Robert Bolt - Wikipedia Robert Bolt From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Robert Bolt" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Robert Bolt Born (1924-08-15)15 August 1924 Sale, Cheshire, England, United Kingdom Died 21 February 1995(1995-02-21) (aged 70) Petersfield, Hampshire, England, United Kingdom Nationality British Notable works Screenplays Lawrence of Arabia (1962) Doctor Zhivago (1965) A Man for All Seasons (1966) The Mission (1986) Plays A Man for All Seasons (1960) Vivat! Vivat Regina! (1971) Spouse Celia Ann "Jo" Roberts (m. ?–1963, divorced) Sarah Miles (m. 1967–1976, divorced; m. 1988–1995, his death) Ann Queensberry (early 1980s, divorced) Children 4 Robert Oxton Bolt CBE (15 August 1924 – 21 February 1995) was an English playwright and a twice Oscar-winning screenwriter, known for writing the screenplays for Lawrence of Arabia, Doctor Zhivago, and A Man for All Seasons, the latter two of which won him the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. Contents 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Death 4 Honours 5 Works 5.1 Plays 5.2 Screenplays 6 Awards 6.1 Tony Awards 6.2 Screenplay awards 7 Filmography 8 Bibliography 9 References 10 External links Career[edit] He was born in Sale, Cheshire, to Methodist parents; his father owned a small furniture shop.[1] At Manchester Grammar School his affinity for Sir Thomas More first developed. After leaving school aged sixteen, he worked in an insurance office, which he disliked; after studying in the evening for five weeks he passed three A-levels and went on to attend the University of Manchester, from which, after a year, he undertook wartime service, initially as a pilot officer candidate in the RAF (air-sickness preventing him from continuing past training) from 1943 to 1946. He then served as an Army officer in West Africa until 1947, when he returned to the University of Manchester and spent three years completing his honours degree in History.[2] Following this, he took a teaching diploma from the University of Exeter.[3] For many years he taught English and history at Millfield School and only became a full-time writer at the age of 33 when his play The Flowering Cherry was staged in London in 1958, with Celia Johnson and Ralph Richardson. Although he was best known for his original play A Man for All Seasons – a depiction of Sir Thomas More's clash with King Henry VIII over his divorce from Catherine of Aragon – which won awards on the stage and in its film version, most of his writing was screenplays for films or television. Bolt was known for dramatic works that placed their protagonists in tension with the prevailing society. He won great renown for A Man for All Seasons, his first iteration of this theme, but he developed it in his existential script for Lawrence of Arabia (1962). In Lawrence, he succeeded where several before him had failed, at turning T. E. Lawrence's Seven Pillars of Wisdom into a cogent screenplay by turning the entire book on its head and making it a search for the identity of its author, presenting Lawrence as a misfit both in English and Arab society. It was at this time that Bolt himself fell foul of the law, and as part of the Committee of 100 was arrested and imprisoned for protesting against nuclear proliferation. He refused to be "bound over" (i.e., to sign a declaration that he would not engage in such activities again) and was sentenced to one month in prison because of this.[4] The producer of the Lawrence film, Sam Spiegel, persuaded Bolt to sign after he had served only two weeks. Bolt later regretted his actions, and did not speak to Spiegel again after the film was completed. Later, with Doctor Zhivago, he invested Boris Pasternak's novel with the characteristic Bolt sense of narrative and dialogue – human, short and telling. The Bounty was Bolt's first project after a stroke, which affected not only his movement, but his speech. In it, Fletcher Christian takes the "Lawrence" role of a man in tension with his society who in the process loses touch with his own identity. The Mission was Bolt's final film project, and once again represented his thematic preoccupations, this time with 18th-century Jesuits in South America. Bolt's final produced script was Political Animal, later made into the TV movie Without Warning: The James Brady Story (1991), about the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan and the struggles of his press secretary, James Brady, to recover from a near-fatal gunshot injury he received in the process. Bolt was initially reluctant to make the film, but after meeting Brady he felt he could relate to Brady's struggles with a cerebral injury; thus, a lot of his own experiences recovering from his stroke found their way into the script. Personal life[edit] Bolt was married four times, twice to British actress Sarah Miles. His first wife was Celia Ann "Jo" Roberts, by whom he had three children: Sally (died 1982), Ben, and Joanna.[5] They divorced in 1963. He was married to Miles from 1967 until 1976; Bolt had his fourth child, Thomas, with Miles. In the early 1980s, he had a short-lived third marriage, to the actress Ann Queensberry (former wife of David Douglas, 12th Marquess of Queensberry), before remarrying Sarah Miles in 1988, with whom he remained until his death in 1995.[6] After the war, Bolt joined the Communist Party of Great Britain, but he left it in the late 1960s after the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia.[7] Death[edit] Bolt suffered a heart attack and a stroke that left him paralysed in 1979. He died aged 70 in 1995, in Petersfield, Hampshire, England, following a long illness.[8] Honours[edit] Robert Bolt was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1972. Works[edit] Plays[edit] Bolt wrote several plays for BBC Radio in the '50s, as well as several unproduced plays, so this list is incomplete. Many of his early radio plays were for children, and only a few (see below) were adapted for the stage. The Last of the Wine (1955) – A play showcasing the reactions of ordinary Englishmen to the advent of nuclear armageddon, one of Bolt's pet political issues. One of Bolt's radio plays which Bolt tried to adapt to the stage. However, the play was either never performed or performed a few times and then cancelled. Wine has never been published or performed since. First broadcast late March, or early April 1955 on the BBC Third Programme.[9] Mr Sampson's Sunday (1955) – First broadcast by the BBC Home Service and reviewed by J. C. Trewin in the Listener 21 July 1955. The Critic and the Heart (1957) – Bolt's first professionally produced work, it involves Winifred Blazer, a middle-aged spinster whose life is ruined by the arrival of a mean-spirited art critic. It was a very modest success, with a two-week run at the Oxford Playhouse. Bolt was never satisfied with this play, and later re-wrote it, retitled Brother and Sister, in a version produced in 1967 with Flora Robson. The Drunken Sailor (1958) – Broadcast on the BBC in March 1958 and reviewed in the Listener by Roy Walker 20 March 1958. Flowering Cherry (1958) – concerns a middle aged man, an insurance salesman dissatisfied with his life who retreats into his fantasies of owning a cherry orchard. His erratic behaviour alienates family and friends and threatens his financial ruin. Ran on the West End starring Ralph Richardson and Celia Johnson (succeeded by Wendy Hiller) to success but mixed reviews. Many critics felt it too closely resembled Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman, and had a brief but unsuccessful run on Broadway starring Hiller and Eric Portman. The Tiger and the Horse (1960) – is the first of Bolt's plays to develop his themes of individualism, society, authority, and politics. It concerns an ageing college professor, John Dean, who is running for Vice-Chancellor of a prestigious university, but finds his election undