cope with 21st-century realities.[19] Latino authors write about interconnected social justice, familial, and psychological issues (i.e., colonialism, migration, racism, mass incarceration, and misogyny). en-wikipedia-org-3728 The three-fold ministry in the Apostolic Succession was maintained; the institutional continuity of the Church was preserved without break (at her accession almost all clergy had been ordained in Catholic Orders using the Roman Pontifical) by consecration of bishops in Catholics Orders, although the character of the organization was changed by the adoption of some reformed doctrines, the simplification of the outwards forms of worship and the abandonment of traditional vestments and art work; the retention of medieval Canon Law, liturgical music and a much shortened Calendar of Saints and Feast Days. en-wikipedia-org-3740 Jewish American literature Wikipedia Jewish American literature Find sources: "Jewish American literature" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Jewish American literature holds an essential place in the literary history of the United States. Four Jewish-American writers have won the Nobel Prize in Literature, Isaac Bashevis Singer, Saul Bellow, Bob Dylan and Joseph Brodsky. It has been primarily more an American than a Jewish literature. Early English Jewish literature Masterpieces of Jewish American literature. Jewish American Literature: A Norton Anthology. Fried, Lewis, Ed. Handbook of American-Jewish Literature: An Analytical Guide to Topics, Themes, and Sources. The Cambridge Companion to Jewish American Literature. Call It English: The Languages of Jewish American Literature. Comprehensive historical overview of Jewish American literature News and reviews focusing on Jewish American literature Jewish American Categories: Jewish American literature Jewish-American history Jewish American culture en-wikipedia-org-3743 Gil Kane and Archie Goodwin''s Blackmark (1971), a science fiction/sword-and-sorcery paperback published by Bantam Books, did not use the term originally; the back-cover blurb of the 30th-anniversary edition (ISBN 978-1-56097-456-7) calls it, retroactively, "the very first American graphic novel". In its earliest known citation, comic-book reviewer Richard Kyle used the term "graphic novel" in Capa-Alpha #2 (November 1964), a newsletter published by the Comic Amateur Press Alliance, and again in an article in Bill Spicer''s magazine Fantasy Illustrated #5 (Spring 1966).[31] Kyle, inspired by European and East Asian graphic albums (especially Japanese manga), used the label to designate comics of an artistically "serious" sort.[32] Following this, Spicer, with Kyle''s acknowledgment, edited and published a periodical titled Graphic Story Magazine in the fall of 1967.[31] The Sinister House of Secret Love #2 (Jan. 1972), one of DC Comics'' line of extra-length, 48-page comics, specifically used the phrase "a graphic novel of Gothic terror" on its cover.[33] en-wikipedia-org-3744 The initial version of the type in Byron''s work, Childe Harold, draws on a variety of earlier literary characters including Hamlet, Goethe''s Werther (1774), and William Godwin''s Mr. Faulkland in Caleb Williams (1794); he was also noticeably similar to René, the hero of Chateaubriand''s novella of 1802, although Byron may not have read this.[7] Ann Radcliffe''s "unrepentant" Gothic villains (beginning in 1789 with the publication of The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne, a Highland Story) also foreshadow a moody, egotistical Byronic "villain" nascent in Byron''s own juvenilia, some of which looks back to Byron''s Gordon relations, Highland aristocrats or Jacobites now lost between two worlds.[8][9] For example, in Byron''s early poem "When I Roved a Young Highlander" (1808), we see a reflection of Byron''s youthful Scottish connection, but also find these lines: Harvey concludes that Steerforth is a remarkable blend of both villain and hero, and exploration of both sides of the Byronic character. en-wikipedia-org-3747 Coetzee was the first writer to be awarded the Booker Prize twice: for Life & Times of Michael K in 1983, and for Disgrace in 1999.[22][23] As of 2020[update], four other authors have achieved this, J.G. Farrell, Peter Carey, Hilary Mantel, and Margaret Atwood. On 27 September 2005 The South African government awarded Coetzee the Order of Mapungubwe (gold class) for his "exceptional contribution in the field of literature and for putting South Africa on the world stage."[39] He holds honorary doctorates from The American University of Paris,[40] the University of Adelaide,[41] La Trobe University,[42] the University of Natal,[43] the University of Oxford,[6] Rhodes University,[44] the State University of New York at Buffalo,[34] the University of Strathclyde,[34] the University of Technology, Sydney,[45] the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań[46] and the Universidad Iberoamericana.[47] en-wikipedia-org-3748 For the first five books (Casino Royale, Live and Let Die, Moonraker, Diamonds Are Forever and From Russia, with Love) Fleming received broadly positive reviews.[100] That began to change in March 1958 when Bernard Bergonzi, in the journal Twentieth Century, attacked Fleming''s work as containing "a strongly marked streak of voyeurism and sado-masochism"[101] and wrote that the books showed "the total lack of any ethical frame of reference".[101] The article compared Fleming unfavourably with John Buchan and Raymond Chandler on both moral and literary criteria.[102] A month later, Dr. No was published, and Fleming received harsh criticism from reviewers who, in the words of Ben Macintyre, "rounded on Fleming, almost as a pack".[103] The most strongly worded of the critiques came from Paul Johnson of the New Statesman, who, in his review "Sex, Snobbery and Sadism", called the novel "without doubt, the nastiest book I have ever read".[104] Johnson went on to say that "by the time I was a third of the way through, I had to suppress a strong impulse to throw the thing away".[104] Johnson recognised that in Bond there "was a social phenomenon of some importance",[104] but this was seen as a negative element, as the phenomenon concerned "three basic ingredients in Dr No, all unhealthy, all thoroughly English: the sadism of a schoolboy bully, the mechanical, two-dimensional sex-longings of a frustrated adolescent, and the crude, snob-cravings of a suburban adult."[104] Johnson saw no positives in Dr. No, and said, "Mr Fleming has no literary skill, the construction of the book is chaotic, and entire incidents and situations are inserted, and then forgotten, in a haphazard manner."[104] en-wikipedia-org-375 View source for English literature Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. During the 18th century literature reflected the worldview of the [[Age of Enlightenment]] (or Age of Reason): a rational and scientific approach to religious, social, political, and economic issues that promoted a secular view of the world and a general sense of progress and perfectibility. en-wikipedia-org-376 The Hawk in the Rain Wikipedia The Hawk in the Rain is a collection of poems by the British poet Ted Hughes. Published in 1957, it was Hughes''s first book of poetry. The book received immediate acclaim in both England and America, where it won the Galbraith Prize.[1] Many of the book''s poems imagine the real and symbolic lives of animals, including a fox, a jaguar, and the eponymous hawk.[1] Other poems focus on erotic relationships, and on stories of the First World War, Hughes''s father being a survivor of Gallipoli. The book, dedicated to Hughes'' first wife Sylvia Plath, is a collection of 40 poems. She had typed out almost all his poems and submitted them, in this collection, to a competition for a first book of poems being run by the Poetry Centre of the Young Men''s and Young Women''s Hebrew Association of New York. Poetry by Ted Hughes en-wikipedia-org-3764 Some historians, such as John Niles, argue that the work was invented after King Alfred''s rule to present "a common glorious past", while others such as Kemp Malone have argued that the piece is an authentic transcription of old heroic songs.[2]:181 Among the works appearing in the Exeter Book, there are none quite like Widsith,[2]:182 which may be by far the oldest extant work that gives a historical account of the Battle of the Goths and the Huns, recounted as legends in later Scandinavian works such as the Hervarar saga.[2]:179 Archaeologist Lotte Hedeager argues that Widsith goes back to Migration Age history--at least part of it was composed in the 6th century, and that the author demonstrates familiarity with regions outside of Britain, including Denmark and the Baltic coast.[2]:184–186 Hedeager is here in agreement with R.H. Hodgkin[3] and Leonard Neidorf, who argues that "when situated within the history of Anglo-Saxon culture and identity, Widsith clearly belongs to a time prior to the formation of a collective Anglo-Saxon identity, when distinct continental origins were remembered and maintained by the Germanic migrants in the British Isles [...] Widsith is a very old poem."[4] en-wikipedia-org-3778 He was responsible for many innovations in English poetry, and alongside Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (1516/1517–47) introduced the sonnet from Italy into England in the early 16th century.[4][5][6] Wyatt''s professed object was to experiment with the English tongue, to civilise it, to raise its powers to those of its neighbours.[4] Much of his literary output consists of translations and imitations of sonnets by the Italian poet Petrarch, but he also wrote sonnets of his own. He is generally seen as the last major poet of the English Renaissance, though his most renowned epic poems were written in the Restoration period, including Paradise Lost (1667). In the past decades there has been substantial scholarly and critical work done on women poets of the long 18th century: first, to reclaim them and make them available in contemporary editions in print or online, and second, to assess them and position them within a literary tradition. en-wikipedia-org-378 The BBC is established under a Royal Charter[10] and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport.[11] Its work is funded principally by an annual television licence fee[12] which is charged to all British households, companies, and organisations using any type of equipment to receive or record live television broadcasts and iPlayer catch-up.[13] The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament,[14] and used to fund the BBC''s radio, TV, and online services covering the nations and regions of the UK. From its inception, through the Second World War (where its broadcasts helped to unite the nation), to the popularisation of television in the post-WW2 era and the internet in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the BBC has played a prominent role in British life and culture.[16] It is also known colloquially as "The Beeb", "Auntie", or a combination of both (as "Auntie Beeb").[17][18] en-wikipedia-org-3782 In Realism (end of the 19th century), which is mixed with Naturalism, important topics are the novel, with Juan Valera, José María de Pereda, Benito Pérez Galdós, Emilia Pardo Bazán, Leopoldo Alas (Clarín), Armando Palacio Valdés, and Vicente Blasco Ibáñez; poetry, with Ramón de Campoamor, Gaspar Núñez de Arce, and other poets; the theater, with José Echegaray, Manuel Tamayo y Baus, and other dramatists; and the literary critics, emphasizing Menéndez Pelayo. In Realism (end of the 19th century), which is mixed with Naturalism, important topics are the novel, with Juan Valera, José María de Pereda, Benito Pérez Galdós, Emilia Pardo Bazán, Leopoldo Alas (Clarín), Armando Palacio Valdés, and Vicente Blasco Ibáñez; poetry, with Ramón de Campoamor, Gaspar Núñez de Arce, and other poets; the theater, with José Echegaray, Manuel Tamayo y Baus, and other dramatists; and the literary critics, emphasizing Menéndez Pelayo. en-wikipedia-org-3787 Moll Flanders[a] is a novel by Daniel Defoe, first published in 1722. Defoe''s Whig views are nevertheless evident in the story of Moll, and the novel''s full title gives some insight into this and the outline of the plot:[1] However, the original printing did not have an author, as it was an apparent autobiography.[2] The attribution of Moll Flanders to Defoe was made by bookseller Francis Noble in 1770, after Defoe''s death in 1731.[3] The novel is based partially on the life of Moll King, a London criminal whom Defoe met while visiting Newgate Prison. After five years of marriage, she then is widowed, leaves her children in the care of in-laws, and begins honing the skill of passing herself off as a fortuned widow to attract a man who will marry her and provide her with security. "Title Page for ''Moll Flanders'' by Daniel Defoe, published 1722". "Women, work, rearguard politics, and Defoe''s Moll Flanders." Eighteenth Century 49.2 (2008): 97–116. en-wikipedia-org-3788 The Vercelli Book, which can be dated to the 10th century, includes twenty-three homilies interspersed with six religious poems: The Dream of the Rood, Andreas, The Fates of the Apostles, Soul and Body, Elene and a poetic, homiletic fragment. Haigh argued that the inscription of the Ruthwell Cross must be fragments of a lost poem by Cædmon, portrayed in Bede''s Ecclesiastical History of the English People as the first Christian English poet,[13] stating "On this monument, erected about A.D. 665, we have fragments of a religious poem of very high character, and that there was but one man living in England at that time worthy to be named as a religious poet, and that was Caedmon".[14] Likewise, George Stephens contended that the language and structure of The Dream of the Rood indicated a seventh-century date. en-wikipedia-org-3790 Selwyn Cudjoe thinks that the novel depicts "the gradual darkening of African society as it returns to its age-old condition of bush and blood"[13] and thinks this pessimistic view indicates Naipaul''s "inability to examine postcolonial societies in any depth".[13] The novel examines "the homeless condition of the East Indian in a world he cannot call home" and shows in Salim''s case his passage to free himself from "the constricting ties to his society''s past".[13] Imraan Coovadia examines Naipaul''s Latin quotations, accuses him of misquotation and manipulation, and suggests that he tries to evoke fear, disgust and condescension.[14] Raja suggests that the novel is less about a conflict of modernity and Third World development, but more about a representation from a bourgeois perspective, Salim being interested, not in revolutionary goals, but in maintaining a profitable enterprise.[15] He asserts that Naipaul is not a postcolonial author but a "cosmopolitan" one (as defined by Timothy Brennan), who offers an "inside view of formerly submerged peoples" for target audiences that have "metropolitan literary tastes".[15] en-wikipedia-org-3809 Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie[a] FRSL (born 19 June 1947) is a British Indian novelist and essayist.[3] His work, combining magical realism with historical fiction, is primarily concerned with the many connections, disruptions, and migrations between Eastern and Western civilizations, with much of his fiction being set on the Indian subcontinent. In May 2008 he was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters.[36] In 2014, he taught a seminar on British Literature and served as the 2015 keynote speaker[37][38] In September 2015, he joined the New York University Journalism Faculty as a Distinguished Writer in Residence.[39] Rushdie was due to appear at the Jaipur Literature Festival in January 2012.[89] However, he later cancelled his event appearance, and a further tour of India at the time citing a possible threat to his life as the primary reason.[90][91] Several days after, he indicated that state police agencies had lied, in order to keep him away, when they informed him that paid assassins were being sent to Jaipur to kill him. en-wikipedia-org-3814 Help:Introduction Wikipedia Tutorial for newcomers who want to contribute to Wikipedia Introduction to Wikipedia Anyone can edit almost every page, and millions already have. This page takes you through a set of tutorials aimed at complete newcomers interested in contributing. The Wiki markup source editor shows the underlying page source code, and works like a plain text file. Links and other items are indicated using simple code like this: [[Earth]]. Talk pages Links and other items are edited using toolbar and pop-up interfaces. Navigating Wikipedia View all as single page Full help contents page A single-page guide to contributing Hidden categories: Help pages with short description Wikipedia semi-protected project pages Help page Page information Edit links This page was last edited on 26 January 2021, at 14:07 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy About Wikipedia About Wikipedia Contact Wikipedia en-wikipedia-org-3822 The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (originally The Rime of the Ancyent Marinere) is the longest major poem by the English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge, written in 1797–98 and published in 1798 in the first edition of Lyrical Ballads. Some modern editions use a revised version printed in 1817 that featured a gloss.[1] Along with other poems in Lyrical Ballads, it is often considered a signal shift to modern poetry and the beginning of British Romantic literature.[2] The wedding-guest''s reaction turns from bemusement to impatience to fear to fascination as the mariner''s story progresses, as can be seen in the language style: Coleridge uses narrative techniques such as personification and repetition to create a sense of danger, the supernatural, or serenity, depending on the mood in different parts of the poem. Main article: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner in popular culture en-wikipedia-org-3830 It was given new impetus by the development of fascism and communism in the lead-up to World War II, continued to develop during the Cold War, and received a fresh impetus from the emergence of rogue states, international criminal organizations, global terrorist networks, maritime piracy and technological sabotage and espionage as potent threats to Western societies.[1] As a genre, spy fiction is thematically related to the novel of adventure (The Prisoner of Zenda, 1894, The Scarlet Pimpernel, 1905), the thriller (such as the works of Edgar Wallace) and the politico-military thriller (The Schirmer Inheritance, 1953, The Quiet American, 1955).[2][3] Other important British writers who first became active in spy fiction during this period include Ian Mackintosh, A Slaying in September (1967); Kenneth Benton, Twenty-fourth Level (1969); Desmond Bagley, Running Blind (1970); Anthony Price, The Labyrinth Makers (1971); Gerald Seymour, Harry''s Game (1975); Brian Freemantle, Charlie M (1977); Bryan Forbes, Familiar Strangers (1979); Reginald Hill, The Spy''s Wife (1980); and Raymond Harold Sawkins, writing as Colin Forbes, Double Jeopardy (1982). en-wikipedia-org-3833 Lollard, Lollardi or Loller was the popular derogatory nickname given to those without an academic background, educated (if at all) only in English, who were reputed to follow the teachings of John Wycliffe in particular, and were certainly considerably energized by the translation of the Bible into the English language. With regard to the Eucharist, Lollards such as John Wycliffe, William Thorpe, and John Oldcastle, taught a view of the real presence of Christ in Holy Communion known as "consubstantiation" and did not accept the doctrine of transubstantiation, as taught by the Roman Catholic Church.[8][9] The Plowman''s Tale, a 16th-century Lollard poem, argues that theological debate about orthodox doctrine is less important than the Real Presence:[10] They rejected the value of papal pardons.[6] Special vows were considered to be in conflict with the divine order established by Christ and were regarded as anathema.[21] Sixteenth-century martyrologist John Foxe described four main beliefs of Lollardy: opposition to pilgrimages and saint worship, denial of the doctrine of transubstantiation, and a demand for English translation of the Scriptures.[22] en-wikipedia-org-3838 Uncle Silas First edition title page Uncle Silas, subtitled "A Tale of Bartram-Haugh", is an 1864 Victorian Gothic mystery-thriller novel by the Irish writer J. Like many of Le Fanu''s novels, Uncle Silas grew out of an earlier short story, in this case "A Passage in the Secret History of an Irish Countess" (1839), which he also published as "The Murdered Cousin" in the collection Ghost Stories and Tales of Mystery (1851). It was first serialized in the Dublin University Magazine in 1864, under the title Maud Ruthyn and Uncle Silas, and appeared in December of the same year as a three-volume novel from the London publisher Richard Bentley.[1] Several changes were made from the serialization to the volume edition, such as resolving the inconsistencies of names. Uncle Silas remains Le Fanu''s best-known novel. The Dark Angel, a further adaptation starring Peter O''Toole as Silas, premiered on BBC Television in 1989.[6] en-wikipedia-org-3839 Template:European literature Wikipedia Template:European literature From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search European literature Abkhaz Albanian Anglo-Norman Aragonese Armenian Asturian Austrian Azerbaijani Basque Belarusian Belgian Bohemian Bosnian Breton British Bulgarian Catalan Chuvash Cornish Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Middle English Gaelic Irish Northern Irish Old Norse Scottish Scottish Gaelic Turkish Turkish Cypriot in English in English Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:European_literature&oldid=906627780" Categories: Europe arts and culture templates Europe list-linking templates Navigation menu Personal tools Template Views Edit View history Search Navigation Main page Contact us Learn to edit Recent changes Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Edit links This page was last edited on 17 July 2019, at 03:29 (UTC). additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy About Wikipedia About Wikipedia Contact Wikipedia Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-3841 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Find sources: "A Slight Ache" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) A Slight Ache is a tragicomic play written by Harold Pinter in 1958 and first published by Methuen in London in 1961. External links[edit] A Slight Ache in the "Plays" section of haroldpinter.org. Trouble in the Works (1959) Categories: Plays by Harold Pinter Hidden categories: Articles that may contain original research from October 2007 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing additional references from October 2007 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2019, at 13:45 (UTC). en-wikipedia-org-385 View source for English literature Wikipedia If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature" en-wikipedia-org-3851 The term performance poetry originates from an early press release describing the 1980s performance poet Hedwig Gorski, whose audio recordings achieved success on spoken word radio programs around the world.[2] Her band, East of Eden Band, was described[by whom?] as the most successful at music and poetry collaborations, allowing cassettes of her live radio broadcast recordings to stay in rotation with popular underground music recordings on some radio stations. Unlike Gorski, who with East of Eden Band, began broadcasting live performance poetry on radio[4] and distributing the recordings of these broadcasts in place of publishing in print, Jewell and slam poets were more interested in small live audiences. While Ginsberg sang his Blake songs with a harmonium, the original practitioner of this third and most popular type of performance poetry is Hedwig Gorski, who coined the term performance poetry to describe her work with music.[7] She is sometimes called a neo-beat, but considers herself an American "futurist". en-wikipedia-org-3858 John Donne (/dʌn/ DUN; 22 January 1572[1] – 31 March 1631) was an English poet, scholar, soldier and secretary born into a recusant family, who later became a cleric in the Church of England.[3] Under royal patronage, he was made Dean of St Paul''s Cathedral in London (1621–1631).[2] He is considered the preeminent representative of the metaphysical poets. Dryden had written of Donne in 1693: "He affects the metaphysics, not only in his satires, but in his amorous verses, where nature only should reign; and perplexes the minds of the fair sex with nice speculations of philosophy, when he should engage their hearts, and entertain them with the softnesses of love."[24] In Life of Cowley (from Samuel Johnson''s 1781 work of biography and criticism Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets), Johnson refers to the beginning of the seventeenth century in which there "appeared a race of writers that may be termed the metaphysical poets". en-wikipedia-org-3876 File:Shakespeare.jpg Wikipedia This is a featured picture, which means that members of the community have identified it as one of the finest images on the English Wikipedia, adding significantly to its accompanying article. This is a featured picture on the Arabic language Wikipedia (صور مختارة) and is considered one of the finest images. This is a featured picture on the Persian language Wikipedia (نگاره‌های برگزیده) and is considered one of the finest images. This is a featured picture on the Turkish language Wikipedia (Seçkin resimler) and is considered one of the finest images. described at URL: http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw11574/William-Shakespeare 05:10, 10 December 2008 1,943 × 2,490 (527 KB) File Upload Bot (Magnus Manske) {{BotMoveToCommons|en.wikipedia}} {{Information |Description={{en|This is the only portrait of en:William Shakespeare that has any claim to have been painted from life. Talk:William Shakespeare File change date and time 19:31, 10 January 2017 Wikipedia Picture of the day files en-wikipedia-org-3884 Sir John Everett Millais, 1st Baronet, PRA (UK: /ˈmɪleɪ/ MIL-ay, US: /mɪˈleɪ/ mil-AY;[1][2] 8 June 1829 – 13 August 1896) was an English painter and illustrator who was one of the founders of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.[3] He was a child prodigy who, aged eleven, became the youngest student to enter the Royal Academy Schools. When Millais died in 1896, the Prince of Wales (later to become King Edward VII) chaired a memorial committee which commissioned a statue of the artist.[11] The statue, by Thomas Brock, was installed at the front of the National Gallery of British Art (now Tate Britain) in the garden on the east side in 1905. "John Everett Millais 1829–1896, Tate Gallery, London". John Everett Millais beyond the Pre Raphaelite Brotherhood (London and New Haven, 2001). 153 paintings by or after John Everett Millais at the Art UK site en-wikipedia-org-3886 View source for English literature Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-3894 The Whitsun Weddings Wikipedia Jump to navigation The Whitsun Weddings First edition Author Philip Larkin This article is about a collection of poems. The Whitsun Weddings is a collection of 32 poems by Philip Larkin. It was a commercial success, by the standards of poetry publication, with the first 4,000 copies being sold within two months. It contains many of Larkin''s best known poems, such as "The Whitsun Weddings", "Days", "Mr Bleaney", "MCMXIV", and "An Arundel Tomb". Poems[edit] Philip Larkin Poetry collections Collected Poems (1988 and 2003) Selected Letters of Philip Larkin, 1940–1985 (1992) List of poems by Philip Larkin List of poems by Philip Larkin Philip Larkin Society Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Whitsun_Weddings&oldid=937797573" English poetry collections Poetry by Philip Larkin Related changes This page was last edited on 27 January 2020, at 07:57 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy en-wikipedia-org-3905 The Birthday Party is about Stanley Webber, an erstwhile piano player who lives in a rundown boarding house run by Meg and Petey Boles, in an English seaside town, "probably on the south coast, not too far from London".[4][5] Two sinister strangers, Goldberg and McCann, arrive looking for him, supposedly on his birthday, and turn his apparently innocuous birthday party organised by Meg into a nightmare. The Lyric celebrated the play''s 50th anniversary with a revival, directed by artistic director David Farr, and related events from 8 to 24 May 2008, including a gala performance and reception hosted by Harold Pinter on 19 May 2008, exactly fifty years after its London première.[11][15][18][19] Lulu is a woman in her twenties whom Stanley "tries vainly to rape" (Billington, Harold Pinter 112) during the titular birthday party at the end of Act II. ^ The Birthday Party (CSC), in "Plays", at haroldpinter.org, Harold Pinter, 2000–[2008], Web, 18 May 2008. en-wikipedia-org-3910 The British Agricultural Revolution was the result of the complex interaction of social, economic and farming technological changes. One of the most important innovations of the British Agricultural Revolution was the development of the Norfolk four-course rotation, which greatly increased crop and livestock yields by improving soil fertility and reducing fallow.[5] It hit the agricultural sector hard and was the most severe in Europe and the United States, which had been experiencing strong economic growth fuelled by the Second Industrial Revolution in the decade following the American Civil War. By 1900 half the meat eaten in Britain came from abroad and tropical fruits such as bananas were also being imported on the new refrigerator ships. The Agricultural Revolution in Britain proved to be a major turning point in history, allowing the population to far exceed earlier peaks and sustain the country''s rise to industrial pre-eminence. en-wikipedia-org-3912 He labeled the work fiction and argued that it may be the first novel published by an African American.[21] Parallels between Wilson''s narrative and her life have been discovered, leading some scholars to argue that the work should be considered autobiographical.[22] Despite these disagreements, Our Nig is a literary work which speaks to the difficult life of free blacks in the North who were indentured servants. There is some evidence that she read in the library of her master and was influenced by those works: the narrative was serialized and bears resemblances to Charles Dickens'' style.[26]– Many critics are still attempting to decode its literary significance and establish its contributions to the study of early African-American literature. Jacobs'' narrative occupies an important place in the history of African-American literature as it discloses through her firsthand example the specific injustices that black women suffered under slavery. en-wikipedia-org-3926 Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (1821) is an autobiographical account written by Thomas De Quincey, about his laudanum addiction and its effect on his life. First published anonymously in September and October 1821 in the London Magazine,[2] the Confessions was released in book form in 1822, and again in 1856, in an edition revised by De Quincey. The cover of Thomas De Quincey''s book Confessions of an Opium-Eater. ^ Thomas De Quincey, Confessions of an English Opium Eater, edited by Alethea Hayter, New York, Penguin Books, 1971, provides the original magazine text. In Lectures d''une œuvre: Confessions of an English Opium-Eater – Thomas de Quincey. Confessions of an English Opium-Eater, London Magazine, Vol. IV, (September 1821) No. xxi, pp. Confessions of an English Opium-Eater at Internet Archive (scanned books original editions) en-wikipedia-org-3930 Atwood realized she wanted to write professionally when she was 16.[10] In 1957, she began studying at Victoria College in the University of Toronto, where she published poems and articles in Acta Victoriana, the college literary journal, and participated in the sophomore theatrical tradition of The Bob Comedy Revue.[11] Her professors included Jay Macpherson and Northrop Frye. Having been a symbol of desolation, it''s become a symbol of hope."[107] Atwood has been chair of the Writers'' Union of Canada and helped to found the Canadian English-Speaking chapter of PEN International, a group originally started to free politically imprisoned writers.[108] She held the position of PEN Canada president in the mid 1980s[109] and was the 2017 recipient of the PEN Center USA''s Lifetime Achievement Award.[110] Despite calls for a boycott by Gazan students, Atwood visited Israel and accepted the $1,000,000 Dan David Prize along with Indian author Amitav Ghosh at Tel Aviv University in May 2010.[111] Atwood commented that "we don''t do cultural boycotts."[112] en-wikipedia-org-3935 The beginnings of an Anglo-Welsh tradition are found by some in the novels of Allen Raine (Anne Adalisa (Evans) Puddicombe) (1836–1908), from Newcastle Emlyn, Carmarthenshire, whose work, Stephen Thomas Knight proposes, "realised a real, if partial, separate identity and value for a Welsh social culture".[16] (Other possible precursors are Monmouthshire-born Arthur Machen (1863–1947), and Joseph Keating (1871–1934), who began his working life as a South Wales miner.) However, many see the Carmarthenshire-born satirical short-story writer and novelist Caradoc Evans (1878–1945) as the first—or first modern—Welsh writer in English. In Parenthesis, a modernist epic poem by David Jones (1895–1974) first published in 1937, is probably the best known contribution from Wales to the literature of the First World War. To a large extent, though not entirely, "The first flowering of Welsh writing in English" was in industrial South Wales and this was linked to the rapid decline in the use of the Welsh language in the twentieth century, especially in this region.[18] David Jones and Dylan Thomas are two writers of the 1930s who do not fit into this paradigm. en-wikipedia-org-3936 The Georgian poets were, by the strictest definition, those whose works appeared in a series of five anthologies named Georgian Poetry, published by Harold Monro and edited by Edward Marsh, the first volume of which contained poems written in 1911 and 1912. H. Lawrence, Walter de la Mare, Siegfried Sassoon and John Drinkwater.[1] It was not until the final two volumes that the decision was taken to include female poets. The idea for an anthology began as a joke, when Marsh, Duncan Grant and George Mallory decided, one evening in 1912 to publish a parody of the many small poetry books that were appearing at the time. Marsh and Brooke approached the poet and bookseller Harold Monro who had recently opened The Poetry Bookshop at 35 Devonshire Street, in Bloomsbury, London. Georgian Poetry 1920-22 (1922)[edit] Georgian Poetry 1920-22 (1922)[edit] Georgian Poetry 1920-22 (1922)[edit] Georgian Poetry 1920-22 (1922)[edit] Georgian Poetry 1920-22 (1922)[edit] en-wikipedia-org-3937 As a literary device, an allegory is a narrative in which a character, place, or event is used to deliver a broader message about real-world issues and occurrences. Authors have used allegory throughout history in all forms of art to illustrate or convey complex ideas and concepts in ways that are comprehensible or striking to its viewers, readers, or listeners. In Late Antiquity Martianus Capella organized all the information a fifth-century upper-class male needed to know into an allegory of the wedding of Mercury and Philologia, with the seven liberal arts the young man needed to know as guests.[13] Also the Neoplatonic philosophy developed a type of allegorical reading of Homer[14] and Plato.[15] Frank Baum''s The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, may be readily understood as a plot-driven fantasy narrative in an extended fable with talking animals and broadly sketched characters, intended to discuss the politics of the time.[21] Yet, George MacDonald emphasised in 1893 that "A fairy tale is not an allegory."[22] en-wikipedia-org-3938 The term Spätantike, literally "late antiquity", has been used by German-speaking historians since its popularization by Alois Riegl in the early 20th century.[1] It was given currency in English partly by the writings of Peter Brown, whose survey The World of Late Antiquity (1971) revised the Gibbon view of a stale and ossified Classical culture, in favour of a vibrant time of renewals and beginnings, and whose The Making of Late Antiquity offered a new paradigm of understanding the changes in Western culture of the time in order to confront Sir Richard Southern''s The Making of the Middle Ages.[2] While the usage "Late Antiquity" suggests that the social and cultural priorities of Classical Antiquity endured throughout Europe into the Middle Ages, the usage of "Early Middle Ages" or "Early Byzantine" emphasizes a break with the classical past, and the term "Migration Period" tends to de-emphasize the disruptions in the former Western Roman Empire caused by the creation of Germanic kingdoms within her borders beginning with the foedus with the Goths in Aquitania in 418.[4] en-wikipedia-org-3939 Among the Albanian émigrés that became known in the humanist world are historian Marin Barleti (1460–1513) who in 1510 published in Rome a history of Skanderbeg, which was translated into many other European languages, or Marino Becichemi (1408–1526), Gjon Gazulli (1400–1455), Leonicus Thomeus (1456–1531), Michele Maruli (15th century), Michele Artioti (1480–1556) and many others who were distinguished in various fields of science, art and philosophy.[4] Its authors such as Nezim Frakulla, Muhamet Kyçyku, Sulejman Naibi, Hasan Zyko Kamberi, Shahin and Dalip Frashëri, Sheh Mala, and others dealt in their works with motifs borrowed from Oriental literature, wrote religious texts and poetry in a language suffocated by orientalisms and developed religious lyric and epic. The short story and novel were developed by Dhimitër Shuteriqi, Naum Prifti, Zija Çela, Teodor Laço, Dhimitër Xhuvani, Nasi Lera, Petraq Zoto,[17] and others; poetry by Ismail Kadare, Dritëro Agolli, Fatos Arapi, Xhevahir Spahiu, Mimoza Ahmeti and others. en-wikipedia-org-3943 An account of the battle, embellished with many speeches attributed to the warriors and with other details, is related in an Old English poem which is usually named "The Battle of Maldon". The poem "The Battle of Maldon"[edit] It is believed by many scholars that the poem, while based upon actual events and people, was created to be less of a historical account and more of a means of enshrining and lifting up the memories of the men who fought and lost their lives on the battlefield protecting their homeland, especially in the case of the English commander of the battle, Byrhtnoth. O. Morgan is a book-length poem retelling the story of the Battle of Maldon in modern English. ^ "The Battle of Maldon sometimes called Byrhtnoth''s Death". Modern English text of The Battle of Maldon poem, trans. Old English text of the Battle of Maldon poem Battle of Maldon Battlefields Trust London and South East article. en-wikipedia-org-3951 Hunter Stockton Thompson (July 18, 1937 – February 20, 2005) was an American journalist and author, and the founder of the gonzo journalism movement. At the time Thompson was living in a house in San Francisco''s Haight-Ashbury neighborhood very near the Hells Angels'' house—which, incidentally, was across from the Grateful Dead.[23] His article appeared on May 17, 1965, and after that he received several book offers and spent the next year living and riding with the club. With polls showing him with a slight lead in a three-way race, Thompson appeared at Rolling Stone magazine headquarters in San Francisco with a six-pack of beer in hand, and declared to editor Jann Wenner that he was about to be elected sheriff of Aspen, Colorado, and wished to write about the "Freak Power" movement.[34] Thus, Thompson''s first article in Rolling Stone was published as "The Battle of Aspen" with the byline "By: Dr. Hunter S. en-wikipedia-org-3953 en-wikipedia-org-3953 en-wikipedia-org-3958 This led to the passing of the Act of Six Articles, whereby six major questions were all answered by asserting the religious orthodoxy, thus restraining the reform movement in England.[120] It was followed by the beginnings of a reformed liturgy and of the Book of Common Prayer, which would take until 1549 to complete.[207] But this victory for religious conservatives did not convert into much change in personnel, and Cranmer remained in his position.[208] Overall, the rest of Henry''s reign saw a subtle movement away from religious orthodoxy, helped in part by the deaths of prominent figures from before the break with Rome, especially the executions of Thomas More and John Fisher in 1535 for refusing to renounce papal authority. en-wikipedia-org-3990 Reporters Without Borders considers the number of journalists murdered, expelled or harassed, and the existence of a state monopoly on TV and radio, as well as the existence of censorship and self-censorship in the media, and the overall independence of media as well as the difficulties that foreign reporters may face to rank countries in levels of press freedom. It says it uses the tools of journalism to help journalists by tracking press freedom issues through independent research, fact-finding missions, and a network of foreign correspondents, including local working journalists in countries around the world. Fifty years earlier, at a time of civil war, John Milton wrote his pamphlet Areopagitica (1644).[20] In this work Milton argued forcefully against this form of government censorship and parodied the idea, writing "when as debtors and delinquents may walk abroad without a keeper, but unoffensive books must not stir forth without a visible jailer in their title." Although at the time it did little to halt the practice of licensing, it would be viewed later a significant milestone as one of the most eloquent defenses of press freedom.[20] en-wikipedia-org-4 The Goths appear in Roman records starting in the third century, in the regions north of the Lower Danube and Black Sea.[1] They competed for influence and Roman subsidies with peoples who had lived longer in the area, such as the Carpi, and various Sarmatians, and they contributed men to the Roman military.[2] Based on their Germanic language and material culture it is believed that their Gothic culture derived from cultures originally from the direction of the Vistula river, in the north, and now in Poland.[3] By the third century, the Goths were already in sub-groups with their own names, because the Tervingi, who bordered on the Roman Empire and the Carpathian mountains, were mentioned separately on at least one occasion.[4] en-wikipedia-org-400 Polyphonic Marian antiphons emerged in England in the 14th century as settings of texts honouring the Virgin Mary, which were sung separately from the mass and office, often after Compline.[7] Towards the end of the 15th century, English composers produced expanded settings up to nine parts, with increasing complexity and vocal range.[7] The largest collection of such antiphons is the late-15th-century Eton Choirbook.[8] As a result, antiphony remains particularly common in the Anglican musical tradition: the singers often face each other, placed in the quire''s Decani and Cantoris.[9] In the Roman Catholic tradition, they are sung or recited at Vespers from December 17 to December 23.[11] In the Church of England they have traditionally been used as antiphons to the Magnificat at Evening Prayer.[12] More recently they have found a place in primary liturgical documents throughout the Anglican Communion, including the Church of England''s Common Worship liturgy. en-wikipedia-org-4025 It was against this background of public anger that Jean Metzinger and Albert Gleizes wrote Du "Cubisme" (published by Eugène Figuière in 1912, translated to English and Russian in 1913).[47] Among the works exhibited were Le Fauconnier''s vast composition Les Montagnards attaqués par des ours (Mountaineers Attacked by Bears) now at Rhode Island School of Design Museum, Joseph Csaky''s Deux Femme, Two Women (a sculpture now lost), in addition to the highly abstract paintings by Kupka, Amorpha (The National Gallery, Prague), and Picabia, La Source (The Spring) (Museum of Modern Art, New York). en-wikipedia-org-4027 His unsuccessful campaign in Persia was followed in 441 by an invasion of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, the success of which emboldened Attila to invade the West.[3] He also attempted to conquer Roman Gaul (modern France), crossing the Rhine in 451 and marching as far as Aurelianum (Orléans) before being stopped in the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains. "little wolf".[10]:386[11]:29[12]:46 The Gothic etymology was first proposed by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm in the early 19th century.[13]:211 Maenchen-Helfen notes that this derivation of the name "offers neither phonetic nor semantic difficulties",[10]:386 and Gerhard Doerfer notes that the name is simply correct Gothic.[11]:29 Alexander Savelyev and Choongwon Jeong (2020) similarly state that Attila''s name "must have been Gothic in origin."[14] The name has sometimes been interpreted as a Germanization of a name of Hunnic origin.[11]:29–32 The Fragmentary History of Priscus: Attila, the Huns and the Roman Empire, AD 430–476 (Paperback). en-wikipedia-org-4030 After a long list of works written earlier in his career, including Troilus and Criseyde, House of Fame, and Parliament of Fowls, The Canterbury Tales is near-unanimously seen as Chaucer''s magnum opus. Mooney, then a professor at the University of Maine and a visiting fellow at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, said she could match Pinkhurst''s signature, on an oath he signed, to his handwriting on a copy of The Canterbury Tales that might have been transcribed from Chaucer''s working copy.[12][13] Recent scholarship has cast severe doubt upon that identification.[14] Ezra Winter, Canterbury Tales mural (1939), Library of Congress John Adams Building, Washington, D.C. This mural is located on the west wall of the North Reading Room, and features the Miller, Host, Knight, Squire, Yeoman, Doctor, Chaucer, Man of Law, Clerk, Manciple, Sailor, Prioress, Nun and three Priests; the other pilgrims appear on the east wall mural.[77] en-wikipedia-org-4031 The history of Irish theatre begins with the rise of the English administration in Dublin at the start of the 17th century. Many Dublin-based theatres developed links with their London equivalents and performers and productions from the British capital frequently found their way to the Irish stage. At the beginning of the 20th century, theatres and theatre companies dedicated to the staging of Irish plays and the development of indigenous writers, directors and performers began to emerge. He remains one of the great figures in the history of Irish theatre and his plays are frequently performed all over the English-speaking world. This was followed by the Irish National Theatre Society, later to become the Abbey Theatre.[7][8] The history of this theatre is well documented, and its importance can be seen from the list of writers whose plays were first performed here in the early days of the 20th century. en-wikipedia-org-4038 You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. Restoration literature includes both ''''[[Paradise Lost]]'''' and the [[John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester|Earl of Rochester]]''s ''''[[Sodom, or the Quintessence of Debauchery|Sodom]],'''' the sexual comedy of ''''[[The Country Wife]]'''' and the moral wisdom of ''''[[Pilgrim''s Progress]].'''' It saw Locke''s ''''[[Two Treatises on Government]],'''' the founding of the [[Royal Society]], the experiments and the holy meditations of [[Robert Boyle]], the [[Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage|hysterical attacks on theatres]] from [[Jeremy Collier]], the pioneering of literary criticism from Dryden, and the first newspapers. en-wikipedia-org-4039 After Robert Clive''s victory in the Battle of Plassey in 1757, the puppet government of a new Nawab of Bengal, was maintained by the East India Company.[13] However, after the invasion of Bengal by the Nawab of Oudh in 1764 and his subsequent defeat in the Battle of Buxar, the Company obtained the Diwani of Bengal, which included the right to administer and collect land-revenue (land tax) in Bengal, the region of present-day Bangladesh, West Bengal and Bihar beginning from 1772 as per the treaty signed in 1765.[13] By 1773, the Company obtained the Nizāmat of Bengal (the "exercise of criminal jurisdiction") and thereby full sovereignty of the expanded Bengal Presidency.[13] During the period, 1773 to 1785, very little changed; the only exceptions were the addition of the dominions of the Raja of Banares to the western boundary of the Bengal Presidency, and the addition of Salsette Island to the Bombay Presidency.[14] en-wikipedia-org-4049 Songs of Innocence and of Experience[1] is a collection of illustrated poems by William Blake. It appeared in two phases: a few first copies were printed and illuminated by Blake himself in 1789; five years later he bound these poems with a set of new poems in a volume titled Songs of Innocence and of Experience Shewing the Two Contrary States of the Human Soul. The Huntington Library and Art Gallery in San Marino, California, published a small facsimile edition in 1975 that included sixteen plates reproduced from two copies of Songs of Innocence and of Experience in their collection, with an introduction by James Thorpe. Tate Publishing, in collaboration with The William Blake Trust, produced a folio edition containing all of the songs of Innocence and Experience in 2006. William Blake, Songs of Innocence and of Experience edited with an introduction and notes by Andrew Lincoln, and select plates from other copies. en-wikipedia-org-4070 New Zealand literature Wikipedia Find sources: "New Zealand literature" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 1 Early New Zealand literature Early New Zealand literature[edit] In the early nineteenth century Christian missionaries developed written forms of Polynesian languages including Māori language in New Zealand. Novelists Janet Frame, Patricia Grace, Albert Wendt, Maurice Gee and children''s author Margaret Mahy, are prominent in New Zealand.[5] However, there is also a strong current of work written independently with little concern for international markets and having only a small readership, such as Ian Wedde''s early novel Dick Seddon''s Great Dive (1976). Foreskin''s Lament is a notable New Zealand play about rugby culture by South Islander Greg McGee famous for its closing speech by the titular character. Anthology of New Zealand literature. New Zealand articles New Zealand English Categories: New Zealand literature en-wikipedia-org-4073 The world''s most widely circulated English-language daily broadsheet is The Times of India, a leading English-language daily newspaper from India, followed closely by The Wall Street Journal from the United States, according to the Audit Bureau of Circulations. The new 12-inch-wide front page broadsheet newspapers in the United States use a 48-inch web newsprint roll. In the United States, The Wall Street Journal made headlines when it announced its overseas version would convert to a tabloid on 17 October 2005.[6] Strong debate occurred in the U.S. on whether or not the rest of the national papers will, or even should, follow the trend of the British papers and The Wall Street Journal.[7] The Wall Street Journal overseas edition switched back to a broadsheet format in 2015.[8][9] La Nación, a national newspaper: Since 31 October 2016, only weekend editions are printed on the traditional broadsheet format.[10] en-wikipedia-org-4076 "To a Skylark" is a poem completed by Percy Bysshe Shelley in late June 1820 and published accompanying his lyrical drama Prometheus Unbound by Charles and James Collier in London.[1] Alexander Mackie argued in 1906 that the poem, along with John Keats'' "Ode to a Nightingale", "are two of the glories of English literature": "The nightingale and the lark for long monopolised poetic idolatry--a privilege they enjoyed solely on account of their pre-eminence as song birds. "The Symbolism of Shelley''s ''To a Skylark''." Modern Language Association, Vol. 52, No. 3 (Sep., 1937), pp. ^ "''Shelley''s Skylark'', a poem by Thomas Hardy." British Library. ^ The Swan and the Skylark: Cantata by Arthur Goring Thomas, Felicia Dorothea Browne Hemans, John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Sir Charles Villiers Stanford. (1986) "On Figurative Language: A Reading of Shelley''s, Hardy''s and Hughes''s Skylark Poems," Journal of the Australasian Universities Language and Literature Association, 66:1, 205–217. en-wikipedia-org-4087 The whale, however, appears in the text of both editions as "Moby Dick", without the hyphen.[4] Reviewers in Britain were largely favorable,[5] though some objected that the tale seemed to be told by a narrator who perished with the ship, as the British edition lacked the Epilogue recounting Ishmael''s survival. Ishmael is the narrator, shaping his story with use of many different genres including sermons, stage plays, soliloquies, and emblematical readings.[7] Repeatedly, Ishmael refers to his writing of the book: "But how can I hope to explain myself here; and yet, in some dim, random way, explain myself I must, else all these chapters might be naught."[8] Scholar John Bryant calls him the novel''s "central consciousness and narrative voice."[9] Walter Bezanson first distinguishes Ishmael as narrator from Ishmael as character, whom he calls "forecastle Ishmael", the younger Ishmael of some years ago. en-wikipedia-org-4088 If, however, you need a bird''s eye view of what Wikipedia has to offer, see its main contents pages below, which in turn list more specific pages. Wikipedia''s main navigation subsystems (overviews, outlines, lists, portals, glossaries, categories, and indices) are each divided into the following subject classifications: Wikipedia:Contents/Overviews lists overview articles from covered fields in a single page. Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines is a comprehensive list of "Outline of __" pages, organized by subject. Wikipedia has "lists of lists" when there are too many items to fit on a single page, when the items can be sorted in different ways, or as a way of navigating lists on a topic (for example Lists of countries and territories or Lists of people). Wikipedia:Contents/Glossaries – A single-page list of glossaries Wikipedia:Contents/Portals – A single-page list of portals Wikipedia''s collection of category pages is a classified index system. Category:Wikipedia indexes – alphabetical list of topic indexes en-wikipedia-org-4091 Consequently, this has resulted in arguments to reconsider journalism as a process distributed among many authors, including the socially mediating public, rather than as individual products and articles written by dedicated journalists.[12] In the American Colonies, newspapers motivated people to revolt against British rule by publishing grievances against the British crown and republishing pamphlets by revolutionaries such as Thomas Paine,[39][40] while loyalist publications motivated support against the American Revolution.[41] News publications in the United States would remain proudly and publicly partisan throughout the 19th century.[42] In France, political newspapers sprang up during the French Revolution, with L''Ami du peuple, edited by Jean-Paul Marat, playing a particularly famous role in arguing for the rights of the revolutionary lower classes. The role and status of journalism, as well as mass media, has undergone changes over the last two decades, together with the advancement of digital technology and publication of news on the Internet. en-wikipedia-org-4092 A war of independence in the early 20th century was followed by the partition of the island, creating the Irish Free State, which became increasingly sovereign over the following decades, and Northern Ireland, which remained a part of the United Kingdom. A similar genetic replacement happened with lineages in mitochondrial DNA.[20][35] This conclusion is supported by recent research carried out by the geneticist David Reich, who says: "British and Irish skeletons from the Bronze Age that followed the Beaker period had at most 10 percent ancestry from the first farmers of these islands, with other 90 percent from people like those associated with the Bell Beaker culture in the Netherlands." He suggests that it was Beaker users who introduced an Indo-European language, represented here by Celtic (i.e. a new language and culture introduced directly by migration and genetic replacement).[23] en-wikipedia-org-4093 The Vicar of Wakefield – subtitled A Tale, Supposed to be written by Himself – is a novel by Irish writer Oliver Goldsmith (1728–1774). Dr. Samuel Johnson, one of Goldsmith''s closest friends, told how The Vicar of Wakefield came to be sold for publication:[1] The Vicar – Dr. Charles Primrose – lives an idyllic life in a country parish with his wife Deborah, son George, daughters Olivia and Sophia, and three other children. The vicar''s daughter, Olivia, is reported dead, Sophia is abducted, and George too is sent to prison in chains and covered with blood, as he had challenged Thornhill to a duel when he had heard about his wickedness. Olivia and Sophia Primrose[edit] In literary history books, The Vicar of Wakefield is often described as a sentimental novel, which displays the belief in the innate goodness of human beings. Wikisource has the text of The New Student''s Reference Work article about "The Vicar of Wakefield". en-wikipedia-org-41 A common comic-book cover format displays the issue number, date, price and publisher along with an illustration and cover copy that may include a story''s title. By the 1980s, several independent publishers – such as Pacific, Eclipse, First, Comico, and Fantagraphics – had started releasing a wide range of styles and formats—from color-superhero, detective, and science-fiction comic books to black-and-white magazine-format stories of Latin American magical realism. The rarest modern comic books include the original press run of The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen #5, which DC executive Paul Levitz recalled and pulped due to the appearance of a vintage Victorian era advertisement for "Marvel Douche", which the publisher considered offensive;[31] only 100 copies exist, most of which have been CGC graded. In 2015, the Japanese manga creator Eiichiro Oda was awarded the Guinness World Records title for having the "Most copies published for the same comic book series by a single author". en-wikipedia-org-4109 The Sufi influence, for instance, can be seen clearly not only in the tales concerning Nasreddin but also in the works of Yunus Emre, a towering figure in Turkish literature and a poet who lived at the end of the 13th and beginning of the 14th century, probably in the Karamanid state in south-central Anatolia. The development of folk poetry in Turkish—which began to emerge in the 13th century with such important writers as Yunus Emre, Sultan Veled, and Şeyyâd Hamza—was given a great boost when, on 13 May 1277, Karamanoğlu Mehmet Bey declared Turkish the official state language of Anatolia''s powerful Karamanid state;[12] subsequently, many of the tradition''s greatest poets would continue to emerge from this region. Moreover, until the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not contain any examples of fiction; that is, there were no counterparts to, for instance, the European romance, short story, or novel (though analogous genres did, to some extent, exist in both the Turkish folk tradition and in Divan poetry). en-wikipedia-org-4113 Eugene Gladstone O''Neill (October 16, 1888 – November 27, 1953) was an American playwright and Nobel laureate in literature. The tragedy Long Day''s Journey into Night is often numbered on the short list of the finest U.S. plays in the 20th century, alongside Tennessee Williams''s A Streetcar Named Desire and Arthur Miller''s Death of a Salesman.[1] O''Neill''s first published play, Beyond the Horizon, opened on Broadway in 1920 to great acclaim, and was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. The Eugene O''Neill Theater Center in Waterford, Connecticut fosters the development of new plays under his name. ^ a b c d e Dowling, Robert M., Eugene O''Neill: A Life in Four Acts, Yale University Press, 2014 en-wikipedia-org-4125 He gathered a group of dramatists (including John Poole, James Kenney, Joseph Lunn and Richard Brinsley Peak) who prevailed upon writer and MP George Lamb to introduce a bill in Parliament; but the bill did not pass its third reading.[23] In 1832 Edward Bulwer-Lytton, a novelist and MP, was successful in getting a select committee set up to consider dramatic copyright, as well as theatrical censorship and the monopoly of the patent theatres on drama.[24] Planché gave evidence before the select committee; the following year the Dramatic Copyright Act 1833 (3 Will IV c. When he published his first major work in 1834, History of British Costume from the Earliest Period to the Close of the 18th Century, Planché described it as "the result of ten years'' diligent devotion to its study of every leisure hour left me by my professional engagements".[38] Prior to this Planché had published his costume designs for King John and the other Shakespeare plays, with "biographical, critical and explanatory notices".[8] After travelling twice to the Continent, he wrote about his journeys in Lays and Legends of the Rhine (1826) and Descent of the Danube (1827). en-wikipedia-org-4133 Arthur Hugh Clough (/klʌf/ KLUF; 1 January 1819 – 13 November 1861) was an English poet, an educationalist, and the devoted assistant to Florence Nightingale. Arthur Clough was born in Liverpool to James Butler Clough, a cotton merchant of Welsh descent, and Anne Perfect, from Pontefract in Yorkshire.[1] James Butler Clough was a younger son of a landed gentry family that had been living at Plas Clough in Denbighshire since 1567.[2][3] In 1822 the family moved to the United States, and Clough''s early childhood was spent mainly in Charleston, South Carolina. Clough''s Poems (1862) edited, with a short memoir, by F. Anthony Kenny, Arthur Hugh Clough, a Poet''s Life (2005) Works by Arthur Hugh Clough at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Arthur Hugh Clough at Internet Archive The Poetry of Arthur Hugh Clough Arthur Hugh Clough''s poetry at Minstrels[dead link] Collection of short poems by Arthur Hugh Clough en-wikipedia-org-4136 Originally a 1978 radio comedy broadcast on BBC Radio 4, it was later adapted to other formats, including stage shows, novels, comic books, a 1981 TV series, a 1984 video game, and 2005 feature film. The BBC had a practice at the time of commissioning "Christmas Special" episodes for popular radio series, and while an early draft of this episode of The Hitchhiker''s Guide had a Christmas-related plotline, it was decided to be "in slightly poor taste" and the episode as transmitted served as a bridge between the two series.[18] This episode was released as part of the second radio series and, later, The Secondary Phase on cassettes and CDs. The Primary and Secondary Phases were aired, in a slightly edited version, in the United States on NPR Playhouse. The first of six episodes in a sixth series, the Hexagonal Phase, was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 8 March 2018[26] and featured Professor Stephen Hawking introducing himself as the voice of The Hitchhiker''s Guide to the Galaxy Mk II by saying: "I have been quite popular in my time. en-wikipedia-org-4168 Edwardian musical comedy was a form of British musical theatre that extended beyond the reign of King Edward VII in both directions, beginning in the early 1890s, when the Gilbert and Sullivan operas'' dominance had ended, until the rise of the American musicals by Jerome Kern, Rodgers and Hart, George Gershwin and Cole Porter following the First World War. Between In Town in 1892 and The Maid of the Mountains, premiering in 1917, this new style of musical theatre became dominant on the musical stage in Britain and the rest of the English-speaking world. Edwardian musical comedy began in the last decade of the Victorian era and captured the optimism, energy and good humour of the new century and the Edwardian era, as well as providing comfort during the First World War. The Gaiety Theatre''s well-loved but racy burlesques were coming to the end of their popularity, and so was the run of phenomenally successful family-friendly Gilbert and Sullivan operas. en-wikipedia-org-4172 In 1854, Commodore Matthew Perry and the "Black Ships" of the United States Navy forced the opening of Japan to the outside world with the Convention of Kanagawa.[41] Subsequent similar treaties with other Western countries brought economic and political crises.[41] The resignation of the shōgun led to the Boshin War and the establishment of a centralized state nominally unified under the emperor (the Meiji Restoration).[46] Adopting Western political, judicial, and military institutions, the Cabinet organized the Privy Council, introduced the Meiji Constitution, and assembled the Imperial Diet.[47] During the Meiji era (1868–1912), the Empire of Japan emerged as the most developed nation in Asia and as an industrialized world power that pursued military conflict to expand its sphere of influence.[48][49][50] After victories in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), Japan gained control of Taiwan, Korea and the southern half of Sakhalin.[51][47] The Japanese population doubled from 35 million in 1873 to 70 million by 1935, with a significant shift to urbanization.[52][53] en-wikipedia-org-4197 Keats said, "I am certain of nothing but of the holiness of the Heart''s affections and the truth of ImaginationWhat the imagination seizes as beauty must be truth." For Wordsworth and William Blake, as well as Victor Hugo and Alessandro Manzoni, the imagination is a spiritual force, is related to morality, and they believed that literature, especially poetry, could improve the world. French literature from the first half of the century was dominated by Romanticism, which is associated with such authors as Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas, père, François-René de Chateaubriand, Alphonse de Lamartine, Gérard de Nerval, Charles Nodier, Alfred de Musset, Théophile Gautier and Alfred de Vigny. Leading Romantic poets include Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer (considered the most important), Manuel José Quintana, José Zorrilla, Rosalía de Castro (in Galician and Spanish), and José de Espronceda.[citation needed] In Catalonia, the Romantic movement was a major trigger for the Catalan Renaissance or ''Renaixença'', which would gradually bring back prestige to the Catalan language and literature (in decadence since its 15th-century Golden Age), with the leading figure in poetry of Jacint Verdaguer.[15] en-wikipedia-org-4198 A further two decades later, a hostile view was expressed that emphasis on their importance had been an attempt by Eliot and his followers to impose a "high Anglican and royalist literary history" on 17th-century English poetry.[6] But Colin Burrow''s dissenting opinion, in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, is that the term ''Metaphysical poets'' still retains some value. On the death of Donne, it is natural that his friend Edward Herbert should write him an elegy full of high-flown and exaggerated Metaphysical logic.[14] In a similar way, Abraham Cowley marks the deaths of Crashaw[15] and of another member of Donne''s literary circle, Henry Wotton.[16] Here, however, though Cowley acknowledges Crashaw briefly as a writer ("Poet and saint"), his governing focus is on how Crashaw''s goodness transcended his change of religion. en-wikipedia-org-4203 Many common templates address problems with article citations and references, or their lack—because reliable sourcing is the lifeblood of Wikipedia articles and at the core of all of Wikipedia''s content policies and guidelines, such as notability, verifiability, neutral point of view, and no original research. If the issue flagged by the maintenance template is that the article contains no references, a citation needed template used might be {{Unreferenced}} – typically placed by the code you would see when wikitext (source) editing: {{Unreferenced|date=January 2021}}. For example: Neutrality-related templates such as {{COI}} (associated with the conflict of interest guideline) or {{POV}} (associated with the neutral point of view policy) strongly recommend that the tagging editor initiate a discussion (generally on the article''s talk page) to support the placement of the tag. For example, if an article is flagged as lacking citations to reliable, secondary sources, written by third-parties to the topic, and a user seeing the maintenance templates discovers that such sources appear not to exist, that usually means the article should be deleted. en-wikipedia-org-4206 Historian Julian Hoppit said of the book, "except among some Whigs, even as a contribution to the intense debate of the 1690s it made little impression and was generally ignored until 1703 (though in Oxford in 1695 it was reported to have made ''a great noise'')."[24] John Kenyon, in his study of British political debate from 1689 to 1720, has remarked that Locke''s theories were "mentioned so rarely in the early stages of the [Glorious] Revolution, up to 1692, and even less thereafter, unless it was to heap abuse on them" and that "no one, including most Whigs, [were] ready for the idea of a notional or abstract contract of the kind adumbrated by Locke."[25]:200 In contrast, Kenyon adds that Algernon Sidney''s Discourses Concerning Government were "certainly much more influential than Locke''s Two Treatises."[i][25]:51 en-wikipedia-org-4210 Rupert Chawner Brooke (3 August 1887 – 23 April 1915)[1] was an English poet known for his idealistic war sonnets written during the First World War, especially The Soldier. Another friend and war poet, Patrick Shaw-Stewart, assisted at his hurried funeral.[23] His grave remains there still, with a monument erected by his friend Stanley Casson,[24] poet and archaeologist, who in 1921 published Rupert Brooke and Skyros, a "quiet essay", illustrated with woodcuts by Phyllis Gardner.[25] Rupert Brooke: Life, Death & Myth (London: Richard Cohen Books, 1999), pp.110, 304. ^ Rupert Brooke: Life, Death, & Myth, Nigel Jones, Head of Zeus (revised edition; originally published BBC Worldwide, 2003) 2014, p. Rupert Brooke: Life, Death and Myth. Rupert Brooke: Life, Death and Myth. Rupert Brooke profile and poems on Poets.org en-wikipedia-org-4212 Tudor monarchs ruled the Kingdom of England and its realms, including their ancestral Wales and the Lordship of Ireland (later the Kingdom of Ireland) from 1485 until 1603, with six monarchs in that period: Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Lady Jane Grey, Mary I and Elizabeth I. The first Tudor monarch, Henry VII of England, descended through his mother from a legitimised branch of the English royal House of Lancaster, a cadet house of the Plantagenets. The Tudors descended on Henry VII''s mother''s side from John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, one of the children of the 14th century English prince John of Gaunt, the third surviving son of King Edward III. Henry Tudor, as Henry VII, and his son by Elizabeth of York, Henry VIII, eliminated other claimants to the throne, including his first cousin once removed, Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury,[6] and her family. en-wikipedia-org-4218 Some have argued that since attendance at prayer book services was required by law for many years, the repetitive use of its language helped to standardise Modern English even more than the King James Bible (1611) did.[3] Thorn had become nearly totally disused by the late Early Modern English period, the last vestiges of the letter being its ligatures, ye (thee), yt (that), yu (thou), which were still seen occasionally in the 1611 King James Version and in Shakespeare''s Folios.[8] The translators of the King James Version of the Bible (begun 1604 and published 1611, while Shakespeare was at the height of his popularity) had a particular reason for keeping the informal "thou/thee/thy/thine" forms that were slowly beginning to fall out of spoken use, as it enabled them to match the Hebrew and Ancient Greek distinction between second person singular ("thou") and plural ("ye"). "Early Modern English vowels". en-wikipedia-org-423 Unsung pioneers of the art include: WLW''s Fred Smith; Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll (who popularized the dramatic serial); The Eveready Hour creative team (which began with one-act plays but was soon experimenting with hour-long combinations of drama and music on its weekly variety program); the various acting troupes at stations like WLW, WGY, KGO and a number of others, frequently run by women like Helen Schuster Martin and Wilda Wilson Church; early network continuity writers like Henry Fisk Carlton, William Ford Manley and Don Clark; producers and directors like Clarence Menser and Gerald Stopp; and a long list of others who were credited at the time with any number of innovations but who are largely forgotten or undiscussed today. en-wikipedia-org-4233 After the war, the UK became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and worked closely with the United States to establish the IMF, World Bank and NATO.[127][128] The war left the UK severely weakened and financially dependent on the Marshall Plan,[129] but it was spared the total war that devastated eastern Europe.[130] In the immediate post-war years, the Labour government initiated a radical programme of reforms, which had a significant effect on British society in the following decades.[131] Major industries and public utilities were nationalised, a welfare state was established, and a comprehensive, publicly funded healthcare system, the National Health Service, was created.[132] The rise of nationalism in the colonies coincided with Britain''s now much-diminished economic position, so that a policy of decolonisation was unavoidable. en-wikipedia-org-4251 Examples of animal tricksters include Anansi, a spider in the folklore of the Ashanti people of Ghana; Ijàpá, a tortoise in Yoruba folklore of Nigeria; and Sungura, a hare found in central and East African folklore.[7] Other works in written form are abundant, namely in North Africa, the Sahel regions of west Africa and on the Swahili coast. Mazrui and others mention seven conflicts as themes: the clash between Africa''s past and present, between tradition and modernity, between indigenous and foreign, between individualism and community, between socialism and capitalism, between development and self-reliance and between Africanity and humanity.[14] Other themes in this period include social problems such as corruption, the economic disparities in newly independent countries, and the rights and roles of women. en-wikipedia-org-4255 In literature, this constituted a renewed interest in prose novels (e.g. Václav Matěj Kramerius), in Czech history and in the historical development of Czech culture (e.g. Josef Dobrovský, who re-codified the grammar of the Czech language and Antonín Jaroslav Puchmayer, who systematically set out to develop a Czech poetic style). During this time period two main types of literature were produced: Biedermeier literature, which strove to educate the readers and encourage them to be loyal to the Austro-Hungarian Empire (e.g. Karel Jaromír Erben and Božena Němcová), and romanticism, which emphasized the freedom of the individual and focused on subjectivity and the subconscious (e.g. Karel Hynek Mácha, Václav Bolemír Nebeský.) These authors were generally published in either newspapers or in the literary magazine Květy (Blossoms) published by Josef Kajetán Tyl. The year 1848 brought to the fore a new generation of Czech authors who followed in the footsteps of Mácha, and published their work in the new almanac Máj (May) (e.g. Vítězslav Hálek, Karolina Světlá and Jan Neruda). en-wikipedia-org-4261 The Angles (Old English: Ængle, Engle; Latin: Angli; German: Angeln) were one of the main Germanic peoples[1] who settled in Great Britain in the post-Roman period. This view is based partly on Old English and Danish traditions regarding persons and events of the fourth century, and partly because striking affinities to the cult of Nerthus as described by Tacitus are to be found in pre-Christian Scandinavian religion.[8] In the Norwegian seafarer Ohthere of Hålogaland''s account of a two-day voyage from the Oslo fjord to Schleswig, he reported the lands on his starboard bow, and Alfred appended the note "on these islands dwelt the Engle before they came hither".[n 1] Confirmation is afforded by English and Danish traditions relating to two kings named Wermund and Offa of Angel, from whom the Mercian royal family claimed descent and whose exploits are connected with Anglia, Schleswig, and Rendsburg. en-wikipedia-org-427 Formerly, in ancient Greece and Rome, the medieval world, and the time of William Shakespeare, only men could become actors, and women''s roles were generally played by men or boys.[3] While Ancient Rome did allow female stage performers, only a small minority of them were given speaking parts. The commedia dell''arte of Italy, however, allowed professional women to perform early on: Lucrezia Di Siena, whose name is on a contract of actors from 10 October 1564, has been referred to as the first Italian actress known by name, with Vincenza Armani and Barbara Flaminia as the first primadonnas and the first well documented actresses in Italy (and Europe). The first recorded case of a performing actor occurred in 534 BC (though the changes in calendar over the years make it hard to determine exactly) when the Greek performer Thespis stepped onto the stage at the Theatre Dionysus to become the first known person to speak words as a character in a play or story. en-wikipedia-org-4283 According to Greek philosopher Aristotle in his book Poetics, suspense is an important building block of literature, and this is an important convention in the thriller genre.[7] Ancient epic poems such as the Epic of Gilgamesh, Homer''s Odyssey and the Mahābhārata may have used similar narrative techniques to modern thrillers.[citation needed] The Three Apples, a tale in the One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights), is a murder mystery[14] with multiple plot twists[15] and detective fiction elements.[16] In this tale, a fisherman discovers a heavy locked chest along the Tigris river and he sells it to the Abbasid Caliph, Harun al-Rashid, who then has the chest broken open only to find inside it the dead body of a young woman who was cut into pieces. "What''s Mystery, Suspense & Thriller Genre?". "Thriller and Suspense Films". "Thriller and Suspense Films". "Thriller and Suspense Films". en-wikipedia-org-4294 View source for English literature Wikipedia If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-4296 Runes are the letters in a set of related alphabets known as runic alphabets, which were used to write various Germanic languages before the adoption of the Latin alphabet and for specialised purposes thereafter. Inscriptions such as wagnija, niþijo, and harija are supposed to represent tribe names, tentatively proposed to be Vangiones, the Nidensis, and the Harii tribes located in the Rhineland.[14] Since names ending in -io reflect Germanic morphology representing the Latin ending -ius, and the suffix -inius was reflected by Germanic -inio-,[15][16] the question of the problematic ending -ijo in masculine Proto-Norse would be resolved by assuming Roman (Rhineland) influences, while "the awkward ending -a of laguþewa[17] may be solved by accepting the fact that the name may indeed be West Germanic".[14] In the early Runic period differences between Germanic languages are generally presumed to be small. "Runes, Runic Language and Inscriptions" . en-wikipedia-org-4301 Fantastic Mr Fox is a children''s novel written by British author Roald Dahl. In 1994, Fantastic Mr Fox was awarded the Read Aloud BILBY Award from the Children''s Book Council of Australia.[1] Main article: Fantastic Mr. Fox (film) Main article: Fantastic Mr. Fox (opera) Tobias Picker adapted the book into an opera which had its world premiere at the Los Angeles Opera performing 9–22 December in 1998.[5][6] the Opera starred Gerald Finley as Mr Fox and Suzanna Guzman as Mrs Fox.[5] A specially commissioned new version of this opera by Opera Holland Park was performed in the gardens and natural scenery of Holland Park in the summer of 2010 staged by Stephen Barlow. "Fantastic Mr Fox – Adapted for the stage by David Wood". Roald Dahl''s Book of Ghost Stories (1983) Fantastic Mr Fox by Roald Dahl (1994) Children''s books by Roald Dahl Children''s books by Roald Dahl en-wikipedia-org-4303 The Americans in the Thirteen Colonies defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), gaining independence from the British Crown and establishing the United States of America, the first modern constitutional liberal democracy.[1][2] The Americans adopted the United States Constitution, establishing a strong national government which included an elected executive, a national judiciary, and an elected bicameral Congress representing states in the Senate and the population in the House of Representatives.[3][4] Around 60,000 Loyalists migrated to other British territories, particularly to British North America (Canada), but the great majority remained in the United States. The new government under President George Washington took office in New York in March 1789.[104] James Madison spearheaded Congressional amendments to the Constitution as assurances to those cautious about federal power, guaranteeing many of the inalienable rights that formed a foundation for the revolution, and Rhode Island was the final state to ratify the Constitution in 1791. en-wikipedia-org-4304 Four-volume novel series by Paul Scott The Raj Quartet is a four-volume novel sequence, written by Paul Scott, about the concluding years of the British Raj in India. The lead characters in the first novel, which sets the stage for the subsequent ones, are Daphne Manners, a young Englishwoman who has recently arrived in India, and her British-educated Indian lover, Hari Kumar. Indians get walk-ons, but remain, for the most part, bit-players in their own history." [8] Conversely, Tariq Ali praised the books for providing a nuanced class analysis of the British in India and the Anglicized Indian upper classes who served the British during the Raj and later took control over the country after Independence and Partition.[9] Hale, Chronotopicity in Paul Scott''s "The Raj Quartet" The Raj Quartet by Paul Scott British novels adapted into television shows en-wikipedia-org-4318 Lawrence''s 1920 novel Women in Love is a sequel to The Rainbow. Lawrence''s frank treatment of sexual desire, and the part it plays within relationships as a natural and even spiritual force of life, caused The Rainbow to be prosecuted in an obscenity trial at Bow Street Magistrates'' Court on 13 November 1915, as a result of which 1,011 copies were seized and burnt.[3][4] After this ban it was unavailable in Britain for 11 years, although editions were available in the United States. The Rainbow (1915), edited by Mark Kinkead-Weekes, Cambridge University Press, 1989, ISBN 0-521-00944-8 H. Lawrence: The Rainbow and Women in Love: A Casebook (London: Macmillan, 1969), en-wikipedia-org-4320 Category:Short description matches Wikidata Wikipedia Category:Short description matches Wikidata Jump to navigation It is not shown on its member pages, unless the corresponding user preference (appearance → show hidden categories) is set. The main page for this category is WP:Short description. This category contains articles with short descriptions that match the description field on Wikidata. Pages in category "Short description matches Wikidata" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 992,019 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). .hack (video game series) (-)-alpha-pinene synthase (video game) 1st (United Kingdom) Division 1st Cavalry Division (United Kingdom) A1 road (Great Britain) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata&oldid=988989963" Categories: WikiProject Short descriptions Wikipedia categories tracking data same as Wikidata Category Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2020, at 12:12 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-4325 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-4358 In 1970, he and his sister, Olwyn (26 August 1928 – 3 January 2016),[45] set up the Rainbow Press, which published sixteen titles between 1971 and 1981, comprising poems by Sylvia Plath, Ted Hughes, Ruth Fainlight, Thom Gunn and Seamus Heaney, printed by Daedalus Press, Rampant Lions Press and the John Roberts Press. Hughes wrote an introduction to a translation of Vasko Popa: Collected Poems, in the "Persea Series of Poetry in Translation", edited by Weissbort.[64] which was reviewed with favour by premiere literary critic John Bayley of Oxford University in The New York Review of Books.[64] en-wikipedia-org-4376 1370–90) or Visio Willelmi de Petro Ploughman (William''s Vision of Piers Plowman) is a Middle English allegorical narrative poem by William Langland. Like the Pearl Poet''s Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Piers Plowman is considered by many critics to be one of the greatest works of English literature of the Middle Ages, even preceding and influencing Chaucer''s Canterbury Tales. Like William Langland, who may have written the C-text version of Piers Plowman to disassociate himself from the Rising, they look for the reform of the English church and society by the removal of abuses in what the authors deem a restorative rather than an innovative project.[6] Editing Piers Plowman: The Evolution of the Text (Cambridge, CUP, 1996) (Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature, 28). en-wikipedia-org-4392 Though relatively few people could read at this time, Wycliffe''s idea was to translate the Bible into the vernacular, saying "it helpeth Christian men to study the Gospel in that tongue in which they know best Christ''s sentence".[2] However, as the text translated in the various versions of the Wycliffe Bible was the Latin Vulgate, and as it contained no heterodox content,[4][5] there was in practice no way by which the ecclesiastical authorities could distinguish the banned version; and consequently many Catholic commentators of the 15th and 16th centuries (such as Thomas More) took these manuscript English Bibles to represent an anonymous earlier orthodox translation. However, due to the common use of surviving manuscripts of Wycliffe''s Bible as works of an unknown Catholic translator, this version continued to circulate among 16th-century English Catholics, and many of its renderings of the Vulgate into English were adopted by the translators of the Rheims New Testament. en-wikipedia-org-4394 This is a list of English-language poets, who have written much of their poetry in English.[1] Main country of residence as a poet (not place of birth): A = Australia, B = Barbados, Bo = Bosnia, C = Canada, Ch = Chile, Cu = Cuba, D = Dominica, De = Denmark, E = England, F = France, G = Germany, Ga = Gambia, Gd = Grenada, Gh = Ghana/Gold Coast, Gr = Greece, Gu = Guyana/British Guiana, Gy = Guernsey, HK = Hong Kong, In = India, IoM = Isle of Man, Is = Israel, Ir = Ireland, It = Italy, J = Jamaica, Je = Jersey, Jp = Japan, K = Kenya, L = Lebanon, M = Malta, Me = Mexico, Mo = Montserrat, Ne = Nepal, Nf = Newfoundland (colony), Ni = Nigeria, NI = Northern Ireland, Nt = Netherlands, NZ = New Zealand, P = Pakistan, Pa = Palestine, Ph = Philippines, PI = Pitcairn Islands, RE = Russian Empire, S = Scotland, SA = South Africa, Se = Serbia, SL = Saint Lucia, SLe = Sierra Leone, SLk = Sri Lanka, So = Somalia, Sw = Sweden, T = Trinidad and Tobago, US = United States/preceding colonies, W = Wales, Z = Zimbabwe/Rhodesia Richard James Allen (born 1960, A) John Robert Colombo (born 1936, C) Lists of English language poets by nationality[edit] en-wikipedia-org-4398 This perception was created in the 1920s and later by those who remembered the Edwardian age with nostalgia, looking back to their childhoods across the abyss of the Great War.[3] The Edwardian age was also seen as a mediocre period of pleasure between the great achievements of the preceding Victorian age and the catastrophe of the following war.[4] Recent assessments emphasise the great differences between the wealthy and the poor during this period and describe the age as heralding great changes in political and social life.[2][5] Historian Lawrence James has argued that the leaders felt increasingly threatened by rival powers such as Germany, Russia, and the United States.[6] Nevertheless, the sudden arrival of world war in summer 1914 was largely unexpected, except for the Royal Navy, because it had been prepared and ready for war. en-wikipedia-org-442 Barker''s first three novels – Union Street (1982), Blow Your House Down (1984) and Liza''s England (1986; originally published as The Century''s Daughter) – depicted the lives of working-class women in Yorkshire. The Regeneration Trilogy was extremely well received by critics, with Peter Kemp of the Sunday Times describing it as "brilliant, intense and subtle",[20] and Publishers Weekly saying it was "a triumph of an imagination at once poetic and practical."[21] The trilogy is described by The New York Times as "a fierce meditation on the horrors of war and its psychological aftermath."[22] Novelist Jonathan Coe describes it as "one of the few real masterpieces of late 20th century British fiction."[1] British author and critic, Rosemary Dinnage reviewing in the New York Review of Books declared that it has "earned her a well-deserved place in literature" [17] resulting in its re-issue for the centenary of the First World War. In 1995 the final book in the trilogy, The Ghost Road, won the Booker–McConnell Prize.[23] en-wikipedia-org-4433 Amherst (/ˈæmərst/ (listen))[4] is a town in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States, in the Connecticut River valley. According to the United States Census Bureau, Amherst has a total area of 27.7 square miles (71.8 km2), of which 27.6 square miles (71.5 km2) are land and 0.12 square miles (0.3 km2), or 0.48%, are water.[5] The town is bordered by Hadley to the west, Sunderland and Leverett to the north, Shutesbury, Pelham, and Belchertown to the east, and Granby and South Hadley to the south. The reason for the large population living below the poverty line is the large number of students that live in Amherst.[citation needed] According to the 2010 5-year American Community Survey estimates, occupied housing units had a median household income of $50,063, which includes both renter and owner-occupied units. "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Amherst town, Hampshire County, Massachusetts". en-wikipedia-org-4444 List of largest empires Wikipedia Several empires in world history have been contenders for the largest of all time, depending on definition and mode of measurement. The list is not exhaustive owing to a lack of available data for several empires; for this reason and because of the inherent uncertainty in the area estimates, no rankings are given. Largest empires by land area Largest empires by land area Empire size in this list is defined as the dry land area it controlled at the time, which may differ considerably from the area it claimed. ^ More recent reassessment of the historical evidence, both archaeological and textual, has led modern scholars to question previous notions of the extent of the realm of the Medes and even its existence as a unified state.[20] If the Median Empire never surpassed the size of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, the latter remained the largest empire the world had seen until the Achaemenid Empire surpassed it.[23][11] en-wikipedia-org-4446 Midnight''s Children is a 1981 novel by author Salman Rushdie. Midnight''s Children won both the Booker Prize and the James Tait Black Memorial Prize in 1981.[1] It was awarded the "Booker of Bookers" Prize and the best all-time prize winners in 1993 and 2008 to celebrate the Booker Prize 25th and 40th anniversary.[2][3] In 2003, the novel was listed on the BBC''s The Big Read poll of the UK''s "best-loved novels".[4] It was also added to the list of Great Books of the 20th Century, published by Penguin Books. Midnight''s Children has been called "a watershed in the post-independence development of the Indian English novel", to the extent that the decade after its 1981 publication has been called "post-Rushdie". 1981: Salman Rushdie (Midnight''s Children) en-wikipedia-org-4466 Thomas Gray (26 December 1716 – 30 July 1771) was an English poet, letter-writer, classical scholar, and professor at Pembroke College, Cambridge. It is believed by a number of writers that Gray began writing arguably his most celebrated piece, the Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, in the graveyard of St Giles'' parish church in Stoke Poges, Buckinghamshire (though this claim is not exclusive), in 1742. ^ "Thomas Gray | English poet". "Thomas Gray Archive : Texts : Poems : Sonnet [on the Death of Mr Richard West]". "Thomas Gray Archive : Texts : Poems : Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat, Drowned in a Tub of Gold Fishes". "Thomas Gray Archive : Texts : Poems : Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College". "Thomas Gray Archive : Texts : Poems : Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard". Works by or about Thomas Gray at Internet Archive Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-447 Inner Africa remained largely unexplored and King Solomon''s Mines, one of the first novels of African adventure published in English, captured the public''s imagination. Haggard also owed a considerable debt to Joseph Thomson, the Scottish explorer whose book Through Masai Land was published in 1885.[10] Thomson claimed he had terrified warriors in Kenya by taking out his false teeth and claiming to be a magician, just as Captain Good does in King Solomon''s Mines. Allan Quatermain, an adventurer and white hunter based in Durban, in what is now South Africa, is approached by aristocrat Sir Henry Curtis and his friend Captain Good, seeking his help finding Sir Henry''s brother, who was last seen travelling north into the unexplored interior on a quest for the fabled King Solomon''s Mines. The 1985 film, King Solomon''s Mines, was a more tongue-in-cheek parody of the story, followed by a sequel in the same vein: Allan Quatermain and the Lost City of Gold (1987). en-wikipedia-org-4472 File:Geoffrey Chaucer (17th century).jpg Wikipedia File:Geoffrey Chaucer (17th century).jpg Portrait of Geoffrey Chaucer, British poet and comptroller of customsusing Occupation template with incorrect parameters (circa 1340 -1400) Unknown artistUnknown artist British 17th century date QS:P,+1650-00-00T00:00:00Z/7 Portrait of Geoffrey Chaucer, British poet and comptroller of customs (circa 1340 date QS:P,+1340-00-00T00:00:00Z/9,P1480,Q5727902 This is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional, public domain work of art. 19:56, 3 November 2008 317 × 398 (16 KB) Victory''s Spear ==Summary== {{Information |Description=Geoffrey Chaucer |Source=[http://www.gac.culture.gov.uk/search/Object.asp?object_key=25704 Government Art Collection] |Date=17th century, artwork is well over 100 years old. Usage on io.wikipedia.org Usage on io.wikipedia.org Usage on io.wikipedia.org Usage on io.wikipedia.org Usage on io.wikipedia.org Usage on io.wikipedia.org Usage on io.wikipedia.org Usage on io.wikipedia.org Usage on io.wikipedia.org Usage on io.wikipedia.org Usage on io.wikipedia.org Usage on io.wikipedia.org Usage on io.wikipedia.org Usage on io.wikipedia.org Usage on io.wikipedia.org Usage on io.wikipedia.org View more global usage of this file. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geoffrey_Chaucer_(17th_century).jpg" en-wikipedia-org-4482 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-4493 Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata Wikipedia Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. ► 19th-century American people‎ (31 C, 377 P) ► 19th-century Argentine people‎ (4 C, 22 P) ► 19th-century Austrian people‎ (8 C, 331 P) ► 19th-century British people‎ (34 C, 198 P) ► 19th-century French painters‎ (7 C, 1,305 P) ► 19th-century French women‎ (6 C, 52 P) ► 19th-century German people‎ (13 C, 346 P) ► 19th-century Italian people‎ (12 C, 248 P) ► 19th-century Polish people‎ (12 C, 34 P) ► 19th-century Russian people‎ (16 C, 168 P) Pages in category "Commons category link is on Wikidata" Fifth Avenue/53rd Street station 7th Infantry Regiment (United States) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata&oldid=951828128" Wikipedia categories tracking Wikidata differences en-wikipedia-org-4507 The late romances, often simply called the romances, are a grouping of William Shakespeare''s last plays, comprising Pericles, Prince of Tyre; Cymbeline; The Winter''s Tale; and The Tempest. The term "romances" was first used for these late works in Edward Dowden''s Shakespeare: A Critical Study of His Mind and Art (1875). Shakespeare''s plays cannot be precisely dated, but it is generally agreed that these comedies followed a series of tragedies including Othello, King Lear and Macbeth. The category of Shakespearean romance arises from a desire among critics for the late plays to be recognised as a more complex kind of comedy; the labels of romance and tragicomedy are preferred by the majority of modern critics and editors.[5] In the First Folio of 1623, John Heminges and Henry Condell, its editors, listed The Tempest and The Winter''s Tale as comedies, and Cymbeline as a tragedy. en-wikipedia-org-4509 Miracle plays, or Saint''s plays, are now distinguished from mystery plays as they specifically re-enacted miraculous interventions by the saints, particularly St. Nicholas or St. Mary, into the lives of ordinary people, rather than biblical events;[16] however both of these terms are more commonly used by modern scholars than they were by medieval people, who used a wide variety of terminology to refer to their dramatic performances. The local cycles were revived in both York and Chester in 1951 as part of the Festival of Britain, and are still performed by the local guilds.[19] The N-Town cycle was revived in 1978 as the Lincoln mystery plays, In 2001, the Isango Ensemble produced an African version of the Chester Cycle at the Garrick Theatre in London as The Mysteries – Yiimimangaliso, performing in a combination of the Xhosa language, the Zulu language, English, Latin and Afrikaans. Modern mysteries: contemporary productions of medieval English cycle dramas. en-wikipedia-org-451 In that month, it won the National Book Award, favorite fiction book of 1939, voted by members of the American Booksellers Association.[23] Later that year, it won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction[24] and was adapted as a film directed by John Ford, starring Henry Fonda as Tom Joad; Fonda was nominated for the best actor Academy Award. The Grapes of Wrath was banned by school boards: in August 1939, the Kern County Board of Supervisors banned the book from the county''s publicly funded schools and libraries.[26] It was burned in Salinas on two different occasions.[46][47] In 2003, a school board in Mississippi banned it on the grounds of profanity.[48] According to the American Library Association Steinbeck was one of the ten most frequently banned authors from 1990 to 2004, with Of Mice and Men ranking sixth out of 100 such books in the United States.[49][50] en-wikipedia-org-4517 Sir John Clifford Mortimer CBE QC FRSL (21 April 1923 – 16 January 2009)[1] was an English barrister, dramatist, screenwriter, and author. Verongos "John Mortimer, barrister and creator of Rumpole, is dead", Archived 3 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine International Herald Tribune, 16 January 2009. ^ a b c d "Sir John Mortimer: creator of Rumpole of the Bailey", Archived 24 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine The Times, 17 January 2009. ^ a b David Hughes "Sir John Mortimer: Lawyer and writer who created Rumpole of the Bailey and elegised a bygone England", Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Independent, 17 January 2009. ^ Valerie Grove "Rumpole creator John Mortimer dies at 85" Archived 5 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine, The Times, 16 January 2009. en-wikipedia-org-4526 It was while living in the countryside, having failed in his attempts to supplement his income as a farmer and struggling with tuberculosis, that Sterne began work on his best-known novel, The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, the first volumes of which were published in 1759. The works of Laurence Sterne are few in comparison to other eighteenth-century authors of comparable stature.[52] Sterne''s early works were letters; he had two sermons published (in 1747 and 1750), and tried his hand at satire.[53] He was involved in, and wrote about, local politics in 1742.[53] His major publication prior to Tristram Shandy was the satire A Political Romance (1759), aimed at conflicts of interest within York Minster.[53] A posthumously published piece on the art of preaching, A Fragment in the Manner of Rabelais, appears to have been written in 1759.[54] Rabelais was by far Sterne''s favourite author, and in his correspondence he made clear that he considered himself as Rabelais'' successor in humour writing, distancing himself from Jonathan Swift.[55][56] en-wikipedia-org-4537 Havelok the Dane, also known as Havelok or Lay of Havelok the Dane, is a thirteenth-century Middle English romance considered to be part of the Matter of England.[1][2] The story, however, is also known in two earlier Anglo-Norman versions, one by Geffrei Gaimar and another known as the Lai d''havelok. A new publication of the late 19th-century translation by Walter Skeat is available as The Lay of Havelock the Dane.[3] Havelok is often categorized as belonging to the so-called Matter of England, because it deals with legends of English history rather than the legends of Rome, France and Britain, the three traditional subjects of medieval romance. Plot summary of the Middle English romance[edit] Havelok and Goldborow marry and return to Grimsby, where they are taken in by Grim''s children. ''Havelok the Dane'', in Four Romances of England, ed. en-wikipedia-org-4543 The Ordeal of Richard Feverel First edition title page The Ordeal of Richard Feverel: A History of Father and Son (1859) is the earliest full-length novel by George Meredith; its subject is the inability of systems of education to control human passions. The Ordeal of Richard Feverel was first published in 1859 by Chapman & Hall in three volumes. B. Priestley wrote that "So far as English fiction is concerned...there can be no doubt that the modern novel began with the publication of The Ordeal of Richard Feverel." [8] Virginia Woolf''s assessment was that: The Ordeal of Richard Feverel is referred to in E.M. Forster''s 1910 novel Howards End. The aspirational character Leonard Bast mentions that it inspired him to leave London and take an all night walk into the countryside, because he "wanted to get back to the earth...like Richard does in the end."[10] It was referred to again in the Merchant-Ivory adaptation of Howards End, in which Leonard discreetly reads a passage from Richard Feverel at his work and dreams of walking in a bluebell wood. ^ Edward Mendelson (ed.) The Ordeal of Richard Feverel (London: Penguin, 1998) pp. en-wikipedia-org-4554 In the post-Vatican II form of the Roman Rite, feast days are ranked (in descending order of importance) as solemnities, feasts or memorials (obligatory or optional).[7] Pope John XXIII''s 1960 Code of Rubrics, whose use remains authorized by the motu proprio Summorum Pontificum, divides liturgical days into I, II, III, and IV class days. Examples are: the 1780 San Calixto hurricane (more widely known as the Great Hurricane of 1780) (the deadliest in the North Atlantic basin''s recorded history; named after Pope Callixtus I (Saint Callixtus), whose feast day is October 14),[9] the 1867 San Narciso hurricane (named after Saint Narcissus of Jerusalem, feast day October 29),[9] the 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane (the deadliest in the island''s recorded history; Saint Cyriacus, August 8),[9][10] the 1928 San Felipe hurricane (the strongest in terms of measured wind speed; Saint Philip, father of Saint Eugenia of Rome, September 13),[9] and the 1932 San Ciprian hurricane (Saint Cyprian, September 26).[9] en-wikipedia-org-4556 Many Revolutionary symbols such as La Marseillaise and phrases like Liberté, égalité, fraternité reappeared in other revolts, such as the 1917 Russian Revolution.[3] Over the next two centuries, its key principles like equality would inspire campaigns for the abolition of slavery and universal suffrage.[4] Its values and institutions dominate French politics to this day, and many historians regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history.[5] However, these taxes were predominantly paid by the urban and rural poor, and attempts to share the burden more equally were blocked by the regional parlements which controlled financial policy.[17] The resulting impasse in the face of widespread economic distress led to the calling of the Estates-General, which became radicalised by the struggle for control of public finances.[18] However, neither the level of French state debt in 1788, or its previous history, can be considered an explanation for the outbreak of revolution in 1789.[19] en-wikipedia-org-4562 The first poem, Burnt Norton, was published with a collection of his early works (1936''s Collected Poems 1909–1935.) After a few years, Eliot composed the other three poems, East Coker, The Dry Salvages, and Little Gidding, which were written during World War II and the air-raids on Great Britain. They were first published as a series by Faber and Faber in Great Britain between 1940 and 1942 towards the end of Eliot''s poetic career (East Coker in September 1940, Burnt Norton in February 1941, The Dry Salvages in September 1941 and Little Gidding in 1942.) The poems were not collected until Eliot''s New York publisher printed them together in 1943. The concept and origin of Burnt Norton is connected to Eliot''s play Murder in the Cathedral.[20] The poem discusses the idea of time and the concept that only the present moment really matters because the past cannot be changed and the future is unknown.[21] en-wikipedia-org-4566 One of the first Faroese writers was the early 19th century liberal Nólsoyar Páll Poul Poulson Nólsoy, who tried to end the trading monopoly that was affecting the islands. William Heinesen, poet, novelist and short story writer (he was Faroese but wrote in Danish language) In this book is an account on the Faroe Islands written by the Faroese Jacob Oudensøn. 1800 the Danish priest Jørgen Landts published a work on the Faroe Islands: Forsøg til en Beskrivelse over Færøerne. He wrote Færøsk Sproglære that never was published but was well known to Rasmus Rask, who later helped V.U. Hammersheimb to put together the first official Faroese orthography. 1795–1864 Carl Christian Rafn was Danish and a very influential publisher and translator of old texts, working together with Icelandic and Faroese language activists. A cultural Faroese publication published in the Faroes. An important Faroese national media and magazine published in the Faroe Islands by A.C. Evensen. en-wikipedia-org-4574 A plot device popularised by Charles Dickens, the term "cliffhanger" is considered to have originated with the serialised version of A Pair of Blue Eyes (published in Tinsley''s Magazine between September 1872 and July 1873) in which Henry Knight, one of the protagonists, is left literally hanging off a cliff.[28][29] Elements of Hardy''s fiction reflect the influence of the commercially successful sensation fiction of the 1860s, particularly the legal complications in novels such as Desperate Remedies (1871), Far from the Madding Crowd (1874) and Two on a Tower (1882).[30] Walsh, Lauren (2005), "Introduction", The Return of the Native, by Thomas Hardy (print), Classics, New York: Barnes & Noble. E. Thomas Hardy: His Life and Work. "Thomas Hardy in Our Time." New York: St. Martin''s Press, 1995, London: Macmillan, 1997. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Hardy, Thomas. en-wikipedia-org-4577 Her first novel, Cover Her Face, featuring the investigator and poet Adam Dalgliesh of New Scotland Yard, named after a teacher at Cambridge High School, was published in 1962.[7] Many of James''s mystery novels take place against the backdrop of UK bureaucracies, such as the criminal justice system and the National Health Service, in which she worked for decades starting in the 1940s. Her 2001 work, Death in Holy Orders, displays her familiarity with the inner workings of church hierarchy.[9] Her later novels were often set in a community closed in some way, such as a publishing house or barristers'' chambers, a theological college, an island or a private clinic. According to James in conversation with Bill Link on 3 May 2001 at the Writer''s Guild Theatre, Los Angeles, Marsden "is not my idea of Dalgliesh, but I would be very surprised if he were."[16] The BBC adapted Death in Holy Orders in 2003, and The Murder Room in 2004, both as one-off dramas starring Martin Shaw as Dalgliesh. en-wikipedia-org-4578 Missouri is bordered by eight states (tied for the most with Tennessee): Iowa to the north, Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee (via the Mississippi River) to the east, Arkansas to the south and Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska to the west. From 1764 to 1803, European control of the area west of the Mississippi to the northernmost part of the Missouri River basin, called Louisiana, was assumed by the Spanish as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, due to Treaty of Fontainebleau[28] (in order to have Spain join with France in the war against England). African Americans are a substantial part of the population in St. Louis (56.6% of African Americans in the state lived in St. Louis or St. Louis County as of the 2010 census), Kansas City, Boone County and in the southeastern Bootheel and some parts of the Missouri River Valley, where plantation agriculture was once important. en-wikipedia-org-4581 Miracle plays, or Saint''s plays, are now distinguished from mystery plays as they specifically re-enacted miraculous interventions by the saints, particularly St. Nicholas or St. Mary, into the lives of ordinary people, rather than biblical events;[16] however both of these terms are more commonly used by modern scholars than they were by medieval people, who used a wide variety of terminology to refer to their dramatic performances. The local cycles were revived in both York and Chester in 1951 as part of the Festival of Britain, and are still performed by the local guilds.[19] The N-Town cycle was revived in 1978 as the Lincoln mystery plays, In 2001, the Isango Ensemble produced an African version of the Chester Cycle at the Garrick Theatre in London as The Mysteries – Yiimimangaliso, performing in a combination of the Xhosa language, the Zulu language, English, Latin and Afrikaans. Modern mysteries: contemporary productions of medieval English cycle dramas. en-wikipedia-org-4587 In the early modern period, Spain ruled one of the largest empires in history which was also one of the first global empires, spawning a large cultural and linguistic legacy that includes over 570 million Hispanophones,[14] making Spanish the world''s second-most spoken native language, after Mandarin Chinese. It is a member of the United Nations (UN), the European Union (EU), the Eurozone, the Council of Europe (CoE), the Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI), the Union for the Mediterranean, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Schengen Area, the World Trade Organization (WTO) and many other international organisations. Spain is organisationally structured as a so-called Estado de las Autonomías ("State of Autonomies"); it is one of the most decentralised countries in Europe, along with Switzerland, Germany and Belgium;[127] for example, all autonomous communities have their own elected parliaments, governments, public administrations, budgets, and resources. en-wikipedia-org-4600 Thomas Penson De Quincey (/də ˈkwɪnsi/;[1] 15 August 1785 – 8 December 1859) was an English essayist, best known for his Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (1821).[2][3] Many scholars suggest that in publishing this work De Quincey inaugurated the tradition of addiction literature in the West.[4] Thomas Hood found the shrinking author "at home in a German ocean of literature, in a storm, flooding all the floor, the tables and the chairs – billows of books …"[18] De Quincey was famous for his conversation; Richard Woodhouse wrote of the "depth and reality, as I may so call it, of his knowledge … His conversation appeared like the elaboration of a mine of results …"[19] ^ Eaton, Horace Ainsworth, Thomas De Quincey: A Biography, New York, Oxford University Press, 1936; reprinted New York, Octagon Books, 1972; The Opium-Eater: A Life of Thomas De Quincey, London, J. en-wikipedia-org-4604 Although Call for the Dead evolves into an espionage story, Smiley''s motives are more personal than political.[18] Le Carré''s third novel, The Spy Who Came In from the Cold (1963), became an international best-seller and remains one of his best-known works; following its publication, he left MI6 to become a full-time writer. Most of le Carré''s books are spy stories set during the Cold War (1945–91) and portray British Intelligence agents as unheroic political functionaries aware of the moral ambiguity of their work and engaged more in psychological than physical drama.[21] The novels emphasise the fallibility of Western democracy and of the secret services protecting it, often implying the possibility of east–west moral equivalence.[21] They experience little of the violence typically encountered in action thrillers and have very little recourse to gadgets. en-wikipedia-org-461 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-4633 The likes of Ebenezer Scrooge, Tiny Tim, Jacob Marley and Bob Cratchit (A Christmas Carol); Oliver Twist, The Artful Dodger, Fagin and Bill Sikes (Oliver Twist); Pip, Miss Havisham and Abel Magwitch (Great Expectations); Sydney Carton, Charles Darnay and Madame Defarge (A Tale of Two Cities); David Copperfield, Uriah Heep and Mr Micawber (David Copperfield); Daniel Quilp (The Old Curiosity Shop), Samuel Pickwick and Sam Weller (The Pickwick Papers); and Wackford Squeers (Nicholas Nickleby) are so well known as to be part and parcel of popular culture, and in some cases have passed into ordinary language: a scrooge, for example, is a miser or someone who dislikes Christmas festivity.[165] en-wikipedia-org-4644 Literature of New England Wikipedia Find sources: "Literature of New England" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) New England''s rich literary history begins with the oral tradition of Native American tribes. New England was the birthplace of many American Romantic authors and poets. Pulitzer Prize winner John Cheever, a novelist and short story writer, was born in Quincy, Massachusetts, and set most of his fiction in old New England villages based on various South Shore towns around there. Robert Frost was born in California, but moved to Massachusetts during his teen years and published his first poem in Lawrence; his frequent use of New England settings and themes ensured that he would be associated with the region. He is the professor emeritus of American literature and creative writing at the University of New Hampshire. New England New England New England Categories: New England Culture of New England en-wikipedia-org-4658 The horror!"[151] Tuan Jim (Lord Jim, 1900), having inadvertently precipitated a massacre of his adoptive community, deliberately walks to his death at the hands of the community''s leader.[152] In Conrad''s 1901 short story, "Amy Foster", a Pole transplanted to England, Yanko Goorall (an English transliteration of the Polish Janko Góral, "Johnny Highlander"), falls ill and, suffering from a fever, raves in his native language, frightening his wife Amy, who flees; next morning Yanko dies of heart failure, and it transpires that he had simply been asking in Polish for water.[note 32] Captain Whalley (The End of the Tether, 1902), betrayed by failing eyesight and an unscrupulous partner, drowns himself.[154] Gian'' Battista Fidanza,[note 33] the eponymous respected Italian-immigrant Nostromo (Italian: "Our Man") of the novel Nostromo (1904), illicitly obtains a treasure of silver mined in the South American country of "Costaguana" and is shot dead due to mistaken identity.[155] Mr. Verloc, The Secret Agent (1906) of divided loyalties, attempts a bombing, to be blamed on terrorists, that accidentally kills his mentally defective brother-in-law Stevie, and Verloc himself is killed by his distraught wife, who drowns herself by jumping overboard from a channel steamer.[156] In Chance (1913), Roderick Anthony, a sailing-ship captain, and benefactor and husband of Flora de Barral, becomes the target of a poisoning attempt by her jealous disgraced financier father who, when detected, swallows the poison himself and dies (some years later, Captain Anthony drowns at sea).[157] In Victory (1915), Lena is shot dead by Jones, who had meant to kill his accomplice Ricardo and later succeeds in doing so, then himself perishes along with another accomplice, after which Lena''s protector Axel Heyst sets fire to his bungalow and dies beside Lena''s body.[158] en-wikipedia-org-4686 Alexander Pope, who had been imitating Horace, wrote an Epistle to Augustus that was in fact addressed to George II of Great Britain and seemingly endorsed the notion of his age being like that of Augustus, when poetry became more mannered, political and satirical than in the era of Julius Caesar.[2] Later, Voltaire and Oliver Goldsmith (in his History of Literature in 1764) used the term "Augustan" to refer to the literature of the 1720s and the 1730s.[3] The Augustan era is considered a high point of British satiric writing, and its masterpieces were Swift''s Gulliver''s Travels and A Modest Proposal, Pope''s Dunciads, Horatian Imitations, and Moral Essays, Samuel Johnson''s The Vanity of Human Wishes and London, Henry Fielding''s Shamela and Jonathan Wild, and John Gay''s The Beggar''s Opera. en-wikipedia-org-469 File:Lord Byron coloured drawing.png Wikipedia File:Lord Byron coloured drawing.png English: Lord Byron, a coloured engraving This is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional, public domain work of art. This work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the author''s life plus 75 years or fewer. current 08:39, 16 October 2005 765 × 932 (1.13 MB) Jan Arkesteijn Lord Byron Source: [http://www.noelcollection.org www.noelcollection.org] Coloured by uploader The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Usage on mn.wikipedia.org Usage on mn.wikipedia.org Usage on mn.wikipedia.org Usage on mn.wikipedia.org Usage on mn.wikipedia.org Usage on mn.wikipedia.org Usage on mn.wikipedia.org Usage on mn.wikipedia.org Usage on mn.wikipedia.org Usage on mn.wikipedia.org Usage on mn.wikipedia.org Usage on mn.wikipedia.org Usage on mn.wikipedia.org Usage on mn.wikipedia.org View more global usage of this file. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lord_Byron_coloured_drawing.png" en-wikipedia-org-4696 A digital object identifier (DOI) is a persistent identifier or handle used to identify objects uniquely, standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).[1] An implementation of the Handle System,[2][3] DOIs are in wide use mainly to identify academic, professional, and government information, such as journal articles, research reports, data sets, and official publications. This service is unusual in that it tries to find a non-paywalled (often author archived) version of a title and redirects the user to that instead of the publisher''s version.[29][30] Since then, other open-access favoring DOI resolvers have been created, notably https://oadoi.org/ in October 2016[31] (later Unpaywall). The DOI system is an international standard developed by the International Organization for Standardization in its technical committee on identification and description, TC46/SC9.[35] The Draft International Standard ISO/DIS 26324, Information and documentation – Digital Object Identifier System met the ISO requirements for approval. "Digital object identifier (DOI) becomes an ISO standard". en-wikipedia-org-4699 Many countries developed their own genres of comic opera, incorporating the Italian and French models along with their own musical traditions. Examples include German singspiel, Viennese operetta, Spanish zarzuela, Russian comic opera, English ballad and Savoy opera, North American operetta and musical comedy. Eager to liberate the English stage from risqué French influences, and emboldened by the success of Trial by Jury, Carte formed a syndicate in 1877 to perform "light opera of a legitimate kind".[5] Gilbert and Sullivan were commissioned to write a new comic opera, The Sorcerer, starting the series that came to be known as the Savoy operas (named for the Savoy Theatre, which Carte later built for these works) that included H.M.S. Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado, which became popular around the world. In the United States, Victor Herbert was one of the first to pick up the family-friendly style of light opera that Gilbert and Sullivan had made popular, although his music was also influenced by the European operetta composers. en-wikipedia-org-4705 Category:All articles with unsourced statements Wikipedia Category:All articles with unsourced statements These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. This is a category to help keep count of the total number of articles with the {{citation needed}} template. The tool Citation Hunt makes that easier by suggesting random articles, which you can sort by topical category membership. Pages in category "All articles with unsourced statements" .NET Framework version history 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division (United States) 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States) 1st Cavalry Division (United States) 1st Cavalry Regiment, Arkansas State Troops 2nd Cavalry Regiment (United States) 2nd Cavalry Regiment (United States) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements&oldid=983216779" Categories: Wikipedia articles with sourcing issues Monthly clean-up category (Articles with unsourced statements) counter en-wikipedia-org-4706 The period from the 14th century to the 19th is considered a Dark Age in the nation''s literature though Norwegian-born writers such as Peder Claussøn Friis and Ludvig Holberg contributed to the common literature of Denmark–Norway. In a flood of nationalistic romanticism, the great four emerged: Henrik Ibsen, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Alexander Kielland, and Jonas Lie. The dramatist Henrik Wergeland was the most-influential author of the period while the later works of Henrik Ibsen were to earn Norway a key place in Western European literature. The year 1905, when Norway was free from the union with Sweden, marks a new period in the history of Norwegian literature. After a short period the Profil group went separate routes, as authors such as Dag Solstad, Espen Haavardsholm, and Tor Obrestad turned to the newly formed party Workers'' Communist Party (Arbeidernes kommunistparti or AKP), and become involved in formulating a new political program that based on the view that literature should serve the working people and their uprising against capitalism. en-wikipedia-org-4711 Welsh-language literature Wikipedia The earliest Welsh literature was poetry, which was extremely intricate in form from its earliest known examples, a tradition sustained today. Welsh-language literature has repeatedly played a major part in the self-assertion of Wales and its people. Main article: Medieval Welsh literature Welsh literature in the Middle Ages also included a substantial body of laws, genealogies, religious and mythical texts, histories, medical and gnomic lore, and practical works, in addition to literature translated from other languages such as Latin, Breton or French. Beginnings of Welsh writing in English[edit] Although many of them were English, some made an effort to learn the Welsh language in order to integrate into the local communities, and there was increased demand for literature in the form of books, periodicals, newspapers, poetry, ballads and sermons. List of Welsh language poets Welsh literature in English Categories: Welsh-language literature Welsh literature en-wikipedia-org-4715 How late it was, how late is a 1994 stream-of-consciousness novel written by Scottish writer James Kelman. Ally enters the book while Sammy is at Central Medical in the Sight Loss Department, filing for dysfunctional benefits. Ally offers to help Sammy file his complaint about dysfunctional benefits, believing he has a good chance of winning and making his life a little bit easier. Although Peter has a very small part in the book, he still contributes to the depiction of Sammy''s character and the plot of the novel. Peter risks a lot at the end of the book while trying to help his father, but Sammy leaves him behind without saying goodbye. In 2020, Douglas Stuart – the second Scottish writer to win the Booker Prize with his novel Shuggie Bain – said: "How Late It Was How Late by James Kelman changed my life. en-wikipedia-org-4725 The literature of Luxembourg is little known beyond the country''s borders, partly because Luxembourg authors write in one or more of the three official languages (French, German and Luxembourgish), partly because many works are specifically directed to a local readership. Despite the use of French and German for administrative purposes, it was Lëtzebuerger Däitsch, now known as Luxembourgish, which was behind the development of Luxembourg''s literature in the 19th century, contributing much to the consolidation of the national identity. An important literary figure in the early 20th century was Nikolaus Welter (1871–1951), who addressed Luxembourg issues in his German-language plays including Die Söhne des Öslings (1904) and as a poet in Hochofen (1913). ^ Lentz, Michel (Méchel)", Luxemburger Lexikon, Editions Guy Binsfeld, Luxembourg, 2006(in German) en-wikipedia-org-4728 The British Agricultural Revolution was the result of the complex interaction of social, economic and farming technological changes. One of the most important innovations of the British Agricultural Revolution was the development of the Norfolk four-course rotation, which greatly increased crop and livestock yields by improving soil fertility and reducing fallow.[5] It hit the agricultural sector hard and was the most severe in Europe and the United States, which had been experiencing strong economic growth fuelled by the Second Industrial Revolution in the decade following the American Civil War. By 1900 half the meat eaten in Britain came from abroad and tropical fruits such as bananas were also being imported on the new refrigerator ships. The Agricultural Revolution in Britain proved to be a major turning point in history, allowing the population to far exceed earlier peaks and sustain the country''s rise to industrial pre-eminence. en-wikipedia-org-4730 Ermanaric (Gothic: *Aírmanareiks; Latin: Ermanaricus or Hermanaricus; Old English: Eormanrīc [ˈeormɑnriːtʃ]; Old Norse: Jörmunrekr [ˈjɔrmunrekr]; died 376) was a Greuthungian Gothic King who before the Hunnic invasion evidently ruled a sizable portion of Oium, the part of Scythia inhabited by the Goths at the time. Herwig Wolfram postulates that he at one point ruled a realm stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea as far eastwards as the Ural Mountains.[1] Peter Heather is skeptical of the claim that Ermanaric ruled all Goths except the Tervingi, and furthermore points to the fact that such an enormous empire would have been larger than any known Gothic political unit, that it would have left bigger traces in the sources and that the sources on which the claim is based are not nearly reliable enough to be taken at face value.[2] In Germanic sources and legends[edit] In the Middle High German poems Dietrichs Flucht, the Rabenschlacht, and Alpharts Tod about Dietrich of Bern, Ermanaric is Dietrich''s uncle who has driven his nephew into exile.[15] The early modern Low German poem Ermenrichs Tod recounts a garbled version of Ermanaric''s death reminiscent of the scene told in Jordanes and Scandinavian legend.[16] en-wikipedia-org-4731 John Niles (scholar) Wikipedia A graduate of the University of California, Berkeley, where he received his higher degrees (B.A. in English, 1967; PhD in Comparative Literature, 1972), Niles taught for an initial four years as Assistant Professor of English at Brandeis University. He then was invited to join the faculty of the Department of English at the University of California, Berkeley, where he remained for twenty-six years until taking early retirement. Niles is the author of eight books on Old English literature and related topics. In 2005 he taught a seminar at the Newberry Library, Chicago on the early history of Old English studies.[2] This became the kernel of his 2015 book The Idea of Anglo-Saxon England 1066-1901, a sustained account of the history of Anglo-Saxon studies. Klaeber''s Beowulf, 4th edition (University of Toronto Press, 2008) with R.D. Fulk and Robert E. Faculty page at University of California, Berkeley Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-4753 The King of the Golden River Title page, designed by Richard Doyle The King of the Golden River or The Black Brothers: A Legend of Stiria by John Ruskin was originally written in 1841 for the twelve-year-old Effie (Euphemia) Gray, whom Ruskin later married.[1] It was published in book form in 1851, and became an early Victorian classic which sold out three editions. Gluck and the King of the Golden River, illustration to a later edition by John C. ^ John Ruskin, The King of the Golden River or The Black Brothers: A Legend of Stiria, Katharine Lee Bates, ed., (Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co., 1903), 74. ^ John Ruskin, The King of the Golden River or The Black Brothers: A Legend of Stiria, Katharine Lee Bates, ed., (Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co., 1903), 57, lines 1075–1080. en-wikipedia-org-4754 On 31 July 1786 John Wilson published the volume of works by Robert Burns, Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish dialect.[13] Known as the Kilmarnock volume, it sold for 3 shillings and contained much of his best writing, including "The Twa Dogs", "Address to the Deil", "Halloween", "The Cotter''s Saturday Night", "To a Mouse", "Epitaph for James Smith", and "To a Mountain Daisy", many of which had been written at Mossgiel farm. ''Robbie Burns Day'' is celebrated from Newfoundland and Labrador[42] to Nanaimo.[43] Every year, Canadian newspapers publish biographies of the poet,[44] listings of local events[45] and buffet menus.[46] Universities mark the date in a range of ways: McMaster University library organized a special collection[47] and Simon Fraser University''s Centre for Scottish Studies organized a marathon reading of Burns''s poetry.[48][49] Senator Heath Macquarrie quipped of Canada''s first Prime Minister that "While the lovable [Robbie] Burns went in for wine, women and song, his fellow Scot, John A. en-wikipedia-org-4771 The physical medal was designed by Rene Paul Chambellan and depicts an author giving his work (a book) to a boy and a girl to read on one side and on the other side the inscription, "For the most distinguished contribution to American literature for children".[4]:3, 8 The bronze medal retains the name "Children''s Librarians'' Section", the original group responsible for awarding the medal, despite the sponsoring committee having changed names four times and now including both school and public librarians.[4]:3 Each winning illustrator gets their own copy of the medal with their name engraved on it.[6] Currently the Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC) is responsible for the award.[1] en-wikipedia-org-4787 Native American literature Wikipedia Scott Momaday, Leslie Marmon Silko, Simon Ortiz, Louise Erdrich, Gerald Vizenor, Joy Harjo, Sherman Alexie, D''Arcy McNickle, James Welch, Charles Eastman, Mourning Dove, Zitkala-Sa, John Rollin Ridge, Lynn Riggs, Diane Glancy, Hanay Geiogamah, William Apess, Samson Occom, et al. Native American literatures come out of a rich set of oral traditions from before European contact and/or the later adoption of European writing practices. Many of these authors blended autobiography, traditional stories, fiction, and essays, as can be seen in Zitkala-Sa''s (Dakota) American Indian Stories. Native American Renaissance[edit] The focal point for the "arrival" of Native American literature as a significant literary event came with the first Pulitzer Prize awarded to a Native author, N. Studies in American Indian Literatures Native American Literature Symposium List of Native American languages in the United States American Indian English This literature-related article is a stub. Native American literature Native American literature en-wikipedia-org-4789 Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Title page of the first London edition (1886) Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is a Gothic novella by Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson, first published in 1886. The stage version of Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde[edit] Main article: Adaptations of Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, second edition. ^ Tim Middleton, Introduction to The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde: The Merry Men and Other Stories, Wordsworth Editions, 1993, pp. Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Robert Louis Stevenson''s Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde en-wikipedia-org-4797 In literature, this constituted a renewed interest in prose novels (e.g. Václav Matěj Kramerius), in Czech history and in the historical development of Czech culture (e.g. Josef Dobrovský, who re-codified the grammar of the Czech language and Antonín Jaroslav Puchmayer, who systematically set out to develop a Czech poetic style). During this time period two main types of literature were produced: Biedermeier literature, which strove to educate the readers and encourage them to be loyal to the Austro-Hungarian Empire (e.g. Karel Jaromír Erben and Božena Němcová), and romanticism, which emphasized the freedom of the individual and focused on subjectivity and the subconscious (e.g. Karel Hynek Mácha, Václav Bolemír Nebeský.) These authors were generally published in either newspapers or in the literary magazine Květy (Blossoms) published by Josef Kajetán Tyl. The year 1848 brought to the fore a new generation of Czech authors who followed in the footsteps of Mácha, and published their work in the new almanac Máj (May) (e.g. Vítězslav Hálek, Karolina Světlá and Jan Neruda). en-wikipedia-org-48 The Turkic epic has its roots in the Central Asian epic tradition that gave rise to the Book of Dede Korkut; written in Azerbaijani language.[6] The form developed from the oral traditions of the Oghuz Turks (a branch of the Turkic peoples which migrated towards western Asia and eastern Europe through Transoxiana, beginning in the 9th century). The development of folk poetry in Turkic —which began to emerge in the 13th century with such important writers as Yunus Emre, Sultan Veled, and Şeyyâd Hamza—was given a great boost when, on 13 May 1277, Karamanoğlu Mehmet Bey declared Turkic the official state language of Anatolia''s powerful Karamanid state;[10] subsequently, many of the tradition''s greatest poets would continue to emerge from this region. In the span of the 17th century and 18th century, Fizuli''s unique genres as well Ashik poetry were taken up by prominent poets and writers such as Qovsi of Tabriz, Shah Abbas Sani, Agha Mesih Shirvani, Nishat, Molla Vali Vidadi, Molla Panah Vagif, Amani, Zafar and others. en-wikipedia-org-4801 Aldous Leonard Huxley (26 July 1894 – 22 November 1963) was an English writer and philosopher.[1][2][3][4] He wrote nearly fifty books[5][6]—both novels and non-fiction works—as well as wide-ranging essays, narratives, and poems. He contracted the eye disease Keratitis punctata in 1911; this "left [him] practically blind for two to three years."[20] This "ended his early dreams of becoming a doctor."[21] In October 1913, Huxley entered Balliol College, Oxford, where he studied English literature.[22] He volunteered for the British Army in January 1916, for the Great War; however, he was rejected on health grounds, being half-blind in one eye.[22] His eyesight later partly recovered. Aldous Huxley, the author of Brave New World, died the same day as C. Aldous Huxley, as a writer of fiction in the 20th century, willingly assumes the role of a modern philosopher-king or literary prophet by examining the essence of what it means to be human in the modern age. en-wikipedia-org-4809 Born and brought up on the fringes of the Lake District (at Cockermouth and Penrith), Wordsworth came back to the area in December 1799 and settled into a ''poetic retirement'' within his ''native mountains.'' Although Wordsworth did not ''discover'' the Lake District, nor was he the one who popularised it the most, he "was destined to become one of the key attractions to the area, while his particular vision of his native landscape would have an enduring influence upon its future".[4] Not just a ''nature poet'', his poetry "is about the organic relationship between human beings and the natural world...''[5] After a brief flirtation with the Picturesque in his Cambridge years, he came to see this aesthetic view of nature as being only one of many (although it is arguable that he "was under the sway of Picturesque theory", he frequently transcended it).[6] His ''vision'' of nature was one that did not distort it in order to make art. en-wikipedia-org-4814 The play was first produced at the St James''s Theatre on Valentine''s Day 1895.[14] It was freezing cold but Wilde arrived dressed in "florid sobriety", wearing a green carnation.[12] The audience, according to one report, "included many members of the great and good, former cabinet ministers and privy councillors, as well as actors, writers, academics, and enthusiasts".[15] Allan Aynesworth, who played Algernon Moncrieff, recalled to Hesketh Pearson that "In my fifty-three years of acting, I never remember a greater triumph than [that] first night".[16] Aynesworth was himself "debonair and stylish", and Alexander, who played Jack Worthing, "demure".[17] As Wilde''s work came to be read and performed again, it was The Importance of Being Earnest that received the most productions.[50] By the time of its centenary the journalist Mark Lawson described it as "the second most known and quoted play in English after Hamlet."[51] en-wikipedia-org-4818 File:Aldous Huxley psychical researcher.png Wikipedia File:Aldous Huxley psychical researcher.png Original file ‎(454 × 605 pixels, file size: 273 KB, MIME type: image/png) He published an article in 1954 supporting extrasensory perception (ESP) and psychokinesis (PK) experiments. Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. 18:39, 19 January 2017 454 × 609 (595 KB) Lone Wolfs User created page with UploadWizard The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): آلدوس هاکسلی آلدوس هاکسلی آلدوس هاکسلی Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aldous_Huxley_psychical_researcher.png" en-wikipedia-org-4820 Find sources: "Slovene literature" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Literature played an important role in the development and preservation of the Slovene identity because the Slovene nation did not have its own state until 1991 after the Republic of Slovenia emerged from the breakup of Yugoslavia.[1] Poetry, narrative prose, drama, essay, and criticism kept the Slovene language and culture alive, allowing in the words of Anton Slodnjak the Slovenes to become a real nation, particularly in the absence of masculine attributes such as political power and authority.[1] Main article: Intimism (Slovene poetry) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Slovene-language literature. A model attribution edit summary Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at [[:fr:Littérature slovène]]; see its history for attribution. Articles containing Slovene-language text Articles needing translation from French Wikipedia en-wikipedia-org-4841 The nature of the distinction between annals and history is a subject that has received more attention from critics than its intrinsic importance deserves[according to whom?], based on divisions established by the ancient Romans.[1] Verrius Flaccus is quoted by Aulus Gellius[3] as stating that the etymology of history (from Greek ιστορειν, historein, equated with Latin inspicere, "to inquire in person") properly restricts it to primary sources such as Thucydides''s which have come from the author''s own observations, while annals record the events of earlier times arranged according to years.[1] White distinguishes annals from chronicles, which organize their events by topics such as the reigns of kings,[4] and from histories, which aim to present and conclude a narrative implying the moral importance of the events recorded.[5][6][4] Generally speaking, annalists record events drily, leaving the entries unexplained and equally weighted.[5] en-wikipedia-org-4842 M. Coetzee, Hilary Mantel and Margaret Atwood.[2] Carey won his first Booker Prize in 1988 for Oscar and Lucinda, and won for the second time in 2001 with True History of the Kelly Gang.[3] In May 2008 he was nominated for the Best of the Booker Prize.[4] Carey''s only publications during the 1960s were "Contacts" (a short extract from the unpublished novel of the same name, in Under Twenty-Five: An Anthology, 1966) and "She Wakes" (a short story, in Australian Letters, 1967). The decade—and the Australian phase of Carey''s career—culminated with the publication of Oscar and Lucinda (1988), which won the Booker McConnell Prize (as it was then known) and brought the author international recognition. Bliss, 1981; Oscar and Lucinda, 1989; Jack Maggs, 1998; True History of the Kelly Gang, shortlisted in 2001; Theft: A Love Story, shortlisted in 2007 en-wikipedia-org-4856 Contents: APA | MLA | MHRA | Chicago | CSE | Bluebook | AMA | BibTeX | wiki Wikipedia articles should be used for background information, as a reference for correct terminology and search terms, and as a starting point for further research. Permanent link: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_literature&oldid=1001281427 Citation styles for "English literature" Retrieved 23:11, January 30, 2021, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_literature&oldid=1001281427 "English literature." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 19 Jan. 2021. Wikipedia contributors, ''English literature'', Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 19 January 2021, 00:51 UTC, [accessed 30 January 2021] Wikipedia contributors, "English literature," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_literature&oldid=1001281427 (accessed January 30, 2021). Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia; 2021 Jan 19, 00:51 UTC [cited 2021 Jan 30]. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_literature&oldid=1001281427. English literature, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_literature&oldid=1001281427 (last visited Jan. 30, 2021). Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_literature&oldid=1001281427. url = "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_literature&oldid=1001281427", title = "English literature --{Wikipedia}{,} The Free Encyclopedia", title = "English literature --{Wikipedia}{,} The Free Encyclopedia", howpublished = "\url{https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_literature&oldid=1001281427}", en-wikipedia-org-4859 View source for English literature Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. Though John Keats shared Byron and Shelley''s radical politics, "his best poetry is not political",''''The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature'''', p. en-wikipedia-org-4862 His works include the Homeric epic poem Omeros (1990), which many critics view "as Walcott''s major achievement."[2] In addition to winning the Nobel Prize, Walcott received many literary awards over the course of his career, including an Obie Award in 1971 for his play Dream on Monkey Mountain, a MacArthur Foundation "genius" award, a Royal Society of Literature Award, the Queen''s Medal for Poetry, the inaugural OCM Bocas Prize for Caribbean Literature,[3] the 2011 T. Walcott identified as "absolutely a Caribbean writer", a pioneer, helping to make sense of the legacy of deep colonial damage.[6] In such poems as "The Castaway" (1965) and in the play Pantomime (1978), he uses the metaphors of shipwreck and Crusoe to describe the culture and what is required of artists after colonialism and slavery: both the freedom and the challenge to begin again, salvage the best of other cultures and make something new. en-wikipedia-org-4870 In 1899 he joined with Yeats, Augusta, Lady Gregory, and George William Russell to form the Irish National Theatre Society, which later established the Abbey Theatre.[15][9] He wrote some pieces of literary criticism for Gonne''s Irlande Libre and other journals, as well as unpublished poems and prose in a decadent fin de siècle style.[16] (These writings were eventually gathered in the 1960s for his Collected Works.[17]) He also attended lectures at the Sorbonne by the noted Celtic scholar Henri d''Arbois de Jubainville.[18] Synge died from Hodgkin''s disease at the Elpis Nursing Home in Dublin on 24 March 1909, aged 37,[41] and was buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery, Harold''s Cross, Dublin.[42] A collected volume, Poems and Translations, with a preface by Yeats, was published by the Cuala Press on 8 April 1909. en-wikipedia-org-4876 Initially, English studies comprised a motley array of content: the practice of oratory, the study of rhetoric and grammar, the composition of poetry, and the appreciation of literature (mostly by authors from England, since American literature and language study was only added in the twentieth century).[1] In Germany and several other European countries, English philology, a strongly positivistic and historically interested practice of reading pre-modern texts, became the preferred scholarly paradigm, but English-speaking countries distanced themselves from philological paradigms soon after World War I.[2] At the end of this process, English departments tended to refocus their work on various forms of writing instruction (creative, professional, critical) and the interpreting of literary texts, and teacher education in English recovered from the neglect it had suffered because of more science-oriented paradigms.[3] Today, English departments in native-speaking countries re-evaluate their roles as sole guardians of the discipline because English is less and less native speakers'' unique ''property'' and has to be shared with the millions of speakers and writers from other countries for whom English is an essential means of communication and artistic expression.[4] en-wikipedia-org-488 File:Question book-new.svg Wikipedia File:Question book-new.svg English: A new incarnation of Image:Question_book-3.svg, which was uploaded by user AzaToth Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. 13:10, 7 December 2017 262 × 204 (34 KB) MSGJ (talk | contribs) Reverted to version as of 08:27, 30 May 2008 (UTC) concerns about format of new file expressed on talk page 08:27, 30 May 2008 262 × 204 (34 KB) PeterSymonds (talk | contribs) == Summary == {{Information |Description={{en|1=A new incarnation of Image:Question_book-3.svg, which was uploaded by user AzaToth}} |Source=Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. More than 100 pages use this file. The following list shows the first 100 pages that use this file only. Politics of American Samoa View more links to this file. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Question_book-new.svg&oldid=981896930" Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 files Wikipedia upload-protected files Upload file Upload file en-wikipedia-org-4880 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-4889 Through all types of printed and electronic media of these countries, English has become the leading language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions and professional contexts such as science, navigation and law.[3] Modern English grammar is the result of a gradual change from a typical Indo-European dependent marking pattern, with a rich inflectional morphology and relatively free word order, to a mostly analytic pattern with little inflection, a fairly fixed subject–verb–object word order and a complex syntax.[12] Modern English relies more on auxiliary verbs and word order for the expression of complex tenses, aspect and mood, as well as passive constructions, interrogatives and some negation. As of 2005[update], it was estimated that there were over 2 billion speakers of English.[15] English is the majority native language in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Ireland, an official and the main language of Singapore, and it is widely spoken in some areas of the Caribbean, Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania.[16] It is a co-official language of the United Nations, the European Union and many other world and regional international organisations. en-wikipedia-org-489 Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell (née Stevenson; 29 September 1810 – 12 November 1865), often referred to as Mrs Gaskell, was an English novelist, biographer and short story writer. Gaskell was born Elizabeth Cleghorn Stevenson on 29 September 1810 in Lindsey Row, Chelsea, London, at the house that is now 93 Cheyne Walk.[1] She was the youngest of eight children; only she and her brother John survived infancy. Lizzie Leigh was published in March and April 1850, in the first numbers of Dickens''s journal Household Words, in which many of her works were to be published, including Cranford and North and South, her novella My Lady Ludlow, and short stories. "From Elizabeth Gaskell''s Mary Barton To Her North And South: Progress Or Decline For Women?" Victorian Literature and Culture, 28, pp. Works of Elizabeth Gaskell at The University of Adelaide Libraries Works by or about Elizabeth Gaskell at Internet Archive en-wikipedia-org-4898 You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. An important cultural movement in the British theatre which developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s was [[Kitchen sink realism]] (or "kitchen sink drama"), a term coined to describe art, novels, film and [[television play]]s. en-wikipedia-org-49 Oliver Goldsmith (10 November 1728 – 4 April 1774) was an Anglo-Irish novelist, playwright and poet, who is best known for his novel The Vicar of Wakefield (1766), his pastoral poem The Deserted Village (1770), and his plays The Good-Natur''d Man (1768) and She Stoops to Conquer (1771, first performed in 1773). He was born either in the townland of Pallas, near Ballymahon, County Longford, Ireland, where his father was the Anglican curate of the parish of Forgney, or at the residence of his maternal grandparents, at the Smith Hill House near Elphin in County Roscommon, where his grandfather Oliver Jones was a clergyman and master of the Elphin diocesan school, and where Oliver studied.[1] When Goldsmith was two years old, his father was appointed the rector of the parish of "Kilkenny West" in County Westmeath. The Complete Poetical Works of Oliver Goldsmith (1887), edited by Austin Dobson Poems and essays, Oliver Goldsmith, 1839, (William Smith, London) en-wikipedia-org-4908 Subject to the terms and conditions of this License, Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-exclusive, perpetual (for the duration of the applicable copyright) license to exercise the rights in the Work as stated below: Subject to the above terms and conditions, the license granted here is perpetual (for the duration of the applicable copyright in the Work). Each time You Distribute or Publicly Perform the Work or a Collection, the Licensor offers to the recipient a license to the Work on the same terms and conditions as the license granted to You under this License. Each time You Distribute or Publicly Perform an Adaptation, Licensor offers to the recipient a license to the original Work on the same terms and conditions as the license granted to You under this License. en-wikipedia-org-4912 Ossetian literature Wikipedia Find sources: "Ossetian literature" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) View a machine-translated version of the Russian article. Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at [[:ru:Осетинская литература]]; see its history for attribution. You should also add the template {{Translated|ru|Осетинская литература}} to the talk page. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ossetian_literature&oldid=996959196" Literature by language All articles lacking sources Articles needing translation from Russian Wikipedia en-wikipedia-org-4926 The Rhymers'' Club was a group of London-based male poets, founded in 1890 by W. Originally not much more than a dining club, it produced anthologies of poetry in 1892 and 1894.[1] They met at the London pub ''Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese'' in Fleet Street and in the ''Domino Room'' of the Café Royal.[2] Those of the group appearing in these two volumes were: T.W. Rolleston, John Todhunter, W.B. Yeats, Richard Le Gallienne, Lionel Johnson, Arthur Cecil Hillier, Ernest Dowson, Victor Plarr, Ernest Radford, Arthur Symons, G.A. Greene, Edwin J. There are certain poets who were known to have attended meetings but never had their verse appear in either of the books. the Rhymer''s Club used to meet, to drink from tankards, smoke clay pipes, and recite their own poetry". Norman Alford (1994) The Rhymers'' Club: Poets of the Tragic Generation, Palgrave Macmillan [1] This poetry-related article is a stub. This London-related article is a stub. en-wikipedia-org-4932 View source for English literature Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-495 Eastward Ho (1605), written with Jonson and John Marston, contained satirical references to the Scottish courtiers who formed the retinue of the new king James I; this landed Chapman and Jonson in jail at the suit of Sir James Murray of Cockpool, the king''s "rascal[ly]" Groom of the Stool.[3] Various of their letters to the king and noblemen survive in a manuscript in the Folger Library known as the Dobell MS, and published by AR Braunmuller as A Seventeenth Century Letterbook. Of these, only ''Sir Gyles Goosecap'' is generally accepted by scholars to have been written by Chapman (The Plays of George Chapman: The Tragedies, with Sir Giles Goosecap, edited by Allan Holaday, University of Illinois Press, 1987). Smith, eds., The New Intellectuals: A Survey and Bibliography of Recent Studies in English Renaissance Drama, Lincoln, NE, University of Nebraska Press, 1977; pp. en-wikipedia-org-4952 Moreover, by 1597, he was a working playwright employed by Philip Henslowe, the leading producer for the English public theatre; by the next year, the production of Every Man in His Humour (1598) had established Jonson''s reputation as a dramatist.[12][13] Some view this elegy as a conventional exercise, but others see it as a heartfelt tribute to the "Sweet Swan of Avon", the "Soul of the Age!" It has been argued that Jonson helped to edit the First Folio, and he may have been inspired to write this poem by reading his fellow playwright''s works, a number of which had been previously either unpublished or available in less satisfactory versions, in a relatively complete form.[citation needed] In 2012, after more than two decades of research, Cambridge University Press published the first new edition of Jonson''s complete works for 60 years.[51] en-wikipedia-org-4955 Robert Southey (/ˈsaʊði/ or /ˈsʌði/;[a] 12 August 1774 – 21 March 1843) was an English poet of the Romantic school, and Poet laureate from 1813 until his death. He was educated at Westminster School, London (where he was expelled for writing an article in The Flagellant attributing the invention of flogging to the Devil),[1] and at Balliol College, Oxford.[2] Southey later said of Oxford, "All I learnt was a little swimming... He was also a renowned scholar of Portuguese and Spanish literature and history, translating a number of works from those two languages into English and writing a History of Brazil (part of his planned History of Portugal, which he never completed) and a History of the Peninsular War. Perhaps his most enduring contribution to literary history is the children''s classic The Story of the Three Bears, the original Goldilocks story, first published in Southey''s prose collection The Doctor. Goldilocks and the Three Bears by Robert Southey en-wikipedia-org-4961 Hawaiian literature Wikipedia It was originally preserved and expanded solely through oral traditions, as the ancient Hawaiians never developed a writing system.[1] Written literature in the Hawaiian language and literary works in other languages by authors resident in Hawaii did not appear until the nineteenth century, when the arrival of American missionaries introduced the English language, the Latin alphabet, and Western notions of composition to the kingdom. Other noted authors whose works feature Hawaiian settings and themes, or who were temporarily resident in Hawaii, include Herman Melville,[3] Mark Twain,[4] Robert Louis Stevenson,[5] and Jack London.[6] Detective novelist Earl Derr Biggers is remembered chiefly for his books set in early twentieth century Honolulu, whose protagonist is Chinese-Hawaiian detective Charlie Chan.[7] List of Hawaii authors[edit] Robert Barclay, author of Hawaii Smiles This article about American literature is a stub. Categories: Hawaiian literature United States literature stubs en-wikipedia-org-4964 Under the Volcano is a novel by English writer Malcolm Lowry (1909–1957) published in 1947. Margerie Bonner rescued the unfinished novel, but all of Lowry''s other works in progress were lost in the blaze.[10] The burned manuscript was called In Ballast to the White Sea, and would have been the third book in a trilogy made up of Under the Volcano, an expanded version of Lunar Caustic, and In Ballast. Like Dante''s Divine Comedy, these were to be infernal, purgatorial, and paradisal, respectively.[11] Asals notes that the important 1944 revision evidences Lowry and Bonner paying extraordinary attention to references to fire in the novel, especially in Yvonne''s dream before her death.[12] Volcano: An Inquiry Into the Life and Death of Malcolm Lowry (1976) is a National Film Board of Canada documentary produced by Donald Brittain and Robert A. en-wikipedia-org-5028 William Wycherley (baptised 8 April 1641 – 1 January 1716) was an English dramatist of the Restoration period, best known for the plays The Country Wife and The Plain Dealer. Thomas Macaulay hints that Wycherley''s subsequent turning back to Roman Catholicism once more was influenced by the patronage and unwonted liberality of the Duke of York, the future King James II.[5] As a professional fine gentleman, at a period when, as Major Pack wrote, "the amours of Britain would furnish as diverting memoirs, if well related, as those of France published by Rabutin, or those of Nero''s court writ by Petronius", Wycherley was obliged to be a loose liver. William Wycherley Edited with an Introduction and Notes by W C Ward, part of Mermaid Series Includes biography of Wycherley, together with the following written in play format Love in a Wood or St James''s Park, The Gentleman Dancing Master, The Country Wife and the Plain Dealer.[13] en-wikipedia-org-5031 User talk:40.76.139.33 Wikipedia User talk:40.76.139.33 Jump to navigation Jump to search This user is currently blocked. The latest block log entry is provided below for reference: View full log No messages have been posted for this user yet. Post a message to 40.76.139.33. If a page was recently created here, it may not be visible yet because of a delay in updating the database; wait a few minutes or try the purge function. Titles on Wikipedia are case sensitive except for the first character; please check alternative capitalizations and consider adding a redirect here to the correct title. If the page has been deleted, check the deletion log, and see Why was the page I created deleted?. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:40.76.139.33" Navigation menu Personal tools Create account Log in Log in User page Create Navigation Main page Tools User contributions User logs Special pages Page information About Wikipedia About Wikipedia Contact Wikipedia en-wikipedia-org-5034 The development of the concept of the sublime as an aesthetic quality in nature distinct from beauty was first brought into prominence in the 18th century in the writings of Anthony Ashley-Cooper, third earl of Shaftesbury, and John Dennis, in expressing an appreciation of the fearful and irregular forms of external nature, and Joseph Addison''s synthesis of concepts of the sublime in his The Spectator, and later the Pleasures of the Imagination. His comments on the experience also reflected pleasure and repulsion, citing a "wasted mountain" that showed itself to the world as a "noble ruin" (Part III, Sec. 1, 390–91), but his concept of the sublime in relation to beauty was one of degree rather than the sharp contradistinction that Dennis developed into a new form of literary criticism. en-wikipedia-org-5042 Title page from a 1635 edition of The Knight of the Burning Pestle. The Knight of the Burning Pestle is a play in five acts by Francis Beaumont, first performed at Blackfriars Theatre in 1607[1][2][3] and published in a quarto in 1613.[4] It is the earliest whole parody (or pastiche) play in English. In addition to the textual history testifying to a Blackfriars origin, there are multiple references within the text to Marston, to the actors as children (notably from the Citizen''s Wife, who seems to recognise the actors from their school), and other indications that the performance took place in a house known for biting satire and sexual double entendre. This meta-plot is intercut with the main plot of the interrupted play, ''The London Merchant'', where Jasper Merrythought, the merchant''s apprentice, is in love with his master''s daughter, Luce, and must elope with her to save her from marriage to Humphrey, a City man of fashion. en-wikipedia-org-5044 Wordsworth often commented in his letters that he was plagued with agony because he had failed to finish the work.[citation needed] In his introduction to the version of 1850 Wordsworth explains that the original idea, inspired by his "dear friend" Coleridge, was "to compose a philosophical Poem, containing views of Man, Nature, and Society, and to be entitled the Recluse; as having for its principal subject, the sensations and opinions of a poet living in retirement".[3] Morgan''s "Narrative Means to Lyric Ends in Wordsworth''s Prelude," "Much of the poem consists of Wordsworth''s interactions with nature that ''assure[d] him of his poetic mission.'' The goal of the poem is to demonstrate his fitness to produce great poetry, and The Prelude itself becomes evidence of that fitness."[4] It traces the growth of the poet''s mind by stressing the mutual consciousness and spiritual communion between the world of nature and man. ^ Wordsworth, William (1850), "The Prelude or, Growth of a Poet''s Mind; An Autobiographical Poem", Internet Archive (1 ed.), London: Edward Moxon, Dover Street, retrieved 16 June 2016 en-wikipedia-org-5054 It may have been this persecution which drove Home to write for the London stage, in addition to Douglas'' success there, and stopped him from founding the new Scottish national theatre that some had hoped he would.[14] Walter Scott was keenly interested in drama, becoming a shareholder in the Theatre Royal, Edinburgh.[16] Baillie''s Highland themed Family Legend was first produced in Edinburgh in 1810 with the help of Scott, as part of a deliberate attempt to stimulate a national Scottish drama.[17] Scott also wrote five plays, of which Hallidon Hill (1822) and MacDuff''s Cross (1822), were patriotic Scottish histories.[16] Adaptations of the Waverley novels, largely first performed in minor theatres, rather than the larger Patent theatres, included The Lady in the Lake (1817), The Heart of Midlothian (1819), and Rob Roy, which underwent over 1,000 performances in Scotland in this period. en-wikipedia-org-5067 In 1633, Charles appointed William Laud Archbishop of Canterbury.[110] They initiated a series of reforms to promote religious uniformity by restricting non-conformist preachers, insisting the liturgy be celebrated as prescribed by the Book of Common Prayer, organising the internal architecture of English churches to emphasise the sacrament of the altar, and re-issuing King James''s Declaration of Sports, which permitted secular activities on the sabbath.[111] The Feoffees for Impropriations, an organisation that bought benefices and advowsons so that Puritans could be appointed to them, was dissolved.[112] Laud prosecuted those who opposed his reforms in the Court of High Commission and the Star Chamber, the two most powerful courts in the land.[113] The courts became feared for their censorship of opposing religious views and unpopular among the propertied classes for inflicting degrading punishments on gentlemen.[114] For example, in 1637 William Prynne, Henry Burton and John Bastwick were pilloried, whipped and mutilated by cropping and imprisoned indefinitely for publishing anti-episcopal pamphlets.[115] en-wikipedia-org-5070 Classical mythology is replete with fantastical stories and characters, the best known (and perhaps the most relevant to modern fantasy) being the works of Homer (Greek) and Virgil (Roman).[1] The contribution of the Greco-Roman world to fantasy is vast and includes: The hero''s journey (also the figure of the chosen hero); magic gifts donated to win (including the ring of power as in the Gyges story contained in the Republic of Plato), prophecies (the oracle of Delphi), monsters and creatures (especially dragons), magicians and witches with the use of magic. The Baital Pachisi (Vikram and the Vampire), a collection of various fantasy tales set within a frame story is, according to Richard Francis Burton and Isabel Burton, the germ which culminated in the Arabian Nights, and which also inspired the Golden Ass of Apuleius, (2nd century A.D). Fantasy literature was popular in Victorian times, with the works of writers such as Mary Shelley (1797 – 1851), William Morris and George MacDonald, and Charles Dodgson, author of Alice in Wonderland (1865). en-wikipedia-org-5073 1632) was an English Jacobean dramatist best known for his tragedies The White Devil and The Duchess of Malfi, which are often regarded as masterpieces of the early 17th-century English stage.[1] His life and career overlapped William Shakespeare''s. His father John and his Uncle Edward were Freemen of the Merchant Taylors'' Company and Webster attended Merchant Taylors'' School in Suffolk Lane, London.[2] On 1 August 1598, "John Webster, lately of the New Inn" was admitted to the Middle Temple, one of the Inns of Court; in view of the legal interests evident in his dramatic work, this may be the playwright.[3] Webster married 17-year-old Sara Peniall on 18 March 1605 at St Mary''s Church, Islington.[4] A special licence had to be obtained to permit a wedding in Lent, which was necessary as Sara was seven months pregnant. He is believed to have contributed to the tragicomedy The Fair Maid of the Inn with John Fletcher, Ford and Phillip Massinger. Plays by John Webster Plays by John Webster en-wikipedia-org-5089 Find sources: "Verse drama and dramatic verse" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) In most of Europe, verse drama has remained a prominent art form, while at least popularly, it has been tied almost exclusively to Shakespeare in the English tradition.[2] In the English language, verse has continued, albeit less overtly, but with occasional surges in popularity such as the plays of prominent poets, such as Christopher Fry and T. In the new millennium, there has been a resurgence in interest in the form of verse drama, particularly those plays in blank verse or iambic pentameter, which endeavor to be in conversation with Shakespeare''s writing styles. With the renewed interest in verse drama, theatre companies are looking for "new Shakespeare" plays to produce. The major types of dramatic poetry are those already discussed, to be found in plays written for the theatre, and libretti. en-wikipedia-org-509 William Rowley (c.1585 – February 1626) was an English Jacobean dramatist, best known for works written in collaboration with more successful writers. He also wrote fat-clown parts for himself to play: Jaques in All''s Lost by Lust (a role "personated by the Poet," the 1633 quarto states), and Bustopha in The Maid in the Mill, his collaboration with John Fletcher. Three other works that might have been Rowley solo plays have not survived: Hymen''s Holidays or Cupid''s Vagaries (1612), A Knave in Print (1613), and The Fool Without Book (also 1613). Although the title page attributes this play to Rowley and Thomas Middleton, stylistic analysis favours a different playwriting team: John Ford and Thomas Dekker. The title page attributes this play to Rowley and John Webster although few readers accept Webster''s presence. Although it was first printed as part of the Beaumont and Fletcher folio, stylistic analysis suggests that this play was heavily revised by Rowley and Thomas Middleton. en-wikipedia-org-5094 Sir Terence Mervyn Rattigan CBE (10 June 1911 – 30 November 1977) was a British dramatist and screenwriter. After the war, Rattigan alternated between comedies and dramas, establishing himself as a major playwright: the most successful of which were The Winslow Boy (1946), The Browning Version (1948), The Deep Blue Sea (1952), and Separate Tables (1954). There is some truth in this, but it risks being crudely reductive; for example, the repeated claim that Rattigan originally wrote The Deep Blue Sea as a play about male lovers, turned at the last minute into a heterosexual play, is unfounded,[14] though Rattigan said otherwise.[15] On the other hand, for the Broadway staging of Separate Tables, he wrote an alternative version of the newspaper article in which Major Pollock''s indiscretions are revealed to his fellow hotel guests; in this version, those whom the Major approached for sex were men rather than young women. "Film of The Deep Blue Sea returns playwright Terence Rattigan to the spotlight" – via www.theguardian.com. en-wikipedia-org-5101 Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910),[1] known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer. After she rejected his first marriage proposal, they were married in Elmira, New York in February 1870,[32] where he courted her and managed to overcome her father''s initial reluctance.[36] She came from a "wealthy but liberal family"; through her, he met abolitionists, "socialists, principled atheists and activists for women''s rights and social equality", including Harriet Beecher Stowe, Frederick Douglass, and utopian socialist writer William Dean Howells,[37] who became a long-time friend. It was in these days that Twain became a writer of the Sagebrush School; he was known later as its most famous member.[81] His first important work was "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County," published in the New York Saturday Press on November 18, 1865. Foner, Mark Twain: Social Critic (New York: International Publishers, 1958), p. en-wikipedia-org-5106 In terms of aggregate household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world.[14] France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, and human development.[15][16] It remains a great power in global affairs,[17] being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and an official nuclear-weapon state. The French Republic is divided into 18 regions (located in Europe and overseas), five overseas collectivities, one overseas territory, one special collectivity – New Caledonia and one uninhabited island directly under the authority of the Minister of Overseas France – Clipperton. France is a member of the G8, World Trade Organization (WTO),[146] the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC)[147] and the Indian Ocean Commission (COI).[148] It is an associate member of the Association of Caribbean States (ACS)[149] and a leading member of the International Francophone Organisation (OIF) of 84 fully or partly French-speaking countries.[150] en-wikipedia-org-5118 Oceanian literature Wikipedia Oceanian (Australia, Polynesia, Melanesia, Micronesia) literature developed in isolation from the rest of the world and in a unique geographic environment. Oceanian literature was heavily influenced by religion and ritual. For a long time, most Oceanian literature was not written down. Modern Oceanian literature is mainly written in the English language. List of Countries[edit] Papua New Guinean literature Solomon Islands literature Cook Islands literature New Zealand literature New Caledonian literature Marshall Islands literature Pitcairn Islands literature Northern Marianan Islands literature Prominent writers[edit] Main article: List of Oceanian writers Marshall Islands[edit] Federated States of Micronesia[edit] New Zealand[edit] Main article: List of New Zealand writers Papua New Guinea[edit] Samoa[edit] Albert Wendt Solomon Islands[edit] This article about literature from a country or region is a stub. Categories: Oceanian literature Literature by country stubs Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-5120 A short story is a piece of prose fiction that typically can be read in one sitting and focuses on a self-contained incident or series of linked incidents, with the intent of evoking a single effect or mood. Science fiction short story with a special poetic touch was a genre developed with great popular success by Ray Bradbury. Short story awards[edit] As a concentrated, concise form of narrative and descriptive prose fiction, the short story has been theorized through the traditional elements of dramatic structure: exposition (the introduction of setting, situation, and main characters), complication (the event that introduces the conflict), rising action, crisis (the decisive moment for the protagonist and his commitment to a course of action), climax (the point of highest interest in terms of the conflict and the point with the most action) and resolution (the point when the conflict is resolved). en-wikipedia-org-5124 After Hitler came to power on 30 January 1933, Churchill was quick to recognise the menace to civilisation of such a regime and expressed alarm that the British government had reduced air force spending and warned that Germany would soon overtake Britain in air force production.[249][250] Armed with official data provided clandestinely by two senior civil servants, Desmond Morton and Ralph Wigram, Churchill was able to speak with authority about what was happening in Germany, especially the development of the Luftwaffe.[251] He told the people of his concerns in a radio broadcast in November 1934.[252] While Churchill regarded Mussolini''s regime as a bulwark against the perceived threat of communist revolution, he opposed the Italian invasion of Ethiopia.[253] Writing about the Spanish Civil War, he referred to Franco''s army as the "anti-red movement", but later became critical of Franco.[254] en-wikipedia-org-5135 It is one of the four major Anglo-Saxon literature codices, along with the Vercelli Book, Nowell Codex and the Cædmon manuscript or MS Junius 11. The Exeter Book is the largest known collection of Old English literature still in existence. 5.3 Editions: Old English text and translation The Exeter Book contains the Old English poems known as the ''Elegies'': The Wanderer (fol. Included here are facsimiles, editions, and translations that include a significant proportion of texts from the Exeter Book. Anthology of Old English poetry, featuring many of the texts from the Exeter Book. Anthology of Old English poetry and prose, featuring poems from the Exeter Book. The Exeter Book of Old English Poetry. The Exeter Book of Old English Poetry. The Exeter anthology of Old English poetry: an edition of Exeter Dean and Chapter MS 3501 (2nd ed.). Williamson, Craig (1977), The Old English Riddles of the Exeter Book, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, pp. en-wikipedia-org-5144 This group, along with Nobel Laureate Alice Munro, who has been called the best living writer of short stories in English,[9] were the first to elevate Canadian Literature to the world stage. During the post-war decades only a handful of books of any literary merit were published each year in Canada, and Canadian literature was viewed as an appendage to British and American writing. Lawrence Hill''s Book of Negroes won the 2008 Commonwealth Writers'' Prize Overall Best Book Award, while Alice Munro became the first Canadian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2013.[11] Munro also received the Man Booker International Prize in 2009. Danuta Gleed Literary Award for a first collection of short fiction by a Canadian author writing in English Governor-General''s Awards for the best Canadian children''s literature, text-based or illustrated, in both English and French History of literature in Canada: English-Canadian and French-Canadian. en-wikipedia-org-5155 File:Charles Dickens 3.jpg Wikipedia File:Charles Dickens 3.jpg Charles_Dickens_3.jpg ‎(299 × 290 pixels, file size: 91 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This file has no description, and may be lacking other information. This file is lacking author information. Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. current 15:04, 18 May 2006 299 × 290 (91 KB) Computerjoe From [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CDickens.jpg enwiki] The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): User:Akhwandk/Userboxes User:Aparnaji/Userboxes User:Catholic Laitinen/Userboxes & Top Musicians User:Cinemaniac/Userboxes User:Dominik92/Userboxes User:Jc37/Userboxes User:Liveste/Userboxes User:Liveste/Userboxes/Charles Dickens User:Matt Fitzpatrick/portal images User:SWJS/Userboxes User:Seabuckthorn/Userboxes User:Wegates/Userboxes User:Willscrlt/Userboxes Wikipedia:Userboxes/Media/Books/Authors Usage on fr.wikipedia.org Usage on fr.wikipedia.org Usage on fr.wikipedia.org Usage on fr.wikipedia.org Usage on fr.wikipedia.org Usage on fr.wikipedia.org Usage on fr.wikipedia.org Usage on fr.wikipedia.org View more global usage of this file. File change date and time 16:04, 10 May 2006 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Dickens_3.jpg" Upload file Upload file en-wikipedia-org-5156 New England is a region comprising six states in the Northeastern United States: Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.[4][5][6][7][8][9] It is bordered by the state of New York to the west and by the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick to the northeast and Quebec to the north. Massachusetts Puritans began to establish themselves in Connecticut as early as 1633.[27] Roger Williams was banished from Massachusetts for heresy, led a group south, and founded Providence Plantation in the area that became the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations in 1636.[28][29] At this time, Vermont was uncolonized, and the territories of New Hampshire and Maine were claimed and governed by Massachusetts. Three-quarters of the population of New England, and most of the major cities, are in the states of Connecticut, Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Year Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont New England United States en-wikipedia-org-5170 The migration of Byzantine scholars and other émigrés during the decline of the Byzantine Empire (1203–1453) and mainly after the fall of Constantinople in 1453 until the 16th century is considered by some scholars as key to the revival of Greek and Roman studies and subsequently in the development of the Renaissance humanism[1] and science. The Cretan Renaissance poem Erotokritos is undoubtedly the masterpiece of this early period of modern Greek literature, and represents one of its supreme achievements. The years before the Greek Independence, the Ionian islands became the center of the Heptanese School (literature). Major representatives are Angelos Sikelianos, Emmanuel Rhoides, Athanasios Christopoulos, Kostis Palamas, Penelope Delta, Yannis Ritsos, Alexandros Papadiamantis, Nikos Kazantzakis, Andreas Embeirikos, Kostas Karyotakis, Gregorios Xenopoulos, Constantine P. Erofili (c.1600), drama by Georgios Chortatzis (noted by Palamas as the first work of modern Greek theatre) History of Modern Greek Literature (1877) by Alexandros Rizos Rangavis en-wikipedia-org-5178 He is best known for Boyle''s law,[8] which describes the inversely proportional relationship between the absolute pressure and volume of a gas, if the temperature is kept constant within a closed system.[9] Among his works, The Sceptical Chymist is seen as a cornerstone book in the field of chemistry. Robert Boyle was an alchemist;[25] and believing the transmutation of metals to be a possibility, he carried out experiments in the hope of achieving it; and he was instrumental in obtaining the repeal, in 1689, of the statute of Henry IV against multiplying gold and silver.[26][14] With all the important work he accomplished in physics – the enunciation of Boyle''s law, the discovery of the part taken by air in the propagation of sound, and investigations on the expansive force of freezing water, on specific gravities and refractive powers, on crystals, on electricity, on colour, on hydrostatics, etc. en-wikipedia-org-5187 View source for English literature Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. * [http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/ Luminarium: 16th Century Renaissance English Literature (1485–1603)] * [http://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/ Luminarium: Seventeenth Century English Literature (1603–1660)] * [http://www.luminarium.org/eightlit/ Luminarium: Eighteenth Century English Literature (1660–1785)] Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature" en-wikipedia-org-5188 Sentimentalism, which is to be distinguished from sensibility, was a fashion in both poetry and prose fiction beginning in the eighteenth century in reaction to the rationalism of the Augustan Age. Sentimental novels relied on emotional response, both from their readers and characters. The domestic novel uses sentimentalism as a tool to convince readers of the importance of its message.[9] Jane Austen''s Sense and Sensibility is most often seen as a "witty satire of the sentimental novel",[10] by juxtaposing values of the Age of Enlightenment (sense, reason) with those of the later eighteenth century (sensibility, feeling) while exploring the larger realities of women''s lives, especially through concerns with marriage and inheritance. Relation to the Gothic novel[edit] Gothic and sentimental novels are considered a form of popular fiction, reaching their height of popularity in the late 18th century. en-wikipedia-org-5195 Chuvash literature Wikipedia See this article''s entry on Pages needing translation into English for discussion. 1.2 The role of Volga Bulgars culture in the Chuvash literature The history of Chuvash literature begins when texts in the Chuvash language first appear in historical sources. The oldest known Chuvash texts appear on the gravestones left by the Volga Bulgars in the 13th and 14th centuries in the Middle Volga region, during the reign of the Golden Horde. The ancient Turkic literature[edit] The role of Volga Bulgars culture in the Chuvash literature[edit] Literature created in the Chuvash language dates back to medieval Oghur language. This was the first book published in the Chuvash language.[3] Another piece of Chuvash literature called "Chvash Aber Boldymyr", perhaps authored by V.I. Lebedev, dates to the same period (1852).[4][5] Ya. Yakovlev, alongside many other works of Chuvash literature.[7] Chuvash literature of the 20th century[edit] Literature[edit] Wikipedia articles needing cleanup after translation from Chuvash Articles containing Chuvash-language text en-wikipedia-org-5197 The main genres are crime, fantasy, romance, science fiction, Western, inspirational, historical fiction, and horror. Graham Greene at the time of his death in 1991 had a reputation as a writer of both deeply serious novels on the theme of Catholicism,[31] and of "suspense-filled stories of detection".[32] Acclaimed during his lifetime, he was shortlisted in 1966[33] for the Nobel Prize for Literature.[34] The Nobel laureate André Gide stated that Georges Simenon, best known as the creator of the fictional detective Jules Maigret, was "the most novelistic of novelists in French literature".[35] Dracula has been attributed to a number of literary genres including vampire literature, horror fiction, gothic novel and invasion literature. Neil Gaiman is a writer of science fiction, fantasy short stories and novels, whose notable works include Stardust (1998), Coraline (2002), The Graveyard Book (2009), and The Sandman series. en-wikipedia-org-5215 the short-cite template links to a full-cite target that is a wrapper-template; see false-positive errors below If you find what looks like a false positive error, please report it on the talk page for this category, and another editor will either fix the article or add the template in question to Module:Footnotes/whitelist. anchor ID found and the tally is 2 or more: short-cite template is rendered with a multiple target error message and the article is added to Category:Harv and Sfn template errors anchor ID not found: short-cite template is rendered with a no target error message and the article is added to Category:Harv and Sfn template errors When a wrapped template creates a matching anchor ID that the article reader cannot see; the link from short-cite to long-form citation works but is marked with a no target false-positive error message. en-wikipedia-org-5222 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe[a] (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832)[3] was a German poet, playwright, novelist, scientist, statesman, theatre director, critic, and amateur artist.[3] His works include: four novels; epic and lyric poetry; prose and verse dramas; memoirs; an autobiography; literary and aesthetic criticism; and treatises on botany, anatomy, and colour. The most important of Goethe''s works produced before he went to Weimar were Götz von Berlichingen (1773), a tragedy that was the first work to bring him recognition, and the novel The Sorrows of Young Werther (German: Die Leiden des jungen Werthers) (1774), which gained him enormous fame as a writer in the Sturm und Drang period which marked the early phase of Romanticism. en-wikipedia-org-5226 In the early 20th century, scholars did not agree on which of these plays was the original, or even on their relation to a later Latin work named Homulus.[2][3] By the 1980s, Arthur Cawley went so far as to say that the "evidence for … Elckerlijk is certainly very strong",[4] and now Davidson, Walsh, and Broos hold that "more than a century of scholarly discussion has ... Good Deeds then summons Beauty, Strength, Discretion and Five Wits to join them, and they agree to accompany Everyman as he goes to a priest to take sacrament. Frederick Franck published a modernised version of the tale entitled "Everyone", drawing on Buddhist influence.[16] A direct-to-video film of Everyman was made in 2002, directed by John Farrell, which updated the setting to the early 21st century, including Death as a businessman in dark glasses with a briefcase, and Goods being played by a talking personal computer.[17] en-wikipedia-org-5234 The original printing of the Authorized Version was published by Robert Barker, the King''s Printer, in 1611 as a complete folio Bible.[59] It was sold looseleaf for ten shillings, or bound for twelve.[60] Robert Barker''s father, Christopher, had, in 1589, been granted by Elizabeth I the title of royal Printer,[61] with the perpetual Royal Privilege to print Bibles in England.[c] Robert Barker invested very large sums in printing the new edition, and consequently ran into serious debt,[62] such that he was compelled to sub-lease the privilege to two rival London printers, Bonham Norton and John Bill.[63] It appears that it was initially intended that each printer would print a portion of the text, share printed sheets with the others, and split the proceeds. Scrivener, who for the first time consistently identified the source texts underlying the 1611 translation and its marginal notes.[106] Scrivener, like Blayney, opted to revise the translation where he considered the judgement of the 1611 translators had been faulty.[107] In 2005, Cambridge University Press released its New Cambridge Paragraph Bible with Apocrypha, edited by David Norton, which followed in the spirit of Scrivener''s work, attempting to bring spelling to present-day standards. en-wikipedia-org-5238 If you are new to editing and instead just need a general overview of how sources work, please visit the referencing for beginners help page. A "citation needed" tag is a request for another editor to verify a statement: a form of communication between members of a collaborative editing community. The extra parameters available in the {{Citation needed span}} template may allow you to indicate which section you want to refer to. If you are not sure how to do this, then give it your best try and replace the "Citation needed" template with enough information to locate the source. If someone tagged your contributions with a "Citation needed" tag or tags, and you disagree, discuss the matter on the article''s talk page. Template:Citation needed span Inline verifiability and sources cleanup templates Category:All articles with unsourced statements – list of all pages with {{citation needed}} en-wikipedia-org-5250 His most recent books are Globalectics: Theory and the Politics of Knowing (2012), and Something Torn and New: An African Renaissance, a collection of essays published in 2009 making the argument for the crucial role of African languages in "the resurrection of African memory", about which Publishers Weekly said: "Ngugi''s language is fresh; the questions he raises are profound, the argument he makes is clear: ''To starve or kill a language is to starve and kill a people''s memory bank.''"[34] This was followed by two well received autobiographical works: Dreams in a Time of War: a Childhood Memoir (2010)[35][36][37][38][39] and In the House of the Interpreter: A Memoir (2012), which was described as "brilliant and essential" by the Los Angeles Times,[40] among other positive reviews.[41][42][43] en-wikipedia-org-5251 Other notable Irish writers from the twentieth century include, poets Eavan Boland and Patrick Kavanagh, dramatists Tom Murphy and Brian Friel and novelists Edna O''Brien and John McGahern. In the late twentieth century Irish poets, especially those from Northern Ireland, came to prominence including Derek Mahon, Medbh McGuckian, John Montague, Seamus Heaney and Paul Muldoon Influential works of writing continue to emerge in Northern Ireland with huge success such as Anna Burns, Sinéad Morrissey, and Lisa McGee. Well-known Irish writers in English in the twenty-first century include Edna O''Brien, Colum McCann, Anne Enright, Roddy Doyle, Moya Cannon, John Boyne, Sebastian Barry, Colm Toibín and John Banville, all of whom have all won major awards. The Annals of Ulster (Irish: Annála Uladh) cover years from AD 431 to AD 1540 and were compiled in the territory of what is now Northern Ireland: entries up to AD 1489 were compiled in the late 15th century by the scribe Ruaidhrí Ó Luinín, under his patron Cathal Óg Mac Maghnusa on the island of Belle Isle on Lough Erne. en-wikipedia-org-5253 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-5259 Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie, Lady Mallowan, DBE (née Miller; 15 September 1890 – 12 January 1976) was an English writer known for her sixty-six detective novels and fourteen short story collections, particularly those revolving around fictional detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple. In late February 2014, media reports stated that the BBC had acquired exclusive TV rights to Christie''s works in the UK (previously associated with ITV) and made plans with Acorn''s co-operation to air new productions for the 125th anniversary of Christie''s birth in 2015.[92] As part of that deal, the BBC broadcast Partners in Crime[93] and And Then There Were None,[94] both in 2015.[95] Subsequent productions have included The Witness for the Prosecution[96] but plans to televise Ordeal by Innocence at Christmas 2017 were delayed because of controversy surrounding one of the cast members.[97] The three-part adaptation aired in April 2018.[98] A three-part adaptation of The A.B.C. Murders starring John Malkovich and Rupert Grint began filming in June 2018 and was first broadcast in December 2018.[99][100] A two-part adaptation of The Pale Horse was broadcast on BBC1 in February 2020.[101] Death Comes as the End will be the next BBC adaptation.[102] en-wikipedia-org-5266 The school was close to Westminster Cathedral, which Jones often visited to participate in Mass and to view the Stations of the Cross by Eric Gill.[6] In 1921 he became a Roman Catholic and in 1922 he joined Eric Gill''s Guild of St Joseph and St Dominic at Ditchling, Sussex, but not as a guild member.[7] There Desmond Chute taught him to engrave in wood. The most thorough exposition of David Jones''s views on aesthetics and culture is his essay, "Art and Sacrament" (included in Epoch and Artist), which explores the meaning of signs and symbols in everyday life, relates them to Roman Catholic teachings such as the dogma of transubstantiation, and argues that human beings are the only animals which create "gratuitous" works, thus making them creators analogous to God. The best summary of these views is his short essay "Use and Sign" (in The Dying Gaul). en-wikipedia-org-5268 The Rivals is a comedy of manners by Richard Brinsley Sheridan in five acts which was first performed at Covent Garden Theatre on 17 January 1775.[2] The story has been updated in numerous adaptions, including a 1935 musical in London and a 1958 episode of the television series Maverick (see below), with attribution. The Rivals was first performed at Covent Garden, London, on 17 January 1775, with comedian Mary Bulkley as Julia Melville.[3] It was roundly vilified by both the public and the critics for its length, for its bawdiness and for the character of Sir Lucius O''Trigger being a meanly written role played very badly. D. Smith for the BBC Third Programme featured Fay Compton as Mrs Malaprop, Baliol Holloway as Sir Anthony Absolute, Fenella Fielding as Lydia Languish, Hugh Burden as Captain Absolute and John Hollis as Thomas.[5] It was repeated on 23 December 1963 on the Home Service as part of the "National Theatre of the Air" series.[6] Jack Absolute Flies Again (forthcoming play)[edit] Categories: Plays by Richard Brinsley Sheridan en-wikipedia-org-527 The novel details the lives of three characters, first as children and then as adults – Waldo, Em and Lyndall – who live on a farm in the Karoo region of South Africa. Waldo is initially presented as a deeply devout Christian, a philosophy he appears to have inherited from his widower father Otto, the kindly German farm-keeper. Em (who is said to be sixteen years old) visits Waldo with tea and cakes, and announces that the new farm-keeper has arrived, an Englishman (the book later reveals) by the name of Gregory Rose. Eventually, Gregory and Lyndall agree to return to the farm. "Olive Schreiner''s The Story of an African Farm: Lyndall as transnational and transracial Feminist." English Academy Review 32, no. ^ a b c Heidi Barends (2015) Olive Schreiner''s The Story of an African Farm: Lyndall as transnational and transracial Feminist, English Academy Review, 32:2, 101-114, DOI: 10.1080/10131752.2015.1086161, p102 en-wikipedia-org-5270 Page content language en English Number of page watchers who visited recent edits 26 Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2015 Template:Catalog lookup link (view source) (template editor protected) Template:Category handler (view source) (protected) Template:Cite DNB (view source) (template editor protected) Template:Columns-list (view source) (template editor protected) Template:Commons category (view source) (template editor protected) Template:Dated maintenance category (view source) (template editor protected) Template:English literature (edit) Template:Error-small (view source) (template editor protected) Template:Fix/category (view source) (template editor protected) Template:Library link about (view source) (template editor protected) Template:Main (view source) (template editor protected) Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected) Template:More citations needed section (view source) (template editor protected) Template:Multiple image (view source) (template editor protected) Template:Pages needed (edit) Template:See also (view source) (template editor protected) Template:See also (view source) (template editor protected) Template:Sfn (view source) (template editor protected) Wikidata entities used in this page English literature Category:English-language literature en-wikipedia-org-5275 Among those that did survive are some "diary papers," written by Emily in her twenties, which describe current events in Gondal.[14] The heroes of Gondal tended to resemble the popular image of the Scottish Highlander, a sort of British version of the "noble savage": romantic outlaws capable of more nobility, passion, and bravery than the denizens of "civilization".[15] Similar themes of romanticism and noble savagery are apparent across the Brontë''s juvenilia, notably in Branwell''s The Life of Alexander Percy, which tells the story of an all-consuming, death-defying, and ultimately self-destructive love and is generally considered an inspiration for Wuthering Heights.[16] After Emily''s death, Charlotte rewrote her character, history and even poems on a more acceptable (to her and the bourgeois reading public) model.[43] Charlotte presented Emily as someone whose "natural" love of the beauties of nature had become somewhat exaggerated owing to her shy nature, portraying her as too fond of the Yorkshire moors, and homesick whenever she was away.[44] According to Lucasta Miller, in her analysis of Brontë biographies, "Charlotte took on the role of Emily''s first mythographer."[45] In the Preface to the Second Edition of Wuthering Heights, in 1850, Charlotte wrote: en-wikipedia-org-5278 Although Erskine was an admirer of his cousin Hugh Childers, a member of the British Cabinet working for Irish home rule, at this stage he spoke vehemently against the policy in college debates.[6] A sciatic injury sustained while hillwalking in the summer before he went up, and which was to dog him for the rest of his life, left him slightly lame and he was unable to pursue his intention of earning a rugby blue, but he became a proficient rower.[9] Childers''s attitude to Britain''s establishment and politics had become somewhat equivocal by the start of the First World War. He had resigned his membership of the Liberal Party, and with it his hopes of a parliamentary seat, over Britain''s concessions to Unionists and a further postponement of Irish self-rule;[6] he had written works critical of British policy in Ireland and in its South African possessions; above all, in July 1914, he had smuggled guns bought in Germany to supply nationalists in Ireland (a response to the April 1914 Ulster Unionists'' importation of rifles and ammunition in the Larne gun-running).[6] en-wikipedia-org-5282 The Chronicles of Prydain is a pentalogy of children''s high fantasy Bildungsroman novels written by American author Lloyd Alexander and published by Henry Holt and Company. The stories draw on themes, ideas, and cultures are inspired by Welsh folklore, particularly from the stories collected in the Mabinogion.[3] According to Alexander, nearly all of the proper names in Prydain are from Welsh myth or history, with the exceptions of Eilonwy and Taran.[2] The author''s note in the first novel, The Book of Three, points out the Prydain stories and characters are his own and not simply retellings of old folklore, adding that students of Welsh culture should be prepared to see familiar names such as Arawn and Gwydion attached to characters who act very differently from their mythological namesakes. In 1999, Holt and Company published an expanded edition of The Foundling that included the original book''s material while adding the short stories (but not the illustrations) of Coll and his White Pig and The Truthful Harp, along with a new "Prydain Pronunciation Guide" with entries for 49 proper names.[14] The Pronunciation Guide was included in later editions of the main five novels, as was Ness''s map.[9] en-wikipedia-org-5288 Abraham "Bram" Stoker (8 November 1847 – 20 April 1912) was an Irish author, best known today for his 1897 Gothic horror novel Dracula. The nearby Slains Castle (also known as New Slains Castle) is linked with Bram Stoker and plausibly provided the visual palette for the descriptions of Castle Dracula during the writing phase. During this period, Stoker was part of the literary staff of The Daily Telegraph in London, and he wrote other fiction, including the horror novels The Lady of the Shroud (1909) and The Lair of the White Worm (1911).[11] He published his Personal Reminiscences of Henry Irving in 1906, after Irving''s death, which proved successful,[5] and managed productions at the Prince of Wales Theatre. From the Shadow of Dracula: A Life of Bram Stoker (London: Jonathan Cape, 2004) en-wikipedia-org-5291 Lim, a professor of Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Judaism at the University of Edinburgh, says that the Old Testament is "a collection of authoritative texts of apparently divine origin that went through a human process of writing and editing."[23] He states that it is not a magical book, nor was it literally written by God and passed to mankind. These additional books are Tobit, Judith, Wisdom of Solomon, Wisdom of Jesus son of Sirach, Baruch, the Letter of Jeremiah (which later became chapter 6 of Baruch in the Vulgate), additions to Daniel (The Prayer of Azarias, the Song of the Three Children, Susanna and Bel and the Dragon), additions to Esther, 1 Maccabees, 2 Maccabees, 3 Maccabees, 4 Maccabees, 1 Esdras, Odes, including the Prayer of Manasseh, the Psalms of Solomon, and Psalm 151. en-wikipedia-org-5297 Johnson has been described as "arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history".{{citation|last=Rogers|first=Pat|contribution=Johnson, Samuel (1709–1784)|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|edition=online|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/14918|access-date=25 August 2008}} After nine years of work, Johnson''s ''''[[A Dictionary of the English Language]]'''' was published in 1755, and it had a far-reaching effect on [[Modern English]] and has been described as "one of the greatest single achievements of scholarship."{{Harvnb|Bate|1977|p=240}} Sentimentalism, which is to be distinguished from sensibility, was a fashion in both poetry and prose fiction which began in the 18th century in reaction to the rationalism of the [[Augustan literature|Augustan Age]].Richard Maxwell and Katie Trumpener, eds., ''''The Cambridge Companion to Fiction in the Romantic Period'''' (2008). Among the most famous sentimental novels in English are [[Samuel Richardson]]''s ''''[[Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded]]'''' (1740), [[Oliver Goldsmith]]''s ''''[[Vicar of Wakefield]]'''' (1766), [[Laurence Sterne]]''s ''''[[Tristram Shandy]]'''' (1759–67), and [[Henry Mackenzie]]''s ''''[[The Man of Feeling]]'''' (1771).J.A. Cuddon, ''''A Dictionary of Literary Terms'''' (1999), p. en-wikipedia-org-53 The end of this period coincides with the loss of the French provinces to Philip Augustus, and is more accurately denoted by the appearance of the history of William the Marshal in 1225 (published for the Société de l''histoire de France, by Paul Meyer, 3 vols., 1891–1901). Stevenson, Maitland Club, Edinburgh, 1836); the Black Prince, a poem by the poet Chandos Herald, composed about 1386, and relating the life of the Black Prince from 1346-1376 (re-edited by Francisque Michel, London and Paris, 1883); and, lastly, the different versions of the Brutes, the form and historical importance of which have been indicated by Paul Meyer (Bulletin de la Société des anciens textes français, 1878, pp. Finally we may mention, as ancient history, the translation of Eutropius and Dares, by Geoffrey of Waterford (13th century), who gave also the Secret des Secrets, a translation from a work wrongly attributed to Aristotle, which belongs to the next division (Rom. xxiii. en-wikipedia-org-5307 Samuel Taylor Coleridge argued that it has one of the "three most perfect plots ever planned", alongside Oedipus Tyrannus and The Alchemist.[3] It became a best seller with four editions published in its first year alone.[4] It is generally regarded as Fielding''s greatest book and as an influential English novel.[5] The main theme of the novel is the contrast between Tom Jones''s good nature, flawed but eventually corrected by his love for virtuous Sophia Western, and his half-brother Blifil''s hypocrisy. Fielding, Henry Tom Jones (London: Andrew Millar, 1749). Fielding, Henry "Tom Jones" (New York: The Modern Library, 1931). Fielding, Henry Tom Jones (Wesleyan University Press, 1975) ISBN 978-0-8195-6048-3. Fielding, Henry Tom Jones (New York: W. Fielding, Henry Tom Jones (London: Everyman''s Library, 1998) Includes a chapter on Tom Jones, preceded by one titled ''Fielding and the epic theory of the novel''. en-wikipedia-org-5311 The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (novel) Wikipedia The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie First edition cover The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie is a novel by Muriel Spark, the best known of her works.[1] It first saw publication in The New Yorker magazine and was published as a book by Macmillan in 1961. In 1930s Edinburgh, six ten-year-old girls, Sandy, Rose, Mary, Jenny, Monica, and Eunice are assigned Miss Jean Brodie, who describes herself as being "in my prime," as their teacher. The character of Miss Jean Brodie was based in part on Christina Kay, a teacher of Spark''s for two years at James Gillespie''s School for Girls. On 5 November 2019 The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie appeared on the BBC News list of the 100 most influential novels.[16] The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1961) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Prime_of_Miss_Jean_Brodie_(novel)&oldid=997770114" en-wikipedia-org-5313 James Augustine[1] Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist, short story writer, poet, teacher, and literary critic. The publication encountered problems with New York Postal Authorities; serialisation ground to a halt in December 1920; the editors were convicted of publishing obscenity in February 1921.[69] Although the conviction was based on the "Nausicaä" episode of Ulysses, The Little Review had fuelled the fires of controversy with dada poet Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven''s defence of Ulysses in an essay "The Modest Woman."[70] Joyce''s novel was not published in the United States until 1934.[71] Joyce''s work has been an important influence on writers and scholars such as Samuel Beckett,[86] Seán Ó Ríordáin,[87] Jorge Luis Borges,[88] Flann O''Brien,[89] Salman Rushdie,[90] Robert Anton Wilson,[91] John Updike,[92] David Lodge,[93] Cormac McCarthy,[94] Joseph Campbell,[95] Jamie O''Neill, and Giannina Braschi.[96][97] Ulysses has been called "a demonstration and summation of the entire [Modernist] movement".[98] The Bulgarian-French literary theorist Julia Kristeva characterised Joyce''s novel writing as "polyphonic" and a hallmark of postmodernity alongside the poets Mallarmé and Rimbaud.[99] en-wikipedia-org-5317 His characters become more complex and tender as he switches deftly between comic and serious scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the narrative variety of his mature work.[129][130][131] This period begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged adolescence, love, and death;[132][133] and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North''s 1579 translation of Plutarch''s Parallel Lives—which introduced a new kind of drama.[134][135] According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, character, inwardness, contemporary events, even Shakespeare''s own reflections on the act of writing, began to infuse each other".[136] en-wikipedia-org-5329 A play is a work of drama, usually consisting mostly of dialogue between characters and intended for theatrical performance rather than just reading. Plays are performed at a variety of levels, from London''s West End and Broadway in New York City – which are the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world – to regional theatre, to community theatre, as well as university or school productions. The term "play" can refer to both the written texts of playwrights and to their complete theatrical performance.[1] A satire play takes a comic look at current events, while at the same time attempting to make a political or social statement, for example pointing out corruption. After the front matter, such as title and author, it conventionally begins with a dramatis personae: a list presenting each of the main characters of the play by name, followed by a brief characterization (e.g., "Stephano, a drunken Butler".) en-wikipedia-org-5335 Many of his similes, for instance, are reminiscent of the works of the metaphysical poets of the 17th century,[1] and the novel as a whole, with its focus on the problems of language, has constant regard for John Locke''s theories in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.[2] Arthur Schopenhauer called Tristram Shandy one of "the four immortal romances."[3] Satires of Pope and Swift formed much of the humour of Tristram Shandy, but Swift''s sermons and Locke''s Essay Concerning Human Understanding also contributed ideas and frameworks Sterne explored throughout the novel. The frequent references to Rocinante, the character of Uncle Toby (who resembles Don Quixote in many ways) and Sterne''s own description of his characters'' "Cervantic humour", along with the genre-defying structure of Tristram Shandy, which owes much to the second part of Cervantes'' novel, all demonstrate the influence of Cervantes.[12] The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, Laurence Sterne. en-wikipedia-org-5344 A heroic couplet is a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used in epic and narrative poetry, and consisting of a rhyming pair of lines in iambic pentameter. Use of the heroic couplet was pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer in the Legend of Good Women and the Canterbury Tales,[1] and generally considered to have been perfected by John Dryden and Alexander Pope in the Restoration Age and early 18th century respectively. The heroic couplet is often identified with the English Baroque works of John Dryden and Alexander Pope, who used the form for their translations of the epics of Virgil and Homer, respectively. The looser type of couplet, with occasional enjambment, was one of the standard verse forms in medieval narrative poetry, largely because of the influence of the Canterbury Tales. English heroic couplets, especially in Dryden and his followers, are sometimes varied by the use of the occasional alexandrine, or hexameter line, and triplet. en-wikipedia-org-5349 However, the succeeding generation of postcolonial critics, many of whom belonged to the post-structuralist philosophical tradition, took issue with the Commonwealth label for separating non-British writing from "English" literature produced in England.[7] They also suggested that texts in this category had a short-sighted view of imperialism''s impact.[8] The succeeding generation of postcolonial critics focus on texts that "write back" to the colonial center.[11] In general, postcolonial theory analyzes how anti-colonial ideas, such as anti-conquest, national unity, négritude, pan-Africanism and postcolonial feminism were forged in and promulgated through literature.[14] Prominent theorists include Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Frantz Fanon, Bill Ashcroft,[citation needed] Ngũgĩ wa Thiong''o, Chinua Achebe, Leela Gandhi, Gareth Griffiths, Abiola Irele, John McLeod,[citation needed] Hamid Dabashi, Helen Tiffin, Khal Torabully, and Robert J. en-wikipedia-org-5358 Numerous figures from classical literature and mythology appear throughout The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri.[155] Plutarch''s Lives were a major influence on William Shakespeare and served as the main source behind his tragedies Julius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra, and Coriolanus.[156]:883–884 Shakespeare''s comedies A Comedy of Errors and The Twelfth Night drew heavily on themes from Graeco-Roman New Comedy.[156]:881–882 Meanwhile, Shakespeare''s tragedy Timon of Athens was inspired by a story written by Lucian[157] and his comedy Pericles, Prince of Tyre was based on an adaptation of the ancient Greek novel Apollonius of Tyre found in John Gower''s Confessio Amantis.[158] en-wikipedia-org-5359 Thus she and Joseph are plotting to alienate Maria from Charles by putting out rumours of an affair between Charles and Sir Peter''s new young wife, Lady Teazle. Sir Peter decides to hide, and have Joseph sound Charles out about his relationship with Lady Teazle. As Charles and Joseph try to eject their incognito uncle, Sir Peter and Lady Teazle arrive with Maria and Rowley, ending Sir Oliver''s pretence. In its earliest stages, as detailed by Thomas Moore, Sheridan developed two separate play sketches, one initially entitled "The Slanderers" that began with Lady Sneerwell and Spatter (equivalent to Snake in the final version), and the other involving the Teazles. Because, as one recent editor has put it, "The School for Scandal is the most intractable problem Sheridan set his editors",[4] editions of this play can vary considerably. Sheridan: The School for Scandal and Other Plays. Sheridan: The School for Scandal and Other Plays. en-wikipedia-org-5373 Trübner & Co., 1866; later American edition with additional cancels: New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1866). The Story of a Play: A Novel (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1898). Literary Friends and Acquaintance: A Personal Retrospect of American Authorship (New York, Harper & Brothers, 1900). Braybridge''s Offer in William Dean Howells & Henry Mills Alden (eds.), Quaint Courtships: Harper''s Novelettes (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, [1906]). The Amigo in William Dean Howells & Henry Mills Alden (eds.), The Heart of Childhood: Harper''s Novelettes (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1906). Editha in William Dean Howells & Henry Mills Alden (eds.), Different Girls: Harper''s Novelettes (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1906). The Whole Family: A Novel (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1908). Years of My Youth (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1916). en-wikipedia-org-5374 File:ChesterMysteryPlay 300dpi.jpg Wikipedia English: This elaborate image, Representation of a Pageant Vehicle at the time of Performance, was commissioned as the frontispiece to A Dissertation on the Pageants or Dramatic Mysteries Anciently Performed at Coventry by the Trading Companies of that City, (1825) by Thomas Sharp, (1770-1841). The work of art itself is in the public domain in its source country for the following reason: This work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the author''s life plus 100 years or fewer. It is also in the public domain in the United States for the following reason: This work is in the public domain in the United States because it meets three requirements: The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): File change date and time 22:02, 22 July 2005 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChesterMysteryPlay_300dpi.jpg" en-wikipedia-org-5391 File:Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson by George Frederic Watts.jpg Wikipedia File:Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson by George Frederic Watts.jpg George Frederic Watts: Alfred, Lord Tennyson Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson, by George Frederic Watts (died 1904), given to the National Portrait Gallery, London in 1895. This set of images was gathered by User:Dcoetzee from the National Portrait Gallery, London website using a special tool. All images in this batch have been confirmed as author died before 1939 according to the official death date listed by the NPG. described at URL: http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw06252/Alfred-Lord-Tennyson See User:Dcoetzee/NPG legal threat for original threat and National Portrait Gallery and Wikimedia Foundation copyright dispute for more information. current 12:06, 29 March 2009 2,400 × 2,901 (1.28 MB) Dcoetzee {{Information |Description=This set of images was gathered by User:Dcoetzee from the National Portrait Gallery, London website using a special tool. Wikidata:WikiProject sum of all paintings/Collection/National Portrait Gallery, London Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfred_Tennyson,_1st_Baron_Tennyson_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg" en-wikipedia-org-5398 Brian Patten (born 7 February 1946) is an English poet and author.[1] He came to prominence in the 1960s as one of the Liverpool poets, and writes primarily lyrical poetry about human relationships. His famous works include: "Little Johnny''s Confessions", "The irrelevant Song", "Vanishing Trick", "Emma''s Doll", "Impossible Parents", amongst others. Together with the other two Liverpool poets, Roger McGough and Adrian Henri, Patten published The Mersey Sound in 1967. Patten''s first published volumes of poems were Little Johnny''s Confession (1967) and Notes to the Hurrying Man (1969). "Mersey Poet Brian Patten on his memories of Liverpool". Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-5401 View source for English literature Wikipedia If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-5404 The Elizabethan era is the epoch in the Tudor period of the history of England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603). The term Elizabethan era was already well-established in English and British historical consciousness, long before the accession of the current Queen Elizabeth II, and it remains solely applied to the time of the earlier Queen of this name. In 1562 Elizabeth sent privateers Hawkins and Drake to seize booty from Spanish and Portuguese ships off the coast of West Africa.[16] When the Anglo-Spanish Wars intensified after 1585, Elizabeth approved further raids against Spanish ports in the Americas and against shipping returning to Europe with treasure.[17] Meanwhile, the influential writers Richard Hakluyt and John Dee were beginning to press for the establishment of England''s own overseas empire. M. Palliser (1992) The Age of Elizabeth: England Under the Later Tudors, 1547–1603 (2nd ed.), pp 35-110 en-wikipedia-org-5409 The Scarlet Letter: A Romance is a work of historical fiction by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne, published in 1850.[1] Set in Puritan Massachusetts Bay Colony during the years 1642 to 1649, the novel tells the story of Hester Prynne, who conceives a daughter through an affair and then struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity. H. Lawrence said that there could not be a more perfect work of the American imagination than The Scarlet Letter.[5] Henry James once said of the novel, "It is beautiful, admirable, extraordinary; it has in the highest degree that merit which I have spoken of as the mark of Hawthorne''s best things—an indefinable purity and lightness of conception...One can often return to it; it supports familiarity and has the inexhaustible charm and mystery of great works of art."[5][21] en-wikipedia-org-5410 The Romantic movement in English literature of the early 19th century has its roots in 18th-century poetry, the Gothic novel and the novel of sensibility.[6] This includes the graveyard poets, who were a number of pre-Romantic English poets writing in the 1740s and later, whose works are characterized by their gloomy meditations on mortality, "skulls and coffins, epitaphs and worms" in the context of the graveyard.[7] To this was added by later practitioners, a feeling for the "sublime" and uncanny, and an interest in ancient English poetic forms and folk poetry.[8] These concepts are often considered precursors of the Gothic genre.[9] Some major Gothic poets include Thomas Gray (1716–71), whose Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard (1751) is "the best known product of this kind of sensibility";[10] William Cowper (1731–1800); Christopher Smart (1722–71); Thomas Chatterton (1752–70); Robert Blair (1699–1746), author of The Grave (1743), "which celebrates the horror of death";[11] and Edward Young (1683–1765), whose The Complaint, or Night-Thoughts on Life, Death and Immortality (1742–45) is another "noted example of the graveyard genre".[12] Other precursors of Romanticism are the poets James Thomson (1700–48) and James Macpherson (1736–96).[6] en-wikipedia-org-544 Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Wikipedia Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. This test displays an error message for multiple authors'' names in a single parameter, as well as single author names that include a comma-separated list of post-nominals: |author=FC White, RN, MD, Ph.D. To fix these errors in citations: Even with this CSS installed, older pages in Wikipedia''s cache may not have been updated to show these error messages even though the page is listed in one of the tracking categories. Pages in category "CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list" 1896 United States presidential election in North Dakota 1900 United States presidential election in Wisconsin 2020 United States presidential election 2020 United States presidential election en-wikipedia-org-5482 The series can be considered part of the British children''s boarding school genre, which includes Rudyard Kipling''s Stalky & Co., Enid Blyton''s Malory Towers, St. Clare''s and the Naughtiest Girl series, and Frank Richards''s Billy Bunter novels: the Harry Potter books are predominantly set in Hogwarts, a fictional British boarding school for wizards, where the curriculum includes the use of magic.[36] In this sense they are "in a direct line of descent from Thomas Hughes''s Tom Brown''s School Days and other Victorian and Edwardian novels of British public school life", though they are, as many note, more contemporary, grittier, darker, and more mature than the typical boarding school novel, addressing serious themes of death, love, loss, prejudice, coming-of-age, and the loss of innocence in a 1990s British setting.[37][38] en-wikipedia-org-5488 During the following two years Waugh taught at schools in Aston Clinton in Buckinghamshire (from which he was dismissed for the attempted drunken seduction of a school matron) and Notting Hill in London.[53] He considered alternative careers in printing or cabinet-making, and attended evening classes in carpentry at Holborn Polytechnic while continuing to write.[54] A short story, "The Balance", written in an experimental modernist style, became his first commercially published fiction, when it was included by Chapman and Hall in a 1926 anthology, Georgian Stories.[55] An extended essay on the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was printed privately by Alastair Graham, using by agreement the press of the Shakespeare Head Press in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was undergoing training as a printer.[56][57] This led to a contract from the publishers Duckworths for a full-length biography of Dante Gabriel Rossetti, which Waugh wrote during 1927.[58] He also began working on a comic novel; after several temporary working titles this became Decline and Fall.[59][60] Having given up teaching, he had no regular employment except for a short, unsuccessful stint as a reporter on the Daily Express in April–May 1927.[61] That year he met (possibly through his brother Alec) and fell in love with Evelyn Gardner, the daughter of Lord and Lady Burghclere.[62] en-wikipedia-org-5499 His younger brother was the writer Shiva Naipaul.[4] In the 1880s, his grandparents had migrated from India to work as indentured labourers on the sugar plantations.[5][6] In the Indian immigrant community in Trinidad, Naipaul''s father became an English-language journalist, and in 1929 began contributing articles to the Trinidad Guardian.[7] In 1932, the year Naipaul was born, his father joined the staff as the Chaguanas correspondent.[8] In "A Prologue to an Autobiography" (1983), Naipaul describes how his father''s reverence for writers and for the writing life spawned his own dreams and aspirations to become a writer.[9] en-wikipedia-org-5510 He speculated that these might be irrigation channels constructed by a sentient life form to support existence on an arid, dying world, similar to that which Wells suggests the Martians have left behind.[11][16] The novel also presents ideas related to Charles Darwin''s theory of natural selection, both in specific ideas discussed by the Narrator, and themes explored by the story. Wells also wrote an essay titled ''Intelligence on Mars'', published in 1896 in the Saturday Review, which sets out many of the ideas for the Martians and their planet that are used almost unchanged in The War of the Worlds.[11] In the essay he speculates about the nature of the Martian inhabitants and how their evolutionary progress might compare to humans. Wells''s description of chemical weapons – the Black Smoke used by the Martian fighting machines to kill human beings in great numbers – became a reality in World War I.[24] The comparison between lasers and the Heat-Ray was made as early as the later half of the 1950s when lasers were still in development. en-wikipedia-org-5512 Eliot was influenced by the poets Jules Laforgue, Paul Valéry and Arthur Rimbaud who used the techniques of the Symbolist school,[7] though it has also been said[by whom?] that ''Imagism'' was the style to which both Pound and Eliot subscribed (see Pound''s Des Imagistes). There were several rather dissimilar groups of Symbolist painters and visual artists, which included Paul Gauguin, Gustave Moreau, Gustav Klimt, Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis, Jacek Malczewski, Odilon Redon, Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, Henri Fantin-Latour, Gaston Bussière, Edvard Munch, Fernand Khnopff, Félicien Rops, and Jan Toorop. Primary influences on the style of Russian Symbolism were the irrationalistic and mystical poetry and philosophy of Fyodor Tyutchev and Solovyov, the novels of Fyodor Dostoyevsky, the operas of Richard Wagner,[30] the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer[citation needed] and Friedrich Nietzsche,[31] French symbolist and decadent poets (such as Stéphane Mallarmé, Paul Verlaine and Charles Baudelaire), and the dramas of Henrik Ibsen. en-wikipedia-org-5521 While he was a famous lecturer and published a variety of both fiction and non-fiction regularly from 1915, it was not until he was in his early fifties, with the publication of Wolf Solent in 1929, that he achieved critical and financial success as a novelist.[34] This novel was reprinted several times in both the United States and Britain and translated into German in 1930 and French in 1931.[35] In the Preface he wrote for the 1961 Macdonald edition of the novel Powys states: "Wolf Solent is a book of Nostalgia, written in a foreign country with the pen of a traveller and the ink-blood of his home".[36] Wolf Solent is set in Ramsgard, based on Sherborne, Dorset, where Powys attended school from May 1883, as well as Blacksod, modelled on Yeovil, Somerset, and Dorchester and Weymouth, both in Dorset, all places full of memories for him.[37] In the same year The Meaning of Culture was published and it, too, was frequently reprinted. en-wikipedia-org-5524 Since his father had been disinherited from the Sassoon fortune for marrying a non-Jew, Siegfried had only a small private income that allowed him to live modestly without having to earn a living (however, he would later be left a generous legacy by an aunt, Rachel Beer, allowing him to buy the great estate of Heytesbury House in Wiltshire.[4]) His first published success, The Daffodil Murderer (1913), was a parody of John Masefield''s The Everlasting Mercy. He had hoped that Ronald Knox, a Roman Catholic priest and writer whom he admired, would instruct him in the faith, but Knox was too ill to do so.[23] The priest Sebastian Moore was chosen to instruct him instead, and Sassoon was admitted to the faith at Downside Abbey in Somerset.[24] He also paid regular visits to the nuns at Stanbrook Abbey, and the Abbey press printed commemorative editions of some of his poems. en-wikipedia-org-5529 He is remembered primarily for three major works, the Mirour de l''Omme, Vox Clamantis, and Confessio Amantis, three long poems written in French, Latin, and English respectively, which are united by common moral and political themes.[1] According to Yeager "Gower''s first intent to write a poem for the instructional betterment of king and court, at a moment when he had reason to believe advice about social reform might influence changes predictably to take place in an expanded jurisdiction, when the French and English peoples were consolidated under a single crown."[19] In the 16th century, he was generally regarded alongside Chaucer as the father of English poetry.[32]:ix In the 18th and 19th centuries, however, his reputation declined, largely on account of a perceived didacticism and dullness; e.g. the American poet and critic James Russell Lowell claimed Gower "positively raised tediousness to the precision of science".[33]:329 After publication of Macaulay''s edition (1901) of the complete works,[32] he has received more recognition, notably by C. en-wikipedia-org-5533 For detailed information on French literature in specific historic periods, see the separate historical articles in the template to the right. Beginning in the 11th century, literature written in medieval French was one of the oldest vernacular (non-Latin) literatures in western Europe and it became a key source of literary themes in the Middle Ages across the continent. Under the aristocratic ideals of the Ancien Régime (the "honnête homme"), the nationalist spirit of post-revolutionary France, and the mass educational ideals of the Third Republic and modern France, the French have come to have a profound cultural attachment to their literary heritage. As of 2006, French literary people have been awarded more Nobel Prizes in Literature than novelists, poets and essayists of any other country. French Nobel Prize in Literature winners[edit] French contemporary literature workshop with Marc Avelot, Philippe Binant, Bernard Magné, Claudette Oriol-Boyer, Jean Ricardou, Cerisy (France), 1980. A short history of French literature (Penguin Books, 1976) Categories: French literature en-wikipedia-org-5537 One of the best-known and most popular works of English-language fiction, its narrative, structure, characters and imagery have been enormously influential in popular culture and literature, especially in the fantasy genre.[3] The work has never been out of print, and it has been translated into at least 97 languages.[4] Its ongoing legacy encompasses many adaptations for stage, screen, radio, art, ballet, theme parks, board games, and video games.[5] Carroll published a sequel in 1871, titled Through the Looking-Glass, and a shortened version for young children, The Nursery "Alice", in 1890. On 26 November 1865, Dodgson''s tale was published by Macmillan of London as Alice''s Adventures in Wonderland under the pseudonym "Lewis Carroll" with illustrations by John Tenniel.[30] The first print run of 2,000 was held back because Tenniel objected to the print quality.[12] A new edition, released in December of the same year for the Christmas market, but carrying an 1866 date, was quickly printed.[30] The text blocks of the original edition were removed from the binding and sold with Dodgson''s permission to the New York publishing house of D. en-wikipedia-org-5541 Alan Moore (born 18 November 1953) is an English writer known primarily for his work in comic books including Watchmen, V for Vendetta, The Ballad of Halo Jones, Swamp Thing, Batman: The Killing Joke and From Hell.[1] Regarded by some as the best comics writer in the English language,[2][3] he is widely recognized among his peers and critics. It is the only comic to win the Hugo Award, in a one-time category ("Best Other Form").[36] It is widely seen as Moore''s best work, and has been regularly described as the greatest comic book ever written.[3](pp39–40) Alongside roughly contemporary works such as Frank Miller''s Batman: The Dark Knight Returns, Art Spiegelman''s Maus, and Jaime and Gilbert Hernandez''s Love and Rockets, Watchmen was part of a late 1980s trend in American comics towards more adult sensibilities.[37] Comics historian Les Daniels noted that Watchmen "called into question the basic assumptions on which the super hero genre is formulated".[38] DC Comics writer and executive Paul Levitz observed in 2010 that "As with The Dark Knight Returns, Watchmen set off a chain reaction of rethinking the nature of super heroes and heroism itself, and pushed the genre darker for more than a decade. en-wikipedia-org-5542 Category:Articles incorporating Cite DNB template Wikipedia Category:Articles incorporating Cite DNB template Jump to navigation Pages in category "Articles incorporating Cite DNB template" This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). 1835 Speaker of the British House of Commons election 1835 Speaker of the British House of Commons election 1835 Speaker of the British House of Commons election 1904 in British music A History of British Birds (Yarrell book) Charles Abbot (botanist) George Abbot (author) William Abbot Alexander Abercromby (British Army officer) George Gordon, 1st Earl of Aberdeen John Acland (author) Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, 11th Baronet John Acton (canon lawyer) Sir John Acton, 6th Baronet John Adair (surveyor) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Articles_incorporating_Cite_DNB_template&oldid=951822042" Template Large category TOC via CatAutoTOC on category with 10,001–20,000 pages Wikipedia articles incorporating citation from the DNB View history Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-5543 The invention and implementation of new technologies resulted in rapid urban growth, mass employment, and the rise of a new working class.[154] Reforms in social and economic spheres followed, including the first laws on child labour, the legalisation of trade unions,[155] and the abolition of slavery.[156] In Britain, the Public Health Act of 1875 was passed, which significantly improved living conditions in many British cities.[157] Europe''s population increased from about 100 million in 1700 to 400 million by 1900.[158] The last major famine recorded in Western Europe, the Great Famine of Ireland, caused death and mass emigration of millions of Irish people.[159] In the 19th century, 70 million people left Europe in migrations to various European colonies abroad and to the United States.[160] Demographic growth meant that, by 1900, Europe''s share of the world''s population was 25%.[161] en-wikipedia-org-5557 Title page of the Quarto edition of The Spanish Tragedy (1615) It is during this play that he enacts his revenge, after which he kills himself.[6] With Hieronimo''s quest for justice in the face of a seemingly powerless state, Spanish Tragedy introduced the thematic issues of retributive justice that would be explored as the genre gained popularity and developed on the Elizabethan and Jacobean stage.[7] The distinction and cultural contention between public and private revenge has been considered by some to be the defining theme of not only early modern revenge tragedy but all early modern tragedy. In Antonio''s Revenge, John Marston creates a character named Pandulpho who embodies an idea from the Spanish Tragedy of the Senecan stoic.[11] The Senecan stoic is not ruled by emotions but rather follows a balance of cosmic determinism and human freedom to avoid misfortune.[12] In Hamlet, Shakespeare explores the complexities of the very human desire for revenge in the face of stoic philosophy and ethics. en-wikipedia-org-5569 The Ugandan scholar Pio Zirimu introduced the term orature in an attempt to avoid an oxymoron, but oral literature remains more common both in academic and popular writing.[5] The Encyclopaedia of African Literature, edited by Simon Gikandi (Routledge, 2003), gives this definition: "Orature means something passed on through the spoken word, and because it is based on the spoken language it comes to life only in a living community. According to the book Defining New Idioms and Alternative Forms of Expression, edited by Eckhard Breitinger (Rodopi, 1996, page 78): "This means that any ''oral society'' had to develop means to make the spoken word last, at least for a while. In this sense, oral lore is an ancient practice and concept natural to the earliest storied communications and transmissions of bodies of knowledge and culture in verbal form near the dawn of language-based human societies, and ''oral literature'' thus understood was putatively recognized in times prior to recordings of history in non-oral media including painting and writing. en-wikipedia-org-5573 Middle English Bible translations Wikipedia Find sources: "Middle English Bible translations" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) In the early 14th century, he produced English glosses of Latin Bible text, including the Psalms. This slightly misleading view was held by many Catholic commentators, including Thomas More and has continued to create confusion on the meaning of an authorised version of the Bible and the purpose of authorising an orthodox context for its translation. Greek and Hebrew texts would become available with the development of the Johann Gutenberg''s movable-type printing press which coincided with the development of Early Modern English, making English a literary language, and would lead to a great increase in the number of translations of the Bible in the Early Modern English era. English-language translations of the Bible en-wikipedia-org-5574 An 18th-century author wrote of David Garrick: "He formed a kind of harlequinade, very different from that which is seen at the Opéra-Comique in Paris, where harlequin and all the characters speak."[30] The majority of these early pantomimes were re-tellings of a story from ancient Greek or Roman literature, with a break between the two acts during which the harlequinade''s zany comic business was performed. Traditionally performed at Christmas and afterwards, with family audiences, British pantomime continues as a popular form of theatre, incorporating song, dance, buffoonery, slapstick, cross-dressing, in-jokes, topical references, audience participation, and mild sexual innuendo.[41] Scottish comedian Craig Ferguson, in his 2020 memoir, summarizes contemporary pantomime as classic folklore and fairy tales loosely retold in a slapstick theatrical comedy-musical ("Think Mamma Mia! en-wikipedia-org-5581 Wiltshire wrote about Austen''s use of "gendered space" in Emma, noting the female characters have a disproportionate number of scenes in the drawing rooms of Highbury while the male characters often have scenes outdoors.[49] Wiltshire noted that Jane Fairfax cannot walk to the post office in the rain to pick up the mail without becoming the object of town gossip while Mr. Knightley can ride all the way to London without attracting any gossip.[49] Wiltshire described the world that the women of Highbury live in as a sort of prison, writing that in the novel "...women''s imprisonment is associated with deprivation, with energies and powers perverted in their application, and events, balls and outings are linked with the arousal and satisfaction of desire".[49] en-wikipedia-org-5587 This article will give an overview of the history of Maltese-language literature. In early Maltese history, diglossia manifested itself in the co-existence of a developed form of Siculo-Arabic and the language of a series of rulers, most notably Latin, Greek, Sicilian, French, Spanish and Italian. The post-War years saw the emergence of Moviment Qawmien Letterarju (Literary Revival Movement) in 1967, an avant-garde literary movement the protagonists of which included Oliver Friggieri (later Professor of Maltese at the University of Malta), Frans Sammut (1945–2011), the "national author", Alfred Sant (who was Prime Minister from 1996 to 1998), Lino Spiteri (who was Finance Minister in two Governments),[4] and others.[5] Frans Sammut''s reputation is built on his novels Il-Gaġġa (on which the film with the same name is based[7]), Samuraj,[8] Paceville[9] and Il-Ħolma Maltija[10] (translated in Esperanto as La Malta Revo). en-wikipedia-org-5596 Although the first instances of coherent Basque phrases and sentences go as far back as the San Millán glosses of around 950, the large-scale damage done by periods of great instability and warfare, such as the clan wars of the Middle Ages, the Carlist Wars and the Spanish Civil War, led to the scarcity of written material predating the 16th century.[1] Only a few years later in 1545, the first book known to have been put into print is published a collection of poems fashioned by Bernard Etxepare,[3] a priest from Lower Navarre in the Northern Basque Country, by the title Linguæ Vasconum Primitiæ ("Beginnings of the Basque Language"). Wikimedia Commons has media related to Basque-language literature. Before Babel: A History of Basque Literatures. Before Babel: A History of Basque Literatures. Basque Literary History. An introduction to Basque literature. Categories: Basque literature Basque language en-wikipedia-org-5601 "…[Folklife] means the traditional expressive culture shared within the various groups in the United States: familial, ethnic, occupational, religious, regional; expressive culture includes a wide range of creative and symbolic forms such as custom, belief, technical skill, language, literature, art, architecture, music, play, dance, drama, ritual, pageantry, handicraft; these expressions are mainly learned orally, by imitation, or in performance, and are generally maintained without benefit of formal instruction or institutional direction." The study of folk history is particularly well developed in Ireland, where the Handbook of Irish Folklore (the standard book used by field workers of the Irish Folklore Commission) recognizes "historical tradition" as a separate category, traditionally referred to as seanchas.[42] Henry Glassie made a pioneering contribution in his classic study, Passing the Time in Ballymenone.[43] Another notable exponent is historian Guy Beiner who has presented in-depth studies of Irish folk history, identifying a number of characteristic genres for what he has named "history telling", such as stories (divided into tales and "mini-histories"), songs and ballads (especially rebel songs), poems, rhymes, toasts, prophecies, proverbs and sayings, place-names, and a variety of commemorative ritual practices. en-wikipedia-org-5606 Overwhelmingly, these were linked in some way, perhaps only in an opening frame story, with three thematic cycles of tales: these were assembled in imagination at a late date as the "Matter of Rome" (actually centered on the life and deeds of Alexander the Great conflated with the Trojan War), the "Matter of France" (Charlemagne and Roland, his principal paladin) and the "Matter of Britain" (the lives and deeds of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table, within which was incorporated the quest for the Holy Grail); medieval authors[who?] explicitly described these as comprising all romances.[7] en-wikipedia-org-561 on a farm run by a Quaker family".[10] Richardson''s interest in the Quakers led to her writing The Quakers Past and Present and editing an anthology Gleanings from the Works of George Fox, which were both published in 1914.[11] She spent much of 1912 in Cornwall, and then in 1913 rented a room in St John''s Wood, London, though she also lived in Cornwall.[12] The final chapter (13th book) of Pilgrimage, March Moonlight, was not published until 1967, where it forms the conclusion to Volume IV of the Collected Edition; though the first three chapters had appeared as "Work in Progress," Life and Letters, 1946. However, Richardson changed publishers and Dent & Cresset Press published a new Collected Edition of Pilgrimage in 1938. This was republished by Virago Press "in the late 1970s, in its admirable but temporary repopularisation of Richardson".[38] In 1976 in America, a four volume Popular Library (New York) edition appeared. en-wikipedia-org-5627 The Witches is a British children''s dark fantasy novel by the British writer Roald Dahl. The story is set partly in Norway and partly in England, and features the experiences of a young English boy and his Norwegian grandmother in a world where child-hating societies of witches secretly exist in every country. The Witches was originally published in 1983 by Jonathan Cape in London, with illustrations by Quentin Blake (like many of Dahl''s works). It was the third of four books by Dahl among the Top 100, more than any other writer.[1] In November 2019, the BBC listed The Witches on its list of the 100 most influential novels.[2] In 1990 (the year Roald Dahl died), the book was adapted into a film starring Anjelica Huston and Rowan Atkinson, directed by Nicolas Roeg and distributed by Warner Bros. "20 banned books that may surprise you "The Witches," by Roald Dahl". en-wikipedia-org-563 Kazakh literature Wikipedia Kazakh literature expands from the current territory of Kazakhstan, also including the era of Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, Kazakh recognized territory under the Russian Empire and the Kazakh Khanate. Medieval literature[edit] Since at least the 17th century, Kazakh bards could be divided in two main categories: the zhıraws (zhiraus, žyraus), who passed on the works of others, usually not creating and adding their own original work; and the aqyns (akyns), who improvised or created their own poems, stories or songs.[1] There were several types of works, such as didactic termes, elegiac tolgaws, and epic zhırs.[1] Modern literature[edit] Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Articles containing Kazakh-language text en-wikipedia-org-5632 On 15 November 2017, in the wake of over a year of protests against his government as well as Zimbabwe''s rapidly declining economy, Mugabe was placed under house arrest by the country''s national army in a coup d''état.[22][23] On 19 November 2017, ZANU–PF sacked Robert Mugabe as party leader and appointed former Vice-President Emmerson Mnangagwa in his place.[24] On 21 November 2017, Mugabe tendered his resignation prior to impeachment proceedings being completed.[25] On 30 July 2018 Zimbabwe held its general elections,[26] which was won by the ZANU–PF party led by Emmerson Mnangagwa.[27] Nelson Chamisa who was leading the main opposition party MDC Alliance contested the election results and filed a petition to the Constitution Court of Zimbabwe.[28] The court confirmed Mnangagwa''s victory, making him the newly elected president after Mugabe.[29][30] During the elections of February 1980, Robert Mugabe and the ZANU party secured a landslide victory.[63] Prince Charles, as the representative of Britain, formally granted independence to the new nation of Zimbabwe at a ceremony in Harare in April 1980.[64] en-wikipedia-org-5642 Confessio Amantis ("The Lover''s Confession") is a 33,000-line Middle English poem by John Gower, which uses the confession made by an ageing lover to the chaplain of Venus as a frame story for a collection of shorter narrative poems. Smith (2004:65) concludes that despite these regional features "Gower was evidently part of the linguistic community of late-fourteenth-century London." Gower''s vocabulary is educated, with extensive use of French and Latin loans, some of them apparently original; for example, the Confessio is the earliest work in which the word "history" is attested in English (OED also Middle English Dictionary). Both these examples are references to the Confessio (Canace is III.143–336), and it has sometimes been thought that this passage was the direct cause of the removal of the dedication to Chaucer from the later editions of the work (see "Textual History" above). en-wikipedia-org-5651 The Anglo-Frisian languages are the West Germanic languages which include Anglic (English and Scots) and Frisian varieties. The early Anglo-Frisian varieties, like Old English and Old Frisian, and the third Ingvaeonic group at the time, the ancestor of Low German Old Saxon, were spoken by intercommunicating populations. This resulted in more Old Norse and Norman language influences during the development of Modern English, whereas the modern Frisian languages developed under contact with the southernly Germanic populations, restricted to the continent. 3.2 Words in English, Scots, West Frisian, Dutch, and German These are the words for the numbers one to 12 in the Anglo-Frisian languages, with Dutch and German included for comparison: Words in English, Scots, West Frisian, Dutch, and German[edit] English Scots West Frisian Dutch German Ingvaeonic, also known as North Sea Germanic, is a postulated grouping of the West Germanic languages that encompasses Old Frisian, Old English,[note 4] and Old Saxon.[10] en-wikipedia-org-5659 Galen recalls the correspondence between humors and seasons in his On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, and says that, "As for ages and the seasons, the child (παῖς) corresponds to spring, the young man (νεανίσκος) to summer, the mature man (παρακµάζων) to autumn, and the old man (γέρων) to winter".[11] Galen also believed that the characteristics of the soul follow the mixtures of the body but he does not apply this idea to the hippocratic humours. Jouanna, Jacques (2012), "The Legacy of the Hippocratic Treatise The Nature of Man: The Theory of the Four Humours", Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen, Brill, p. Jouanna, Jacques (2012), "The Legacy of the Hippocratic Treatise The Nature of Man: The Theory of the Four Humours", Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen, Brill, p. Jouanna, Jacques (2012), "The Legacy of the Hippocratic Treatise The Nature of Man: The Theory of the Four Humours", Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen, Brill, p. en-wikipedia-org-5660 The Big Four (Britain, France, the United States, and Italy) imposed their terms on the defeated powers in a series of treaties agreed at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, the most well known being the German peace treaty: the Treaty of Versailles.[25] Ultimately, as a result of the war, the Austro-Hungarian, German, Ottoman, and Russian Empires ceased to exist, and numerous new states were created from their remains. As Vienna refused to withdraw the Austro-Hungarian cruiser SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth from Tsingtao, Japan declared war not only on Germany, but also on Austria-Hungary; the ship participated in the defence of Tsingtao where it was sunk in November 1914.[88] Within a few months, the Allied forces had seized all the German territories in the Pacific; only isolated commerce raiders and a few holdouts in New Guinea remained.[89][90] en-wikipedia-org-5662 In the words of Richard Fogle, "The principal stress of the poem is a struggle between ideal and actual: inclusive terms which, however, contain more particular antitheses of pleasure and pain, of imagination and common sense reason, of fullness and privation, of permanence and change, of nature and the human, of art and life, freedom and bondage, waking and dream."[16] Of course, the nightingale''s song is the dominant image and dominant "voice" within the ode. John Scott, in an anonymous review for the September 1820 edition of The London Magazine, argued for the greatness of Keats''s poetry as exemplified by poems including "Ode to a Nightingale": en-wikipedia-org-5699 During 1922 Greene was for a short time a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain, and sought an invitation to the new Soviet Union, of which nothing came.[12] In 1925, while he was an undergraduate at Balliol College, Oxford, his first work, a poorly received volume of poetry titled Babbling April, was published.[13] He supplemented his novelist''s income with freelance journalism, book and film reviews for The Spectator, and co-editing the magazine Night and Day. Greene''s 1937 film review of Wee Willie Winkie, for Night and Day—which said that the nine-year-old star, Shirley Temple, displayed "a dubious coquetry" which appealed to "middle-aged men and clergymen"—provoked Twentieth Century Fox successfully to sue for £3,500 plus costs,[19][20] and Greene leaving the UK to live in Mexico until after the trial was over.[17][21] While in Mexico, Greene developed the ideas for the novel often considered his masterpiece, The Power and the Glory.[17] en-wikipedia-org-5710 Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey Wikipedia Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (1516/1517 – 19 January 1547), KG, (courtesy title), was an English nobleman, politician and poet. Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk (10 March 1536 – 2 June 1572), who married three times: (1) Mary FitzAlan (2) Margaret Audley (3) Elizabeth Leyburne. Ancestors of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey ^ a b "Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey", Poetry Foundation ^ Jessie Childs, Henry VIII''s Last Victim: The Life and Times of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (New York: St. Martin''s Press, 2007), plate 35. ^ Jessie Childs, Henry VIII''s Last Victim: The Life and Times of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (New York: St. Martin''s Press, 2007), p. ^ Jessie Childs, Henry VIII''s Last Victim: The Life and Times of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (New York: St. Martin''s Press, 2007), p. "Cast: Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey". Wikiquote has quotations related to: Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey en-wikipedia-org-5731 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-5738 It includes literature in English, Irish and Ulster Scots. "The Blackbird of Belfast Lough", a fragment of syllabic verse probably dating from the 9th century, has inspired reinterpretations and translations in modern times.[6] The blackbird serves as symbol for the Seamus Heaney Centre for Poetry at Queen''s University, Belfast.[7] Poetry in Ulster Scots by Robert Huddlestone (1814–1887) inscribed in paving in Writers'' Square, Belfast A somewhat diminished tradition of vernacular poetry survived into the 20th century in the work of poets such as Adam Lynn, author of the 1911 collection Random Rhymes frae Cullybackey, John Stevenson (died 1932), writing as "Pat M''Carty".[15] John Hewitt (1907–1987), whom many consider to be the founding father of Northern Irish poetry, also came from a rural background but lived in Belfast and was amongst the first Irish poets to write of the sense of alienation that many at this time felt from both their original rural and new urban homes. en-wikipedia-org-5759 Find sources: "Middle English literature" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) There are three main categories of Middle English literature, religious, courtly love, and Arthurian, though much of Geoffrey Chaucer''s work stands outside these. In the late 15th century William Caxton printed four-fifths of his works in English, which helped to standardize the language and expand the vocabulary. After the Norman conquest of England, the written form of the Old English language continued in some monasteries but few literary works are known from this period.[citation needed] Under the influence of the new aristocracy, Law French became the standard language of courts, parliament, and polite society. While Anglo-Norman or Latin was preferred for high culture and administration, English literature by no means died out, and a number of important works illustrate the development of the language. Categories: Middle English literature en-wikipedia-org-5772 Following Becket''s death, the monks prepared his body for burial.[1] According to some accounts, it was discovered that Becket had worn a hairshirt under his archbishop''s garments—a sign of penance.[18] Soon after, the faithful throughout Europe began venerating Becket as a martyr, and on 21 February 1173—little more than two years after his death—he was canonised by Pope Alexander III in St Peter''s Church in Segni.[1] In 1173, Becket''s sister Mary was appointed Abbess of Barking as reparation for the murder of her brother.[19] On 12 July 1174, in the midst of the Revolt of 1173–74, Henry humbled himself with public penance at Becket''s tomb as well as at the church of St. Dunstan''s, which became one of the most popular pilgrimage sites in England. en-wikipedia-org-5783 Pages that link to "English literature" Wikipedia Pages that link to "English literature" Jump to navigation Jump to search User talk Wikipedia talk File talk MediaWiki talk Template talk Help talk Category talk Portal talk Book talk Draft talk Education Program talk TimedText talk Module talk Gadget talk Gadget definition talk The following pages link to English literature View (previous 50 | next 50) (20 | 50 | 100 | 250 | 500) Comparison of American and British English ‎ (links | edit) Anne Brontë ‎ (links | edit) Charlotte Brontë ‎ (links | edit) Emily Brontë ‎ (links | edit) German literature ‎ (links | edit) Joseph Conrad ‎ (links | edit) Latin literature ‎ (links | edit) Outline of literature ‎ (links | edit) Old English literature ‎ (links | edit) Sexism ‎ (links | edit) Tourism ‎ (links | edit) The Goodies ‎ (links | edit) Talk Talk Talk en-wikipedia-org-5785 Poe''s best known fiction works are Gothic,[90] adhering to the genre''s conventions to appeal to the public taste.[91] His most recurring themes deal with questions of death, including its physical signs, the effects of decomposition, concerns of premature burial, the reanimation of the dead, and mourning.[92] Many of his works are generally considered part of the dark romanticism genre, a literary reaction to transcendentalism[93] which Poe strongly disliked.[94] He referred to followers of the transcendental movement as "Frog-Pondians", after the pond on Boston Common,[95][96] and ridiculed their writings as "metaphor—run mad,"[97] lapsing into "obscurity for obscurity''s sake" or "mysticism for mysticism''s sake".[94] Poe once wrote in a letter to Thomas Holley Chivers that he did not dislike transcendentalists, "only the pretenders and sophists among them".[98] en-wikipedia-org-5790 Clarissa; or, The History of a Young Lady is an epistolary novel by English writer Samuel Richardson, published in 1748. Feeling trapped and desperate to regain her freedom, Clarissa continues to communicate with Anna in secret and begins a correspondence with Lovelace, while trying to convince her parents not to force her to marry Solmes. Joseph Leman, a servant of the Harlowes, shouts and makes noise so it may seem like the family has awoken and discovered that Clarissa and Lovelace are about to run away. Miss Clarissa Harlowe: The title character of the novel. Clarissa is a young and virtuous woman who ends up falling victim to Robert Lovelace after he convinces her to run away with him and later rapes her. Margaret Anne Doody, "Disguise and Personality in Richardson''s Clarissa", Eighteenth-Century Life n.s. 12, no. Tom Keymer, Richardson''s "Clarissa" and the Eighteenth-Century Reader (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. en-wikipedia-org-5791 Sometimes it is used as an analogy for the buildings of other religions.[1] In traditional Christian architecture the plan view of a church often forms a Christian cross; the center aisle and seating representing the vertical beam with the bema and altar forming the horizontal. In Greek, the adjective kyriak-ós/-ē/-ón (κυριακόν) means "belonging, or pertaining, to a Kyrios" ("Lord"), and the usage was adopted by early Christians of the Eastern Mediterranean with regard to anything pertaining to Jesus Christ: hence "Kyriakós oíkos" (Kυριακός οίκος) ("house of the Lord", church), "Kyriakē" (Κυριακή) ("[the day] of the Lord", i.e. Sunday), or "Kyriakē proseukhē" (Greek: Κυριακή προσευχή) (the "Lord''s Prayer").[2] Main article: Architecture of cathedrals and great churches A cathedral is a church, usually Catholic, Anglican, Oriental Orthodox or Eastern Orthodox, housing the seat of a bishop. Architecture of cathedrals and great churches Architecture of cathedrals and great churches Church building (Christians) en-wikipedia-org-5794 1386) is the presumed author of a work of Middle English alliterative verse generally known as Piers Plowman, an allegory with a complex variety of religious themes. A fifteenth century note in the Dublin manuscript of Piers Plowman says that Langland was the son of Stacy de Rokayle.[1] Robert Crowley''s 1550 edition of Piers Plowman promoted the idea that Langland was a follower of John Wycliffe. Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-5817 Title page of the first edition of An Essay Concerning Human Understanding by John Locke, 1689. One of the first of such texts would be John Locke''s Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690), where he says, "I conceive that Ideas in the Understanding, are coeval with Sensation; which is such an Impression or Motion, made in some part of the body, as makes it be taken notice of in the Understanding."[2] George Cheyne and other medical writers wrote of "The English Malady," also called "hysteria" in women or "hypochondria" in men, a condition with symptoms that closely resemble the modern diagnosis of clinical depression. Jane Austen''s 1811 novel Sense and Sensibility provides a more familiar example of this reaction against the excesses of feeling, especially those associated with women readers, and many critics have seen the novel as a critique of the "cult" of sentimentalism prevalent in the late eighteenth century.[4] en-wikipedia-org-5819 Edmund Spenser (/ˈspɛnsər/; 1552/1553 – 13 January 1599) was an English poet best known for The Faerie Queene, an epic poem and fantastical allegory celebrating the Tudor dynasty and Elizabeth I. Despite this, it remains one of the longest poems in the English language.[19] It is an allegorical work, and can be read (as Spenser presumably intended) on several levels of allegory, including as praise of Queen Elizabeth I. Edmund Spenser, The Faerie-Queene (Longman-Annotated-English Poets, 2001, 2007) Edited by A. Washington University in St. Louis professor Joseph Lowenstein, with the assistance of several undergraduate students, has been involved in creating, editing, and annotating a digital archive of the first publication of poet Edmund Spenser''s collective works in 100 years. ^ Web page titled "Edmund Spenser Home Page/Biography" Archived 2 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, at the website of the University of Cambridge Faculty of English website, retrieved 24 September 2009 Edmund Spenser''s The Faerie Queene (1590) en-wikipedia-org-5827 This journey of maturation, where Bilbo gains a clear sense of identity and confidence in the outside world, may be seen as a Bildungsroman rather than a traditional quest.[90] The Jungian concept of individuation is also reflected through this theme of growing maturity and capability, with the author contrasting Bilbo''s personal growth against the arrested development of the dwarves.[91] Thus, while Gandalf exerts a parental influence over Bilbo early on, it is Bilbo who gradually takes over leadership of the party, a fact the dwarves could not bear to acknowledge.[92] The analogue of the "underworld" and the hero returning from it with a boon (such as the ring, or Elvish blades) that benefits his society is seen to fit the mythic archetypes regarding initiation and male coming-of-age as described by Joseph Campbell.[88] Chance compares the development and growth of Bilbo against other characters to the concepts of just kingship versus sinful kingship derived from the Ancrene Wisse (which Tolkien had written on in 1929) and a Christian understanding of Beowulf.[93] en-wikipedia-org-5839 Banville has won the 1976 James Tait Black Memorial Prize, the 2005 Booker Prize, the 2011 Franz Kafka Prize, the 2013 Austrian State Prize for European Literature and the 2014 Prince of Asturias Award for Literature.[4] Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 2007, Italy made him a Cavaliere of the Ordine della Stella d''Italia (essentially a knighthood) in 2017.[5] He is a former member of Aosdána, having voluntarily relinquished the financial stipend in 2001 to another, more impoverished, writer.[6] He considers crime writing, in his own words, as being "cheap fiction".[21] In a July 2008 interview with Juan José Delaney in the Argentine newspaper La Nación, Banville was asked if his books had been translated into Irish. en-wikipedia-org-5856 Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503 – 11 October 1542)[1][page needed] was a 16th-century English politician, ambassador, and lyric poet credited with introducing the sonnet to English literature. He was an ambassador in the service of Henry VIII, but he entered Henry''s service in 1515 as "Sewer Extraordinary", and the same year he began studying at St John''s College, Cambridge.[8] He accompanied Sir John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford to Rome to help petition Pope Clement VII to annul Henry VIII''s marriage to Catherine of Aragon, freeing him to marry Anne Boleyn. Daalder, Joost, ed (1975), Sir Thomas Wyatt, Collected Poems, London: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-281155-4CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) Tillyard, E M W (1929), The Poetry of Sir Thomas Wyatt, A Selection and a Study, London: The Scholartis Press, ISBN 978-0-403-08614-6 WYATT, Sir Thomas I (by 1504–42), of Allington Castle, Kent. WYATT, Sir Thomas I (by 1504–42), of Allington Castle, Kent. en-wikipedia-org-5859 The scribe wrote the year number, DCCCXCII, in the margin of the next line; subsequent material was written by other scribes.[7] This appears to place the composition of the chronicle at no later than 892; further evidence is provided by Bishop Asser''s use of a version of the Chronicle in his work Life of King Alfred, known to have been composed in 893.[8] It is known that the Winchester manuscript is at least two removes from the original Chronicle; as a result, there is no proof that the Chronicle was compiled at Winchester.[9] It is also difficult to fix the date of composition, but it is generally thought that the chronicles were composed during the reign of Alfred the Great (871–99), as Alfred deliberately tried to revive learning and culture during his reign, and encouraged the use of English as a written language. en-wikipedia-org-5877 Sometimes such material will be tagged first with a "citation needed" template to give editors time to find and add sources before it is removed, but often editors will simply remove it because they question its veracity. This tutorial will show you how to add inline citations to articles, and also briefly explain what Wikipedia considers to be a reliable source. While editing a page that uses the most common footnote style, you will see inline citations displayed between ... tags. To use it, simply click on Cite at the top of the edit window, having already positioned your cursor after the sentence or fact you wish to reference. The word "source" in Wikipedia has three meanings: the work itself (for example, a document, article, paper, or book), the creator of the work (for example, the writer), and the publisher of the work (for example, Cambridge University Press). Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates en-wikipedia-org-5878 On 10 April 1994, Kenneth Branagh''s Renaissance Theatre Company performed a radio adaptation directed by Glyn Dearman starring Gielgud as Lear, with Keith Michell as Kent, Richard Briers as Gloucester, Dame Judi Dench as Goneril, Emma Thompson as Cordelia, Eileen Atkins as Regan, Kenneth Branagh as Edmund, John Shrapnel as Albany, Robert Stephens as Cornwall, Denis Quilley as Burgundy, Sir Derek Jacobi as France, Iain Glen as Edgar and Michael Williams as The Fool.[150] en-wikipedia-org-5885 Download as PDF Wikipedia English literature Jump to navigation Jump to search Download as PDF Download as PDF English_literature.pdf Download Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:DownloadAsPdf" Navigation menu Personal tools Talk Create account Log in Log in Namespaces Variants Views Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article Contact us Donate Contribute Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Tools Upload file Upload file Special pages Special pages Printable version Languages Privacy policy About Wikipedia About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Mobile view Developers Statistics Cookie statement en-wikipedia-org-5891 The primary feature of LibraryThing ("LT") is the cataloging of books, movies, music and other media by importing data from libraries through Z39.50 connections and from six Amazon.com stores. LibraryThing''s social features have been compared to bookmark manager Del.icio.us[6] and the collaborative music service Last.fm.[7] Similar book cataloging sites include aNobii, BookLikes, Goodreads, Libib, Shelfari [now merged with Goodreads], and weRead.[8] LibraryThing is majority owned by founder Tim Spalding.[11] Online bookseller AbeBooks (now owned by Amazon) bought a 40% share in LibraryThing in May 2006 for an undisclosed sum.[12] In January 2009, Cambridge Information Group acquired a minority stake in the company, and their subsidiary Bowker became the official distributor to libraries.[11] At the end of June 2006, LibraryThing was subject to the Slashdot effect from a Wall Street Journal article.[13] The site''s developers added servers to compensate for the increased traffic. en-wikipedia-org-5894 Category:Harv and Sfn multiple-target errors Wikipedia Category:Harv and Sfn multiple-target errors These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. This category holds articles that use any of the short-cite templates ({{harv}} and {{sfn}} template families, and {{harvc}}) where multiple full cites can be the target of a single short-cite template. See guidance at Category:Harv and Sfn template errors to resolve. Displaying error messages[edit] Method 3 – .css code for error messages emitted by the short-cite templates Error messages are emitted by the various short-cite templates via Module:Footnotes and Module:Harvc. Pages in category "Harv and Sfn multiple-target errors" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 3,884 total. 45th Infantry Division (United States) Abu Ali Chaghani Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_multiple-target_errors&oldid=958761963" Harv and Sfn template errors en-wikipedia-org-5896 While jailed, Boethius composed his Consolation of Philosophy, a philosophical treatise on fortune, death, and other issues, which became one of the most popular and influential works of the Middle Ages. It is largely due to Boethius that the Topics of Aristotle and Cicero were revived, and the Boethian tradition of topical argumentation spans its influence throughout the Middle Ages and into the early Renaissance: "In the works of Ockham, Buridan, Albert of Saxony, and the Pseudo-Scotus, for instance, many of the rules of consequence bear a strong resemblance to or are simply identical with certain Boethian Topics ... Lorenzo Valla described Boethius as the last of the Romans and the first of the scholastic philosophers.[12] Despite the use of his mathematical texts in the early universities, it is his final work, the Consolation of Philosophy, that assured his legacy in the Middle Ages and beyond. en-wikipedia-org-5900 George''s father respected his son''s interest in literature, and George was sent first to a boarding-school at Bungay near his home, and a few years later to a more important school at Stowmarket, where he gained an understanding of mathematics and Latin, and a familiarity with the Latin classics.[5] His early reading included the works of William Shakespeare, Alexander Pope, who had a great influence on George''s future works, Abraham Cowley, Sir Walter Raleigh and Edmund Spenser. During Scott''s final illness, Crabbe was the last writer he asked to have read to him.[73][74] Lord Byron admired Crabbe''s poetry, and called him "nature''s sternest painter, yet the best".[75] According to critic Frank Whitehead, "Crabbe, in his verse tales in particular, is an important—indeed, a major—poet whose work has been and still is seriously undervalued."[76] His early poems, which were non-narrative essays in poetical form, gained him the approval of literary men like Samuel Johnson, followed by a period of 20 years in which he wrote much, destroying most of it, and published nothing. en-wikipedia-org-591 View source for English literature Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-5917 The Man of Feeling Title page from the first edition The Man of Feeling is a sentimental novel published in 1771, written by Scottish author Henry Mackenzie. The Man of Feeling, Mackenzie''s first and most famous novel, was begun in London in 1767.[1] It was published in April 1771, sold out by the beginning of June, and reached its sixth edition by 1791.[1] The Man of Feeling details the fragmentary episodes of the life of Harley which exist within the remains of a manuscript traded to the initial narrator of the novel by a priest. The Man of Feeling, edited by Brian Vickers (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009) ''Sentimental Novels'', in The Cambridge Companion to the Eighteenth Century Novel, edited by John Richetti (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002) en-wikipedia-org-5923 H._G._Wells,_c.1890.jpg ‎(600 × 407 pixels, file size: 65 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Commons is a freely licensed media file repository. More information can be found at https://flickr.com/commons/usage/. See Commons:Licensing for more information. No known copyright restrictionsNo restrictionshttps://www.flickr.com/commons/usage/false This image, originally posted to Flickr, was reviewed on May 29, 2011 by the administrator or reviewer File Upload Bot (Magnus Manske), who confirmed that it was available on Flickr under the stated license on that date. Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. current 01:54, 29 May 2011 600 × 407 (65 KB) File Upload Bot (Magnus Manske) {{Information |Description=Picture taken by Frederick Hollyer IMAGELIBRARY/120 Persistent URL: [http://archives.lse.ac.uk/dserve.exe?dsqServer=lib-4.lse.ac.uk&dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=(RefNo= archi The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): File change date and time 15:27, 10 September 2009 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H._G._Wells,_c.1890.jpg" Upload file Upload file en-wikipedia-org-5926 The Adventures of Roderick Random Wikipedia The Adventures of Roderick Random is a picaresque novel by Tobias Smollett, first published in 1748. The novel is set in the 1730s and 1740s and tells the life story (in the first person) of Roderick "Rory" Random, who was born to a Scottish gentleman and a lower-class woman and is thus shunned by his father''s family. The naive Random then embarks on a series of adventures and misadventures, visiting inter alia: London, Bath, France, the West Indies, West Africa and South America. The novel ends happily when Random is reunited with his now wealthy father in Argentina. External links[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Adventures of Roderick Random. The Adventures of Roderick Random at Project Gutenberg "Roderick Random". The Adventures of Roderick Random (1748) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Adventures_of_Roderick_Random&oldid=996703483" Novels by Tobias Smollett Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Nuttall Encyclopedia en-wikipedia-org-5950 South Carolina reports their first case of the B.1.1.7 variant first detected in the United Kingdom in an adult from the Pee Dee region and has an international travel history. Prime Minister Jean Castex announces the closure of borders to all travellers outside the European Union beginning January 31 in order to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants and avoid a third lockdown. South Carolina reports the United States''s first two cases of the 501.V2 variant first detected in South Africa in people with no known travel history. Brazil surpasses nine million cases of COVID-19, becoming the third country to do so after India and the United States. Vaccine developer Novavax announces that their vaccine candidate is 89% effective in preventing severe COVID-19, based on trial data from the United Kingdom; their vaccine was less effective against new variants of the virus, based on data from South Africa. en-wikipedia-org-5955 He produced his first stage work, Silvia, or The Country Burial, in 1730, and a year later his most famous play, The London Merchant. Lillo revived the genre of play referred to as domestic tragedy (or bourgeois tragedy).[9] Even though the Jacobean stage had flirted with merchant and artisan plays in the past (with, for example, Thomas Dekker and Thomas Heywood), The London Merchant was a significant change in theatre, and in tragedy in particular.[6] Instead of dealing with heroes from classical literature or the Bible, presented with spectacle and grand stage effects, his subjects concerned everyday people, such as his audience, the theater-going middle classes, and his tragedies were conducted on the intimate scale of households, rather than kingdoms.[6][7][10] ^ a b c d e f g Steffensen, James L., "Lillo, George (1691/1693–1739)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edition, May 2008, accessed 9 December 2011 ("You do not currently have access to this article"; Archived site) The Works of Mr. George Lillo, With Some Accounts of His Life. ^ "George Lillo." English Drama: Restoration and Eighteenth Century, 1660-1789. Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-5956 Many elements of The Spanish Tragedy, such as the play-within-a-play used to trap a murderer and a ghost intent on vengeance, appear in Shakespeare''s Hamlet. The Royal Shakespeare Company performed The Spanish Tragedy in May 1997 at the Swan Theatre, directed by Michael Boyd.[7][8] The cast included Siobhan Redmond as Bel-imperia, Robert Glenister as Lorenzo, Peter Wright as Hieronimo, Jeffry Wickham as the King of Spain. An amateur production of The Spanish Tragedy was performed 2–6 June 2009 by students from Oxford University, in the second quad of Oriel College, Oxford.[11] Another amateur production was presented by the Hyperion Shakespeare Company 21–30 October 2010 with students from Harvard University in Harvard''s New College Theatre.[12] In November 2012, Perchance Theatre in association with Cambridge University''s Marlowe Society staged a site-specific production in King''s College Chapel, Cambridge. When the play is performed, Hieronimo uses real daggers instead of prop daggers, so that Lorenzo and Balthazar are stabbed to death in front of the King, Viceroy, and Duke (Lorenzo and Bel-imperia''s father). en-wikipedia-org-5968 You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. [[Romanticism]] was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century.''''The Norton Anthology of English Literature'''', 7th edition, vol. Retrieved 2009-06-25. The [[French Revolution]] was an especially important influence on the political thinking of many of the Romantic poets.''''The Norton Anthology of English Literature'''', vol. Keats has always been regarded as a major Romantic, "and his stature as a poet has grown steadily through all changes of fashion".''''The Oxford Companion to English Literature'''' (1996), p. en-wikipedia-org-5975 Thomas Penson De Quincey (/də ˈkwɪnsi/;[1] 15 August 1785 – 8 December 1859) was an English essayist, best known for his Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (1821).[2][3] Many scholars suggest that in publishing this work De Quincey inaugurated the tradition of addiction literature in the West.[4] Thomas Hood found the shrinking author "at home in a German ocean of literature, in a storm, flooding all the floor, the tables and the chairs – billows of books …"[18] De Quincey was famous for his conversation; Richard Woodhouse wrote of the "depth and reality, as I may so call it, of his knowledge … His conversation appeared like the elaboration of a mine of results …"[19] ^ Eaton, Horace Ainsworth, Thomas De Quincey: A Biography, New York, Oxford University Press, 1936; reprinted New York, Octagon Books, 1972; The Opium-Eater: A Life of Thomas De Quincey, London, J. en-wikipedia-org-5977 Jack Chesney and Charley Wykeham are undergraduates at Oxford University in love, respectively, with Kitty Verdun and Amy Spettigue. Amy and Kitty arrive to meet Jack and Charley, but Donna Lucia has not arrived yet, and so the girls leave to go shopping until she shows up. However the penniless Spettigue soon learns that Charley''s aunt is Donna Lucia D''Alvadorez, the celebrated millionaire. Sir Francis and Donna Lucia are engaged (he made the proposal before he realized her identity); the young couples can marry; and Babbs confesses his feelings to Ela. Productions[edit] Arthur Askey took the leading role in a 1940 British film Charley''s (Big-Hearted) Aunt that developed themes from the original play. ^ IBDB listing of Broadway productions of Charley''s Aunt Archived January 9, 2006, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Comedy Theatre – Charley''s Aunt", The Times, 6 December 1904, p. "Charley''s Aunt Archived June 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Theatre Western Springs, 2002, accessed 18 December 2012 en-wikipedia-org-5983 The Beggar''s Opera[1] is a ballad opera in three acts written in 1728 by John Gay with music arranged by Johann Christoph Pepusch. For his original production in 1728, Gay intended all the songs to be sung without any accompaniment, adding to the shocking and gritty atmosphere of his conception.[8] However, a week or so before the opening night, John Rich, the theatre director, insisted on having Johann Christoph Pepusch, a composer associated with his theatre, write a formal French overture (based on two of the songs in the opera, including a fugue based on Lucy''s 3rd act song "I''m Like A Skiff on the Ocean Toss''d") and also to arrange the 69 songs. "The Beggar''s Opera, An 18th-Century Satire", Archived 26 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times, 10 May 1990, accessed 6 November 2009 ^ 1948 Benjamin Britten version of The Beggar''s Opera Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine at the Guide to Musical Theatre en-wikipedia-org-5984 At one time Wells intended to develop Masterman into a major character (and indeed convert Kipps to socialism) and wrote several versions in which he played an important role at the end of the novel; but in the end, he eliminated Masterman altogether from the novel''s conclusion.[8] Wells was eager for the novel to succeed, and he harassed Macmillan with unorthodox ideas for publicity like sandwich men in the West End theatre district and posters saying "Kipps Worked Here" outside Portsmouth & Southsea railway station.[13] Smith called the novel "a masterpiece" and argued that with Kipps, The History of Mr Polly, and Tono-Bungay, Wells "is able to claim a permanent place in English fiction, close to Dickens, because of the extraordinary humanity of some of the characters, but also because of his ability to invoke a place, a class, a social scene."[16] en-wikipedia-org-5988 Liana Macellari, an Italian translator twelve years younger than Burgess, came across his novels Inside Mr. Enderby and A Clockwork Orange, while writing about English fiction.[49] The two first met in 1963 over lunch in Chiswick and began an affair. The holdings include: handwritten journals and diaries; over 8000 books from Burgess''s personal library; manuscripts of novels, journalism and musical compositions; professional and private photographs dating from between 1918 and 1993; an extensive archive of sound recordings; Burgess''s music collection; furniture; musical instruments including two of Burgess''s pianos; and correspondence that includes letters from Angela Carter, Graham Greene, Thomas Pynchon and other notable writers and publishers.[71] The International Anthony Burgess Foundation was established by Burgess''s widow, Liana, in 2003. Beginning in 1995, Anthony Burgess'' widow gifted a large archive of his papers at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin with several additions made in subsequent years. Ratcliffe, Michael (2004), "Wilson, John Burgess [Anthony Burgess] (1917–1993)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.), Oxford University Press, retrieved 20 June 2011 en-wikipedia-org-5996 Examples of these literatures include the medieval Arthurian romances written in the French language, which drew heavily from Celtic sources, or in a modern context literature in the English language by writers of Irish, Welsh, Cornish, Manx, Scottish or Breton extraction. Revival literature in non-Celtic languages[edit] Themes from Celtic Literature within Arthurian Romances[edit] Examples of Arthurian legends with these components are Marie de France''s Lanval, the tale of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, and in Perceval, The Story of the Grail. In addition to Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Lanval, Perceval, The Story of the Grail contains a combination of these two Celtic themes. According to Alice Buchanan''s article: "The Irish Framework of Sir Gawin and the Green Knight," she states: the theme of Beheading texts, which occurs in Arthurian Romances, French, English, and German, from about 1180 – 1380, is derived from an Irish tradition actually existent in a MS. en-wikipedia-org-5998 Following the success of the Osborne play, the label "angry young men" was later applied by British media to describe young writers who were characterised by a disillusionment with traditional British society. As the Angry Young Men movement began to articulate these themes, the acceptance of related issues was more widespread. Alison remarks on this issue while she, Jimmy and Cliff are sharing an apartment, stating how "she felt she had been placed into a jungle".[3] Jimmy was represented as an embodiment of the young, rebellious post-war generation that questioned the state and its actions.[3] Look Back in Anger provided some of its audience with the hope that Osborne''s work would revitalise the British theatre and enable it to act as a "harbinger of the New Left".[3] Publisher Tom Maschler, who edited a collection of political-literary essays by the ''Angries'' (Declaration, 1957), commented: "(T)hey do not belong to a united movement. "Osborne''s Angry Young Play". en-wikipedia-org-60 Brave New World is a dystopian social science fiction novel by English author Aldous Huxley, written in 1931 and published in 1932. Huxley followed this book with a reassessment in essay form, Brave New World Revisited (1958), and with his final novel, Island (1962), the utopian counterpart. Bernard takes a holiday with Lenina outside the World State to a Savage Reservation in New Mexico, in which the two observe natural-born people, disease, the ageing process, other languages, and religious lifestyles for the first time (the culture of the village folk resembles the contemporary Native American groups of the region, descendants of the Anasazi, including the Puebloan peoples of Acoma, Laguna and Zuni).[citation needed] Bernard and Lenina witness a violent public ritual and then encounter Linda, a woman originally from the World State who is living on the reservation with her son John, now a young man. en-wikipedia-org-600 The world''s colonial population at the time of the First World War totalled about 560 million people, of whom 70% were in British possessions, 10% in French possessions, 9% in Dutch possessions, 4% in Japanese possessions, 2% in German possessions, 2% in American possessions, 2% in Portuguese possessions, 1% in Belgian possessions and 1/2 of 1% in Italian possessions. The impacts of colonisation are immense and pervasive.[39] Various effects, both immediate and protracted, include the spread of virulent diseases, unequal social relations, detribalization, exploitation, enslavement, medical advances, the creation of new institutions, abolitionism,[40] improved infrastructure,[41] and technological progress.[42] Colonial practices also spur the spread of colonist languages, literature and cultural institutions, while endangering or obliterating those of native peoples. Once independence from European control was achieved, civil war erupted in some former colonies, as native populations fought to capture territory for their own ethnic, cultural or political group.[citation needed] en-wikipedia-org-6004 View source for English literature Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-6011 At a time when the theatre in London was seen as a disreputable place, the German Reed family provided family-friendly entertainments for forty years, showing that respectable theatre could be popular. The entertainments were held at the intimate Royal Gallery of Illustration, Lower Regent Street, and later at St. George''s Hall, Langham Place, in London. Thomas German Reed composed the music for many of the entertainments himself. From 1860 to 1868, the German Reeds were assisted by John Orlando Parry, a pianist, mimic, parodist and humorous singer (one of George Grossmith''s inspirations).[5] He created a new type of musical and dramatic monologue that became popular.[2] The earliest entertainments included Holly Lodge and The Enraged Musicians (1855); William Brough''s A Month from Home and My Unfinished Opera (1857); The Pyramid by Shirley Brooks (1864); The Peculiar Family by Brough (1865); The Yachting Cruise by F. en-wikipedia-org-6028 He wasted no time in setting up a printing press in Bruges, in collaboration with a Fleming named Colard Mansion, and the first book to be printed in English was produced in 1473: Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye, a translation by Caxton himself. The John Rylands Library in Manchester holds the second largest collection of printing by William Caxton,[13] after the British Library''s collection.[14] Of the Rylands collection of more than 60 examples 36 are complete and unsophisticated copies and four are unique.[15] Near this place William Caxton set up the first printing press in England.[18] Caxton and the English language[edit] Caxton printed 80 per cent of his works in the English language. The English language was changing rapidly in Caxton''s time and the works that he was given to print were in a variety of styles and dialects. "William Caxton | English printer, translator, and publisher". en-wikipedia-org-603 A Glastonbury Romance was written by John Cowper Powys (1873–1963) in rural upstate New York and first published by Simon and Schuster in New York City in March 1932. Powys was an admirer of Thomas Hardy and these novels are set in Somerset and Dorset parts of Hardy''s mythical Wessex.[1] The action occurs over roughly a year, and the first two chapters of A Glastonbury Romance take place in Norfolk, where the late Canon William Crow''s will is read, and the Crow family learn that his secretary-valet John Geard has inherited his wealth.[2] Also in Norfolk, a romance begins between cousins, John and Mary Crow. On the other hand, the Glastonbury industrialist Philip Crow, along with John and Mary Crow, and Tom Barter, who, like him, are from Norfolk, view the myths and legends of the town with contempt. en-wikipedia-org-6036 Rochester was the model for a number of rake heroes in plays of the period, such as Don John in Thomas Shadwell''s The Libertine (1675) and Dorimant in George Etherege''s The Man of Mode (1676).[3] Meanwhile he was eulogised by his contemporaries such as Aphra Behn and Andrew Marvell, who described him as "the only man in England that had the true vein of satire".[40] Daniel Defoe quoted him in Moll Flanders, and discussed him in other works.[41] Voltaire, who spoke of Rochester as "the man of genius, the great poet", admired his satire for its "energy and fire" and translated some lines into French to "display the shining imagination his lordship only could boast".[42] en-wikipedia-org-6038 Find sources: "BBC Light Programme" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Over the course of the 1950s and 1960s, the Light Programme (along with the BBC''s two other national programmes, the Home Service and the Third Programme) gradually became available on what was known at the time as VHF, as the BBC developed a network of local FM transmitters. The long-running soap opera The Archers was first heard nationally on the Light Programme on 1 January 1951,[5] although a week-long pilot version had been broadcast on the Midlands Home Service in 1950. "Light Programme 29 September 1958 BBC Genome". "Light Programme 29 September 1958 BBC Genome". "Light Programme 29 September 1958 BBC Genome". en-wikipedia-org-6048 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-6051 He has received four Man Booker Prize nominations and won the award in 1989 for his novel The Remains of the Day. Ishiguro''s 2005 novel, Never Let Me Go, was named by Time as the best novel of the year and was included in the magazine''s list of the 100 best English-language novels published between 1923 and 2005. In 2017, the Swedish Academy awarded Ishiguro the Nobel Prize in Literature, describing him in its citation as a writer "who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world".[1] Except for A Pale View of Hills and The Buried Giant, all of Ishiguro''s novels and his short story collection have been shortlisted for major awards.[4] Most significantly, An Artist of the Floating World, When We Were Orphans, and Never Let Me Go were all short-listed for the Booker Prize. en-wikipedia-org-6053 I don''t know what James not speaking English if he could avoid it has to do with anything the period is the Jacobean period because that was his reign, not because it was literature he personally liked (though, for the record, he was apparently a huge fan of Shakespeare, being the patron of his company, and having them perform in court dozens of times.)Kaiguy (talk) 04:48, 31 January 2011 (UTC) The literature of England includes a number of works which are not in English as well.--MacRùsgail (talk) 11:09, 30 March 2014 (UTC) Re the discussion of duplication above, the idea of merging British literature into this article was suggested in June. The Case for British Literature and English Literature articles[edit] 117.221.182.102 (talk) 04:55, 29 July 2016 (UTC) Comment – The article British literature focusses only on English literature in the UK and its Dependencies. en-wikipedia-org-6054 As long as Wolsey had his ear, Henry''s Roman Catholicism was secure: in 1521, he had defended the Roman Catholic Church from Martin Luther''s accusations of heresy in a book he wrote—probably with considerable help from the conservative Bishop of Rochester John Fisher[29]—entitled The Defence of the Seven Sacraments, for which he was awarded the title "Defender of the Faith" (Fidei Defensor) by Pope Leo X.[30] (Successive English and British monarchs have retained this title to the present, even after the Anglican Church broke away from Roman Catholicism, in part because the title was re-conferred by Parliament in 1544, after the split.) Wolsey''s enemies at court included those who had been influenced by Lutheran ideas,[31] among whom was the attractive, charismatic Anne Boleyn. en-wikipedia-org-6062 In view of these promises Young refused two livings in the gift of All Souls'' College, Oxford, and sacrificed a life annuity offered by the Marquess of Exeter if he would act as tutor to his son. In the preface to Night-Thoughts Young states that the occasion of the poem was real, and Philander and Narcissa have been rather rashly identified with Mr and Mrs Temple. Samuel Richardson in a letter to bookseller Andrew Millar discussed a new edition of Young''s poem, Night-Thoughts (1750), which was already very popular, and which would become one of the most frequently-printed poems of the eighteenth century. The Complete Works, Poetry and Prose, of the Rev. Edward Young ..., with a life by John Doran, appeared in 1854. Works by Edward Young at Project Gutenberg Works by Edward Young at Faded Page (Canada) Works by or about Edward Young at Internet Archive Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-6068 A modern language is any human language that is currently in use.[clarification needed] The term is used in language education to distinguish between languages which are used for day-to-day communication (such as French and German) and dead classical languages such as Latin and Classical Chinese, which are studied for their cultural or linguistic value.[citation needed] SIL Ethnologue defines a living language as "one that has at least one speaker for whom it is their first language" (see also Language § Linguistic diversity). In India, Hindi and English are used for official communication and are both compulsory languages to learn in many schools. In Malaysia, Malay and English are taught as compulsory languages from the first year of primary school with the exception of publicly funded vernacular schools (known as national type schools). In addition, Modern Foreign Languages is a compulsory component in the state education system. Although there is no official language of the United States,[4] children learn American English as part of their institutional education. en-wikipedia-org-6082 Category:CS1: abbreviated year range Wikipedia Category:CS1: abbreviated year range Jump to navigation It is used to build and maintain lists of pages—primarily for the sake of the lists themselves and their use in article and category maintenance. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. This is a (possibly temporary) tracking category for CS1 citations that have |date=, |publication-date=, or |year= parameters that hold abbreviated year ranges (YYYY–YY). Pages in this category should only be added by Module:Citation/CS1. Pages in category "CS1: abbreviated year range" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 2,304 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). 395th Infantry Regiment (United States) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:CS1:_abbreviated_year_range&oldid=985888735" Template Large category TOC via CatAutoTOC on category with 2,001–5,000 pages Category Edit links en-wikipedia-org-6091 Joseph Heller (May 1, 1923 – December 12, 1999) was an American author of novels, short stories, plays, and screenplays. After the war, Heller studied English at the University of Southern California and then New York University on the G.I. Bill, graduating from the latter institution in 1948.[10] In 1949, he received his M.A. in English from Columbia University.[11] Following his graduation from Columbia, he spent a year as a Fulbright scholar in St Catherine''s College, Oxford[12] before teaching composition at Pennsylvania State University for two years (1950–52).[13] He then briefly worked for Time Inc.,[10] before taking a job as a copywriter at a small advertising agency,[8][14] where he worked alongside future novelist Mary Higgins Clark.[15] At home, Heller wrote. en-wikipedia-org-6123 View source for English literature Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-6127 Another type of epic poetry is epyllion (plural: epyllia), is a brief narrative poem with a romantic or mythological theme. The first edition (1835) of the Finnish national epic poetry Kalevala by Elias Lönnrot The first epics were products of preliterate societies and oral history poetic traditions.[citation needed] Oral tradition was used alongside written scriptures to communicate and facilitate the spread of culture.[11] In these traditions, poetry is transmitted to the audience and from performer to performer by purely oral means. Milman Parry and Albert Lord have argued that the Homeric epics, the earliest works of Western literature, were fundamentally an oral poetic form. Epic: a long narrative poem in elevated style presenting characters of high position in adventures forming an organic whole through their relation to a central heroic figure and through their development of episodes important to the history of a nation or race. Media related to Epic poems at Wikimedia Commons en-wikipedia-org-6131 Briggflatts is a long poem by Basil Bunting published in 1966. It was first read in public on 22 December 1965 in the medieval Morden Tower, part of Newcastle town wall, and published in 1966 by Fulcrum Press.[1] Bunting also wrote another poem with "Briggflatts" in its title, the short work "At Briggflatts meetinghouse" (1975).[2][3] He cites the poem to show that free verse can include a rhyme scheme without following other conventions of traditional English poetry. To Rudman, the poem allows the subject to dictate the rhyming words and argues that the "solemn mallet" is allowed to change the patterns of speech in the poetry to meet with the themes discussed in the text.[6] ^ "A Basic Chronology"[permanent dead link], Basil Bunting Poetry Centre. "The Poet''s Point of View", included in Basil Bunting, Briggflatts (2009). "The Poet''s Point of View", included in Basil Bunting, Briggflatts (2009). en-wikipedia-org-6162 en-wikipedia-org-618 Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950),[2] known by his pen name George Orwell, was an English novelist, essayist, journalist and critic.[3] His work is characterised by lucid prose, biting social criticism, opposition to totalitarianism, and outspoken support of democratic socialism.[4][5][6][7] Orwell''s work remains influential in popular culture and in political culture, and the adjective "Orwellian"—describing totalitarian and authoritarian social practices—is part of the English language, like many of his neologisms, such as "Big Brother", "Thought Police", "Two Minutes Hate", "Room 101", "memory hole", "Newspeak", "doublethink", "proles", "unperson", and "thoughtcrime".[9][10] en-wikipedia-org-6182 S. Gilbert''s style.[70][n 14] The public took a different view, and the management of the theatre staged extra matinée performances to meet the demand.[74] The play ran from April to July, toured the provinces and was staged in New York.[73] It earned him £341 in royalties in its first year, a sufficient sum to enable him to give up his salaried post as a music critic.[75] Among the cast of the London production was Florence Farr, with whom Shaw had a romantic relationship between 1890 and 1894, much resented by Jenny Patterson.[76] Candida, which presented a young woman making a conventional romantic choice for unconventional reasons, received a single performance in South Shields in 1895;[77] in 1897 a playlet about Napoleon called The Man of Destiny had a single staging at Croydon.[78] In the 1890s Shaw''s plays were better known in print than on the West End stage; his biggest success of the decade was in New York in 1897, when Richard Mansfield''s production of the historical melodrama The Devil''s Disciple earned the author more than £2,000 in royalties.[3] en-wikipedia-org-6184 Charlotte''s Jane Eyre was the first to know success, while Emily''s Wuthering Heights, Anne''s The Tenant of Wildfell Hall and other works were later to be accepted as masterpieces of literature. After several unlucky attempts to seek a new spouse, Patrick came to terms with widowerhood at the age of 47, and spent his time visiting the sick and the poor, giving sermons and administering communion,[11] leaving the three sisters Emily, Charlotte, Anne, and their brother Branwell alone with their aunt and a maid, Tabitha Aykroyd (Tabby), who tirelessly recounted local legends in her Yorkshire dialect while preparing the meals.[12] He survived his entire family, and six years after Charlotte''s death he died in 1861 at the age of 84.[4] At the end he was helped by his son-in-law, the Rev. Arthur Bell Nicholls. en-wikipedia-org-6185 The idea of the "offense principle" is also used in the justification of speech limitations, describing the restriction on forms of expression deemed offensive to society, considering factors such as extent, duration, motives of the speaker, and ease with which it could be avoided.[4] With the evolution of the digital age, application of freedom of speech becomes more controversial as new means of communication and restrictions arise, for example the Golden Shield Project, an initiative by Chinese government''s Ministry of Public Security that filters potentially unfavourable data from foreign countries. Internet censorship includes the control or suppression of the publishing or accessing of information on the Internet.[54] The Global Internet Freedom Consortium claims to remove blocks to the "free flow of information" for what they term "closed societies".[55] According to the Reporters without Borders (RWB) "internet enemy list" the following states engage in pervasive internet censorship: China, Cuba, Iran, Myanmar/Burma, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam.[56] en-wikipedia-org-6186 But until Jews Relief Act 1858, MPs were required to take the oath of allegiance "on the true faith of a Christian", necessitating at least nominal conversion.[20] It is not known whether Disraeli formed any ambition for a parliamentary career at the time of his baptism, but there is no doubt that he bitterly regretted his parents'' decision not to send him to Winchester College.[21] As one of the great public schools of England, Winchester consistently provided recruits to the political elite.[22] His two younger brothers were sent there, and it is not clear why Isaac D''Israeli chose to send his eldest son to a much less prestigious school.[23] The boy evidently held his mother responsible for the decision; Bradford speculates that "Benjamin''s delicate health and his obviously Jewish appearance may have had something to do with it."[21] The school chosen for him was run by Eliezer Cogan at Higham Hill in Walthamstow. en-wikipedia-org-6203 The Beat Generation was a literary movement started by a group of authors whose work explored and influenced American culture and politics in the post-war era. Burroughs'' Naked Lunch (1959), and Jack Kerouac''s On the Road (1957) are among the best known examples of Beat literature.[3] Both Howl and Naked Lunch were the focus of obscenity trials that ultimately helped to liberalize publishing in the United States.[4][5] The members of the Beat Generation developed a reputation as new bohemian hedonists, who celebrated non-conformity and spontaneous creativity. The core group of Beat Generation authors — Herbert Huncke, Ginsberg, Burroughs, Lucien Carr, and Kerouac — met in 1944 in and around the Columbia University campus in New York City. He was one of the poets who read at the famous Six Gallery reading, and he was written about in one of Kerouac''s most popular novels, The Dharma Bums.[citation needed] Some critics argue that Snyder''s connection with the Beats is exaggerated and that he might better be regarded as a member of the West Coast group the San Francisco Renaissance, which developed independently. en-wikipedia-org-6218 It originated with the realist art movement that began with mid-nineteenth-century French literature (Stendhal), and Russian literature (Alexander Pushkin).[1] Literary realism attempts to represent familiar things as they are. As literary critic Ian Watt states in The Rise of the Novel, modern realism "begins from the position that truth can be discovered by the individual through the senses" and as such "it has its origins in Descartes and Locke, and received its first full formulation by Thomas Reid in the middle of the eighteenth century."[8] Later in the 19th century George Eliot''s (1819–1880) Middlemarch: A Study of Provincial Life (1871–72), described by novelists Martin Amis and Julian Barnes as the greatest novel in the English language, is a work of realism.[37][38] Through the voices and opinions of different characters the reader becomes aware of important issues of the day, including the Reform Bill of 1832, the beginnings of the railways, and the state of contemporary medical science. en-wikipedia-org-6229 Special pages Wikipedia Most of the content of these pages is automatically generated and cannot be edited. To suggest a change to the parts that can be edited, find the appropriate text on Special:AllMessages and then request your change on the talk page of the message (using {{editprotected}} to draw the attention of administrators). For an index of special pages, see Help:SpecialPages. Pages without language links Uncategorized pages Wanted pages Lists of pages Global user account rename request Global accounts list Password policies New pages Global file usage Redirecting special pages Edit a page Random page in category Redirect by file, user, page, revision, or log ID Most linked-to files Most linked-to pages Pages with the most categories Pages with the most interwikis Pages with the most revisions Page tools Page review statistics Pages using Pending Changes Pages with edits awaiting review Special pages Special pages Special pages Special pages en-wikipedia-org-6230 Kenyan literature Wikipedia Kenyan literature Kenya National Theatre The Kenya Schools and Colleges Drama Festival Kenya News Agency Kenya portal Kenyan literature describes literature which comes from Kenya. Important Kenyan writers include Grace Ogot, Meja Mwangi, Paul Kipchumba, Kinyanjui Kombani and Binyavanga Wainaina.[3][4][5][6] His The River Between is currently on Kenya''s national secondary school syllabus.[8][9] His novel A Grain of Wheat was said to"...[mark] the coming of age of Anglophone literature in East Africa".[10] Works set in Kenya[edit] Culture of Kenya Culture of Kenya Music of Kenya "Kenyan Literature: A Call for Discourse By Muchugu Kiiru". Retrieved 23 October 2016.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Literature of Kenya Kenyan Catholics strike against African literature Kenya articles Kenya Colony Kenya African Union African literature Kenya Kenya Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenyan_literature&oldid=999291897" Categories: Kenyan literature By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-6235 Ukrainian literature''s precursor: writings in Old-Church Slavonic and Latin in Ukraine[edit] Prior to the establishment of Ukrainian literature in 1700s, many authors from Ukraine wrote in "scholarly" languages of middle-ages Latin and Old-Church Slavonic. Since the late 1980s, and particularly after the independence of Ukraine (1991) and disappearance of Soviet censorship the whole generation of writers emerged: Moysey Fishbein, Yuri Andrukhovych, Serhiy Zhadan, Oksana Zabuzhko, Oleksandr Irvanets, Izdryk, Maria Matios, Ihor Pavlyuk and many others. Miracles & monasteries of SeventeenthCentury Ukraine: 10 (Harvard Library of Early Ukrainian Literature in English Translation) by P Lewin (Hardcover – 26 September 2007) – Import Anamorphosic Texts and Reconfigured Visions: Improvised Traditions in Contemporary Ukrainian and Irish Literature (Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society 62) by Maryna Romanets and Andreas Umland (Paperback – 2 October 2007) Anamorphosic Texts and Reconfigured Visions: Improvised Traditions in Contemporary Ukrainian and Irish Literature (Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society 62) by Maryna Romanets and Andreas Umland (Paperback – 2 October 2007) en-wikipedia-org-6241 Emerson''s formal schooling began at the Boston Latin School in 1812, when he was nine.[22] In October 1817, at age 14, Emerson went to Harvard College and was appointed freshman messenger for the president, requiring Emerson to fetch delinquent students and send messages to faculty.[23] Midway through his junior year, Emerson began keeping a list of books he had read and started a journal in a series of notebooks that would be called "Wide World".[24] He took outside jobs to cover his school expenses, including as a waiter for the Junior Commons and as an occasional teacher working with his uncle Samuel and aunt Sarah Ripley in Waltham, Massachusetts.[25] By his senior year, Emerson decided to go by his middle name, Waldo.[26] Emerson served as Class Poet; as was custom, he presented an original poem on Harvard''s Class Day, a month before his official graduation on August 29, 1821, when he was 18.[27] He did not stand out as a student and graduated in the exact middle of his class of 59 people.[28] In the early 1820s, Emerson was a teacher at the School for Young Ladies (which was run by his brother William). en-wikipedia-org-6252 The Sturm und Drang and Weimar Classicism movements were led by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller. The Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded to German language authors fourteen times (as of 2020), or the second most often, tying with French language authors, after English language authors (with 32 laureates) with winners including Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse, Günter Grass, and Peter Handke. Poetry: Jürgen Becker, Marcel Beyer, Theo Breuer, Rolf Dieter Brinkmann, Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Aldona Gustas, Ernst Jandl, Thomas Kling, Uwe Kolbe, Friederike Mayröcker, Durs Grünbein, Kurt Marti, Karl Krolow, Elke Erb Novel: Wilhelm Genazino, Günter Grass, Herta Müller, Siegfried Lenz, Charlotte Link, Rainald Goetz, Anna Kaleri, Norbert Scheuer, Dietmar Dath, Christian Kracht, Kathrin Schmidt, Burkhard Spinnen, Robert Menasse, Martin Walser, Andreas Mand,[9] Zsuzsa Bánk, Marc Degens, Jenny Erpenbeck, Klaus Modick, Peter Handke, Elfriede Jelinek, Daniel Kehlmann en-wikipedia-org-6253 He is most famous for his novel Robinson Crusoe, published in 1719, which is claimed to be second only to the Bible in its number of translations.[2] He has been seen as one of the earliest proponents of the English novel, and helped to popularise the form in Britain with others such as Aphra Behn and Samuel Richardson.[3] Defoe wrote many political tracts and was often in trouble with the authorities, and spent a period in prison. In 1709, Defoe authored a rather lengthy book entitled The History of the Union of Great Britain, an Edinburgh publication printed by the Heirs of Anderson.[23] The book was not published anonymously and cites Defoe twice as being its author.[24][25] The book attempts to explain the facts leading up to the Act of Union 1707, dating all the way back to 6 December 1604 when King James I was presented with a proposal for unification.[26] This so-called "first draft" for unification took place 100 years before the signing of the 1707 accord, which respectively preceded the commencement of Robinson Crusoe by another ten years. en-wikipedia-org-6261 Notable modern Bulgarian works of literature are The Peach Thief by Emiliyan Stanev, September by Geo Milev, Under The Yoke by Ivan Vazov, The Windmill by Elin Pelin, and Depths by Dora Gabe. In the late 9th, the 10th and early 11th century literature in Bulgaria prospered, with many books being translated from Byzantine Greek, but also new works being created. His 1893 novel Under the Yoke, which depicts the Ottoman oppression of Bulgaria, is the most famous piece of classical Bulgarian literature and has been translated into over 30 languages. Bulgarian modernist literature[edit] Under the influence of the French and the Russian symbolist movements, there were other popular Bulgarian poets, quite a large number, who contributed to the fast-paced literary development in the country in the first decades of the 20th century. Bulgarian literature between the world wars[edit] Their works form the main novelesque body in the modern Bulgarian literature. en-wikipedia-org-6269 Category:History of literature in the United Kingdom Wikipedia Category:History of literature in the United Kingdom Jump to navigation This category contains general survey articles on broad periods of English language literature in the United Kingdom and on the history of other literatures of the United Kingdom. ► History of literature in England‎ (11 C, 7 P) Pages in category "History of literature in the United Kingdom" The following 18 pages are in this category, out of 18 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). The Cambridge History of English and American Literature English literature Romantic literature in English Twentieth-century English literature Old English literature Welsh literature in English Welsh-language literature Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:History_of_literature_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=823509493" Categories: British literature Cultural history of the United Kingdom History of literature by country Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-627 Manx literature Wikipedia ''Manannan''s Cloak: An Anthology of Manx Literature'' edited by Robert Corteen Carswell Literature in the Manx language is known from the 16th century. Edward Faragher (Neddy Beg Hom Ruy; 1831–1908), who published poems, stories and translations, is considered the last major native writer of the language. W. Moore collected traditional Manx-language songs and ballads in publications towards the end of the 19th century. The revival of Manx has resulted in new original works and translations being published in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, with authors including Brian Stowell (1936–2019) and Robert Corteen Carswell (born 1950). Religious literature[edit] The first printed work in Manx, Coyrle Sodjeh, dates from 1707: a translation of a Prayer Book catechism in English by Bishop Thomas Wilson. Modern literature[edit] Irish literature Gaelic literature Gaelic literature Early Irish literature Modern literature in Irish Scottish Gaelic literature Gaelic literature (Early Irish, Modern Irish, Scottish Gaelic & Manx) Manx Gaelic Society Categories: Manx literature en-wikipedia-org-6282 This requirement, known as the forty shilling freehold, was never adjusted for inflation; thus the amount of land one had to own in order to vote gradually diminished over time.[a][10] The franchise was restricted to males by custom rather than statute;[11] on rare occasions women had been able to vote in parliamentary elections as a result of property ownership.[12] Nevertheless, the vast majority of people were not entitled to vote; the size of the English county electorate in 1831 has been estimated at only 200,000.[13] Furthermore, the sizes of the individual county constituencies varied significantly. Canvassing for Votes, part of William Hogarth''s Humours of an Election series, depicts the political corruption endemic in election campaigns prior to the Great Reform Act. Many constituencies, especially those with small electorates, were under the control of rich landowners, and were known as nomination boroughs or pocket boroughs, because they were said to be in the pockets of their patrons. en-wikipedia-org-6295 Il Penseroso (The Serious Man) is a vision of poetic melancholy by John Milton, first found in the 1645/1646 quarto of verses The Poems of Mr. John Milton, both English and Latin, published by Humphrey Moseley. The melancholic mood is idealised by the speaker as a means by which to "attain / To something like prophetic strain," and for the central action of Il Penseroso – which, like L''Allegro, proceeds in couplets of iambic tetrameter – the speaker speculates about the poetic inspiration that would transpire if the imagined goddess of Melancholy he invokes were his Muse. P. Woodhouse and Douglas Bush,[11] and as similar to Homeric hymns and Pindaric odes.[12] Stella Revard believes that the poems follow the classical hymn model which discuss goddess that are connected to poetry and uses these females to replace Apollo completely.[2] en-wikipedia-org-6299 He began to contribute regularly to The Leonard Cohen Files fan website, emailing new poems and drawings from Book of Longing and early versions of new songs, like "A Thousand Kisses Deep" in September 1998[73] and Anjani Thomas''s story sent on May 6, 1999, the day they were recording "Villanelle for our Time"[74] (released on 2004''s Dear Heather album). Before his death, Cohen had begun working on a new album with his son Adam, a musician and singer-songwriter.[134] The album, titled Thanks for the Dance, was released on November 22, 2019.[135] One posthumous track, "Necropsy of Love", appeared on the 2018 compilation album The Al Purdy Songbook and another track named "The Goal" was also published on September 20, 2019 on Leonard Cohen''s official YouTube channel.[136] en-wikipedia-org-630 Samuel Taylor Coleridge (/ˈkoʊlərɪdʒ/;[1] 21 October 1772 – 25 July 1834) was an English poet, literary critic, philosopher and theologian who, with his friend William Wordsworth, was a founder of the Romantic Movement in England and a member of the Lake Poets. Coleridge''s early intellectual debts, besides German idealists like Kant and critics like Lessing, were first to William Godwin''s Political Justice, especially during his Pantisocratic period, and to David Hartley''s Observations on Man, which is the source of the psychology which is found in Frost at Midnight. In addition to his poetry, Coleridge also wrote influential pieces of literary criticism including Biographia Literaria, a collection of his thoughts and opinions on literature which he published in 1817. However, Coleridge used these elements in poems such as The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (1798), Christabel and Kubla Khan (published in 1816, but known in manuscript form before then) and certainly influenced other poets and writers of the time. en-wikipedia-org-6307 You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. * {{Citation | last = Robinson | first = Fred C | title = The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature | year = 2001 | place = Cambridge | publisher = Cambridge University Press | page = 143}}. en-wikipedia-org-6310 Other major 18th-century English novelists are Samuel Richardson (1689–1761), author of the epistolary novels Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded (1740) and Clarissa (1747–48); Henry Fielding (1707–1754), who wrote Joseph Andrews (1742) and The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749); Laurence Sterne (1713–1768), who published Tristram Shandy in parts between 1759 and 1767;[4] Oliver Goldsmith (1728–1774), author of The Vicar of Wakefield (1766); Tobias Smollett (1721–1771), a Scottish novelist best known for his comic picaresque novels, such as The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle (1751) and The Expedition of Humphry Clinker (1771), who influenced Charles Dickens;[5] and Fanny Burney (1752–1840), whose novels "were enjoyed and admired by Jane Austen," wrote Evelina (1778), Cecilia (1782) and Camilla (1796).[6] en-wikipedia-org-6327 James Macpherson (Gaelic: Seumas MacMhuirich or Seumas Mac a'' Phearsain; 27 October 1736 – 17 February 1796) was a Scottish writer, poet, literary collector and politician, known as the "translator" of the Ossian cycle of epic poems. Encouraged by Home and others, Macpherson produced 15 pieces, all laments for fallen warriors, translated from the Scottish Gaelic, despite his limitations in that tongue, which he was induced to publish at Edinburgh in 1760, including the Death of Oscar, in a pamphlet: Fragments of Ancient Poetry collected in the Highlands of Scotland. Despite the above, some critics claim that Macpherson nonetheless produced a work of art which by its deep appreciation of natural beauty and the melancholy tenderness of its treatment of the ancient legend did more than any single work to bring about the romantic movement in European, and especially in German, literature. Macpherson, James; M''Arthur, John; Ross, Thomas; Cesarotti, Melchiorre; Macfarlan, Robert (1807). en-wikipedia-org-6345 By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and then a Captain of Several Ships is a 1726 prose satire[1][2] by the Irish writer and clergyman Jonathan Swift, satirising both human nature and the "travellers'' tales" literary subgenre. By August 1725 the book was complete; and as Gulliver''s Travels was a transparently anti-Whig satire, it is likely that Swift had the manuscript copied so that his handwriting could not be used as evidence if a prosecution should arise, as had happened in the case of some of his Irish pamphlets (the Drapier''s Letters). Thus, Stone sees Gulliver''s perceived superiority of the Houyhnhnms and subsequent misanthropy as features that Swift used to employ the satirical and humorous elements characteristic of the Beast Fables of travel books that were popular with his contemporaries; as Swift did, these Beast Fables placed animals above humans in terms of morals and reason, but they were not meant to be taken literally.[16] en-wikipedia-org-6357 Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset Wikipedia Arms of Sir Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset, KG Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset (1536 – 19 April 1608) was an English statesman, poet, and dramatist. James I confirmed him in the office of lord treasurer, and in 1604 he was created Earl of Dorset.[2] In 1555, Sackville married Cicely Baker, daughter of the leading politician Sir John Baker.[12] They had seven children, including his heir Robert, and Sir William Sackville, knighted by Henry IV of France.[13] ^ The Life of Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset (1536–1608). ^ Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset ^ Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset "Dorset, Earls, Marquesses and Dukes of". Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset(in English) English Lord High Treasurers under the House of Tudor (1485–1603) Wikiquote has quotations related to: Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sackville,_1st_Earl_of_Dorset&oldid=1001648421" Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-6373 In June 1988 John Kidd published "The Scandal of Ulysses" in The New York Review of Books,[50] charging that not only did Gabler''s changes overturn Joyce''s last revisions, but in another four hundred places Gabler failed to follow any manuscript whatever, making nonsense of his own premises. Joyce uses "metaphors, symbols, ambiguities, and overtones which gradually link themselves together so as to form a network of connections binding the whole" work.[75] This system of connections gives the novel a wide, more universal significance, as "Leopold Bloom becomes a modern Ulysses, an Everyman in a Dublin which becomes a microcosm of the world."[79] Eliot called this system the "mythic method": "a way of controlling, of ordering, of giving a shape and a significance to the immense panorama of futility and anarchy which is contemporary history".[80] Novelist Vladimir Nabokov called Ulysses a "divine work of art" and the greatest masterpiece of 20th-century prose,[81] and said that "it towers above the rest of Joyce''s writing" with "noble originality, unique lucidity of thought and style".[82] en-wikipedia-org-638 Overwhelmingly, these were linked in some way, perhaps only in an opening frame story, with three thematic cycles of tales: these were assembled in imagination at a late date as the "Matter of Rome" (actually centered on the life and deeds of Alexander the Great conflated with the Trojan War), the "Matter of France" (Charlemagne and Roland, his principal paladin) and the "Matter of Britain" (the lives and deeds of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table, within which was incorporated the quest for the Holy Grail); medieval authors[who?] explicitly described these as comprising all romances.[7] en-wikipedia-org-6389 From 2010 to 2015 he held the position of Professor of Poetry in the University of Oxford.[3] Following his receiving the Truman Capote Award for Literary Criticism in 2009 for his Collected Critical Writings, and the publication of Broken Hierarchies (Poems 1952–2012), Hill is recognised as one of the principal contributors to poetry and criticism in the 20th and 21st centuries. "As an only child, he developed the habit of going for long walks alone, as an adolescent deliberating and composing poems as he muttered to the stones and trees."[4] On these walks he often carried with him Oscar Williams'' A Little Treasury of Modern Poetry (1946), and Hill speculates: "there was probably a time when I knew every poem in that anthology by heart." In 1950 he was admitted to Keble College, Oxford, to read English, where he published his first poems in 1952, at the age of twenty, in an eponymous Fantasy Press volume (though he had published work in the Oxford Guardian—the magazine of the University Liberal Club—and The Isis). en-wikipedia-org-6395 Sir Richard Steele by Godfrey Kneller c.1712, National Portrait Gallery, London (one of the "Kit-Cat Portraits") Steele was largely raised by his uncle and aunt, Henry Gascoigne (secretary to James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde), and Lady Katherine Mildmay.[1] A member of the Protestant gentry, he was educated at Charterhouse School, where he first met Addison. When George I of Great Britain came to the throne in the following year, Steele was knighted and given responsibility for the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London. Sir Richard Steele''s House at Llangunnor near Carmarthen, 1797 Of the 271 essays published in The Tatler, Joseph Addison (left) wrote 42, Richard Steele (right) wrote roughly 188, and the rest were collaborations between the two writers. "Steele, Sir Richard". "The Life of Sir Richard Steele". Wikimedia Commons has media related to Richard Steele. The Life of Richard Steele.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Works by Richard Steele at Project Gutenberg en-wikipedia-org-6400 Many of these places appear in Lawrence''s writings, including The Lost Girl (for which he won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction), Aaron''s Rod and the fragment titled Mr Noon (the first part of which was published in the Phoenix anthology of his works, and the entirety in 1984). In addition, Lawrence completed a number of new fictional works, including The Boy in the Bush, The Plumed Serpent, St Mawr, The Woman who Rode Away, The Princess and other short stories. The return to Italy allowed him to renew old friendships; during these years he was particularly close to Aldous Huxley, who was to edit the first collection of Lawrence''s letters after his death, along with a memoir. Lawrence''s best-known short stories include "The Captain''s Doll", "The Fox", "The Ladybird", "Odour of Chrysanthemums", "The Princess", "The Rocking-Horse Winner", "St Mawr", "The Virgin and the Gypsy" and "The Woman who Rode Away". en-wikipedia-org-6405 2001: A Space Odyssey is a 1968 science fiction novel by British writer Arthur C. By 1992, the novel had sold three million copies worldwide.[1] An elaboration of Clarke and Kubrick''s collaborative work on this project was made in the 1972 book The Lost Worlds of 2001. Kubrick used Jupiter because he and special effects supervisor Douglas Trumbull could not decide on what they considered to be a convincing model of Saturn''s rings for the film.[10] Clarke went on to replace Saturn with Jupiter in the novel''s sequel 2010: Odyssey Two. Trumbull later developed a more convincing image of Saturn for his own directorial debut Silent Running. In Clarke''s novel, ground control orders Bowman and Poole to disconnect HAL, should he prove to be malfunctioning a second time by predicting that the second unit is going to go bad.[12] 174 of paperback edition of 2001: A Space Odyssey 174 of paperback edition of 2001: A Space Odyssey en-wikipedia-org-6411 The latter was described by the theatrical paper The Era as "the great dramatic hit of the season".[12] It also played with success at Wallack''s Theatre in New York.[13] Stephenson and Scott wrote an English version of Halévy and Meilhac''s libretto for Lecocq''s operette, Le Petit Duc. Their adaptation so pleased the composer that he volunteered to write some new music for the English production.[14] Its initial run of a total of 931 performances was the longest of any piece of musical theatre up to that time.[21] Some critics reconsidered their earlier condemnation, the work became regarded as a classic Victorian piece,[22] and the initially despised plot was traced seriously back to the Restoration playwrights David Garrick and Aphra Behn, and to Oliver Goldsmith and even Shakespeare.[23] Stephenson and Cellier later collaborated on another comic opera, Doris (1888), which, without rivalling Dorothy, had a good run of more than 200 performances. en-wikipedia-org-6413 Farce Wikipedia Petrov-Vodkin''s Theatre Farce In theatre, a farce is a comedy that aims at entertaining the audience through situations that are highly exaggerated, extravagant, and thus improbable.[2] Farce is also characterized by physical humor, the use of deliberate absurdity or nonsense, and broadly stylized performances. The term farce is derived from the French word for "stuffing", in reference to improvisations applied by actors to medieval religious dramas. 1460.[4] Spoof films such as "Spaceballs," a comedy based on the Star Wars movies, are farces.[5] "farce Free On-Line English Dictionary Thesaurus Children''s, Intermediate Dictionary Wordsmyth". A New History of French Literature. Grove''s Dictionary of Music and Musicians. External links[edit] IMDb list of film and television farces Comedy festival Comedy-drama Comedy of humours Musical theatre This theatre-related article is a stub. Categories: Theatre stubs Comedy genres Comedy genres Hidden categories: Articles with short description Personal tools Edit links en-wikipedia-org-6416 Baudelaire next worked on a translation and adaptation of Thomas De Quincey''s Confessions of an English Opium Eater.[28] Other works in the years that followed included Petits Poèmes en prose (Small Prose poems); a series of art reviews published in the Pays, Exposition universelle (Country, World Fair); studies on Gustave Flaubert (in L''Artiste, October 18, 1857); on Théophile Gautier (Revue contemporaine, September 1858); various articles contributed to Eugene Crepet''s Poètes francais; Les Paradis artificiels: opium et haschisch (French poets; Artificial Paradises: opium and hashish) (1860); and Un Dernier Chapitre de l''histoire des oeuvres de Balzac (A Final Chapter of the history of works of Balzac) (1880), originally an article "Comment on paye ses dettes quand on a du génie" ("How one pays one''s debts when one has genius"), in which his criticism turns against his friends Honoré de Balzac, Théophile Gautier, and Gérard de Nerval.[18] en-wikipedia-org-6423 The Faerie Queene is notable for its form: it is one of the longest poems in the English language; it is also the work in which Spenser invented the verse form known as the Spenserian stanza.[1] On a literal level, the poem follows several knights as a means to examine different virtues, and though the text is primarily an allegorical work, it can be read on several levels of allegory, including as praise (or, later, criticism) of Queen Elizabeth I. Though the 1590 edition of The Faerie Queene has Scudamour united with Amoret through Britomart''s assistance, the continuation in Book IV has them separated, never to be reunited. For example, readers would immediately know that "a woman who wears scarlet clothes and resides along the Tiber River represents the Roman Catholic Church".[14] However, marginal notes jotted in early copies of The Faerie Queene suggest that Spenser''s contemporaries were unable to come to a consensus about the precise historical referents of the poem''s "myriad figures".[14] In fact, Sir Walter Raleigh''s wife identified many of the poem''s female characters as "allegorical representations of herself".[14] en-wikipedia-org-6424 View source for English literature Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature" en-wikipedia-org-6454 Title page of Goldsmith''s poetical works, with vignette by Thomas Bewick and couplet from The Deserted Village, 1794 The title page of the first edition featured an engraving by Isaac Taylor.[26] The illustration depicts the old woman mentioned in the poem, standing in front of the deserted village. Thomas Bewick and his school also produced several depictions of scenes from The Deserted Village, some of which occurred as illustrations of published versions of the poem or Goldsmith''s works. Political radicals, such as Thomas Spence and John Thelwall quoted The Deserted Village in their own works, as did a number of other writers.[33] Secondly, readers and critics ignored the political content of the poem, focussing instead on Goldsmith''s idyllic descriptions of Auburn.[34] This second type of reading was the most common.[35] Sebastian Mitchell states that some modern critics have seen the poem as appearing at a turning point in British culture, when public social and political opinions, and private emotional dispositions, diverged.[36] With the publication of texts such as Adam Smith''s The Wealth of Nations (1776) shortly after The Deserted Village, political and economic discussion increasingly became the preserve not of poetry, but of a "scientific" version of political economy.[37] en-wikipedia-org-6538 In Christian churches, a sermon is usually preached in a place of worship, either from an elevated architectural feature, known as a pulpit or an ambo, or from behind a lectern. The Reformation led to Protestant sermons, many of which defended the schism with the Roman Catholic Church and explained beliefs about the Bible, theology, and devotion.[15] The distinctive doctrines of Protestantism held that salvation was by faith alone, and convincing people to believe the Gospel and place trust in God for their salvation through Jesus Christ was the decisive step in salvation. Redemptive-Historical Preaching – sermons that takes into consideration the context of any given text within the broader history of salvation as recorded in the canon of the bible. Preacher and Audience: Studies in Early Christian Homiletics (A New History of the Sermon; Brill, 1998) en-wikipedia-org-6539 Find sources: "Hay Festival" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The Daily Telegraph and its associated brands in Telegraph Media Group had two terms as three-year sponsors, starting with the 2011 festival.[6] From 2017, the Tata Group and Baillie Gifford are among the principal sponsors, along with the BBC and many non-media companies such as the Arts Council of Wales and the British Council.[7] The festival''s chair, Caroline Michel stated on 18 October 2020 that the event won''t return to Abu Dhabi in support of a curator Caitlin McNamara''s allegation of sexual assault against the tolerance minister of UAE, Sheikh Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan. "BBC to broadcast Hay Festival on radio, TV, and online". "Hay-on-Wye: A town of books or festivals?". "Hay Festival Abu Dhabi". Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hay Festival. en-wikipedia-org-6568 (For example, all Princeton''s administrative and academic buildings were networked by 1989; the student dormitory network was completed in 1994; and campus networks like the one at Princeton were, in turn, linked to larger networks such as BITNET and the Internet.) JSTOR was initiated in 1995 at seven different library sites, and originally encompassed ten economics and history journals. The Alumni Access Program officially launched in January 2013.[17] Individual subscriptions also are available to certain journal titles through the journal publisher.[18] Every year, JSTOR blocks 150 million attempts by non-subscribers to read articles.[19] In late 2010 and early 2011, Aaron Swartz, an American computer programmer, writer, political organizer and Internet activist used MIT''s data network to bulk-download a substantial portion of JSTOR''s collection of academic journal articles.[21][22] When the bulk-download was discovered, a video camera was placed in the room to film the mysterious visitor and the relevant computer was left untouched. en-wikipedia-org-6569 The Catholic Church teaches that it is the one, holy, catholic and apostolic church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission,[10][11][note 1] that its bishops are the successors of Christ''s apostles, and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter, upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ.[14] It maintains that it practises the original Christian faith, reserving infallibility, passed down by sacred tradition.[15] The Latin Church, the twenty-three Eastern Catholic Churches, and institutes such as mendicant orders, enclosed monastic orders and third orders reflect a variety of theological and spiritual emphases in the church.[16][17] His ecclesiastical jurisdiction is called the "Holy See" (Sancta Sedes in Latin), or the "Apostolic See" (meaning the see of the apostle Peter).[45][46] Directly serving the pope is the Roman Curia, the central governing body that administers the day-to-day business of the Catholic Church. en-wikipedia-org-6571 Joseph Thomas Sheridan Le Fanu (/ˈlɛfən.juː/;[1][2] 28 August 1814 – 7 February 1873) was an Irish writer of Gothic tales, mystery novels, and horror fiction. R. James described Le Fanu as "absolutely in the first rank as a writer of ghost stories".[4] Three of his best-known works are the locked-room mystery Uncle Silas, the lesbian vampire novella Carmilla, and the historical novel The House by the Churchyard. This technique influenced later horror artists, both in print and on film (see, for example, the film producer Val Lewton''s principle of "indirect horror").[3] Though other writers have since chosen less subtle techniques, Le Fanu''s finest tales, such as the vampire novella Carmilla and the short story "Schalken the Painter", remain some of the most powerful in the genre. They were published in the Dublin University Magazine and were later collected as The Purcell Papers (1880).[11] They are mostly set in Ireland and include some classic stories of gothic horror, with gloomy castles, supernatural visitations from beyond the grave, madness, and suicide. en-wikipedia-org-6578 Their construction was prompted when the Mayor and Corporation of London first banned plays in 1572 as a measure against the plague, and then formally expelled all players from the city in 1575.[26] This prompted the construction of permanent playhouses outside the jurisdiction of London, in the liberties of Halliwell/Holywell in Shoreditch and later the Clink, and at Newington Butts near the established entertainment district of St. George''s Fields in rural Surrey.[26] The Theatre was constructed in Shoreditch in 1576 by James Burbage with his brother-in-law John Brayne (the owner of the unsuccessful Red Lion playhouse of 1567)[27] and the Newington Butts playhouse was set up, probably by Jerome Savage, some time between 1575[28] and 1577.[29] The Theatre was rapidly followed by the nearby Curtain Theatre (1577), the Rose (1587), the Swan (1595), the Globe (1599), the Fortune (1600), and the Red Bull (1604).[a] en-wikipedia-org-6585 With Jill, he adopted a daughter, Lily, when the baby was three days old.[67] In subsequent years, his popularity resurged as he published several satirical books, including Jailbird (1979), Deadeye Dick (1982), Galápagos (1985), Bluebeard (1987), and Hocus Pocus (1990).[68] Although he remained a prolific writer in the 1980s Vonnegut struggled with depression and attempted suicide in 1984.[69] Two years later, Vonnegut was seen by a younger generation when he played himself in Rodney Dangerfield''s film Back to School.[70] The last of Vonnegut''s fourteen novels, Timequake (1997), was, as University of Detroit history professor and Vonnegut biographer Gregory Sumner said, "a reflection of an aging man facing mortality and testimony to an embattled faith in the resilience of human awareness and agency."[68] Vonnegut''s final book, a collection of essays entitled A Man Without a Country (2005), became a bestseller.[64] en-wikipedia-org-6596 The animated series The Jetsons, while intended as comedy and only running for one season (1962–1963), predicted many inventions now in common use: flat-screen televisions, newspapers on a computer-like screen, computer viruses, video chat, tanning beds, home treadmills, and more.[125] In 1963, the time travel-themed Doctor Who premiered on BBC Television.[126] The original series ran until 1989 and was revived in 2005.[127] It has been extremely popular worldwide and has greatly influenced later TV science fiction.[128][129][130] Other programs in the 1960s included The Outer Limits (1963-1965),[131] Lost in Space (1965-1968), and The Prisoner (1967).[132][133][134] The earliest organized online fandom was the SF Lovers Community, originally a mailing list in the late 1970s with a text archive file that was updated regularly.[251] In the 1980s, Usenet groups greatly expanded the circle of fans online.[252] In the 1990s, the development of the World-Wide Web exploded the community of online fandom by orders of magnitude, with thousands and then millions of websites devoted to science fiction and related genres for all media.[247] Most such sites are relatively small, ephemeral, and/or narrowly focused,[253][254] though sites like SF Site and SFcrowsnest offer a broad range of references and reviews.[255][256] en-wikipedia-org-660 Middlemarch, A Study of Provincial Life is a novel by the English author Mary Anne Evans, who wrote as George Eliot. Middlemarch originates in two unfinished pieces that Eliot worked on during 1869 and 1870: the novel "Middlemarch"[a] (which focused on the character of Lydgate) and the long story "Miss Brooke" (which focused on the character of Dorothea).[3] The former piece is first mentioned in her journal on 1 January 1869 as one of the tasks for the coming year. Middlemarch centres on the lives of residents of Middlemarch, a fictitious Midlands town, from 1829 onwards – the years up to the 1832 Reform Act. The narrative is variably considered to consist of three or four plots with unequal emphasis:[16] the life of Dorothea Brooke, the career of Tertius Lydgate, the courtship of Mary Garth by Fred Vincy, and the disgrace of Nicholas Bulstrode. en-wikipedia-org-6600 Sir William Schwenck Gilbert[n 1] (18 November 1836 – 29 May 1911) was an English dramatist, librettist, poet and illustrator best known for his collaboration with composer Arthur Sullivan, which produced fourteen comic operas. The most famous of these include H.M.S. Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance and one of the most frequently performed works in the history of musical theatre, The Mikado.[1] The popularity of these works was supported for over a century by year-round performances of them, in Britain and abroad, by the repertory company that Gilbert, Sullivan and their producer Richard D''Oyly Carte founded, the D''Oyly Carte Opera Company. The successful comic operas with Sullivan continued to appear every year or two, several of them being among the longest-running productions up to that point in the history of the musical stage.[70][n 12] After Pinafore came The Pirates of Penzance (1879), Patience (1881), Iolanthe (1882), Princess Ida (1884, based on Gilbert''s earlier farce, The Princess), The Mikado (1885), Ruddigore (1887), The Yeomen of the Guard (1888) and The Gondoliers (1889). en-wikipedia-org-6604 The late romances, often simply called the romances, are a grouping of William Shakespeare''s last plays, comprising Pericles, Prince of Tyre; Cymbeline; The Winter''s Tale; and The Tempest. The term "romances" was first used for these late works in Edward Dowden''s Shakespeare: A Critical Study of His Mind and Art (1875). Shakespeare''s plays cannot be precisely dated, but it is generally agreed that these comedies followed a series of tragedies including Othello, King Lear and Macbeth. The category of Shakespearean romance arises from a desire among critics for the late plays to be recognised as a more complex kind of comedy; the labels of romance and tragicomedy are preferred by the majority of modern critics and editors.[5] In the First Folio of 1623, John Heminges and Henry Condell, its editors, listed The Tempest and The Winter''s Tale as comedies, and Cymbeline as a tragedy. en-wikipedia-org-6605 The classical appearance of the Harlequin stock character in the commedia dell''arte of the 1670s, complete with batte or "slapstick", a magic wand used by the character to change the scenery of the play (Maurice Sand, 1860[1]) Early characteristics of Arlecchino paint the character as a second zanni servant from northern Italy with the paradoxical attributes of a dimwitted fool and an intelligent trickster.[5][11] Arlecchino is sometimes referred to as putting on a show of stupidity in a metatheatrical attempt to create chaos within the play.[11] Physically, Arlecchino is described as wearing a costume covered in irregular patches, a hat outfitted with either a rabbit or fox''s tail, and a red and black mask.[5] The mask itself is identified by carbuncles on the forehead, small eyes, a snub nose, hollow cheeks, and sometimes bushy brows with facial hair.[5] Arlecchino is often depicted as having a wooden sword hanging from a leather belt on his person.[5] en-wikipedia-org-6607 At the point of the first colonization, Indigenous Australians had not developed a system of writing, so the first literary accounts of Aboriginal people come from the journals of early European explorers, which contain descriptions of first contact, both violent and friendly.[8] Early accounts by Dutch explorers and by the English buccaneer William Dampier wrote of the "natives of New Holland" as being "barbarous savages", but by the time of Captain James Cook and First Fleet marine Watkin Tench (the era of Jean-Jacques Rousseau), accounts of Aborigines were more sympathetic and romantic: "these people may truly be said to be in the pure state of nature, and may appear to some to be the most wretched upon the earth; but in reality they are far happier than ... en-wikipedia-org-661 Mac Flecknoe (full title: Mac Flecknoe; or, A satyr upon the True-Blue-Protestant Poet, T.S.[1]) is a verse mock-heroic satire written by John Dryden. Bust of Mac Flecknoe from an 18th century edition of Dryden''s poems Written about 1678, but not published until 1682 (see 1682 in poetry), "Mac Flecknoe" is the outcome of a series of disagreements between Thomas Shadwell and Dryden. The poem illustrates Shadwell as the heir to a kingdom of poetic dullness, represented by his association with Richard Flecknoe, an earlier poet already satirized by Andrew Marvell and disliked by Dryden, although the poet does not use belittling techniques to satirize him. Dryden uses the mock-heroic through his use of the heightened language of the epic to treat the trivial subjects such as poorly written and largely dismissible poetry. Dryden and Shadwell, The Literary Controversy and ''Mac Flecknoe'' (1668–1679) Dryden and Shadwell, The Literary Controversy and ''Mac Flecknoe'' (1668–1679) en-wikipedia-org-6610 The themes of fin de siècle political culture were very controversial and have been cited as a major influence on fascism[7][8] and as a generator of the science of geopolitics, including the theory of lebensraum.[9] Professor of Historical Geography at the University of Nottingham, Michael Heffernan, and Mackubin Thomas Owens wrote about the origins of geopolitics: "The idea that this project required a new name in 1899 reflected a widespread belief that the changes taking place in the global economic and political system were seismically important." The "new world of the Twentieth century would need to be understood in its entirety, as an integrated global whole." Technology and global communication made the world "smaller" and turned it into a single system; the time was characterized by pan-ideas and a utopian "one-worldism", proceeding further than pan-ideas.[10][11] en-wikipedia-org-6621 The BFG (short for The Big Friendly Giant) is a 1982 children''s book written by British novelist Roald Dahl and illustrated by Quentin Blake. The book is dedicated to Dahl''s late daughter, Olivia, who died of measles encephalitis at the age of seven in 1962.[1] As of 2009, the novel has sold 37 million copies in UK editions alone, with more than 1 million copies sold around the world every year.[2] After Sophie teaches the BFG how to read and write proper English, he writes a book of their adventures identified as the novel itself—under the name "Roald Dahl". The BFG has won numerous awards including the 1985 Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis as the year''s best children''s book, in its German translation Sophiechen und der Riese[5] and the 1991 Read Alone and Read Aloud BILBY Awards.[6] A TV series based on The BFG is being developed as part of Netflix''s "animated series event", based on Roald Dahl''s books.[26] en-wikipedia-org-6638 Geographically, the Viking Age covered Scandinavian lands (modern Denmark, Norway and Sweden), as well as territories under North Germanic dominance, mainly the Danelaw, including Scandinavian York, the administrative centre of the remains of the Kingdom of Northumbria,[60] parts of Mercia, and East Anglia.[61] Viking navigators opened the road to new lands to the north, west and east, resulting in the foundation of independent settlements in the Shetland, Orkney, and Faroe Islands; Iceland; Greenland;[62] and L''Anse aux Meadows, a short-lived settlement in Newfoundland, circa 1000.[63] The Greenland settlement was established around 980, during the Medieval Warm Period, and its demise by the mid-15th century may have been partly due to climate change.[64] The Viking Rurik dynasty took control of territories in Slavic and Finno-Ugric-dominated areas of Eastern Europe; they annexed Kiev in 882 to serve as the capital of the Kievan Rus''.[65] en-wikipedia-org-6643 View source for English literature Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-6647 In philosophy, "the Absurd" refers to the conflict between the human tendency to seek inherent value and meaning in life, and the human inability to find any in a purposeless, meaningless or chaotic and irrational universe.[1] The universe and the human mind do not each separately cause the Absurd, but rather, the Absurd arises by the contradictory nature of the two existing simultaneously. It has its origins in the work of the 19th-century Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, who chose to confront the crisis that humans face with the Absurd by developing his own existentialist philosophy.[2] Absurdism as a belief system was born of the European existentialist movement that ensued, specifically when Camus rejected certain aspects of that philosophical line of thought[3] and published his essay The Myth of Sisyphus. In absurdist philosophy, the Absurd arises out of the fundamental disharmony between the individual''s search for meaning and the meaninglessness of the universe. en-wikipedia-org-6660 Ernst Waldfried Josef Wenzel Mach (/mɑːx/; German: [ˈɛɐ̯nst ˈmax]; 18 February 1838 – 19 February 1916) was an Austrian[8] physicist and philosopher, noted for his contributions to physics such as the study of shock waves. He famously declared, after an 1897 lecture by Ludwig Boltzmann at the Imperial Academy of Science in Vienna: "I don''t believe that atoms exist!"[16] From about 1908 to 1911 Mach''s reluctance to acknowledge the reality of atoms was criticized by Max Planck as being incompatible with physics. Empirio-criticism is the term for the rigorously positivist and radically empiricist philosophy established by the German philosopher Richard Avenarius and further developed by Mach, which claims that all we can know is our sensations and that knowledge should be confined to pure experience.[22] Ernst Mach''s Vienna 1895–1930: Or Phenomenalism as Philosophy of Science. en-wikipedia-org-6668 In October of the same year, an article titled "Is It O.K. to Be a Luddite?" was published in the New York Times Book Review.[37] In April 1988, Pynchon contributed an extensive review of Gabriel García Márquez''s novel Love in the Time of Cholera to The New York Times, under the title "The Heart''s Eternal Vow".[38] Another article, titled "Nearer, My Couch, to Thee", was published in June 1993 in the New York Times Book Review, as one in a series of articles in which various writers reflected on each of the Seven Deadly Sins. In the closing pages of Gravity''s Rainbow, there is an apocryphal report that Tyrone Slothrop, the novel''s protagonist, played kazoo and harmonica as a guest musician on a record released by The Fool in the 1960s (having magically recovered the latter instrument, his "harp", in a German stream in 1945, after losing it down the toilet in 1939 at the Roseland Ballroom in Roxbury, Boston, to the strains of the jazz standard "Cherokee", upon which tune Charlie Parker was simultaneously inventing bebop in New York, as Pynchon describes). en-wikipedia-org-6669 According to Andrew Escobedo, "literary personification mashalls inanimate things, such as passions, abstract ideas, and rivers, and makes them perform actions in the landscape of the narrative."[28] He dates "the rise and fall of its [personification''s] literary popularity" to "roughly, between the fifth and seventeenth centuries".[29] Late antique philosophical books that made heavy use of personification and were specially influential in the Middle Ages included the Psychomachia of Prudentius (early 5th century), with an elaborate plot centred around battles between the virtues and vices,[30] and The Consolation of Philosophy (c. When not illustrating literary texts, or following a classical model as Botticelli does, personifications in art tend to be relatively static, and found together in sets, whether of statues decorating buildings or paintings, prints or media such as porcelain figures. The classical repertoire of virtues, seasons, cities and so forth supplied the majority of subjects until the 19th century, but some new personifications became required. en-wikipedia-org-6671 Latin American scholars have noted that positive descriptors of machismo resemble the characteristics associated with the concept of caballerosidad.[5] Understandings of machismo in Latin American cultures are not all negative; they also involve the characteristics of honour, responsibility, perseverance and courage, related to both individual and group interaction.[5][6] Studies show Latin American men understand masculinity to involve considerable childcare responsibilities, politeness, respect for women''s autonomy, and non-violent attitudes and behaviors.[7] In this way, machismo comes to mean both positive and negative understanding of Latin American male identity within the immigrant context. Many counseling psychologists are interested in further studies for comprehending the connection between counseling for males and topics such as sex-role conflicts and male socialization.[65] This high demand stems from such psychologists'' abilities to make patients aware how some inflexible and pre-established ideals regarding sex-roles may be detrimental to people''s way of regarding new changes in societal expectancies, fostering relationships, and physical and mental health.[65] Professionals such as Thomas Skovholt, psychology professor at the University of Minnesota, claim that more research needs to be done in order to have efficient mediation for men through counseling.[65] en-wikipedia-org-6674 View source for English literature Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-6675 The poets most often associated with the "Silver Age" are Konstantin Balmont, Valery Bryusov, Alexander Blok, Anna Akhmatova, Nikolay Gumilyov, Osip Mandelstam, Sergei Yesenin, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Marina Tsvetaeva and Boris Pasternak. Nikolay Ostrovsky''s novel How the Steel Was Tempered (1932–1934) has been among the most successful works of Russian literature,[citation needed] with tens of millions of copies printed in many languages around the world. Some 1930s writers, such as Mikhail Bulgakov (1891–1940), author of The Master and Margarita (written 1928–1940, published 1966), and Nobel Prize-winning Boris Pasternak (1890–1960) with his novel Doctor Zhivago (written 1945–1955, published 1957) continued the classical tradition of Russian literature with little or no hope of being published. A number of prominent Russian authors such as novelists Mikhail Shishkin, Rubén Gallego, Julia Kissina, Svetlana Martynchik and Dina Rubina, poets Alexei Tsvetkov and Bakhyt Kenjeev, though born in USSR, live and work in West Europe, North America or Israel.[28][page needed] en-wikipedia-org-6677 Carmilla is an 1872 Gothic novella by Irish author Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu and one of the early works of vampire fiction, predating Bram Stoker''s Dracula (1897) by 26 years. First published as a serial in The Dark Blue (1871–72),[1][2] the story is narrated by a young woman preyed upon by a female vampire named Carmilla, later revealed to be Mircalla, Countess Karnstein (Carmilla is an anagram of Mircalla). Though Le Fanu portrays his vampire''s sexuality with the circumspection that one would expect for his time, it is evident that lesbian attraction is the main dynamic between Carmilla and the narrator of the story:[13][14] Although Carmilla is a lesser known and far shorter Gothic vampire story than the generally considered master work of that genre, Dracula, the latter is influenced by Le Fanu''s works: Robert Statzer''s novel To Love a Vampire (ISBN 978-1721227310) depicts Carmilla''s encounter with a young Dr. Abraham Van Helsing, the hero of Bram Stoker''s Dracula, during his days as a medical student. en-wikipedia-org-6697 The Catholic Church teaches that it is the one, holy, catholic and apostolic church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission,[10][11][note 1] that its bishops are the successors of Christ''s apostles, and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter, upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ.[14] It maintains that it practises the original Christian faith, reserving infallibility, passed down by sacred tradition.[15] The Latin Church, the twenty-three Eastern Catholic Churches, and institutes such as mendicant orders, enclosed monastic orders and third orders reflect a variety of theological and spiritual emphases in the church.[16][17] His ecclesiastical jurisdiction is called the "Holy See" (Sancta Sedes in Latin), or the "Apostolic See" (meaning the see of the apostle Peter).[45][46] Directly serving the pope is the Roman Curia, the central governing body that administers the day-to-day business of the Catholic Church. en-wikipedia-org-6700 First work: Valerio Magrelli (1980) • Ferruccio Benzoni, Stefano Simoncelli, Walter Valeri, Laura Mancinelli (1981) • Jolanda Insana (1982) • Daniele Del Giudice (1983) • Aldo Busi (1984) • Elisabetta Rasy, Dario Villa (1985) • Marco Lodoli, Angelo Mainardi (1986) • Marco Ceriani, Giovanni Giudice (1987) • Edoardo Albinati, Silvana La Spina (1988) • Andrea Canobbio, Romana Petri (1990) • Anna Cascella (1991) • Marco Caporali, Nelida Milani (1992) • Silvana Grasso, Giulio Mozzi (1993) • Ernesto Franco (1994) • Roberto Deidier (1995) • Giuseppe Quatriglio, Tiziano Scarpa (1996) • Fabrizio Rondolino (1997) • Alba Donati (1998) • Paolo Febbraro (1999) • Evelina Santangelo (2000) • Giuseppe Lupo (2001) • Giovanni Bergamini, Simona Corso (2003) • Adriano Lo Monaco (2004) • Piercarlo Rizzi (2005) • Francesco Fontana (2006) • Paolo Fallai (2007) • Luca Giachi (2008) • Carlo Carabba (2009) • Gabriele Pedullà (2010) en-wikipedia-org-6704 At its narrowest, the term "Graveyard School" refers to four poems: Thomas Gray''s "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard", Thomas Parnell''s "Night-Piece on Death", Robert Blair''s The Grave and Edward Young''s Night-Thoughts. Havens, Harko de Maar and Eric Partridge have challenged the direct influence of Milton''s poem, claiming rather that graveyard poetry came from a culmination of literary precedents.[3] As a result of the religious revival, the early eighteenth century was a time of both spiritual unrest and regeneration; therefore, meditation and melancholy, death and life, ghosts and graveyards, were attractive subjects to poets at that time. Many of the Graveyard School poets were, like Thomas Parnell, Christian clergymen, and as such they often wrote didactic poetry, combining aesthetics with religious and moral instruction.[3] They were also inclined toward contemplating subjects related to life after death,[4] which is reflected in how their writings focus on human mortality and man''s relation to the divine. en-wikipedia-org-6707 Lines Written a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey is a poem by William Wordsworth. Having internalised the landscape, Wordsworth claimed now "to see into the life of things" (line 50) and, so enabled, to hear "oftentimes/ The still sad music of humanity" (92-3), but recent critics have used close readings of the poem to question such assertions. Another contribution to the debate has been Crystal Lake''s study of other poems written after a visit to Tintern Abbey, particularly those from about the same time as Wordsworth''s. Noting not just the absence of direct engagement on his part with "the still sad music of humanity" in its present industrial manifestation, but also of its past evidence in the ruins of the abbey itself, she concludes that this "confirms Marjorie Levinson''s well-known argument that the local politics of the Monmouthshire landscape require erasure if Wordsworth''s poem is to advance its aesthetic agenda."[6] en-wikipedia-org-672 For the American author, see Francine Prose. Main articles: Literature and Writing style Prose is a form of written (or spoken) language that usually exhibits a natural flow of speech and grammatical structure—an exception is the narrative device stream of consciousness. Works of philosophy, history, economics, etc., journalism, and most fiction (an exception is the verse novel), are examples of works written in prose. However, developments in twentieth century literature, including free verse concrete poetry, and prose poetry, have led to the idea of poetry and prose as two ends on a spectrum. Latin was a major influence on the development of prose in many European countries. Among the last important books written primarily in Latin prose were the works of Swedenborg (d. Great American Prose Poems. Prose examples in Literature Access related topics Literature portal Categories: Prose Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-6731 A well-known proletarian writer who gained fame after World War I was Vilhelm Moberg; between 1949 and 1959, he wrote the four-book series The Emigrants (Swedish: Utvandrarna), often considered one of the best literary works from Sweden. There is also a strong tradition of Swedish as a literary language in Finland; after the separation in the start of the 19th century, Finland has produced writers such as Johan Ludvig Runeberg, who wrote the Finnish national epic The Tales of Ensign Stål, and Tove Jansson. Main article: Swedish reformation and Renaissance literature Astrid Lindgren continued to publish many best-selling children''s books which eventually made her the most read Swedish author, regardless of genre, with over 100 million copies printed throughout the world and translations into over 80 languages. All page number references to "Gustafson" are made to the Swedish language edition of his book. "Sweden (s.v. Swedish Literature)" . en-wikipedia-org-6736 He explains that Beowulf had mainly been quarried as "an historical document",[12] and that most of the praise and censure of the poem was due to beliefs that it was "something that it was not – for example, primitive, pagan, Teutonic, an allegory (political or mythical), or most often, an epic;"[13] or because the scholar would have liked it to be something else, such as "a heathen heroic lay, a history of Sweden, a manual of Germanic antiquities, or a Nordic Summa Theologica."[13] Tolkien gives an allegory of a man who inherits a field full of stone from an old hall. Lee wrote that "Tolkien''s manifesto and interpretation have had more influence on readers than any other single study, even though it has been challenged on just about every one of its major points."[4] Seth Lerer wrote that the essay "may well be the originary piece of modern Beowulf criticism. en-wikipedia-org-6740 Writer and critic John Neal in the early-mid nineteenth century helped advance America''s progress toward a unique literature and culture, by criticizing predecessors like Washington Irving for imitating their British counterparts and influencing others like Edgar Allan Poe.[4] Ralph Waldo Emerson pioneered the influential Transcendentalism movement, Henry David Thoreau author of Walden, was influenced by this movement. However, the first European settlements in North America had been founded elsewhere many years earlier, and the dominance of the English language in American culture was not yet apparent.[5] The first item printed in Pennsylvania was in German and was the largest book printed in any of the colonies before the American Revolution.[5] Spanish and French had two of the strongest colonial literary traditions in the areas that now comprise the United States, and discussions of early American literature commonly include texts by Samuel de Champlain alongside English-language texts by Thomas Harriot and Captain John Smith. en-wikipedia-org-6749 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-6761 His mother, Jane née Colley, came from a family of gentry from Glaston, Rutland.[3] He was educated at the King''s School, Grantham, from 1682 until the age of 16, but failed to win a place at Winchester College, which had been founded by his maternal ancestor William of Wykeham.[4] In 1688, he joined the service of his father''s patron, Lord Devonshire, who was one of the prime supporters of the Glorious Revolution.[5] After the revolution, and at a loose end in London, he was attracted to the stage and in 1690 began work as an actor in Thomas Betterton''s United Company at the Drury Lane Theatre. en-wikipedia-org-6762 View source for English literature Wikipedia If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-6766 The fivefold structure is usually first encountered by an English-speaking reader in the plays of William Shakespeare, which, like nearly all English, French and German plays of the period, are divided into five acts, even when the narrative of the play hardly seems to demand it; in his Essay on Comedy (1877), George Meredith wrote sardonically that "Five is dignity with a trailing robe; whereas one, or two, or three acts would be short skirts, and degrading." The origin of this tradition was examined by Brander Matthews in A Book about the Theater. The best-known discussion of this shape in English literature is Thomas Browne''s essay The Garden of Cyrus, which relies on Pythagorean traditions, but Durrell goes much further afield, relating it to Angkor Wat and the Kundalini.[5] The purpose of the work was to go beyond his previous tetralogy The Alexandria Quartet. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, over the course of nearly 40 years, released five collections of short stories starring Sherlock Holmes, which were originally printed in The Strand Magazine. en-wikipedia-org-6777 The Playboy of the Western World is a three-act play written by Irish playwright John Millington Synge and first performed at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin, on 26 January 1907. Fisher translated it into German as Der Held (literally ''hero'') des Westerlands[3] or Der Held der westlichen Welt and had it published by Georg Müller and performed at Max Reinhardt''s Kammerspiele, Berlin, at the Neue Wiener Bühne in Vienna and at the Stadttheater in Münster.[4] In 1973 the Irish language national theatre group Taibhdhearc na Gaillimhe produced an adaptation in the Irish language by Seán Ó Carra entitled Buachaill Báire an Domhain Thiar.[5][6] The play was adapted in 1984 by Trinidadian playwright Mustapha Matura, lifted out of turn of the century Ireland and set down in 1950s Trinidad, and retitled Playboy of the West Indies. In June 2018, a new feature-length film production entitled Christy Mahon Playboy of the Western World[9] was registered by Swiss producers on IMDB. en-wikipedia-org-6780 Layamon or Laghamon (UK: /ˈlaɪ.əmən, -mɒn/, US: /ˈleɪ.əmən, ˈlaɪ-/; Middle English: [ˈlaɣamon]) – spelled Laȝamon or Laȝamonn in his time, occasionally written Lawman – was an English poet of the late 12th/early 13th century and author of the Brut, a notable work that was the first to present the legends of Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table in English poetry. His poem had a significant impact on medieval history writing in England and the development of Arthurian literature[2] and subsequently provided inspiration for numerous later writers, including Sir Thomas Malory and Jorge Luis Borges. Main article: Layamon''s Brut Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-6781 As a literary device, an allegory is a narrative in which a character, place, or event is used to deliver a broader message about real-world issues and occurrences. In Late Antiquity Martianus Capella organized all the information a fifth-century upper-class male needed to know into an allegory of the wedding of Mercury and Philologia, with the seven liberal arts the young man needed to know as guests.[13] Also the Neoplatonic philosophy developed a type of allegorical reading of Homer[14] and Plato.[15] While allegoresis may make discovery of allegory in any work, not every resonant work of modern fiction is allegorical, and some are clearly not intended to be viewed this way. Frank Baum''s The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, may be readily understood as a plot-driven fantasy narrative in an extended fable with talking animals and broadly sketched characters, intended to discuss the politics of the time.[21] Yet, George MacDonald emphasised in 1893 that "A fairy tale is not an allegory."[22] en-wikipedia-org-6787 Template talk:European literature Wikipedia Template talk:European literature Jump to navigation Jump to search WikiProject Europe (Rated Template-class) This template is within the scope of WikiProject Europe, an effort to build a comprehensive and detailed guide to European topics of a cross-border nature on Wikipedia.EuropeWikipedia:WikiProject EuropeTemplate:WikiProject EuropeEurope articles WikiProject Literature (Rated Template-class) This template is within the scope of WikiProject Literature, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Literature on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks.LiteratureWikipedia:WikiProject LiteratureTemplate:WikiProject LiteratureLiterature articles Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:European_literature&oldid=748558646" Categories: Template-Class Europe articles NA-importance Europe articles WikiProject Europe articles Template-Class Literature articles NA-importance Literature articles Views View history This page was last edited on 8 November 2016, at 21:27 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-6789 Tolkien worked on the text using his maps of Middle-earth as a guide, to ensure the elements of the story fitted together in time and space.[T 4] He prepared a variety of types of illustration – maps, calligraphy, drawings, cover designs, even a facsimile painting of the Book of Mazarbul – but only the maps, the inscription on the Ring, and a drawing of the Doors of Durin were included in the first edition.[18][T 5] Both the characters and the work itself were, according to Jenkyns, "anemic, and lacking in fibre".[83] The science fiction author David Brin interprets the work as holding unquestioning devotion to a traditional hierarchical social structure.[84] In his essay "Epic Pooh", fantasy author Michael Moorcock critiques the world-view displayed by the book as deeply conservative, in both the "paternalism" of the narrative voice and the power structures in the narrative.[85] Tom Shippey, like Tolkien an English philologist, notes the wide gulf between Tolkien''s supporters, both popular and academic, and his literary detractors, and attempts to explain in detail both why the literary establishment disliked The Lord of the Rings, and the work''s subtlety, themes, and merits, including the impression of depth that it conveys.[86] en-wikipedia-org-6791 File:Doris lessing 20060312.jpg Wikipedia File:Doris lessing 20060312.jpg Doris Lessing, British writer, at lit.cologne, Cologne literature festival 2006, Germany This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. This licensing tag was added to this file as part of the GFDL licensing update.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/CC-BY-SA-3.0Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0truetrue This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic, 2.0 Generic and 1.0 Generic license. current 13:03, 12 March 2006 1,000 × 820 (284 KB) Elya * Doris Lessing, British writer, at lit.cologne, Cologne literature festival 2006, Germany * date: 2006-03-12 * author: Elke Wetzig (elya) Category:British writer The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Doris Lessing wins Nobel Prize for Literature Doris Lessing es galardonada con el Premio Nobel de Literatura View more global usage of this file. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Doris_lessing_20060312.jpg" en-wikipedia-org-6793 Aestheticism challenged the values of mainstream Victorian culture, as many Victorians believed that literature and art fulfilled important ethical roles.[4] Writing in The Guardian, Fiona McCarthy states, "the aesthetic movement stood in stark and sometimes shocking contrast to the crass materialism of Britain in the 19th century."[5] By the 1890s, decadence, a term with origins in common with aestheticism, was in use as an aesthetic term across Europe.[4] Aesthetic movement in decorative arts[edit] Christopher Dresser, a student and later Professor at the school worked with Owen Jones on The Grammar of Ornament, as well as on the 1863 decoration of The Oriental Courts (Chinese, Japanese, and Indian) at the South Kensington Museum, advanced the search for a new style with his two publications The Art of Decorative Design 1862, and Principles of Design 1873. en-wikipedia-org-6801 Preclassical Greek literature primarily revolved around myths and include the works of Homer; the Iliad and the Odyssey. Ancient Greek literature (800 BC-350 AD)[edit] Main article: Ancient Greek literature Literature in Greek in the Roman period contributed significant works to the subjects of poetry, comedy, history, and tragedy. Byzantine literature combined Greek and Christian civilization on the common foundation of the Roman political system. Byzantine literature possesses four primary cultural elements: Greek, Christian, Roman, and Oriental. Modern Greek literature (1453 ADPresent)[edit] Main article: Modern Greek literature During this period, the modern vernacular form of the Greek language became more commonplace in writing. This period saw the revival of Greek and Roman studies and the development of Renaissance humanism[10] and science. Today, Modern Greek Literature participates in the global literary community. Genres of Greek Literature[edit] Ancient Greek Literature Library Hellenism.net, Modern Greek Literature Overview en-wikipedia-org-6816 Robert Herrick (poet) Wikipedia Robert Herrick (baptised 24 August 1591 – buried 15 October 1674)[1] was a 17th-century English lyric poet and cleric. He spent some time preparing his lyric poems for publication, and had them printed in 1648 under the title Hesperides; or the Works both Human and Divine of Robert Herrick, with a dedication to the Prince of Wales. Works of Robert Herrick: The Hesperides and Noble Numbers. Gordon Braden, "Robert Herrick and Classical Lyric Poetry," in his The Classics and English Renaissance Poetry: Three Case Studies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978), pp. Moorman, Robert Herrick: A Biographical and Critical Study (London: John Lane, 1910; New York: Russell & Russell, 1962). Wikiquote has quotations related to: Robert Herrick (poet) Works by Robert Herrick at Project Gutenberg Chrysomela: A Selection from the Lyrical Poems of Robert Herrick Luminarium: "The Life of Robert Herrick" Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-6823 View source for English literature Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. Johnson has been described as "arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history".{{citation|last=Rogers|first=Pat|contribution=Johnson, Samuel (1709–1784)|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|edition=online|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/14918|access-date=25 August 2008}} After nine years of work, Johnson''s ''''[[A Dictionary of the English Language]]'''' was published in 1755, and it had a far-reaching effect on [[Modern English]] and has been described as "one of the greatest single achievements of scholarship."{{Harvnb|Bate|1977|p=240}} Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature" en-wikipedia-org-6825 Hoping for a brilliant academic career for her second son, Mme Rimbaud hired a private tutor for Arthur when he reached the third grade.[31] Father Ariste Lhéritier succeeded in sparking in the young scholar a love of Greek, Latin and French classical literature, and was the first to encourage the boy to write original verse, in both French and Latin.[32] Rimbaud''s first poem to appear in print was "Les Étrennes des orphelins" ("The Orphans'' New Year''s Gifts"), which was published in the 2 January 1870 issue of La Revue pour tous; he was just 15.[33] His friend Ernest Delahaye, in a letter to Paul Verlaine around 1875, claimed that he had completely forgotten about his past self writing poetry.[n 3] French poet and scholar Gérard Macé wrote : "Rimbaud is, first and foremost, this silence that can''t be forgotten, and which, for anyone attempting to write themselves, is there, haunting. en-wikipedia-org-6836 Thomas Middleton, depicted in the frontispiece of Two New Plays, a 1657 edition of Women Beware Women and More Dissemblers Besides Women Having passed the time during the plague composing prose pamphlets (including a continuation of Thomas Nashe''s Pierce Penniless), he returned to drama with great energy, producing almost a score of plays for several companies and in several genres, notably city comedy and revenge tragedy. His best-known plays are the tragedies The Changeling (with William Rowley) and Women Beware Women, and the cynically satirical city comedy A Chaste Maid in Cheapside. Earlier editions of The Revenger''s Tragedy attributed the play to Cyril Tourneur,[5] or refused to arbitrate between Middleton and Tourneur.[6] However, since the statistical studies by David Lake[7] and MacDonald P. Wit at Several Weapons, a city comedy (1613); printed as part of the Beaumont and Fletcher Folio, but stylistic analysis indicates comprehensive revision by Middleton and William Rowley. en-wikipedia-org-6845 Chapter One – Looking-Glass House: Alice is playing with a white kitten (whom she calls "Snowdrop") and a black kitten (whom she calls "Kitty") when she ponders what the world is like on the other side of a mirror''s reflection. Alice Through a Looking Glass (1928),[15] a silent movie directed by Walter Lang, would be one of the earliest stand-alone adaptations of the book. Adaptations with Alice''s Adventures in Wonderland[edit] The animated Alice in Wonderland (1951) is the 13th animated feature film of Walt Disney and the most famous among all direct adaptions of Carroll''s work. Alice in Wonderland (1999), a made-for-TV Hallmark/NBC film with Tina Majorino as Alice, uses elements from Through the Looking Glass, such as the talking flowers, Tweedledee & Tweedledum, and "The Walrus and the Carpenter", as well as the chess theme, including the snoring Red King and White Knight.[32] Alice Through the Looking Glass, with music by M. en-wikipedia-org-6847 Categories help readers to find, and navigate around, a subject area, to see pages sorted by title, and to thus find article relationships. The MediaWiki software maintains tables of categories, to which any editable page can be added. Next a count and list of pages in the category (excluding subcategories and images) is shown. If a user has enabled the HotCat gadget, the categories box will also provide links to quickly add, remove, or modify category declarations on the page, without having to edit the whole page. The following code {{PAGESINCATEGORY:{{PAGENAME}}}} will not work as expected when used in the wikitext or in a transcluded template in a category page whose title contains some ASCII punctuations. Notice that "Related Changes" does not show edits to pages that have been removed from the category. Unless you create a category page, it will display as a red link. Categories: Wikipedia information pages Categories: Wikipedia information pages en-wikipedia-org-6853 theatrical genre defined by William Shakespeare''s comedic plays In the First Folio, the plays of William Shakespeare were grouped into three categories: comedies, histories, and tragedies;[1] and modern scholars recognize a fourth category, romance, to describe the specific types of comedy that appear in Shakespeare''s later works.[2] This alphabetical list includes everything listed as a comedy in the First Folio of 1623, in addition to the two quarto plays (The Two Noble Kinsmen and Pericles, Prince of Tyre) which are not included in the Folio but generally recognised to be Shakespeare''s own. William Shakespeare''s Hamlet William Shakespeare''s Julius Caesar William Shakespeare''s King Lear William Shakespeare''s Macbeth William Shakespeare''s Othello William Shakespeare''s Romeo and Juliet William Shakespeare''s The Comedy of Errors William Shakespeare''s Love''s Labour''s Lost William Shakespeare''s A Midsummer Night''s Dream William Shakespeare''s Pericles, Prince of Tyre William Shakespeare''s The Tempest William Shakespeare''s King John William Shakespeare''s Edward III en-wikipedia-org-6858 Brodsky was awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize in Literature "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity".[3] He was appointed United States Poet Laureate in 1991.[4] According to Professor Andrey Ranchin of Moscow State University: "Brodsky is the only modern Russian poet whose body of work has already been awarded the honorary title of a canonized classic... He was the Andrew Mellon Professor of Literature and Five College Professor of Literature at Mount Holyoke College, brought there by poet and historian Peter Viereck.[24] In 1978, Brodsky was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Letters at Yale University, and on 23 May 1979, he was inducted as a member of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. en-wikipedia-org-6869 Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title Wikipedia These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Articles are listed in this category when Module:Citation/CS1 identifies template |title= parameters that use these place-holder titles. Pages in this category should only be added by Module:Citation/CS1. Even with this CSS installed, older pages in Wikipedia''s cache may not have been updated to show these error messages even though the page is listed in one of the tracking categories. Pages in category "CS1 maint: archived copy as title" 3rd Battalion, 153rd Infantry Regiment 4th Infantry Regiment (United States) 10,000 Days (Tool album) 11th Arkansas Infantry Regiment 11th Arkansas Infantry Regiment 11th Arkansas Infantry Regiment 11th Arkansas Infantry Regiment 11th Arkansas Infantry Regiment 11th Arkansas Infantry Regiment 11th Arkansas Infantry Regiment en-wikipedia-org-6873 The Book of Negroes is a document created by Brigadier General Samuel Birch that records names and descriptions of 3,000 Black Loyalists, enslaved Africans who escaped to the British lines during the American Revolution and were evacuated to points in Nova Scotia as free people of colour. The British version is held in The National Archives in Kew, London[3] The American version is held by the National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, D.C.[4] It was published under the title The Black Loyalist Directory: African Americans in Exile After the American Revolution (1996), edited by Graham Russell Hodges, Susan Hawkes Cook, and Alan Edward Brown.[5] ^ "Review: The Black Loyalist Directory: African Americans in Exile After the American Revolution, edited by Graham Russell Hodges, Susan Hawkes Cook, and Alan Edward Brown", William and Mary Quarterly, 1996, Third Series, Vol. 53, No. 4, accessed 27 September 2011 en-wikipedia-org-6885 Sound poetry is an artistic form bridging literary and musical composition, in which the phonetic aspects of human speech are foregrounded instead of more conventional semantic and syntactic values; "verse without words". It has been argued that "there is a paucity of information on women''s involvement in sound poetry, whether as practitioners, theorists, or even simply as listeners".[6] Among the earliest female practitioners are Berlin poet Else Lasker-Schüler, who experimented in what she called "Ursprache" (Ur-language), and the New York Dada poet and performer Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven. Other examples of sound poets[edit] ^ Gammel, Irene and Suzanne Zelazo, "Harpsichords Metallic Howl—": The Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven''s Sound Poetry." Modernism/modernity (Johns Hopkins UP), 18.2 (April 2011), 259. en-wikipedia-org-6894 In November 2008, the Board of Directors of OCLC unilaterally issued a new Policy for Use and Transfer of WorldCat Records[56] that would have required member libraries to include an OCLC policy note on their bibliographic records; the policy caused an uproar among librarian bloggers.[57][58] Among those who protested the policy was the non-librarian activist Aaron Swartz, who believed the policy would threaten projects such as the Open Library, Zotero, and Wikipedia, and who started a petition to "Stop the OCLC powergrab".[59][60] Swartz''s petition garnered 858 signatures, but the details of his proposed actions went largely unheeded.[58] Within a few months, the library community had forced OCLC to retract its policy and to create a Review Board to consult with member libraries more transparently.[58] In August 2012, OCLC recommended that member libraries adopt the Open Data Commons Attribution (ODC-BY) license when sharing library catalog data, although some member libraries have explicit agreements with OCLC that they can publish catalog data using the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.[61][62] en-wikipedia-org-6917 The 11th century Japanese work The Tale of Genji contains ghost stories, and includes characters being possessed by spirits.[16] His ghost stories, "Wandering Willie''s Tale" (1824, first published as part of Redgauntlet) and The Tapestried Chamber (1828) eschewed the "Gothic" style of writing and helped set an example for later writers in the genre. Classic ghost stories were influenced by the gothic fiction tradition, and contain elements of folklore and psychology. Oscar Wilde''s comic short story "The Canterville Ghost" (1887) has been adapted for film and television on several occasions. Kaidan (怪談), which literally means "supernatural tale"[36] or "weird tale",[37] is a form of Japanese ghost story.[36] Kaidan entered the vernacular when a game called Hyakumonogatari Kaidankai became popular in the Edo period. The Indian television series, Aahat, featured ghost and supernatural stories written by B. "Golden Age of the Ghost Story" in The Penguin Encyclopedia of Horror and the Supernatural. en-wikipedia-org-6923 The story is loosely based on an event in Italy thirty years prior to the play''s composition: the murder of Vittoria Accoramboni in Padua on 22 December 1585. Webster based The White Devil on newsletter versions of the story of the killing of Vittoria Accoramboni. "But in what exactly does the fascination of Webster consist?" he asked in the New Statesman.[5] "What could make the Cambridge production of The White Devil in 1920 seem still, to at least two who saw it then without any preconceptions, the most staggering performance they had ever known?" The Royal Shakespeare Company performed The White Devil in 1996 at the Swan Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon (later transferred to London to The Pit at The Barbican), directed by Gale Edwards with Richard McCabe as Flamineo, Philip Quast as Ludovico, Ray Fearon as Brachiano, Jane Gurnett as Vittoria, Stephen Boxer as Francisco and Philip Voss. en-wikipedia-org-6934 The Princess and the Goblin Cover of the 1911 Blackie and Son edition, illustrator uncredited[1] The Princess and the Goblin is a children''s fantasy novel by George MacDonald. Anne Thaxter Eaton writes in A Critical History of Children''s Literature that The Princess and the Goblin and its sequel "quietly suggest in every incident ideas of courage and honor."[3] Jeffrey Holdaway, in the New Zealand Art Monthly, said that both books start out as "normal fairytales but slowly become stranger", and that they contain layers of symbolism similar to that of Lewis Carroll''s work.[4] From The Princess and the Goblin by George MacDonald, illustrated by Jessie Willcox Smith, 1920 Probably the 12 colour illustrations are by a new artist and the 30 black-and-white are those by Hughes from the original serial and book publications, both uncredited in this edition. Public domain version of The Princess and the Goblin at Project Gutenberg en-wikipedia-org-694 The Renaissance began in the 14th century in Florence, Italy.[9] Various theories have been proposed to account for its origins and characteristics, focusing on a variety of factors including the social and civic peculiarities of Florence at the time: its political structure, the patronage of its dominant family, the Medici,[10][11] and the migration of Greek scholars and their texts to Italy following the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks.[12][13][page needed][14] Other major centres were northern Italian city-states such as Venice, Genoa, Milan, Bologna, and Rome during the Renaissance Papacy or Belgian cities such as Bruges, Ghent, Brussels, Leuven or Antwerp. Jules Michelet defined the 16th-century Renaissance in France as a period in Europe''s cultural history that represented a break from the Middle Ages, creating a modern understanding of humanity and its place in the world.[28] en-wikipedia-org-6949 Under Milk Wood is a 1954 radio drama by Welsh poet Dylan Thomas, commissioned by the BBC and later adapted for the stage. He stayed with the comedian Harry Locke, and worked on the play, re-writing parts of the first half, and writing Eli Jenkins'' sunset poem and Waldo''s chimmney sweep song for the second half.[29] On 15 October 1953, he delivered another draft of the play to the BBC, a draft that his producer, Douglas Cleverdon, described as being in "an extremely disordered state...it was clearly not in its final form."[30] On his arrival in New York on 20 October 1953, Thomas added a further thirty-eight lines to the second half, for the two performances on 24 and 25 October. The BBC first broadcast Under Milk Wood, a new "''Play for Voices", on the Third Programme on 25 January 1954 (two months after Thomas''s death), although several sections were omitted. en-wikipedia-org-6950 Classical mythology is replete with fantastical stories and characters, the best known (and perhaps the most relevant to modern fantasy) being the works of Homer (Greek) and Virgil (Roman).[1] The contribution of the Greco-Roman world to fantasy is vast and includes: The hero''s journey (also the figure of the chosen hero); magic gifts donated to win (including the ring of power as in the Gyges story contained in the Republic of Plato), prophecies (the oracle of Delphi), monsters and creatures (especially dragons), magicians and witches with the use of magic. The Baital Pachisi (Vikram and the Vampire), a collection of various fantasy tales set within a frame story is, according to Richard Francis Burton and Isabel Burton, the germ which culminated in the Arabian Nights, and which also inspired the Golden Ass of Apuleius, (2nd century A.D). Fantasy literature was popular in Victorian times, with the works of writers such as Mary Shelley (1797 – 1851), William Morris and George MacDonald, and Charles Dodgson, author of Alice in Wonderland (1865). en-wikipedia-org-6951 Poet and playwright William Shakespeare (1564 – 1616) is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and one of the world''s greatest dramatists.[5][6][7] His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.[8] In the nineteenth century Sir Walter Scott''s historical romances inspired a generation of painters, composers, and writers throughout Europe.[9] It was in the Victorian era (1837–1901) that the novel became the leading literary genre in English.[115] Women played an important part in this rising popularity both as authors and as readers,[116] and monthly serialising of fiction also encouraged this surge in popularity, further upheavals which followed the Reform Act of 1832".[117] This was in many ways a reaction to rapid industrialization, and the social, political, and economic issues associated with it, and was a means of commenting on abuses of government and industry and the suffering of the poor, who were not profiting from England''s economic prosperity.[118] Significant early examples of this genre include Sybil, or The Two Nations (1845) by Benjamin Disraeli, and Charles Kingsley''s Alton Locke (1849). en-wikipedia-org-696 17th-century Lithuanian scholars also wrote in Latin, which was the common scholarly language in Catholic Europe: Kazimieras Kojelavičius-Vijūkas and Žygimantas Liauksminas are known for their Latin writings in theology, rhetorics and music. Antanas Baranauskas (1835–1902) wrote the poem Anykščių šilelis (The Forest/Pinewood of Anykščiai, a programmatic work whose main aim was to uncover the beauty of the Lithuanian language and to demonstrate its suitability for poetry. While he was a professor at Vilnius University, he became involved in the Lithuanian Helsinki Group,[13] a human rights organization that included protests against Soviet activities in Lithuania. ^ Introduction to Latin language Lithuanian literature Archived 2007-10-06 at the Wayback Machine "Sixteen Lithuanian authors'' works will be translated into eight languages around the world". en-wikipedia-org-6977 This four page prospectus was illustrated by Jean-Michel Papillon,[12] and accompanied by a plan, stating that the work would be published in five volumes from June 1746 until the end of 1748.[13] The text was translated by Mills and Sellius, and it was corrected by an unnamed person, who appears to have been Denis Diderot.[14] The prospectus was reviewed quite positively and cited at some length in several journals.[15] The Mémoires pour l''histoire des sciences et des beaux arts journal was lavish in its praise: "voici deux des plus fortes entreprises de Littérature qu''on ait faites depuis long-temps" (here are two of the greatest efforts undertaken in literature in a very long time).[16] The Mercure Journal in June 1745, printed a 25-page article that specifically praised Mills'' role as translator; the Journal introduced Mills as an English scholar who had been raised in France and who spoke both French and English as a native. en-wikipedia-org-6978 Born in Newark-upon-Trent, Nottinghamshire, Robertson was the eldest son of William Shaftoe Robertson, a provincial actor and theatre manager, and his wife Margharetta Elisabetta Robertson (nee Marinus), a Danish-born actress.[1][2] His family was famous for producing actors, including his brothers Edward Shaftoe Robertson (1844–1871)[3] and Craven Robertson (died 1879),[4] his youngest sister, Dame Madge Kendal.,[1] and his father''s aunt and uncle Fanny Robertson and Thomas Shaftoe Robertson.[5] He was schooled in Spalding, Lincolnshire.[6] By the age of five he was performing in the Wisbech Georgian theatre, run by his family, as Hamish, the son of the title character in Rob Roy.[5] As a child, Robertson continued to act in juvenile parts in Pizarro, The Stranger, "French" parts and eccentric comedy elsewhere on the Lincoln circuit and at the Marylebone in London, all managed by his family.[7] He later visited Paris as the stage manager and interpreter for an English company.[8] en-wikipedia-org-6982 Lewis Jones (writer) Wikipedia Lewis Jones, writer, and political activist of the left, (28 December 1897 – 27 January 1939) was born in Clydach Vale in industrialised South Wales.[1] Although his novels are more studied by academics now than by general readers, Jones occupies an honourable place in the history of left-wing politics in Britain, and in the ranks of socialist writers. He was extremely popular amongst the rank-and-file Party members, but his association with "Hornerism" (Communists working within established trades unions), his turbulent private life and his distrust of the cult of personality (he was sent home from the Soviet Union for ignoring a standing ovation to Joseph Stalin) meant that he was repeatedly suspended and disciplined by the Party. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Jones_(writer)&oldid=996338264" 20th-century Welsh writers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-7009 Dorothy is a comic opera in three acts with music by Alfred Cellier and a libretto by B. Cellier, who had been a lieutenant of Arthur Sullivan, re-purposed much of the music for Dorothy from his unsuccessful comic opera of ten years earlier, Nell Gwynne, the music of which had been praised.[2] Stephenson wrote new lyrics and a libretto to fit the music. It starred Marion Hood in the title role opposite the popular Hayden Coffin, with comedians Arthur Williams, Furneaux Cook and John Le Hay.[5] This was the first production at the Gaiety by new managing director (and later owner) of the theatre, George Edwardes, who misjudged his audience. Septet and Chorus – "Now let''s to bed" (Dorothy, Lydia, Wilder, Sherwood, Lurcher, and Bantam) Chorus with Dorothy, Lydia, Wilder, Sherwood, Bantam, and Lurcher – "What noise was that" en-wikipedia-org-7010 In 1871, Trollope made his first trip to Australia, arriving in Melbourne on 28 July 1871 on the SS Great Britain,[46] with his wife and their cook.[47] The trip was made to visit their younger son, Frederick, who was a sheep farmer near Grenfell, New South Wales.[48] He wrote his novel Lady Anna during the voyage.[48] In Australia, he spent a year and two days "descending mines, mixing with shearers and rouseabouts, riding his horse into the loneliness of the bush, touring lunatic asylums, and exploring coast and plain by steamer and stagecoach".[49] He visited the penal colony of Port Arthur and its cemetery, Isle of the Dead.[50] Despite this, the Australian press was uneasy, fearing he would misrepresent Australia in his writings. Macdonald; the economist John Kenneth Galbraith; the merchant banker Siegmund Warburg who said that "reading Anthony Trollope surpassed a university education.";[75] the English judge Lord Denning; the American novelists Sue Grafton, Dominick Dunne and Timothy Hallinan; the poet Edward Fitzgerald;[76] the artist Edward Gorey, who kept a complete set of his books; the American author Robert Caro;[77] the playwright David Mamet[78] and the soap opera writer Harding Lemay. en-wikipedia-org-7016 Myth with fantastic elements intended for adults were a major genre of ancient Greek literature.[10] The comedies of Aristophanes are filled with fantastic elements,[11] particularly his play The Birds,[11] in which an Athenian man builds a city in the clouds with the birds and challenges Zeus''s authority.[11] Ovid''s Metamorphoses and Apuleius''s The Golden Ass are both works that influenced the development of the fantasy genre[11] by taking mythic elements and weaving them into personal accounts.[11] Both works involve complex narratives in which humans beings are transformed into animals or inanimate objects.[11] Platonic teachings and early Christian theology are major influences on the modern fantasy genre.[11] Plato used allegories to convey many of his teachings,[11] and early Christian writers interpreted both the Old and New Testaments as employing parables to relay spiritual truths.[11] This ability to find meaning in a story that is not literally true became the foundation that allowed the modern fantasy genre to develop.[11] en-wikipedia-org-7023 He was a cavalier poet who fought on behalf of the king during the Civil War. His best known works are "To Althea, from Prison", and "To Lucasta, Going to the Warres". At the age of nineteen he contributed a verse to a volume of elegies commemorating Princess Katharine.[9] In 1639 Lovelace joined the regiment of Lord Goring, serving first as a senior ensign and later as a captain in the Bishops'' Wars. This prevented Lovelace, who had done everything to prove himself during the Bishops'' Wars, from participating in the first phase of the English Civil War. This first experience of imprisonment brought him to write one of his best known lyrics, "To Althea, from Prison", in which he illustrates his noble and paradoxical nature. From the time Richard Lovelace started writing while he was a student at Oxford he wrote almost 200 poems. The Poems of Richard Lovelace. en-wikipedia-org-7032 File:Pilgrim''s Progress first edition 1678.jpg Wikipedia File:Pilgrim''s Progress first edition 1678.jpg Source: Drboisclair 13:17, 8 February 2007 (UTC), scanned from book in public domain The original uploader was Drboisclair at English Wikipedia. This work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the author''s life plus 70 years or fewer. current 23:35, 7 March 2010 1,405 × 2,399 (1.91 MB) Simonxag {{Information |Description={{en|*Source: Drboisclair 13:17, 8 February 2007 (UTC), scanned from book in public domain *Description: Title page of ''''en:Pilgrim''s Progress'''' *Date: 1678 *Author: en:John Bunyan (1628-1688 The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Usage on zh.wikipedia.org Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pilgrim%27s_Progress_first_edition_1678.jpg" en-wikipedia-org-7045 Jean-François Chevrier was the first to use the term tableau in relation to a form of art photography, which began in the 1970s and 1980s in an essay titled "The Adventures of the Picture Form in the History of Photography" in 1989.[4] The initial translation of this text substitutes the English word picture for the French word tableau. As Fried notes: "Arguably the most decisive development in the rise of the new art photography has been the emergence, starting in the late 1970s and gaining impetus in the 1980s and after, of what the French critic Jean-François Chevrier has called the "tableau form" (p. More recently, Canadian artist, Sylvia Grace Borda, has worked since 2013 to continue to stage tableaux for the camera within the Google Street View engine.[8][9] Her work creates 360° immersive tableau vivant images for the viewer to explore. en-wikipedia-org-7051 Patrick Victor Martindale White (28 May 1912 – 30 September 1990) was an Australian writer who published 12 novels, three short-story collections, and eight plays, from 1935 to 1987. He was among the first group of Companions of the Order of Australia in 1975 but resigned in June 1976 in protest at the dismissal of the Whitlam government in November 1975 by the Governor-General Sir John Kerr.[27] In 1979, his novel The Twyborn Affair was shortlisted for the Booker Prize, but White requested that it to be removed to give younger writers a chance to win. David Marr, Patrick White – A Life, Random House Australia, Sydney, 1991. David Marr (ed.), Patrick White Letters, Random House Australia, Sydney, 1994. en-wikipedia-org-7066 Auden attended St Edmund''s School, Hindhead, Surrey, where he met Christopher Isherwood, later famous in his own right as a novelist.[17] At thirteen he went to Gresham''s School in Norfolk; there, in 1922, when his friend Robert Medley asked him if he wrote poetry, Auden first realised his vocation was to be a poet.[9] Soon after, he "discover(ed) that he (had) lost his faith" (through a gradual realisation that he had lost interest in religion, not through any decisive change of views).[18] In school productions of Shakespeare, he played Katherina in The Taming of the Shrew in 1922,[19] and Caliban in The Tempest in 1925, his last year at Gresham''s.[20] His first published poems appeared in the school magazine in 1923.[21] Auden later wrote a chapter on Gresham''s for Graham Greene''s The Old School: Essays by Divers Hands (1934).[22] en-wikipedia-org-707 Kitchen sink realism (or kitchen sink drama) is a British cultural movement that developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s in theatre, art, novels, film and television plays, whose protagonists usually could be described as "angry young men" who were disillusioned with modern society. Kitchen sink realism involves working class settings[6] and accents, including accents from Northern England.[7] The films and plays often explore taboo subjects such as adultery, pre-marital sex, abortion, and crime.[8] Before the 1950s, the United Kingdom''s working class were often depicted stereotypically in Noël Coward''s drawing room comedies and British films.[citation needed] Kitchen sink realism was seen as being in opposition to the "well-made play", the kind which theatre critic Kenneth Tynan once denounced as being set in "Loamshire", of dramatists like Terence Rattigan. John Osborne''s play Look Back in Anger (1956) depicted young men in a way that is similar to the then-contemporary "Angry Young Men" movement of film and theatre directors. en-wikipedia-org-7071 Some of his early novels, called "scientific romances", invented several themes now classic in science fiction in such works as The Time Machine, The Island of Doctor Moreau, The Invisible Man, The War of the Worlds, When the Sleeper Wakes, and The First Men in the Moon. An enthusiast of random and irresponsible violence, Griffin has become an iconic character in horror fiction.[57] The Island of Doctor Moreau sees a shipwrecked man left on the island home of Doctor Moreau, a mad scientist who creates human-like hybrid beings from animals via vivisection.[58] The earliest depiction of uplift, the novel deals with a number of philosophical themes, including pain and cruelty, moral responsibility, human identity, and human interference with nature.[59] In The First Men in the Moon Wells used the idea of radio communication between astronomical objects, a plot point inspired by Nikola Tesla''s claim that he had received radio signals from Mars.[60] Though Tono-Bungay is not a science-fiction novel, radioactive decay plays a small but consequential role in it. en-wikipedia-org-7085 Another early proponent of literature in the vernacular was Roger Ascham, who was tutor to Princess Elizabeth during her teenage years, and is now often called the "father of English prose." He proposed that speech was the greatest gift to man from God and to speak or write poorly was an affront.[4] By the time of Elizabethan literature, a vigorous literary culture in both drama and poetry included poets such as Edmund Spenser, whose verse epic The Faerie Queene had a strong influence on English literature but was eventually overshadowed by the lyrics of William Shakespeare, Thomas Wyatt and others. English Renaissance music kept in touch with continental developments far more than visual art, and managed to survive the Reformation relatively successfully, though William Byrd (c.1539/40 or 1543 – 1623) and other major figures were Catholic. Major English Renaissance authors[edit] en-wikipedia-org-7090 (See article on the Yiddish language for a full description of these texts.) The most important writer of old Yiddish literature was Elijah Levita (known as Elye Bokher) who translated and adapted the chivalric romance of Bevis of Hampton, via its Italian version, Buovo d''Antona. Another influential work of old Yiddish literature is the Mayse-bukh ("Story Book"). Previous Kabbalistic themes, accepted without emphasis in Hasidism, entered Eastern European Jewish folklore in tales of reincarnation and possession, and were commonly adapted by later secular Yiddish writers. The outpouring of Yiddish literature in modernist forms that followed Abramovitsh demonstrates how important this development was in giving voice to Jewish aspirations, both social and literary. While the three classic writers were still at their height, the first true movement in modern Yiddish literature sprang up in New York. Yiddish-language literature en-wikipedia-org-7092 Dorothy Leigh Sayers (/sɛərz/;[1] 13 June 1893 – 17 December 1957) was an English crime writer and poet. She is best known for her mysteries, a series of novels and short stories set between the First and Second World Wars that feature English aristocrat and amateur sleuth Lord Peter Wimsey. H. Auden and the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein were notable critics of her novels.[31][32] A savage attack on Sayers'' writing ability came from the American critic Edmund Wilson, in a well-known 1945 article in The New Yorker called "Who Cares Who Killed Roger Ackroyd?"[33] He briefly writes about her novel The Nine Tailors, saying "I declare that it seems to me one of the dullest books I have ever encountered in any field." Wilson continues "I had often heard people say that Dorothy Sayers wrote well ... en-wikipedia-org-71 The first American edition was published the following year by Harper & Brothers of New York.[1] Jane Eyre is a Bildungsroman which follows the experiences of its eponymous heroine, including her growth to adulthood and her love for Mr. Rochester, the brooding master of Thornfield Hall.[2] The novel''s setting is somewhere in the north of England, late in the reign of George III (1760–1820).[a] It goes through five distinct stages: Jane''s childhood at Gateshead Hall, where she is emotionally and physically abused by her aunt and cousins; her education at Lowood School, where she gains friends and role models but suffers privations and oppression; her time as governess at Thornfield Hall, where she falls in love with her mysterious employer, Edward Fairfax Rochester; her time in the Moor House, during which her earnest but cold clergyman cousin, St. John Rivers, proposes to her; and ultimately her reunion with, and marriage to, her beloved Rochester. en-wikipedia-org-7102 Mansfield''s first printed stories appeared in the High School Reporter and the Wellington Girls'' High School magazine.[1] in 1898 and 1899.[5] Her first formally published story "His Little Friend" appeared the following year in a society magazine, New Zealand Graphic and Ladies Journal.[6] Much of her work remained unpublished at her death, and Murry took on the task of editing and publishing it in two additional volumes of short stories (The Dove''s Nest in 1923, and Something Childish in 1924); a volume of poems; The Aloe; Novels and Novelists; and collections of her letters and journals. Archives of Katherine Mansfield material are held in the Turnbull Collection of the National Library of New Zealand in Wellington, with other important holdings at the Newberry Library in Chicago, the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at the University of Texas, Austin and the British Library in London. en-wikipedia-org-7103 This article cannot do more than enumerate the leading troubadours and briefly indicate in what conditions their poetry was developed and through what circumstances it fell into decay and finally disappeared: Peire d''Alvernha, who in certain respects must be classed with Marcabru; Arnaut Daniel, remarkable for his complicated versification, the inventor of the sestina, a poetic form for which Dante and Petrarch express an admiration difficult for us to understand; Arnaut de Mareuil; Bertran de Born, now the most generally known of all the troubadours on account of the part he is said to have played both by his sword and his sirveniescs in the struggle between Henry II of England and his rebel sons, though the importance of his part in the events of the time seems to have been greatly exaggerated; Peire Vidal of Toulouse, a poet of varied inspiration who grew rich with gifts bestowed on him by the greatest nobles of his time; Guiraut de Borneil, lo macsire dels trobadors, and at any rate master in the art of the so-called close style (trebar clus), though he has also left us some songs of charming simplicity; Gaucelm Faidit, from whom we have a touching lament (plaint) on the death of Richard Cœur de Lion; Folquet of Marseille, the most powerful thinker among the poets of the south, who from being a merchant and troubadour became an abbot, and finally bishop of Toulouse (died 1231).[5] en-wikipedia-org-7122 The eagerness of Vikings in the Danelaw to communicate with their Anglo-Saxon neighbours resulted in the erosion of inflection in both languages.[5][6] Old Norse may have had a more profound impact on Middle and Modern English development than any other language.[7][8][9] Simeon Potter notes: "No less far-reaching was the influence of Scandinavian upon the inflexional endings of English in hastening that wearing away and leveling of grammatical forms which gradually spread from north to south.".[10] With the discontinuation of the Late West Saxon standard used for the writing of Old English in the period prior to the Norman Conquest, Middle English came to be written in a wide variety of scribal forms, reflecting different regional dialects and orthographic conventions. Later in the Middle English period, however, and particularly with the development of the Chancery Standard in the 15th century, orthography became relatively standardised in a form based on the East Midlands-influenced speech of London. en-wikipedia-org-7137 The earliest texts in Finland were written in Swedish or Latin during the Finnish Middle Age (ca. After becoming a part of Russian Empire in early 19-th century the rise in education and nationalism promoted public interest to folklore in Finland and resulted in increase of literary activity in Finnish language. After becoming a part of Russian Empire known as the Grand Duchy of Finland in early 19-th century the rise in education and nationalism promoted public interest to folklore in Finland and resulted in increase of literary activity in Finnish language. Swedish-language literature[edit] Even after the establishment of Finnish as the primary language of administration and education, Swedish remained important in Finland. During the early 20th century, the Swedish-language modernism emerged in Finland as one of the most acclaimed literal movements in the history of the country. en-wikipedia-org-7138 [[Orature|Oral tradition]] was very strong in early [[Anglo-Saxon England|English culture]] and most literary works were written to be performed.{{Citation | first = Francis P jr | last = Magoun | title = The Oral-Formulaic Character of Anglo-Saxon Narrative Poetry | journal = Speculum | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 446–67 | doi=10.2307/2847021| jstor = 2847021 | year = 1953 }}.{{Citation | last = Fry | first = Donald K jr | year = 1968 | title = The Beowulf Poet: A Collection of Critical Essays | place = Englewood Cliffs | publisher = Prentice-Hall | pages = 83–113}}. [[Epic poetry|Epic poems]] were very popular, and some, including ''''[[Beowulf]]'''', have survived to the present day. 1126) | title = Oxford Dictionary of National Biography | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2004 | url = http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8383 | access-date = 8 February 2011}}. At the end of the 12th century, [[Layamon]] in ''''[[Layamon''s Brut|Brut]]'''' adapted the [[Norman-French]] of [[Wace]] to produce the first English-language work to present the legends of [[King Arthur]] and the [[Knights of the Round Table]].{{Sfn | Drabble | 1996 | p = 44}} It was also the first historiography written in English since the [[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]. en-wikipedia-org-715 The Pilgrim''s Progress from This World, to That Which Is to Come is a 1678 Christian allegory written by John Bunyan. Atop the Hill of Difficulty, Christian makes his first stop for the night at the House of the Palace Beautiful, which is a place built by God for the refresh of pilgrims and godly travelers. Christian and Hopeful, with deep discourse about the truth of their glorious salvation, manage to make it through the dangerous Enchanted Ground (a place where the air makes them sleepy and if they fall asleep, they never wake up) into the Land of Beulah, where they ready themselves to cross the dreaded River of Death on foot to Mount Zion and the Celestial City. ^ a b c d John Bunyan, The Pilgrim''s Progress, edited with an introduction by Roger Sharrock, (Harmondsworth: Penguins Books, Ltd., 1965), 10, 59, 94, 326–27, 375. en-wikipedia-org-7152 George MacDonald (10 December 1824 – 18 September 1905) was a Scottish author, poet and Christian minister. An account cited how the young George suffered lapses in health in his early years and was subject to problems with his lungs such as asthma, bronchitis and even a bout of tuberculosis.[11] This last illness was considered a family disease and two of MacDonald''s brothers, his mother, and later three of his own children actually died from the ailment.[12] Even in his adult life, he was constantly travelling in search of purer air for his lungs.[13] George MacDonald''s best-known works are Phantastes, The Princess and the Goblin, At the Back of the North Wind, and Lilith (1895), all fantasy novels, and fairy tales such as "The Light Princess", "The Golden Key", and "The Wise Woman". His son Greville became a noted medical specialist, a pioneer of the Peasant Arts movement, wrote numerous fairy tales for children, and ensured that new editions of his father''s works were published.[37] Another son, Ronald, became a novelist.[38] His daughter Mary was engaged to the artist Edward Robert Hughes until her death in 1878. en-wikipedia-org-7156 Over his seven-decade career, Alexander wrote 48 books, and his work has been translated into 20 languages.[1] His most famous work is The Chronicles of Prydain, a series of five high fantasy novels whose conclusion, The High King, was awarded the 1969 Newbery Medal for excellence in American children''s literature.[2] He won U.S. National Book Awards in 1971 and 1982.[3][4] The second volume (The Black Cauldron) was a runner-up for the 1966 Newbery Medal; the fourth (Taran Wanderer) was a School Library Journal Best Book of the Year; the fifth and concluding volume (The High King) won the 1969 Newbery.[81] Alexander was included in the 1972 third volume of the HW Wilson reference series, Book of Junior Authors and Illustrators[48]—early in his career as a children''s writer, but after Prydain was complete.[82] For his contribution as a children''s writer, Alexander was U.S. nominee in 1996 and again in 2008 for the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award, the highest recognition available to creators of children''s books.[83][84] Many of Alexander''s later books received awards The Marvelous Misadventures of Sebastian won the 1971 National Book Award in category Children''s Books[3] and in 1982 Westmark also won a National Book Award.[4][b] en-wikipedia-org-7158 Old English (Englisc, pronounced [ˈeŋɡliʃ]), or Anglo-Saxon,[1] is the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. Old English developed from a set of Anglo-Frisian or Ingvaeonic dialects originally spoken by Germanic tribes traditionally known as the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. Old English is a West Germanic language, developing out of Ingvaeonic (also known as North Sea Germanic) dialects from the 5th century. The strength of the Viking influence on Old English appears from the fact that the indispensable elements of the language – pronouns, modals, comparatives, pronominal adverbs (like "hence" and "together"), conjunctions and prepositions – show the most marked Danish influence; the best evidence of Scandinavian influence appears in the extensive word borrowings for, as Jespersen indicates, no texts exist in either Scandinavia or in Northern England from this time to give certain evidence of an influence on syntax. en-wikipedia-org-7159 Thomas Norton Wikipedia Thomas Norton (1532 – 10 March 1584) was an English lawyer, politician, writer of verse, and playwright. He contributed to Tottel''s Miscellany, and in 1560 he co-authored, along with Thomas Sackville, the earliest English tragedy, Gorboduc, which was performed before Elizabeth I in the Inner Temple on 18 January 1561.[2] Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-7164 Wikipedia community project developing an open research hub for the Wikimedia community The Wikipedia Library is an open research hub, a place for active Wikipedia editors to gain access to the vital reliable sources that they need to do their work and to be supported in using those resources to improve the encyclopedia. We aim to make access and use of sources free, easy, collaborative, and efficient. Request access to sources: Get free access to otherwise paid or subscription resources via the Wikipedia Library Card Platform. Explore open access: Learn about freely available and licensed resources. Build a global branch: Support a Wikipedia Library in another language community. Share open or digital collections: Make library/archival resources available online. facebook: The Wikipedia Library • irc: #wikipedia-library The Wikipedia Library (talk | e) The Wikipedia Library Bookshelf (meta) Wikipedia Loves Libraries Get free access to sources Categories: The Wikipedia Library en-wikipedia-org-7168 Perhaps the earliest references to Asian American literature appeared with David Hsin-fu Wand''s Asian American Heritage: An Anthology of Prose and Poetry,[1] published in 1974. Elaine Kim''s seminal book of criticism, Asian American Literature: An Introduction to the Writings and Their Social Context,[2] was published in 1982 and was the first critical book on the topic. Numerous authors produce literary and critical work used, but defining "Asian American literature" remains a troublesome task. Common themes in Asian American literature include race, culture, and finding a sense of identity. Authors also touch upon the lack of visibility and criticism of Asian American literature. Visibility of Asian American literature[edit] An Anthology of Asian-American Writers (1974), edited by Frank Chin, Jeffery Paul Chan, Lawson Fusao Inada, and others. Asian American Literary Awards[edit] The AAAS also has an annual award for Asian American literature. Asian American authors[edit] Asian/Pacific American Awards for Literature Categories: Asian-American literature en-wikipedia-org-7171 Alfred was a son of Æthelwulf, king of Wessex, and his wife Osburh.[3] According to his biographer, Asser, writing in 893, "In the year of our Lord''s Incarnation 849 Alfred, King of the Anglo-Saxons", was born at the royal estate called Wantage, in the district known as Berkshire[a] (which is so called from Berroc Wood, where the box tree grows very abundantly)." This date has been accepted by the editors of Asser''s biography, Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge,[4] and by other historians such as David Dumville and Richard Huscroft.[5] However, West Saxon genealogical lists state that Alfred was 23 when he became king in April 871, implying that he was born between April 847 and April 848.[6] This dating is adopted in the biography of Alfred by Alfred Smyth, who regards Asser''s biography as fraudulent,[7] an allegation which is rejected by other historians.[8] Richard Abels in his biography discusses both sources but does not decide between them and dates Alfred''s birth as 847/849, while Patrick Wormald in his Oxford Dictionary of National Biography article dates it 848/849.[b] Berkshire had been historically disputed between Wessex and Mercia, and as late as 844, a charter showed that it was part of Mercia, but Alfred''s birth in the county is evidence that, by the late 840s, control had passed to Wessex.[10] en-wikipedia-org-7185 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-7203 How did it come about that a man born poor, losing his mother at birth and soon deserted by his father, afflicted with a painful and humiliating disease, left to wander for twelve years among alien cities and conflicting faiths, repudiated by society and civilization, repudiating Voltaire, Diderot, the Encyclopédie and the Age of Reason, driven from place to place as a dangerous rebel, suspected of crime and insanity, and seeing, in his last months, the apotheosis of his greatest enemy—how did it come about that this man, after his death, triumphed over Voltaire, revived religion, transformed education, elevated the morals of France, inspired the Romantic movement and the French Revolution, influenced the philosophy of Kant and Schopenhauer, the plays of Schiller, the novels of Goethe, the poems of Wordsworth, Byron, and Shelley, the socialism of Marx, the ethics of Tolstoy, and, altogether, had more effect upon posterity than any other writer or thinker of that eighteenth century in which writers were more influential than they had ever been before?[161] en-wikipedia-org-7250 How to report a problem with an article, or find out more information. How to copy Wikipedia''s information, donate your own, or report unlicensed use of your information. If you''re a member of the press looking to contact Wikipedia, or have a business proposal for us. Thank you for your interest in contacting Wikipedia. Edits are neither the responsibility of the Wikimedia Foundation (the organisation that hosts the site) nor of its staff and edits will not generally be made in response to an email request. Although Wikipedia was founded by Jimmy Wales, he is not personally responsible for our content. If you have questions about the concept of Wikipedia rather than a specific problem, the About Wikipedia page may help. The links on the left should direct you to how to contact us or resolve problems. Wikipedia quick introductions Page information By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. About Wikipedia About Wikipedia Contact Wikipedia Contact Wikipedia en-wikipedia-org-7268 There is a church called ''Saint Burnupus'' in his play Red Roses For Me. O''Casey''s father died when Seán was just six years of age, leaving a family of thirteen.[3] The family lived a peripatetic life thereafter, moving from house to house around north Dublin. He wrote two laments: one in verse and a longer one in prose.[8] Ballads authored around this time by O''Casey featured in the two editions of Songs of the Wren, published in 1918; these included "The Man from the Daily Mail", which, along with "The Grand Oul'' Dame Britannia", became Irish rebel music staples. From The Bishop''s Bonfire (1955) O''Casey''s late plays are studies on the common life in Ireland, "Irish microcosmos", like The Drums of Father Ned (1958). ^ Seán O''Casey, Irish Playwright, Is Dead at 84, New York Times Irish Writers on Writing featuring Seán O''Casey. Seán O''Casey at The Abbey Theatre Archive en-wikipedia-org-7271 Scott''s meteoric poetic career reached its zenith with his third long narrative The Lady of the Lake (1810) which sold no fewer than 20,000 copies in the first year.[15] The reviewers were very largely favourable, finding that the defects they had noted in Marmion were largely absent from the new work.[28] In some ways it is a more conventional poem than its predecessors: the narrative is entirely in iambic tetrameters, and the story of the transparently disguised James V (King of Scots 1513‒42) is predictable: Coleridge wrote to Wordsworth: ''The movement of the Poem […] is between a sleeping Canter and a Marketwoman''s trot—but it is endless—I seem never to have made any way—I never remember a narrative poem in which I felt the sense of Progress so languid''.[29] But the metrical uniformity is relieved by frequent songs and the Perthshire Highland setting is presented as an enchanted landscape, which resulted in a phenomenal increase in the local tourist trade.[30] Moreover the poem touches on a theme that was to be central to the Waverley Novels, the clash between neighbouring societies in different stages of development.[15] en-wikipedia-org-7272 In his book Mars and Its Canals (1906), astronomer and businessman Percival Lowell conjectured that an extinct Martian race had once constructed a vast network of aqueducts to channel water to their settlements from Mars'' polar ice caps, Planum Australe and Planum Boreum. (Few writers describe a biodiverse Mars.) In science fiction, Martians are stereotypically imagined in one or more of the following ways: as alien invaders; as humanoids with a civilization that resembles one on Earth; as anthropomorphic animals; as beings with superhuman abilities; as humanoids with a lower intelligence than humans; as human colonists who adopt a Martian identity; and/or as an extinct race who possessed high intelligence. In Heinlein''s 1956 novel Double Star, humans have colonized the solar system, and a politician on Mars faces the civil rights issue of granting a native Martian species (who are second-class citizens) the right to vote. en-wikipedia-org-7276 The term villain first came into English from the Anglo-French and Old French vilain, which is further derived from the Late Latin word villanus,[2] which referred to those bound to the soil of the Villa and worked on an equivalent of a plantation in Late Antiquity, in Italy or Gaul.[3][page needed] Villain archetypes[edit] The fairy tale genre utilises villains as key components to push the narrative forward and influence the hero''s journey. Villains in fiction commonly function in the dual role of adversary and foil to a story''s heroes. In their role as an adversary, the villain serves as an obstacle the hero must struggle to overcome. In their role as a foil, they exemplify characteristics that are diametrically opposed to those of the hero, creating a contrast distinguishing heroic traits from villainous ones.[citation needed] Portraying and employing villains in fiction[edit] Sympathetic villain[edit] "Perceptions of Heroes and Villains in European Literature". en-wikipedia-org-7299 By this time, Fletcher had moved into a closer association with the King''s Men. He collaborated with Shakespeare on Henry VIII, The Two Noble Kinsmen and the lost Cardenio, which is probably (according to some modern scholars) the basis for Lewis Theobald''s play Double Falsehood. He never lost his habit of collaboration, working with Nathan Field and later with Philip Massinger, who succeeded him as house playwright for the King''s Men. His popularity continued throughout his life; during the winter of 1621, three of his plays were performed at court. Philaster appears also to have initiated a vogue for tragicomedy; Fletcher''s influence has been credited with inspiring some features of Shakespeare''s late romances (Kirsch, 288–90) and his influence on the tragicomic work of other playwrights is even more marked. en-wikipedia-org-7305 The larger of the two major islands which make up the nation of Trinidad and Tobago This is on the southern coast of the island of Trinidad, West Indies Main article: History of Trinidad and Tobago Caribs and Arawaks lived in Trinidad long before Christopher Columbus encountered the islands on his third voyage on 31 July 1498. Main article: Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago The demographics of Trinidad and Tobago reflect the diversity of this southernmost country in the West Indies. Main article: Religion in Trinidad and Tobago Further information: Natural history of Trinidad and Tobago Culture of Trinidad and Tobago "Trinidad and Tobago -Known as "the Rainbow Country," the twin-island nation is home to people of African, Spanish, Chinese, British, French and Syrian descent". Islands of Trinidad and Tobago Islands of Trinidad and Tobago en-wikipedia-org-7320 Death of a Naturalist (1966) is a collection of poems written by Seamus Heaney, who received the 1995 Nobel Prize in Literature. The collection begins with one of Heaney''s best-known poems, "Digging", and includes the acclaimed "Death of a Naturalist" and "Mid-Term Break". "Personal Helicon" is the final poem in Heaney''s first collection. Fellow poets Michael Longley and Brendan Kennelly also praised Heaney''s work. Critics generally remarked on Heaney''s skillful use of metaphor and language as well as his attention to detail and rural imagery.[3] Some reviewers found the volume a bit superfluous, John Unterecker of The New York Times Book Review stated that he found some poems possessed "a wit that is sometimes heavy-handed".[4] The Poetry of Seamus Heaney: a Critical Study. "Death of a Naturalist", in The Art of Seamus Heaney, Ed. Tony Curtis, 3rd edn. Seamus Heaney Collected Poems Works by Seamus Heaney Poetry by Seamus Heaney en-wikipedia-org-7331 Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (/ˈlʌtwɪdʒ ˈdɒdʒsən/; 27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), better known by his pen name Lewis Carroll, was an English writer of children''s fiction, notably Alice''s Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass. In The Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll, the editor states that "his Diary is full of such modest depreciations of himself and his work, interspersed with earnest prayers (too sacred and private to be reproduced here) that God would forgive him the past, and help him to perform His holy will in the future."[31] When a friend asked him about his religious views, Dodgson wrote in response that he was a member of the Church of England, but "doubt[ed] if he was fully a ''High Churchman''". After the possible alternative titles were rejected – Alice Among the Fairies and Alice''s Golden Hour – the work was finally published as Alice''s Adventures in Wonderland in 1865 under the Lewis Carroll pen-name, which Dodgson had first used some nine years earlier.[28] The illustrations this time were by Sir John Tenniel; Dodgson evidently thought that a published book would need the skills of a professional artist. en-wikipedia-org-7353 In a letter to his son Richard Burke dated 10 October, he said: "This day I heard from Laurence who has sent me papers confirming the portentous state of France—where the Elements which compose Human Society seem all to be dissolved, and a world of Monsters to be produced in the place of it—where Mirabeau presides as the Grand Anarch; and the late Grand Monarch makes a figure as ridiculous as pitiable".[83] On 4 November, Charles-Jean-François Depont wrote to Burke, requesting that he endorse the Revolution. Burke called for external forces to reverse the Revolution and included an attack on the late French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau as being the subject of a personality cult that had developed in revolutionary France. en-wikipedia-org-7356 Find sources: "Juliet Gardiner" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Juliet Gardiner (born 24 June 1943)[1] is a British historian and a commentator on British social history from Victorian times through to the 1950s. Gardiner''s most recent book:; The Blitz: The British Under Attack was published in 2010 by Harper Press (ISBN 978-0-007240777). In 2012, Gardiner wrote and presented a series for BBC Radio 4 entitled The History of the Future a series of ten programmes exploring how cultures of the past viewed the possibilities of the future.[6] Juliet Gardiner, The Thirties: An Intimate History, London: Harper Press, 2010. ^ Juliet Gardiner in History Today, April 2010 Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-736 A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful Wikipedia A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful is a 1757 treatise on aesthetics written by Edmund Burke. The origins of our ideas of the beautiful and the sublime, for Burke, can be understood by means of their causal structures. Immanuel Kant critiqued Burke for not understanding the causes of the mental effects that occur in the experience of the beautiful or the sublime. Wikisource has original text related to this article: A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1757) A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1757) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Philosophical_Enquiry_into_the_Origin_of_Our_Ideas_of_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful&oldid=998785846" en-wikipedia-org-7362 Historic examples include the waters of Gibraltar, the Strait of Malacca, Madagascar, the Gulf of Aden, and the English Channel, whose geographic structures facilitated pirate attacks.[2] A land-based parallel is the ambushing of travelers by bandits and brigands in highways and mountain passes.[3] Privateering uses similar methods to piracy, but the captain acts under orders of the state authorizing the capture of merchant ships belonging to an enemy nation, making it a legitimate form of war-like activity by non-state actors.[4] Purpose-built galleys (or hybrid sailing vessels) were built by the English in Jamaica in 1683[26] and by the Spanish in the late 16th century.[27] Specially-built sailing frigates with oar-ports on the lower decks, like the James Galley and Charles Galley, and oar-equipped sloops proved highly useful for pirate hunting, though they were not built in sufficient numbers to check piracy until the 1720s.[28] en-wikipedia-org-7364 It was given new impetus by the development of fascism and communism in the lead-up to World War II, continued to develop during the Cold War, and received a fresh impetus from the emergence of rogue states, international criminal organizations, global terrorist networks, maritime piracy and technological sabotage and espionage as potent threats to Western societies.[1] As a genre, spy fiction is thematically related to the novel of adventure (The Prisoner of Zenda, 1894, The Scarlet Pimpernel, 1905), the thriller (such as the works of Edgar Wallace) and the politico-military thriller (The Schirmer Inheritance, 1953, The Quiet American, 1955).[2][3] Other important British writers who first became active in spy fiction during this period include Ian Mackintosh, A Slaying in September (1967); Kenneth Benton, Twenty-fourth Level (1969); Desmond Bagley, Running Blind (1970); Anthony Price, The Labyrinth Makers (1971); Gerald Seymour, Harry''s Game (1975); Brian Freemantle, Charlie M (1977); Bryan Forbes, Familiar Strangers (1979); Reginald Hill, The Spy''s Wife (1980); and Raymond Harold Sawkins, writing as Colin Forbes, Double Jeopardy (1982). en-wikipedia-org-7367 The Crown dependencies (French: Dépendances de la Couronne; Manx: Croghaneyn-crooin) are three island territories off the coast of Great Britain that are self-governing possessions of The Crown: the Bailiwick of Guernsey, the Bailiwick of Jersey and the Isle of Man. They do not form part of either the United Kingdom or the British Overseas Territories.[1][2] Internationally, the dependencies are considered "territories for which the United Kingdom is responsible", rather than sovereign states.[3] As a result, they are not member states of the Commonwealth of Nations.[4] However, they do have relationships with the Commonwealth and other international organisations, and are members of the British–Irish Council. As the Crown dependencies are not sovereign states, the power to pass legislation affecting the islands ultimately rests with the government of the United Kingdom (though this is rarely done without the consent of the dependencies, and the right to do so is disputed). en-wikipedia-org-7368 A second candidate was presented by A.T. Martin, another antiquarian, in an article in the Athenaeum in September 1897,[14] who proposed that the author was Thomas Malory of Papworth St Agnes in Huntingdonshire. This claim was put forward in The Ill-Framed Knight: A Skeptical Inquiry into the Identity of Sir Thomas Malory by William Matthews, a British professor who taught at UCLA (and also transcribed the diary of Samuel Pepys).[17] Matthews''s claim was met with little enthusiasm, despite evidence that the author spoke a regional dialect that matches the language of Le Morte d''Arthur. "Sir Thomas Malory", Le Morte D''Arthur, p. "The Identity of Sir Thomas Malory, Knight-Prisoner." The Review of English Studies; 24.95 (1973): 257–265. "The Identity of Sir Thomas Malory, Knight-Prisoner". en-wikipedia-org-7374 Virginia Woolf was born Adeline Virginia Stephen on 25 January 1882 at 22 Hyde Park Gate in South Kensington, London,[3] to Julia (née Jackson) (1846–1895) and Leslie Stephen (1832–1904), writer, historian, essayist, biographer and mountaineer.[3] Julia Jackson was born in 1846 in Calcutta, British India to John Jackson and Maria "Mia" Theodosia Pattle, from two Anglo-Indian families.[4] John Jackson FRCS was the third son of George Jackson and Mary Howard of Bengal, a physician who spent 25 years with the Bengal Medical Service and East India Company and a professor at the fledgling Calcutta Medical College. The circle, which largely came from the Cambridge Apostles, included writers (Saxon Sydney-Turner, Lytton Strachey) and critics (Clive Bell, Desmond MacCarthy) with Thursday evening "At Homes" that became known as the Thursday Club, a vision of recreating Trinity College ("Cambridge in London"[148]).[149] This circle formed the nucleus of the intellectual circle of writers and artists known as the Bloomsbury Group.[112][113][150] Later, it would include John Maynard Keynes (1907), Duncan Grant (1908), E.M. Forster (1910), Roger Fry (1910), Leonard Woolf (1911) and David Garnett (1914).[w][152][153] en-wikipedia-org-7377 Sybil (novel) Wikipedia This article is about the novel by Benjamin Disraeli. Sybil; or, The Two Nations First edition title page Sybil, or The Two Nations is an 1845 novel by Benjamin Disraeli. Disraeli''s novel was made into a silent film called Sybil in 1921, starring Evelyn Brent and Cowley Wright. Disraeli''s interest in this subject stemmed from his interest in the Chartist movement, a working-class political reformist movement that sought universal male suffrage and other parliamentary reforms. The Difference Engine, a steampunk novel containing alternate versions of several characters from Sybil. Wikiquote has quotations related to: Sybil (novel) Wikisource has original text related to this article: There is no critical edition of Disraeli''s novels. Disraeli, Benjamin Sybil. Disraeli, Benjamin Sybil. This article about an 1840s novel is a stub. This article about a political novel is a stub. Novels by Benjamin Disraeli Novels by Benjamin Disraeli Novels by Benjamin Disraeli en-wikipedia-org-7385 View source for English literature Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-7397 This page allows users to search for multiple sources for a book given the 10or 13-digit ISBN number. Wikimedia page containing links to catalogs of libraries, booksellers, and other book sources If you arrived at this page by clicking an ISBN link in a Wikipedia page, you will find the full range of relevant search links for that specific book by scrolling to the find links below. Find this book on the University of South Africa catalogue Find this book in the University of San Carlos of Guatemala Central Library catalogue Find this book in the joint San José Public Library and San José State University (California) Library catalog Find this book in Hong Kong Public Library Catalogue Find this book on the National University of Singapore library catalogue Find this book in the Croatian National and University Library catalogue Find this book in the National Catalog en-wikipedia-org-7403 The Consolation of Philosophy (Latin: De consolatione philosophiae) is a philosophical work by the Roman statesman Boethius, written around the year 524. The book is heavily influenced by Plato and his dialogues (as was Boethius himself).[11] Its popularity can in part be explained by its Neoplatonic and Christian ethical messages, although current scholarly research is still far from clear exactly why and how the work became so vastly popular in the Middle Ages. However, research conducted by Dr Sam Barrett at the University of Cambridge,[19] extended in collaboration with medieval music ensemble Sequentia, has shown that principles of musical setting for this period can be identified, providing crucial information to enable modern realisations.[20] Sequentia performed the world premiere of the reconstructed songs from Boethius''s The Consolation of Philosophy at Pembroke College, Cambridge, in April 2016, bringing to life music not heard in over 1,000 years; a number of the songs were subsequently recorded on the CD Boethius: Songs of Consolation. Boethius, The Consolation of Philosophy. en-wikipedia-org-7407 Cædmon''s "Hymn" is a short Old English poem originally composed by Cædmon, a supposedly illiterate cow-herder who was, according to Bede, able to sing in honour of God the Creator, using words that he had never heard before. Cædmon''s Hymn is known to have been copied in twenty one medieval manuscripts of Bede''s Latin Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum or its Old English translation.[6] Nineteen of these texts exist in their original state today. The following Old English text is a normalized reading of manuscript M, the Moore Bede (Cambridge, University Library, MS Kk. 5. In 2019, Martin Foys used the Digital Mappa 2.0 platform to produce an open access scholarly edition of seven manuscript witnesses for the West Saxon text of the poem: Cædmon''s Hymn: the West Saxon Versions (The Center for the History of Print and Digital Culture, University of Wisconsin-Madison: 2019): https://uw.digitalmappa.org/12 Three Northumbrian Poems: Cædmon''s Hymn, Bede''s Death Song and the Leiden Riddle. en-wikipedia-org-7409 The most popular British writer of the early years of the 20th century was arguably Rudyard Kipling, a highly versatile writer of novels, short stories and poems, and to date the youngest ever recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature (1907). Other novelists writing in the 1950s and later were: Anthony Powell whose twelve-volume cycle of novels A Dance to the Music of Time, is a comic examination of movements and manners, power and passivity in English political, cultural and military life in the mid-20th century; comic novelist Kingsley Amis is best known for his academic satire Lucky Jim (1954); Nobel Prize laureate William Golding''s allegorical novel Lord of the Flies 1954, explores how culture created by man fails, using as an example a group of British schoolboys marooned on a deserted island who try to govern themselves, but with disastrous results. en-wikipedia-org-7411 The Prisoner of Zenda is an 1894 adventure novel by Anthony Hope, in which the King of Ruritania is drugged on the eve of his coronation and thus is unable to attend the ceremony. A sequel, Rupert of Hentzau, was published in 1898 and is included in some editions of The Prisoner of Zenda. The Prisoner of Zenda (1937): Starring Ronald Colman as Rassendyll and Rudolph, Madeleine Carroll as Princess Flavia, Raymond Massey as Michael, Douglas Fairbanks Jr. as Rupert of Hentzau, C. The Prisoner of Zenda (1973) BBC Radio adaptation starring Julian Glover as Rassendyll/King Rudolf and Hannah Gordon as Princess Flavia.[7] Many subsequent fictional works can be linked to The Prisoner of Zenda;[opinion] indeed, this novel spawned the genre known as Ruritanian romance. Prisoner of Zenda (1988 film) Prisoner of Zenda (1988 film) Prisoner of Zenda (1988 film) Prisoner of Zenda (1988 film) Prisoner of Zenda (1988 film) en-wikipedia-org-7429 Find sources: "Literary criticism" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) E. Michael Jones, for example, argues in his Degenerate Moderns that Stanley Fish was influenced by his own adulterous affairs to reject classic literature that condemned adultery.[6] Jürgen Habermas in Erkenntnis und Interesse [1968] (Knowledge and Human Interests), described literary critical theory in literary studies as a form of hermeneutics: knowledge via interpretation to understand the meaning of human texts and symbolic expressions—including the interpretation of texts which themselves interpret other texts. Related to other forms of literary criticism, the history of the book is a field of interdisciplinary inquiry drawing on the methods of bibliography, cultural history, history of literature, and media theory. Today, approaches based in literary theory and continental philosophy largely coexist in university literature departments, while conventional methods, some informed by the New Critics, also remain active. en-wikipedia-org-7432 Migrant literature often focuses on the social contexts in the migrants'' country of origin which prompt them to leave, on the experience of migration itself, on the mixed reception which they may receive in the country of arrival, on experiences of racism and hostility, and on the sense of rootlessness and the search for identity which can result from displacement and cultural diversity. Relationship to post-colonial literature[edit] A question of current debate is the extent to which postcolonial theory also speaks to migration literature of non-colonial settings. Displacement is a key term in post-colonial theory which applies to all migrant situations. First and second generation migrants[edit] (In post-colonial theory, the term hybridity is also used in non-migrant situations to refer to the impact of the culture of the colonisers on the culture of the colonised.) en-wikipedia-org-7441 The first edition of Waverley, in three volumes, consisting of 1000 copies, was published in Edinburgh on 7 July 1814 by Archibald Constable and Co. and in London later in the month by Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown.[6] As with all the Waverley novels before 1827, publication was anonymous. When wild Highlanders visit Bradwardine''s castle, Edward is intrigued and goes to the mountain lair of the Clan Mac-Ivor, meeting the Chieftain Fergus and his sister Flora, who turn out to be active Jacobites preparing for the insurrection. Ch. 6 The Adieus of Waverley: Sir Everard gives Edward a letter of introduction to Cosmo Bradwardine, Baron of Tully-Veolan, whom he had befriended after the 1715 uprising, and Mr Pembroke saddles him with a voluminous set of his manuscript sermons. Ch. 23 Waverley Continues at Glennaquoich: Flora expresses to Edward her view of Bradwardine and Rose. Dictionary of the Characters in the Waverley Novels of Sir Walter Scott. en-wikipedia-org-7498 In the late 20th and early 21st century in Thailand, for example, there has been a cultural shift away from western social and political values more toward Japanese and Chinese. Together, Greek and Roman thought in philosophy, religion, science, history, and all forms of thought can be viewed as a central underpinning of Western culture, and is therefore termed the "Classical period" by some. In reality it was less an "Age" and more of a movement in popular philosophy, science, and thought that spread over Europe (and probably other parts of the world), over time, and affected different aspects of culture at different points in time. Beginning in the early 17th century with Cartesian thought (see René Descartes), this movement provided philosophical frameworks for the natural sciences, sought to determine the principles of knowledge by rejecting all things previously believed to be known about the world. en-wikipedia-org-7511 He seems to have made use of the list of Arthur''s twelve battles against the Saxons found in the 9th-century Historia Brittonum, along with the battle of Camlann from the Annales Cambriae and the idea that Arthur was still alive.[63] Arthur''s status as the king of all Britain seems to be borrowed from pre-Galfridian tradition, being found in Culhwch and Olwen, the Welsh Triads, and the saints'' lives.[64] Finally, Geoffrey borrowed many of the names for Arthur''s possessions, close family, and companions from the pre-Galfridian Welsh tradition, including Kaius (Cei), Beduerus (Bedwyr), Guenhuuara (Gwenhwyfar), Uther (Uthyr) and perhaps also Caliburnus (Caledfwlch), the latter becoming Excalibur in subsequent Arthurian tales.[65] However, while names, key events, and titles may have been borrowed, Brynley Roberts has argued that "the Arthurian section is Geoffrey''s literary creation and it owes nothing to prior narrative."[66] Geoffrey makes the Welsh Medraut into the villainous Modredus, but there is no trace of such a negative character for this figure in Welsh sources until the 16th century.[67] There have been relatively few modern attempts to challenge the notion that the Historia Regum Britanniae is primarily Geoffrey''s own work, with scholarly opinion often echoing William of Newburgh''s late-12th-century comment that Geoffrey "made up" his narrative, perhaps through an "inordinate love of lying".[68] Geoffrey Ashe is one dissenter from this view, believing that Geoffrey''s narrative is partially derived from a lost source telling of the deeds of a 5th-century British king named Riotamus, this figure being the original Arthur, although historians and Celticists have been reluctant to follow Ashe in his conclusions.[69] en-wikipedia-org-7528 Dame Muriel Sarah Spark DBE FRSE FRSL (née Camberg; 1 February 1918 – 13 April 2006)[1] was a British novelist, short story writer, poet and essayist. Spark used her archive to write her autobiography, "Curriculum Vitae", and after its publication in 1992 much of the material was deposited at National Library of Scotland.[19] Adelaide''s father was Jewish, but her mother was not; Adelaide referred to herself as a "Jewish Gentile.") Spark reacted by accusing him of seeking publicity to further his career as an artist.[26] Muriel''s brother Philip, who himself had become actively Jewish, agreed with her version of the family''s history. "Muriel Spark, Novelist Who Wrote ''The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie,'' Dies at 88". "Author Muriel Spark dies aged 88", BBC News, 15 April 2006. "Muriel Spark archive". Works on Spark''s writing[edit] "Archival material relating to Muriel Spark". Muriel Spark personal archive at National Library of Scotland Novels by Muriel Spark en-wikipedia-org-7533 Some renowned authors include Gibran Khalil Gibran and Ameen Rihani during the first wave of immigration (called the Mahjar group),[6] Vance Bourjaily and William Peter Blatty for the second, and Diana Abu-Jaber and Suheir Hammad in modern-day Arab American literature.[2] There remains a lack of discourse and criticism on Arab-American literature, especially regarding works produced by the Mahjar (first wave) group and second wave of immigration. In terms of style and form, the Mahjar and second wave authors of Arab-American literature had typically focused on poetry[4] and autobiography.[2] The autobiographies generally narrated one of two recurrent stories: a journey of rising to success and wealth from nothing or narratives of romanticized communal upbringing. en-wikipedia-org-7534 Following the success of the Osborne play, the label "angry young men" was later applied by British media to describe young writers who were characterised by a disillusionment with traditional British society. As the Angry Young Men movement began to articulate these themes, the acceptance of related issues was more widespread. Alison remarks on this issue while she, Jimmy and Cliff are sharing an apartment, stating how "she felt she had been placed into a jungle".[3] Jimmy was represented as an embodiment of the young, rebellious post-war generation that questioned the state and its actions.[3] Look Back in Anger provided some of its audience with the hope that Osborne''s work would revitalise the British theatre and enable it to act as a "harbinger of the New Left".[3] Publisher Tom Maschler, who edited a collection of political-literary essays by the ''Angries'' (Declaration, 1957), commented: "(T)hey do not belong to a united movement. "Osborne''s Angry Young Play". en-wikipedia-org-7538 A digital facsimile of the herbarium is available online.[193] The town of Amherst Jones Library''s Special Collections department has an Emily Dickinson Collection consisting of approximately seven thousand items, including original manuscript poems and letters, family correspondence, scholarly articles and books, newspaper clippings, theses, plays, photographs and contemporary artwork and prints.[194] The Archives and Special Collections at Amherst College has substantial holdings of Dickinson''s manuscripts and letters as well as a lock of Dickinson''s hair and the original of the only positively identified image of the poet. en-wikipedia-org-7542 Middle English Poetry (f.169).jpg Wikipedia File:Piers Ploughman. File:Piers Ploughman. Original file ‎(707 × 900 pixels, file size: 292 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) English: Piers Plowman by William Langland (?c. This image is available from the National Library of Wales This file is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. The person who associated a work with this deed has dedicated the work to the public domain by waiving all of their rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law. Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. current 12:20, 28 July 2015 707 × 900 (292 KB) Jason.nlw User created page with UploadWizard The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Usage on sv.wikipedia.org Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Piers_Ploughman._Middle_English_Poetry_(f.169).jpg" en-wikipedia-org-7580 In general linguistics, a vernacular is contrasted with a lingua franca, a third-party language in which persons speaking different vernaculars not understood by each other may communicate.[10] For instance, in Western Europe until the 17th century, most scholarly works had been written in Latin, which was serving as a lingua franca. In religion, Protestantism was a driving force in the use of the vernacular in Christian Europe, the Bible being translated from Latin into vernacular languages with such works as the Bible in Dutch: published in 1526 by Jacob van Liesvelt; Bible in French: published in 1528 by Jacques Lefevre d''Étaples (or Faber Stapulensis); German Luther Bible in 1534 (New Testament 1522); Bible in Spanish: published in Basel in 1569 by Casiodoro de Reina (Biblia del Oso); Bible in Czech: Bible of Kralice, printed between 1579 and 1593; Bible in English: King James Bible, published in 1611; Bible in Slovene, published in 1584 by Jurij Dalmatin. en-wikipedia-org-7597 The first surviving major text in Scots literature is John Barbour''s Brus (1375), composed under the patronage of Robert II and telling the story in epic poetry of Robert I''s actions before the English invasion till the end of the first war of independence.[3] The work was extremely popular among the Scots-speaking aristocracy and Barbour is referred to as the father of Scots poetry, holding a similar place to his contemporary Chaucer in England.[4] Some Scots ballads may date back to the late medieval era and deal with events and people that can be traced back as far as the thirteenth century, including "Sir Patrick Spens" and "Thomas the Rhymer", but which are not known to have existed until they were collected and recorded in the eighteenth century.[5] They were probably composed and transmitted orally and only began to be written down and printed, often as broadsides and as part of chapbooks, later being recorded and noted in books by collectors including Robert Burns and Walter Scott.[6] In the early fifteenth century Scots historical works included Andrew of Wyntoun''s verse Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland and Blind Harry''s The Wallace, which blended historical romance with the verse chronicle. en-wikipedia-org-760 South African literature is the literature of South Africa, which has 11 national languages: Afrikaans, English, Zulu, Xhosa, Sotho, Pedi, Tswana, Venda, Swazi, Tsonga and Ndebele. Any definitive literary history of South Africa should, it could not be argued, discuss literature produced in all eleven languages. Van Wyk Louw introduced international literary theories and movements into the South African literary scene on a much larger scale than any of his predecessors, and his "theory provided the intellectual and philosophical space within which poets and novelists could exercise their craft without fear of transgression; in short, it became the paradigm for Afrikaans literature" (Olivier). Brink and Etienne Leroux deserve special mention, Brink not only because he is accessible to English readers (he writes in English and Afrikaans, e.g. Duiwelskloof is available as Devil''s Valley), but also because the vast oeuvre he produced (prose and drama) sets him apart as arguably the greatest South African writer. Although there are nine official African languages in South Africa, most speakers are fluent in Afrikaans and English. Afrikaans and South African literature. en-wikipedia-org-7612 Isaac Bashevis Singer (Yiddish: יצחק באַשעװיס זינגער‎; November 11, 1903[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] – July 24, 1991) was a Polish-American writer[8][9][10] in Yiddish,[11] awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1978.[12] The Polish form of his birth name was Icek Hersz Zynger.[13] He used his mother''s first name in an initial literary pseudonym, Izaak Baszewis, which he later expanded.[14] He was a leading figure in the Yiddish literary movement, writing and publishing only in Yiddish. The exact date of his birth is uncertain, but most probably it was November 11 a date similar to the one that Singer gave both to his official biographer Paul Kresh,[17] his secretary Dvorah Telushkin,[18] and Rabbi William Berkowitz.[19] The year 1903 is consistent with the historical events that his brother refers to in their childhood memoirs, including the death of Theodor Herzl. Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1969), A Day of Pleasure, Stories of a Boy Growing Up In Warsaw, New York: Doubleday. en-wikipedia-org-7614 Christian hagiographies focus on the lives, and notably the miracles, ascribed to men and women canonized by the Roman Catholic church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox churches, and the Church of the East. Hagiographic works, especially those of the Middle Ages, can incorporate a record of institutional and local history, and evidence of popular cults, customs, and traditions.[7] However, when referring to modern, non-ecclesiastical works, the term hagiography is often used as a pejorative reference to biographies and histories whose authors are perceived to be uncritical of or reverential toward their subject. The genre of lives of the saints first came into being in the Roman Empire as legends about Christian martyrs were recorded. The Bollandist Society continues the study, academic assembly, appraisal and publication of materials relating to the lives of Christian saints. Traditional Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church hagiography in Ge''ez language is known as the Gadl (Saint''s Life). en-wikipedia-org-7616 The scenes are frequently performed together as a one-act play.[1] Sweeney Agonistes is currently available in print in Eliot''s Collected Poems: 1909–1962 listed under his "Unfinished Poems" with the "Fragments of an Aristophanic Melodrama" part of the play''s original title removed. Bennett noted that Eliot wanted "to write a drama of modern life (furnished flat sort of people) in a rhythmic prose ''perhaps with centain things in it accentuated by drum-beats.''"[2] Roby also points out that the style of the play is frequently associated with the rhythm of jazz music as well as the "rhythm of the common speech of his time." [2] Other critics, like Marjorie Lightfoot, associated the play with the "conventions of music-hall comedy," and she notes that Eliot never wrote another play with the musical rhythms of Sweeney.[3] S. Eliot''s Sweeney Agonistes," David Galef writes, "Through the play''s Greek forms, en-wikipedia-org-7629 The Franks Casket (or the Auzon Casket) is a small Anglo-Saxon whale''s bone (not "whalebone" in the sense of baleen) chest from the early 8th century, now in the British Museum. Rōmwalus and Rēomwalus, twēgen gebrōðera: fēdde hīe wylf in Rōmeceastre, ēðle unnēah. Carol Neuman de Vegvar (1999) observes that other depictions of Romulus and Remus are found in East Anglian art and coinage (for example the very early Undley bracteate).[18] She suggests that because of the similarity of the story of Romulus and Remus to that of Hengist and Horsa, the brothers who were said to have founded England, "the legend of a pair of outcast or traveller brothers who led a people and contributed to the formation of a kingdom was probably not unfamiliar in the 8th-century Anglo-Saxon milieu of the Franks Casket and could stand as a reference to destined rulership."[19] C., ''The Franks Casket'', Anglo-Saxon Aloud (15 February 2008) (readings of the poems on the front and right-hand panels). en-wikipedia-org-7660 In the West were the Gaelic-speaking people of Dál Riata, who had close links with Ireland, from where they brought with them the name Scots.[1] Very few works of Gaelic poetry survive from the early Medieval period, and most of these are in Irish manuscripts.[2] There are religious works that can be identified as Scottish, including the Elegy for St Columba by Dallan Forgaill (c. As a result, Gaelic, once dominant north of the Tay, began a steady decline.[8] Lowland writers began to treat Gaelic as a second class, rustic and even amusing language, helping to frame attitudes towards the highlands and to create a cultural gulf with the lowlands.[8] The major corpus of Medieval Scottish Gaelic poetry, The Book of the Dean of Lismore was compiled by the brothers James and Donald MacGregor in the early decades of the sixteenth century. en-wikipedia-org-7675 Before the Tudor period, English kings had been murdered while imprisoned (for example Edward II and Edward V) or killed in battle by their subjects (for example Richard III), but none of these deaths are usually referred to as regicide. The regicide of Charles I of England[edit] Charles was then escorted through the Banqueting House in the Palace of Whitehall to a scaffold where he would be beheaded.[6] He forgave those who had passed sentence on him and gave instructions to his enemies that they should learn to "know their duty to God, the King that is, my successors and the people".[7] He then gave a brief speech outlining his unchanged views of the relationship between the monarchy and the monarch''s subjects, ending with the words "I am the martyr of the people".[8] His head was severed from his body with one blow. Regicides as murders[edit] en-wikipedia-org-7689 Hill''s short fiction has been featured in the literary quarterlies Descant and Exile, as well as in Canadian newspapers and magazines such as The Toronto Star and Toronto Life.[13] The Walrus published Hill''s award-winning essay "Is Africa''s Pain Black America''s Burden",[35] and a short story entitled "Meet You at the Door".[36] Its January–February 2015 issue featured Hill''s essay on the creative process of adapting The Book of Negroes for the TV mini-series.[37] His newest novel, The Illegal, was published in fall 2015.[43] The novel has already been optioned for film treatment by Conquering Lion Pictures, the producers of the Book of Negroes miniseries.[44] The Illegal won the 2016 edition of Canada Reads, making Hill the first writer ever to win the competition twice.[45] en-wikipedia-org-7697 Ernest Christopher Dowson (2 August 1867 – 23 February 1900) was an English poet, novelist, In November 1888, he started work with his father at Dowson and Son, a dry-docking business in Limehouse, east London, which had been established by the poet''s grandfather. This latter poem was first published in The Second Book of the Rhymer''s Club in 1894,[11] and was noticed by Richard Le Gallienne in his "Wanderings in Bookland" column in The Idler, volume 9.[12] The Poems and Prose of Ernest Dowson, With a Memoir by Arthur Symons (1919) The Life of Ernest Dowson, Poet and Decadent. Anon (1968) "Ernest Dowson", in Essays and Reviews from the Times Literary Supplement 1967, London: Oxford University Press, pp. The Poems and Prose of Ernest Dowson. Jad Adams, Madder Music, Stronger Wine: The Life of Ernest Dowson, Poet and Decadent (London: I.B. Tauris & Co., 2000) Works by Ernest Christopher Dowson at Project Gutenberg en-wikipedia-org-7716 Lotte Hedeager (born February 24, 1948) is a Danish archaeologist who is Professor of Archaeology at the University of Oslo. In 1996, Hedeager was appointed Professor of Archaeology at the University of Oslo. She specializes in the study of Iron Age Scandinavia.[1] She is a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.[2] Selected works[edit] External links[edit] Lotte Hedeager at the website of the University of Oslo This article about a Danish archaeologist is a stub. Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2020, at 15:25 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-7724 Although Lewis originally conceived what would become The Chronicles of Narnia in 1939[1] (the picture of a Faun with parcels in a snowy wood has a history dating to 1914),[2] he did not finish writing the first book The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe until 1949. The series was first referred to as The Chronicles of Narnia by fellow children''s author Roger Lancelyn Green in March 1951, after he had read and discussed with Lewis his recently completed fourth book The Silver Chair, originally entitled Night under Narnia.[4] The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, completed by the end of March 1949[16] and published by Geoffrey Bles in the United Kingdom on 16 October 1950, tells the story of four ordinary children: Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy Pevensie, who have been evacuated to the English countryside from London following the outbreak of World War II. en-wikipedia-org-7731 Lanark: A Life in Four Books Wikipedia Book by Alasdair Gray Lanark, subtitled A Life in Four Books, is the first novel of Scottish writer Alasdair Gray. The connection between the two narratives is ambiguous; Gray said that "One is a highly exaggerated form of just about the everyday reality of the other"[5] (for example, Thaw''s eczema is mirrored by Lanark''s skin disease ''dragonhide''). Gray said Glasgow Cathedral was the only location he purposefully visited to make notes about during the writing of the novel; all other locations he wrote about from memory.[7] "BBC Scotland Alasdair Gray: Lanark at 30". "Lanark by Alasdair Gray". External links[edit] Wikiquote has quotations related to: Lanark: A Life in Four Books BBC Scotland: Lanark at 30 Alasdair Gray talking about the inspiration behind Lanark Lanark 1982 Unofficial Alasdair Gray site Works by Alasdair Gray Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lanark:_A_Life_in_Four_Books&oldid=999098350" Novels by Alasdair Gray en-wikipedia-org-7734 Medieval theatre covers all drama produced in Europe over that thousand-year period and refers to a variety of genres, including liturgical drama, mystery plays, morality plays, farces and masques. However, by the late period, drama and theatre began to become more secularized and a larger number of records survive documenting plays and performances. A larger number of plays survive from France and Germany in this period and some type of religious dramas were performed in nearly every European country in the Late Middle Ages. In 2001, the Isango Ensemble produced an African version of the Chester Cycle at the Garrick Theatre in London as The Mysteries – Yiimimangaliso, performing in a combination of the Xhosa language, the Zulu language, English, Latin and Afrikaans. "The English Stage: A History of Drama and Performance." Cambridge University Press,1-45. en-wikipedia-org-7747 A playwright or dramatist is a person who writes plays. Early playwrights[edit] One structural unit that is still useful to playwrights today, is the "French scene", which is a scene in a play where the beginning and end are marked by a change in the makeup of the group of characters onstage, rather than by the lights going up or down or the set being changed.[5] Popularized in the nineteenth century by the French playwrights Eugène Scribe and Victorien Sardou, and perhaps the most schematic of all formats, the "well-made play" relies on a series of coincidences (for better or worse) that determined the action. Contemporary playwrights in the United States[edit] New play development[edit] Media related to Playwrights at Wikimedia Commons Wikipedia articles with style issues from November 2019 en-wikipedia-org-7758 Category:English-language culture Wikipedia Category:English-language culture Jump to navigation Jump to search This category has the following 10 subcategories, out of 10 total. ► English culture‎ (52 C, 76 P) ► English-language literature‎ (14 C, 45 P) ► English-language mass media‎ (10 C, 10 P) ► English-language music‎ (31 C, 1 P) ► English-language works‎ (13 C, 4 P) Pages in category "English-language culture" The following 5 pages are in this category, out of 5 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). English Canada English literature English studies Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:English-language_culture&oldid=945327005" Categories: English language Culture by language Navigation menu Personal tools Views View history Navigation Learn to edit Recent changes Tools Languages Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Edit links This page was last edited on 13 March 2020, at 07:16 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-7767 King Horn is a Middle English chivalric romance dating back to the middle of the thirteenth century. Upon reaching adulthood, Horn and the king''s daughter, Rymenhild, fall in love and become betrothed; Sir Athelbrus, the castle steward is entrusted by the princess as her go-between. Horn reveals to King Thurston his true identity and history, and informs him that he is returning to Westernesse to claim his betrothed. Disguised as an old palmer, having darkened his skin, Horn infiltrates the castle of King Modi, where the wedding feast is taking place, and contrives to return to her the ring she had given him at the time of their betrothal. King Horn: A Romance of the Thirteenth Century. ^ Introduction to the TEAMS edition of King Horn: [1]. King Horn at University of Rochester, TEAMS Middle English Texts Series en-wikipedia-org-7789 Ann Radcliffe (née Ward; 9 July 1764 – 7 February 1823) was an English author and the pioneer of Gothic fiction. Her technique of explaining apparently supernatural elements in her novels has been credited with gaining Gothic fiction respectability in the 1790s.[1] Radcliffe was the most popular writer of her day and almost universally admired; contemporary critics called her the mighty enchantress and the Shakespeare of romance-writers, and her popularity continued through the 19th century.[2] Interest has revived in the early 21st century, with the publication of paperback reprints and three biographies.[3] Robinson, bought the copyright for The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) for £500, while Cadell and Davies paid £800 for The Italian (1797), making Radcliffe the highest-paid professional writer of the 1790s.[1] Her first successful novel was Romance of the Forest (1791). Radcliffe did not like the direction in which Gothic literature was heading – one of her later novels, The Italian, was written in response to Matthew Gregory Lewis''s The Monk. en-wikipedia-org-78 User contributions for 40.76.139.33 Wikipedia For 40.76.139.33 talk block log logs filter log This IP address is currently blocked. The latest block log entry is provided below for reference: This IP address is currently globally blocked. The global block log entry is provided below for reference: 20:12, 23 July 2019: Jon Kolbert (meta.wikimedia.org) globally blocked 40.76.0.0/16 (global block log) (expires on 23 January 2022 at 20:12) (Open Proxy: Webhost: Contact stewards if you are affected ) User talk Wikipedia talk File talk MediaWiki talk Template talk Help talk Category talk Portal talk Book talk Draft talk Education Program talk TimedText talk Module talk Gadget talk Gadget definition talk Only show edits that are page creations This is the contributions page for an IP user, identified by the user''s IP address. Many IP addresses change periodically, and are often shared by several users. Talk Talk User contributions User logs en-wikipedia-org-780 Sir Isaac Newton PRS (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27[a]) was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, theologian, and author (described in his own day as a "natural philosopher") who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in the scientific revolution. Newton''s work has been said "to distinctly advance every branch of mathematics then studied."[23] His work on the subject usually referred to as fluxions or calculus, seen in a manuscript of October 1666, is now published among Newton''s mathematical papers.[24] The author of the manuscript De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas, sent by Isaac Barrow to John Collins in June 1669, was identified by Barrow in a letter sent to Collins in August of that year as "[...] of an extraordinary genius and proficiency in these things."[25] en-wikipedia-org-7808 He laid the foundations of a reawakening of interest in older Scottish literature, publishing The Ever Green (1724), a collection that included many major poetic works of the Stewart period.[57] He led the trend for pastoral poetry, helping to develop the Habbie stanza, which would be later be used by Robert Burns as a poetic form.[58] His Tea-Table Miscellany (1724–37) contained poems old Scots folk material, his own poems in the folk style and "gentilizings" of Scots poems in the English neo-classical style.[59] His pastoral opera The Gentle Shepherd was one of the most influential works of the era.[54] He would also play a leading role in supporting drama in Scotland and the attempt to found a permanent theatre in the capital.[60] en-wikipedia-org-7812 The Provoked Wife (1697) is the second original comedy written by John Vanbrugh. The often-repeated claim that Vanbrugh wrote part of his comedy The Provoked Wife in the Bastille is based on allusions in a couple of much later memoirs, but is regarded with some doubt by modern scholars (see McCormick). In the intimate conversational dialogue between Lady Brute and her niece Bellinda (Bracegirdle), and especially in the star part of Sir John Brute the brutish husband (Betterton), which was hailed as one of the peaks of Thomas Betterton''s remarkable career, The Provoked Wife is something as unusual as a Restoration problem play. A later unfinished play by Vanbrugh was completed by Colley Cibber and staged under the title The Provoked Husband in 1728. Trevor Peacock played Sir John Brute, Prunella Scales Lady Brute and Zoe Wanamaker Belinda in a production at the Watford Palace Theatre 21 February 10 March 1973. ^ http://earlymoderntheatre.co.uk/film-the-provoked-wife/ Categories: Plays by John Vanbrugh en-wikipedia-org-7813 View source for English literature Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-7817 View source for English literature Wikipedia If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-782 Mary Scott''s The Female Advocate: A Poem Occasioned by Reading Mr Duncombe''s Feminead (1774) is one of the best known such works in the 18th century, a period that saw a burgeoning of women writers being published. Some scholars, such as Roger Lonsdale, mentions that something of a commonality exists and that "it is not unreasonable to consider" women writers" in some aspects as a special case, given their educational insecurities and the constricted notions of the properly ''feminine'' in social and literary behaviour they faced.".[8] Using the term "women''s writing" implies, then, the belief that women in some sense constitute a group, however diverse, who share a position of difference based on gender. Gilbert, Sandra M., and Susan Gubar, eds., The New Feminist Criticism: Essays on Women, Literature and Theory. Literary and review journals of women''s writing[edit] en-wikipedia-org-7857 Largely unrecognised during his lifetime, Blake is now considered a seminal figure in the history of the poetry and visual arts of the Romantic Age. What he called his prophetic works were said by 20th-century critic Northrop Frye to form "what is in proportion to its merits the least read body of poetry in the English language".[2] His visual artistry led 21st-century critic Jonathan Jones to proclaim him "far and away the greatest artist Britain has ever produced".[3] In 2002, Blake was placed at number 38 in the BBC''s poll of the 100 Greatest Britons.[4] While he lived in London his entire life, except for three years spent in Felpham,[5] he produced a diverse and symbolically rich œuvre, which embraced the imagination as "the body of God"[6] or "human existence itself".[7] en-wikipedia-org-7866 Mock-heroic, mock-epic or heroi-comic works are typically satires or parodies that mock common Classical stereotypes of heroes and heroic literature. The most likely genesis for the mock-heroic, as distinct from the picaresque, burlesque, and satirical poem is the comic poem Hudibras (1662–1674), by Samuel Butler. This formal indication of satire proved to separate one form of mock-heroic from the others. Poet Laureate John Dryden is responsible for some of the dominance among satirical genres of the mock-heroic in the later Restoration era. After Dryden, the form continued to flourish, and there are countless minor mock-heroic poems from 1680 to 1780. The most significant later mock-heroic poems were by Alexander Pope. Pope''s The Rape of the Lock is a noted example of the Mock-Heroic style; indeed, Pope never deviates from mimicking epic poetry such as Homer''s Iliad and Virgil''s Aeneid . Further discussion of Mock-Heroic style of The Rape of the Lock en-wikipedia-org-7879 After the month of May, he began to pursue other forms of poetry, including the verse tragedy Otho the Great in collaboration with friend and roommate Charles Brown, the second half of Lamia, and a return to his unfinished epic Hyperion.[3] His efforts from spring until autumn were dedicated completely to a career in poetry, alternating between writing long and short poems, and setting himself a goal to compose more than fifty lines of verse each day. At the turn of the 20th century, a 1904 analysis of great poetry by Stephen Gwynn claimed, "above and before all [of Keats''s poems are] the three odes, To a Nightingale, On a Grecian Urn, and To Autumn. "Poem and Ideology: A Study of ''To Autumn''" (1975), in John Keats: Modern Critical Views. en-wikipedia-org-7881 By April, the Academy narrows the field to around twenty candidates.[21] By May, a short list of five names is approved by the Committee.[21] The next four months are spent in reading and reviewing the works of the five candidates.[21] In October, members of the Academy vote and the candidate who receives more than half of the votes is named the Nobel laureate in Literature. From 1986 the Academy acknowledged the international horizon in Nobel''s will, which rejected any consideration for the nationality of the candidates, and awarded authors from all over the world such as Wole Soyinka from Nigeria, Naguib Mahfouz from Egypt, Octavio Paz from Mexico, Nadine Gordimer from South Africa, Derek Walcott from St. Lucia, Toni Morrison, the first African-American on the list, Kenzaburo Oe from Japan, and Gao Xingjian, the first laureate to write in Chinese.[19] In the 2000s V. en-wikipedia-org-7888 Find sources: "National epic" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) National epics frequently recount the origin of a nation, a part of its history, or a crucial event in the development of national identity such as other national symbols. It is distinct from a pan-national epic which is taken as representative of a larger cultural or linguistic group than a nation or a nation-state. Where no obvious national epic existed, the "Romantic spirit" was motivated to fill it. ^ Paul Cohen, "In search of the Trojan Origins of French", in Fantasies of Troy, Classical Tales and the Social Imaginary in Medieval and Early Modern Europe, Alan Shepard, Stephen David Powell eds., published by the Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 2004, p. en-wikipedia-org-7905 He cleared the ruins and reconstructed the cathedral to a design based closely on that of the Abbey of Saint-Étienne in Caen, where he had previously been abbot, using stone brought from France.[9] The new church, its central axis about 5m south of that of its predecessor,[5] was a cruciform building, with an aisled nave of nine bays, a pair of towers at the west end, aisleless transepts with apsidal chapels, a low crossing tower, and a short quire ending in three apses. Major repair and conservation projects to be funded by the appeal include roofs of the nave, aisles, and North West and South East Transepts; stone carvings, pinnacles and stone facings of the Bell Harry Tower; work on the North side of the Corona Chapel;[53] conservation of the Christ Church Gate entry to the Precincts; conservation of stained glass and surrounding stonework throughout the cathedral; and preservation of the collection of historic books and manuscripts. en-wikipedia-org-7923 Songs of Innocence and of Experience[1] is a collection of illustrated poems by William Blake. It appeared in two phases: a few first copies were printed and illuminated by Blake himself in 1789; five years later he bound these poems with a set of new poems in a volume titled Songs of Innocence and of Experience Shewing the Two Contrary States of the Human Soul. The Huntington Library and Art Gallery in San Marino, California, published a small facsimile edition in 1975 that included sixteen plates reproduced from two copies of Songs of Innocence and of Experience in their collection, with an introduction by James Thorpe. Tate Publishing, in collaboration with The William Blake Trust, produced a folio edition containing all of the songs of Innocence and Experience in 2006. William Blake, Songs of Innocence and of Experience edited with an introduction and notes by Andrew Lincoln, and select plates from other copies. en-wikipedia-org-793 Jean Rhys, CBE (/riːs/;[3] born Ella Gwendolyn Rees Williams (24 August 1890 – 14 May 1979), was a mid-20th-century novelist who was born and grew up in the Caribbean island of Dominica. Diana Athill of André Deutsch gambled on publishing Wide Sargasso Sea. She and the writer Francis Wyndham helped to revive interest in Rhys''s work.[10] There have been film, operatic and radio adaptations of the book.[11][12][13] Rhys''s collected papers and ephemera are housed in the University of Tulsa''s McFarlin Library.[25] The British Library acquired a selection of Jean Rhys Papers in 1972, including drafts of short stories, novels; After Leaving Mr. Mackenzie, Voyage in the Dark, and Wide Sargasso Sea, and an unpublished play entitled English Harbour.[26] Research material relating to Jean Rhys can also be found in the Archive of Margaret Ramsey Ltd at the British Library relating to stage and film rights for adaptations to her work.[27] en-wikipedia-org-794 Thank you for offering to contribute an image or other media file for use on Wikipedia. If you want to replace the existing file with an uncontroversial, improved version of the same work, please go to Commons and upload it there, not here on the English Wikipedia''s local wiki. Yes, I want to overwrite the existing file, and I will use this wizard to add a new description and new source information for it. The copyright owner of this file has given it to me for uploading on Wikipedia. This is a copyrighted, non-free work, but I believe it is Fair Use. I have read the Wikipedia rules on Non-Free Content, and I am prepared to explain how the use of this file will meet the criteria set out there. Then, after uploading, open the image description page for editing and add your separate explanations for each additional article manually. en-wikipedia-org-7942 Croatian literature refers to literary works attributed to the medieval and modern culture of the Croats, Croatia and the Croatian language. In Split, the Dalmatian humanist Marko Marulić was widely known in Europe at the time for his writings in Latin, but his major legacy is considered to be his works in Croatian,[7] the most celebrated of which is the epic poem Judita, written in 1501 and published in Venice in 1521. The artistic range is not as great in this period as during the Renaissance or the baroque, but there is a greater distribution of works and a growing integration of the literature of the separate areas of Dalmatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Slavonia, Dubrovnik and northwestern Croatia, which will lead into the national and political movements of the 19th century. In his short life Antun Branko Šimić[41] wrote one of the most outstanding poetic and critical-essay works of Croatian literature. en-wikipedia-org-7943 The Life of Saint Audrey Wikipedia Jump to navigation La Vie Seinte Audree (English: The Life of Saint Audrey) is a 4625-line hagiography detailing the life, death, and miracles of Saint Audrey, an Anglo-Saxon saint from Ely in Britain. The only existing copy of La Vie Seinte Audree is contained in a manuscript in the British Library, Additional 70513, recorded in the early 14th century. La Vie Seinte Audree was recently attributed to the French medieval poet Marie de France. Pickens suggests that, in actuality, Marie de France combined three Latin texts to create her Seinte Audree: the life of Saint Etheldreda, De secunda translatione, and Miracula Sancte Etheldrede.[2] "Introduction." The Life of Saint Audrey: A Text by Marie de France. Categories: Works by Marie de France Hidden categories: Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017, at 16:56 (UTC). en-wikipedia-org-7945 Consisting of sixteen books written in Latin on the invitation of Archbishop Absalon, Gesta Danorum describes Danish history and to some degree Scandinavian history in general, from prehistory to the late 12th century. The first printed press publication and the oldest known complete text of Saxo''s works is Christiern Pedersen''s Latin edition, printed and published by Jodocus Badius in Paris, France, on 15 March 1514 under the title of Danorum Regum heroumque Historiae ("History of the Kings and heroes of the Danes"). The source of all existing translations and new editions is Christiern Pedersen''s Latin Danorum Regum heroumque Historiae. Karsten Friis-Jensen (editor); Peter Fisher (translator) (2015), Saxo Grammaticus: Gesta Danorum The History of the DanesCS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) , Volume 1 includes books I-X and Volume 2 includes books XI-XVI. (eds.), The Nine Books of the Danish History of Saxo Grammaticus in Two Volumes, Norroena Society en-wikipedia-org-7957 Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors Wikipedia Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. This category holds articles that use any of the short-cite templates ({{harv}} and {{sfn}} template families, and {{harvc}}) where one or more of those short-cite templates do not properly link to a full citation, the target. See guidance at Category:Harv and Sfn template errors to resolve. Method 3 – .css code for error messages emitted by the short-cite templates Error messages are emitted by the various short-cite templates via Module:Footnotes and Module:Harvc. Pages in category "Harv and Sfn no-target errors" 1929 United Kingdom general election 1929 United Kingdom general election 2007–08 FIS Cross-Country World Cup Finals Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors&oldid=1000226568" Harv and Sfn template errors en-wikipedia-org-797 In 1760 Macpherson published the English-language text Fragments of ancient poetry, collected in the Highlands of Scotland, and translated from the Gaelic or Erse language.[5] Later that year, he claimed to have obtained further manuscripts and in 1761 he claimed to have found an epic on the subject of the hero Fingal (with Fingal or Fionnghall meaning "white stranger"[6] ), written by Ossian. In 1766 the Irish antiquarian and Gaelic scholar Charles O''Conor dismissed Ossian''s authenticity in a new chapter Remarks on Mr. Mac Pherson''s translation of Fingal and Temora that he added to the second edition of his seminal history.[17] In 1775 he expanded his criticism in a new book, Dissertation on the origin and antiquities of the antient Scots. en-wikipedia-org-7970 Movements had been made towards a Reformation prior to Martin Luther, so some Protestants, such as Landmark Baptists, in the tradition of the Radical Reformation prefer to credit the start of the Reformation to reformers such as Arnold of Brescia, Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, Jan Hus, Petr Chelčický, and Girolamo Savonarola.[a] Due to the reform efforts of Hus and other Bohemian reformers, Utraquist Hussitism was acknowledged by the Council of Basel and was officially tolerated in the Crown of Bohemia, although other movements were still subject to persecution, including the Lollards in England and the Waldensians in France and Italian regions.[citation needed] Anabaptist movements were especially persecuted following the German Peasants'' War. Leaders within the Roman Catholic Church responded with the Counter-Reformation, initiated by the Confutatio Augustana in 1530, the Council of Trent in 1545, the Jesuits in 1540, the Defensio Tridentinæ fidei in 1578, and also a series of wars and expulsions of Protestants that continued until the 19th century. en-wikipedia-org-80 Latin was the language of the ancient Romans, but it was also the lingua franca of Western Europe throughout the Middle Ages, so Latin literature includes not only Roman authors like Cicero, Vergil, Ovid and Horace, but also includes European writers after the fall of the Empire, from religious writers like Aquinas (1225–1274), to secular writers like Francis Bacon (1561–1626), Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677), and Isaac Newton (1642–1727). The first Latin poet to write on a Roman theme was Gnaeus Naevius during the 3rd century BC.[citation needed] He composed an epic poem about the first Punic War, in which he had fought. Cato also wrote the first Latin history of Rome and of other Italian cities.[4] He was the first Roman statesman to put his political speeches in writing as a means of influencing public opinion. Early Latin literature ended with Gaius Lucilius, who created a new kind of poetry in his 30 books of Journal of Moral Theology Satires (2nd century BC). en-wikipedia-org-8010 Find sources: "Pakistani English literature" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) English language poetry from Pakistan from the beginning held a special place in South Asian writing, on account of the new trends represented by Shahid Suhrawardy, Ahmed Ali, Alamgir Hashmi, Taufiq Rafat, Daud Kamal, Maki Kureishi, Zulfikar Ghose, Waqas Ahmed Khwaja, Moniza Alvi, Bilal Faruqi, Shahid Suhrawardy, Omar Tarin, Kaleem Omar, Raja Changez Sultan and others.[2] Fiction from Pakistan began to receive recognition in the latter part of the 20th century. Those who have written and spoken extensively about Pakistani English Literature, following the seminal scholarly and critical work of Alamgir Hashmi, are Tariq Rahman, Muneeza Shamsie and Amra Raza.[citation needed] Pakistani Literature: The Contemporary English Writers edited by Dr. Alamgir Hashmi (New York: World University Service, 1978; Islamabad: Gulmohar Press, 1987) (2nd ed.). en-wikipedia-org-8031 en-wikipedia-org-8051 Colm Tóibín (Irish pronunciation: [ˈkɔl̪ˠəmˠ t̪ˠoːˈbʲiːnʲ] KAW-ləm toe-BEAN; born 30 May 1955) FRSL, is an Irish novelist, short story writer, essayist, playwright, journalist, critic, and poet.[1][2] Tóibín is the author of other non-fiction books: Bad Blood: A Walk Along the Irish Border (1994), (reprinted from the 1987 original edition) and The Sign of the Cross: Travels in Catholic Europe (1994). In 2015, ahead of the Marriage Equality referendum, Tóibín delivered a talk titled "The Embrace of Love: Being Gay in Ireland Now" in Trinity Hall, featuring Roger Casement''s diaries, the work of Oscar Wilde, John Broderick and Kate O''Brien, and Senator David Norris''s 1980s High Court battles.[23] In the same year, he released On Elizabeth Bishop, a critical study which made The Guardian''s Best Books of 2015 list twice.[24] en-wikipedia-org-8054 The Rape of the Lock is a mock-heroic narrative poem written by Alexander Pope.[1] One of the most commonly cited examples of high burlesque, it was first published anonymously in Lintot''s Miscellaneous Poems and Translations (May 1712) in two cantos (334 lines); a revised edition "Written by Mr. Pope" followed in March 1714 as a five-canto version (794 lines) accompanied by six engravings. The abduction of Helen of Troy becomes here the theft of a lock of hair; the gods become minute sylphs; the description of Achilles'' shield becomes an excursus on one of Belinda''s petticoats. Modern adaptations of The Rape of the Lock include Deborah Mason''s opera-ballet, on which the composer worked since 2002.[34] Its premiere was as an opera-oratorio in June 2016, performed by the Spectrum Symphony of New York city and the New York Baroque Dance Company.[35][36] There was a 2006 performance at Sheffield University''s Drama Studio of a musical work based on Pope''s poem composed by Jenny Jackson.[37] en-wikipedia-org-8055 After the last stage of the Proto-industrialization, the first transformation from an agricultural to an industrial economy is known as the Industrial Revolution and took place from the mid-18th to early 19th century in certain areas in Europe and North America; starting in Great Britain, followed by Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, and France.[3] Characteristics of this early industrialisation were technological progress, a shift from rural work to industrial labor, financial investments in new industrial structure, and early developments in class consciousness and theories related to this.[4] Later commentators have called this the First Industrial Revolution.[5] The "Second Industrial Revolution" labels the later changes that came about in the mid-19th century after the refinement of the steam engine, the invention of the internal combustion engine, the harnessing of electricity and the construction of canals, railways and electric-power lines. en-wikipedia-org-8068 Lannan Literary Awards Wikipedia Awards have been made to acclaimed and varied literary figures such as David Foster Wallace, William Gaddis, Lydia Davis, William H. Gass, Steve Erickson and W.S. Merwin. The foundation has also recognized people known as much for their public intellectual activities as for their literary talents, such as Barbara Ehrenreich and Edward Said. 1 Lannan Literary Award for Poetry 2 Lannan Literary Award for Fiction 3 Lannan Literary Award for Nonfiction 4 Lannan Literary Award for An Especially Notable Book Lannan Literary Award for Poetry[edit] Lannan Literary Award for Fiction[edit] Lannan Literary Award for Nonfiction[edit] Lannan Literary Award for An Especially Notable Book[edit] Lannan Literary Fellowship[edit] Lannan Lifetime Achievement Award[edit] ^ a b "Awards and Fellowships Lannan Foundation". ^ [1] Archived 2006-08-27 at the Wayback Machine Lannan Foundation Web site, Web page titled "Cultural Freedom Prize", accessed November 8, 2006 Lannan Literary Awards and Fellowships en-wikipedia-org-8079 Nigeria is a multinational state inhabited by more than 250 ethnic groups speaking 500 distinct languages, all identifying with a wide variety of cultures.[8][9][10] The three largest ethnic groups are the Hausa–Fulani in the north, Yoruba in the west, and Igbo in the east, together comprising over 60% of the total population.[11] The official language is English, chosen to facilitate linguistic unity at the national level.[12] Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Muslims, who live mostly in the north, and Christians, who live mostly in the south.[Note 1] The country has the world''s fifth-largest Muslim population and sixth-largest Christian population,[13] with a minority practicing indigenous religions, such as those native to the Igbo and Yoruba ethnicities.[14] Nigeria''s constitution ensures freedom of religion.[15] Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba and Igbo are the three largest ethnic groups in Nigeria and have maintained historical preeminence in Nigerian politics; competition amongst these three groups has fueled animosity.[112] Following the bloody civil war, nationalism has seen an increase in the southern part of the country leading to active secessionist movements such as the Oodua Peoples Congress (OPC) and the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB), though these groups are largely small and not representative of the entire ethnic group. en-wikipedia-org-8081 Carson''s first book of poetry – 1984''s Canicula di Anna[11] – garnered her first literary prize: the Quarterly Review of Literature Betty Colladay Award.[12][13] Acclaim for her first book of essays, Eros the Bittersweet, grew in the fifteen years after it was published in 1986: the book "first stunned the classics community as a work of Greek scholarship; then it stunned the nonfiction community as an inspired return to the lyrically based essays once produced by Seneca, Montaigne, and Emerson; and then, and only then, deep into the 1990s, reissued as ''literature'' and redesigned for an entirely new audience, it finally stunned the poets."[14] By the turn of the millennium, Eros the Bittersweet had also entered into the popular consciousness, voted onto the 1999 Modern Library Reader''s List for the 100 Best Nonfiction books of the 20th century,[15] and mentioned (along with Autobiography of Red) in a 2004 episode of the television series The L Word.[16] en-wikipedia-org-8083 Scotland''s theatrical arts were generally linked to the broader traditions of Scottish and English-language literature and to British and Irish theatre, American literature and theatrical artists. He produced an interlude at Linlithgow Palace for the king and queen thought to be a version of his play The Thrie Estaitis in 1540, which satirised the corruption of church and state, and which is the only complete play to survive from before the Reformation.[8] George Buchanan (1506–82) was major influence on Continental theatre with plays such as Jepheths and Baptistes, which influenced Pierre Corneille and Jean Racine and through them the neo-classical tradition in French drama, but his impact in Scotland was limited by his choice of Latin as a medium.[9] The anonymous The Maner of the Cyring of ane Play (before 1568)[10] and Philotus (published in London in 1603), are isolated examples of surviving plays. en-wikipedia-org-8089 Tobias George Smollett (19 March 1721 (baptised) – 17 September 1771) was a Scottish poet and author. Smollett''s first published work was a poem about the Battle of Culloden entitled "The Tears of Scotland", but it was The Adventures of Roderick Random which made his name. A further visit to Scotland helped to inspire his last novel, The Expedition of Humphry Clinker (1771), published in the year of his death. Smollett is one of the 16 Scottish writers and poets depicted on the lower section of the Scott Monument in Princes Street, Edinburgh. 1761–1765: The Works of Voltaire, English translation of Voltaire in 35 volumes, which Smollett edited with Thomas Francklin[10] 1762: The Life and Adventures of Sir Launcelot Greaves, first book edition, originally serialised in The British Magazine, January 1760 – December 1761 (see below)[7] en-wikipedia-org-8090 For example, Simon Blackburn states that "apologists for Hinduism defend or explain away its involvement with the caste system, and apologists for Islam defend or explain away its harsh penal code or its attitude to women and infidels".[64] In regard to Christianity, he states that the "Bible can be read as giving us a carte blanche for harsh attitudes to children, the mentally handicapped, animals, the environment, the divorced, unbelievers, people with various sexual habits, and elderly women",[65] and notes morally suspect themes in the Bible''s New Testament as well.[66][e] Christian apologists address Blackburn''s viewpoints[67] and construe that Jewish laws in the Hebrew Bible showed the evolution of moral standards towards protecting the vulnerable, imposing a death penalty on those pursuing slavery and treating slaves as persons and not property.[68] Elizabeth Anderson holds that "the Bible contains both good and evil teachings", and it is "morally inconsistent".[69] Humanists like Paul Kurtz believe that we can identify moral values across cultures, even if we do not appeal to a supernatural or universalist understanding of principles – values including integrity, trustworthiness, benevolence, and fairness. en-wikipedia-org-8098 The poems are in Homeric Greek, also known as Epic Greek, a literary language which shows a mixture of features of the Ionic and Aeolic dialects from different centuries; the predominant influence is Eastern Ionic.[6][7] Most researchers believe that the poems were originally transmitted orally.[8] From antiquity until the present day, the influence of Homeric epic on Western civilization has been great, inspiring many of its most famous works of literature, music, art and film.[9] The Homeric epics were the greatest influence on ancient Greek culture and education; to Plato, Homer was simply the one who "has taught Greece" – ten Hellada pepaideuken.[10][11] en-wikipedia-org-8103 Dame Jean Iris Murdoch DBE (/ˈmɜːrdɒk/ MUR-dok; 15 July 1919 – 8 February 1999) was an Irish and British novelist and philosopher. [but] with both parents brought up in Ireland, and an ancestry within Ireland both North and South going back three centuries, Iris has as valid a claim to call herself Irish as most North Americans have to call themselves American".[3]:24 Conradi notes A.N. Wilson''s record that Murdoch regretted the sympathetic portrayal of the Irish nationalist cause she had given earlier in The Red and the Green, and a competing defence of the book at Caen in 1978.[3]:465 The novel, while broad of sympathy, is hardly an unambiguous celebration of the 1916 rising, dwelling upon bloodshed, unintended consequences and the evils of romanticism, besides celebrating selfless individuals on both sides. The Iris Murdoch Archive, Kingston University, London accessed 2010-02-24. en-wikipedia-org-8106 View source for English literature Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-8108 John Milton (9 December 1608 – 8 November 1674) was an English poet and intellectual who served as a civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under its Council of State and later under Oliver Cromwell. Samuel Johnson praised Paradise Lost as "a poem which...with respect to design may claim the first place, and with respect to performance, the second, among the productions of the human mind", though he (a Tory and recipient of royal patronage) described Milton''s politics as those of an "acrimonious and surly republican".[3] Poets such as William Blake, William Wordsworth and Thomas Hardy revered him. Title page of a 1752–1761 edition of "The Poetical Works of John Milton with Notes of Various Authors by Thomas Newton" printed by J. Samuel Johnson wrote numerous essays on Paradise Lost, and Milton was included in his Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets (1779–1781). "The Poet in the Poem: John Milton''s Presence in "Paradise Lost"". en-wikipedia-org-811 Jeremy Collier (/ˈkɒliər/; 23 September 1650 – 26 April 1726) was an English theatre critic, non-juror bishop and theologian. In the history of English drama, Collier is known for his anti-theatrical attack on the comedy of the 1690s in his Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage (1698), which draws for its ammunition mostly on the plays of William Congreve, John Vanbrugh, John Dryden, and Thomas D''Urfey. Collier published an early encyclopedia in 1701, The great historical, geographical, genealogical and poetical dictionary. Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers en-wikipedia-org-8118 Politically, it may refer to the whole of England, Scotland and Wales, including their smaller offshore islands.[33] It is not correct to use the term to refer to the whole of the United Kingdom which includes Northern Ireland.[34][35] The three constituent countries of the United Kingdom have patron saints: Saint George and Saint Andrew are represented in the flags of England and Scotland respectively.[102] These two flags combined to form the basis of the Great Britain royal flag of 1604.[102] Saint David is the patron saint of Wales.[103] There are many other British saints. Great Britain is the name of the island that comprises England, Scotland, and Wales, although the term is also used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom. en-wikipedia-org-813 Secret identity Wikipedia Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Find sources: "Secret identity" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) A secret identity is a person''s alter ego which is not known to the general populace, most often used in fiction. Brought into popular culture by the Scarlet Pimpernel in 1903, the concept is particularly prevalent in the American comic book genre, and is a trope of the masquerade.[citation needed] In American comic books, a character typically has dual identities, one public and secret. Non-official cover No More Secret Identities: The Trouble With Alter Egos Hidden categories: Articles that may contain original research from September 2017 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references en-wikipedia-org-8134 James (Joseph) Hanley (3 September 1897 – 11 November 1985) was a British novelist, short story writer, and playwright from Kirkdale, Liverpool, Lancashire, of Irish descent. Subsequently Boy was republished by the Obelisk Press in Paris in 1935 and 1946.[24] Jack Kahane owner of this company was a noted publisher of banned books in English, including Henry Miller''s Tropic of Cancer and Lady Chatterley''s Lover.[25] Other editions followed, including one by Penguin Books in 1992, with an introduction by Anthony Burgess and most recently, in 2007, by Oneworld Classics. Following Hanley''s death in 1985 there has been the occasional reprinting, including, by Harvill The Last Voyage and Other Stories (1997) and The Ocean (1999); and more recently by OneWorld Classics, Boy (2007) and The Closed Harbour (2009), both with new biographical information provided by Chris Gostick. en-wikipedia-org-8151 A poet is a person who creates poetry. A poet may simply be a writer of poetry, or may perform their art to an audience. A few poets such as John Gower and John Milton were able to write poetry in more than one language. Some Portuguese poets, as Francisco de Sá de Miranda, wrote not only in Portuguese but also in Spanish.[5] Jan Kochanowski wrote in Polish and in Latin,[6] France Prešeren and Karel Hynek Mácha[7] wrote some poems in German, although they were poets of Slovenian and Czech respectively. Poets of sacred verse[edit] Lyrical poets who write sacred poetry ("hymnographers") differ from the usual image of poets in a number of ways. Because hymns are perceived of as "worship" rather than "poetry," the term "artistic kenosis" is sometimes used to describe the hymnographer''s success in "emptying out" the instinct to succeed as a poet. Wikimedia Commons has media related to poets. en-wikipedia-org-8158 Sir Tom Stoppard OM CBE FRSL (born Tomáš Straussler; 3 July 1937) is a Czech-born British playwright and screenwriter.[1] He has written for television, radio, film, and stage, finding prominence with plays such as Arcadia, The Coast of Utopia, Every Good Boy Deserves Favour, Professional Foul, The Real Thing, Travesties, The Invention of Love, and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. Within a week after sending A Walk on the Water to an agent, Stoppard received his version of the "Hollywood-style telegrams that change struggling young artists'' lives." His first play was optioned, staged in Hamburg, then broadcast on British Independent Television in 1963.[1] From September 1962 until April 1963, Stoppard worked in London as a drama critic for Scene magazine, writing reviews and interviews both under his name and the pseudonym William Boot (taken from Evelyn Waugh''s Scoop). en-wikipedia-org-8168 Pastoral literature continued after Hesiod with the poetry of the Hellenistic Greek Theocritus, several of whose Idylls are set in the countryside (probably reflecting the landscape of the island of Cos where the poet lived) and involve dialogues between herdsmen.[6] Theocritus may have drawn on authentic folk traditions of Sicilian shepherds. In Spain, Garcilaso de la Vega was an important pioneer and his motifs find themselves renewed in the 20th-century Spanish-language poet Giannina Braschi (Empire of Dreams (poetry collection)).[9][10] In Braschi''s Pastoral; or the Inquisition of Memories,[11] shepherds from the Spanish Golden Age invade modern day New York City.[12] There are philosophical and comedic vignettes in Braschi''s pastoral poems, including traffic jams caused by flocks of sheep, pigs, and cows grazing on 5th Avenue, while their shepherds take over the Empire State Building to sing and dance.[13] Braschi''s work references the pastoral poetry of Miguel de Cervantes,[10] who in the prologue to his work The Galatea mentions his displeasure in unrealistic portrayals of shepherds in bucolic literature.[14] en-wikipedia-org-8178 The Mysteries of Udolpho, A Romance; Interspersed with Some Pieces of Poetry Title page from first edition Her fourth and most popular novel, The Mysteries of Udolpho tells of Emily St. Aubert, who suffers misadventures that include the death of her mother and father, supernatural terrors in a gloomy castle, and machinations of an Italian brigand. Modern editors note that only about a third of the novel is set in the eponymous Gothic castle,[2] while tone and style vary markedly between sections of the work, to which Radcliffe added extended descriptions of exotic landscapes in the Pyrenees and Apennines, and of Venice, none of which she had visited.[2] For details she relied on travel books, which led her to make several anachronisms. The novel, set in 1584 in southern France and northern Italy, explores the plight of Emily St. Aubert, a young French woman orphaned by the death of her father. en-wikipedia-org-8179 In the 18th century, laws forbidding the performance of plays were passed in Massachusetts in 1750, in Pennsylvania in 1759, and in Rhode Island in 1761, and plays were banned in most states during the American Revolutionary War at the urging of the Continental Congress.[3] In 1794, president of Yale College, Timothy Dwight IV, in his "Essay on the Stage", declared that "to indulge a taste for playgoing means nothing more or less than the loss of that most valuable treasure: the immortal soul."[citation needed] Jessie Bond wrote that by the middle of the 19th century, "The stage was at a low ebb, Elizabethan glories and Georgian artificialities had alike faded into the past, stilted tragedy and vulgar farce were all the would-be playgoer had to choose from, and the theater had become a place of evil repute".[8] On April 15, 1865, less than a week after the end of the United States Civil War, Abraham Lincoln, while watching a play at Ford''s Theater in Washington, D.C., was assassinated by a nationally popular stage-actor of the period, John Wilkes Booth. en-wikipedia-org-8189 T.S. Eliot influenced many poets, novelists, and songwriters, including Seán Ó Ríordáin, Máirtín Ó Díreáin, Virginia Woolf, Ezra Pound, Bob Dylan, Hart Crane, William Gaddis, Allen Tate, Andrew Lloyd Webber, Trevor Nunn, Ted Hughes, Geoffrey Hill, Seamus Heaney, Russell Kirk,[112] George Seferis (who in 1936 published a modern Greek translation of The Waste Land) and James Joyce.[dubious – discuss][113] T.S. Eliot was a strong influence on 20th century Caribbean poetry written in English, including the epic Omeros (1990) by Nobel laureate Derek Walcott,[114] Empire of Dreams (1988) by Puerto Rican poet Giannina Braschi,[115][116] and Islands (1969) by Barbadian Kamau Brathwaite.[117] en-wikipedia-org-8192 The historic boundaries of County Durham included a main body covering the catchment of the Pennines in the west, the River Tees in the south, the North Sea in the east and the Rivers Tyne and Derwent in the north.[18][19] The county palatinate also had a number of liberties: the Bedlingtonshire, Islandshire[20] and Norhamshire[21] exclaves within Northumberland, and the Craikshire exclave within the North Riding of Yorkshire. ''Durham Castle and Cathedral'' is a designated UNESCO World Heritage Site.[32] Other attractions in the County include; Auckland Castle, North of England Lead Mining Museum and Beamish Museum. Other projects in the town include the Mining Art Gallery, which opened in 2017 (thanks to support provided to the Castle Trust by Bishop Auckland and Shildon AAP and Durham County Council),[58] a viewing tower, an open-air theatre show (Kynren) depicting "An Epic Tale of England", and the Bishop Trevor Gallery at the Castle (which started displaying the National Gallery''s "Masterpiece" touring exhibit in October 2019). en-wikipedia-org-8197 First page of the Licensing Act of 1737, which established the office of Examiner of Plays The Examiner read all plays which were to be publicly performed, produced a synopsis and recommended them for licence, consulting the Lord Chamberlain in cases of doubt. Tylney and his successor, George Buck, also exercised the power to censor plays for publication.[1][2] The Master of the Revels, who normally reported to the Lord Chamberlain, continued to perform the function until, with the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642, stage plays were prohibited.[3] Stage plays did not return to England until the Restoration in 1660.[4] During the creation of the Licensing of 1737, Robert Walpole was the standing Master of the Revels[5]:4 ^ "September 1642: Order for Stage-plays to cease", British History Online, accessed 6 November 2014 en-wikipedia-org-8203 View source for English literature Wikipedia If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-8205 Kidnapped is a historical fiction adventure novel by Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson, written as a boys'' novel and first published in the magazine Young Folks from May to July 1886. The full title of the book is Kidnapped: Being Memoirs of the Adventures of David Balfour in the Year 1751: How he was Kidnapped and Cast away; his Sufferings in a Desert Isle; his Journey in the Wild Highlands; his acquaintance with Alan Breck Stewart and other notorious Highland Jacobites; with all that he Suffered at the hands of his Uncle, Ebenezer Balfour of Shaws, falsely so-called: Written by Himself and now set forth by Robert Louis Stevenson. Annesley biographer Ekirch stated: "It is inconceivable that Stevenson, a voracious reader of legal history, was unfamiliar with the saga of James Annesley, which by the time of Kidnapped''s publication in 1886 had already influenced four other 19th-century novels, most famously Sir Walter Scott''s Guy Mannering (1815) and Charles Reade''s The Wandering Heir (1873)."[11][12] en-wikipedia-org-8206 The Princess Casamassima is a novel by Henry James, first published as a serial in The Atlantic Monthly in 1885 and 1886 and then as a book in 1886. But it is often paired with another novel published by James in the same year, The Bostonians, which is also concerned with political issues, though in a much less tragic manner. There Hyacinth meets the radiantly beautiful Princess Casamassima (Christina Light, from James'' earlier novel, Roderick Hudson). In his preface to the New York Edition of the novel, James audaciously compared Hyacinth to Hamlet and Lear. The Guardian''s review, published in 1887, noted that The Princess Casamassima kept to the promise of Roderick Hudson, which James''s other novels had not met. Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Princess Casamassima. Author''s preface to the New York Edition version of The Princess Casamassima (1908) en-wikipedia-org-8236 styles of art associated with periods of time and/or locations of artistic activity An art movement is a tendency or style in art with a specific common philosophy or goal, followed by a group of artists during a specific period of time, (usually a few months, years or decades) or, at least, with the heyday of the movement defined within a number of years. Generally there was a commonality of visual style linking the works and artists included in an art movement. As the names of many art movements use the -ism suffix (for example cubism and futurism), they are sometimes referred to as isms. 19th-, 20thand 21st-century art movements[edit] 1867, Ville d''Avray National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., Barbizon School[13] Arts and Crafts Movement, founded 1860s Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917, photograph by Alfred Stieglitz, Dada ^ a b c Post-Modernism: The New Classicism in Art and Architecture Charles Jencks the-artists.org Art movements since 1900. en-wikipedia-org-8243 Sir Philip Sidney (30 November 1554 – 17 October 1586) was an English poet, courtier, scholar and soldier who is remembered as one of the most prominent figures of the Elizabethan age. In Arnhem, in front of the house in the Bakkerstraat 68, an inscription on the ground reads: "IN THIS HOUSE DIED ON THE 17 OCTOBER 1586 * SIR PHILIP SIDNEY * ENGLISH POET, DIPLOMAT AND SOLDIER, FROM HIS WOUNDS SUFFERED AT THE BATTLE OF ZUTPHEN. ^ Works by Sir Philip Sidney at Project Gutenberg The Poems of Sir Philip Sidney, ed. Sir Philip Sidney''s Achievements. Sir Philip Sidney: Courtier Poet. R., Sir Philip Sidney and the Circulation of Manuscripts, 1558-1640, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996 Sir Philip Sidney 1554–1586, Poets'' Graves. Works by Philip Sidney at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Philip Sidney at Internet Archive Portraits of Sir Philip Sidney at the National Portrait Gallery, London en-wikipedia-org-8244 Though Stoker''s Count Dracula remained an iconic figure, especially in the new medium of cinema, as in the film Nosferatu, 20th-century vampire fiction went beyond traditional Gothic horror and explored new genres such as science fiction. Dimitris Lyacos''s second book of the Poena Damni trilogy With the People from the Bridge handles the vampire legend in the context of a ritualistic post-theatrical drama performance.[11]In a dystopian setting, under the arches of a derelict bridge, a group of social outcasts[12]present an unconventional, non-Gothic version of a vampire drawing from ancient Greek religion[13]and literature, Christian eschatology as well as traveler reports of vampire epidemics in the Balcans.[14]The story is recounted in a minimalist style that makes no explicit mention to vampires, the undead, graves or the Underworld, conveying, nevertheless, the underlying theme unambiguously and in striking physical detail.[15] en-wikipedia-org-8248 Gothic fiction tends to place emphasis on both emotion and a pleasurable kind of terror, serving as an extension of the Romantic literary movement that was relatively new at the time that Walpole''s novel was published. Clara Reeve, best known for her work The Old English Baron (1778), set out to take Walpole''s plot and adapt it to the demands of the time by balancing fantastic elements with 18th-century realism.[13] In her preface, Reeve wrote: "This Story is the literary offspring of The Castle of Otranto, written upon the same plan, with a design to unite the most attractive and interesting circumstances of the ancient Romance and modern Novel."[13] The question now arose whether supernatural events that were not as evidently absurd as Walpole''s would not lead the simpler minds to believe them possible.[16] en-wikipedia-org-8267 Wuthering Heights was accepted by publisher Thomas Newby along with Anne Brontë''s Agnes Grey before the success of their sister Charlotte''s novel Jane Eyre, but they were published later. Hindley marries Frances; Mr Earnshaw dies and Hindley comes back (October); Heathcliff and Catherine visit Thrushcross Grange for the first time; Catherine remains behind (November), and then returns to Wuthering Heights (Christmas Eve) Still, in 1934, Lord David Cecil, writing in Early Victorian Novelists, commented "that Emily Brontë was not properly appreciated; even her admirers saw her as an ''unequal genius'',"[26] and in 1948 F.R. Leavis excluded Wuthering Heights from the great tradition of the English novel because it was "a ''kind of sport''–an anomaly with ''some influence of an essentially undetectable kind.''"[27] The 1992 film Emily Brontë''s Wuthering Heights starring Ralph Fiennes and Juliette Binoche is notable for including the oft-omitted second generation story of the children of Cathy, Hindley and Heathcliff. en-wikipedia-org-8272 Wide Sargasso Sea is a 1966 novel by Dominica-born British author Jean Rhys. It is a feminist and anti-colonial response to Charlotte Brontë''s novel Jane Eyre (1847), describing the background to Mr. Rochester''s marriage from the point-of-view of his mad wife Antoinette Cosway, a Creole heiress. The novel, initially set in Jamaica, opens a short while after the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 ended slavery in the British Empire on 1 August 1834.[1] The protagonist Antoinette relates the story of her life from childhood to her arranged marriage to an unnamed Englishman. Since the late 20th century, critics have considered Wide Sargasso Sea as a postcolonial response to Jane Eyre.[2][3] Rhys uses multiple voices (Antoinette''s, her husband''s, and Grace Poole''s) to tell the story, and intertwines her novel''s plot with that of Jane Eyre. On 5 November 2019, BBC News listed Wide Sargasso Sea on its list of the 100 most influential novels.[7] Wide Sargasso Sea (novel) en-wikipedia-org-8281 View source for English literature Wikipedia If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-8286 Polish literature Title page of the 1834 edition of Pan Tadeusz by Adam Mickiewicz, the most notable poet among Poland''s Romantic bards New avant-garde writers included Julian Tuwim, Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, Witold Gombrowicz, Czesław Miłosz, Maria Dąbrowska and Zofia Nałkowska. On the soil of humanistic education some exceptional writers grew as well: Piotr Kochanowski (1566–1620) gave his translation of Torquato Tasso''s Jerusalem Delivered; Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski, a poet laureate, became known among European nations as Horatius christianus (Christian Horace) for his Latin writings; Jan Andrzej Morsztyn (1621–1693), an epicurean courtier and diplomat, extolled in his sophisticated poems the valors of earthly delights; and Wacław Potocki (1621–1696), the most productive writer of the Polish Baroque, unified the typical opinions of Polish szlachta with some deeper reflections and existential experiences. en-wikipedia-org-8288 The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (later known as the Pre-Raphaelites) was a group of English painters, poets, and art critics, founded in 1848 by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, William Michael Rossetti, James Collinson, Frederic George Stephens and Thomas Woolner who formed a seven-member "Brotherhood" modelled in part on the Nazarene movement.[1] The Brotherhood was only ever a loose association and their principles were shared by other artists of the time, including Ford Madox Brown, Arthur Hughes and Marie Spartali Stillman. By autumn, four more members, painters James Collinson and Frederic George Stephens, Rossetti''s brother, poet and critic William Michael Rossetti, and sculptor Thomas Woolner, had joined to form a seven-member-strong brotherhood.[7] Ford Madox Brown was invited to join, but the more senior artist remained independent but supported the group throughout the PRB period of Pre-Raphaelitism and contributed to The Germ. en-wikipedia-org-8304 William Makepeace Thackeray (/ˈθækəri/; 18 July 1811 – 24 December 1863) was an English novelist, author and illustrator, who was born in India. Illness in his last year there, during which he reportedly grew to his full height of six-foot three, postponed his matriculation at Trinity College, Cambridge, until February 1829.[citation needed] Never too keen on academic studies, Thackeray left Cambridge in 1830, but some of his earliest published writing appeared in two university periodicals, The Snob and The Gownsman.[5] Thackeray achieved more recognition with his Snob Papers (serialised 1846/7, published in book form in 1848), but the work that really established his fame was the novel Vanity Fair, which first appeared in serialised instalments beginning in January 1847. Thackeray began as a satirist and parodist, writing works that displayed a sneaking fondness for roguish upstarts such as Becky Sharp in Vanity Fair, and the title characters of The Luck of Barry Lyndon and Catherine. William Makepeace Thackeray''s Vanity Fair en-wikipedia-org-832 View source for English literature Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. The romantic American novel developed fully with [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]]''s (1804–1864) ''''[[The Scarlet Letter]]'''' (1850), a stark drama of a woman cast out of her community for committing adultery. en-wikipedia-org-8328 American Catholic literature Wikipedia In 1865, Fr. Hecker started a periodical which he named the Catholic World and in 1867 he founded the Catholic Publication Society to help publish and distribute them on a national level.[1] Brownson wrote a number of articles for the Catholic World. The mid-twentieth century saw a number of Catholic writers prominent in American literature, such as Paul Horgan, Edwin O''Connor, Henry Morton Robinson, Caroline Gordon, and poet Phyllis McGinley. Powers was an American novelist and short-story writer whose work has long been admired for its gentle satire and its ability to recreate with a few words the insular but gradually changing world of post-World War II American Catholicism. "Catholicism in the United States." The Vital Tradition: the Catholic Novel in a Period of Convergence. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Catholic_literature&oldid=985476299" en-wikipedia-org-8375 A. Hoffmann''s tale "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King" was published in 1816 in a German collection of stories for children, Kinder-Märchen.[37] It is the first modern short story to introduce bizarre, odd and grotesque elements in children''s literature and thereby anticipates Lewis Carroll''s tale, Alice''s Adventures in Wonderland.[38] There are not only parallels concerning the content (the weird adventures of a young girl in a fantasy land), but also the origin of the tales as both are dedicated and given to a daughter of the author''s friends. Tom Brown''s School Days by Thomas Hughes appeared in 1857, and is considered to be the founding book in the school story tradition.[39]:7–8 However, it was Lewis Carroll''s fantasy, Alice''s Adventures in Wonderland, published in 1865 in England, that signaled the change in writing style for children to an imaginative and empathetic one. Jacobs, professors of children''s literature at Brigham Young University, write, "Potter was the first to use pictures as well as words to tell the story, incorporating coloured illustration with text, page for page."[42] Another classic of the period is Anna Sewell''s animal novel Black Beauty (1877). en-wikipedia-org-8376 Samuel Barclay Beckett (/ˈbɛkɪt/; 13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish novelist, playwright, short story writer, theatre director, poet, and literary translator. Beckett graduated with a BA and, after teaching briefly at Campbell College in Belfast, took up the post of lecteur d''anglais at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris from November 1928 to 1930.[9] While there, he was introduced to renowned Irish author James Joyce by Thomas MacGreevy, a poet and close confidant of Beckett who also worked there. Beckett remained in Paris following the outbreak of World War II in 1939, preferring, in his own words, "France at war to Ireland at peace".[16] His was soon a known face in and around Left Bank cafés, where he strengthened his allegiance with Joyce and forged new ones with artists Alberto Giacometti and Marcel Duchamp, with whom he regularly played chess. en-wikipedia-org-838 In Jordanes'' history of the Goths (AD 551), the form Scandza is the name used for their original home, separated by sea from the land of Europe (chapter 1, 4).[15] Where Jordanes meant to locate this quasi-legendary island is still a hotly debated issue, both in scholarly discussions and in the nationalistic discourse of various European countries.[16][17] The form Scadinavia as the original home of the Langobards appears in Paulus Diaconus'' Historia Langobardorum,[18] but in other versions of Historia Langobardorum appear the forms Scadan, Scandanan, Scadanan and Scatenauge.[19] Frankish sources used Sconaowe and Aethelweard, an Anglo-Saxon historian, used Scani.[20][21] In Beowulf, the forms Scedenige and Scedeland are used while the Alfredian translation of Orosius and Wulfstan''s travel accounts used the Old English Sconeg.[21] A large peninsula in north-western Europe, occupied by Norway and Sweden … A cultural region consisting of the countries of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark and sometimes also of Iceland, Finland, and the Faroe Islands en-wikipedia-org-8399 The picaresque novel (Spanish: picaresca, from pícaro, for "rogue" or "rascal") is a genre of prose fiction. In the English-speaking world, the term "picaresque" is often used loosely to refer to novels that contain some elements of this genre; e.g. an episodic recounting of adventures on the road.[citation needed] It describes the devastation caused by the Thirty Years'' War. Le Sage''s Gil Blas (1715) is a classic example of the genre,[23] which in France had declined into an aristocratic adventure.[citation needed] In Britain, the first example is Thomas Nashe''s The Unfortunate Traveller (1594) in which a court page, Jack Wilson, exposes the underclass life in a string of European cities through lively, often brutal descriptions.[24] The body of Tobias Smollett''s work, and Daniel Defoe''s Moll Flanders (1722) are considered picaresque, but they lack the sense of religious redemption of delinquency that was very important in Spanish and German novels. en-wikipedia-org-8400 Poland (Polish: Polska [ˈpɔlska] (listen)), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska[c] [ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska] (listen)), is a country located in Central Europe.[14] It is divided into 16 administrative provinces, covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres (120,733 sq mi), and has a largely temperate seasonal climate.[8] With a population of nearly 38.5 million people, Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union.[8] Poland''s capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw. Poland is a developed market[22] and a regional power in Central Europe;[23][24] it has the sixth largest economy in the European Union by nominal GDP and the fifth largest by GDP (PPP).[25] It provides very high standards of living, safety[26] and economic freedom,[27][28] as well as free university education and a universal health care system in accordance with EU standards.[29][30] The country has 16 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 15 of which are cultural.[31] Poland is a member state of the Schengen Area, the United Nations, NATO, the OECD, the Three Seas Initiative and the Visegrád Group. en-wikipedia-org-8414 One of the first books she worked on was the groundbreaking Contemporary African Literature (1972), a collection that included work by Nigerian writers Wole Soyinka, Chinua Achebe, and South African playwright Athol Fugard.[9] She fostered a new generation of Afro-American writers,[9] including poet and novelist Toni Cade Bambara, radical activist Angela Davis, Black Panther Huey Newton[21] and novelist Gayl Jones, whose writing Morrison discovered. Forty-eight black critics and writers,[44][45] among them Maya Angelou, protested the omission in a statement that The New York Times published on January 24, 1988.[20][46][47] "Despite the international stature of Toni Morrison, she has yet to receive the national recognition that her five major works of fiction entirely deserve," they wrote.[8] Two months later, Beloved won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.[39] It also won an Anisfield-Wolf Book Award.[48] en-wikipedia-org-842 The First Treatise attacks patriarchalism in the form of sentence-by-sentence refutation of Robert Filmer''s Patriarcha, while the Second Treatise outlines Locke''s ideas for a more civilized society based on natural rights and contract theory. Locke begins by describing the state of nature, a picture much more stable than Thomas Hobbes'' state of "war of every man against every man," and argues that all men are created equal in the state of nature by God. From this, he goes on to explain the hypothetical rise of property and civilization, in the process explaining that the only legitimate governments are those that have the consent of the people. Finally, the proper alternative to the natural state is not political dictatorship/tyranny but democratically elected government and the effective protection of basic human rights to life, liberty, and property under the rule of law. en-wikipedia-org-8422 File:Virginia Woolf 1927.jpg Wikipedia In Virginia Woolf Icon (University of Chicago Press, 1999), Brenda Silver describes the photograph as an "(unidentified) studio photograph" and comments it "appear[ed] in in an number of Harcourt Brace ads and articles about Woolf and/or her works in the States during the late 1920s ans the 1930s" (p. This UK artistic or literary work, of which the author is unknown and cannot be ascertained by reasonable enquiry, is in the public domain because it is one of the following: current 12:22, 13 November 2014 1,263 × 1,843 (754 KB) Racconish == {{int:filedesc}} == {{Information |Description=Virginia Woolf |Source=[http://pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/43891211?n=12 Harvard University library] |Date=1927 |Author={{unknown|author}} |Permission= |other_versions= }} Category:Virginia Woolf... The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): File change date and time 13:20, 13 November 2014 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Virginia_Woolf_1927.jpg" en-wikipedia-org-8425 According to tradition and later writers such as Livy, the Roman Republic was established around 509 BC,[21] when the last of the seven kings of Rome, Tarquin the Proud, was deposed by Lucius Junius Brutus and a system based on annually elected magistrates and various representative assemblies was established.[22] A constitution set a series of checks and balances, and a separation of powers. The Flavians were the second dynasty to rule Rome.[90] By 68 AD, year of Nero''s death, there was no chance of return to the old and traditional Roman Republic, thus a new emperor had to rise. In fact, Rome had lost its central importance since the Crisis of the Third Century—Mediolanum was the western capital from 286 to 330, until the reign of Honorius, when Ravenna was made capital, in the 5th century.[139] Constantine''s administrative and monetary reforms, that reunited the Empire under one emperor, and rebuilt the city of Byzantium changed the high period of the ancient world. en-wikipedia-org-8430 Nadine Gordimer (20 November 1923 – 13 July 2014) was a South African writer, political activist and recipient of the 1991 Nobel Prize in Literature. The arrest of her best friend, Bettie du Toit,[13] in 1960 and the Sharpeville massacre spurred Gordimer''s entry into the anti-apartheid movement.[5] Thereafter, she quickly became active in South African politics, and was close friends with Nelson Mandela''s defence attorneys (Bram Fischer and George Bizos) during his 1962 trial.[5] She also helped Mandela edit his famous speech "I Am Prepared to Die", given from the defendant''s dock at the trial.[14] When Mandela was released from prison in 1990, she was one of the first people he wanted to see.[5] The Late Bourgeois World was Gordimer''s first personal experience with censorship; it was banned in 1976 for a decade by the South African government.[12][15] A World of Strangers was banned for twelve years.[12] Other works were censored for lesser amounts of time. Literature Nadine Gordimer (South Africa) en-wikipedia-org-844 Literary critic Catherine Ross Nickerson credits Louisa May Alcott with creating the second-oldest work of modern detective fiction, after only Poe''s Dupin stories themselves, with the 1865 thriller "V.V., or Plots and Counterplots." A short story published anonymously by Alcott, the story concerns a Scottish aristocrat who tries to prove that a mysterious woman has killed his fiancée and cousin. One of the primary contributors to this style was Dashiell Hammett with his famous private investigator character, Sam Spade.[46] His style of crime fiction came to be known as "hardboiled", which is described as a genre that "usually deals with criminal activity in a modern urban environment, a world of disconnected signs and anonymous strangers."[46] "Told in stark and sometimes elegant language through the unemotional eyes of new hero-detectives, these stories were an American phenomenon."[17] en-wikipedia-org-8445 While it was less known in the English-speaking world for centuries, Hungary''s literature gained renown[2] in the 19th and 20th centuries, thanks to a new wave of internationally accessible writers like Mór Jókai, Antal Szerb, Sándor Márai, Imre Kertész and Magda Szabó. Historical works were even more numerous: the chronicle of Gáspár Heltai, published by him in Kolozsvár; Zay Ferenc''s unpublished work on the siege of Belgrade from the 15th century; Kemény János''s Transylvanian Dukes, and Miklós Bethlen''s memoirs with János Szalárdy''s voluminous then-unpublished work on Transylvanian history from Bethlen''s reign to the 1660s; and Mihály Cserei''s early 18th-century work are highlights of Hungarian-language literature. Another category is historical verses in Hungarian, like that of Sebestyén Tinódi Lantos from the 16th century, Péter Ilosvai Selymes, Mihály Szabatkai and Gergely Bornemissza. István Szamosközy, János Baranyai Decsi, Miklós Istvánffy, János Bethlen, and Farkas Bethlen, Ferenc Forgách, György Szerémi, Ambrus Somogyi, Gianmichele Bruto and Oláh Miklós are the most important authors of historical works from the 16th to 17th century. en-wikipedia-org-8458 Economic factors contributing to this recovery included a resurgent financial services industry, electronics manufacturing, (see Silicon Glen),[122] and the North Sea oil and gas industry.[123] The introduction in 1989 by Margaret Thatcher''s government of the Community Charge (widely known as the Poll Tax) one year before the rest of Great Britain,[124] contributed to a growing movement for Scottish control over domestic affairs.[125] Following a referendum on devolution proposals in 1997, the Scotland Act 1998[126] was passed by the British Parliament, which established a devolved Scottish Parliament and Scottish Government with responsibility for most laws specific to Scotland.[127] The Scottish Parliament was reconvened in Edinburgh on 4 July 1999.[128] The first to hold the office of first minister of Scotland was Donald Dewar, who served until his sudden death in 2000.[129] en-wikipedia-org-8467 He is known for being a contemporary biographer of his archbishop and companion, Saint Anselm, in his Vita Anselmi,[2] and for his Historia novorum in Anglia, which presents the public face of Anselm. The fact that the doctrine spread throughout England and France throughout the Twelfth Century may have been largely, and ironically, due to the mis-attribution of Eadmer''s De Conceptione Sanctae Mariae to Anselm''s authorship.[6][7] It was first edited by John Selden in 1623 and, with Eadmer''s Vita Anselmi, was edited by Martin Rule for the Rolls Series (London, 1884).[4] R. W. Southern re-edited Vita Anselmi in 1963 with a facing page translation, and Geoffrey Bosanquet translated the Rolls text of Historia Novorum in 1964. ^ Some older authorities gave earlier dates for his death; at page 291 of "Early Scottish Charters, Prior to 1153", Sir Archibald Campbell Lawrie (editor), Glasgow, 1910, Published by James Maclehose and Sons, Glasgow, 1905, it is stated that Eadmer died on 13 January 1123. en-wikipedia-org-848 Category:Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia Category:Webarchive template wayback links Jump to navigation Pages in category "Webarchive template wayback links" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 399,773 total. .50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004 .243 Winchester Super Short Magnum .300 Winchester Magnum .300 Winchester Magnum .300 Winchester Magnum ''Abd al-Rahman ibn ''Awf Media in category "Webarchive template wayback links" The following 69 files are in this category, out of 69 total. ANTM 1 Cast.PNG ANTM6.jpg ANTM6.jpg ANTM6.jpg Bomgar logo.png (cast photo).jpg Daddys-Hone-by-Cliff-Richard.jpg FC-2L.jpg FC-2L.jpg Logo-armee-de-lair.jpg Love monkey.svg Real chance of love cast.jpeg Spencerwood.jpg Strange Love logo.svg Tintin (1961 film).jpg Tough love 1 cast.jpg Univision logo.png Vh1 tough love.png Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links&oldid=961302633" Template Large category TOC via CatAutoTOC on category with over 20,000 pages Category View history By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-8480 View source for English literature Wikipedia If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-8488 Mary Ann Evans (22 November 1819 – 22 December 1880; alternatively Mary Anne or Marian[1]), known by her pen name George Eliot, was an English novelist, poet, journalist, translator and one of the leading writers of the Victorian era. Her classical education left its mark; Christopher Stray has observed that "George Eliot''s novels draw heavily on Greek literature (only one of her books can be printed correctly without the use of a Greek typeface), and her themes are often influenced by Greek tragedy".[11] Her frequent visits to the estate also allowed her to contrast the wealth in which the local landowner lived with the lives of the often much poorer people on the estate, and different lives lived in parallel would reappear in many of her works. en-wikipedia-org-8492 Research in the emerging field of neuropsychoanalysis, founded by neuroscientist and psychoanalyst Mark Solms,[216] has proved controversial with some psychoanalysts criticising the very concept itself.[217] Solms and his colleagues have argued for neuro-scientific findings being "broadly consistent" with Freudian theories pointing out brain structures relating to Freudian concepts such as libido, drives, the unconscious, and repression.[218][219] Neuroscientists who have endorsed Freud''s work include David Eagleman who believes that Freud "transformed psychiatry" by providing " the first exploration of the way in which hidden states of the brain participate in driving thought and behavior"[220] and Nobel laureate Eric Kandel who argues that "psychoanalysis still represents the most coherent and intellectually satisfying view of the mind."[221] en-wikipedia-org-8501 Alfred was a son of Æthelwulf, king of Wessex, and his wife Osburh.[3] According to his biographer, Asser, writing in 893, "In the year of our Lord''s Incarnation 849 Alfred, King of the Anglo-Saxons", was born at the royal estate called Wantage, in the district known as Berkshire[a] (which is so called from Berroc Wood, where the box tree grows very abundantly)." This date has been accepted by the editors of Asser''s biography, Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge,[4] and by other historians such as David Dumville and Richard Huscroft.[5] However, West Saxon genealogical lists state that Alfred was 23 when he became king in April 871, implying that he was born between April 847 and April 848.[6] This dating is adopted in the biography of Alfred by Alfred Smyth, who regards Asser''s biography as fraudulent,[7] an allegation which is rejected by other historians.[8] Richard Abels in his biography discusses both sources but does not decide between them and dates Alfred''s birth as 847/849, while Patrick Wormald in his Oxford Dictionary of National Biography article dates it 848/849.[b] Berkshire had been historically disputed between Wessex and Mercia, and as late as 844, a charter showed that it was part of Mercia, but Alfred''s birth in the county is evidence that, by the late 840s, control had passed to Wessex.[10] en-wikipedia-org-8505 Despite the initial success of Ivanhoe, some writers blamed it for the failure of the opera house, and it soon passed into obscurity.[137] Herman Klein called the episode "the strangest comingling of success and failure ever chronicled in the history of British lyric enterprise!"[138] Later in 1891 Sullivan composed music for Tennyson''s The Foresters, which ran well at Daly''s Theatre in New York in 1892, but failed in London the following year.[n 24] A few of his songs were put on disc in the early years of the 20th century, including versions of "The Lost Chord" by Enrico Caruso and Clara Butt.[313] The first of many recordings of the Overture di Ballo was made in 1932, conducted by Sargent.[314] The Irish Symphony was first recorded in 1968 under Sir Charles Groves.[315] Since then, much of Sullivan''s serious music and his operas without Gilbert have been recorded, including the Cello Concerto by Julian Lloyd Webber (1986);[316] and The Rose of Persia (1999);[317] The Golden Legend (2001);[318] Ivanhoe (2009);[319] and The Masque at Kenilworth and On Shore and Sea (2014),[320] conducted by, respectively, Tom Higgins, Ronald Corp, David Lloyd-Jones and Richard Bonynge. en-wikipedia-org-8510 Johnson displayed signs of great intelligence as a child, and his parents, to his later disgust, would show off his "newly acquired accomplishments".[18] His education began at the age of three, and was provided by his mother, who had him memorise and recite passages from the Book of Common Prayer.[19] When Samuel turned four, he was sent to a nearby school, and, at the age of six he was sent to a retired shoemaker to continue his education.[20] A year later Johnson went to Lichfield Grammar School, where he excelled in Latin.[21] During this time, Johnson started to exhibit the tics that would influence how people viewed him in his later years, and which formed the basis for a posthumous diagnosis of Tourette syndrome.[22] He excelled at his studies and was promoted to the upper school at the age of nine.[21] During this time, he befriended Edmund Hector, nephew of his "man-midwife" George Hector, and John Taylor, with whom he remained in contact for the rest of his life.[23] en-wikipedia-org-852 George Meredith OM (12 February 1828 – 18 May 1909) was an English novelist and poet of the Victorian era. George Meredith''s home at Box Hill, where much of his work was written M. Ellis, A Mid-Victorian Pepys, The Letters and Memoirs of Sir William Hardman, M.A., F.R.G.S (Cecil Palmer, London 1923), which includes an early photograph of George Meredith with his son Arthur Meredith, facing p. George Meredith: His Life and Friends in Relation to his Work (Grant Richards Ltd, London 1920). Wikimedia Commons has media related to George Meredith. Portal for articles on George Meredith Poems by George Meredith The Works of George Meredith at The University of Adelaide Library Works by George Meredith at Project Gutenberg Works by or about George Meredith at Internet Archive George Meredith Collection. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Meredith&oldid=1003817285" Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-8524 View source for English literature Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. Others who followed Jonson''s style include [[Beaumont and Fletcher]], who wrote the popular comedy, ''''[[The Knight of the Burning Pestle]]'''' (probably 1607–08), a satire of the rising middle class.''''The Oxford Companion to English Literature'''' (1996). Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature" en-wikipedia-org-8529 Mary Scott''s The Female Advocate: A Poem Occasioned by Reading Mr Duncombe''s Feminead (1774) is one of the best known such works in the 18th century, a period that saw a burgeoning of women writers being published. Some scholars, such as Roger Lonsdale, mentions that something of a commonality exists and that "it is not unreasonable to consider" women writers" in some aspects as a special case, given their educational insecurities and the constricted notions of the properly ''feminine'' in social and literary behaviour they faced.".[8] Using the term "women''s writing" implies, then, the belief that women in some sense constitute a group, however diverse, who share a position of difference based on gender. Gilbert, Sandra M., and Susan Gubar, eds., The New Feminist Criticism: Essays on Women, Literature and Theory. Literary and review journals of women''s writing[edit] en-wikipedia-org-8536 D. Fulk, of Indiana University, published a facing-page edition and translation of the entire Nowell Codex manuscript in 2010.[101] Hugh Magennis''s 2011 Translating Beowulf: Modern Versions in English Verse discusses the challenges and history of translating the poem,[91][102] as well as the question of how to approach its poetry,[103] and discusses several post-1950 verse translations,[104] paying special attention to those of Edwin Morgan,[105] Burton Raffel,[106] Michael J. en-wikipedia-org-8541 Verse (poetry) Wikipedia Verse (poetry) Jump to navigation Jump to search Literature portal In the countable sense, a verse is formally a single metrical line in a poetic composition. However, verse has come to represent any division or grouping of words in a poetic composition, with groupings traditionally having been referred to as stanzas. 1 Types of verse 1.1 Blank verse 1.2 Free verse Types of verse[edit] Blank verse[edit] Free verse[edit] Free verse is usually defined as having no fixed meter and no end rhyme. Although free verse may include end rhyme, it commonly does not. Whirl your pointed pines, —H.D. References[edit] ^ "Verse", "Types-Of-Poetry", Screen 1 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verse_(poetry)&oldid=991396797" View history Navigation Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 29 November 2020, at 21:05 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy en-wikipedia-org-8558 Thematically, Nineteen Eighty-Four centres on the consequences of totalitarianism, mass surveillance, and repressive regimentation of persons and behaviours within society.[2][3] Orwell, himself a democratic socialist, modelled the authoritarian government in the novel after Stalinist Russia.[2][3][4] More broadly, the novel examines the role of truth and facts within politics and the ways in which they are manipulated. The Last Man in Europe was an early title for the novel, but in a letter dated 22 October 1948 to his publisher Fredric Warburg, eight months before publication, Orwell wrote about hesitating between that title and Nineteen Eighty-Four.[16] Warburg suggested choosing the latter, which he took to be a more commercially viable choice for the main title.[17] Throughout its publication history, Nineteen Eighty-Four has been either banned or legally challenged as subversive or ideologically corrupting, like the dystopian novels We (1924) by Yevgeny Zamyatin, Brave New World (1932) by Aldous Huxley, Darkness at Noon (1940) by Arthur Koestler, Kallocain (1940) by Karin Boye, and Fahrenheit 451 (1953) by Ray Bradbury.[20] en-wikipedia-org-8566 James Kelman (born 9 June 1946) is a Scottish novelist, short story writer, playwright and essayist. In 1998, Kelman received the Stakis Prize for "Scottish Writer of the Year" for his collection of short stories The Good Times. Kelman''s work has been described as flowing "not only from being an engaged writer, but a cultural and political activist".[8] At the time of Glasgow''s Year as City of Culture he was prominent in the Workers'' City group, critical of the celebrations. In his introduction to Born up a Close: Memoirs of a Brigton Boy (2006), an edition of Glaswegian political campaigner Hugh Savage''s writings, Kelman sums up his understanding of the history of national and class conflict as follows: Book-length critical works on Kelman[edit] Works by James Kelman en-wikipedia-org-8569 Along with Christopher Reid, he is the best-known exponent of Martian poetry, a movement that expresses alienation with the world, society and objects.[1] He was a fellow of New College, Oxford from 1991 to 2010 and is now emeritus professor. He became poetry editor at publishers Faber and Faber in 1981, and has been a fellow of New College, Oxford, since 1991, retiring from his post as tutor in June 2010. Craig Raine is founder and editor of the literary magazine Areté and a frequent contributor.[8] His works include a number of poetry collections:[9] The Onion, Memory (1978), A Martian Sends a Postcard Home (1979), A Free Translation (1981), Rich (1984), History: The Home Movie (1994), and Clay. Poetry collections[edit] "Bad Language: Poetry, Swearing and Translation" article by Craig Raine in Thumbscrew magazine, No 1 Winter 1994-5 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-8578 You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. English literary modernism developed in the early twentieth-century out of a general sense of disillusionment with [[Victorian era]] attitudes of certainty, conservatism, and belief in the idea of objective truth.M.H. Abrams,''''A Glossary of literary Terms'''' (7th edition). But while [[modernism]] was to become an important literary movement in the early decades of the new century, there were also many fine writers who, like Thomas Hardy, were not modernists. en-wikipedia-org-8583 He frequently wrote sonnets to accompany his pictures, spanning from The Girlhood of Mary Virgin (1849) and Astarte Syriaca (1877), while also creating art to illustrate poems such as Goblin Market by the celebrated poet Christina Rossetti, his sister. Rossetti''s personal life was closely linked to his work, especially his relationships with his models and muses Elizabeth Siddal (whom he married), Fanny Cornforth and Jane Morris. For the first issue of the brotherhood''s magazine, The Germ, published early in 1850, Rossetti contributed a poem, "The Blessed Damozel", and a story about a fictional early Italian artist inspired by a vision of a woman who bids him combine the human and the divine in his art.[11] Rossetti was always more interested in the medieval than in the modern side of the movement, working on translations of Dante and other medieval Italian poets, and adopting the stylistic characteristics of the early Italians. en-wikipedia-org-8602 Francis Beaumont (/ˈboʊmɒnt/ BOH-mont; 1584 – 6 March 1616) was a dramatist in the English Renaissance theatre, most famous for his collaborations with John Fletcher. The 1911 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica describes the work as "not on the whole discreditable to a lad of eighteen, fresh from the popular love-poems of Marlowe and Shakespeare, which it naturally exceeds in long-winded and fantastic diffusion of episodes and conceits." In 1605, Beaumont wrote commendatory verses to Jonson''s Volpone. Beaumont/Fletcher plays, later revised by Massinger: On the other hand, Cupid''s Revenge, The Coxcomb, The Scornful Lady, Beggar''s Bush, and The Captain are more Fletcher''s than Beaumont''s. In Love''s Cure and Thierry and Theodoret, the influence of Massinger''s revision complicates matters; but in those plays too, Fletcher appears to be the majority contributor, Beaumont the minority. en-wikipedia-org-8617 (/ˌædoʊˈneɪ.ɪs/) is a pastoral elegy written by Percy Bysshe Shelley for John Keats in 1821, and widely regarded as one of Shelley''s best and best-known works.[1] The poem, which is in 495 lines in 55 Spenserian stanzas, was composed in the spring of 1821 immediately after 11 April, when Shelley heard of Keats'' death (seven weeks earlier). Fellow poets mourn the death of Keats: Byron, Thomas Moore, Shelley, and Leigh Hunt (sts. The title of the Star Trek: The Original Series episode "Who Mourns for Adonais?" (1967) is an allusion to the Shelley elegy, Stanza 47, line 415. "Percy Shelley: Adonais", John Keats (12 February 2004). "Percy Shelley: Adonais", John Keats (12 February 2004). "Shelley''s Adonais and John Keats." Essays in Criticism, 57(3), pp. en-wikipedia-org-8625 Helen Beatrix Potter (/ˈbiːətrɪks/,[1] US /ˈbiːtrɪks/,[2] 28 July 1866 – 22 December 1943) was an English writer, illustrator, natural scientist and conservationist; she was best known for her children''s books featuring animals, such as those in The Tale of Peter Rabbit. en-wikipedia-org-8630 Dylan Marlais Thomas (27 October 1914 – 9 November 1953)[1] was a Welsh poet and writer whose works include the poems "Do not go gentle into that good night" and "And death shall have no dominion"; the "play for voices" Under Milk Wood; and stories and radio broadcasts such as A Child''s Christmas in Wales and Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog. He became widely popular in his lifetime and remained so after his premature death at the age of 39 in New York City.[2] By then he had acquired a reputation, which he had encouraged, as a "roistering, drunken and doomed poet".[3] en-wikipedia-org-8644 You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. Towards the end of the 19th century, English poets began to take an interest in French [[Symbolist poetry|Symbolism]] and Victorian poetry entered a decadent ''''[[Fin de siècle|fin-de-siècle]]'''' phase.''''The Norton Anthology of English Literature'''', 7th edition, vol.2, ed. Yeats went on to become an important modernist in the 20th century.''''The Norton Anthology of English Literature'''', 7th edition, vol. 1740. Also in 1896 [[A.E. Housman]] published at his own expense ''''[[A Shropshire Lad]]''''.''''The Norton Anthology of English Literature'''', 7th edition, vol. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature" en-wikipedia-org-8651 Cypriot literature covers literature from Cyprus found mainly in Greek, Turkish, English and/or other languages, including French. A great collection of sonnets in the manner of Francesco Petrarca and of Poèmes d''amour written in medieval Greek Cypriot date back from the 16th century, when Cyprus was a possession of the Republic of Venice. In 2002 her novel Secret History of Sad Girls was banned in the TRNC and Turkey and she received multiple threats from Turkish nationalists.[6][7] Sevgül Uludağ is an investigative reporter [8] who besides being instrumental in uncovering information on thousands of missing Cypriots [9] she has also authored a number of books.[10] Urkiye Mine Balman has written in a wide variety genres, but her works are mostly romantic poems describing sometimes a lonesome village girl or country life and long-distance romances. Cyprus-based writers in other languages includes the Armenian Cypriot poet Nora Nadjarian. Greek Cypriots in Northern Cyprus en-wikipedia-org-8657 View source for English literature Wikipedia If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-8661 Ideologically, the Victorian era witnessed resistance to the rationalism that defined the Georgian period and an increasing turn towards romanticism and even mysticism with regard to religion, social values, and arts.[1] Technologically, this era saw a staggering amount of innovations that proved key to Britain''s power and prosperity.[2][3] Doctors started moving away from tradition and mysticism towards a science-based approach; modern medicine saw the light of day thanks to the adoption of the germ theory of disease and pioneering research in epidemiology.[4] Multiple studies suggest that on the per-capita basis, the numbers of significant innovations in science and technology and of scientific geniuses peaked during the Victorian era and have been on the decline ever since.[5] In the strictest sense, the Victorian era covers the duration of Victoria''s reign as Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, from her accession on 20 June 1837—after the death of her uncle, William IV—until her death on 22 January 1901, after which she was succeeded by her eldest son, Edward VII. en-wikipedia-org-8662 Mary Cassatt, Young Girl at a Window, 1885, oil on canvas, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. The critics of the time lumped these four together without regard to their personal styles, techniques, or subject matter.[41] Critics viewing their works at the exhibitions often attempted to acknowledge the women artists'' talents but circumscribed them within a limited notion of femininity.[42] Arguing for the suitability of Impressionist technique to women''s manner of perception, Parisian critic S.C. de Soissons wrote: Fashionable painters such as Jean Béraud and Henri Gervex found critical and financial success by brightening their palettes while retaining the smooth finish expected of Salon art.[56] Works by these artists are sometimes casually referred to as Impressionism, despite their remoteness from Impressionist practice. The American Impressionists, including Mary Cassatt, William Merritt Chase, Frederick Carl Frieseke, Childe Hassam, Willard Metcalf, Lilla Cabot Perry, Theodore Robinson, Edmund Charles Tarbell, John Henry Twachtman, Catherine Wiley and J. The Australian Impressionists, including Tom Roberts, Arthur Streeton, Walter Withers, Charles Conder and Frederick McCubbin (who were prominent members of the Heidelberg School), and John Russell, a friend of Van Gogh, Rodin, Monet and Matisse. en-wikipedia-org-8682 A musical based on the novel, titled Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, premiered at the West End''s Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in May 2013 and officially opened on 25 June.[44] The show is directed by Sam Mendes, with new songs by Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman, and stars Douglas Hodge as Willy Wonka.[44] The production broke records for weekly ticket sales.[45] Hodge was also the voice of a Charlie and the Chocolate Factory audiobook, as part of a package of Roald Dahl CDs read by celebrities. On 27 November 2018, Netflix was revealed to be developing an "animated series event" based on Roald Dahl''s books, which will include a television series based on Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and the novel''s sequel Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator.[48][49] On 5 March 2020, it was reported that Taika Waititi will write, direct, and executive-produce both the series and a spin-off animated series focused on the Oompa Loompas.[50] en-wikipedia-org-8687 Find sources: "Senecan tragedy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Senecan tragedy refers to a set of ten ancient Roman tragedies, probably eight of which were written by the Stoic philosopher and politician Lucius Annaeus Seneca. Many of the Senecan tragedies employ the same Greek myths as tragedies by Sophocles, Aeschylus, and Euripides; but scholars tend not to view Seneca''s works as direct adaptations of those Attic works, as Seneca''s approach differs, and he employs themes familiar from his philosophical writings.[2] It is possible that the style was more directly influenced by Augustan literature[3]. The first English tragedy, Gorboduc (1561), by Thomas Sackville and Thomas Norton, is a chain of slaughter and revenge written in direct imitation of Seneca. Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference en-wikipedia-org-8690 View source for English literature Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: {{unblock|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-8691 Galician-language literature Wikipedia In the Middle Ages, Galego-português (Galician-Portuguese) was a language of culture, poetry (troubadours) and religion throughout not only Galicia and Portugal but also Castile. Rosalia Castro de Murguía''s Cantares Gallegos (1863; Galician Songs) was the first Galician-language book to be published in four centuries.[2] Related to literature, Chano Pineiro''s 1989 Sempre Xonxa (Forever a Woman) is regarded as the first Galician-language film.[3] The intellectual group Xeración Nós, a name that alludes to the Irish Sinn Féin ("We Ourselves") promoted Galacian culture in the 1920s.[4] Xeración Galaxia was established to translate modern texts that would link an independent Galician culture with the European context.[5] The Galician translation of the Bible was begun in 1968 by Editorial SEPT and published in 1989.[6] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Galician-language literature. Galician language en-wikipedia-org-8692 A manuscript (abbreviated MS for singular and MSS for plural) was, traditionally, any document that is written by hand – or, once practical typewriters became available, typewritten — as opposed to being mechanically printed or reproduced in some indirect or automated way.[1] More recently, the term has come to be understood to further include any written, typed, or word-processed copy of an author''s work, as distinguished from its rendition as a printed version of the same.[2] Before the arrival of printing, all documents and books were manuscripts. Historically, manuscripts were produced in form of scrolls (volumen in Latin) or books (codex, plural codices). It has gold Kufic script, on parchment dyed blue with indigo.[13] Many Qur''an manuscripts are divided into 30 equal sections (juz) to be able to be read over the course of 30 days.[14] The Chinese practice of writing on paper, presented to the Islamic world around the 8th century, enabled Qur''ans to be begin to be written on paper. en-wikipedia-org-8694 Today, the data is stored on the Internet Archive''s large cluster of Linux nodes.[5] It revisits and archives new versions of websites on occasion (see technical details below).[14] Sites can also be captured manually by entering a website''s URL into the search box, provided that the website allows the Wayback Machine to "crawl" it and save the data.[10] The Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage in 2009, and hosts a new data center in a Sun Modular Datacenter on Sun Microsystems'' California campus.[22] As of 2009[update], the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month.[23] Chordiant Software Inc., defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots.txt file on its website that was causing the Wayback Machine to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from Netbula''s site, pages that Chordiant believed would support its case.[67] en-wikipedia-org-8696 This article refers to the Aragonese-language literature of Spain. This text has a lot of Aragonese-language features like the article o, a; the diphthongation of duenno, nuestro, sieculo, get (ye) and vocabulary such as honore and aiutorio. From the 15th century there developed a special singularity in this language''s literature: Aljamiado in which Aragonese features could stand Spanish influence until their disappearance in 1610. In the 17th century there appeared some writers that used this language to characterize popular characters: for example, Ana Abarca de Bolea (Casbas'' Abbess) used Semontano Aragonese in some poems. View a machine-translated version of the Spanish article. A model attribution edit summary Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at [[:es:Literatura en aragonés]]; see its history for attribution. Categories: Aragonese-language literature Aragonese language Aragonese-language culture Articles needing translation from Spanish Wikipedia en-wikipedia-org-8697 His most important work is the Book of the three texts (Libro delle tre scritture), an epic poem in quatrains in Old Insubric language, in which he describes the underworld realms. Carlo Maria Maggi (born in 1630), Milanese, rector of Latin and Greek at the Scholae Palatinae, secretary of the Milanese Senate, superintendent at the University of Pavia, is considered as the father of modern Insubric literature. Insubric poets of the 19th century are Alessandro Manzoni (one of the greatest writers in Italian language), Tommaso Grossi (author besides of In morte di Carlo Porta ["In death of Carlo Porta"] and of Sogn or La Prineide), Vespasiano Bignami, Giovanni Rajberti, Giuseppe Rovani, Emilio De Marchi, Speri Della Chiesa Jemoli... In this century many journals in various dialect of Insubric language were born, and also great dictionaries: the Cherubini (monumental work), the Cappelletti (trilingual: Milanese, Italian, French), the Banfi, the Arrighi and the Angiolini. en-wikipedia-org-8705 Phantastes: A Faerie Romance for Men and Women is a fantasy novel by Scottish writer George MacDonald, first published in London in 1858. C.S. Lewis wrote, concerning his first reading of Phantastes at age sixteen, "That night my imagination was, in a certain sense, baptized; the rest of me[,] not unnaturally, took longer. In the next door he finds the marble lady and Sir Percivale in love. Here Anodos makes a last outburst of his love for the marble lady. The next door recounts the death of a loved one of Anodos, and he finds his family mausoleum. Anodos escapes by the song of a woman whom he had met before in Fairy Land, and he is not troubled by his shadow again. External links[edit] Phantastes at Open Library Articles with Open Library links Articles with LibriVox links Edit links en-wikipedia-org-8706 Some critics include other plays, most commonly The Winter''s Tale, Timon of Athens, and The Merchant of Venice.[2] The term has been variously applied to other odd plays from different points in Shakespeare''s career, as the notion of a problem-play has always been somewhat vaguely defined and is not accepted by all critics. Boas himself lists the first three plays and adds that Hamlet links Shakespeare''s problem-plays to his unambiguous tragedies.[3] For Boas, this modern form of drama provided a useful model with which to study works by Shakespeare that had previously seemed uneasily situated between the comic and the tragic; nominally two of the three plays identified by Boas are comedies, while the third, Troilus and Cressida, is found amongst the tragedies in the First Folio, although it is not listed in the Catalogue (table of contents) of the First Folio. The Problem Plays of Shakespeare: A Study of Julius Caesar, Measure for Measure, Antony and Cleopatra. en-wikipedia-org-8719 The novel''s title (imposed by Dickens) focuses on the difference in lifestyle between rural southern England, inhabited by the landed gentry and agricultural workers, and the industrial north, populated by capitalist manufacturers and poverty-stricken mill workers;[2] the north-south division was cultural and geographical.[4] The story centers on haughty Margaret Hale, who learns to overcome her prejudices against the North in general and charismatic manufacturer John Thornton in particular. Gaskell, the daughter, and wife of a pastor, did not write a religious novel, although religion plays an important role in her work.[36] Unitarians interpreted biblical texts symbolically, rather than literally.[37] They did not believe in original sin or that women were guiltier or weaker than men, and were more liberal than Methodists, Anglicans or Dissenters.[38] North and South presents a typical picture of Unitarian tolerance in one evening scene: "Margaret the Churchwoman, her father the Dissenter, Higgins the Infidel, knelt down together".[39] The Thorntons do not invoke religion as the Hales do, although Mrs. Thornton reads Matthew Henry''s Exposition of the Old and New Testaments. en-wikipedia-org-8729 Whilst many locals view them as an important part of their culture and traditions, development initiatives and aid workers have tried to rationalize the practice in order to educate the local people in modern medicine and practice (Giddens, 2013). Marx and Engels associated the emergence of modern society above all with the development of capitalism; for Durkheim it was connected in particular with industrialization and the new social division of labour which this brought about; for Weber it had to do with the emergence of a distinctive way of thinking, the rational calculation which he associated with the Protestant Ethic (more or less what Marx and Engels speak of in terms of those ''icy waves of egotistical calculation''). The sociologist George Ritzer has used the term McDonaldization to refer, not just to the actions of the fast food restaurant, but to the general process of rationalization. en-wikipedia-org-8730 Wikipedia is an online open-content collaborative encyclopedia; that is, a voluntary association of individuals and groups working to develop a common resource of human knowledge. None of the contributors, sponsors, administrators or anyone else connected with Wikipedia in any way whatsoever can be responsible for the appearance of any inaccurate or libelous information or for your use of the information contained in or linked from these web pages. There is no agreement or understanding between you and Wikipedia regarding your use or modification of this information beyond the Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA) and the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL); neither is anyone at Wikipedia responsible should someone change, edit, modify or remove any information that you may post on Wikipedia or any of its associated projects. Categories: Wikipedia disclaimers Hidden categories: Wikipedia fully-protected project pages en-wikipedia-org-8731 William Cuthbert Faulkner (/ˈfɔːknər/;[1][2] September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was an American writer and Nobel Prize laureate from Oxford, Mississippi. Maud disagreed with this proposition, however, and they moved instead to Oxford, Mississippi, where Murry''s father owned several businesses, making it easy for Murry to find work.[7] Thus, four days prior to William''s fifth birthday, the Faulkner family settled in Oxford, where he lived on and off for the rest of his life.[5][8] He donated part of his Nobel money "to establish a fund to support and encourage new fiction writers", eventually resulting in the PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction, and donated another part to a local Oxford bank, establishing a scholarship fund to help educate African-American teachers at Rust College in nearby Holly Springs, Mississippi. William Faulkner, New York: Oxford University Press, 2007; William Faulkner, New York: Oxford University Press, 2007; William Faulkner and Southern History, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993; en-wikipedia-org-8733 In March 1698, Jeremy Collier published his anti-theatre pamphlet, A Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage; in the pamphlet, Collier attacks a number of playwrights: William Wycherley, John Dryden, William Congreve, John Vanbrugh, and Thomas D''Urfey. With his exhaustively thorough readings—in a sense, pre-close reading close readings—he condemns the characters of Restoration comedies as impious and wicked and he condemned their creators (the playwrights) for failing to punish the playwrights'' wicked "favorites." As the title suggests, Collier also charges the playwrights with profaneness, supporting his allegations with a number quotations from the plays (i.e. The Provoked Wife, The Relapse, et cetera). Before A Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage, most anti-theatre pamphlets were merely nondescript diatribes (e.g. William Prynne''s Histriomastix (1633)), but with his innovative techniques, Collier comprehensively indicted the entire Restoration stage.[2][3] en-wikipedia-org-8737 term for mainstream professional theatre staged in and near the West End of London There are a total of 39 theatres in the West End, with the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, opened in May 1663, the oldest theatre in London.[2] The Savoy Theatre – built as a showcase for the popular series of comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan – was entirely lit by electricity in 1881.[3] The next few decades saw the opening of many new theatres in the West End. The Criterion Theatre opened on Piccadilly Circus on 21 March 1874, and in 1881, two more houses appeared: the Savoy Theatre in The Strand, built by Richard D''Oyly Carte specifically to showcase the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan, opened on 10 October (the first theatre to be lit by cooler, cleaner electric lights), and five days later the Comedy Theatre opened as the Royal Comedy Theatre on Panton Street in Leicester Square. en-wikipedia-org-8739 He wrote his Oxford Hibbert Lectures[c] and spoke at the annual London Quaker meet.[88] There, addressing relations between the British and the Indians – a topic he would tackle repeatedly over the next two years – Tagore spoke of a "dark chasm of aloofness".[89] He visited Aga Khan III, stayed at Dartington Hall, toured Denmark, Switzerland, and Germany from June to mid-September 1930, then went on into the Soviet Union.[90] In April 1932 Tagore, intrigued by the Persian mystic Hafez, was hosted by Reza Shah Pahlavi.[91][92] In his other travels, Tagore interacted with Henri Bergson, Albert Einstein, Robert Frost, Thomas Mann, George Bernard Shaw, H.G. Wells, and Romain Rolland.[93][94] Visits to Persia and Iraq (in 1932) and Sri Lanka (in 1933) composed Tagore''s final foreign tour, and his dislike of communalism and nationalism only deepened.[61] en-wikipedia-org-8743 It was partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution,[1] the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment, and the scientific rationalization of nature—all components of modernity.[2] It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography,[3] education,[4] chess, social sciences, and the natural sciences.[5][failed verification] It had a significant and complex effect on politics, with romantic thinkers influencing liberalism, radicalism, conservatism, and nationalism.[6] Scott probably did more than any other figure to define and popularise Scottish cultural identity in the nineteenth century.[61] Other major literary figures connected with Romanticism include the poets and novelists James Hogg (1770–1835), Allan Cunningham (1784–1842) and John Galt (1779–1839).[62] One of the most significant figures of the Romantic movement, Lord Byron, was brought up in Scotland until he inherited his family''s English peerage.[63] en-wikipedia-org-8750 From its origins in the theatre of ancient Greece 2500 years ago, from which there survives only a fraction of the work of Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides, as well as many fragments from other poets; through its singular articulations in the works of Shakespeare, Lope de Vega, Jean Racine, and Friedrich Schiller to the more recent naturalistic tragedy of Henrik Ibsen and August Strindberg; Samuel Beckett''s modernist meditations on death, loss and suffering; Müller''s postmodernist reworkings of the tragic canon, tragedy has remained an important site of cultural experimentation, negotiation, struggle, and change.[7][8] A long line of philosophers—which includes Plato, Aristotle, Saint Augustine, Voltaire, Hume, Diderot, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Freud, Benjamin,[9] Camus, Lacan, and Deleuze[10]—have analysed, speculated upon, and criticised the genre.[11][12][13] en-wikipedia-org-8754 Baroness Rendell''s awards include the Silver, Gold, and Cartier Diamond Daggers from the Crime Writers'' Association, three Edgars from the Mystery Writers of America, The Arts Council National Book Awards, and The Sunday Times Literary Award.[2] A number of her works (see the section below) have been adapted for film or television.[12][13] She was also a patron of the charity Kids for Kids[14] which helps children in rural areas of Darfur. Rendell created a third strand of writing with the publication in 1986 of A Dark-Adapted Eye under her pseudonym Barbara Vine (the name was derived from her own middle name and her great grandmother''s maiden name).[4] King Solomon''s Carpet, A Fatal Inversion and Asta''s Book (alternative U.S. title, Anna''s Book), among others, inhabited the same territory as her psychological crime novels while further developing themes of human misunderstandings and the unintended consequences of family secrets and hidden crimes. en-wikipedia-org-8764 Early English Jewish literature Wikipedia Early English Jewish literature Jump to navigation Other Jewish diaspora languages Medieval Hebrew Modern Hebrew Jewish dance (This page is part of the History of the Jews in England) English Jewish Literature In the earlier century, for example, there were eminent authorities such as Abraham ibn Ezra, Judah Sir Leon of Paris, Yom Tov of Joigny, and Jacob of Orleansin addition to a school of grammarians which appears to have existed, including Moses ben Yom-Ṭob, Moses ben Isaac, and Samuel ha-NaḲdan. Some early works of the 13th century[edit] History of the Jews in England External links[edit] England related articles in the Jewish Encyclopedia English literature Early English Jewish Jewish American This article related to Jewish history is a stub. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_English_Jewish_literature&oldid=984950097" Categories: Jewish English history Literature of England Jewish literature Jewish history stubs This page was last edited on 23 October 2020, at 02:04 (UTC). en-wikipedia-org-8765 Lionel Pigot Johnson (15 March 1867 – 4 October 1902) was an English poet, essayist, and critic. In October 2018, Strange Attractor Press published Incurable: The Haunted Writings of Lionel Johnson, the Decadent Era''s Dark Angel, which is edited by Nina Antonia.[6] Duncan Fallowell included Incurable in his list of books for the books of the year section (2018) in The Spectator.[7] Michael Dirda in his 5 December 2018 book review for The Washington Post, entitled "The ''90s are having a literary moment. Incurable: The Haunted Writings of Lionel Johnson, the Decadent Era''s Dark Angel edited by Nina Antonia, Strange Attractor Press (2018) Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers en-wikipedia-org-8769 John Alberti quotes Shelley Fisher Fishkin, who writes in her 1990s book Was Huck Black?: Mark Twain and African-American Voices, "by limiting their field of inquiry to the periphery," white scholars "have missed the ways in which African-American voices shaped Twain''s creative imagination at its core." It is suggested that the character of Huckleberry Finn illustrates the correlation, and even interrelatedness, between white and Black culture in the United States.[11] The rest is just cheating."[31][32] Pulitzer Prize winner Ron Powers states in his Twain biography (Mark Twain: A Life) that "Huckleberry Finn endures as a consensus masterpiece despite these final chapters", in which Tom Sawyer leads Huck through elaborate machinations to rescue Jim.[33] However, Ralph Ellison argues that "Hemingway missed completely the structural, symbolic and moral necessity for that part of the plot in which the boys rescue Jim. Yet it is precisely this part which gives the novel its significance." [34] "A word about the NewSouth edition of Mark Twain''s Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn – NewSouth Books". en-wikipedia-org-8774 Widely considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages, he is best known for The Canterbury Tales.[1] He has been called the "father of English literature", or, alternatively, the "father of English poetry".[2] He was the first writer to be buried in what has since come to be called Poets'' Corner, in Westminster Abbey.[3] Chaucer also gained fame as a philosopher and astronomer, composing the scientific A Treatise on the Astrolabe for his 10-year-old son Lewis. Writers of the 17th and 18th centuries, such as John Dryden, admired Chaucer for his stories, but not for his rhythm and rhyme, as few critics could then read Middle English and the text had been butchered by printers, leaving a somewhat unadmirable mess.[46] It was not until the late 19th century that the official Chaucerian canon, accepted today, was decided upon, largely as a result of Walter William Skeat''s work. Walter William Skeat, who like Furnivall was closely associated with the Oxford English Dictionary, established the base text of all of Chaucer''s works with his edition, published by Oxford University Press. en-wikipedia-org-8778 When Norse Vikings from modern day Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Iceland arrived in the then-province of Neustria and settled the land that became known as Normandy, these Germanic-speaking people came to live among a local Romance-speaking population.[3] In time, the communities converged, so that Normandy continued to form the name of the region while the original Normans became assimilated by the Gallo-Romance people, adopting their speech. An isogloss termed the "Joret line" (ligne Joret) separates the northern and southern dialects of the Norman language (the line runs from Granville, Manche to the French-speaking Belgian border in the province of Hainaut and Thiérache). As of 2017[update] the Norman language remains strongest in the less accessible areas of the former Duchy of Normandy: the Channel Islands and the Cotentin Peninsula (Cotentinais) in the west, and the Pays de Caux (Cauchois dialect) in the east. en-wikipedia-org-8792 The physical medal was designed by Rene Paul Chambellan and depicts an author giving his work (a book) to a boy and a girl to read on one side and on the other side the inscription, "For the most distinguished contribution to American literature for children".[4]:3, 8 The bronze medal retains the name "Children''s Librarians'' Section", the original group responsible for awarding the medal, despite the sponsoring committee having changed names four times and now including both school and public librarians.[4]:3 Each winning illustrator gets their own copy of the medal with their name engraved on it.[6] Currently the Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC) is responsible for the award.[1] en-wikipedia-org-8795 By the end of the nineteenth century, no book in the history of Western literature had more editions, spin-offs, and translations (even into languages such as Inuktitut, Coptic, and Maltese) than Robinson Crusoe, with more than 700 such alternative versions, including children''s versions with pictures and no text.[16] It was intended to be the last part of his stories, according to the original title page of the sequel''s first edition, but a third book was published (1720) Serious Reflections During the Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe: With his Vision of the Angelick World. Early critics, such as Robert Louis Stevenson, admired it, saying that the footprint scene in Crusoe was one of the four greatest in English literature and most unforgettable; more prosaically, Wesley Vernon has seen the origins of forensic podiatry in this episode.[26] It has inspired a new genre, the Robinsonade, as works such as Johann David Wyss'' The Swiss Family Robinson (1812) adapt its premise and has provoked modern postcolonial responses, including J. en-wikipedia-org-8797 Bangladeshi English literature Wikipedia Bangladeshi English literature In academia, it is also referred to as Bangladeshi Writing in English (BWE).[1] Early prominent Bengali writers in English included Sake Dean Mahomed, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Begum Rokeya and Rabindranath Tagore. Modern writers of the Bangladeshi diaspora include Tahmima Anam, Neamat Imam, Monica Ali and Zia Haider Rahman. Zia Haider Rahman, a British Bangladeshi novelist, published his debut novel In the Light of What We Know in 2014 which won the James Tait Black Prize for literature in 2015. Kaiser Haq is the most prominent name in Bangladeshi English-language poetry. Bangladesh has an influential English-language press, including newspapers The Daily Star, New Age, Dhaka Tribune, The Independent, which bring out regular literary supplements. ^ "Bangladeshis writing in English". English literature Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladeshi_English_literature&oldid=992987468" en-wikipedia-org-8808 The Castle of Otranto is a book by Horace Walpole first published in 1764 and generally regarded as the first gothic novel. The novel initiated a literary genre which would become extremely popular in the later 18th and early 19th century, with authors such as Clara Reeve, Ann Radcliffe, William Thomas Beckford, Matthew Lewis, Mary Shelley, Bram Stoker, Edgar Allan Poe, Robert Louis Stevenson and George du Maurier.[2] In his 1924 edition of The Castle of Otranto, Montague Summers showed that the life story of Manfred of Sicily inspired some details of the plot. The Castle of Otranto is the first supernatural English novel and one of the most influential works of Gothic fiction. The Castle of Otranto, A Gothic Story, Second Edition Preface. "Gothic novel The Castle of Otranto, by Horace Walpole". "Hamlet and Horace Walpole''s The Castle of Otranto". "Hamlet and Horace Walpole''s The Castle of Otranto." SEL Studies in English Literature 1500–1900. en-wikipedia-org-8813 View source for English literature Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. [[File:PortraitOfACD.JPG|150px|thumb|Sir [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] wrote 56 short stories and four novels featuring [[Sherlock Holmes]]]] Conan Doyle wrote four novels and 56 [[short stories]] featuring Holmes, which were published between 1887 and 1927. en-wikipedia-org-8816 Using the initials "L.A.V"., Herman contributed "Fragments from a Writing Desk" to the weekly newspaper Democratic Press and Lansingburgh Advertiser, which printed it in two installments, the first on May 4.[47] According to Merton Sealts, his use of heavy-handed allusions reveals familiarity with the work of William Shakespeare, John Milton, Walter Scott, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Edmund Burke, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, and Thomas Moore.[48] Parker calls the piece "characteristic Melvillean mood-stuff" and considers its style "excessive enough [...] to indulge his extravagances and just enough overdone to allow him to deny that he was taking his style seriously".[47] For Delbanco, the style is "overheated in the manner of Poe, with sexually charged echoes of Byron and The Arabian Nights".[49] en-wikipedia-org-8829 Ruskin''s first formal teaching role came about in the mid-1850s,[59] when he taught drawing classes (assisted by Dante Gabriel Rossetti) at the Working Men''s College, established by the Christian socialists, Frederick James Furnivall and Frederick Denison Maurice.[60] Although Ruskin did not share the founders'' politics, he strongly supported the idea that through education workers could achieve a crucially important sense of (self-)fulfilment.[61] One result of this involvement was Ruskin''s Elements of Drawing (1857).[62] He had taught several women drawing, by means of correspondence, and his book represented both a response and a challenge to contemporary drawing manuals.[63] The WMC was also a useful recruiting ground for assistants, on some of whom Ruskin would later come to rely, such as his future publisher, George Allen.[64] en-wikipedia-org-8834 In Elizabethan England there were no copyright or protections against plagiarism, so characters, plots, and even whole phrases of poetry were considered common property.[4] The majority of Shakespeare''s tragedies are based on historical figures, with the exception of Measure for Measure and Othello, which are based on narrative fictions by Giraldi Cintio.[1] The historical basis for Shakespeare''s Roman plays comes from The Lives of Noble Grecians and Romans by Plutarch,[5] whereas the source of Shakespeare''s Britain based plays and Hamlet (based on the Danish Prince Amleth)[6] derive from Holinshed''s Chronicles.[1] Furthermore, the French author Belleforest published The Hystorie of Hamblet, Prince of Denmarke in 1582 which includes specifics from how the prince counterfeited to be mad, to how the prince stabbed and killed the King''s counsellor who was eavesdropping on Hamlet and his mother behind the arras in the Queen''s chamber.[6] The story of Lear appears in Geoffrey of Monmouth''s Historia regium Britanniae c. en-wikipedia-org-8854 File:John Milton Project Gutenberg eText 13619.jpg Wikipedia File:John Milton Project Gutenberg eText 13619.jpg This is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional, public domain work of art. This work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the author''s life plus 70 years or fewer. 17:19, 8 May 2005 299 × 400 (17 KB) Airunp John Milton Project Gutenberg eText 13619 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/1/3/6/1/13619/13619-h/13619-h.htm {{PD}} Tagishsimon from en: wikipedia The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Usage on fa.wikipedia.org Usage on fa.wikipedia.org Usage on fa.wikipedia.org Usage on fa.wikipedia.org Usage on fa.wikipedia.org Usage on fa.wikipedia.org Usage on fa.wikipedia.org Usage on fa.wikipedia.org Usage on fa.wikipedia.org Usage on fa.wikipedia.org Usage on fa.wikipedia.org Usage on fa.wikipedia.org Usage on fa.wikipedia.org View more global usage of this file. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Milton_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_13619.jpg" en-wikipedia-org-8857 The Short Story Prize remains the sole award from Commonwealth Writers. 4.2 Commonwealth Writers'' Prize: Best First Book (1989–2011) 4.2 Commonwealth Writers'' Prize: Best First Book (1989–2011) Commonwealth Short Story Prize[edit] Commonwealth Book Prize (2012–13)[edit] Awarded for best first book, the Commonwealth Book Prize was established in 2012 for writers who were Commonwealth citizens aged 18 or over and who have had their first novel (full-length work of fiction) published in the year of entry. The Commonwealth Book Prize was part of an initiative by the Commonwealth Foundation called Commonwealth Writers, which seeks to unearth, develop and promote the best new fiction from across the Commonwealth. Each year, prizes for Best Book (1987–2011) and Best First Book (1989–2011) were awarded in four regions: Africa, Caribbean and Canada, South Asia and Europe and South East Asia and Pacific. Commonwealth Writers'' Prize: Best First Book (1989–2011)[edit] Commonwealth Writers'' Prize: Best First Book (1989–2011)[edit] en-wikipedia-org-8858 Roald Dahl[a] (13 September 1916 – 23 November 1990) was a British novelist, short-story writer, poet, screenwriter, and wartime fighter pilot.[1] His books have sold more than 250 million copies worldwide.[2] Unlike other Dahl works (which often feature tyrannical adults and heroic/magical children), it is the story of an old, lonely man trying to make a connection with a woman he has loved from afar.[97] In 1994, the English language audiobook recording of the book was provided by Monty Python member Michael Palin.[98] In 2015 it was adapted by screenwriter Richard Curtis into an acclaimed BBC comedy television film, Roald Dahl''s Esio Trot, featuring Dustin Hoffman and Judi Dench as the couple.[99] en-wikipedia-org-887 F. Hegel • Ludwig Feuerbach • Charles Darwin • Charles Babbage[3] • Aristotle • Epicurus • Jean-Jacques Rousseau • Baruch Spinoza • Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi[4] • Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz[5][6] • David Ricardo • Adam Smith • Adam Ferguson[7] • Friedrich Engels • Pierre-Joseph Proudhon • Constantin Pecqueur[8] • Henri de Saint-Simon • Robert Owen • William Thompson[9] • Charles Fourier • Baron d''Holbach[10] • Justus von Liebig[11] • Ludwig von Westphalen • Max Stirner • François-Noël Babeuf • Voltaire • Giambattista Vico • Maximilien Robespierre • William Shakespeare • Johann Wolfgang von Goethe • Claude Adrien Helvétius • François Guizot • Moses Hess en-wikipedia-org-8879 In the words of the Swedish Nobel Committee, his writing exhibited "the mixture of rich picaresque novel and subtle analysis of our culture, of entertaining adventure, drastic and tragic episodes in quick succession interspersed with philosophic conversation, all developed by a commentator with a witty tongue and penetrating insight into the outer and inner complications that drive us to act, or prevent us from acting, and that can be called the dilemma of our age."[4] His best-known works include The Adventures of Augie March, Henderson the Rain King, Herzog, Mr. Sammler''s Planet, Seize the Day, Humboldt''s Gift and Ravelstein. His early works earned him the reputation as a major novelist of the 20th century, and by his death he was widely regarded as one of the greatest living novelists.[36] He was the first writer to win three National Book Awards in all award categories.[2] His friend and protege Philip Roth has said of him, "The backbone of 20th-century American literature has been provided by two novelists—William Faulkner and Saul Bellow. en-wikipedia-org-8887 The earliest recorded use of the term "Industrial Revolution" appears to have been in a letter from 6 July 1799 written by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise.[23] In his 1976 book Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, Raymond Williams states in the entry for "Industry": "The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen, between 1811 and 1818, and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the [19th] century." The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change was becoming more common by the late 1830s, as in Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui''s description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle.[24] Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of "an industrial revolution, a revolution which at the same time changed the whole of civil society". en-wikipedia-org-8890 File:Circa-1879-DOyly-Carte-HMS-Pinafore-from-Library-of-Congress2.jpg Wikipedia File:Circa-1879-DOyly-Carte-HMS-Pinafore-from-Library-of-Congress2.jpg DescriptionCirca-1879-DOyly-Carte-HMS-Pinafore-from-Library-of-Congress2.jpg English: 1879 Woodblock-print advertisement for an American production of en:H.M.S. Pinafore, housed at the en:Library of Congress. Public domain works must be out of copyright in both the United States and in the source country of the work in order to be hosted on the Commons. If the work is not a U.S. work, the file must have an additional copyright tag indicating the copyright status in the source country. PD-1923Public domain in the United States//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Circa-1879-DOyly-Carte-HMS-Pinafore-from-Library-of-Congress2.jpg Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. current 13:38, 26 June 2008 528 × 1,024 (127 KB) File Upload Bot (Magnus Manske) {{BotMoveToCommons|en.wikipedia}} {{Information |Description={{en|Circa 1879 Woodblock-print advertisement for a en:D''Oyly Carte Opera Company production of [[:en:H.M.S. Pinafore, housed at the en:Library of Congress.[www.loc.gov/preserv/bachba The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Development of musical theatre Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Circa-1879-DOyly-Carte-HMS-Pinafore-from-Library-of-Congress2.jpg" en-wikipedia-org-8894 1300–30 September 1349)[1] was an English hermit, mystic, and religious writer.[2] He is also known as Richard Rolle of Hampole or de Hampole, since at the end of his life he lived near a Cistercian nunnery in Hampole, now in South Yorkshire.[3] In the words of Nicholas Watson, scholarly research has shown that "[d]uring the fifteenth century he was one of the most widely read of English writers, whose works survive in nearly four hundred English ... It is unclear what his function was there: he was not the nuns'' official confessor, who was a Franciscan (in any case, it is unlikely he would have had ecclesiastical sanction for this, since unless the theory about his ordination in Paris is correct, he was probably not ordained, since his name is not in the list of those ordained in the dioceses of York or Durham in the relevant years).[18] However he wrote The Form of Living and his English Psalter for a nun there, Margaret Kirkby (who later took up a similar life to Rolle, as an anchoress), and Ego Dormio for a nun at Yedingham.[19] It is possible that he died of the Black Death,[7][19] but there is no direct evidence for this. en-wikipedia-org-8897 Gerard Manley Hopkins SJ (28 July 1844 – 8 June 1889) was an English poet and Jesuit priest, whose posthumous fame established him among the leading Victorian poets. There he forged a lifelong friendship with Robert Bridges (later Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom), which would be important to his development as a poet and in establishing his posthumous acclaim.[6] Hopkins was deeply impressed with the work of Christina Rossetti, who became one of his great contemporary influences and met him in 1864.[7] During this time he studied with the writer and critic Walter Pater, who tutored him in 1866 and remained a friend until Hopkins left Oxford in September 1879.[3][8] "Review: Gerard Manley Hopkins: A Very Private Life by Robert Bernard Martin", London Review of Books, Vol. 13 No. 8, 25 April 1991 Poems of Gerard Manley Hopkins; now first published, edited with notes by Robert Bridges. The Letters of Gerard Manley Hopkins to Robert Bridges (London: Oxford University Press.) en-wikipedia-org-8908 In spite of the bad reviews of Poems, Hunt published the essay "Three Young Poets" (Shelley, Keats, and Reynolds) and the sonnet "On First Looking into Chapman''s Homer," foreseeing great things to come.[27] He introduced Keats to many prominent men in his circle, including the editor of The Times, Thomas Barnes; the writer Charles Lamb; the conductor Vincent Novello; and the poet John Hamilton Reynolds, who would become a close friend.[28] He was also regularly meeting William Hazlitt, a powerful literary figure of the day. Marked as the standard-bearer of sensory writing, his reputation grew steadily and remarkably.[83] His work had the full support of the influential Cambridge Apostles, whose members included the young Tennyson,[nb 5] later a popular Poet Laureate who came to regard Keats as the greatest poet of the 19th century.[41] Constance Naden was a great admirer of his poems, arguing that his genius lay in his ''exquisite sensitiveness to all the elements of beauty''.[85] In 1848, twenty-seven years after Keats'' death, Richard Monckton Milnes published the first full biography, which helped place Keats within the canon of English literature. en-wikipedia-org-8910 Postmodern critical approaches gained popularity in the 1980s and 1990s, and have been adopted in a variety of academic and theoretical disciplines, including cultural studies, philosophy of science, economics, linguistics, architecture, feminist theory, and literary criticism, as well as art movements in fields such as literature, contemporary art, and music. Postmodern thinkers frequently describe knowledge claims and value systems as contingent or socially-conditioned, describing them as products of political, historical, or cultural discourses and hierarchies.[4] Accordingly, postmodern thought is broadly characterized by tendencies to self-referentiality, epistemological and moral relativism, pluralism, and irreverence.[4] Postmodernism is often associated with schools of thought such as deconstruction and post-structuralism.[4] Postmodernism relies on critical theory, which considers the effects of ideology, society, and history on culture.[9] Postmodernism and critical theory commonly criticize universalist ideas of objective reality, morality, truth, human nature, reason, language, and social progress.[4] en-wikipedia-org-8912 This UK artistic or literary work, of which the author is unknown and cannot be ascertained by reasonable enquiry, is in the public domain because it is one of the following: This work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the author''s life plus 70 years or fewer. current 10:43, 28 July 2020 634 × 963 (135 KB) The Hydrophilian {{Information |description ={{en|1=Undated photograph of J.R.R. Tolkien (probably in the 1940s)}} |date ={{other date|between|1940|1949}} |source =https://epistleofdude.wordpress.com/2019/05/12/photos-from-the-lives-of-c-s-lewis-and-j-r-r-tolkien/ |author ={{Unknown author}} |permission ={{PD-UK-Unknown}} }} Category:J. The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Usage on uz.wikipedia.org Usage on uz.wikipedia.org Usage on uz.wikipedia.org Usage on uz.wikipedia.org Usage on uz.wikipedia.org Usage on uz.wikipedia.org Usage on uz.wikipedia.org Usage on uz.wikipedia.org Usage on uz.wikipedia.org View more global usage of this file. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J._R._R._Tolkien,_1940s.jpg" en-wikipedia-org-8930 In addition to conducting and music directing the original productions of several of the most famous Gilbert and Sullivan works and writing the overtures to some of them, Cellier conducted at many theatres in London, New York and on tour in Britain, America and Australia. In December 1877 Cellier joined the D''Oyly Carte company as musical director at the Opera Comique in London. Cellier returned to Australia in 1888 to conduct Dorothy and a revival of his earlier work, Charity Begins at Home, and made a final brief visit there for health reasons in early 1891, together with Stephenson.[22] His last comic operas, Doris (1889, with Stephenson) and The Mountebanks (with Gilbert, produced in January 1892, a few days after the composer''s death), were both modestly successful.[2] Also after Cellier''s death, Rutland Barrington used some of his music in his 1902 adaptation of Water Babies. en-wikipedia-org-8932 Mrs Dalloway (published on 14 May 1925[1]) is a novel by Virginia Woolf that details a day in the life of Clarissa Dalloway, a fictional high-society woman in post–First World War England. Created from two short stories, "Mrs Dalloway in Bond Street" and the unfinished "The Prime Minister", the novel addresses Clarissa''s preparations for a party she will host that evening. Because of structural and stylistic similarities, Mrs Dalloway is commonly thought to be a response to James Joyce''s Ulysses, a text that is often considered one of the greatest novels of the twentieth century (though Woolf herself, writing in 1928, denied any deliberate "method" to the book, saying instead that the structure came about "without any conscious direction"[7]). Mrs Dalloway also appears in Virginia Woolf''s first novel, The Voyage Out, as well as five of her short stories, in which she hosts dinner parties to which the main subject of the narrative is invited:[citation needed] en-wikipedia-org-8938 The first Dutch language writer known by name is the 12th-century County of Loon poet Hendrik van Veldeke, an early contemporary of Walther von der Vogelweide. The earliest existing fragments of the epic of Reynard the Fox were written in Latin by Flemish priests, and about 1250 the first part of a very important version in Dutch, Van den vos Reynaerde ("Of Reynard") was made by Willem. In the French occupied part of Flanders a few major figures were active including Dominic De Jonghe (1654–1717) who translated Le Cid by Pierre Corneille into Dutch, the poet Michiel de Swaen (1654–1707) who wrote the epic Het Leven en Dood van Jezus Christus (The Life and Death of Jesus Christ) (1694) and the comedy The gecroonde leerse (The Crowned Boot) and Willem Ogier who is known for the comedy Droncken Heyn (Drunk Heyn) (1639) and a drama series entitled De seven hooft-sonden (The Seven Capital Sins) (1682). en-wikipedia-org-8942 The word liturgy, sometimes equated in English as "service", refers to a formal ritual, which may or may not be elaborate, enacted by those who understand themselves to be participating in an action with the divine. Others object to this distinction, arguing that this terminology obscures the universality of public worship as a religious phenomenon.[4] Thus, even the open or waiting worship of Quakers is liturgical, since the waiting itself until the Holy Spirit moves individuals to speak is a prescribed form of Quaker worship, sometimes referred to as "the liturgy of silence".[5] Typically in Christianity, however, the term "the liturgy" normally refers to a standardised order of events observed during a religious service, be it a sacramental service or a service of public prayer; usually the former is the referent. The early Christians adopted the word to describe their principal act of worship, the Sunday service (referred to by various terms, including Holy Eucharist, Holy Communion, Mass or Divine Liturgy), which they considered to be a sacrifice. en-wikipedia-org-8951 Lord Jim is a novel by Joseph Conrad originally published as a serial in Blackwood''s Magazine from October 1899 to November 1900. An early and primary event in the story is the abandonment of a passenger ship in distress by its crew, including a young British seaman named Jim. He is publicly censured for this action and the novel follows his later attempts at coming to terms with himself and his past. In 1998, the Modern Library ranked Lord Jim 85th on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. As he wrote to his publisher four days after completing Lord Jim, it is "the development of one situation, only one really, from beginning to end." A metaphysical question pervades the novel and helps unify it: whether the "destructive element" that is the "spirit" of the Universe has intention—and, beyond that, malevolent intention—toward any particular individual or is, instead, indiscriminate, impartial, and indifferent. en-wikipedia-org-8959 Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2015 Wikipedia Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2015 These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. This category combines all Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2015 (2015-01) to enable us to work through the backlog more systematically. It is a member of Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations. Pages in category "Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2015" I Married a Monster from Outer Space The War of the Worlds (1953 film) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2015&oldid=640314059" Wikipedia articles needing page number citations Wikipedia articles needing page number citations Monthly clean-up category (Wikipedia articles needing page number citations) counter By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-8961 The eagerness of Vikings in the Danelaw to communicate with their Anglo-Saxon neighbours resulted in the erosion of inflection in both languages.[5][6] Old Norse may have had a more profound impact on Middle and Modern English development than any other language.[7][8][9] Simeon Potter notes: "No less far-reaching was the influence of Scandinavian upon the inflexional endings of English in hastening that wearing away and leveling of grammatical forms which gradually spread from north to south.".[10] With the discontinuation of the Late West Saxon standard used for the writing of Old English in the period prior to the Norman Conquest, Middle English came to be written in a wide variety of scribal forms, reflecting different regional dialects and orthographic conventions. Later in the Middle English period, however, and particularly with the development of the Chancery Standard in the 15th century, orthography became relatively standardised in a form based on the East Midlands-influenced speech of London. en-wikipedia-org-8965 American Social Realism includes the works of such artists as those from the Ashcan School including Edward Hopper, and Thomas Hart Benton, Will Barnet, Ben Shahn, Jacob Lawrence, Paul Meltsner, Romare Bearden, Rafael Soyer, Isaac Soyer, Moses Soyer, Reginald Marsh, John Steuart Curry, Arnold Blanch, Aaron Douglas, Grant Wood, Horace Pippin, Walt Kuhn, Isabel Bishop, Paul Cadmus, Doris Lee, Philip Evergood, Mitchell Siporin, Robert Gwathmey, Adolf Dehn, Harry Sternberg, Gregorio Prestopino, Louis Lozowick, William Gropper, Philip Guston, Jack Levine, Ralph Ward Stackpole, John Augustus Walker and others. As an American artistic movement encouraged by New Deal art Social realism is closely related to American scene painting and to Regionalism. ^ a b Modern American Cinema is Approaching Social Realism in a New Way Film School Rejects en-wikipedia-org-898 Oliver Twist; or, the Parish Boy''s Progress is Charles Dickens''s second novel, and was published as a serial from 1837 to 1839 and released as a three-volume book in 1838, before the serialisation ended.[1] The story centres on orphan Oliver Twist, born in a workhouse and sold into apprenticeship with an undertaker. While Dickens first reacted defensively upon receiving Davis''s letter, he then halted the printing of Oliver Twist, and changed the text for the parts of the book that had not been set, which explains why after the first 38 chapters Fagin is barely called "the Jew" at all in the next 179 references to him.[21] Oliver Twist (1909), the first adaptation of Dickens'' novel, a silent film starring Edith Storey and Elita Proctor Otis. en-wikipedia-org-8987 Hemingway, Hadley and their son (nicknamed Bumby) returned to Paris in January 1924 and moved into a new apartment on the rue Notre-Dame des Champs.[38] Hemingway helped Ford Madox Ford edit The Transatlantic Review, which published works by Pound, John Dos Passos, Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven, and Stein, as well as some of Hemingway''s own early stories such as "Indian Camp".[39] When In Our Time was published in 1925, the dust jacket bore comments from Ford.[40][41] "Indian Camp" received considerable praise; Ford saw it as an important early story by a young writer,[42] and critics in the United States praised Hemingway for reinvigorating the short story genre with his crisp style and use of declarative sentences.[43] Six months earlier, Hemingway had met F. en-wikipedia-org-900 Alfred Charles Tomlinson, CBE (8 January 1927 – 22 August 2015) was a British poet, translator, academic, and illustrator.[1] Tomlinson''s first book of poetry was published in 1951, and his Collected Poems was published by the Oxford University Press in 1985, followed by the Selected Poems: 1955–1997 in 1997. His last collection, Cracks in the Universe, was published in May 2006 in Carcanet Press'' Oxford Poets series. He edited The Oxford Book of Verse in English Translation and the Selected Poems of William Carlos Williams. Other edited works include Marianne Moore: A Collection of Critical Essays, William Carlos Williams: A Critical Anthology, George Oppen: Selected Poems, Eros English''d: Classical Erotic Poetry in Translation from Golding to Hardy, and John Dryden: Poems. "Charles Tomlinson Reads His Poems," Keele University, 1985 "Charles Tomlinson Reads His Stoke Poems," Keele University, 1985 "Charles Tomlinson Reads His Poems on Music," Keele University, 1987 "Charles Tomlinson Reads Selected Poems by Attilio Bertolucci," Keele University, 1995 Carcanet Press page for Charles Tomlinson en-wikipedia-org-9001 See: "Help:Referencing for beginners", for a brief introduction on how to put references in Wikipedia articles; and cite templates in Visual Editor, about a graphical way for citation, included in Wikipedia. When an article cites many different pages from the same source, to avoid the redundancy of many big, nearly identical full citations, most Wikipedia editors use one of these options: If a citation without an external link is challenged as unavailable, any of the following is sufficient to show the material to be reasonably available (though not necessarily reliable): providing an ISBN or OCLC number; linking to an established Wikipedia article about the source (the work, its author, or its publisher); or directly quoting the material on the talk page, briefly and in context. en-wikipedia-org-9008 File:Nathaniel Hawthorne old.jpg Wikipedia File:Nathaniel Hawthorne old.jpg Unpublished photographs in this collection are also in the public domain as Mathew Brady died in 1896 and Levin C. current 22:02, 24 November 2005 750 × 1,000 (96 KB) Nicke L From en: ''''''Nathaniel Hawthorne'''''', between 1860 and 1864 http://memory.loc.gov/master/pnp/cwpbh/03400/03440u.tif (huge TIFF file; cropped, adjusted, converted to jpeg) {{LC-cwpbh|03440}} Category:U.S. history images Uploaded 07:20, 5 December The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Usage on sh.wikipedia.org Usage on sh.wikipedia.org Usage on sh.wikipedia.org Usage on sh.wikipedia.org Usage on sh.wikipedia.org Usage on sh.wikipedia.org Usage on sh.wikipedia.org Usage on sh.wikipedia.org Usage on sh.wikipedia.org Usage on sh.wikipedia.org Usage on sh.wikipedia.org Usage on sh.wikipedia.org Usage on sh.wikipedia.org Usage on sh.wikipedia.org Usage on sh.wikipedia.org Usage on sh.wikipedia.org Usage on sh.wikipedia.org Usage on sh.wikipedia.org Usage on sh.wikipedia.org View more global usage of this file. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nathaniel_Hawthorne_old.jpg" en-wikipedia-org-9024 His great friend, the poet Siegfried Sassoon, later had a profound effect on his poetic voice, and Owen''s most famous poems ("Dulce et Decorum est" and "Anthem for Doomed Youth") show direct results of Sassoon''s influence. Owen''s poems had the benefit of strong patronage, and it was a combination of Sassoon''s influence, support from Edith Sitwell, and the preparation of a new and fuller edition of the poems in 1931 by Edmund Blunden that ensured his popularity, coupled with a revival of interest in his poetry in the 1960s which plucked him out of a relatively exclusive readership into the public eye.[9] Though he had plans for a volume of verse, for which he had written a "Preface", he never saw his own work published apart from those poems he included in The Hydra, the magazine he edited at Craiglockhart War Hospital, and "Miners", which was published in The Nation. en-wikipedia-org-9025 The Way of the World is a play written by the English playwright William Congreve. Act 1 is set in a chocolate house where Mirabell and Fainall have just finished playing cards. The epigraph found on the title page of the 1700 edition of The Way of the World contains two Latin quotations from Horace''s Satires. One of the features of a Restoration comedy is the opposition of the witty and courtly (and Cavalier) rake and the dull-witted man of business or the country bumpkin, who is understood to be not only unsophisticated but often (as, for instance, in the very popular plays of Aphra Behn in the 1670s) either Puritan or another form of dissenter. Therefore, The Way of the World''s recreation of the older Restoration comedy''s patterns is only one of the things that made the play unusual. Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Way of the World (Congreve play). en-wikipedia-org-903 It gained the status of a county borough in 1889, under the Local Government Act 1888, and existed so until 1974, when, under the Local Government Act 1972, it became a non-metropolitan district in the county of North Yorkshire, whilst retaining its Lord Mayor, its Sheriff and Aldermen.[69][70] As a result of 1990s UK local government reform, York regained unitary status and saw a substantial alteration in its borders, taking in parts of Selby and Harrogate districts, and about half the population of the Ryedale district.[71] The new boundary was imposed after central government rejected the former city council''s own proposal. Following their review in 2003 of parliamentary representation in North Yorkshire, the Boundary Commission for England recommended the creation of two new seats for the City of York, in time for the general election in 2010. en-wikipedia-org-904 From Syriac were made the first version of the New Testament, the version of Eusebius'' History and his Life of Constantine (unless this be from the original Greek), the homilies of Aphraates, the Acts of Gurias and Samuna, the works of Ephrem Syrus (partly published in four volumes by the Mechitharists of Venice).[3] In these first years of the 5th century were composed some of the apocryphal works which, like the Discourses attributed to St. Gregory and the History of Armenia said to have come from Agathangelus, are asserted to be the works of these and other well-known men. It was two centuries later that the celebrated "History of Armenia" by the Catholicos John V the Historian came forth, covering the period from the origin of the nation to the year A.D. 925. Franchuk, Nourhan Ouzounian, The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the eighteenth century to modern times, Detroit, Wayne State University Press, 2005. Categories: Armenian literature en-wikipedia-org-9050 Vernacular literature Wikipedia Find sources: "Vernacular literature" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The term is also applied to works not written in the standard and/or prestige language of their time and place. In China, the New Culture Movement of the 1910s–20s promoted vernacular literature. In the Philippines, the term means any written literature in a language other than Filipino (or Tagalog) or English. Aside from religious literature, such as the Passiong Mahal (the Passion of Our Lord), zarzuelas were also produced using the Philippine vernacular languages.[citation needed] In terms of Arabic, vernacular literature refers to literature written in any of the dialects of Arabic as opposed to Classical Arabic or Modern Standard Arabic. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vernacular_literature&oldid=994682540" Categories: Literature by language Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references en-wikipedia-org-9056 Western literature Wikipedia Jump to navigation History of literature Early Medieval Matter of France Literature portal Western literature is considered one of the defining elements of Western civilization. The best of Western literature is considered to be the Western canon. Western literature includes written works in many languages: American literature Basque literature Bulgarian literature Catalan literature Czech literature Dutch literature English literature French literature German literature Greek literature Ancient Greek literature Hungarian literature Icelandic literature Irish literature Italian literature Latin literature Latin American literature Northern Irish literature Russian literature Serbian literature Welsh literature Persian literature in Western culture ^ a b "Western literature". ^ a b "Western literature". Literature late antiquity Early modern Early modern Literature by language Literature by continent Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2021, at 15:50 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-9061 A page from Night-Thoughts, illustrated by William Blake Night-Thoughts had a very high reputation for many years after its publication, but is now best known for a major series of illustrations by William Blake in 1797. In his 1791 book, Life of Samuel Johnson, James Boswell called Night-Thoughts "the grandest and richest poetry that human genius has ever produced". William Blake was commissioned in 1795 to illustrate Night-Thoughts for a major new edition of the poem to be published by Richard Edwards. Because the principal evidence of Blake''s work on these illustrations was the comparatively short series of engravings, art history has been slow to recognise the significance of the project within Blake''s œuvre. In 1980, the Oxford University Press began publication of a projected five-volume scholarly edition of Blake''s version of Night-Thoughts, edited by J. Digital Scans of Blake''s illustrations of Night Thoughts from the William Blake Archive Illustrations for Night-Thoughts en-wikipedia-org-9064 He was "a man of unchallenged repute for learning in his day, an argumentative but eloquent preacher, strong in his Protestantism, and fierce in his denunciation of ''Romish falsifications'' and ''besotted Jesuitries''".[2] Despite this opposition to Catholic thought, the elder Crashaw was attracted by Catholic devotion as exhibited by his translation of verse by Catholic poets.[7] While there is nothing certain about young Richard''s early education, it is thought he benefited from his father''s private library, which contained many Catholic works and was described as "one of the finest private theological libraries of the time".[8][9] At an early age, he could have been exposed to works including Bernard of Clairvaux''s Sermons on the Song of Songs, the life of Catherine of Siena, the Revelations of Saint Bridget, and the writings of Richard Rolle.[10] en-wikipedia-org-9082 The number of fellows had increased from 110 to approximately 300 by 1739, the reputation of the society had increased under the presidency of Sir Isaac Newton from 1703 until his death in 1727,[22] and editions of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society were appearing regularly.[23] During his time as president, Newton arguably abused his authority; in a dispute between himself and Gottfried Leibniz over the invention of infinitesimal calculus, he used his position to appoint an "impartial" committee to decide it, eventually publishing a report written by himself in the committee''s name.[22] In 1705, the society was informed that it could no longer rent Gresham College and began a search for new premises. en-wikipedia-org-9097 Literary critic Catherine Ross Nickerson credits Louisa May Alcott with creating the second-oldest work of modern detective fiction, after only Poe''s Dupin stories themselves, with the 1865 thriller "V.V., or Plots and Counterplots." A short story published anonymously by Alcott, the story concerns a Scottish aristocrat who tries to prove that a mysterious woman has killed his fiancée and cousin. One of the primary contributors to this style was Dashiell Hammett with his famous private investigator character, Sam Spade.[46] His style of crime fiction came to be known as "hardboiled", which is described as a genre that "usually deals with criminal activity in a modern urban environment, a world of disconnected signs and anonymous strangers."[46] "Told in stark and sometimes elegant language through the unemotional eyes of new hero-detectives, these stories were an American phenomenon."[17] en-wikipedia-org-9098 View source for English literature Wikipedia If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-910 File:Kiplingcropped.jpg Wikipedia Kiplingcropped.jpg ‎(386 × 461 pixels, file size: 127 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) from en:wiki, w:en:Image:Kiplingcropped.jpg, uploaded by w:en:User:SlimVirgin Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. 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File change date and time 20:08, 29 December 2011 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kiplingcropped.jpg" en-wikipedia-org-9103 A Shropshire Lad is a collection of sixty-three poems by the English poet Alfred Edward Housman, published in 1896. Housman is said originally to have titled his book The Poems of Terence Hearsay, referring to a character there, but changed the title to A Shropshire Lad at the suggestion of a colleague in the British Museum. In the letter to Pollet already mentioned, Housman pointed out that there was a discontinuity between the Classical scholar who wrote the poems and the "imaginary" Shropshire Lad they portrayed. It is not a connected narrative; though the "I" of the poems is in two cases named as Terence (VIII, LXII), the "Shropshire Lad" of the title, he is not to be identified with Housman himself. written into the 1920 edition of A Shropshire Lad.[39] They were followed by Hugh Kingsmill''s "Two poems after A.E.Housman". en-wikipedia-org-9133 Among his lecturers was Molly Mahood, a British literary scholar.[23] In the year 1953–54, his second and last at University College, Soyinka began work on "Keffi''s Birthday Treat", a short radio play for Nigerian Broadcasting Service that was broadcast in July 1954.[24] While at university, Soyinka and six others founded the Pyrates Confraternity, an anti-corruption and justice-seeking student organisation, the first confraternity in Nigeria.[citation needed] In April 1971, concerned about the political situation in Nigeria, Soyinka resigned from his duties at the University in Ibadan, and began years of voluntary exile.[citation needed] In July in Paris, excerpts from his well-known play The Dance of The Forests were performed. In November 1994, Soyinka fled from Nigeria through the border with Benin and then to the United States.[citation needed] In 1996 his book The Open Sore of a Continent: A Personal Narrative of the Nigerian Crisis was first published. en-wikipedia-org-9136 His dying prayer was that the King of England''s eyes would be opened; this seemed to find its fulfilment just one year later with Henry''s authorisation of the Matthew Bible, which was largely Tyndale''s own work, with missing sections translated by John Rogers and Miles Coverdale. There is an entry in the matriculation registers of the University of Wittenberg of the name "Guillelmus Daltici ex Anglia", and this has been taken to be a Latinisation of "William Tyndale from England".[24] He began translating the New Testament at this time, possibly in Wittenberg, completing it in 1525 with assistance from Observant Friar William Roy. In 1525, publication of the work by Peter Quentell in Cologne was interrupted by the impact of anti-Lutheranism. en-wikipedia-org-9139 Early scholars for a long while assigned a plethora of Old English pieces to Cynewulf on the basis that these pieces somewhat resembled the style of his signed poems.[19] It was at one time plausible to believe that Cynewulf was author of the Riddles of the Exeter Book, the Phoenix, the Andreas, and the Guthlac; even famous unassigned poems such as the Dream of the Rood, the Harrowing of Hell, and the Physiologus have at one time been ascribed to him. One argument asserts that Elene is likely the last of the poems because the autobiographical epilogue implies that Cynewulf is old at the time of composition,[21] but this view has been doubted. Nevertheless, it seems that Christ II and Elene represent the cusp of Cynewulf''s career, while Juliana and Fates of the Apostles seem to be created by a less inspired, and perhaps less mature, poet.[22] en-wikipedia-org-9156 The BBC broadcast a documentary presented by Simon Armitage in which the journey depicted in the poem is traced, using what are believed to be the actual locations.[109] On 5 November 2018, it was announced that a new film adaptation titled The Green Knight is in the works, to be directed by American filmmaker David Lowery for A24.[110] "A Note on Middle English Meter." In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (A New Verse Translation) by Simon Armitage. ^ a b Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Edited J. "The Hunting Scenes in ''Sir Gawain and the Green Knight'' "". (1987) "The Gamnes of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight", Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Vol. 18, Article 4. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Patience, Pearl: Verse Translations. ^ Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, second edition. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: A New Verse Translation. en-wikipedia-org-9158 Pope told Joseph Spence (in Spence''s Anecdotes) that he had been working on a general satire of Dulness, with characters of contemporary Grub Street scribblers, for some time and that it was the publication of Shakespeare Restored by Lewis Theobald that spurred him to complete the poem and publish it in 1728.[citation needed] Theobald''s edition of Shakespeare was not, however, as imperfect as The Dunciad would suggest; it was, in fact, far superior to the edition Pope had himself written in 1725. Pope first published The Dunciad in 1728 in three books, with Lewis Theobald as its "hero." The poem was not signed, and he used only initials in the text to refer to the various Dunces in the kingdom of Dulness. Additionally, Pope''s goddess of Dulness begins the poem already controlling state poetry, odes, and political writing, so Theobald as King of Dunces is the man who can lead her to control the stage as well. en-wikipedia-org-9160 English writing from this era reflects the major transformation in most aspects of English life, such as significant scientific, economic, and technological advances to changes in class structures and the role of religion in society.[1] While the Romantic period was a time of abstract expression and inward focus, essayists, poets, and novelists during the Victorian era began to reflect and comment on realities of the day, including criticisms of the dangers of factory work, the plight of the lower class, and the treatment of women and children.[2] Prominent examples include poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and novelists Charles Dickens and Thomas Hardy. As children began to be able to read, literature for young people became a growth industry, with not only established writers producing works for children (such as Dickens'' A Child''s History of England) but also a new group of dedicated children''s authors. The Victorian Novel (Oxford History of English Literature, 1991) en-wikipedia-org-9169 To the Lighthouse is a 1927 novel by Virginia Woolf. The section begins with Mrs Ramsay assuring her son James that they should be able to visit the lighthouse on the next day. Her visits with her parents and family to St Ives, Cornwall, where her father rented a house, were perhaps the happiest times of Woolf''s life, but when she was thirteen her mother died and, like Mr. Ramsay, her father Leslie Stephen plunged into gloom and self-pity. Although in the novel the Ramsays are able to return to the house on Skye after the war, the Stephens had given up Talland House by that time. Virginia Woolf, To the Lighthouse, (London: Hogarth, 1927) First edition; 3000 copies initially with a second impression in June. Virginia Woolf, To the Lighthouse, (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1927) First US edition; 4000 copies initially with at least five reprints in the same year. Virginia Woolf''s To the Lighthouse. Virginia Woolf''s To the Lighthouse. en-wikipedia-org-917 Comedy of manners is used as a synonym of Restoration comedy.[1] After public stage performances had been banned for 18 years by the Puritan regime, the re-opening of the theatres in 1660 signalled a renaissance of English drama.[2] Sexually explicit language was encouraged by King Charles II (1660–1685) personally and by the rakish style of his court. The drama of the 1660s and 1670s was vitalised by the competition between the two patent companies created at the Restoration, as well as by the personal interest of Charles II, and the comic playwrights rose to the demand for new plays. The classics, Wycherley''s The Country Wife and The Plain-Dealer, Etherege''s The Man of Mode, and Congreve''s Love For Love and The Way of the World have competition not only from Vanbrugh''s The Relapse and The Provoked Wife, but from such dark, unfunny comedies as Thomas Southerne''s The Wives Excuse. en-wikipedia-org-9173 Category:Articles with short description Wikipedia Category:Articles with short description Jump to navigation See also: Wikipedia:WikiProject Short descriptions This category is for articles with short descriptions defined on Wikipedia by {{short description}} (either within the page itself or via another template). ► Articles with short description added by PearBOT 5‎ (44,154 P) ► Short description with empty Wikidata description‎ (66,619 P) Pages in category "Articles with short description" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 2,652,933 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). .hack (video game series) .sch (file extension) (2Z,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (2Z,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate lyase (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate synthase 3 (Suburban Kids with Biblical Names album) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Articles_with_short_description&oldid=973538851" Categories: Article namespace categories Template Large category TOC via CatAutoTOC on category with over 20,000 pages Pages with short description Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-9184 Hawthorne''s time in the Berkshires was very productive.[60] While there, he wrote The House of the Seven Gables (1851), which poet and critic James Russell Lowell said was better than The Scarlet Letter and called "the most valuable contribution to New England history that has been made."[61] He also wrote The Blithedale Romance (1852), his only work written in the first person.[30] He also published A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys in 1851, a collection of short stories retelling myths which he had been thinking about writing since 1846.[62] Nevertheless, poet Ellery Channing reported that Hawthorne "has suffered much living in this place".[63] The family enjoyed the scenery of the Berkshires, although Hawthorne did not enjoy the winters in their small house. en-wikipedia-org-9190 Category:English-language literature Wikipedia Category:English-language literature Jump to navigation This category contains categories and articles relating to literature written in the English language regardless of the country in which it is produced. Please note that some of the sub-categories may contain articles on literature in articles other than English. Wikimedia Commons has media related to English-language literature. The main article for this category is English literature. ► English-language literature by country‎ (53 C) ► English literature academics‎ (11 C, 34 P) Pages in category "English-language literature" English literature Twentieth-century English literature English Literature Admissions Test AP English Literature and Composition Romantic literature in English The Oxford Companion to English Literature Philippine literature in English Welsh literature in English Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:English-language_literature&oldid=901537547" Categories: English-language culture Literature by language Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-9208 It was partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution,[1] the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment, and the scientific rationalization of nature—all components of modernity.[2] It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography,[3] education,[4] chess, social sciences, and the natural sciences.[5][failed verification] It had a significant and complex effect on politics, with romantic thinkers influencing liberalism, radicalism, conservatism, and nationalism.[6] Scott probably did more than any other figure to define and popularise Scottish cultural identity in the nineteenth century.[61] Other major literary figures connected with Romanticism include the poets and novelists James Hogg (1770–1835), Allan Cunningham (1784–1842) and John Galt (1779–1839).[62] One of the most significant figures of the Romantic movement, Lord Byron, was brought up in Scotland until he inherited his family''s English peerage.[63] en-wikipedia-org-921 Lord of the Flies is a 1954 novel by Nobel Prize-winning British author William Golding. M. Ballantyne''s youth novel The Coral Island (1857),[5] and included specific references to it, such as the rescuing naval officer''s description of the boys'' initial attempts at civilised cooperation as "a jolly good show, like the Coral Island".[6] Golding''s three central characters (Ralph, Piggy, and Jack) have been interpreted as caricatures of Ballantyne''s Coral Island protagonists.[7] On 5 November 2019, BBC News listed Lord of the Flies on its list of the 100 most influential novels.[22] Author Stephen King uses the name Castle Rock, from the mountain fort in Lord of the Flies, as a fictional town that has appeared in a number of his novels.[30] The book itself appears prominently in his novels Hearts in Atlantis (1999), Misery (1987), and Cujo (1981).[31] "The 100 best novels: No 74 – Lord of the Flies by William Golding (1954)". en-wikipedia-org-9212 Letitia Elizabeth Landon (14 August 1802 – 15 October 1838) was an English poet and novelist, better known by her initials L.E.L. Contents T. Thomson, Jerdan took notice of the young Letitia Landon when he saw her coming down the street, "trundling a hoop with one hand, and holding in the other a book of poems, of which she was catching a glimpse between the agitating course of her evolutions".[6] Jerdan later described her ideas as "original and extraordinary". Watt, Julie, Poisoned Lives: The Regency Poet Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L.E.L.) and British Gold Coast Administrator George Maclean: Sussex Academic Press, Eastbourne, 2010. Works written by or about Letitia Elizabeth Landon at Wikisource Works by or about Letitia Elizabeth Landon at Internet Archive en-wikipedia-org-9215 Their earliest weapons and clothing south of the Thames were based on late Roman military fashions, but later immigrants north of the Thames showed a stronger North German influence.[5][6] The term "Anglo-Saxon", combining the names of the Angles and the Saxons, came into use by the 8th century (for example Paul the Deacon) to distinguish the Germanic inhabitants of Britain from continental Saxons (referred to in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as Ealdseaxe, ''old Saxons''), but both the Saxons of Britain and those of Old Saxony (Northern Germany) continued to be referred to as ''Saxons'' in an indiscriminate manner, especially in the languages of Britain and Ireland. en-wikipedia-org-9230 2 English Literature in the Eighteenth Century by Year European literature of the 18th century refers to literature (poetry, drama, satire, and novels) produced in Europe during this period. The 18th century saw the development of the modern novel as literary genre, in fact many candidates for the first novel in English date from this period, of which Daniel Defoe''s 1719 Robinson Crusoe is probably the best known. English Literature in the Eighteenth Century by Year[edit] In 1708, Simon Ockley publishes an English translation of Ibn Tufail''s Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, a 12th-century philosophical novel, as The Improvement of Human Reason: Exhibited in the Life of Hai Ebn Yokdhan. Daniel Defoe was another political pamphleteer turned novelist like Jonathan Swift and was publishing in the early 18th century. 1779–1781 Samuel Johnson writes and publishes Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets. Others Literature in the Eighteenth Century by Year[edit] en-wikipedia-org-9233 Theoretical lexicography is the scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing the semantic, syntagmatic, and paradigmatic relationships within the lexicon (vocabulary) of a language, developing theories of dictionary components and structures linking the data in dictionaries, the needs for information by users in specific types of situations, and how users may best access the data incorporated in printed and electronic dictionaries. Several perspectives or branches of such academic dictionary research have been distinguished: ''dictionary criticism'' (or evaluating the quality of one or more dictionaries, e.g. by means of reviews (see Nielsen 1999), ''dictionary history'' (or tracing the traditions of a type of dictionary or of lexicography in a particular country or language), ''dictionary typology'' (or classifying the various genres of reference works, such as dictionary versus encyclopedia, monolingual versus bilingual dictionary, general versus technical or pedagogical dictionary), ''dictionary structure'' (or formatting the various ways in which the information is presented in a dictionary), ''dictionary use'' (or observing the reference acts and skills of dictionary users), and ''dictionary IT'' (or applying computer aids to the process of dictionary compilation). en-wikipedia-org-9264 A Man for All Seasons is a play by Robert Bolt based on the life of Sir Thomas More. An early form of the play had been written for BBC Radio in 1954, and a one-hour live television version starring Bernard Hepton was produced in 1957 by the BBC,[1] but after Bolt''s success with The Flowering Cherry, he reworked it for the stage. The film version of the play ends with More''s execution, followed by a narrator reading off the fates of the various characters involved (originally, this was dialogue spoken by the Common Man prior to the Tower of London Inquiry). Leo McKern played the Common Man in the West End version of the show, but was shifted to the role of Cromwell for the Broadway production – a role he later reprised in the film. In this production, the character of The Common Man was deleted by the director (as Bolt had done when adapting his play for the first film version).[5] en-wikipedia-org-9285 They had one son, Robert Wiedeman Barrett Browning, whom they called Pen. She died in Florence in 1861.[3][4] A collection of her last poems was published by her husband shortly after her death. The critic Cynthia Scheinberg notes that female characters in Aurora Leigh and her earlier work "The Virgin Mary to the Child Jesus" allude to the female character Miriam from the Hebrew Bible.[26] These allusions to Miriam in both poems mirror the way in which Barrett Browning herself drew from Jewish history, while distancing herself from it, in order to maintain the cultural norms of a Christian woman poet of the Victorian Age.[26] ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Marjorie Stone, "Browning, Elizabeth Barrett (1806–1861)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edition, October 2008. "Elizabeth Barrett Browning." Victorian Women Poets. en-wikipedia-org-9291 Twenty-seven Stories (Garden City, NY: Sun Dial Press, 1943) – includes (from The First Wife and Other Stories): "The First Wife", "The Old Mother", "The Frill", "The Quarrell", "Repatriated", "The Rainy Day", Wang Lung", "The Communist", "Father Andrea", "The New Road", "Barren Spring", *"The Refugees", "Fathers and Mothers", "The Good River"; and (from Today and Forever: Stories of China): "The Lesson", The Angel", "Mr. Binney''s Afternoon", "The Dance", "Shanghai Scene", "Hearts Come Home", "His Own Country", "Tiger! Fourteen Stories (New York: John Day, 1961) – includes: "A Certain Star," "The Beauty", "Enchantment", "With a Delicate Air", "Beyond Language", "Parable of Plain People", "The Commander and the Commissar", "Begin to Live", "The Engagement", "Melissa", "Gift of Laughter", "Death and the Dawn", "The Silver Butterfly", "Francesca" en-wikipedia-org-9295 A more liberal definition incorporates all the literary works written on the territory of today''s and historical Austria, especially when it comes to authors who wrote in German. For all of Austria''s contributions to architecture, and having one of the most hallowed musical traditions in Europe, no Austrian literature made it to the classical canon until the 19th century. This article tries to provide some definitions which together may give a better understanding of authors and literature in Austria and its territorial predecessors, referring to all published works as well as those with classic status. Hence, Robert Musil and Hugo von Hofmannsthal expressed their "German centric" point of view, while others, such as Stefan Zweig, Franz Werfel and Alexander Lernet-Holenia, strictly spoke up for Austria and Austrian tradition and culture. Another aspect is the fact that some authors have chosen to live in other countries than Austria, while still writing literature in the German language. en-wikipedia-org-9296 During the Old Cornish period (800–1200), the Cornish-speaking area was largely coterminous with modern-day Cornwall, after the Saxons had taken over Devon in their south-westward advance, which probably was facilitated by a second migration wave to Brittany that resulted in the partial depopulation of Devon.[24] The earliest written record of the Cornish language comes from this period; a 9th-century gloss in a Latin manuscript of De Consolatione Philosophiae by Boethius, which used the words ud rocashaas. A report on the 2011 Census published in 2013 by the Office for National Statistics placed the number of speakers at somewhere from 325 to 625 speakers.[49] In 2017 the ONS released a freedom of information request based on the 2011 Census which placed the number of speakers at 557 people in England and Wales declared Cornish to be their main language, 464 of whom lived in Cornwall.[50] en-wikipedia-org-9304 Sir Noël Peirce Coward (16 December 1899 – 26 March 1973) was an English playwright, composer, director, actor and singer, known for his wit, flamboyance, and what Time magazine called "a sense of personal style, a combination of cheek and chic, pose and poise".[1] Coward''s new plays after the war were moderately successful but failed to match the popularity of his pre-war hits.[77] Relative Values (1951) addresses the culture clash between an aristocratic English family and a Hollywood actress with matrimonial ambitions; South Sea Bubble (1951) is a political comedy set in a British colony; Quadrille (1952) is a drama about Victorian love and elopement; and Nude with Violin (1956, starring John Gielgud in London and Coward in New York) is a satire on modern art and critical pretension.[78] A revue, Sigh No More (1945), was a moderate success,[79] but two musicals, Pacific 1860 (1946), a lavish South Seas romance, and Ace of Clubs (1949), set in a night club, were financial failures.[80] Further blows in this period were the deaths of Coward''s friends Charles Cochran and Gertrude Lawrence, in 1951 and 1952 respectively. en-wikipedia-org-9317 Gothic fiction tends to place emphasis on both emotion and a pleasurable kind of terror, serving as an extension of the Romantic literary movement that was relatively new at the time that Walpole''s novel was published. Clara Reeve, best known for her work The Old English Baron (1778), set out to take Walpole''s plot and adapt it to the demands of the time by balancing fantastic elements with 18th-century realism.[13] In her preface, Reeve wrote: "This Story is the literary offspring of The Castle of Otranto, written upon the same plan, with a design to unite the most attractive and interesting circumstances of the ancient Romance and modern Novel."[13] The question now arose whether supernatural events that were not as evidently absurd as Walpole''s would not lead the simpler minds to believe them possible.[16] en-wikipedia-org-932 They were defeated in important breakthroughs that took place in the late 1820s in terms of tolerating first dissenting Protestants.[18][19] An even more decisive blow was the unexpected repeal of the many restrictions on Catholics, after widespread organised protest by the Catholic Association in Ireland under Daniel O''Connell, with support from Catholics in England.[20] Sir Robert Peel was alarmed at the strength of the Catholic Association, warning in 1824, "We cannot tamely sit by while the danger is hourly increasing, while a power co-ordinate with that of the Government is rising by its side, nay, daily counteracting its views."[21] Prime Minister Wellington, Britain''s most famous war hero, told Peel, "If we cannot get rid of the Catholic Association, we must look to Civil War in Ireland sooner or later."[22] Peel and Wellington agreed that to stop the momentum of the Catholic Association it was necessary to pass Catholic emancipation, which gave Catholics the vote and the right to sit in Parliament. en-wikipedia-org-9330 Victorian burlesque, sometimes known as travesty or extravaganza,[1] is a genre of theatrical entertainment that was popular in Victorian England and in the New York theatre of the mid-19th century. Later in the Victorian era, burlesque mixed operetta, music hall and revue, and some of the large-scale burlesque spectacles were known as extravaganzas.[8] The English style of burlesque was successfully launched in New York in the 1840s by the manager and comedian William Mitchell, who had opened his Olympic Theatre in December 1839. the plays themselves did not normally tend to indecency."[4] Some contemporary critics took a sterner view; in an 1885 article, the critic Thomas Heyward praised Planché ("fanciful and elegant") and Gilbert ("witty, never vulgar"), but wrote of the genre as a whole, "the flashy, ''leggy'', burlesque, with its ''slangy'' songs, loutish ''breakdowns'', vulgar jests, paltry puns and witless grimacing at all that is graceful and poetic is simply odious. en-wikipedia-org-9338 Walter Scott helped popularize this genre in the early 19th-century, with works such as Rob Roy and Ivanhoe.[1] Literary fiction historical romances continue to be published, and a notable recent example is Wolf Hall (2009), a multi-award-winning novel by English historical novelist Hilary Mantel. The success of these novels prompted a new style of writing romance, concentrating primarily on historical fiction tracking the monogamous relationship between a helpless heroines and the hero who rescued her, even if he had been the one to place her in danger.[20] The covers of these novels tended to feature scantily clad women being grabbed by the hero, and caused the novels to be referred to as "bodice-rippers."[15] A Wall St. Journal article in 1980 referred to these bodice rippers as "publishing''s answer to the Big Mac: They are juicy, cheap, predictable, and devoured in stupifying quantities by legions of loyal fans."[21] The term bodice-ripper is now considered offensive to many in the romance industry.[15] en-wikipedia-org-9345 Original title Areopagitica; A Speech of Mr. John Milton for the Liberty of Unlicenc''d Printing, To the Parlament of England. Areopagitica; A speech of Mr. John Milton for the Liberty of Unlicenc''d Printing, to the Parlament of England is a 1644 prose polemic by the English poet, scholar, and polemical author John Milton opposing licensing and censorship.[1] Areopagitica is among history''s most influential and impassioned philosophical defences of the principle of a right to freedom of speech and expression. Areopagitica, A Speech of Mr. John Milton for the Liberty of Unlicenc''d Printing to the Parliament of England (1 ed.). "The Rhetorical Efficacy of John Milton''s Areopagitica" (PDF).[permanent dead link] Areopagitica, A Speech of Mr. John Milton for the Liberty of Unlicenc''d Printing to the Parliament of England with a Commentary by Sir Richard C. en-wikipedia-org-9346 Template:English literature Wikipedia Template:English literature From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search English literature Old English Middle English Early English Jewish American African American American Sign Language Arab American Asian American Franco American Jewish American New England New York Native American New Zealand Related topics Anglo-Norman literature Celtic literature English drama English poetry English studies European literature Jèrriais literature Postcolonial literature Women''s writing in English Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:English_literature&oldid=996152010" Categories: Literature navigational boxes Navigation menu Personal tools Template Views Edit View history Search Navigation Main page Learn to edit Recent changes Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Languages Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2020, at 21:00 (UTC). additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy About Wikipedia About Wikipedia Contact Wikipedia Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-9355 Henri Bergson (1859–1941), on the other hand, emphasized the difference between scientific clock time and the direct, subjective, human experience of time.[5] His work on time and consciousness "had a great influence on twentieth-century novelists," especially those modernists who used the stream of consciousness technique, such as Dorothy Richardson for the book Pointed Roofs (1915), James Joyce for Ulysses (1922) and Virginia Woolf (1882–1941) for Mrs Dalloway (1925) and To the Lighthouse (1927).[6] Also important in Bergson''s philosophy was the idea of élan vital, the life force, which "brings about the creative evolution of everything."[7] His philosophy also placed a high value on intuition, though without rejecting the importance of the intellect.[7] These various thinkers were united by a distrust of Victorian positivism and certainty.[citation needed] Modernism as a literary movement can also be seen as a reaction to industrialization, urbanization and new technologies. en-wikipedia-org-9364 The Tragedie of Gorboduc, also titled Ferrex and Porrex, is an English play from 1561. The play is notable for several reasons: as the first verse drama in English to employ blank verse; for its political subject matter (the realm of Gorboduc is disputed by his sons Ferrex and Porrex), which was still a touchy area in the early years of Elizabeth''s reign, while the succession to the throne was unclear; for its manner, progressing from the models of the morality play and Senecan tragedy in the direction which would be followed by later playwrights. The playtext summarizes the plot in the ''Argument'': "Gorboduc, King of Britain, divided his realm in his lifetime to his sons, Ferrex and Porrex. Gorboduc announces his plan to divide his kingdom between his sons Ferrex and Porrex. Ferrex, Elder Son to King Gorboduc Gorboduc or Ferrex and Porrex, a tragedy, by T. en-wikipedia-org-9367 Philippine literature in English Wikipedia This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Philippine literature in English has its roots in the efforts of the United States, then engaged in a war with Filipino nationalist forces at the end of the 19th century. Outside the academe, the wide availability of reading materials, such as books and newspapers in English, helped Filipinos assimilate the language quickly. Fresh from studies in American universities, usually as Fulbright or Rockefeller scholars, a number of these writers introduced New Criticism to the country and applied its tenets in literature classes and writing workshops. Writers in English who have received the National Artist award include: Jose Garcia Villa (1973), Nick Joaquin (1976), Carlos P. "Philippine Literature in English" "Philippine Literature in English" "Philippine Literature during the American Period" Retrieved August 26, 2005. English-language literature en-wikipedia-org-9378 en-wikipedia-org-9381 The genre was often associated with the social realist-influenced British drama style known as "kitchen sink realism", which depicted the social issues facing working-class families.[citation needed] Armchair Theatre (ABC, later Thames, 1956–1974), The Wednesday Play (BBC, 1964–1970) and Play for Today (BBC, 1970–1984) received praise from critics for their quality. Armchair Theatre was a British television drama anthology series, which ran on the ITV network from 1956 until 1968 in its original form, and was intermittently resurrected in the following few years until 1973. Play for Today: 1970–1984[edit] Play for Today was a British television anthology drama series, produced by the BBC and transmitted on BBC1 from 1970 to 1984. A model attribution edit summary Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at [[:ru:]]; see its history for attribution. Mark Duguid "The Television Play", BFI screenonline article Articles needing translation from Russian Wikipedia en-wikipedia-org-9383 Genres may be determined by literary technique, tone, content, or even (as in the case of fiction) length. Much of current classical literary genres starting with the ideologies of Aristotle as outlined in his famous treatises, Rhetoric and Poetics. In the treatise Rhetoric, Aristotle arranges rhetorical literary genres into three categories: the deliberative, forensic, and epideictic.[3] He further categorizes genres of poetry in his treatise Poetics, where he also creates three different genre forms: the epic, tragedy, and comedy.[3] Aristotle''s ideas regarding literary genre were fine-tuned through the work of other scholars. In his treatise Poetics, Aristotle discusses three main prose/poetry genres: the epic, tragedy, and comedy. For example, a common loose genre like fiction ("literature created from the imagination, not presented as fact, though it may be based on a true story or situation") is well-known to not be universally applicable to all fictitious literature, but instead is typically restricted to the use for novel, short story, and novella, but not fables, and is also usually a prose text. Categories: Literary genres en-wikipedia-org-9392 Wikipedia is an online free-content encyclopedia project helping to create a world in which everyone can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. Wikipedia''s articles provide links designed to guide the user to related pages with additional information. Anyone with Internet access can write and make changes to Wikipedia articles, except in limited cases where editing is restricted to prevent disruption or vandalism. "Wikipedia" is a registered trademark of the not-for-profit Wikimedia Foundation, which has created a family of free-content projects that are built by user contributions. Guidelines and information pages are available to help users and researchers do this effectively, as is an article that summarizes third-party studies and assessments of the reliability of Wikipedia. For specific discussion not related to article content or editor conduct, see the Village pump, which covers such subjects as milestone announcements, policy and technical discussion, and information on other specialized portals such as the help, reference and peer review desks. en-wikipedia-org-9405 The poet George Chapman finished the first complete English translation of the Odyssey in 1614, which was set in rhyming couplets of iambic pentameter.[49] Emily Wilson, a professor of classical studies at the University of Pennsylvania, noted that, as late as the first decade of the 21st century, almost all of the most prominent translators of Greek and Roman literature had been men.[55] She called her experience of translating Homer one of "intimate alienation."[56] Wilson writes that this has affected the popular conception of characters and events of the Odyssey,[57] inflecting the story with connotations not present in the original text: "For instance, in the scene where Telemachus oversees the hanging of the slaves who have been sleeping with the suitors, most translations introduce derogatory language ("sluts" or "whores") [...] The original Greek does not label these slaves with derogatory language."[57] In the original Greek, the word used is hai, the feminine article, equivalent to "those female people".[58] en-wikipedia-org-9415 Andrew Marvell (/ˈmɑːrvəl, mɑːrˈvɛl/; 31 March 1621 – 16 August 1678) was an English Metaphysical poet, satirist and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1659 and 1678. One poem, "Upon Appleton House, To My Lord Fairfax", uses a description of the estate as a way of exploring Fairfax''s and Marvell''s own situation in a time of war and political change.[9] Probably the best-known poem he wrote at this time is "To His Coy Mistress". He also identified Marvell and the Metaphysical school with the "dissociation of sensibility" that occurred in 17th-century English literature; Eliot described this trend as "something which...happened to the mind of England...it is the difference between the intellectual poet and the reflective poet".[30] Poets increasingly developed a self-conscious relationship to tradition, which took the form of a new emphasis on craftsmanship of expression and an idiosyncratic freedom in allusions to Classical and Biblical sources. The poet''s time: politics and religion in the work of Andrew Marvell. en-wikipedia-org-9428 European rulers such as Catherine II of Russia, Joseph II of Austria and Frederick II of Prussia tried to apply Enlightenment thought on religious and political tolerance, which became known as enlightened absolutism.[12] Many of the main political and intellectual figures behind the American Revolution associated themselves closely with the Enlightenment: Benjamin Franklin visited Europe repeatedly and contributed actively to the scientific and political debates there and brought the newest ideas back to Philadelphia; Thomas Jefferson closely followed European ideas and later incorporated some of the ideals of the Enlightenment into the Declaration of Independence; and James Madison incorporated these ideals into the United States Constitution during its framing in 1787.[14] The ideas of the Enlightenment also played a major role in inspiring the French Revolution, which began in 1789. en-wikipedia-org-9429 There is no evidence that her writings influenced other medieval authors, or were read by more than a very few people, until 1670, when her book was first published by Serenus de Cressy under the title XVI Revelations of Divine Love, Shewed to a Devout Servant of Our Lord, called Mother Juliana, an Anchorete of Norwich: Who lived in the Dayes of King Edward the Third.[25] Since then the book been published under a variety of different titles,[26][note 2] Since the 1960s, a number of new editions and renderings of her book into modern English have appeared, as well as publications about her.[27] In the 1990s, Georgia Ronan Crampton produced The Shewings of Julian of Norwich, (West Michigan University, TEAMS, 1993) and Frances Beer produced Revelations of Divine Love, (Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, 1998).[73][74] New editions of Julian''s book published this century include: Sr Anna Maria Reynolds, and Julia Bolton Holloway, Julian of Norwich: Extant Texts and Translation (Sismel, 2001);[75] Denise N. en-wikipedia-org-9439 View a machine-translated version of the Spanish article. A model attribution edit summary Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at [[:es:Literatura en asturiano]]; see its history for attribution. The only reference to Asturian during this period is a work of Hernán Núñez (1555) about Proverbs and adages, "[...] ...in a large copy of rare languages, as Portuguese, Galician, Asturian, Catalan, Valencian, French, Tuscan..."[1] It continued through the 18th century, when it produced, according to Ruiz de la Peña, a literature that could stand up to the best written in the same period in the Castilian language from Asturias.[citation needed] Nowadays the Asturian language is a living reality within the territory of Asturias, with about 150 annual publications,[2] while small communities speaking Asturian can also be found in areas not administratively in the Principality. Asturian language Categories: Asturian language Culture articles needing translation from Spanish Wikipedia en-wikipedia-org-9443 He was known for breaking with existing literary forms and developing a new type of semi-autobiographical novel that blended character study, social criticism, philosophical reflection, stream of consciousness, explicit language, sex, surrealist free association, and mysticism.[1][2] His most characteristic works of this kind are Tropic of Cancer, Black Spring, Tropic of Capricorn and The Rosy Crucifixion trilogy, which are based on his experiences in New York and Paris (all of which were banned in the United States until 1961).[3] He also wrote travel memoirs and literary criticism, and painted watercolors.[4] In 1942, shortly before moving to California, Miller began writing Sexus, the first novel in The Rosy Crucifixion trilogy, a fictionalized account documenting the six-year period of his life in Brooklyn falling in love with June and struggling to become a writer.[41] Like several of his other works, the trilogy, completed in 1959, was initially banned in the United States, published only in France and Japan.[42] en-wikipedia-org-9448 Another significant transitional figure between Victorians and modernists, the late nineteenth-century novelist, [[Henry James]] (1843–1916), continued to publish major novels into the twentieth-century, including ''''[[The Golden Bowl]]'''' (1904). Amongst the novelists, after [[Joseph Conrad]], other important early modernists include [[Dorothy Richardson]] (1873–1957), whose novel ''''Pointed Roof'''' (1915), is one of the earliest examples of the [[stream of consciousness (narrative mode)|stream of consciousness]] technique, and [[D.H. Lawrence]] (1885–1930), who published ''''[[The Rainbow]]'''' in 1915—though it was immediately seized by the police—and ''''[[Women in Love]]'''' in 1920.''''The Oxford Companion to English Literature'''', ed. Important British writers between the [[World Wars]], include the [[Scottish poetry|Scottish poet]] [[Hugh MacDiarmid]] (1892–1978), who began publishing in the 1920s, and novelist [[Virginia Woolf]] (1882–1941), who was an influential [[Feminism|feminist]], and a major stylistic innovator associated with the [[Stream of consciousness (narrative mode)|stream-of-consciousness]] technique in novels like ''''[[Mrs Dalloway]]'''' (1925) and ''''[[To the Lighthouse]]'''' (1927). en-wikipedia-org-945 William Wilkie Collins (8 January 1824 – 23 September 1889) was an English novelist and playwright known for The Woman in White (1859) and The Moonstone (1868). Collins was critical of the institution of marriage: he later split his time between widow Caroline Graves, with whom he had lived most of his adult life, treating her daughter as his, and the younger Martha Rudd, by whom he had three children. During this period Collins extended the variety of his writing, publishing articles in George Henry Lewes''s paper The Leader, short stories and essays for Bentley''s Miscellany, as well as dramatic criticism and the travel book Rambles Beyond Railways.[4] His first play, The Lighthouse, was performed by Dickens''s theatrical company at Tavistock House, in 1855. Viewed by many as the advent of the detective story within the tradition of the English novel, The Moonstone remains one of Collins''s most acclaimed works. en-wikipedia-org-9450 According to tradition and later writers such as Livy, the Roman Republic was established around 509 BC,[21] when the last of the seven kings of Rome, Tarquin the Proud, was deposed by Lucius Junius Brutus and a system based on annually elected magistrates and various representative assemblies was established.[22] A constitution set a series of checks and balances, and a separation of powers. The Flavians were the second dynasty to rule Rome.[90] By 68 AD, year of Nero''s death, there was no chance of return to the old and traditional Roman Republic, thus a new emperor had to rise. In fact, Rome had lost its central importance since the Crisis of the Third Century—Mediolanum was the western capital from 286 to 330, until the reign of Honorius, when Ravenna was made capital, in the 5th century.[139] Constantine''s administrative and monetary reforms, that reunited the Empire under one emperor, and rebuilt the city of Byzantium changed the high period of the ancient world. en-wikipedia-org-9476 Irving was one of the first American writers to earn acclaim in Europe, and he encouraged other American authors such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Herman Melville and Edgar Allan Poe. He was also admired by some British writers, including Lord Byron, Thomas Campbell, Charles Dickens, Mary Shelley, Francis Jeffrey and Walter Scott. Irving traveled regularly to Mount Vernon and Washington, D.C. for his research, and struck up friendships with Presidents Millard Fillmore and Franklin Pierce.[88] He was elected an Associate Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1855.[90] He was hired as an executor of John Jacob Astor''s estate in 1848 and appointed by Astor''s will as first chairman of the Astor Library, a forerunner to the New York Public Library.[91] en-wikipedia-org-9478 John Ronald Reuel Tolkien CBE FRSL (/ruːl ˈtɒlkiːn/;[a] 3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973) was an English writer, poet, philologist, and academic, best known as the author of the high fantasy works The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. On 3 November 1920, Tolkien was demobilized and left the army, retaining his rank of lieutenant.[70] His first civilian job after World War I was at the Oxford English Dictionary, where he worked mainly on the history and etymology of words of Germanic origin beginning with the letter W.[71] In 1920, he took up a post as reader in English language at the University of Leeds, becoming the youngest professor there.[72] While at Leeds, he produced A Middle English Vocabulary and a definitive edition of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight with E. en-wikipedia-org-9485 Sir James George Frazer OM FRS FRSE FBA[1] (/ˈfreɪzər/; 1 January 1854 – 7 May 1941) was a Scottish social anthropologist and folklorist[3] influential in the early stages of the modern studies of mythology and comparative religion.[4] His most famous work, The Golden Bough (1890), documents and details the similarities among magical and religious beliefs around the world. Frazer attended school at Springfield Academy and Larchfield Academy in Helensburgh.[6] He studied at the University of Glasgow and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated with honours in classics (his dissertation was published years later as The Growth of Plato''s Ideal Theory) and remained a Classics Fellow all his life.[7] From Trinity, he went on to study law at the Middle Temple, but never practised. en-wikipedia-org-9487 Thomas Dekker (writer) Wikipedia In the latter half of the decade, Dekker turned once more to pamphlet-writing, revamping old work and writing a new preface to his most popular tract, The Bellman of London. Dekker His Dreame (1620) is a long poem describing his despairing confinement; he contributed six prison-based sketches to the sixth edition (1616) of Sir Thomas Overbury''s Characters; and he revised Lanthorne and Candlelight to reflect what he had learned in prison. – ''The Dramatic Works of Thomas Dekker'', In 4 Volumes – Cambridge University Press – 1961 – ''The Dragon and the Dove: The Plays of Thomas Dekker'' – Oxford: Clarendon – 1990. The Plague Pamphlets of Thomas Dekker. Wikiquote has quotations related to: Thomas Dekker (writer) Works by Thomas Dekker at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Thomas Dekker at Internet Archive Plays by Thomas Dekker Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-9489 James Thomson (poet, born 1700) Wikipedia James Thomson, from Samuel Johnson''s Lives of the English Poets (c.1779) In later years, Thomson lived in Richmond upon Thames, and it was there that he wrote his final work The Castle of Indolence, which was published just before his untimely death on 27 August 1748. Thomson is one of the sixteen Scottish poets and writers appearing on the Scott Monument on Princes Street in Edinburgh. Gilfillan, Rev. George, Thomson''s Poetical Works, with Life, Critical Dissertation, and Explanatory Notes, Library Edition of the British Poets (1854). Thomson, James The Seasons and Castle of Indolence Printed for J. The Seasons, edited with introduction and commentary by James Sambrook, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981) ISBN 0-19-812713-8. Liberty, The Castle of Indolence and other poems, edited with introduction and commentary by James Sambrook, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986) "Thomson, James (poet, 1700–1748)" . Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-9511 Walter John de la Mare OM CH (/ˈdɛləˌmɛər/;[1] 25 April 1873 – 22 June 1956) was an English poet, short story writer, and novelist. He is probably best remembered for his works for children, for his poem "The Listeners",[2] and for a highly acclaimed selection of subtle psychological horror stories, amongst them "Seaton''s Aunt" and "All Hallows". In 1921, his novel Memoirs of a Midget won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction,[3] and his post-war Collected Stories for Children won the 1947 Carnegie Medal for British children''s books.[4] The new family lived in Beckenham and Anerley from 1899 till 1924.[6] It was in Beckenham at Mackenzie Road that the children were born; his first book of poems, Songs of Childhood, published (under the name Walter Ramal); and Henry Brocken written. ^ Walter de la Mare (on Wikisource), The Ghost (anthologized in Collected poems, 1901-1918 and Motley). en-wikipedia-org-952 Harold Heslop (1 October 1898 – 10 November 1983) was an English author, left-wing political activist, and coalminer, from near Bishop Auckland, County Durham. Also in 1930, he was invited to attend the Second Plenum of the International Bureau of Revolutionary Literature in the Soviet Union.[6] Subsequently, four of his novels were published in the Soviet Union, including Red Earth (1931), a utopian novel about a successful revolution in Britain which was never published in the UK.[7] He also worked in London for the Soviet trading mission and later Intourist.[1] In 1934, his novel Goaf was released in English. Harold Heslops''s first novel published in England, The Gate of a Strange Field is about the General Strike of 1926, which he had witnessed in London.[9] The novel took its title from a phrase in H. H. Gustav Klaus, "Harold Heslop: miner novelist", The Literature of Labour: Two Hundred Years of Working-Class Writing". en-wikipedia-org-9539 The Forsyte Saga, first published under that title in 1922, is a series of three novels and two interludes published between 1906 and 1921 by Nobel Prize–winning English author John Galsworthy. In a short interlude after The Man of Property Galsworthy delves into the newfound friendship between Irene and Old Jolyon Forsyte (June''s grandfather, now the owner of the house Soames had built). His son, Young Jolyon Forsyte, also Soames''s cousin, manages Irene''s finances. A 1949 adaptation, called That Forsyte Woman in its United States release, starred Errol Flynn as Soames, Greer Garson as Irene, Walter Pidgeon as Young Jolyon, and Robert Young as Philip Bosinney. A television adaptation by the BBC of The Forsyte Saga, and its sequel trilogy A Modern Comedy, starred Eric Porter as Soames, Joseph O''Conor as Old Jolyon, Susan Hampshire as Fleur, Kenneth More as Young Jolyon and Nyree Dawn Porter as Irene. The Forsyte Saga: To Let (2003 serial)[edit] en-wikipedia-org-9544 Narrative poetry Wikipedia The poems that make up this genre may be short or long, and the story it relates to may be complex. It is normally dramatic, with objectives, diverse and meter.[1] Narrative poems include epics, ballads, idylls, and lays. Some narrative poetry takes the form of a novel in verse. In the terms of narrative poetry, a romance is a narrative poem that tells a story of chivalry. 2 List of narrative poems Historically, much of poetry has its source in an oral tradition: in more recent times the Scots and English ballads, the tales of Robin Hood, of Iskandar, and various Baltic and Slavic heroic poems all were originally intended for recitation, rather than reading. A narrative poem usually tells a story using a poetic theme. List of narrative poems[edit] Media related to Narrative poems at Wikimedia Commons Categories: Narrative poems en-wikipedia-org-956 View source for English literature Wikipedia If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-9570 Rhodes used this document in 1890 to justify sending the Pioneer Column, a group of white settlers protected by well-armed British South Africa Police (BSAP) and guided by the big game hunter Frederick Selous, through Matabeleland and into Shona territory to establish Fort Salisbury (now Harare). Although Northern Rhodesia had a white population of over 100,000, as well as additional British military and civil units and their dependents, most of these were relatively new to the region, were primarily in the extraction business, had little landed interests, and were more amenable to allowing black nationalism than the Southern Rhodesians. Administrative posts of the British South Africa Company in Southern Rhodesia ^ E A Walter, (1963).The Cambridge History of the British Empire: South Africa, Rhodesia and the High Commission Territories, Cambridge University Press, pp. en-wikipedia-org-958 Algernon Charles Swinburne Wikipedia Algernon Charles Swinburne (5 April 1837 – 10 April 1909) was an English poet, playwright, novelist, and critic. He wrote several novels and collections of poetry such as Poems and Ballads, and contributed to the famous Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. In France, Swinburne was highly praised by Stéphane Mallarmé, and was invited to contribute to a book in honour of the poet Théophile Gautier, Le tombeau de Théophile Gautier (Wikisource): he answered by six poems in French, English, Latin and Greek. The poems of Algernon Charles Swinburne, 6 vols. Swinburne, Algernon (1919), Gosse, Edmund; Wise, Thomas (eds.), The Letters of Algernon Charles Swinburne, Volumes 1-6, New York: John Lane Company, retrieved 4 December 2015 Algernon Charles Swinburne: A Critical Study. Maxwell, Catherine (2012), "Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837–1909)", The Cambridge Companion to the Pre-Raphaelites, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. Works by or about Algernon Charles Swinburne at Internet Archive Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algernon_Charles_Swinburne&oldid=999009149" en-wikipedia-org-9599 Sir Henry Rider Haggard KBE (/ˈhæɡərd/; 22 June 1856 – 14 May 1925) was an English writer of adventure fiction set in exotic locations, predominantly Africa, and a pioneer of the lost world literary genre.[1] He was also involved in agricultural reform throughout the British Empire. He created his Allan Quatermain adventures under their influence, during a time when great mineral wealth was being discovered in Africa, as well as the ruins of ancient lost civilisations of the continent, such as Great Zimbabwe.[11][12] Three of his books, The Wizard (1896), Black Heart and White Heart; a Zulu Idyll (1896), and Elissa; the Doom of Zimbabwe (1898), are dedicated to Burnham''s daughter Nada, the first white child born in Bulawayo; she had been named after Haggard''s 1892 book Nada the Lily.[13] Haggard belonged to the Athenaeum, Savile, and Authors'' clubs.[14] en-wikipedia-org-960 In 1892 he befriended and was influenced in his work by a fellow writer, George Meredith.[23] In the 1890s Gissing lived more comfortably on his earnings, but his health suffered, which limited the time he spent in London.[24] Novels from the period include Born in Exile (1892), The Odd Women (1893), In the Year of Jubilee (1894) and The Whirlpool (1897). By the end of the century, critics placed him with Thomas Hardy and George Meredith as one of three leading novelists in England.[1] Sir William Robertson Nicoll called him "one of the most original, daring and conscientious workers in fiction".[34] Chesterton saw in him the "soundest of the Dickens critics, a man of genius".[35] George Orwell admired him and in a 1943 Tribune article called him "perhaps the best novelist England has produced," believing his masterpieces were the "three novels, The Odd Women, Demos, and New Grub Street, and his book on Dickens. en-wikipedia-org-9603 Kipling''s works of fiction include The Jungle Book (1894), Kim (1901), and many short stories, including "The Man Who Would Be King" (1888).[2] His poems include "Mandalay" (1890), "Gunga Din" (1890), "The Gods of the Copybook Headings" (1919), "The White Man''s Burden" (1899), and "If—" (1910). Kipling in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was among the United Kingdom''s most popular writers.[3] Henry James said "Kipling strikes me personally as the most complete man of genius, as distinct from fine intelligence, that I have ever known."[3] In 1907, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, as the first English-language writer to receive the prize, and at 41, its youngest recipient to date.[6] He was also sounded out for the British Poet Laureateship and several times for a knighthood, but declined both.[7] Following his death in 1936, his ashes were interred at Poets'' Corner, part of the South Transept of Westminster Abbey. en-wikipedia-org-9615 Henry Vaughan (17 April 1621 – 23 April 1695) was a Welsh metaphysical poet, author, translator and physician, writing in English. The buttery books of Jesus College, Oxford show Thomas Vaughan being admitted in May 1638, and it has long been assumed that Henry went up at the same time, although Wood states, "He made his first entry into Jesus College in Michaelmas term 1638, aged 17 years. The work was also influenced by Lancelot Andrewes''s Preces Privatae (1615) and John Cosin''s Collection of Private Devotions (1627).[17] Flores Solitudinis (1654) contains translations from the Latin of two works by the Spanish Jesuit Juan Eusebio Nieremberg, one by a 5th-century Bishop of Lyon, Eucherius, and by Paulinus of Nola, of whom Vaughan wrote a prose life. ^ Oxford Companion to English Literature, s.v. Henry Vaughan; T. en-wikipedia-org-9630 The Seasons is a series of four poems written by the Scottish author James Thomson. The poem was published one season at a time, Winter in 1726, Summer in 1727, Spring in 1728 and Autumn only in the complete edition of 1730.[2] In 1750, the London bookseller Andrew Millar reprinted the 1746 edition of The Works of James Thomson vol. Millar may have referred to the 1744 edition because it was the first expanded version of Thomson''s famous poem, it sold quickly, and it may have helped to clarify for Millar that he owned the highly valuable copyright of this book in perpetuity.[6] ^ a b "Local History Notes: James Thomson 1700-1748" (PDF). "The Transatlantic Travels of James Thomson''s The Seasons and its Baggage of Material Culture, 1730-1870" (PDF). "James Thomson''s The Seasons: Autumn". James Thomson''s The Seasons, Print Culture, and Visual Interpretation, 1730–1842. The four seasons, and other poems. en-wikipedia-org-9632 Therefore, the British poets picked up that term as a way of referring to their own endeavors, for it fit in another respect: 18th-century English poetry was political, satirical, and marked by the central philosophical problem of whether the individual or society took precedence as the subject of verse. In the early part of the century, there was a great struggle over the nature and role of the pastoral, primarily between Ambrose Philips and Alexander Pope, and then between their followers, but such a controversy was only possible because of two simultaneous literary movements. From a technical point of view, few poets have ever approached Alexander Pope''s perfection at the iambic pentameter closed couplet ("heroic verse"), and his lines were repeated often enough to lend quite a few clichés and proverbs to modern English usage. en-wikipedia-org-9636 Gaelic literature Wikipedia Gaelic literature (Irish: Litríocht na Gaeilge; Scottish Gaelic: Litreachas na Gàidhlig) is literature in the vernacular Gaelic languages of Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man. Gaelic literature is recognised as the third oldest literature tradition[1] of Europe, behind only Latin literature and Greek literature: literature has been written in Gaelic languages from the 1st centuries AD to the present day. Old Gaelic, 300s CE—900s CE[edit] Main articles: Early Irish literature and Old Gaelic Works of a Christian nature were the first to appear in the Sean-Ghaeilge (Old Irish), the earliest form written in Latin script, as it would appear that the Gaelic speaking monks wanted to impart the religion to their flocks in the native tongue. Middle Gaelic, 900s CE—1200s CE[edit] Main articles: Modern literature in Irish and Scottish Gaelic literature Gaelic Literature, Language & Music Modern Gaelic Literature Scottish Gaelic literature Scottish Gaelic literature en-wikipedia-org-9676 H. Davies was devastated by the death and his commemorative poem "Killed in Action (Edward Thomas)" was included in Davies''s 1918 collection "Raptures".[6] H. Davies published his poem Killed in Action (Edward Thomas) to mark the personal loss of his close friend and mentor.[35] Edward Thomas''s Collected Poems was one of Andrew Motion''s ten picks for the poetry section of the "Guardian Essential Library" in October 2002.[38] The children''s author Linda Newbery has published a novel, "Lob" (David Fickling Books, 2010, illustrated by Pam Smy) inspired by the Edward Thomas'' poem of the same name and containing oblique references to other work by him. Thomas, Edward, Adlestrop (poem), UK: Poets'' graves "Edward Thomas, Robert Frost and the road to war". "Roads Poem by Edward Thomas". Wikimedia Commons has media related to Edward Thomas (poet). "The Edward Thomas Collection", The First World War Poetry Digital Archive, UK: Oxford University Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Thomas_(poet)&oldid=1000522323" en-wikipedia-org-9683 You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. It was in the [[Victorian era]] (1837–1901) that the novel became the leading [[literary genre]] in English.''''The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature'''' (1990), p. ''''The Norton Anthology of English Literature, The Major Authors: The Romantic Period through the Twentieth Century'''', 7th ed., Vol. B. Trollope''s novels portray the lives of the landowning and professional classes of early Victorian England.''''The Oxford Companion to English Literature'''' (1996), p. Towards the end of the 19th century, English poets began to take an interest in French [[Symbolist poetry|Symbolism]] and Victorian poetry entered a decadent ''''[[Fin de siècle|fin-de-siècle]]'''' phase.''''The Norton Anthology of English Literature'''', 7th edition, vol.2, ed. Yeats went on to become an important modernist in the 20th century.''''The Norton Anthology of English Literature'''', 7th edition, vol. en-wikipedia-org-9688 Albertino Mussato of Padua and Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) of Arezzo, both now part of Italy, were the first to be crowned poets laureate after the classical age, respectively in 1315 and 1342.[4] In Britain, the term dates from the appointment of Bernard André by Henry VII of England. Main article: New Zealand Poet Laureate Main article: United States Poet Laureate Collins wrote "The Names" which he read on September 6, 2002, which is available in streaming audio and video.[34] The original intent of the $35,000 stipend was to provide the Poet Laureate with a full income so that they could devote their time entirely to writing poetry. Dr. Amit Majmudar of Dublin, Ohio was named the first state Poet Laureate by Gov. John Kasich, for a two-year term beginning January 1, 2016. The state of Utah has appointed a Poet Laureate since 1997. ^ http://www.pikespeakpoetlaureate.org/current_poet.html Archived March 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Pikes Peak Poet Laureate en-wikipedia-org-969 In an interview with Pinter in 2006, conducted by critic Michael Billington as part of the cultural programme of the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy, Pinter confirmed that he would continue to write poetry but not plays.[157] In response, the audience shouted No in unison, urging him to keep writing.[162] Along with the international symposium on Pinter: Passion, Poetry, Politics, curated by Billington, the 2006 Europe Theatre Prize theatrical events celebrating Pinter included new productions (in French) of Precisely (1983), One for the Road (1984), Mountain Language (1988), The New World Order (1991), Party Time (1991), and Press Conference (2002) (French versions by Jean Pavans); and Pinter Plays, Poetry & Prose, an evening of dramatic readings, directed by Alan Stanford, of the Gate Theatre, Dublin.[163] In June 2006, the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) hosted a celebration of Pinter''s films curated by his friend, the playwright David Hare. en-wikipedia-org-9696 1110 – after 1174), who wrote in Norman-French, is the earliest known poet from Jersey; he also developed the Arthurian legend.[17]) At the end of the 12th century, Layamon in Brut adapted Wace to make the first English-language work to use the legends of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. Generally regarded as among the finest lyric poets in the English language, Shelley is perhaps best known for poems such as Ozymandias, Ode to the West Wind, To a Skylark and Adonaïs, an elegy written on the death of Keats.[93] Mary Shelley (1797–1851) is remembered as the author of Frankenstein (1818), an important Gothic novel, as well as being an early example of science fiction.[94] Alun Lewis (1915–1944), born in South Wales, was one of the best-known English-language poets of the war[126] The Second World War has remained a theme in British literature. en-wikipedia-org-9705 It was the first foreign publication and the English edition appeared in 1887.[12] Despite Russian censorship proscribing "the harmful doctrines of socialism and communism", the Russian censors considered Das Kapital as a "strictly scientific work" of political economy, the content of which did not apply to monarchic Russia, where "capitalist exploitation" had never occurred and was officially dismissed, given "that very few people in Russia will read it, and even fewer will understand it". The English translation of volume 1 by Samuel Moore and Eleanor Marx''s partner Edward Aveling, overseen by Engels, was published in 1887 as Capital: A Critical Analysis of Capitalist Production by Swan Sonnenschein, Lowrey, & Co.[14] This was reissued in the 1970s by Progress Publishers in Moscow, while a more recent English translation was made by Ben Fowkes and David Fernbach (the Penguin edition). en-wikipedia-org-9709 Before killing Vollmer, Burroughs had largely completed his first novel, Junkie, which was written at the urging of Allen Ginsberg, who was instrumental in getting the work published, even as a cheap mass-market paperback.[34] Ace Books published the novel in 1953 as part of an Ace Double under the pen name William Lee, retitling it Junkie: Confessions of an Unredeemed Drug Addict (it was later republished as Junkie, then in 1977 as Junky, and finally in 2003 as Junky: the definitive text of ''Junk'', edited by Oliver Harris'').[34] International rights to the work were sold soon after, and Burroughs used the $3,000 advance from Grove Press to buy drugs (equivalent to approximately $26,000 in today''s funds[15]).[5](pp316–326) Naked Lunch was featured in a 1959 Life magazine cover story, partly as an article that highlighted the growing Beat literary movement. en-wikipedia-org-9711 Most often seen in dramatic literature, the term can describe either a tragic play which contains enough comic elements to lighten the overall mood or a serious play with a happy ending.[1] Tragicomedy, as its name implies, invokes the intended response of both the tragedy and the comedy in the audience, the former being a genre based on human suffering that invokes an accompanying catharsis and the latter being a genre intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing defined it as a mixture of emotions in which "seriousness stimulates laughter, and pain pleasure."[7] Tragicomedy''s affinity with satire and "dark" comedy have suggested a tragicomic impulse in modern theatre with Luigi Pirandello who influenced many playwrights including Samuel Beckett and Tom Stoppard.[8] Also it can be seen in absurdist drama. en-wikipedia-org-9712 Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell OM FRS[68] (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British polymath, philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, writer, social critic, political activist, and Nobel laureate.[69][70] Throughout his life, Russell considered himself a liberal, a socialist and a pacifist, although he sometimes suggested that his sceptical nature had led him to feel that he had "never been any of these things, in any profound sense".[71] Russell was born in Monmouthshire into one of the most prominent aristocratic families in the United Kingdom.[72] The matter was however taken to the New York Supreme Court by Jean Kay who was afraid that her daughter would be harmed by the appointment, though her daughter was not a student at CCNY.[148][149] Many intellectuals, led by John Dewey, protested at his treatment.[150] Albert Einstein''s oft-quoted aphorism that "great spirits have always encountered violent opposition from mediocre minds" originated in his open letter, dated 19 March 1940, to Morris Raphael Cohen, a professor emeritus at CCNY, supporting Russell''s appointment.[151] Dewey and Horace M. en-wikipedia-org-9717 The Ruthwell cross features the largest figurative reliefs found on any surviving Anglo-Saxon cross—which are virtually the largest surviving Anglo-Saxon reliefs of any sort—and has inscriptions in both Latin and, unusually for a Christian monument, the runic alphabet, the latter containing lines similar to lines 39–64 of Dream of the Rood, an Old English poem, which were possibly added at a later date. In his 1998 essay, "Rethinking the Ruthwell Monument: Fragments and Critique; Tradition and History; Tongues and Sockets," scholar Fred Orton discusses a note Reginald Bainbrigg wrote to William Camden in 1600 for possible publication in any new edition of his 1586 Britannia: "Bainbrigg saw a ''column'' which he referred to as a ''cross,''" Orton said of the note.[15] Orton is also convinced the piece is made of two different types of stone: "... en-wikipedia-org-9725 One such actor was Colley Cibber himself, who played the luxuriant fop Lord Foppington in both Love''s Last Shift and The Relapse. On the modern stage, The Relapse has been established as one of the most popular Restoration comedies, valued for Vanbrugh''s light, throwaway wit[1] and the consummate acting part of Lord Foppington, a burlesque character with a dark side.[2] To reinforce the connection with Love''s Last Shift and capitalise on its unexpected success, Vanbrugh designed the central roles of Loveless, Amanda, and Sir Novelty for the same actors: John Verbruggen, Jane Rogers, and Colley Cibber. Restoration Comedy, a play by Amy Freed that draws on both The Relapse and its predecessor, Colley Cibber''s Love''s Last Shift, premiered at Seattle Repertory Theatre in 2005, starring Stephen Caffrey as Loveless, Caralyn Kozlowski as Amanda, and Jonathan Freeman as Lord Foppington, and directed by Sharon Ott.[15] en-wikipedia-org-9734 By the first millennium AD, Bantu-speaking farmers had moved into the region, initially along the coast.[35] The Bantus originated in West Africa along the Benue River in what is now eastern Nigeria and western Cameroon.[36] The Bantu migration brought new developments in agriculture and ironworking to the region.[36] Bantu groups in Kenya include the Kikuyu, Luhya, Kamba, Kisii, Meru, Kuria, Aembu, Ambeere, Wadawida-Watuweta, Wapokomo, and Mijikenda, among others. Other attractions include the wildebeest migration at the Masaai Mara, which is considered to be the 7th wonder of the world; historical mosques, and colonial-era forts at Mombasa, Malindi, and Lamu; renowned scenery such as the white-capped Mount Kenya and the Great Rift Valley; tea plantations at Kericho; coffee plantations at Thika; a splendid view of Mount Kilimanjaro across the border into Tanzania;[149] and the beaches along the Swahili Coast, in the Indian Ocean. en-wikipedia-org-9738 Isaac Rosenberg (25 November 1890 – 1 April 1918) was an English poet and artist. He withdrew from his apprenticeship in January 1911, as he had managed to find the finances to attend the Slade School of Fine Art at University College, London (UCL).[3] During his time at Slade School, Rosenberg notably studied alongside David Bomberg, Mark Gertler, Stanley Spencer, Paul Nash, Edward Wadsworth, Dora Carrington, William Roberts, and Christopher Nevinson.[4] He was taken up by Laurence Binyon and Edward Marsh, and began to write poetry seriously, but he suffered from ill-health.[1] He published a pamphlet of ten poems, Night and Day, in 1912. Jean Moorcroft Wilson – Isaac Rosenberg, poet and painter (1975) Isaac Rosenberg was one of the finest and most distinctive poets of the first world war. Isaac Rosenberg: The making of a great war poet: a new life. Poems by Isaac Rosenberg at English Poetry en-wikipedia-org-9746 Caryl Churchill (born 3 September 1938) is a British playwright known for dramatising the abuses of power, for her use of non-naturalistic techniques, and for her exploration of sexual politics and feminist themes.[1] Celebrated for works such as Cloud 9 (1979), Top Girls (1982), Serious Money (1987), Blue Heart (1997), Far Away (2000), and A Number (2002), she has been described as "one of Britain''s greatest poets of and innovators for the contemporary stage".[2] In a 2011 dramatists'' poll by The Village Voice, five out of the 20 polled writers listed Churchill as the greatest living playwright.[3] The Royal Court Theatre premiere of Pigs and Dogs received a positive review in The Stage[29] and moderately positive reviews in The Guardian,[30] The Observer,[31] and Evening Standard,[32] with the last newspaper''s Henry Hitchings stating, "While the incantatory style isn''t consistently engaging, this is a striking parade of views on a subject that merits more sustained treatment." Andrzej Lukowski of Time Out said in a three-star review that the play "makes its point effectively if tersely".[33] Mark Lawson of The Guardian praised Beautiful Eyes as a "sharp" comedy.[34] en-wikipedia-org-9753 A Dance to the Music of Time is a 12-volume roman-fleuve by Anthony Powell, published between 1951 and 1975 to critical acclaim. Powell''s official biographer, Hilary Spurling, has published Invitation to the Dance – a Handbook to Anthony Powell''s A Dance to the Music of Time.[4] This annotates, in dictionary form, the characters, events, art, music, and other references. The various aspects of the novel-sequence are also analysed in An Index to ''A Dance to the Music of Time'' by B. Those below are suggested by Hilary Spurling in Invitation to the Dance – a Handbook to Anthony Powell''s A Dance to the Music of Time. Invitation to the dance : a handbook to Anthony Powell''s A dance to the music of time. "Anthony Powell Society – A Dance to the Music of Time Character Models". "Models for Characters in Anthony Powell''s A Dance to the Music of Time" Anthony Powell''s A Dance to the Music of Time en-wikipedia-org-9770 These texts [...] formed a unity."[24] In the same year, Joyce met Maria and Eugène Jolas in Paris, just as his new work was generating an increasingly negative reaction from readers and critics, culminating in The Dial''s refusal to publish the four chapters of Part III in September 1926.[24] The Jolases gave Joyce valuable encouragement and material support throughout the long process of writing Finnegans Wake,[25] and published sections of the book in serial form in their literary magazine transition, under the title Work in Progress. en-wikipedia-org-9775 View a machine-translated version of the Italian article. A model attribution edit summary Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Wikipedia article at [[:it:Letteratura in lingua veneta]]; see its history for attribution. You should also add the template {{Translated|it|Letteratura in lingua veneta}} to the talk page. Subsequently, the literary production in Venetian underwent a period of decline following the collapse of the Republic of Venice, but survived nonetheless into the twentieth century to reach peaks with wonderful lyrical poets such as Biagio Marin of Grado. The first evidence of the birth of vernacular Venetian (and Italian) is the Veronese Riddle, dating between the end of the eighth and the early ninth century, written in a language halfway between Latin and the vernacular. Both Ruzante and Goldoni, following the old Italian theater tradition (Commedia dell''Arte), used Venetian in their comedies as the speech of the common folk. Culture articles needing translation from Italian Wikipedia en-wikipedia-org-9781 Cry, the Beloved Country is a novel by Alan Paton, published in 1948. The novel was also adapted as a musical called Lost in the Stars (1949), with a book by the American writer Maxwell Anderson and music composed by the German emigre Kurt Weill. Kumalo undertakes the difficult and expensive journey to the city in the hopes of aiding Gertrude and of finding his son, Absalom, who traveled to Johannesburg from Ndotsheni and never returned. In an attempt to come to terms with what has happened, Jarvis reads his son''s articles and speeches on social inequality and begins a radical reconsideration of his own prejudices. Theophilus Msimangu: A priest from Johannesburg who helps Kumalo find his son Absalom and his sister Gertrude. Absalom Kumalo: Stephen''s son who left home to look for Stephen''s sister Gertrude, and who murders Arthur Jarvis. Arthur Jarvis: Murdered by Absalom Kumalo, he is the son of James Jarvis. en-wikipedia-org-979 Möhren, Frankwalt (1997), ''Unité et diversité du champ sémasiologique – l''exemple de l''Anglo-Norman Dictionary'', in Gregory, Stewart and Trotter, David (eds), De mot en mot: Essays in honour of William Rothwell, Cardiff, 127–146. Rothwell, William (1979), ''Anglo-French lexical contacts, old and new'', Modern Language Review, 74, 287–96. Rothwell, William (1993c), ''From Latin to Anglo-French and Middle English: the role of the multi-lingual gloss'', Modern Language Review, 88, 581–99. Rothwell, William (2004) ''Henry of Lancaster and Geoffrey Chaucer: Anglo-French and Middle English in Fourteenth-Century England'', Modern Language Review 99, 313–27. Rothwell, William (2007) ''Synonymity and Semantic Variability in Medieval French and Middle English'', Modern Language Review 102:2, 363–80. Trotter, David (2003d), ''Not as eccentric as it looks: Anglo-Norman and French French'', Forum for Modern Language Studies, 39, 427–438. Articles containing Anglo-Norman-language text en-wikipedia-org-9791 Our Boys Wikipedia This article is about Our Boys, the 1875 play. Our Boys is a comedy in three acts written by Henry James Byron, first performed in London on 16 January 1875 at the Vaudeville Theatre. Until it was surpassed by the run of Charley''s Aunt in the 1890s, it was the world''s longest-running play, up to that time, with 1,362 performances until April 1879.[1] Theatre owner David James (1839–93) was Perkyn in the production. Sir Geoffrey Champneys is very proud of his son, Talbot, an uninspired and weak youth. J. Byron including Our Boys in The Modern Language Review, Vol. 82, No. 3, pp. External links[edit] List of longest-running plays in London Information about productions at the Vaudeville Theatre[dead link] Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2020 This page was last edited on 29 July 2020, at 15:12 (UTC). en-wikipedia-org-9800 It turns on two indelicate plot devices: a rake''s trick of pretending impotence to safely have clandestine affairs with married women, and the arrival in London of an inexperienced young "country wife", with her discovery of the joys of town life, especially the fascinating London men. During the reign of Charles II (1660–1685), playwrights such as John Dryden, George Etherege, Aphra Behn, and William Wycherley wrote comedies that triumphantly reassert aristocratic dominance and prestige after the years of middle class power during Oliver Cromwell''s Commonwealth. Wycherley had no title or wealth, but had by 1675 already recommended himself by two well-received comedies and had been admitted to the inner circle, sharing the conversation and sometimes the mistresses of Charles, who "was extremely fond of him upon account of his wit".[2] In 1675, at age 35, he created a sensation with The Country Wife, greeted as the bawdiest and wittiest play yet seen on the English stage. William Wycherley: The Country Wife and Other Plays. en-wikipedia-org-9814 First work: Valerio Magrelli (1980) • Ferruccio Benzoni, Stefano Simoncelli, Walter Valeri, Laura Mancinelli (1981) • Jolanda Insana (1982) • Daniele Del Giudice (1983) • Aldo Busi (1984) • Elisabetta Rasy, Dario Villa (1985) • Marco Lodoli, Angelo Mainardi (1986) • Marco Ceriani, Giovanni Giudice (1987) • Edoardo Albinati, Silvana La Spina (1988) • Andrea Canobbio, Romana Petri (1990) • Anna Cascella (1991) • Marco Caporali, Nelida Milani (1992) • Silvana Grasso, Giulio Mozzi (1993) • Ernesto Franco (1994) • Roberto Deidier (1995) • Giuseppe Quatriglio, Tiziano Scarpa (1996) • Fabrizio Rondolino (1997) • Alba Donati (1998) • Paolo Febbraro (1999) • Evelina Santangelo (2000) • Giuseppe Lupo (2001) • Giovanni Bergamini, Simona Corso (2003) • Adriano Lo Monaco (2004) • Piercarlo Rizzi (2005) • Francesco Fontana (2006) • Paolo Fallai (2007) • Luca Giachi (2008) • Carlo Carabba (2009) • Gabriele Pedullà (2010) en-wikipedia-org-9821 File:George Orwell press photo.jpg Wikipedia File:George Orwell press photo.jpg This image (or other media file) is in the public domain because its copyright has expired and its author is anonymous. current 06:53, 23 November 2016 1,176 × 1,596 (2.34 MB) Dencey new 09:37, 26 April 2007 239 × 332 (14 KB) Davius {{Information |Description= |Source= http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/ |Date= 1933 |Author= Branch of the National Union of Journalists }} More than 100 pages use this file. The following list shows the first 100 pages that use this file only. User:Scepia/Orwell View more links to this file. Usage on ang.wikipedia.org جورج اورويل Usage on awa.wikipedia.org Usage on be-tarask.wikipedia.org Usage on br.wikipedia.org Usage on br.wikipedia.org Usage on br.wikipedia.org Usage on br.wikipedia.org Usage on br.wikipedia.org Usage on br.wikipedia.org Usage on br.wikipedia.org Usage on br.wikipedia.org Usage on br.wikipedia.org Usage on br.wikipedia.org Usage on br.wikipedia.org View more global usage of this file. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Orwell_press_photo.jpg" en-wikipedia-org-9826 Find sources: "Bible translations into English" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This, the first major period of Bible translation into the English language, began with the introduction of the Tyndale Bible.[8][self-published source?] The first complete edition of his New Testament was in 1526. These controversial passages are not the basis for disputed issues of doctrine, but tend to be additional stories or snippets of phrases.[8] Many modern English translations, such as the New International Version, contain limited text notes indicating where differences occur in original sources.[12] The following, selected translations are largely the work of individual translators: Noah Webster''s Bible Translation (1833), Robert Young''s Literal Translation (1862), The Emphatic Diaglott by Benjamin Wilson (1864), J.N. Darby''s Darby Bible (1890), The Modern Reader''s Bible (1914) by Richard Moulton, The Five Pauline Epistles, A New Translation (1900) by William Gunion Rutherford, Joseph Bryant Rotherham''s Emphasized Bible (1902), Professor S. en-wikipedia-org-9829 The novels were inspired by a contemporary scandal, which saw Lord Grey elope with his sister-in-law Lady Henrietta Berkeley.[22] At the time of publication Love Letters was very popular and went through more than 16 editions.[23] Today Behn''s prose work is critically acknowledged as having been important to the development of the English novel.[6] Following Behn''s death, new female dramatists such as Delarivier Manley, Mary Pix, Susanna Centlivre and Catherine Trotter acknowledged Behn as their most vital predecessor, who opened up public space for women writers.[2][8] en-wikipedia-org-983 The war to the south influenced British policy in Canada, where between 40,000 and 100,000[66] defeated Loyalists had migrated from the new United States following independence.[67] The 14,000 Loyalists who went to the Saint John and Saint Croix river valleys, then part of Nova Scotia, felt too far removed from the provincial government in Halifax, so London split off New Brunswick as a separate colony in 1784.[68] The Constitutional Act of 1791 created the provinces of Upper Canada (mainly English speaking) and Lower Canada (mainly French-speaking) to defuse tensions between the French and British communities, and implemented governmental systems similar to those employed in Britain, with the intention of asserting imperial authority and not allowing the sort of popular control of government that was perceived to have led to the American Revolution.[69] en-wikipedia-org-9833 Treasure Island (originally The Sea Cook: A Story for Boys)[1] is an adventure novel by Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson, narrating a tale of "buccaneers and buried gold." Two general types of sea novels were popular during the 19th century: the navy yarn, which places a capable officer in adventurous situations amid realistic settings and historical events; and the desert island romance, which features shipwrecked or marooned characters confronted by treasure-seeking pirates or angry natives. In a July 1884 letter to Sidney Colvin, he writes "Treasure Island came out of Kingsley''s At Last, where i got the Dead Man''s Chest—and that was the seed—and out of the great Captain Johnson''s History of the Notorious Pirates". He later escapes the island together with Jim Hawkins, Dr. Livesey, Squire Trelawney, Captain Smollett, Long John Silver, and Ben Gunn. In the game, the player takes the part of Jim Hawkins travelling around the island dispatching pirates with cutlasses before getting the treasure and being chased back to the ship by Long John Silver. en-wikipedia-org-9843 Icelandic literature Wikipedia Early Icelandic literature[edit] The Younger Edda or Prose Edda was written by Snorri Sturluson, and it is the main source of modern understanding of Norse mythology and also of some features of medieval Icelandic poetics, as it contains many mythological stories and also several kennings. The sagas are prose stories written in Old Norse that talk about historical aspects of the Germanic and Scandinavian world; for instance, the migration of people to Iceland, voyages of Vikings to unexplored lands, or the early history of the inhabitants of Gotland. Middle Icelandic literature[edit] A full translation of the Bible was published in the sixteenth century, and popular religious literature, such as the Sendibréf frá einum reisandi Gyðingi í fornöld, was translated from German or Danish or composed in Icelandic. Modern Icelandic literature[edit] A History of Icelandic Literature. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Literature of Iceland. Categories: Icelandic literature en-wikipedia-org-9865 This is a verse translation of biblical histories, attested only in a series of fragments, which was composed in a mixed dialect containing Low German, Old Dutch and High German (Rhine-Franconian) elements.[3] It was likely composed in north-west Germany in the early 12th century, possibly in Werden Abbey, near Essen. One Minnesanger was the aforementioned Van Veldeke, the first Dutch-language writer known by name, who also wrote epic poetry and hagiographies.[4] The chivalric romance was a popular genre as well, often featuring King Arthur or Charlemagne as protagonist. The first Dutch language writer known by name is Van Veldeke, who wrote courtly love poetry, and epics. The best-known of all Dutch writers is the Catholic playwright and poet Joost van den Vondel (1587–1679), who mainly wrote historical and biblical tragedies. Main article: Nineteenth-century Dutch literature Hendrik Conscience (1812–1883) was the first to write about Flemish subjects in the Dutch language and so is considered the father of modern Flemish literature. en-wikipedia-org-9872 The title page of the first edition of The Changeling attributes the play to Middleton and Rowley. De Flores realises that Beatrice will have to transgress one bond (with Alonzo) if she is to have sex with Alsemero. Beatrice says she expects him to leave the country after the murder; she is pleased that she can get rid of De Flores and Alonzo at the same time. She exits, and Lollio enters, telling Antonio that if he kills Franciscus, he can have sex with Isabella. Vermandero, Alibius, Isabella, Tomazo, and Franciscus enter, thinking they have solved the case of Alonzo''s murder. In 1974, as part of Play of the Month, the BBC broadcast a production directed by Anthony Page and starring Stanley Baker as De Flores, Helen Mirren as Beatrice-Joanna, Brian Cox as Alsemero, Tony Selby as Jasperino and Susan Penhaligon as Isabella. en-wikipedia-org-9873 The Oxford English Dictionary cited the first known usage in the English language to a Scottish newspaper, The People''s Journal, in 1848: "A war among the great powers is now necessarily a world-war." The term "world war" is used by Karl Marx and his associate, Friedrich Engels,[2] in a series of articles published around 1850 called The Class Struggles in France. The term "World War I" was coined by Time magazine on page 28b of its June 12, 1939 issue. In terms of human technological history, the scale of World War I was enabled by the technological advances of the second industrial revolution and the resulting globalization that allowed global power projection and mass production of military hardware. The Second World War occurred from 1939 to 1945 and is the only conflict in which nuclear weapons have been used; both Hiroshima and Nagasaki, in the Japanese Empire, were devastated by atomic bombs dropped by the United States. en-wikipedia-org-9883 His writings were widely read both within and beyond his native Russia and influenced an equally great number of later writers including Russians such as Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Anton Chekhov, philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche and Jean-Paul Sartre and the emergence of Existentialism and Freudianism.[4] His books have been translated into more than 170 languages, and served as the basis for many films. Strakhov liked the novel, remarking that "Only Crime and Punishment was read in 1866" and that Dostoevsky had managed to portray a Russian person aptly and realistically.[201] On the other hand, Grigory Eliseev of the radical magazine The Contemporary called the novel a "fantasy according to which the entire student body is accused without exception of attempting murder and robbery".[202] Richard Louire, writing for the New York Times, praised the book and stated that the novel changed his life.[203] In an article for the Encyclopaedia Britannica, Patricia Bauer argued that Crime and Punishment is both "a masterpiece" and "one of the finest studies of the psychopathology of guilt written in any language."[204] en-wikipedia-org-9889 View source for English literature Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-9892 Prominent uses in the years that followed the publication of James Joyce''s Ulysses include Italo Svevo, La coscienza di Zeno (1923),[31] Virginia Woolf, Mrs Dalloway (1925), To the Lighthouse (1927), and William Faulkner in The Sound and the Fury (1929).[32] However, Randell Stevenson suggests that "interior monologue, rather than stream of consciousness, is the appropriate term for the style in which [subjective experience] is recorded, both in The Waves and in Woolf''s writing generally."[33] Throughout Mrs Dalloway, Woolf blurs the distinction between direct and indirect speech, freely alternating her mode of narration between omniscient description, indirect interior monologue, and soliloquy.[34] Malcolm Lowry''s novel Under the Volcano (1947) resembles Ulysses, "both in its concentration almost entirely within a single day of [its protagonist] Firmin''s life ... en-wikipedia-org-9907 The invasion novel first was recognized as a literary genre in the UK, with the novella The Battle of Dorking: Reminiscences of a Volunteer (1871), an account of a German invasion of England, which, in the Western world, aroused the national imaginations and anxieties about hypothetical invasions by foreign powers; by 1914 the genre of invasion literature comprised more than 400 novels and stories.[1] Between the publication of The Battle of Dorking in 1871 and the start of the First World War in 1914 there were hundreds of authors writing invasion literature, often topping the best seller lists in Germany, France, England and the United States.[1] During the period it is estimated over 400 invasion works were published. England Invaded (1977), a collection of six popular Invasion Literature stories edited by Michael Moorcock published in 1977. en-wikipedia-org-9924 Childers''s biographer Andrew Boyle noted: "For the next ten years Childers''s book remained the most powerful contribution of any English writer to the debate on Britain''s alleged military unpreparedness."[2] It was a notable influence on John Buchan, and on Ken Follett, who described it as "an open-air adventure thriller about two young men who stumble upon a German armada preparing to invade England."[3][4] Follett has also called it "the first modern thriller".[3] Just nine years before The Riddle of the Sands, William Le Queux published The Great War in England, raising the specter of a French surprise invasion of England, reaching London with Germany cast as Britain''s loyal ally, rushing to help and in the nick of time saving England from the evil French; as evident from the great success of this book when published in 1894, the British public at that time took seriously the idea of a French threat and a German ally. en-wikipedia-org-9951 In more recent times, a number of literary voices have emerged from the Caribbean as well as the Caribbean diaspora, including Kittitian Caryl Phillips (who has lived in the UK since one month of age); Edwidge Danticat, a Haitian immigrant to the United States; Anthony Kellman from Barbados, who divides his time between Barbados and the United States; Andrea Levy of the United Kingdom; Jamaicans Alecia McKenzie, who has lived in Belgium, Singapore and France, and Colin Channer and Marlon James, the author of the Man Booker Prize-winning novel A Brief History of Seven Killings (2014) (as well as John Crow''s Devil, The Book of Night Women, the unpublished screenplay "Dead Men", and the short story "Under Cover of Darkness"), Antiguan Marie-Elena John, and Lasana M. en-wikipedia-org-9952 Lyrical Ballads, with a Few Other Poems is a collection of poems by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, first published in 1798 and generally considered to have marked the beginning of the English Romantic movement in literature.[1] The immediate effect on critics was modest, but it became and remains a landmark, changing the course of English literature and poetry. Most of the poems in the 1798 edition were written by Wordsworth, with Coleridge contributing only four poems to the collection (although these made about a third of the book in length), including one of his most famous works, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Wordsworth and Coleridge set out to overturn what they considered the priggish, learned, and highly sculpted forms of 18th-century English poetry and to make poetry accessible to the average person via verse written in common, everyday language. en-wikipedia-org-9962 1190 1215), also known as The Chronicle of Britain, is a Middle English poem compiled and recast by the English priest Layamon. The Brut is 16,096 lines long and narrates the history of Britain: it is the first historiography written in English since the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Named for Britain''s mythical founder, Brutus of Troy, the poem is largely based on the Anglo-Norman Roman de Brut by Wace, which is in turn a version of Geoffrey of Monmouth''s Latin Historia Regum Britanniae. Several original passages in the poem — at least in accordance with the present knowledge of extant texts from the Middle Ages — suggest Layamon was interested in carving out the history of the Britons as the people ''who first possessed the land of the English''.[3] 1215], Madden, Frederic (ed.), Layamons Brut, or Chronicle of Britain; A Poetical Semi-Saxon Paraphrase of The Brut of Wace, III, translated by Madden, London: The Society of Antiquaries of London en-wikipedia-org-9964 View source for English literature Wikipedia If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-997 Vox Clamantis ("the voice of one crying out") is a Latin poem of 10,265 lines in elegiac couplets by John Gower (1330 – October 1408) . Fisher summarizes: "What distinguishes Gower''s views from those of many of his contemporaries, and places him among the progressive thinkers of this day, is his emphasis upon legal justice and regal responsibility for all the estates, defined in terms of "le biencoomue," "bonus communi," or "the common good," depending on the language in which be happened to be writing" [2]:178 Wickert asks the rhetorical question: "Did Gower achieve his goal?" Mirour included a call for soul-searching. His translator observed: "The first four chapters of Book VI should effectively dispose of the conjecture that Gower was a lawyer. en-wikipedia-org-9972 After Anne''s death her sister Charlotte edited Agnes Grey to fix issues with its first edition, but prevented republication of The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. Biographies by Winifred Gérin (1959) and Elizabeth Langland (1989) and Edward Chitham (1991), as well as Juliet Barker''s group biography, The Brontës (1994; revised edition 2000), and work by critics such as Inga-Stina Ewbank, Marianne Thormählen, Laura C Berry, Jan B Gordon, Mary Summers, and Juliet McMaster has led to acceptance of Anne Brontë as a major literary figure.[79][93] Sally McDonald of the Brontë Society said in 2013 that in some ways Anne "is now viewed as the most radical of the sisters, writing about tough subjects such as women''s need to maintain independence and how alcoholism can tear a family apart."[89] In 2016 Lucy Mangan championed Anne Brontë in the BBC''s Being the Brontës, declaring that "her time has come".[94] Poems by Anne Brontë at English Poetry en-wikipedia-org-9975 An early example of Portuguese literature is the tradition of a medieval Galician-Portuguese poetry, originally developed in Galicia and northern Portugal.[1] The literature of Portugal is distinguished by a wealth and variety of lyric poetry, which has characterized it from the beginning of its language, after the Roman occupation; by its wealth of historical writing documenting Portugal''s rulers, conquests, and expansion; by the then considered Golden Age of the Renaissance period of which it forms part the moral and allegorical Renaissance drama of Gil Vicente, Bernardim Ribeiro, Sá de Miranda and especially the great 16th-century national epic of Luís de Camões, author of national and epic poem Os Lusíadas (The Lusiads). Literary trends during the twentieth century are represented mainly by Fernando Pessoa, considered as one of the greatest national poets together with Camões, and, in later years, by the development of prose fiction, thanks to authors such as António Lobo Antunes and José Saramago, winner of the Nobel prize for Literature. en-wikipedia-org-9980 Christopher Murray Grieve (11 August 1892 – 9 September 1978), best known by his pen name Hugh MacDiarmid (/məkˈdɜːrmɪd/), was a Scottish poet, journalist, essayist and political figure. Moving to the Shetland island of Whalsay in 1933 with his son Michael and second wife, Valda Trevlyn, MacDiarmid continued to write essays and poetry despite being cut off from mainland cultural developments for much of the 1930s.[3] He died at his cottage Brownsbank, near Biggar, in 1978 at the age of 86.[5] Throughout his life MacDiarmid was a supporter of both communism and Scottish nationalism, views that often put him at odds with his contemporaries. In his critical work Lives of the Poets, Michael Schmidt notes that Hugh MacDiarmid ''had redrawn the map of Scottish poetry and affected the whole configuration of English literature''.[21] Hugh Macdiarmid (Christopher Murray Grieve) and the Scottish Renaissance , Chambers, Edinburgh et al. Hugh MacDiarmid''s Poetry and Politics of Place: Imagining a Scottish Republic, Edinburgh University Press en-wikipedia-org-9994 According to a piece in The Independent, the novel "was originally to have been collected alongside two short stories – one, a disturbing account of the life of a body-double in the court of Saddam Hussein; the other, the imagined final moments of Muhammad Atta, the leader of 11 September attacks – but late in the process, Amis decided to jettison both from the book."[23] The same article asserts that Amis had "recently abandoned a novella, The Unknown Known (the title was based on one of Donald Rumsfeld''s characteristically strangulated linguistic formulations), in which Muslim terrorists unleash a horde of compulsive rapists on a town called Greeley, Colorado"[23] and instead continued to work on a follow-up full novel that he had started working on in 2003:[24] en-wikisource-org-4945 GOWER, JOHN (1325?–1408), poet, is loosely described by Caxton, who first printed his ''Confessio Amantis'' in 1483, as ''a squyer borne in Walys in the tyme of kyng Richard the second.'' The poet was certainly not a Welshman by birth, and, since in 1400 he described himself as ''senex,'' it is probable he was born in the second or third decade of the fourteenth century. Attached to all three, in continuation of the poem, is Gower''s ''Chronica Tripartita,'' in three books of rhyming Latin hexameters, giving a hostile account of Richard II''s conduct of affairs from the appointment of the commissioners of regency, 19 Nov. 1386, till the king''s death, and the accession of Henry IV. But in a preface addressed to the ''reder'' Berthelette prints from a manuscript the earlier dedication to Richard II, and gives an account of Gower''s tomb and of his intimacy with Chaucer. In the earlier version of the ''Confessio'' (dedicated to Richard II) Gower, at the close of his poem, makes Venus address Chaucer in highly complimentary verse. en-wikisource-org-5901 Bible (King James Version, 1611)/Epistle Dedicatorie Wikisource, the free online library Bible (King James Version, 1611)/Epistle Dedicatorie ←The Authorized King James Version of the Holy Bible The Authorized King James Version of the Holy Bible (1611) 480200The Authorized King James Version of the Holy Bible (1611) — Epistle Dedicatorie And now at laſt, by the Mercy of God, and the continuance of our Labours, it being brought vnto ſuch a concluſion, as that we haue great hope that the Church of England ſhall reape good fruit thereby; we hold it our duety to offer it to your Maiestie, not onely as to our King and Soueraigne, but as to the principall moouer and Author of the Worke. Retrieved from "https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Bible_(King_James_Version,_1611)/Epistle_Dedicatorie&oldid=6291933" By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikiversity-org-8281 Wikiversity''s Literary Studies program offers discussions of all kinds of literature: from ancient to modern and postmodern periods, examining all kinds of writers, in order to give the wikischolar a full view of the development of human writing. Towards this end, we offer both literary studies and creative writing courses in a variety of forms. How to Begin Studying Literature[edit | edit source] 1. Use the reading list links below to deepen your knowledge and/or develop your own course of study. The materials here can help you, but the point of reading literature is to learn to analyze the writing and interpret the meaning(s) of the book yourself. Creative Writing[edit | edit source] Literary Studies[edit | edit source] Literary Studies[edit | edit source] Advanced Literary Studies[edit | edit source] Advanced Literary Studies[edit | edit source] Creative Writing and Literature (Graduate Level)[edit | edit source] eo-wikipedia-org-4422 Anglalingva literaturo Vikipedio Anglalingva literaturo signifas pri literaturo verkita en la angla lingvo, inkluzivante literaturon komponitan en la angla lingvo de verkistoj ne de Anglio; Joseph Conrad estis polo, Robert Burns estis skoto; James Joyce estis irlandano, Dylan Thomas estis kimrano, Edgar Allan Poe estis usonano, Salman Rushdie estas barata, V.S. Naipaul estis denaska trinidadano, kaj Vladimir Nabokov estis ruso. Alivorte, anglalingva literaturo estas tiel diversa kiel la varioj kaj dialektoj de la angla lingvo parolata ĉirkaŭ la mondo. Anglaj verkistoj[redakti | redakti fonton] Anne Brontë Edward George Bulwer-Lytton George Eliot Peter Fleming Barataj aŭ baratdevenaj verkistoj[redakti | redakti fonton] Irlandaj verkistoj[redakti | redakti fonton] James Joyce Kanadaj verkistoj[redakti | redakti fonton] Margaret Laurence Skotlandaj verkistoj[redakti | redakti fonton] Usonaj verkistoj[redakti | redakti fonton] John Irving Margaret Mitchell Anglalingvaj verkistoj el aliaj landoj[redakti | redakti fonton] Eksteraj ligiloj[redakti | redakti fonton] Kategorio Anglalingva literaturo en la Vikimedia Komunejo (Multrimedaj datumoj) Kategorioj: Anglalingva literaturo es-wikipedia-org-1316 Durante este periodo, la literatura se caracteriza por un especial interés en el comportamiento humano como tema principal de las obras, en parte por influencia del humanismo italiano. Mientras que la literatura medieval inglesa se nutría de temas religiosos, durante el renacimiento los escritores se decantaron por temas más seculares. Otro estilo teatral que se hizo muy popular durante la época jacobina fueron las obras de venganza, popularizadas por John Webster y Thomas Kyd. George Chapman escribió también un par de tragedias de este estilo aunque se le recuerda especialmente por la traducción que realizó de las obras de Homero que resultaron de gran influencia para la literatura inglesa; sirvieron incluso de inspiración a John Keats para escribir algunos de sus poemas más destacados. La obra se convirtió en la Biblia estándar para la iglesia de Inglaterra y está considerada por algunos como una de las mayores obras de la literatura de todos los tiempos. et-wikipedia-org-799 Ingliskeelne kirjandus – Vikipeedia Ingliskeelne kirjandus Ingliskeelseid kirjanikke[muuda | muuda lähteteksti] Peter Henry Abrahams Martin Amis Anne Brontë Emily Jane Brontë Dan Brown Gilbert Keith Chesterton Suzanne Collins Edward Morgan Forster William Henry Hudson John Irving Henry James Dick King-Smith David Herbert Lawrence Sinclair Lewis Arthur Miller Henry Miller Alan Alexander Milne David Mitchell Peter Morgan Toni Morrison David Nicholls Jerome David Salinger Walter Scott George Bernard Shaw Graham Swift Henry David Thoreau David Foster Wallace Herbert George Wells Y[muuda | muuda lähteteksti] Y[muuda | muuda lähteteksti] Y[muuda | muuda lähteteksti] Y[muuda | muuda lähteteksti] Y[muuda | muuda lähteteksti] Y[muuda | muuda lähteteksti] Y[muuda | muuda lähteteksti] Y[muuda | muuda lähteteksti] Y[muuda | muuda lähteteksti] Y[muuda | muuda lähteteksti] Y[muuda | muuda lähteteksti] Y[muuda | muuda lähteteksti] Y[muuda | muuda lähteteksti] Y[muuda | muuda lähteteksti] Y[muuda | muuda lähteteksti] Vaata ka[muuda | muuda lähteteksti] Ameerika kirjandus Ameerika Ühendriikide kirjandus eu-wikipedia-org-7129 Halaber, beste egile handien izenen artean Lord Byron, John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, Washington Irving, Edgar Allan Poe, Mark Twain, William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway, Tennessee Williams, Arthur Miller, Truman Capote, Robert Louis Stevenson, Oscar Wilde, Arthur Conan Doyle, Rudyard Kipling, James Joyce eta Bertrand Russell ditugu. Metrikari dagokionez, sonetoa izan zen erabiliena, eta sonetogile nagusiak Samuel Daniel, Henry Constable eta, batez ere, William Shakespeare izan ziren. Antzerkian William Shakespeare izan zen antzerki idazle nagusia, nahiz eta, lehenago, beste idazle batzuek ere antzerki lanak idatzi (Thomas Nortonek eta Nicholas Udallek, Senekaren eta Plautoren ereduetako tragediak eta komediak; John Lylyk, komediak; George Peelek eta Rober Greenek, errimarik gabeko bertsotan idatzitako amodiozko komediak; Thomas Kydek, mendekuari sarbidea ematen zioten melodramak; Christopher Marlowek, multzo honetako garrantzitsuenak, tragediak –berea da Doctor Faustus antzerki lana, Shakespeare aurretiko behinena–). Oso teknika malgua erabili zuen poesiagintzan, eta bere lan nagusia Prometeo kateetatik askatua izan zen. fa-wikipedia-org-7915 ویستن هیو آودن به او لقب «استاد سبک میانه» داد که مدلی برای هم‌عصرانش و شاعران سده ۱۸ میلادی بود.[۱۶] غمی که از مرگ وی بر جامعهٔ ادبی انگلستان حادث شد را می‌توان در سوگ‌نامه‌هایی که توسط شاعران آن زمان نوشته شده‌است مشاهده کرد.[۱۷] الکساندر پوپ (۱۷۴۴-۱۶۸۸) بسیار تحت تأثیر درایدن قرار داشت و غالباً در اشعارش از او وام می‌گرفت. (1990), The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature, New York: Prentice Hall. (1996), The Oxford Companion to English Literature, Oxford: Oxford University Press ↑ Stanley Brian Greenfield, A New Critical History of Old English Literature (New York: New York University Press, Abels, Richard (2005). (1907–21), History of English and American literature (encyclopedia in eighteen volumes)|format= requires |url= (help), New York: GP Putnam''s Sons University Press (1907–21), History of English and American literature (encyclopedia in eighteen volumes)|format= requires |url= (help), New York: GP Putnam''s Sons University Press (2011), "modernism", The Oxford Companion to English Literature, Oxford Reference Online, Oxford University Press fi-wikipedia-org-7140 Englanninkielinen kirjallisuus – Wikipedia Englanninkielinen kirjallisuus Wikipediasta Siirry navigaatioon Siirry hakuun Englanninkielinen kirjallisuus tarkoittaa kaikkea englannin kielellä kirjoitettua proosaa, runoutta ja näytelmiä.[1] Englanninkielistä kirjallisuutta on julkaistu paljon etenkin englanninkielisissä länsimaissa kuten Britteinsaarilla eli Englannissa, Skotlannissa, Walesissa ja Irlannissa sekä Yhdysvalloissa, Kanadassa, Australiassa ja Uudessa-Seelannissa.[2] Myös moni afrikkalainen kirjailija esimerkiksi Etelä-Afrikassa ja Nigeriassa on kirjoittanut englanniksi.[3] Varhaisin englanninkielinen kirjallisuus on peräisin Britteinsaarilta 600-luvulta. Lähteet[muokkaa | muokkaa wikitekstiä] ↑ English Literature BBC. ↑ a b c English literature Encyclopaedia Britannica. ↑ African literature: English Encyclopaedia Britannica. Aiheesta muualla[muokkaa | muokkaa wikitekstiä] Kuvia tai muita tiedostoja aiheesta Englanninkielinen kirjallisuus Wikimedia Commonsissa Tämä kirjallisuuteen liittyvä artikkeli on tynkä. 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Without limiting the authority of the community, the Wikimedia Foundation itself will not ban a user from editing or contributing or block a user''s account or access solely because of good faith criticism that does not result in actions otherwise violating these Terms of Use or community policies. fr-wikipedia-org-1473 Littérature de langue anglaise — Wikipédia Créer un compte Suivi des pages liées Informations sur la page Citer cette page Créer un livre Version imprimable Dans d''autres langues Bahasa Indonesia Modifier les liens Menu de navigation Littérature de langue anglaise La littérature écossaise (en anglais, en écossais ou en scots) La littérature galloise (en anglais ou en gallois) La littérature irlandaise (en anglais, en irlandais ou en scots) La littérature des Caraïbes La littérature indo-anglaise Sur les autres projets Wikimedia : Littérature de langue anglaise, sur Wikimedia Commons Portail de la littérature Ce document provient de « https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Littérature_de_langue_anglaise&oldid=160414090 ». Catégorie : Littérature de langue anglaise Catégories cachées : Catégorie Commons avec lien local différent sur Wikidata Portail:Littérature/Articles liés La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 25 juin 2019 à 15:19. En cas de réutilisation des textes de cette page, voyez comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence. ftl-toolforge-org-6727 Pakistan University of Sargodha, Central Library (Sargodha; English search terms may give limited results) Nottingham City and Nottinghamshire County Libraries (Nottingham and vicinity, England) Staffordshire University Library (Stoke on Trent and other campuses, England) Huntsville-Madison County Public Library (Huntsville and vicinity) Arizona Arizona State University Libraries (Tempe and other campuses) Pima County Public Library (Tucson and vicinity) Fresno County Public Library (Fresno and vicinity) Humboldt County Public Library (Eureka and vicinity) University of California Libraries (All 10 UC campuses) Columbia County Public Library (Lake City) Boise State University, Albertsons Library (Boise) St. Joseph County Public Library (South Bend and vicinity) Frederick County Public Libraries (Frederick and vicinity) University of Maryland Libraries (College Park) Erie County public libraries (Erie and vicinity) Charleston County Public Library (Charleston and vicinity) Spartanburg County Public Libraries (Spartanburg and vicinity) Texas A&M University Libraries (College Station) University of Houston Libraries (Houston, and other campuses) fy-wikipedia-org-2838 List fan Ingelsktalige skriuwers Wikipedy List fan Ingelsktalige skriuwers Om''t Ingelsk ek in funksje hat as wrâldtaal, binne ek guon kosmopolityske skriuwers part fan de Ingelsktalige literatuer. Austraalje[bewurkje seksje | boarne bewurkje] Ian Irvine Feriene Steaten fan Amerika[bewurkje seksje | boarne bewurkje] Paul Bowles Elizabeth George William Dean Howells John Irving Susan Isaacs Henry James Sinclair Lewis Henry David Thoreau Tom Wolfe Thomas Wolfe Ierlân[bewurkje seksje | boarne bewurkje] James Joyce John B. Frank O''Connor Joseph O''Connor George Bernard Shaw Jonathan Swift (Anglo-Iersk) William Butler Yeats Ingelân[bewurkje seksje | boarne bewurkje] Arthur St. John Adcock Mary Elizabeth Braddon Anne Brontë Emily Brontë George Eliot David Mitchell Jonathan Swift Mary Wesley Nigearia[bewurkje seksje | boarne bewurkje] Nij-Seelân[bewurkje seksje | boarne bewurkje] Nederlân[bewurkje seksje | boarne bewurkje] Skotlân[bewurkje seksje | boarne bewurkje] Walter Scott Robert Louis Stevenson Mary Stewart Súd-Afrika[bewurkje seksje | boarne bewurkje] Skriuwer nei taal Boarne bewurkje Keppelings bewurkje gl-wikipedia-org-3851 Literatura en lingua inglesa Wikipedia, a enciclopedia libre Literatura en lingua inglesa Saltar ata a navegación O termo literatura inglesa refírese á literatura escrita en lingua inglesa, incluíndo a literatura composta en inglés por escritores non necesariamente nacidos en Inglaterra tales como o polaco Joseph Conrad, o escocés Robert Burns, o irlandés James Joyce, o galés Dylan Thomas, o estadounidense Edgar Allan Poe, o indio Salman Rushdie ou o trinitense V.S. Naipaul . Noutras palabras, a literatura inglesa é tan diversa coma as variedades e dialectos do inglés falado por todo o mundo. Dende un punto de vista académico, o termo a miúdo fai referencia a departamentos, materias e programas vencellados a estudos de inglés nos sistemas educativos secundarios e terciarios. A literatura inglesa divídese nos seguintes períodos de produción: Literatura inglesa medieval. Literatura inglesa renacentista. Literatura inglesa da Restauración. Traído desde "https://gl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Literatura_en_lingua_inglesa&oldid=4801699" Categorías: Literatura en lingua inglesa Lingua inglesa gu-wikipedia-org-4147 જૂનું અંગ્રેજી સાહિત્ય(c.૪૫૦-૧૦૬૬)[ફેરફાર કરો] ૧૯૬૬માં ઈંગ્લેન્ડ પર આક્રમણ કરી જીત મેળવી, જેના પરિણામે ફ્રેંચનો પ્રભાવ અંગ્રેજ સાહિત્ય પર પડ્યો અને તેના કારણે અંગ્રેજી સાહિત્યમાં એક નવી સંસ્કૃતિનો સંચાર થયો.[૨] મધ્યકાલીન અંગ્રેજી સાહિત્ય (૧૦૬૬-૧૫૦૦)[ફેરફાર કરો] આ સમયગાળામાં તેમણે વિવિધ સાહિત્ય રચનાઓ કરી જેમાં ''ધ હાઉસ ઓફ ફેઇમ'',''ધ પાર્લામેન્ટ ઓફ ફાઉલ્સ'', તથા ''ટ્રોઇલ્સ એન્ડ ક્રિસિડા''નો સમાવેશ થાય છે. એલિઝાબેથ યુગ(૧૫૫૮-૧૬૦૩)[ફેરફાર કરો] તેમણે ૩૭ નાટકો અને ૧૫૪ સોનેટની રચના કરી.[૨] રોમેન્ટિક નવલકથા[ફેરફાર કરો] તેમની અન્ય નવલકથાઓ ''સેન્સ એન્ડ સેન્સિબિલિટી '' (૧૮૧૧), ''મેન્સફિલ્ડ'' (૧૮૧૪) ''એમ્મા '' (૧૮૧૬) અને ''નોધેન્ગર એબી'' વગેરે વર્તમાનમાં પણ એટલીજ પ્રચલિત છે.[૩] તેમની અન્ય બે રચનાઓ ''કેલેરિસા '' (૧૭૪૭-૪૮) અને ''સર ચાર્લ્સ ગ્રાન્ડિયન '' (૧૭૫૩-૫૪) પણ પ્રસિદ્ધ છે.''જોસેફ એન્ડ્ર્ઝ '' (૧૭૪૨) રિચર્ડસનના પ્રયોજનની મજાક કરવાના ઈરાદા સાથે હેન્રી ફિલ્ફિંગે(૧૭૦૭-૧૭૫૪) લખી હતી. એલિયટ કવિ હતા.કવિતા સાથે તેમણે નાટકમાં રસ પડ્યો અને ત્રીજા દાયકમાં પદ્યનાટકોનું સફળ પ્રયોજન કર્યું. તેમની અસર ઓર્ડન, સ્ટીફન, સ્પેન્સર અને સેસિલ ડે લુઈસ વગેરે પર જોવા મળે છે. he-wikipedia-org-363 ספרות אנגלית – ויקיפדיה כלים אישיים ניווט תרומה לוויקיפדיה יצירת קשר כלים דפים המקושרים לכאן שינויים בדפים המקושרים יצירת ספר English Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Simple English תפריט ניווט גרסאות שפה עריכת קוד מקור גרסאות קודמות סִפרות אנגלית היא ספרות שמקורה באנגליה, והיא כתובה בשפה האנגלית. היסטוריה[עריכת קוד מקור | עריכה] השם ספרות הרסטורציה ניתן לספרות שהתפתחה בתקופה זו, והוא משמש לציון סגנון ספרותי אחיד המתמקד בהילול ותגובות לנושא חזרתו של צ''ארלס השני לכס המלכות. ראו גם[עריכת קוד מקור | עריכה] ספרות אנגלית עתיקה קישורים חיצוניים[עריכת קוד מקור | עריכה] מדיה וקבצים בנושא ספרות אנגלית בוויקישיתוף אנתולוגיה של ספרות אנגלית לתקופותיה, מהמאה ה-14 ועד המאה ה-18 ספרות אנגלית, באתר אנציקלופדיה בריטניקה (באנגלית) ערך זה הוא קצרמר בנושא ספרות. אתם מוזמנים לתרום לוויקיפדיה ולהרחיב אותו. אוחזר מתוך "https://he.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ספרות_אנגלית&oldid=29494713" קטגוריות: קצרמר ספרות ספרות אנגלית ספרות אנגלית ספרות בריטית hi-wikipedia-org-1307 चॉसर पूर्व मध्यदेशीय अंग्रेजी काल न केवल इंग्लैंड में ही बल्कि यूरोप के अन्य देशों में भी फ्रांस के साहित्यिक नेतृत्व का काल है। 12वीं से लेकर 14वीं शताब्दी तक फ्रांस ने इन देशों को विचार, संस्कृति, कल्पना, कथाएँ और कविता के रूप दिए। धर्मयुद्धों के इस युग में सारे ईसाई देशों को बौद्धिक एकता स्थापित हुई। यह सामंती व्यवस्था तथा शौर्य और औदार्य की केंद्रीय मान्यताओं के विकास का युग है। नारी के प्रति प्रेम और पूजाभाव, साहस और पराक्रम, धर्म के लिए प्राणोत्सर्ग, असहायों के प्रति करुणा, विनय आदि ईसाई नाइटों (सूरमाओं) के जीवन के अभिन्न अंग माने गए। इसी समय फ्रांस के चारणों ने प्राचीनकालीन पराक्रम गाथाओं (chanson dageste) और प्रेम गीतों की रचना की, तथा लातीनी, ट्यूटनों, केल्टी, आयरी, कार्नी और फ्रेंच गाथाओं का व्यापक उपयोग हुआ। फ्रांस की गाथाओं में कर्म की, ब्रिटेन की गाथाओं में भावुकता और शृंगार की ओर लातीनी गाथाओं में इन सभी तत्वों की प्रधानता थी। साहित्य में कोमलता, माधुर्य और गीतों पर जोर दिया जाने लगा। hr-wikipedia-org-3114 Engleska književnost – Wikipedija Engleska književnost, obično pojam za sva književna djela nastala na engleskom jeziku na Britanskom Otočju, uključujuči i Irsku, od 7. Staroengleska književnost (do 1066.)[uredi | uredi kôd] Te legende dalje obrađuju normanski pisac Wace na francuskom jeziku (»Geste des Bretons«), a na engleskome Layamon, koji u epu »Brut« osim o Arturu pjeva i o drevnim britanskim kraljevima Cymbelineu i Learu, čiji lik će kasnije preuzeti Shakespeare za svoju glasovitu tragediju Kralj Lear. stoljeća u engleskoj književnosti se postupno učvršćuje i koncept autora. Francuski utjecaji očituju se kroz ulazak ljubavnih tema u književnost, što naročito potječe iz provansalske tradicije trubadura koji su pjevali o udvaranju nedostižnoj, idealiziranoj dami. Prvi pravi pjesnik i jedan od najvećih u engleskoj književnosti je Geoffrey Chaucer (oko 1342–1400). stoljeću književnost u Engleskoj opada, ali se u Škotskoj pod utjecajem Chaucera javlja niz snažnih, originalnih pjesnika (W. U Engleskoj, oko 1470. hu-wikipedia-org-7293 Fontos azonban megjegyezni, hogy helyesebb volna "brit irodalomnak" nevezni, és angol irodalomnak nevezni mindenféle olyan irodalmat, amit angol nyelven írtak, hiszen olyan neves írók is, mint az indiai Salman Rushdie, a trinidadi V.S. Naipaul, vagy az orosz Vladimir Nabokov angol nyelvű írásaikkal váltak világhírűvé. Középkori angol irodalom[szerkesztés] Sablon:Középkori angol irodalom m Anglia első nagy szerzője Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) volt, aki közép-angol nyelven írt. Reneszánsz angol irodalom[szerkesztés] Sablon:Reneszánsz angol irodalom m Reneszánsz angol irodalom Reneszánsz angol irodalom Miután William Caxton 1476-ban kiadta Angliában az első nyomtatott könyvet, a vernakuláris angol nyelvű irodalom virágzásnak indult. Jakab uralkodása alatt írt versek, drámák és prózai művek jelentik az angol reneszánsz időszakát. Shakespeare halála után Ben Jonson volt Anglia vezető irodalmi alakja. század legjelentősebb költői, John Donne, Andrew Marvell és más metafizikus költők voltak. század angol irodalma – főleg az első fele, I. századi angol irodalom[szerkesztés] századi angol irodalom[szerkesztés] századi angol nyelvű irodalom századi angol nyelvű irodalom Kategória: Angol irodalom hy-wikipedia-org-6733 Անգլիական գրականություն Վիքիպեդիա՝ ազատ հանրագիտարան Անգլիական գրականություն Անգլիական գրականությունը հիմնականում սկսվել է Անգլո-սաքսոնյան ժամանակաշրջանում, որն էլ կոչվում է Հին անգլերեն: Նորմանների ներխուժումից հետո, 11-րդ դարի վերջում, ձևավորվեց Միջին անգլերենը: Վաղ շրջանի Ժամանակակից անգլերենը սկսվեց 15-րդ դարի վերջին, զարգացավ ամբողջ աշխարհում՝ շնորհիվ Բրիտանական կայսրության, և տարածվեց ամբողջ աշխարհում 17-րդ դարից սկսած[1]: Առաջացման պատմություն[խմբագրել | խմբագրել կոդը] Նոբելյան մրցանակակիրներ[խմբագրել | խմբագրել կոդը] William Faulkner (1949): ԱՄՆ Ծանոթագրություններ[խմբագրել | խմբագրել կոդը] ↑ 2,0 2,1 Robinson 2001a: ''Like most Old English poems, Beowulf has no title in the unique manuscript in which it survives (British Library, Cotton Vitellius A.xv, which was copied round the year 1000 AD), but modern scholars agree in naming it after the hero whose life is its subject.'' Ստացված է «https://hy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Անգլիական_գրականություն&oldid=6484242» էջից Կատեգորիաներ: Անգլիական գրականություն Խմբագրել կոդը id-wikipedia-org-5201 Kesusastraan bahasa Inggris Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas Kesusastraan bahasa Inggris Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas Loncat ke navigasi Artikel berikut tidak meliputi kesusastraan yang ditulis dalam bahasa Britania lainnya. (1990), The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature, New York: Prentice Hall . (1996), The Oxford Companion to English Literature, Oxford: Oxford University Press . Robinson, Fred C (2001), The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, hlm. (1907–21), History of English and American literature, New York: GP Putnam''s Sons University Press . Pranala luar[sunting | sunting sumber] Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai English-language literature. English literature Discovering Literature: 20th century at the British Library Luminarium: Anthology of Middle English Literature (1350–1485) Luminarium: 16th Century Renaissance English Literature (1485–1603) Luminarium: Seventeenth Century English Literature (1603–1660) Luminarium: Eighteenth Century English Literature (1660–1785) Diperoleh dari "https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kesusastraan_bahasa_Inggris&oldid=16512299" Kategori: Kesusastraan bahasa Inggris Sunting sumber Halaman baru Versi cetak it-wikipedia-org-5826 Appaiono così due nuove opere, le prime tragedie: la celebre Romeo e Giulietta (1591-95) e il Giulio Cesare (1599), una tragedia il cui sfondo storico è basato su una traduzione del 1579 di Thomas North delle Vite Parallele di Plutarco.[34] A questo punto l''attività shakespeariana continua con le commedie Misura per misura (1603) e Tutto è bene quel che finisce bene (1602-1603) e con le grandi e più note tragedie: Amleto (1600-1602), Otello (1604), Macbeth (1605-1608), Re Lear (1605-1606) e Antonio e Cleopatra (1607).[35] Queste opere si concentrano sulla debolezza umana e su difetti comportamentali o scelte sbagliate che rovesciano l''ordine sociale e conducono alla rovina l''eroe e i suoi cari.[36] Nel periodo finale della sua carriera, Shakespeare lavora ad opere oggi inserite dai critici in un altro settore in rispetto alla classificazione tripartita: quello dei romances o tragicommedie. ja-wikipedia-org-3767 英文学 Wikipedia 英文学 出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ナビゲーションに移動 検索に移動 この記事は英語版Wikipediaの対応するページを翻訳することにより充実させることができます。（2019年11月） 翻訳前に重要な指示を読むには右にある[表示]をクリックしてください。 英語版記事の機械翻訳されたバージョンを表示します（各言語から日本語へ）。 Googleの機械翻訳を翻訳の手がかりにすることは有益ですが、翻訳者は機械翻訳をそのままコピー・アンド・ペーストを行うのではなく、必要に応じて誤りを訂正し正確な翻訳にする必要があります。 信頼性が低いまたは低品質な文章を翻訳しないでください。もし可能ならば、文章を他言語版記事に示された文献で正しいかどうかを確認してください。 履歴継承を行うため、要約欄に翻訳元となった記事のページ名・版について記述する必要があります。記述方法については、Wikipedia:翻訳のガイドライン#要約欄への記入を参照ください。 翻訳後、{{翻訳告知|en|English literature}}をノートに追加することもできます。 Wikipedia:翻訳のガイドラインに、より詳細な翻訳の手順・指針についての説明があります。 英文学（えいぶんがく、英語: English literature）は、 イギリス文学のこと。 イギリス文学とアメリカ文学の総称。英米文学の略称。 広義には、地域を問わず英語で書かれた文学すべてを意味する。 ブッカー賞を受賞した作家の多くは、もはやイギリス人ではない。たとえば、南アフリカ共和国の作家ジョン・クッツェー、カナダ人作家マイケル・オンダーチェやマーガレット・アトウッド、イギリス在住のナイジェリア人作家ベン・オクリ、オーストラリアのピーター・ケアリー、インド人女性のアルンダティ・ロイなどが挙げられる。 高等教育機関で学ぶ場合は､文学部などに設置されている「英米文学科」などで学ぶことが出来る｡注意すべきは､「英米文化学科」など類似名称の学科も含め「実用英語」の習得は､必ずしも目的としていないことである｡本専攻の目的は「文学（特に西洋の古典を重視[1]）を含めた､英語によって築かれた文化の理解・英語そのもの関する知識」である。実用英語はあくまでも､それらを､より深く理解するための一手段として位置付けられている[2]。外国語学部が実用語学の習得を目標とし､それをプロセスとして､地域､国際関係､言語学など､各自が興味のあるテーマを掘り下げていくのとは対照的である[3]。 ^ 上智大学ホームページ「英文学科案内」 ^ 慶應義塾大学ホームページ「英米文学専攻」 ^ 学部・学科選びトラの巻（東進） 「https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=英文学&oldid=79825164」から取得 カテゴリ: イギリス文学 英語文学 隠しカテゴリ: 英語版ウィキペディアからの翻訳を必要とする記事 案内メニュー 個人用ツール ログインしていません トーク 投稿記録 アカウント作成 ログイン 名前空間 ページ ノート 履歴表示 その他 メインページ コミュニティ・ポータル 最近の出来事 新しいページ 最近の更新 おまかせ表示 練習用ページ アップロード (ウィキメディア・コモンズ) ヘルプ ヘルプ 井戸端 お知らせ バグの報告 ウィキペディアに関するお問い合わせ ツール リンク元 関連ページの更新状況 ファイルをアップロード 特別ページ この版への固定リンク ページ情報 このページを引用 ウィキデータ項目 印刷/書き出し ブックの新規作成 PDF 形式でダウンロード 印刷用バージョン 他のプロジェクト コモンズ 他言語版 العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Български भोजपुरी বাংলা Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Français Frysk Galego ગુજરાતી עברית हिन्दी Hrvatski Magyar Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 Latina Lingua Franca Nova Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski پنجابی Português Română Русский سنڌي Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் Tagalog kk-wikipedia-org-9514 Ағылшын әдебиеті — Уикипедия Ағылшын әдебиеті — Еуропадағы көне де бай әдебиеттің бірі. Шекспир дәуірі[өңдеу] Ағылшын театры Шекспир мен Елизаветаның тұсында бұрынғыдан көп ілгерілеп, көп ірілеп кетті деп тарих айтады, Шекспирдің Гамлетін ойнап жүрген театр мен сол замандағы театрдың жайын салыстырып көрсек, ескі театрдың таң қалдыратын үлгісі көрінбейді, Шекспир театрынан соңғы заманда жалпы Еуропа театры заман өткен сайын тұр тауып көркейе берді» Әуезовтің жеке кітапханасында Шекспирдің 1902-04 жылы «Ұлы жазушылар кітапханасы» сериясымен «Брокгауз-Ефрон» баспасы шығарған және 1937-49 жылы «Академиядан» шыққан толық жинақтары бар. Ричардсон шығармалары Мұхтар Омарханұлы Әуезовке ертеден таныс, «Қазақ әдебиетінің қазіргі дәуірі» деп аталатын мақаласында: Бұл бағыттағы суреткерлер шығармашылығы алғашқы кездегі әңгіме-повесть, пьесаларын жазу кезінде ғана емес, кейінгі «Абай жолының» жол-жобаларын қарастырып, оның алуан қырлары мен сырларын іздестіріп жүрген шақтарында да ойын аударды. Әуезовтің еуропа әдебиеттерінен көп дүниеге көз қадап көрдім дейтіні де осы кезде. Әуезов Булвер-Литтон есімі ағылшын романтизмімен байланысты аталады. Байрон мен Шиллердің «Брокгауз-Ефрон» баспасынан шыққан толық жинақтары, Диккенс, Джонсон, Шелли, Б. kn-wikipedia-org-1528 ವಿಕ್ಟೋರಿಯನ್ ಯುಗದ (1837-1901) ದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾದಂಬರಿಯು ಇಂಗ್ಲೀಷ್ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯದ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಪ್ರಕಾರ ಆಯಿತು, ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಶೇಷವಾಗಿ ಪ್ರಾಬಲ್ಯ ಪಡೆದವನು ಚಾರ್ಲ್ಸ್ ಡಿಕೆನ್ಸ್; ಆದರೆ ಬ್ರಾಂಟೆ ಸಹೋದರಿಯರು, ಥಾಮಸ್ ಹಾರ್ಡಿ, ಸೇರಿದಂತೆ ಇತರ ಅನೇಕ ಗಮನಾರ್ಹ ಬರಹಗಾರರು ಇದ್ದರು. ನಂತರ ನವೋದಯ ಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಶೇಷವಾಗಿ ತಡ ೧೬ನೇ ಹಾಗೂ ೧೭ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದ ಮೊದಲಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ನಾಟಕ ಹಾಗೂ ಕಾವ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ವಿಲಿಯಂ ಷೇಕ್ಸ್‌ಪಿಯರ್, ಬೆನ್ ಜಾನಸನ್, ಜಾನ್ ಡನ್ ಮುಂತಾದವರು ರಚಿಸಿದರು.೧೭ ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದ ಮತ್ತೊಂದು ಮಹಾನ್ ಕವಿ ಜಾನ್ ಮಿಲ್ಟನ್ (೧೬೦೮-೧೬೭೪) ಪ್ಯಾರಡೈಸ್ ಲಾಸ್ಟ್ ಎಂಬ ಮಹಾ ಕವಿತೆಯ ಲೇಖಕರು ಆಂಗ್ಲ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯವನ್ನು ಇನ್ನಷ್ಟು ಸಮ್ರುದ್ದಗೊಳಿಸಿದರು. ೧೭ನೇ ಹಾಗೂ ೧೮ನೇ ಶತಮಾನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಶೇಷವಾಗಿ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯವು ವಿಡಂಬಣೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಪಟ್ಟಿದ್ದವು, ಈ ಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ ಜಾನ್ ಡ್ರೈಡನ್ ಮತ್ತು ಅಲೆಕ್ಸಾಂಡರ್ ಪೋಪ್ ನ ಕಾವ್ಯಗಳು ಜೊನಾಥನ್ ಸ್ವಿಫ್ಟ್ ನ ಗದ್ಯವಚನಗಳು ಹೊಸ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ತಿರುವನ್ನು ನೀಡಿತು. ಸಂತರ ಜೀವನ ಚರಿತ್ರೆಗಳನ್ನು ಬರೆದು ಅಳವಡಿಸಿಕೊಂಡು ಹಾಗೂ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವತ್ತ ನಡೆದರು, ಉದಾಹರಣೆ:ದಿ ಲೈಪ್ ಆಫ್ ಸೇಂಟ್, ಜೌಡ್ರೆ ಮತ್ತು ಸೌತ್ ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ಲೆಜೆಂಡ್ರಿ ಪ್ರಮುಖವು.ಈ ಅವಧಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹೊಸ ಶೈಲಿಯ ಆಂಗ್ಲ ಭಾಷೆ ಉದ್ಬವವಾಯಿತು ಅದರ ಹೆಸರೇ ಮಾದ್ಯಮ ಆಂಗ್ಲ.ಈ ವಿಧದ ಆಂಗ್ಲ ಆಧುನಿಕ ಓದಿಗರಿಗೆ ಸುಲಭವಾಗಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ.[೩][೪][೫][೬] ಸಂತರ ಜೀವನ ಚರಿತ್ರೆಗಳನ್ನು ಬರೆದು ಅಳವಡಿಸಿಕೊಂಡು ಹಾಗೂ ಅನುವಾದಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವತ್ತ ನಡೆದರು, ಉದಾಹರಣೆ:ದಿ ಲೈಪ್ ಆಫ್ ಸೇಂಟ್, ಜೌಡ್ರೆ ಮತ್ತು ಸೌತ್ ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ಲೆಜೆಂಡ್ರಿ ಪ್ರಮುಖವು.ಈ ಅವಧಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹೊಸ ಶೈಲಿಯ ಆಂಗ್ಲ ಭಾಷೆ ಉದ್ಬವವಾಯಿತು ಅದರ ಹೆಸರೇ ಮಾದ್ಯಮ ಆಂಗ್ಲ.ಈ ವಿಧದ ಆಂಗ್ಲ ಆಧುನಿಕ ಓದಿಗರಿಗೆ ಸುಲಭವಾಗಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ.[೩][೪][೫][೬] ko-wikipedia-org-1074 영문학 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전 영문학(英文學)은 주로 영어로 쓰인 문학을 의미한다. 이탈리아의 영향은 최초의 잉글랜드 르네상스 시인 중 하나인 토마스 와이엇 (1503-1542)의 시에서도 찾을 수 있다. 엘리자베스 시대 최초의 희곡에는 사크빌과 노톤이 쓴 고보덕(1561)과 토마스 키드 (1558-1594)의 스페인 비극 (1592)이 있다. 스페인 비극은 토마스 키드가 1582년부터 1592년 사이에 쓴, 엘리자베스 시대 당대에 인기있고 많은 영향을 주던 비극이며 영문학 연극계에 복수극이라는 새 양식을 확립했다. 엘리자베스 시대의 다른 주요 극작가는 크리스토퍼 말로우, 벤 존슨, 토마스 데커, 존 플레셔와 프란시스 브우몬트가 있다. 셰익스피어 사후에는, 시인이자 극작가인 벤 존슨 (1572-1637)이 제임스 시대의 문학을 이끄는 거물이었다. 그밖의 제임스 시대의 대중극 양식에는 엘리자베스 시대 토마스 키드 (1558-1594)에 의해 대중적이 되었으며, 그 후 존 웹스터 (1578?-1632?)가 하얀 악마 (1612)와 말피 공작부인 (1613)으로 더 발전시킨 복수극이 있다. 17세기 초의 가장 중요한 산문 작품은 바로 킹 제임스 성경이다. (찰스 1세는 1625년 즉위해 1649년 처형되었다.) 잘 알려진 왕당파 시인에는 로버트 헤리크, 리차드 러브레이흐, 토마스 카류와 존 서클링 경이 있다. la-wikipedia-org-4720 Litterae Anglicae Vicipaedia Litterae Anglicae Litterae Anglicae huius commentationis consilio appellantur opera Anglice scripta, sine respectu? 5 Litterae saeculi XIX Lingua Anglica antiqua (450–1100)[recensere | fontem recensere] Opus veterrimum notum lingua Anglica antiqua scriptum veri simile est carmen Caedmonis, aliquando inter annos 657 et 680 scriptum. Lingua Anglica media (1100–1500)[recensere | fontem recensere] Renascentia litterarum (1500–1660)[recensere | fontem recensere] Tempus neoclassicum (1660–1800)[recensere | fontem recensere] Saeculis XVII et XVIII lingua Anglica in terras remotas pandere coepere, praecipue in Americam, ubi anno 1776 Civitates Foederatae Americae separatae declaratae sunt. Litterae saeculi XIX[recensere | fontem recensere] Litterae ab anno 1901[recensere | fontem recensere] Praemio Nobeliano Litterarum angloloquentes laureati[recensere | fontem recensere] Iohannes Galsworthy (1932): Britanniarum Regnum Thomas Stearns Eliot (1948): Civitates Foederatae / Britanniarum Regnum Gulielmus Faulkner (1949): Civitates Foederatae Ioannes Steinbeck (1962): Civitates Foederatae Gulielmus Golding (1983): Britanniarum Regnum Litterae Britanniarum Regni Litterae Hiberno-Anglicae Categoria: Litterae Anglicae Nexus ad paginam Nexus recensere lfn-wikipedia-org-7331 Leteratur engles Vicipedia Leteratur latina Leteratur elinica antica Leteratur espaniol (Medieval) Leteratur franses (Medieval) Leteratur romanian (Medieval) Leteratur galego Leteratur engles Leteratur engles Leteratur nederlandes Leteratur serbsce (Medieval) Esta article es focada a la leteratur en engles en loca de la leteratur de England, con intende de inclui la scrivores de Scotland, Cimri e tota Er, como ance la leteratur en engles de la colonias brites antica, incluinte la Statos Unida de America. Par contrasta, asta la sentenio 19, on trata sola la leteratur de England e Er. Lo no inclui leteratur scriveda en otra linguas ca engles. Per leteratur de la Rena Unida en otra linguas, vide leteratur brites. La lingua engles ia developa tra plu ca 1400 anios. Categoria: Leteratur engles Lias a esta paje Refere a esta paje En otra linguas La edita la plu resente de esta paje ia es a 22 junio 2018, a 20:18 login-wikimedia-org-5201 Jump to navigation Jump to search Welcome to the Wikimedia log-in wiki. Please do not start editing this site. It is for technical use only. Sister projects Wikipedia | Wiktionary | Wikibooks | Wikinews | Wikiquote | Wikisource | Wikiversity | Wikivoyage | Wikidata | Wikispecies | Commons See Wikimedia''s Meta-Wiki for the coordination of these projects. Retrieved from "https://login.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Main_Page&oldid=30" Navigation menu Personal tools Log in Namespaces Discussion Variants Views Read View source View history Search Navigation Main page Main page Main page Community portal Current events Recent changes Random page Help Donate Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Print/export This page was last edited on 29 March 2019, at 17:37. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. About Wikimedia Login Wiki About Wikimedia Login Wiki About Wikimedia Login Wiki Mobile view lt-wikipedia-org-5023 Priežastys, dėl kurių Anglijoje ėmė formuotis nauja, humanistinė kultūra, apskritai imant, buvo panašios į tas, dėl kurių Renesansas atsirado ir kitose Vakarų Europos šalyse, bet ši kultūra Anglijoje vystėsi specifinėmis vietos sąlygomis, kurios visą XVI šimtmetį teikė jai ypatingą pobūdį. Europos žemyno kultūra skverbėsi į Angliją įvairiausiais keliais; kaip niekad anksčiau, gausiai plito verstinė literatūra; lygia greta su antikos klasikais Anglijoje buvo gausiai verčiami italų, prancūzų ir ispanų rašytojų kūriniai; labai paplito mokslinis filosofinis judėjimas, kuris amžiaus pabaigoje vainikavosi Frensio Bekono (Francis Bacon, 1561–1626 m.) filosofinės sistemos atsiradimu. Vajetas labiausiai mėgo Petrarkos poeziją ir, jos veikiamas, įvedė į anglų literatūrą soneto formą, kuri ligi tol Anglijoje buvo nežinoma. Taip pat sparčiai vystėsi anglų romanas: riterių, pastoralinis, avantiūrinis ir realinis buitinis; pagaliau atsirado turtinga dramaturgija, kurios korifėjus buvo Šekspyras. Nors anglų drama buvo veikiama tiek antikinės, tiek ir klasikinės humanistinės Europos dramaturgijos, ji vis dėlto iš esmės išsaugojo savo nacionalinį charakterį, augdama tiesiogiai iš viduramžių dramos žanrų – moralitė ir interliudijų. 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Драма: Бен Џонсон, Кристофер Марлоу, Вилијам Шекспир, Џон Лили, Томас Кид Позначајни писатели се Џон Вебстер, Томас Кид и Џорџ Чепмен, иако најглавната заслуга на последниот е неговиот познат превод на Хомер, којшто ќе има влијание врз идната англиска книжевност и дури ќе послужи како инспирација за еден од најдобрите сонети на Џон Китс. Покрај Шекспир, кој веќе во XVII век станува величествен, меѓу позначајните имиња се вбројува и името на Џон Дан, како и други т.н. Поезија: Вилијам Блејк, Вилијам Вордсворт, Семјуел Тејлор Колриџ, Џорџ Гордон Бајрон, Перси Биш Шели, Џон Китс Проза: Томас Харди, Сестрите Бронте, Чарлс Дикенс, Џорџ Елиот, Елизабет Гаскел, Роберт Луис Стивенсон, Вилијам М. ms-wikipedia-org-7580 Kesusasteraan Inggeris Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas Rencana ini bertumpu pada kesusasteraan bahasa Inggeris daripada kesusasteraan Inggeris, sehingga termasuk penulis dari Scotland, Wales, ketergantungan Crown, dan seluruh Ireland, serta kesusasteraan dalam bahasa Inggeris dari negara-negara bekas Empayar Britain, termasuk Amerika Syarikat. Ia tidak termasuk kesusasteraan yang ditulis dalam bahasa Inggeris lain.[1][2][3][4][5] Davies, Marion Wynne, penyunting (1990), The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature, New York: Prentice Hall Drabble, Margaret, penyunting (1996), The Oxford Companion to English Literature, Oxford: Oxford University Press Robinson, Fred C (2001), The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, m/s. Ward, AW; Waller, AR; Trent, WP; Erskine, J; Sherman, SP; Van Doren, C, para penyunting (1907–21), History of English and American literature, New York: GP Putnam''s Sons University Press Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan Kesusasteraan Inggeris Luminarium: 16th Century Renaissance English Literature (1485–1603) Luminarium: Seventeenth Century English Literature (1603–1660) Luminarium: Eighteenth Century English Literature (1660–1785) Pautan ke laman ini my-wikipedia-org-1649 အင်္ဂလိပ်စာပေ ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား ဘိုးဝုဖ် ကဗျာလင်္ကာရှည်မှ ပထမဆုံး စာမျက်နှာ အင်္ဂလိပ်စာပေ (အင်္ဂလိပ်: English Literature) ဆိုသည်မှာ အင်္ဂလိပ်ဘာသာစကားကို အသုံးပြု၍ ရေးသားသော စာများဖြစ်သည်။ အင်္ဂလန်နိုင်ငံမှသာမက စကော့တလန်၊ ဝေလ၊ အိုင်ယာလန်၊ အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု အပါအဝင် ယခင်ဗြိတိသျှအင်ပါယာအဖွဲ့ဝင်နိုင်ငံများ၊ အခြားဗြိတိသျှလက်အောက်ခံနိုင်ငံများမှ အင်္ဂလိပ်ဘာသာဖြင့် ရေးသားထားသော စာများအားလုံးပါဝင်သည်။ ဤအလယ်ခေတ်ပုံစံဖြင့် ၁၄၇၀ နှစ်များအထိ တည်တန့်ခဲ့သည်။ အထက်တန်းရုံးကနားစံနှုန်း (အလယ်ခေတ်နှောင်းအင်္ဂလိပ်ဘာသာစကား) သည် လန်ဒန်မြို့ကို အခြေပြု၍ ဖြစ်ပေါ်လာသော အင်္ဂလိပ်စာဖြစ်ကာ နေရာအနှံ့သို့ ပျံ့နှံ့ခဲ့သည်။ ၁၃၅၃-၁၄၀၀ ခန့်က စာရေးဆရာ ဂျက်ဖရီ ချော်စာ သည် အင်္ဂလန်၌ ပြင်သစ်၊ လက်တင်စာများ သိသိသာသာလွှမ်းမိုးနေစဉ်ကာလများ၌ ဒေသသုံး အလယ်ခေတ်အင်္ဂလိပ်စာကို တရားဝင် ဖြစ်ပေါ်တိုးတက်စေခဲ့သော အရေးပါသည့် ပုဂ္ဂိုလ်ဖြစ်၏ ။ ပုံနှိပ်စက်များကို ယိုဟားနက်စ် ဂူတန်ဘာ့ဂ် (Johannes Gutenberg) က ၁၄၃၉ တွင် တီထွင်ဖန်တီးနိုင်ခဲ့ခြင်းက အလယ်ခေတ်အင်္ဂလိပ်စာကို စံစနစ်ဖြစ်စေရန် ကူညီထောက်ပံ့မှုဖြစ်စေခဲ့၏ ။ အခြားသော အထောက်အပံ့နှစ်ခုမှာ ဂျိမ်းစ်ဘုရင် (James VI and I ) က ခရစ်ယာန်သမ္မာကျမ်းစာကို အင်္ဂလိပ်ဘာသာသို့ ပြန်ဆိုစေခဲ့ခြင်း (၁၆၁၁) နှင့်[၄] အင်္ဂလိပ်စကားသံမှ သရသံ ကြီးမားစွာပြောင်းလဲခြင်း အရွေ့တစ်ခုတို့ ဖြစ်ကြသည်။[၅] မှတ်စု[ပြင်ဆင်ရန်] ↑ How the English Language has evolved through history။ Manchester University။ ↑ Oxford English Dictionary The History of the English Language. ↑ "How English evolved into a global language"၊ BBC News၊ BBC၊ 20 December 2010။ ↑ The Oxford Companion to English Literature, p. 97: "The total population of the Empire was 412 million [in 1913]"; Maddison 2001, pp. ကိုယ်ပိုင် ကိရိယာများ အကောင့် ဖန်တီးရန် ပြင်ဆင်ရန် English Simple English nl-wikipedia-org-4188 Dit nationaal criterium (uit Engeland/Groot-Brittannië afkomstig zijn) blijkt in de praktijk – om historische en andere redenen – echter niet steeds te voldoen, zodat in vrijwel alle bekende geschiedenissen van de Engelse literatuur geen strikte afbakening wordt gehanteerd. In de vroegmoderne periode werd een begin gemaakt met de standaardisatie van het Engels, die samenviel met de "Grote klinkerverschuiving" waarbij de klinkers uit het Middelengels voortaan anders werden uitgesproken. Als alternatieve benaming wordt ook wel over "elizabethaanse periode" gesproken, hoewel de Engelse renaissance al vóór het bewind van Elizabeth I begon en niet plotseling tot een eind kwam met haar dood. Bekend uit deze periode zijn onder meer de komedies van John Dryden, William Wycherley en George Etherege over het leven aan het hof. De Eerste Wereldoorlog (1914-1918) bracht dramatische veranderingen teweeg in het leven en denken van de mensen uit die tijd, en dat liet ook zijn sporen na in de Engelse literatuur. nn-wikipedia-org-9790 Sentrale forfattarar innan denne litteraturen er Geoffrey Chaucer, ein av dei første som skreiv litteratur på mellomengelsk; William Shakespeare, verdskjend for skodespel, dikt og ei rekkje språklege nyvinningar, barokkdiktaren John Milton som hadde stor tyding både i samtida og ettertida, nyskapande romanforfattarar som Jane Austen og Charles Dickens, romantiske diktarar som William Wordsworth og John Keats, og frå Det britiske imperiet og den postkoloniale tida betydelege innvandra forfattarar som Rudyard Kipling, Joseph Conrad, Doris Lessing og V.S. Naipaul. Restaurasjonen var også tida då John Locke skreiv mange av sine filosofiske verk, mellom anna hans tre avhandlingar om styresett (Treatises on Government, 1690), som seinare inspirerte tenkjarar bak den amerikanske revolusjonen. Han fekk æra for å ha «oppdaga» både James Joyce, som med Ulysses skreiv det mange reknar blant dei største litterære prestasjonane på 1900-talet, og T.S. Eliot, den fremste engelske diktaren i samtida. no-wikipedia-org-7379 S. Eliot som preget det engelske teateret i mellomkrigstiden, den litterært innflytelsesrike iren James Joyce, indiskfødte Salman Rushdie som kanskje er den fremste representanten for de mange forfatterne født i, eller med etnisk bakgrunn fra Commonwealth som har preget engelsk litteratur de siste tiårene. En annen populær teaterstil i løpet av tiden under kong Jakob I var hevndramaet eller revansjeskuespillet, popularisert av John Webster og Thomas Kyd. George Chapman skrev noen finurlige hevndramaer, men huskes også for sin berømte oversettelse av Homer som fikk sterk innflytelse på senere engelsk litteratur og som inspirerte John Keats til å skrive en av sine beste sonetter. Tidens kong Georg I av England ga seg selv tilnavnet «Augustus» fordi han mente det var betegnende for sin egen storhet[Note 6], men forfatterne brukte betegnelsen fordi de så en parallell til romernes overgang fra den tidlige røffe litteraturen til en meget politisk og polert litteratur. nobelprize-org-7257 The Nobel Prize in Literature 2001 NobelPrize.org Nobel Prizes & Laureates Nobel Prize award ceremonies Allows users to submit a search term Nobel Prize for Literature 2001 Press release The Nobel Prize in Literature 2001 The Nobel Prize in Literature 2001 The Nobel Prize in Literature 2001 The Nobel Prize in Literature 2001 The Nobel Prize in Literature 2001 was awarded to Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul "for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories." MLA style: The Nobel Prize in Literature 2001. Twelve laureates were awarded a Nobel Prize in 2020, for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. Choose a year you would like to search in Follow The Nobel Prize on Twitter Follow The Nobel Prize on Instagram Follow The Nobel Prize on Youtube Connect with The Nobel Prize on LinkedIn The Nobel Prize The Nobel Prize pa-wikipedia-org-2114 ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਸਾਹਿਤ ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ, ਇਕ ਅਜ਼ਾਦ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਗਿਆਨਕੋਸ਼ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਸਾਹਿਤ ਇਸ ਲੇਖ ਦਾ ਫੋਕਸ, ਕੇਵਲ ਇੰਗਲੈਂਡ ਵਿੱਚ ਰਚਿਆ ਗਿਆ ਸਾਹਿਤ ਨਹੀਂ ਬਲਕਿ ਇਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਕਿੱਤੇ ਵੀ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਰਚਿਆ ਗਿਆ ਸਾਹਿਤ ਹੈ, ਇਸ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਇਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਕਾਟਲੈਂਡ, ਆਇਰਲੈਂਡ, ਵੇਲਜ਼ ਦਾ ਸਾਰਾ ਸਾਹਿਤ ਸ਼ਾਮਿਲ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ ਨਾਲ ਇਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ ਸਮੇਤ ਸਾਬਕਾ ਬ੍ਰਿਟਿਸ਼ ਕਲੋਨੀਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਰਚਿਆ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਸਾਹਿਤ ਵੀ ਸ਼ਾਮਿਲ ਹੈ। ਪਰ 19ਵੀਂ ਸਦੀ ਦੇ ਸ਼ੁਰੂ ਤੱਕ, ਇਸ ਦਾ ਸੰਬੰਧ ਬਰਤਾਨੀਆ ਅਤੇ ਆਇਰਲੈਂਡ ਵਿੱਚ ਲਿਖੇ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਸਾਹਿਤ ਨਾਲ ਸੀ। ਪਰ ਬਾਅਦ ਵਿੱਚ ਇਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਪੈਦਾ ਹੋਏ ਵੱਡੇ ਲੇਖਕ ਵੀ ਸ਼ਾਮਿਲ ਕੀਤੇ ਗਏ। ਨਿੱਜੀ ਸੰਦ ਨੇਵੀਗੇਸ਼ਨ ਹਾਲੀਆ ਤਬਦੀਲੀਆਂ ਵਧੇਰੇ ਵੇਖੇ ਜਾਣ ਵਾਲੇ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਸੰਦ ਕਿਹੜੇ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਇੱਥੇ ਜੋੜਦੇ ਹਨ ਖ਼ਾਸ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਬਾਬਤ ਜਾਣਕਾਰੀ ਇਸ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦਾ ਹਵਾਲਾ ਦਿਉ ਇਸ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਖ਼ਰੀ ਸੋਧ 4 ਮਈ 2019 ਨੂੰ 05:28 ਵਜੇ ਹੋਈ। ਇਹ ਲਿਖਤ Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License ਦੇ ਤਹਿਤ ਉਪਲਬਧ ਹੈ; ਵਾਧੂ ਸ਼ਰਤਾਂ ਲਾਗੂ ਹੋ ਸਕਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ। pl-wikipedia-org-7307 W tym okresie rozwijała się też liryka religijna, której najlepszym przykładem jest anonimowy poemat Perła (ang. W pierwszych latach epoki humanizmu poeci angielscy często naśladowali wzorce włoskie, na przykład dwaj znaczący twórcy tego okresu Thomas Wyatt i Henry Howard, hrabia Surrey, którzy wprowadzili jako pierwsi w poezji angielskiej schemat metryczny sonetu. Surrey zapisał się w dziejach literatury angielskiej jako wynalazca blank verse''u, czyli nierymowanego pentametru jambicznego, używanego później przez większość poetów piszących po angielsku[3]. Obok Shakespeare''a, którego postać dominuje nad początkowymi latami XVII wieku, do głównych ruchów poetyckich tego okresu zalicza się poezję metafizyczną, której głównym przedstawicielem był John Donne. Oprócz metafizycznej poezji Donne''a ceniona jest też[przez kogo?] czysto barokowa poezja tego okresu. Najważniejsi autorzy tego okresu to: Charles Dickens, siostry Brontë, William Makepeace Thackeray, George Eliot, Alfred Tennyson, Robert Browning, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Lewis Carroll, Edward Lear, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Algernon Charles Swinburne, William Morris i Gerard Manley Hopkins, jak również Oscar Wilde i Arthur Conan Doyle. pnb-wikipedia-org-4543 انگریزی ساہت وکیپیڈیا آزاد انسائیکلوپیڈیا، وکیپیڈیا توں Jump to navigation Jump to search "https://pnb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=انگریزی_ساہت&oldid=507382" توں لیا ۲ گٹھاں: ساہت انگریزی ساہت انگریزی ساہت کھوج پتر لاگ ان نئیں ہوۓ او لاگ ان ہوو صفحہ لِکھو تریخ دیکھو ہور کھوج کھوج رلے ملے صفحے نواں آرٹیکل لِکھو سارے صفحے عطیہ دیو حالیہ تبدیلیاں فائل اپلوڈ ایتھے کِس دا جوڑ اے رلدیاں ملدیاں تبدیلیاں فائل چڑھاؤ خاص صفحے پکا جوڑ صفحہ جانکاری ایس صفحے دا اتہ پتہ دیو چھپن جوگا صفحہ ہور منصوبےآں وچ ویکیمیڈیا کامنز English Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Simple English جوڑ لکھو اس صفحے نوں آخری واری ۲۹ ستمبر ۲۰۱۸ تریخ نوں ۰۵:۵۳ وجے بدلیا گیا۔ لکھت کریئیٹیو کامنز انتساب/ اکوجہے-شراکت لائسنس دے ہیٹھ دستیاب اے، ہور شرطاں وی لاگو ہوسکدیاں نیں۔ ویروے لئی ورتن شرطاں دیکھو۔ ویکیپیڈیا® اک غیر منافع بخش تنظیم ویکیمیڈیا فاؤنڈیشن انکارپوریشن دا تجارتی مارکہ اے۔ وکیپیڈیا بارے وچ pt-wikipedia-org-8985 A Renascença Italiana tinha redescoberto o teatro grego e romano da Antiguidade, e isso foi fundamental no desenvolvimento do novo teatro, que estava então começando a se distanciar das velhas peças de mistério e milagres da Idade Média.[1]Os italianos foram particularmente inspirados por Sêneca filósofo, tutor de Nero e grande autor de tragédias e por Plauto, cujos clichês cômicos, especialmente daqueles soldados garbosos, tiveram uma poderosa influência no Renascimento e depois. Outro estilo popular durante era jacobina era peça de vingança, popularizada por John Webster e Thomas Kyd. George Chapman escreveu um par de sutis tragédias de vingança, mas devem ser lembrados principalmente em consideração de sua famosa tradução de Homer, a qual teria uma profunda influência em toda futura literatura inglesa, inspirando até John Keats a escrever algumas de suas grandes poesias. ro-wikipedia-org-2415 Un alt stil teatral popular în era iacobină a fost piesa de răzbunare, popularizată de John Webster și Thomas Kyd. George Chapman a scris câteva tragedii de răzbunare subtile, dar e în istorie mai ales pentru faimoasa traducere a lui Homer, care a avut o influență profundă asupra întregii literaturi engleze, inspirându-l chiar pe John Keats să scrie unele din cele mai bune sonete ale sale. Cele mai cunoscute piese din perioada de început a Restaurației au fost comediile lipsite de sentimentalisme și "dure" ale lui John Dryden, William Wycherley și George Etherege, ce reflectă atmosfera de la curte și celebrează un mod de viață aristocratic de tip macho plin de intrigi și cuceriri sexuale. Timpuriu în această perioadă Drama înfățișa ultimele piese ale lui John Vanbrugh și William Congreve, amândoi au transmis mai departe comedia din perioada Restaurației cu câteva modificări. ru-wikipedia-org-7934 Англо-норманнская литература[править | править код] Период французского господства оставил важный след в дальнейшей истории английской литературы, которая, по мнению некоторых исследователей, более связана с художественными приёмами и стилем французской литературы нормандского периода, чем с древней англо-саксонской литературой, от которой она была искусственно оторвана. В эпоху Елизаветы театр достигает такого расцвета, какого не знает история, отвечает вкусам всех классов общества, изображая и трагические моменты английской истории, трагедии королей и аристократии, и семейные драмы буржуазии, и грубые нравы городских низов, вводя и шутки и юмор, одинаково увлекающие и аристократию и городскую толпу. Влияние английской литературы на русскую[править | править код] Влияние английской литературы на русскую выступает с большой силой уже в XVIII столетии и достигает своего апогея в эпоху романтизма, когда Байрон, Вальтер Скотт и другие английские писатели того времени вызвали своими сочинениями литературное движение во всей Европе, направленное против французского лжеклассицизма. Я. Стивенсон и английская литература XIX века. sd-wikipedia-org-4204 انگريزي ادب وڪيپيڊيا هن آرٽيڪل ۾ انگريزي ادب جي نسبت انگريزي ٻولي جي ادب تي فوڪس ڪيو ويو آهي ، تنهن ڪري هن ۾ اسڪاٽلينڊ ، ويلز ، تاج انحصاري ۽ آئرلينڊ جا ليکڪ شامل آهن ، انهي سان گڏ اڳوڻي برطانوي سلطنت جي ملڪن کانسواءِ آمريڪا ۽ 19 صدي ۾ لکيل انگريزي ادب به شامل آهي . نگريزي ٻولي 1400 سالن کان به وڌيڪ عرصي تائين ترقي ڪئي آهي. انگريزي جي شروعاتي شڪل يا نمونو اينگلو فريسين لھجو ھو جيڪو پنجين صدي ۾ اينگلو سيڪسنس (Anglo-saxons) انگلو سيڪسنس حملي آورن طرفان برطانيه ۾ آندو ويو ان کي اولڊ انگلش (Old English) يعني پراڻي انگريزي سڏجي ٿو. جعفري چاسر (1400-1343) Canterbury Tales جو ليکڪ ،جنھن وچولي انگريزي کي قانوني شڪل ڏني ، تڏھن انگلستان تي فرانسيسي ۽ لاطيني ٻوليون غالب ھيون . اولڊ انگلش ادب يا آڳاٽو انگريزي ادب (سي. ھن صفحي جو حوالو ڏيو تفصيلن لاءِاستعمال جا شرط ڏسو. sh-wikipedia-org-8729 Engleska književnost, obično pojam za sva književna djela nastala na engleskom jeziku na Britanskom Otočju, uključujuči i Irsku, od 7. Historija[uredi уреди | uredi izvor] Staroengleska književnost (do 1066)[uredi уреди | uredi izvor] Te legende dalje obrađuju normanski pisac Wace na francuskom jeziku ("Geste des Bretons"), a na engleskome Layamon, koji u epu "Brut" osim o Arturu pjeva i o drevnim britanskim kraljevima Cymbelineu i Learu, čiji lik će kasnije preuzeti Shakespeare za svoju glasovitu tragediju Kralj Lear. vijeku književnost u Engleskoj opada, ali se u Škotskoj pod utjecajem Chaucera javlja niz snažnih, originalnih pjesnika (W. U Engleskoj, oko 1470. Restauracijsko doba (1660–1700)[uredi уреди | uredi izvor] Augustansko doba (1700–1750)[uredi уреди | uredi izvor] Johnsonovo doba (1750–1798)[uredi уреди | uredi izvor] Viktorijansko doba (1837–1901)[uredi уреди | uredi izvor] Postmodernizam (1940–2000)[uredi уреди | uredi izvor] Izvori[uredi уреди | uredi izvor] Književnost po jeziku si-wikipedia-org-6267 පැරණි ඉංග්‍රීසි සාහිත්‍යය: 450-1153[සංස්කරණය] මධ්‍ය ඉංග්‍රීසි සාහිත්‍යය: 1154-1485[සංස්කරණය] 18 වැනි ශත වර්ෂයේ සාහිත්‍යය[සංස්කරණය] දෙවියන්ගේ අනුග්‍රහයෙන් සොයා ගැනීම් කළ දර්ශනවාදීන්ගේ මඟ පෙන්විම තුළින්, වේදනාත්මක කාල පරිච්ඡේදය තුළදී ලෝකයේ දැක්ම ආලෝකයේ ‍යුගයක් කරා (හෝ බුද්ධි යුගය) සුදුසු සහ විද්‍යාත්මක වශයෙන් ප්‍රවේශයක් හා ආගමික, සමාජීය, දේශපාලනික සහ ආර්ථික වශයෙන් වාද පද සඳහා ලෞකික දැක්මක් ලෝකයේ සහ සාමාන්‍ය හැඟීම් මගින් වැඩි දියුණුවට සහ පරිපුර්ණත්වය කරා ලඟා විය. සම්භාව්‍ය ඉංග්‍රීසි සාහිත්‍යය[සංස්කරණය] ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් පාප්තුමා මෙම කාලයේ බොහෝ කැපී පෙනෙන කාව්‍ය කරුවෙක් විය. ප්‍රබල කලාවක් බවට පත් වූ ඉංග්‍රීසි නවකතාව පළමුව ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය තුළින් මතු වීමට ආරම්භ වූයේ මෙම කාලයේදීය. ලොව හාස්‍යය ප්‍රසිද්ධ වූ අතර නාට්‍යයන් තෘතීක ආකාරයෙන් වේදීකා ‍ගත වීම ආරම්භ විය. ඔපෙරාව ද ලන්ඩනය පුරා ප්‍රසිද්ධ වීමට ආරම්භ වූ අතර ඉතාලි ආක්‍රමණයන්ට සාහිත්‍යය තුළින් ප්‍රතිරෝධකයක් ඇති විය . 1737 දී හදිසියේම මෙම කාලයේ නාට්‍යයන්ට බලපත්‍ර පනත මඟින් වාරණයක් පැන වූ අතර රඟ මඩල නැවතත් රාජකීය අණසකට යටත් විය. වික්ටෝරියානු සාහිත්‍යය[සංස්කරණය] වෙනස් අංගයක් ලෙස ළමා සාහිත්‍යය වර්ධනය විය. simple-wikipedia-org-4388 English literature Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia It is not written in language people can understand today, but there are several good translations into modern English. Modern English literature began in 16th century. T.S. Eliot was perhaps the most important poet in 20th century who wrote in English. Not all English literature was written by writers born in England. They can read literary works from any country in English translation. Hippolyte Adolphe Taine, Introduction to the History of English Literature (1863). A Website of the Romantic Movement in English Literature Archived 2008-07-24 at the Wayback Machine Luminarium: Anthology of Middle English Literature (1350-1485) Luminarium: 16th Century Renaissance English Literature (1485-1603) Luminarium: Seventeenth Century English Literature (1603-1660) Norton Anthology of English Literature Archived 2006-11-09 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from "https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_literature&oldid=7333801" Category: English literature This page was last changed on 26 January 2021, at 21:25. sites-google-com-8986 Google Sites Sign in to continue to Google Sites Enter your email Find my account Find my account Sign in with a different account Create account One Google Account for everything Google About Google About Google Privacy Terms Help sk-wikipedia-org-8099 Anglická literatúra – Wikipédia Anglická literatúra z Wikipédie, slobodnej encyklopédie Skočit na navigaci Skočit na vyhledávání Anglická literatúra je súčasť anglickej kultúry; najstaršími pamiatkami anglickej literatúry sú eposy z obdobia 407-1066 (''Beowulf'' zo 7. stor. v starej angličtine). Externé odkazy[upraviť | upraviť kód] FILIT – zdroj, z ktorého pôvodne čerpal tento článok. Zdroj: „https://sk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglická_literatúra&oldid=6292628" Kategória: Literatúra v anglickom jazyku Navigačné menu Osobné nástroje Neprihlásený/á Príspevky Vytvoriť účet Prihlásiť sa Menné priestory Stránka Diskusia Upraviť Upraviť kód Hlavná stránka Posledné úpravy Náhodná stránka Nástroje Odkazy na túto stránku Súvisiace úpravy Špeciálne stránky Informácie o stránke Citovať túto stránku Vytvoriť knihu V iných projektoch Wikimedia Commons V iných jazykoch English Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Simple English Upraviť odkazy Čas poslednej úpravy tejto stránky je 05:48, 1. Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia. sr-wikipedia-org-1455 Engleska književnost je pojam kojim su obuhvaćena sva književna dela nastala na engleskom jeziku na Britanskim ostrvima, uključujuči i Irsku, od 7. veku sa uveođenjem štamparske mašine u London i Kralj Džejmsovom biblijom kao i velikom promenom samoglasnika.[4] Kroz uticaj Britanskog carstva, engleski jezik se raširio širom sveta počevši od 17. Staroengleska književnost (do 1066)[уреди | уреди извор] Prvi pravi pesnik i jedan od najvećih u engleskoj književnosti je Džefri Čoser (oko 1342–1400). veku književnost u Engleskoj opada, ali se u Škotskoj pod uticajem Čosera javlja niz snažnih, originalnih pesnika (V. (1996), The Oxford Companion to English Literature, Oxford: Oxford University Press . Robinson, Fred C (2001), The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, стр. (1907), History of English and American literature, New York: GP Putnam''s Sons University Press . The Sphere History of Literature in the English Language, Vol. 1. Luminarium: 16th Century Renaissance English Literature (1485–1603) stats-wikimedia-org-3333 sv-wikipedia-org-4324 Denna artikel fokuserar på engelskspråkig litteratur snarare än på litteraturen i England, varför den omfattar författare även från Skottland, Wales, och hela Irland, liksom litteratur på engelska från länder i det forna brittiska imperiet, inklusive USA. John Dryden (1631–1700) var en inflytelserik brittisk poet, litteraturkritiker, översättare och dramatiker som dominerade i det litterära livet under restaurationens England till en sådan grad att den perioden i litterära cirklar kom att bli känd som Drydens era. Skottland har i slutet av 1900-talet fått fram flera viktiga författare, bland annat författaren till How Late it Was, How Late, James Kelman, som likt Samuel Beckett kan skapa humor av de mest fasansfulla situationer, och Alasdair Gray, vars Lanark: A Life in Four Books (1981) är en dystopisk fantasyberättelse som utspelar sig i en surrealistisk version av Glasgow vid namn Unthank.[105] ta-wikipedia-org-1067 ஆங்கில இலக்கியம் தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா ஆங்கில இலக்கியம் Jump to navigation Jump to search நைப்பால் இந்திய வம்சாவளி மேற்கிந்தியர் மற்றும் விளாடிமிர் நபோகோவ் உருசியர்.இன்னும் சொல்வதென்றால் உலகின் பல பாகங்களில் பேசி,எழுதப்படும் ஆங்கிலத்தின் அனைத்து வடிவங்களிலும் பரந்த இலக்கியம். ஆங்கில இலக்கியத்தின் தலைசிறந்த படைப்பாளராக வில்லியம் சேக்சுபியர் கருதப்படுகிறார். 1.1 பழைய ஆங்கில இலக்கியம் வரலாறு[தொகு] பழைய ஆங்கில இலக்கியம்[தொகு] பி 450 முதல் 1066 வரை உள்ள காலத்தை பழைய ஆங்கில இலக்கியம்என குறிப்பிடுகின்றனர். வெளியிணைப்புகள்[தொகு] பிரித்தானிய இலக்கியம் LibraryThing லூமினேரியம்: மத்திய கால ஆங்கில இலக்கியம் (1350-1485) 16ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு மறுமலர்ச்சி ஆங்கில இலக்கியத் தொகுப்பு (1485-1603) 17ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு ஆங்கில இலக்கியத் தொகுப்பு (1603-1660) நார்டன் ஆங்கில இலக்கியத் தொகுப்பு புகழ் பெற்ற எழுத்தாளர்கள்[தொகு] ஜான் மில்டன் ஜான் டிரைடன் "https://ta.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ஆங்கில_இலக்கியம்&oldid=2787119" இருந்து மீள்விக்கப்பட்டது பகுப்பு: ஆங்கில இலக்கியம் வழிசெலுத்தல் பட்டி புகுபதிகை செய்யப்படவில்லை புதிய கணக்கை உருவாக்கு புகுபதிகை தொகு வழிசெலுத்தல் அண்மைய மாற்றங்கள் உதவி கோருக புதிய கட்டுரை எழுதுக ஏதாவது ஒரு கட்டுரை உதவி உதவி ஆவணங்கள் புதுப்பயனர் உதவி பொதுவகம் பிற தொடர்பான மாற்றங்கள் இப்பக்கத்தின் தகவல் ஒரு புத்தகம் உருவாக்கு பிற திட்டங்களில் விக்கிமீடியா பொதுவகம் English Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Simple English இணைப்புக்களைத் தொகு தகவல் பாதுகாப்பு tl-wikipedia-org-8889 Panitikang Ingles Wikipedia, ang malayang ensiklopedya Ang panitikang Ingles (Ingles: English literature) ay ang katawagan para sa panitikang nasusulat sa wikang Ingles, pati na ang panitikang nasa Ingles na gawa ng mga manunulat na hindi nanggaling sa Inglatera. Ang Beowulf ang isa sa pinakaunang mga aklat na nasa Ingles. Kabilang sa mahahalagang mga manunulat sa Ingles sina Geoffrey Chaucer, Shakespeare, John Milton, William Wordsworth, Jane Austen, George Eliot, Thomas Hardy, D.H. Lawrence, Virginia Woolf, at Ted Hughes. Kabilang sa mga manunulat sa wikang Ingles na hindi galing sa Inglatera sina Joseph Conrad na isang Polako, Robert Burns na isang Eskoses, James Joyce na isang Irlandes, Dylan Thomas na isang Welsh, Edgar Allan Poe na isang Amerikano, Salman Rushdie na isang Indiyano, V. Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Panitikan, Inglatera at Wika ay isang usbong. Mga nakatagong kategorya: Stub (Panitikan) Mga nilalaman Mga natatanging pahina Baguhin ang mga kawing tr-wikipedia-org-7873 İngiliz Edebiyatı''ndaki çok sayıda yazar çeşitliliğine rağmen, William Shakespeare''in eserleri, İngilizce konuşan dünya genelinde en önemli noktada yer almaktadır. Sackville ve Norton tarafından yazılmış olan Gorboduc, Kyd tarafından yazılmış olan ve Hamlet için büyük bir malzeme oluşturacak olan The Spanish Tragedy gibi Elizabeth döneminin ilk oyunlarından sonra, William Shakespeare o döneme kadar eşi benzeri görülmemiş bir şair ve oyun yazarı olarak dikkat çekmektedir. I. James döneminde popüler olan başka bir tiyatro türü ise John Webster ve Thomas Kyd tarafından yaygınlaştırılan intikam oyunudur.George Chapman, birkaç incelikli intikam trajedisi yazmıştır; fakat en çok, gelecekteki tüm İngiliz edebiyatı üzerinde derin etkisi olan ve hatta John Keats''in en iyi sonelerinden birisini yazmasına ilham veren, ünlü Homeros çevirisi ile hatırlanmalıdır. İngilizce edebiyat için modernizm olarak adlandırılan çağ Viktorya çağı edebiyatının eksikliklerine karşı bir göz açılma hareketinden ortaya çıkmıştır. tt-wikipedia-org-328 Инглиз әдәбияты — Wikipedia Инглиз әдәбияты Wikipedia — ирекле энциклопедия проектыннан ([http://tt.wikipedia.org.ttcysuttlart1999.aylandirow.tmf.org.ru/wiki/Инглиз әдәбияты latin yazuında]) Навигациягә күчү Эзләүгә күчү Инглиз әдәбияты инглиз телендә булган әдәбият. 1.1 Англ-саксон әдәбияты 1.2 Англ-норман әдәбияты Урта гасырлар[үзгәртү | вики-текстны үзгәртү] Англ-саксон әдәбияты[үзгәртү | вики-текстны үзгәртү] Инглиз әдәбияты башы буларак Англ-саксон чорын атыйлар. Англ-норман әдәбияты[үзгәртү | вики-текстны үзгәртү] Яңарыш чоры[үзгәртү | вики-текстны үзгәртү] Икенче дөнья сугышы чоры һәм соңарак[үзгәртү | вики-текстны үзгәртү] Уильям Голдинг, Нобель бүләге лауреаты; Гарольд Пинтер, Нобель бүләге лауреаты; Моны да карагыз[үзгәртү | вики-текстны үзгәртү] Сылтамалар[үзгәртү | вики-текстны үзгәртү] Luminarium: Anthology of Middle English Literature (1350-1485) Luminarium: 16th Century Renaissance English Literature (1485-1603) Luminarium: Seventeenth Century English Literature (1603-1660) Чыганагы — https://tt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Инглиз_әдәбияты&oldid=1969384 Төркемнәр: Инглиз әдәбияты Яшерен төркемнәр: Википедия:Мәкалә төпчекләре Шәхси кораллар Сез хисап язмагызга кермәгәнсез Хисап язмасын төзү Вики-текстны үзгәртү Баш бит Яңа битләр Кораллар Махсус битләр Бит турында мәгълүмат Башка проектларда Башка телләрдә Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Wikipedia турында uk-wikipedia-org-5469 Англійська література — Вікіпедія Англійська література Англі́йська літерату́ра — сукупність художніх літературних творів, написаних англійською мовою включно з творчістю письменників, які не обов''язково були англійцями: Джозеф Конрад був поляком, Роберт Бернс — шотландцем, Джеймс Джойс — ірландцем, Дайлен Томас — валійцем, Едгар Аллан По — американцем, Салман Рушді — індійцем, Відьядхар Сураджпрасад Найпол — тринідадцем, Володимир Набоков — росіянином. Іншими словами — англійська література настільки ж різноманітна, наскільки різні діалекти англійської мови у світі. Кінець 17-го і початок 18-го сторіччя пов''язані з сатирою, особливо в поезії Джона Драйдена та Олександра Поупа, а також прозі Джонатана Свіфта. Американські поети Томас Стернз Еліот і Езра Паунд, письменник Вільям Фолкнер також є представниками модернізму. також[ред. Посилання[ред. Література[ред. Англійська література XVIII ст. Це незавершена стаття про літературу. Категорії: Англійська література Приховані категорії: Незавершені статті про літературу Сторінки, що використовують магічні посилання ISBN Редагувати код Інформація про сторінку Редагувати посилання також можуть діяти додаткові умови. upload-wikimedia-org-1313 upload-wikimedia-org-1694 upload-wikimedia-org-1845 upload-wikimedia-org-1907 upload-wikimedia-org-192 upload-wikimedia-org-2339 upload-wikimedia-org-2686 upload-wikimedia-org-2692 upload-wikimedia-org-2943 upload-wikimedia-org-2956 upload-wikimedia-org-3231 upload-wikimedia-org-3363 upload-wikimedia-org-3560 upload-wikimedia-org-368 upload-wikimedia-org-3731 upload-wikimedia-org-3827 upload-wikimedia-org-3964 upload-wikimedia-org-4506 upload-wikimedia-org-4612 upload-wikimedia-org-5376 upload-wikimedia-org-5815 From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository a collection of 68,189,903 freely usable media files to which anyone can contribute Log in Create account Please use the search box at the top of this page or the links to the right. If you find something you can identify, write a note on the item''s talk page. Check out all you need to know at our Contributing your own work guide. To explore more ways you can contribute to this project, check out the Community Portal. Take some photos and upload them to meet our monthly thematic challenge, get inspiration and try new subjects! You can also see some work created by our highly skilled contributors in Meet our photographers and Meet our illustrators. Earth sciences Image sources Wiki software development Retrieved from "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Main_Page&oldid=453255730" Category: Commons-en View source Upload file Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. upload-wikimedia-org-5890 upload-wikimedia-org-6135 upload-wikimedia-org-646 upload-wikimedia-org-6470 upload-wikimedia-org-6512 upload-wikimedia-org-6591 upload-wikimedia-org-6723 upload-wikimedia-org-736 upload-wikimedia-org-9276 upload-wikimedia-org-9438 ur-wikipedia-org-9614 انگریزی ادب آزاد دائرۃ المعارف، ویکیپیڈیا انگریزی ادب (انگریزی: English literature) انگریزی زبان میں لکھی گئی شعری و نثری تحریروں پر مشتمل ہے۔ گوکہ انگریزی زبان انگلستان کی زبان ہے مگر اس کا ادب محض انگلستان کا نہیں بلکہ اسکاٹ لینڈ، ویلز، اور تاج توابع، مکمل جزیرہ آئرلینڈ اور ان تمام ممالک میں لکھی گئی انگریزی زبان کے ادب کو بھی شامل ہے جو کسی زمانہ میں سلطنت برطانیہ کا حصہ رہے ہیں بشمول ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا۔ البتہ 19ویں صدی تک انگریزی ادب کا تعلق تاج توابع، متحدہ مملکت برطانیہ عظمی و آئر لینڈ اور جزیرہ آئرلینڈ سے تھا۔ لیکن اس میں برطانیہ کی دیگر زبانوں کا ادب شامل نہیں ہے۔ vi-wikipedia-org-6297 Trong bài này chủ yếu chỉ nói đến nền văn học của những người sống ở Anh, được viết bằng tiếng Anh. Với các nền văn học từ những vùng khác nói tiếng Anh, có thể xem ở phần xem thêm cuối trang. Mặc dù văn học hiện đại đã đạt đến đỉnh cao trong giữa hai cuộc chiến tranh thế giới, nhưng các sáng tác đầu tiên theo xu hướng này chỉ xuất hiện từ nửa cuối thế kỷ 19. Đầu thế kỷ 20, một vài tác phẩm chính của văn học hiện đại đã được xuất bản, bao gồm các truyện ngắn Người Dublin của James Joyce, Giữa lòng tăm tối của Joseph Conrad, và kịch, thơ của William Butler Yeats. war-wikipedia-org-8744 Literatura Ingles Wikipedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Usa ka turók ini nga barasahon. Dako it imo maibubulig ha Wikipedia pinaagi han pagparabong hini. Ginkuha tikang ha "https://war.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Literatura_Ingles&oldid=2263680" Mga pankalugaringon nga garamiton Mga amot Mga ngaran-lat''ang Mga pagkadirudilain Mga paglantaw Syahan nga Pakli Mga panhitabo Mga kabag-ohan Bisan ano nga pakli Mga Donasyon Mga nasumpay dinhi Mga may kalabotan nga binag-o Pagkarga hin file Mga pinaurog nga pakli Sumpay nga unob Impormasyon han pakli Ig-cite ini nga pakli Paghimo hin libro Maipapatik nga bersyon Ha iba nga mga proyekto Ha iba nga mga yinaknan English Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Simple English Igliwat an mga sumpay Ini nga pakli kataposan nga ginliwat dida han 15:23, 16 Marso 2013. An teksto in available ha ilarom han Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; Kitaa anMga Terms of Use para han mga detalye. Polisiya hin pribasidad Bahin han Wikipedia Mga Disclaimer Mga developer web-archive-org-1929 Discovering Literature: Shakespeare The British Library Explore the British Library (56m items) Explore Shakespeare''s plays in relation to the social, political and cultural context in which they were written, and in which they have been interpreted over the last four centuries. John Mullan explores how Shakespeare uses speech and action to conjure the play''s sense of growing darkness. Michael Dobson describes the political context in which Shakespeare wrote Coriolanus, and how the play has resonated with later generations of playwrights, directors and actors. Explore Shakespeare''s plays by theme. From Hamlet''s melancholy to Juliet''s eloquence; and from Lear''s madness to Othello''s misunderstanding, discover the richness of Shakespeare''s tragedies. From the staging of disability to the influence of Machiavelli, explore Shakespeare''s history plays. Explore a selection of collection items that relate to Shakespeare and the context in which his plays were written. Explore 13 of Shakespeare''s plays. web-archive-org-4050 Alexander Pope success fail Dec JAN May 11 Feb 2008 27 Jun 2018 About this capture About this capture COLLECTED BY Organization: Alexa Crawls Collection: Alexa Crawls Starting in 1996, Alexa Internet has been donating their crawl data to the Internet Archive. Starting in 1996, Alexa Internet has been donating their crawl data to the Internet Archive. Flowing in every day, these data are added to the Wayback Machine after an embargo period. Flowing in every day, these data are added to the Wayback Machine after an embargo period. TIMESTAMPS web-archive-org-4625 RPO -Gerard Manley Hopkins : The Wreck of the Deutschland (Dec. 6, 7, 1875) 5 Thou hast bound bones & veins in me, fastened me flesh, 7 Thy doing: & dost thou touch me afresh? 12 Thy terror, O Christ, O God; 13 Thou knowest the walls, altar & hour & night: 14 The swoon of a heart that the sweep & the hurl of thee trod 70 Thou art lightning & love, I found it, a winter & warm; 71 Father & fondler of heart thou hast wrung: 72Hast thy dark descending & most art merciful then. 167 Thou martyr-master: in th{''y} sight 168Storm flakes were scroll-leaved flowers, lily showers -sweet heaven was astrew in them. 233Jesu, heart''s light, 264The Christ of the Father compassionate, fetched in the storm of his strides. 267The heaven-flung, heart-fleshed, maiden-furled 270 Not a dooms-day dazzle in his coming nor dark as he came; web-archive-org-5543 Despite keeping his kingdom of Wessex separate from Cornwall, Athelstan interfered with the celtic monastic system, destroying a great number of Cornish manuscripts, which accounts for the lack of extant texts from this early period of Cornish. At the start of the eighteenth century the eminent Welsh scholar, Edward Lluyd, came to Cornwall to conduct research on the language, and as a result we have a valuable account of Cornish as it was actually spoken by a contemporary observer. This kick started the revival of Cornish as a living, spoken language, and Jenner''s work was picked up and continued by Robert Morton Nance, who researched and gathered together more fragments of the language, finally developing a regularised spelling system based on the medieval texts, known as Unified Cornish. The process for deciding upon the standard written form drew upon the knowledge of a wide range of Cornish users as well as the experience and advice of a Commission composed of eminent language experts with knowledge of similar situations elsewhere. web-archive-org-5638 Wayback Machine success fail Aug SEP Oct 26 Nov 2004 27 Nov 2020 About this capture About this capture COLLECTED BY Organization: Alexa Crawls Starting in 1996, Alexa Internet has been donating their crawl data to the Internet Archive. Flowing in every day, these data are added to the Wayback Machine after an embargo period. Collection: 52_crawl this data is currently not publicly accessible. TIMESTAMPS web-archive-org-5729 J M Coetzee | The Man Booker Prizes Organization: Alexa Crawls Collection: Alexa Crawls Starting in 1996, Alexa Internet has been donating their crawl data to the Internet Archive. Starting in 1996, Alexa Internet has been donating their crawl data to the Internet Archive. Contact us » Entering the awards » The Man Booker International Prize 2016 The Lost Man Booker Prize Facebook page »Twitter feed »YouTube channel »Soundcloud »Signup to our newsletter » He won the 1983 Booker Prize with Life & Times of Michael K and then again with Disgrace in 1999. In 2003 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. The Booker Prize 1999 The Booker Prize 1999 The Man Booker Prize 2005 The Man Booker Prize 2005 The Man Booker Prize 2005 The Man Booker Prize 2005 The Man Booker Prize 2005 The Man Booker Prize 2005 © 2016 The Booker Prize Foundation registered charity no. web-archive-org-6416 Jul DEC Apr 24 Oct 2005 14 Jul 2018 These crawls are part of an effort to archive pages as they are created and archive the pages that they refer to. That way, as the pages that are referenced are changed or taken from the web, a link to the version that was live when the page was written will be preserved. Then the Internet Archive hopes that references to these archived pages will be put in place of a link that would be otherwise be broken, or a companion link to allow people to see what was originally intended by a page''s authors. The goal is to fix all broken links on the web. Collection: Wordpress Blogs and the Pages They Link To This is a collection of pages and embedded objects from WordPress blogs and the external pages they link to. web-archive-org-7517 Dame Hilary Mantel | The Man Booker Prizes The Internet Archive discovers and captures web pages through many different web crawls. Facebook page »Twitter feed »YouTube channel »Soundcloud »Signup to our newsletter » Her books include Eight Months on Ghazzah Street (1988); Fludd (1989) winner of the Winifred Holtby Memorial Prize, the Cheltenham Prize and the Southern Arts Literature Prize; A Place of Greater Safety (1992), winner of the Sunday Express Book of the Year award; A Change of Climate (1994); An Experiment in Love (1995), winner of the 1996 Hawthornden Prize; Beyond Black (2005), shortlisted for a 2006 Commonwealth Writers Prize and for the 2006 Orange Prize for Fiction and longlisted for the Man Booker Prize; and Wolf Hall (2009), winner of the Man Booker Prize. In 2012 she released a sequel to Wolf Hall, Bring Up The Bodies, which won the 2012 Man Booker Prize. wikimediafoundation-org-9808 The nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation provides the essential infrastructure for free knowledge. We host Wikipedia, the free online encyclopedia, created, edited, and verified by volunteers around the world, as well as many other vital community projects. Projects with no past or existing affiliation with Wikipedia or the Wikimedia Foundation, such as Wikileaks and wikiHow, also use the term. From site reliability to machine learning, our open-source technology makes Wikipedia faster, more reliable, and more accessible worldwide. Collaborative projects are the core of the Wikimedia movement. Our volunteers build tools, share photos, write articles, and are working to connect all the knowledge that exists. Wikipedia celebrates 20 years of free, trusted information for the world As a nonprofit, Wikipedia and our related free knowledge projects are powered primarily through donations. The Wikimedia Foundation will handle your personal information in accordance with this site''s privacy policy. Questions about the Wikimedia Foundation or our projects? Wikimedia projects wuu-wikipedia-org-6282 英语文学 维基百科 英语文学 吴语维基百科，自由个百科全书 跳到导航 跳到搜索 英语文学（英语：English literature）指英语写成个文学作品，作者弗一定是来自英格兰。如约瑟夫·康拉德是波兰人，罗伯特·伯恩斯是苏格兰人。詹姆斯·乔伊斯来自爱尔兰，爱伦·坡来自美国，萨尔曼·鲁西迪来自印度等。 取自"https://wuu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=英语文学&oldid=254070" 导航菜单 私人家伙 呒不登录 建账号 名字空间 望历史 社区门堂 近段辰光个事体 近段辰光个改动 随机页面 链进来点啥 搭界个改动 上传文件 特别页面 老世链接 页面信息 引用该篇文章 维基数据项 创建书本 作为PDF下载 打印版 别个项目里向 维基共享资源 别样闲话版本 العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Български भोजपुरी বাংলা Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Français Frysk Galego ગુજરાતી עברית हिन्दी Hrvatski Magyar Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Қазақша ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 Latina Lingua Franca Nova Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski پنجابی Português Română Русский سنڌي Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் Tagalog Türkçe Татарча/tatarça Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 编辑链接 箇只页面阿末趟编辑来拉2019年8月14号 (三) 19:29。 文字内容采用知识共享"署名-相同方式共享"许可协议授权；作兴会应用附加条款。详情见使用条款。 隐私政策 有关维基百科 免责声明 手机版视图 开发者 Cookie声明 www-bbc-co-uk-3596 How English evolved into a global language BBC News As the British Library charts the evolution of English in a new major exhibition, author Michael Rosen gives a brief history of a language that has grown to world domination with phrases such as "cool" and "go to it". Throughout this time one of the most significant events in the history of world languages was happening: English-speaking soldiers, sailors and colonisers were travelling to, and settling in countries right the way across the globe. The technologies of telephones, radio, TV, records, CDs, mobile phones and the internet have enabled most people in the world to get access to each other''s language in a matter of moments. Through these channels, millions of young people across the world have grown to like the sounds produced by English-speaking bands. www-bbc-co-uk-4288 The Castle of Otranto: The creepy tale that launched gothic fiction BBC News In fact, the roots of the genre can be traced back to the publication of Horace Walpole''s 18th Century novel The Castle of Otranto a work whose aesthetics have shaped modern-day gothic books, films, art and music as well as the goth subculture. In her preface, Reeves admits: "This Story is the literary offspring of The Castle of Otranto, written upon the same plan, with a design to unite the most attractive and interesting circumstances of the ancient Romance and modern Novel." In his novel, Walpole sought to blend together what was termed "new" and "old" romance. The exotic aspect of gothic literature that Walpole first introduced in The Castle of Otranto influenced the gothic subculture. Visit Strawberry Hill Horace Walpole''s Gothic Castle www-bl-uk-2981 Discovering Literature: 20th century The British Library Explore the ways in which key 20th-century authors experimented with new forms and themes to capture the fast-changing world around them. Explore key themes in 20th-century literature From Virginia Woolf''s A Room of One''s Own, E M Forster''s Maurice and Shelagh Delaney''s A Taste of Honey to Sylvia Plath''s journals and Angela Carter''s The Bloody Chamber, discover how literature explored, questioned and exploded traditional ideas of gender roles and sexuality. Browse over 300 treasures from the British Library collection and beyond Birthday Letters, a collection of 88 poems by the British poet Ted Hughes, was published to public and critical ... The Bloody Chamber and Other Stories is a 1979 collection of short fiction by the British writer Angela Carter. The Buddha of Suburbia (1990) is a bestselling novel by the British writer Hanif Kureishi. British Library website satisfaction survey www-bl-uk-6836 Discovering Literature: Romantics and Victorians The British Library Galleries, Reading Rooms, shop and catering opening times vary Professor John Bowen considers some of the best-known Gothic novels of the late 18th and 19th centuries, exploring the features they have in common, including marginal places, transitional time periods and the use of fear and manipulation. From Romantic poetry to Gothic horror, from depictions of poverty and industrialisation to portrayals of the middle classes, and from crime fiction to fin de siècle decadence: the literary works of the Romantic and Victorian periods, and the contexts in which they were written, offer a wealth of topics to explore. What are the key motifs of Gothic literature and how do these works reflect the contexts in which the genre emerged and evolved? How did rising literacy rates, libraries and new technologies influence literature and reading habits during this period? View all works of literature www-britannica-com-1312 William Blake | British writer and artist | Britannica In these videos, Britannica explains a variety of topics and answers frequently asked questions. In #WTFact Britannica shares some of the most bizarre facts we can find. https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Blake William Blake, (born Nov. 28, 1757, London, Eng.—died Aug. 12, 1827, London), English engraver, artist, poet, and visionary, author of exquisite lyrics in Songs of Innocence (1789) and Songs of Experience (1794) and profound and difficult "prophecies," such as Visions of the Daughters of Albion (1793), The First Book of Urizen (1794), Milton (1804[–?11]), and Jerusalem (1804[–?20]). What was William Blake''s career like as a visual artist? What is William Blake''s poetry about? What was William Blake''s reputation during his lifetime? Blake wrote to his patron William Hayley in 1802, "I am under the direction of Messengers from Heaven Daily & Nightly." These visions were the source of many of his poems and drawings. www-britannica-com-152 John Keats | Biography, Poems, Odes, Philosophy, Death, & Facts | Britannica https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Keats Poetry Foundation Biography of John Keats John Keats, (born October 31, 1795, London, England—died February 23, 1821, Rome, Papal States [Italy]), English Romantic lyric poet who devoted his short life to the perfection of a poetry marked by vivid imagery, great sensuous appeal, and an attempt to express a philosophy through classical legend. John Keats was an English Romantic lyric poet whose verse is known for its vivid imagery and great sensuous appeal. All his greatest poetry was written in a single year, 1819: "Lamia," "The Eve of St. Agnes," the great odes ("On Indolence," "On a Grecian Urn," "To Psyche," "To a Nightingale," "On Melancholy," and "To Autumn"), and the two unfinished versions of an epic on Hyperion. John Keats died of tuberculosis in Rome in 1821 at the age of 25. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.See all videos for this article www-britannica-com-2052 John Milton | Biography, Poems, Paradise Lost, Quotes, & Facts | Britannica In these videos, Britannica explains a variety of topics and answers frequently asked questions. https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Milton Spartacus Educational Biography of John Milton John Milton, (born December 9, 1608, London, England—died November 8?, 1674, London?), English poet, pamphleteer, and historian, considered the most significant English author after William Shakespeare. John Milton (1608–74) is considered the most significant English writer after William Shakespeare. When he was 11, John Milton entered St. Paul''s School, London, where he excelled in Greek, Latin, and Italian. When John Milton''s Paradise Lost appeared in 1667, only people close to him commended it. Together with Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes, it confirms Milton''s reputation as one of the greatest English poets. During his early years, Milton may have heard sermons by the poet John Donne, dean of St. Paul''s Cathedral, which was within view of his school. www-britannica-com-274 Sir Gawayne and the Grene Knight | Middle English poem | Britannica In these videos, Britannica explains a variety of topics and answers frequently asked questions. In #WTFact Britannica shares some of the most bizarre facts we can find. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sir-Gawayne-and-the-Grene-Knight Sir Gawayne and the Grene Knight, also spelled Sir Gawain And The Green Knight, Middle English alliterative poem of unknown authorship, dating from the second half of the 14th century (perhaps 1375). Preserved in the same manuscript with Sir Gawayne were three other poems, now generally accepted as the work of its author. The author of Sir Gawayne and the other poems is frequently referred to as "the Pearl Poet." See also Gawain. Learn More in these related Britannica articles: …material for the 14th-century poem Sir Gawayne and the Grene Knight.… By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. www-britannica-com-3821 Pre-Romanticism | European history | Britannica In these videos, Britannica explains a variety of topics and answers frequently asked questions. In #WTFact Britannica shares some of the most bizarre facts we can find. In Demystified, Britannica has all the answers to your burning questions. https://www.britannica.com/event/Pre-Romanticism Join Britannica''s Publishing Partner Program and our community of experts to gain a global audience for your work! See Article History A major intellectual precursor of Romanticism was the French philosopher and writer Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Learn More in these related Britannica articles: Sign up for daily fun facts about this day in history, updates, and special offers. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. www-britannica-com-3900 Samuel Taylor Coleridge | British poet and critic | Britannica https://www.britannica.com/biography/Samuel-Taylor-Coleridge Samuel Taylor Coleridge, (born October 21, 1772, Ottery St. Mary, Devonshire, England—died July 25, 1834, Highgate, near London), English lyrical poet, critic, and philosopher. His Lyrical Ballads, written with William Wordsworth, heralded the English Romantic movement, and his Biographia Literaria (1817) is the most significant work of general literary criticism produced in the English Romantic period. Coleridge''s attempts to learn this "language" and trace it through the ancient traditions of mankind also led him during this period to return to the visionary interests of his schooldays: as he ransacked works of comparative religion and mythology, he was exploring the possibility that all religions and mythical traditions, with their general agreement on the unity of God and the immortality of the soul, sprang from a universal life consciousness, which was expressed particularly through the phenomena of human genius. www-britannica-com-6822 Comedy | literature and performance | Britannica In these videos, Britannica explains a variety of topics and answers frequently asked questions. In #WTFact Britannica shares some of the most bizarre facts we can find. https://www.britannica.com/art/comedy The classic conception of comedy, which began with Aristotle in ancient Greece of the 4th century bce and persists through the present, holds that it is primarily concerned with humans as social beings, rather than as private persons, and that its function is frankly corrective. The wellsprings of comedy are dealt with in the article humour. When tragedy and comedy arose, poets wrote one or the other, according to their natural bent. Comedy, on the other hand, confines itself to the imitation of nature, and, according to Fielding, the comic artist is not to be excused for deviating from it. Comedy of manners New Comedy By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. www-britannica-com-7445 Fanny Burney | Biography & Facts | Britannica https://www.britannica.com/biography/Fanny-Burney Fanny Burney, byname of Frances d''Arblay, née Burney, (born June 13, 1752, King''s Lynn, Norfolk, England—died January 6, 1840, London), English novelist and letter writer, who was the author of Evelina, a landmark in the development of the novel of manners. It was to "Daddy" Crisp that she addressed her first journal letters, lively accounts of the musical evenings at the Burneys'' London house where the elite among European performers entertained informally for gatherings that might include David Garrick, Dr. Johnson, Edmund Burke, and Richard Sheridan. Her practice of observing and recording society led eventually to her novel Evelina; or, The History of a Young Lady''s Entrance into the World. …was that of the novelist Fanny Burney (Madame d''Arblay); it was published in 1842–46. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. www-britannica-com-9652 English literature | History, Authors, Books, & Periods | Britannica The Old English period Poetry Alliterative verse Prose Early translations into English The early Middle English period Poetry Influence of French poetry The Renaissance period: 1550–1660 Literature and the age Social conditions Elizabethan poetry and prose Development of the English language Early Stuart poetry and prose The Metaphysical poets Donne The post-Romantic and Victorian eras Early Victorian literature: the age of the novel Dickens https://www.britannica.com/art/English-literature History World History of English literature English literature Children''s Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11) English literature Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up) English literature, the body of written works produced in the English language by inhabitants of the British Isles (including Ireland) from the 7th century to the present day. Even English literature considered purely as a product of the British Isles is extraordinarily heterogeneous, however. www-carcanet-co-uk-8182 Carcanet Press Charles Tomlinson (1927 2015) He has published many books of poetry, and has translated selections from Russian, Spanish and Italian. ''It is entirely appropriate that David Morley should have chosen the title Swimming Chenango Lake for this book and the poem of that name, written in September 1967, stands as ''Prologue'' to a volume which will at last place Charles Tomlinson''s name at the forefront of the poetry of the twentieth century.'' ''Charles Tomlinson''s poems...are crystalline, and ring when you touch them.'' ''Tomlinson is a unique voice in contemporary English poetry, and has been a satellite of excellence for the past 50 years.'' Awards won by Charles Tomlinson (1927 2015) Winner, 2003 New Criterion Poetry Prize (Skywriting) Charles Tomlinson reads ''Revolution Piazza di Spagna'' (1:13 mins) Charles Tomlinson reads ''News'' (1:06 mins) Charles Tomlinson reads ''On the Late Plane'' (1:05 mins) Carcanet Poetry Carcanet Poetry www-cbc-ca-4888 Alice Munro is 1st Canadian woman to win Nobel literature prize | CBC News If Nobel Prize winning author Alice Munro mastered the contemporary short story, what can new writers do with the form? Alice Munro wins the 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature, becoming the first Canadian woman to take the award since its launch in 1901. Alice Munro wins the 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature, becoming the first Canadian woman to take the award since its launch in 1901. Reached in British Columbia by CBC News on Thursday morning, Munro said she always viewed her chances of winning the Nobel as "one of those pipe dreams" that "might happen, but it probably wouldn''t." I''m happy too that this will bring more attention to Canadian writing.''Alice Munro, Ontario-born Nobel Prize in Literature winner We originally reported that Alice Munro was the first Canadian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. www-childrensuniversity-manchester-ac-uk-6187 Timeline of the English Language The Children''s University of Manchester Skip to content Menu Home Learning Activities Languages Words Timeline of the English Language Sections in Introduction Introduction World Language Map World Language Map Naming nouns Naming nouns Adjective Detective Adjective Detective Match the eponyms Match the eponyms Borrowing words Borrowing words Idioms game Idioms game Matching pairs Matching pairs Word search Word search Redeem Certificate Redeem Certificate Timeline of the English Language Timeline of the English Language Timeline of the English Language Timeline of the English Language Learning Activities Learning Activities Learning Activities History Ancient Egypt Black History Ancient Greece Languages Words Words French Art & design Talking Textiles An Introduction to Student Life Science The Body and Medicines Energy and the Environment The Earth and Beyond Teeth and Eating Passport to Learning Passport to Learning Passport to Learning For Grown-Ups For Grown-Ups The University of Manchester Contact Contact www-eighteenthcenturypoetry-org-9922 Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive / Home Close read poems with a range of analysis tools The Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive — ECPA — authors by names, dates of birth, or gender; ( text versions) by titles, first lines, themes, or genres; view high-quality digital facsimiles of select source editions of the texts used by ECPA; use the built-in digital tools (reading, analysis, (bibliography, chronology, gallery, etc.) for your further [As Thirsis and Daphne, upon the new hay] [As Thirsis and Daphne, upon the new hay] Written while the Author sat on a COOK of HAY. Written while the Author sat on a COOK of HAY. [Coventry]: Printed for the author, by N. [Coventry]: Printed for the author, by N. The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Eighteenth-Century Writers and Writing, 1660-1789. Eighteenth-Century Women Poets and their Poetry: Inventing Agency, Inventing Genre. © 2015 Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive. © 2015 Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive. © 2015 Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive. www-google-com-9065 Ethics and Journalism Karen Sanders Google Books SAGE, Jan 18, 2003 Language Arts & Disciplines 196 pages Explores such subjects as: private lives and the public interest, relations to sources and coverage of death, disease and destruction accept action allow American appears approach areas argued argument asked become behaviour believe Britain British broadcast called chapter cited claims Commission communication complaints concerned considered course coverage critical culture difficulties editor effect established ethics example existence experience expression fact freedom give given happiness human images industry Internet involved issues journalism journalists judgement kind knowledge lives material matter means moral natural never newspaper notion objectivity person philosopher photograph political possible practice principle produce professional programme protection public interest published question reason reporters require responsibility rules Second seek sense share someone sources standards story suffering Sunday television tell things thinking tradition true trust truth understanding universal values victims virtue write wrong Title Ethics and Journalism www-gutenberg-org-8949 The Project Gutenberg eBook, A Handbook of the Cornish Language, by Henry Cornish and Breton word for large or great, though valuable little treatise on the Cornish language by John Boson of written in Cornish and English, from William Bodenor, a fisherman words in Cornish this sound became ew (as in the English The pronunciation of Cornish place-names forms something of a d in Welsh or Breton, if they occur at all in Cornish, end and for forming the persons of an inflected tense of a verb. The compound preposition form in later Cornish like the English word why, unless, being a good Cornish The inflected form is common in early Cornish, but in the But in modern Cornish this would be more likely to be formed Cornish a form of this present is found exactly like the In earlier Cornish the inflected forms of the irregular verbs www-independent-co-uk-2375 The Christmas stage version of Roald Dahl''s children''s story, Matilda, has been hailed by one critic as "the best British musical since Billy Elliot". But whereas Blyton''s books now seem of their time, Dahl''s stories for children, with all their diabolic subversiveness, have turned triumphantly into the 21st century and show no sign of losing their appeal. The Independent would like to keep you informed about offers, events and updates by email, please tick the box if you would like to be contacted The Independent would like to keep you informed about offers, events and updates by email, please tick the box if you would like to be contacted Something of the nature of Dahl as a father emerged in a memorably savage riposte he wrote to a critic of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, as having a bad effect on children. www-irdp-co-uk-8760 with BBC radio drama up until 1973 when her stage work began to be recognised into ''features'', ''drama-documentaries'', ''sound art'', ''radio theatre'', Outside the United Kingdom, the story of radio drama''s literary and dramatic radio drama production in 1992 with the play Saddam''s Arms. The leading text book on writing radio drama, The to the radio drama communities of the English speaking world. Radio Drama Productions at LBC in London is introducing full length Internet between radio drama production centres and their state funded national in mind and young at heart'' approach to radio drama production. drama on BBC radio is an astonishing failure of public broadcasting philosophy France Culture transmitted 358 hours of radio drama production including new generation of radio drama listeners. There is also an important tradition of radio drama production and broadcast Other centres with a long tradition of radio drama production include www-libertystory-net-1734 In The Mikado (1885), which may be the most frequently performed theatrical work in the English speaking world, Gilbert aimed his wicked wit at those who believed laws could uplift people. "LORD HIGH EXECUTIONER: The Mikado is struck by the fact that no executions have taken place in Titipu for a year and decrees that unless somebody is beheaded within one month the post of Lord High Executioner shall be abolished, and the city reduced to the rank of a village! After two gondoliers, Giuseppe and Marco Palmieri, declare themselves to be ardent republicans who hate kings, Don Alhambra del Bolero, the Grand Inquisitor, informs them that one of them -he doesn''t know which -is heir to the throne: "Song and Dance" in Jim Powell, The Triumph of Liberty, A 2,000 Year History Told Through the Lives of Freedom''s Greatest Champions (New York: Free Press, 2000). www-librarything-com-4645 British literature | books tagged British literature | LibraryThing Your use of the site and services is subject to these policies and terms. Tag: British literature Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen (828 times) Sense and Sensibility by Jane Austen (484 times) Emma by Jane Austen (453 times) A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens (440 times) Persuasion by Jane Austen (376 times) David Copperfield by Charles Dickens (289 times) Chronicles of Narnia, Chronological by story Frederica Potter Quartet James Bond Original Series British literature, classic, fiction (200) British literature, classics, novel (200) British literature, classics, novel (200) British literature, fiction (200) British literature, novel (200) 20th century, British literature, classic, fiction (199) 20th century, British literature, fiction (199) 20th century, British literature, novel (198) British, classic, fiction (198) British, classic, fiction (198) British, classic, fiction (198) British, English, literature (198) 20th century literature, British literature, fiction (196) British author, classic literature (196) www-luminarium-org-4656 King Henry VIII | Queen Elizabeth I | John Fisher | William Tyndale | Sir Thomas More | John Heywood Thomas Sackville | Nicholas Udall | John Skelton | John Bale | Sir Thomas Wyatt | Henry Howard | Thomas Cranmer Hugh Latimer | Roger Ascham | Sir Thomas Hoby | Richard Hooker | George Gascoigne | Sir Philip Sidney John Lyly | Thomas Nashe | John Foxe | Edmund Spenser | Robert Southwell | Robert Greene | George Peele Thomas Kyd | Christopher Marlowe | William Shakespeare | Fulke Greville | Thomas Campion | Thomas Hariot Sir Walter Ralegh | Edward de Vere, Earl of Oxford | Anthony Munday | Sir John Davies | Michael Drayton Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke | Samuel Daniel | Emilia Lanyer | Articles | Resources | Search "Mr. Shakespeare and the Internet" is © Terry A. The Æmilia Lanyer site is © Kari McBride. www-luminarium-org-7290 English Literature: Early 17th Century (1603-1660) Introduction | King James I | Sir Francis Bacon | Lancelot Andrewes John Donne | Ben Jonson | Sir Thomas Overbury | William Alabaster Joseph Hall | Thomas Middleton | Francis Beaumont | John Fletcher Thomas Dekker | William Rowley | Thomas Heywood | Philip Massinger John Webster | Lady Mary Wroth | John Marston | Sir Thomas Browne John Ford | James Shirley | Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle Edward Herbert | George Herbert | Henry Vaughan | Abraham Cowley Robert Herrick | Thomas Carew | Sir John Suckling | Richard Lovelace Richard Crashaw | Edmund Waller | Francis Quarles | Mildmay Fane John Milton | Andrew Marvell | Sir Isaac Newton | Thomas Hobbes Katherine Philips | Dorothy Osborne | Metaphysical Poets | Cavalier Poets English Renaissance Drama | Religious Writers | Essays | Resources "Introduction" copyright ©1998 W. Art: Willem Buytewech. Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest. www-luminarium-org-745 English Literature: Restoration and 18th-Century (1660-1785) Introduction | Samuel Butler | John Dryden | Samuel Pepys | John Bunyan | Aphra Behn John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester | Anne Kingsmill Finch, Countess of Winchilsea | Mary Astell William Congreve | Matthew Prior | Daniel Defoe | John Gay | Lady Mary Wortley Montagu Jonathan Swift | Joseph Addison | Sir Richard Steele | James Thomson | Alexander Pope Dr. Samuel Johnson | Thomas Gray | William Collins | Christopher Smart | Oliver Goldsmith George Crabbe | William Cowper | James Boswell | Essays and Articles | Additional Sources 1996-2011 Anniina Jokinen. All Rights Reserved. Created May 10, 2002. Last updated August 21, 2011. "Introduction" is copyright © 1998, W. W. Norton & Company; it is a link to Norton Topics Online. Art: Caesar van Everdingen: The Four Muses with Pegasus, c. Huis ten Bosch, The Hague. www-luminarium-org-7718 Anthology of Middle English Literature (1350-1485) Geoffrey Chaucer | John Gower | Sir Gawain and the Green Knight | William Langland and Piers Plowman Julian of Norwich | Margery Kempe | Thomas Malory | John Lydgate | Thomas Hoccleve | Paston Letters Everyman | Medieval Plays | Middle English Lyrics | Essays and Articles | Additional Medieval Sources Copyright ©1996-2017 Anniina Jokinen. All Rights Reserved. Created on March 19, 1996 by Anniina Jokinen. Last updated on July 10, 2017. Art: Giotto, The Dream of Joachim, 1304-6, Fresco. Cappella Scrovegni, Padua, Italy. www-mediawiki-org-3401 Follow the tutorial to get started with the API, available on all MediaWiki wikis, and other APIs for content and Wikidata. 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About MediaWiki.org About MediaWiki.org About MediaWiki.org www-musicals101-com-823 The Gilbert & Sullivan Story: Part III The Gilbert & Sullivan Story: Part III D''Oyly Carte Company''s 1936 film version of The Mikado, with Martyn The Mikado (1885 672 performances London) reflected an D''Oyly Carte company to give several private performances of this hit, These performances confirmed the new respectability Gilbert and Sullivan had just when it seemed Gilbert and Sullivan''s collaboration was at its peak, it Utopia Limited (1893 245 performances London) made fun of Britain''s attempts to and popularity in the new century, writing plays and musical librettos, receiving Morley as Gilbert and Maurice Evans as Sullivan in the British screen bio The Gilbert & Sullivan Story. Thanks in large part to the works of Gilbert and Sullivan, the British public''s production rights to all the Gilbert & Sullivan operettas through the Gilbert & Sullivan 101 Gilbert & Sullivan 101 Gilbert & Sullivan 101 www-newadvent-org-6135 It is generally admitted that long before the end of the second century, Latin translations, though rude and defective, of Tobias, I and II Machabees, and Baruch were in use and that towards the close of the same period, there existed at least one version of the whole Bible, based on the Septuagint and on Greek manuscripts of the New Testament. Guided by old Greek manuscripts, he corrected its mistakes and emended such translations as affected the true sense of the Gospels, and probably followed the same method in revising all the books of the New Testament, which he put forth at Rome about 383. In the earliest years of Christianity, a Syriac version of the Old Testament made directly from the Hebrew text was employed in the Syrian Church, but in the seventh century, Paul, Bishop of Tella, gave the Monophysites a translation (617) from the Septuagint. www-stagebeauty-net-4455 www-vcu-edu-1100 For many years, this period and these writers were known as the American Renaissance, a coin termed by F.O. Matthiessen limitations, especially in terms of defining the "canon" of literary these writers struggled to understand what "American" could possibly mean, especially in terms of a literature which was distinctively American developed its own character, especially as these writers tried self-consciously was it in American culture and British influences that led to the living as a writer, although it was difficult and limited, making values and inequities of American society. especially Emerson, were looking for new spiritual roots, personally They sought to creative a distinctive American literary Renaissance writers: Poe, Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, and It is hard to understand any writer in this period without seeing context to which these writers responded and reacted as they explored seeing how the different works and writers explore the major aspects on American Romanticism www-victorianweb-org-1573 Arthur Hugh Clough — A Brief Biography Arthur Hugh Clough — A Brief Biography [Victorian Web Home —> Arthur Hugh Clough] rthur Hugh Clough (pronounced "cluff"), a fine poet whose experiments in time, was born the first day of 1819 to James and Ann (Perfect) Clough in English school, and in 1829 he entered Rugby, perhaps the most important The next few years are among the most important both in Clough''s life and in Clough rapidly became a favorite of Dr. Arnold, who in turn became a surrogate father, since Clough''s parents were still in America. His years at Oxford''s best college, competition for a Balliol Fellowship but won another the following year at Clough was pulled both ways. Fellowship beyond the next year he would have to be ordained in the Church of England and would have to sign the Thirty-Nine English at University College. Clough''s headstone in Florence Clough www-victorianweb-org-417 What is the Victorian Web? What countries does the Victorian Web discuss? Can I use materials from The Victorian Web? Which browsers work best with this site? Are the articles on this site refereed? How do I cite The Victorian Web? Directions for contributors Contact Web Awards Credits Search the site BioGraphy Religion Works Science Political Social History History Genre & Style Literary Relations Matthew Arnold Matthew Arnold Visual Arts Thomas Arnold Image & Symbol Theme & Subject Setting Resources Authors Victorian Web Web www-wikidata-org-5130 English literature Wikidata Jump to navigation Jump to search literary works written in the English language literary works written in the English language English studies Small Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary Jewish Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron English-language literature English-language literature English-language literature English Wikipedia topic''s main category Category:English-language literature Dewey Decimal Classification Library of Congress Classification Universal Decimal Classification Brockhaus Enzyklopädie online ID art/English-literature Freebase Data Dumps Wikipedia(68 entries) Anglická literatura Literatura en lengua inglesa Ingelesezko literatura Literatura en lingua inglesa Literatura angielska Literatura inglesa Literatura engleză English literature English literature English literature English literature English literature انگریزی ادب Literatura Ingles Wikibooks(2 entries) Guide to English Literature Wikinews(0 entries) Wikiquote(0 entries) Wikisource(0 entries) Wikiversity(0 entries) Wikivoyage(0 entries) Wiktionary(0 entries) Navigation Main page Create a new Item Create a new Lexeme This page was last edited on 18 January 2021, at 02:08. Data access www-wikidata-org-7200 English literature Wikidata Jump to navigation Jump to search literary works written in the English language literary works written in the English language English studies Small Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary Jewish Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron English-language literature English-language literature English-language literature English Wikipedia topic''s main category Category:English-language literature Dewey Decimal Classification Library of Congress Classification Universal Decimal Classification Brockhaus Enzyklopädie online ID art/English-literature Freebase Data Dumps Wikipedia(68 entries) Anglická literatura Literatura en lengua inglesa Ingelesezko literatura Literatura en lingua inglesa Literatura angielska Literatura inglesa Literatura engleză English literature English literature English literature English literature English literature انگریزی ادب Literatura Ingles Wikibooks(2 entries) Guide to English Literature Wikinews(0 entries) Wikiquote(0 entries) Wikisource(0 entries) Wikiversity(0 entries) Wikivoyage(0 entries) Wiktionary(0 entries) Navigation Main page Create a new Item Create a new Lexeme This page was last edited on 18 January 2021, at 02:08. 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The Wikimedia Foundation will handle your personal information in accordance with this site''s privacy policy. Questions about the Wikimedia Foundation or our projects? Wikimedia projects www-worldcat-org-6061 The reader''s encyclopedia of world drama (Book, 1969) [WorldCat.org] Search for Library Items Create lists, bibliographies and reviews: The E-mail Address(es) field is required. The E-mail Address(es) you entered is(are) not in a valid format. The E-mail message field is required. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/249158675 Would you also like to submit a review for this item? http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/oclc\/249158675> # The reader\''s encyclopedia of world drama \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0schema:about http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/354265627#Topic\/drama_encyclopedias> ; # Drama--Encyclopedias \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0schema:contributor http:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/111070186> ; # Edward Quinn \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0schema:creator http:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/56739027> ; # John Gassner \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0schema:exampleOfWork http:\/\/worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/id\/354265627> ; \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0schema:isPartOf http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/354265627#Series\/a_crowell_reference_book> ; # A Crowell reference book \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0schema:name \"The reader\''s encyclopedia of world drama\" ; \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0schema:publication http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/-\/oclc\/249158675#PublicationEvent\/new_yorkcrowell1969> ; \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0schema:publisher http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/354265627#Agent\/crowell> ; # Crowell \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0wdrs:describedby http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/-\/oclc\/249158675> ; http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/354265627#Agent\/crowell> # Crowell http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/354265627#Series\/a_crowell_reference_book> # A Crowell reference book \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0schema:hasPart http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/oclc\/249158675> ; # The reader\''s encyclopedia of world drama \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0schema:name \"A Crowell reference book\" ; http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/354265627#Topic\/drama_encyclopedias> # Drama--Encyclopedias http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/-\/oclc\/249158675> \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0schema:about http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/oclc\/249158675> ; # The reader\''s encyclopedia of world drama http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/-\/oclc\/249158675#PublicationEvent\/new_yorkcrowell1969> \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0schema:organizer http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/354265627#Agent\/crowell> ; # Crowell www-worldcat-org-7818 Iron Age myth and materiality : an archaeology of Scandinavia, AD 400-1000 (Book, 2011) [WorldCat.org] http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/oclc\/666403125> # Iron Age myth and materiality : an archaeology of Scandinavia, AD 400-1000 \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0schema:about http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/860249892#Topic\/cosmology_history_to_1500> ; # Cosmology--History--To 1500 \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0schema:about http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/860249892#Place\/scandinavia> ; # Scandinavia \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0schema:about http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/860249892#Topic\/iron_age_scandinavia> ; # Iron age--Scandinavia \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0schema:about http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/860249892#Topic\/fornnordisk_mytologi> ; # Fornnordisk mytologi \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0schema:about http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/860249892#Topic\/jarnaldern_skandinavien> ; # J\u00E4rn\u00E5ldern--Skandinavien \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0schema:about http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/860249892#Topic\/sachkultur> ; # Sachkultur \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0schema:about http:\/\/id.worldcat.org\/fast\/1031869> ; # Mythology, Norse \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0schema:about http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/860249892#Place\/skandinavien> ; # Skandinavien. \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0schema:about http:\/\/id.worldcat.org\/fast\/1242804> ; # Scandinavia. \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0schema:about http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/860249892#Event\/to_1500> ; # To 1500 \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0schema:about http:\/\/id.worldcat.org\/fast\/1045226> ; # Old Norse literature \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0schema:about http:\/\/id.worldcat.org\/fast\/979145> ; # Iron age \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0schema:about http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/860249892#Topic\/mythologie> ; # Mythologie \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0schema:about http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/860249892#Topic\/oral_tradition_scandinavia_history_to_1500> ; # Oral tradition--Scandinavia--History--To 1500 \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0schema:about http:\/\/id.worldcat.org\/fast\/1011739> ; # Material culture \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0schema:about http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/860249892#Topic\/material_culture_scandinavia_history_to_1500> ; # Material culture--Scandinavia--History--To 1500 \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0schema:publisher http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/860249892#Agent\/routledge> ; # Routledge \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0schema:about http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/oclc\/666403125> ; # Iron Age myth and materiality : an archaeology of Scandinavia, AD 400-1000 zh-wikipedia-org-6257 英語文學 维基百科，自由的百科全书 维基百科，自由的百科全书 跳到导航 跳到搜索 此條目需要补充更多来源。 (2015年4月8日) 请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目，无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而移除。 英語文學（英語：English literature）指英語寫成的文學作品，作者不一定是來自英格蘭。如约瑟夫·康拉德是波蘭人，羅伯特·伯恩斯是蘇格蘭人。詹姆斯·喬伊斯來自愛爾蘭，愛倫·坡來自美國，薩爾曼·魯西迪來自印度等。在學術界，"英語文學"經常都在致力於"英語研究"的部門或項目中進行分析與批評。原因在於英格蘭的前殖民地都發展出了自己的英語文學，這些地方所使用的英語互相也有區別。所以英語文學隨著英語在世界上的變化而發展出了形形色色的分支。 美國文學中的英語作品可以算作英語文學的一部分，但通常是按一個獨立的重要學科處理；愛爾蘭文學也是如此（但本文涉及在英國活躍的愛爾蘭文學家）。而英國文學和英語文學雖然重複的部分很多，但包括來自大不列顛其他地區和語言的文學，所以是兩個不同的概念。 古代文學[编辑] 古代文學[编辑] 《貝奧武夫》第一頁 威爾士和羅馬時期留下來的遺產，幾乎被低地日耳曼民族（隨後是斯堪的納維亞人）的入侵徹底摧毀，所以直到中世紀早期才出現第一批英語文學。當時使用的語言是各種盎格魯薩克遜方言，其中得到普遍承認的最早的"英語"文本是卡德蒙的讚美詩（Cædmon''s hymn）。早期不列顛文化中，口頭傳唱的傳統非常盛行，大多數文學作品寫出來就是為表演用的。史詩很受歡迎，但是只有一首《貝奧武夫》流傳到了後世，現在已經視作盎格魯薩克遜人的民族史詩。 現存的手稿中，很多盎格魯薩克遜語詩句可能是從大陸上的早期維京或日耳曼戰爭詩歌"弱化"改編而來，不過當時的那些方言卻和今天的挪威語甚至冰島語非常相近。這類詩歌傳入英格蘭時，仍然是遵循口頭繼承的傳統，輔音押頭韻的大量存在也幫助了盎格魯薩克遜民族記憶這些詩歌。這種韻律是日耳曼語族的一個特點，不同於羅曼語族的元音押尾韻。但當坎特伯雷的聖奧古斯丁和其門徒建立早期的基督教修道院時，書面文學才正式登場；而且很可能為了照顧基督教讀者而對這些文學進行了改編。 抛開比較原始的詩句外，維京戰爭詩歌仍然充滿了血腥和仇恨，詩中頻繁的押韻描繪出在陰霾的天空下刀光劍影的畫面，總是留給讀者一種危險就在眼前的感覺。沒有事物能夠永垂不朽，貝奧武甫罄盡一生與怪獸戰鬥，但最終死在它手中。這種世事無常、繁花開盡終有時的悲哀滲透進了基督教，極大程度上影響了英語文學未來的發展。例如，何處是（ubi sunt）的主題反復出現在《哈姆雷特》中，很多詹姆士一世時期的詩歌更是極其明顯。除去復辟時期和新古典主義時期的文學相對輕鬆樂觀外，憂鬱與焦慮的主題受到英語作家廣泛的偏愛，從哥特小說、前浪漫主義一直到近代浪漫主義的誕生都彌漫著這種情緒。 另外古代英語詩歌可以大體分為兩類：宗教詩和世俗詩。 中世紀文學[编辑] 中世紀文學[编辑] 威廉一世1066年征服英格蘭後，也帶來了諾曼語，不過古英語詩歌仍然繼續傳播，古英語也仍在廣泛使用。13世紀早期英格蘭獨立後，英語才真正開始轉變。隨著諾曼人進入主流文化，法語也滲入社會下層，改變了很多古英語的語法和辭彙。雖然英語並沒有轉變成羅曼語言，不過喬叟的英語比之前一個世紀的英語要貼近今日很多。一般英語使用者讀喬叟的作品（中古英語）是有困難的，但仍能領會大意；讀《貝奧武夫》就必須要用近現代譯本了。 中世紀末期（1200－1500），騎士愛情的主題進入英格蘭，作家們開始書寫浪漫作品，形式有韻文或散文等。最著名的作品是亞瑟王的故事。詩歌《高文爵士與綠騎士》就包含了當時文學的很多重要特徵：亞瑟王時期的背景、俠義騎士的行為舉止和宗教寓意等。 此時期的英語戲劇非常宗教化。城鎮中上演神秘劇（mystery plays）慶祝主要的宗教節日，相對不太正式的面具啞劇（Mummers play）也傳達著基督教的思想。 英格蘭文學史上第一位大作家是傑弗瑞·喬叟（1340-1400）。他使用中古英語寫作，最著名的作品為《坎特伯里故事集》，是一群去坎特伯里的朝聖者在旅途中各自講述的故事，敍述形式迥異。值得注意的是，這些人來自社會的不同階層，因此他們所使用的語言和故事的内容也是形形色色。雖然喬叟是英語作家，他也受到了歐洲文學發展的啓發，特別是義大利。《坎特伯雷故事集》深受薄伽丘的《十日談》的影響。文藝復興已經逐漸向不列顛傳來。 文藝復興[编辑] 文藝復興[编辑] 参见：英國文藝復興 1476年印刷家威廉·卡克斯頓將印刷機引入英格蘭後，白話文學開始蓬勃發展。宗教改革帶來了白話文的禮拜儀式，最終產生了《公禱書》，對英語文學造成了深遠的影響。英語文學的文藝復興一直延伸至17世紀中葉查理二世復辟為止，在戲劇、詩歌等方面產生了莎士比亞、马洛、斯賓塞、瓊森等一批聞名世界的文學大師。 伊麗莎白時期[编辑] 伊麗莎白時期[编辑] 伊麗莎白時期（伊麗莎白一世於1558年至1603年在位）的英格蘭社會從幾近分裂的混亂狀態逐漸發展到富有強大，因此稱作英格蘭歷史上的"黃金時代"。英語文學也是盛極一時，尤其是在戲劇方面。 義大利文藝復興重新發現了古希臘羅馬戲劇，開始與傳統的中世紀神秘劇漸行漸遠。意大利劇作家尤其對塞內卡（Seneca）感興趣，他是古羅馬時代有名的悲劇作家和哲学家，是尼祿和普勞圖斯的導師。不過，意大利悲劇有一點和塞内卡的理論不同：允許在舞臺上展現血腥與暴力；在塞内卡的戲劇中此類場景都是通過角色敍述出來的。英格蘭的劇作家對意大利戲劇產生了濃厚興趣，當時一大群意大利演員在倫敦定居下來。喬凡尼·傅羅瑞將很多意大利辭彙和意大利文化介紹進英國。伊麗莎白時代動蕩不安，意大利多起政治暗殺使民衆對教廷的恐懼有增無減。所以，將這種暴力呈現在舞臺上，對伊麗莎白時代的英格蘭觀衆來講更有感情淨化宣洩的作用。 莎士比亞便出現在這個時期。他借鑑早期伊麗莎白戲劇的傳統，創作出了至今仍沒有其他英語戲劇能夠超越的鉅作。雖然他作為詩人和劇作家出名，但本身並不是從事文學職業，可能接受的正式教育也不多。當時律師、貴族等"大學才子"（university wits）壟斷了英語舞臺，他不屬於其中任何一類，但極有天賦，多才多藝。莎士比亞在成為詩人之前也做過演員，在戲劇之外的工作也讓他有很強的優勢。他的作品很少單調，因為面對的觀衆群很廣，各個階層的人都能從中找到感興趣的東西。雖然很多戲劇都比較成功，但他在晚期（詹姆士一世統治早期）才寫出自己最高峰的作品：《哈姆雷特》、《李爾王》、《馬克白》、《終成眷屬》（All''s Well that ends well ）、《暴風雨》等。莎士比亞的辭彙量大得驚人，後世的英國作者們都多多少少受到他藝術上或語言上的影響。 伊麗莎白戲劇領域其他著名人物有克利斯托夫·馬洛（1564-1593）、托馬斯·德克、约翰·弗莱彻和弗朗西斯·博蒙等。20世紀小說家和評論家安東尼·伯吉斯認為，如果馬洛不是29歲時在酒館鬥毆中被捅死，憑藉他的才華能夠與莎士比亞一爭高下。馬洛只比莎士比亞晚幾個星期出生，因此應該對他非常熟悉。但馬洛的戲劇主題不同，著重強調文藝復興文人的道德問題。他對近代科學的發展帶來的新事物既着迷又恐懼。戲劇《浮士德博士》（Doctor Faustus）中借鑑了德國的傳説，講述了一位科學家和魔法師浮士德博士為渴求科技與魔鬼定下契約的故事。馬洛本人的生活非常放浪，不過很多人懷疑這只是掩蓋，他其實是伊麗莎白一世的密探；他的死是王室的敵人預先策劃的。馬洛作品使無韻體詩文更加完善，將活力和宏偉加入其中，誇張法也是他常用的手段之一。 博蒙特和弗萊徹雖沒有馬洛出名，但在當時也受歡迎。學界普遍認為他們幫助了莎士比亞完成了一些巔峰時期的作品。"城市喜劇"的形式也在這個時期得以發展。 16世紀末期，英語詩歌的特點是語言複雜精美，有海量對古希臘羅馬神話的引用典故。這段時期最著名的詩人包括埃德蒙·斯宾塞和菲利普·錫德尼爵士（Sir Philip Sidney）。斯賓塞的名作有《仙后》（The Faerie Queene），由於他的詩韻律精美，也被稱為"詩人中的詩人"。 除戲劇外，莎士比亞也通過改編彼特拉克的模式創造出英語的十四行詩。十四行詩由外交官和詩人托馬斯·懷亞特在16世紀早期引入英國。隨著印刷文學進入尋常百姓家庭，用於譜曲的詩歌也流行起來。 詹姆士一世時期[编辑] 詹姆士一世時期[编辑] 詹姆士一世於1603年至1625年在位，這段期間內英國的建築、藝術、文學都獨具特色。 除去莎士比亞外，17世紀早期的主要詩人包括約翰·多恩和其他玄學派詩人。受到歐陸巴洛克風格的影響，同時選用基督教神祕主義和情色主題，玄學詩歌運用圓規、跳蚤等新奇的或"沒有詩感"的物體來達到驚奇的效果。詩中體現出來的恐懼和焦慮也象徵著近代地理科學發現對傳統思想的衝擊。鄧恩的代表集是《歌與十四行詩》（Songs and Sonnets），他的詩體現出來的内容和感受非常現實，並沒有太強的詩化色彩。 如上所述，莎士比亞藝術成就最高的作品都是在此時期完成。他死後，詩人和劇作家本·琼森在這個時代最為著名。不過，琼森的審美觀事傾向於中世紀的，而不是都鐸王朝。他筆下的角色都遵循著舊時的"體液理論"。琼森強調四元素的不同造成了人的行為差異，創造出已經有些陳詞濫調的形象；而莎士比亞早已轉向了近代心理學。但琼森對文體的掌握得心應手，也是個出色的諷刺大師。他寫的《狐坡尼》（Volpone）就講述了一群騙子被另一個騙子高手戲耍的故事，表達了善惡有報的主題。 其他與瓊森風格相近的作家有博蒙和弗萊徹。他們兩人合作也創作出精彩的喜劇《燒火杵之王》（The Knight of the Burning Pestle），對新生的中產階級和暴發戶進行了諷刺。兩個人作品的主要價值之一在於，他們描繪了封建制度和騎士精神早已經變成了勢利的象徵，而新興的社會階層正在逐漸昇起。 這個時期内，"復仇戲劇"（revenge play）也很流行，主要人物是約翰·韋伯斯特（John Webster）和托馬斯·基德。喬治·查普曼（George Chapman）也寫了兩篇復仇悲劇，但他主要的貢獻是翻譯了《荷馬史詩》。譯本對其後所有的英語文學產生了極大的影響（後世的济慈也是受到了荷馬史詩的啓發才寫出了很多著名的詩篇）。 詹姆士一世的英皇欽定本《聖經》是當時英國歷史上最大的翻譯工程之一，1604年開始，1611年結束。從威廉·丁道爾開始，一直有人致力於將《聖經》翻譯為英文，發展到這時達到了頂峰。英皇欽定本成為英国国教（聖公會）的標準版本，也是英語文學史上最著名的作品之一。詹姆士一世親自領導這個項目，監督下屬的四十七位學者。1970年後完成了一部更準確的譯本，其後也出現很多版本；不過相比較而言詹姆士一世的詩句最為出色，格律模仿了希伯來語原文的韻文。 培根是這時期另一位散文家，在文學上的代表作有文筆優美的《散文集》。 查理一世時期[编辑] 查理一世時期[编辑] 查理一世於1625年至1649年在位，期間國王和議會衝突不斷，最終爆發英国内战。保王黨詩人（Cavalier poets）的作品是這個時期比較有名的文學。這些詩人是在英国内战中支持查理一世的一派，包括琼森等。 共和與護國政體時期[编辑] 共和與護國政體時期[编辑] 1649年至1660年为共和時期，中間（1653年－1659年）則穿插著護國政體時期。這段時間清教統治者嚴禁公開的戲劇表演，給英語戲劇的發展造成沉重打擊。 约翰·弥尔顿在这个时期很活跃，著名散文有《論岀版自由》等。 玄學詩人安德魯·馬維爾在這段動蕩的時期内也很有名。 日記作家約翰·伊夫林和薩繆爾·佩皮斯也描繪出了當時的文化與社會景觀。 新古典主義文學[编辑] 新古典主義文學[编辑] 英語文學的新古典主義時期，從1660年查理二世復辟起，到1798年浪漫主義宣言《抒情民謠集》岀現結束。18世纪的英格蘭受到法國起源的启蒙运动影響，稱作"啓蒙時代"或"理性時代"。詩歌風格非常古典；現實風格的小說十分流行；哥特式小說也很有市場；到18世紀末時，感傷主義小說也逐漸興起，最終由浪漫主義取代繼承。 復辟時期[编辑] 復辟時期[编辑] 查理二世於1660年（實際）至1685年在位（復辟時期則一般延伸至1689年）。其間詩歌、戲劇、散文等體裁的分段時間並不相同，但大體都於17世紀末期結束。 允許劇院重新開張後，出現了"復辟喜劇"形式，對新貴族和崛起的資產階級進行諷刺。前一代人的社會動蕩不安，隨之引發社會人群大規模的階層流動，這些都為"禮俗喜劇"（comedy of manners，也譯作世態喜劇、社會風情喜劇等）提供了素材。第一位職業女性英語小說家、劇作家阿芙拉·班就出現在這個時期。愛爾蘭岀生的威廉·康格里夫也是復辟喜劇最有名的劇作家之一。 散文、小說[编辑] 散文、小說[编辑] 約翰·本揚創作了英語文學中最著名的宗教寓言故事《天路歷程》，風格借鑑自英文《聖經》，筆法具體詳細又十分生動，即使是社會最底層的民衆也能夠閱讀。全篇貫穿著"生命即旅程"的主題。 约翰·弥尔顿在1667年出版經典的宗教史詩《失乐园》，在強調自由意志和選擇的基調上講述了聖經中人類墮落的故事；除此之外還著有《復樂園》和《力士參孫》。 約翰·德萊頓也是有名的詩人、文學批評家和剧作家。他最高成就在諷刺詩方面，押韻偶句也十分出色。他的詩歌被蒲柏和約翰遜等人借鑑，在18世紀的影響很大。 奧古斯都時期[编辑] 奧古斯都時期[编辑] 在當代文學批評界的時間劃分中，英語文學的奧古斯都時期（Augustan Age）大體岀現在1700年至1760年左右（有人認為可以延伸到1789年），其間在位的君主有安妮女王、乔治一世和乔治二世（或加上乔治三世）。這段時期英語小說迅猛成長，諷刺文學遍地開花，戲劇從偏重於政治转向通俗的情節劇。當時資本主義蓬勃發展、重商主義成為一門正式的價值体系，貿易經濟深入人心，哲学上经验主义占据主导地位。 不少詩人很大程度上受到古拉丁文學的啓發，體裁極為正式，在亞歷山大·蒲柏的作品中能清晰體現岀來。蒲柏本人堅定支持新古典主義的發展，他認為當時社會的現存体制已經很理想，但也非對道德、文化的急速淪喪視而不見。他的代表作有《秀髮劫》（或《奪髮記》）、《論人》、《論批評》和《笨伯詠》等，也翻譯了《奧德賽》和《伊利亞特》。 托馬斯·格雷1751年寫成《墓園挽歌》（或《鄉村墓園挽歌》、《挽歌辭》等）是英語文學中最著名的挽歌之一。格雷寫作十分謹慎、極為斟酌用詞，注重形式和詩句的完美。詩歌外觀精美，詩意複雜間接，人工雕琢的跡象十分明顯。當時很多人都屬於這一派，稱作墓園詩人（有時候也叫"前浪漫主義詩人"），抒發著憂鬱的情緒和對自然的熱愛。 英語小說直到18世紀才開始廣泛流行。到18世紀中葉時，經過知名作者的努力，小說形式已經完全鞏固了地位。 丹尼爾·笛福的《魯濱遜漂流記》出版於1719年，在當時非常流行。魯濱遜象徵著當時英國社會典型的中產階級形象：大英帝國的建設者，先鋒殖民者，辛勤勞動和清教堅忍性格的化身。 喬納森·斯威夫特的經典諷刺小說《格列佛遊記》出版於1726年，其中的"小人國"也已經成為兒童文學的一部分。但原書的主要目的在於諷刺當時英國社會和政府中各種荒誕可笑的現象，小說中其他三個國家，尤其是"天空之城"犀利揭露了人類社會的弊病和惡習。 亨利·菲爾丁的《湯姆·瓊斯》完成於1749年，對人性善惡有深刻的描繪。菲爾丁認為，小說的目的不應該只有娛樂，也要指導讀者，要通過真實描寫現實生活來幫助人們更加清晰地認識自我。他試圖保留古典作品中的史詩風格，同時又忠於現實。語言輕鬆親切、惟妙惟肖；詞句邏輯性很強，也很有韻律；作品的整體構架也經過精心的設計。 勞倫斯·斯特恩的《項狄傳》創作於1760-1770年中，風靡全歐。書中所用的風格是後世意識流作品的前身。 偏愛書信体小說的塞繆爾·理查遜在1740年出版了《帕蜜拉》，1748年出版了《克拉麗莎》。他的作品十分注重宣揚當時的正統道德觀，尤其是最有名的這兩本都是在講述婦女的貞操品行。理查遜在當時也是很有名的小說家，作品影響到了盧梭、歌德、珍·奧斯汀等人。 托比亚斯·斯摩莱特是蘇格蘭的小說家，他的作品對後世的狄更斯影響很深。 愛爾蘭劇作家理查·布林斯利·謝瑞登的經典之作是1777年的《醜聞學校》（或《造謠學校》），文學界認為此劇是英語"禮俗喜劇"的巔峰之作之一。他的戲劇經常強調人類的道德性。 當時同樣出名的劇作家還有愛爾蘭的奧利佛·戈德史密斯，他最著名的作品是《屈身求愛》。 撒姆爾·约翰逊1755年完成了第一部英格蘭人寫成的英語字典。除此之外，他還是有名的文學批評家、詩人、散文家、傳記作家等。他非常著重人類願望的虛榮性，在文學創作上標準相對保守，強調作者應該領會普世的真理。 浪漫主義文學[编辑] 浪漫主義文學[编辑] 蒸氣機的運用使英格蘭城鄉發生翻天覆地的變化，工業化使城鎮擴大，圈地運動和農場私有化使鄉村人口迅速減少。很多失去土地的貧農湧進城市到工廠裏工作。五個詞的含義改變：industry（工業，曾指創新）、democracy（民主，曾是貶義詞，指暴民統治）、class（帶上了階級含義）、art（藝術，原來的意思只有工藝、手藝）和culture（文化，原來只和務農有關）。與此相反，工人們的慘境、新生的階級衝突和環境污染使人們對都市化和工業化產生了厭煩情緒，促使文學家轉而重新去發現大自然的美麗和價值。人們將大地母親視做唯一的智慧源泉，機器帶來的醜陋只有大自然才能夠將其化解。法國啓蒙思想家盧梭十分強調自然和本能相對文明的優越性，這種思想很快就為幾乎所有歐洲詩人接受。 英語文學的浪漫主義時期一般认为從1798年《抒情民謠集》發表正式開始（之前有几位先驱），到1832年司各特爵士辭世和改革法案（Reform Act 1832）通過結束。当时在位的君主有乔治三世、乔治四世，还可以算上威廉四世。 威廉·布莱克和羅伯特·彭斯。 湖畔派詩人[编辑] 湖畔派詩人[编辑] 英格蘭首先出現的浪漫主義文人是湖畔派詩人等一小群友人，包括騷塞、华兹华斯和柯勒律治等。他們為文學界注入了新鮮的情感主義和内省的理念；英語文學中第一部浪漫主义宣言就出現在《抒情民謠集》的前言中。這部集子大部分都是華茲華斯的功勞，柯勒律治也貢獻了著名的《古舟子詠》。不過兩人對浪漫主義的理解大相逕庭：柯勒律治努力要把超自然的事物現實化（就像今日的科幻電影中運用特殊效果讓不可能成為可能一樣）；華茲華斯則希望通過描繪現實生活中的真實人物或湖區的自然風光來使讀者自己進行豐富的想象。 積極浪漫主義[编辑] 積極浪漫主義[编辑] "第二代"浪漫主義詩人包括拜倫、雪莱、玛丽·雪莱和济慈等，和第一批湖畔詩人描寫田園風光不同，他們的作品鮮明體現岀對抗傳統的戰鬥性。 拜伦受19世紀諷刺文學的影響很深，在這幾人當中是最"不浪漫主义"的。他生活方式風流放蕩，對上流社會外表虛偽内在淫亂表達著極端的不滿。第一次去歐洲旅行後，他寫下了《海羅德公子遊記》的前兩詩章，以模擬英雄史詩般的嘲弄手法講述了一位年輕公子在歐洲的遊歷，同時也對英國社會進行了極其尖銳的諷刺。雖然此詩和另兩篇《異教徒》和《海盜》的岀版帶來了巨大成功，但英國國内盛傳他和異母姐姐亂倫，迫使他離開英格蘭去歐陸避難。1816年，他在日内瓦湖畔結識了雪萊夫婦和雪萊的助手約翰·波李道利。雖然波李道利著名的作品只有一篇短篇小說，但這篇引進英語文學的《吸血鬼》值得一提。 雪莱和拜倫十分相像：也是富裕貴族出身，信奉无神论和自由思想，迫於性醜聞逃離英格蘭。他先是因為無神論從大學趕了出來，後是因為支持愛爾蘭獨立從英格蘭趕了出來。之前娶過一位16歲少女哈莉特·維斯布魯克，但很快就抛棄了對方選擇了瑪麗（哈莉特隨後自殺）。哈莉特不同意他對自由戀愛和无政府主义的理想，也沒有受過足夠的教育能夠與他文學辯論。雪萊的代表作是《西風頌》，儘管他聲稱絕不相信有神的存在，但普遍認為這首詩是對泛神論的致敬，承認了大自然中的精神存在。 玛丽·雪莱是哲學家、革命家威廉·高德溫的女兒，與雪萊興趣相投，自己也是一位詩人。和已故的母親瑪麗·沃斯通克拉夫特一樣都是女權主義者。瑪麗不是因為詩歌出名，而是作為科幻小說之母廣為人知。科學怪人的故事提前預計了今天的器官移植、組織再生等技術，也提出了今天仍在困擾人類的道德倫理問題。但這個故事同樣也很富有浪漫主義氣息：雖然"怪物"聰明善良，但因為周圍人對他的恐懼和他本人的絕望使其終于淪為殺人的機器。 约翰·济慈可能不是很同意拜倫和雪萊的極端革命理念，不過他對泛神論的崇拜和雪萊一樣十分重要。濟慈對古希腊的事物很感興趣，他對藝術的強調尤其體現在《希臘古甕詠》中，這種情感為浪漫主義帶來一股清新的空氣，後來也啓發了沃特·佩特和奧斯卡·王爾德等人為藝術而藝術的理念。 維多利亞時代[编辑] 維多利亞時代[编辑] 20世紀初期[编辑] 兩次世界大戰[编辑] 二戰後[编辑] 英语文学奖[编辑] 外部連結[编辑] 取自"https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=英語文學&oldid=56839789" 英語文學 英語文學 English Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Simple English zh-yue-wikipedia-org-9820 英文文學 維基百科，自由嘅百科全書 英文文學 出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書 跳去導覽 跳去搵嘢 英文文學（English literature）泛指用英文寫嘅文學作品。 呢篇英文文學係楔位文，仲未搞掂嘅。歡迎幫手充實！ 由「https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=英文文學&oldid=1475954」收 屬於1類: 英文文學 屬於1隱類: 楔位文章 導覽選單 個人架生 未簽到 同呢個互聯網地址嘅匿名人傾偈 開戶口 空間名 睇返紀錄 時人時事 是但一版 聯絡處 捐畀維基百科 說明書 城市論壇 社區大堂 最近修改 有乜連過嚟 連結頁嘅更改 上載檔案 專門版 固定連結 此版明細 引用呢篇文 維基數據項 下載PDF 印得嘅版本 第啲維基項目 維基同享 第啲話 العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Български भोजपुरी বাংলা Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Français Frysk Galego ગુજરાતી עברית हिन्दी Hrvatski Magyar Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Қазақша ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 Latina Lingua Franca Nova Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski پنجابی Português Română Русский سنڌي Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் Tagalog Türkçe Татарча/tatarça Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 呢版上次改係2020年8月16號 (禮拜日) 11:47 嘅事。 呢度嘅所有文字係根據Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike 牌照嘅條款發佈；可能會有附加嘅條款。 Wikipedia® 係Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 嘅註冊商標，一個非牟利機構。 私隱政策 關於維基百科 關於維基百科 免責聲明 手提版 開發人員 Statistics Cookie聲明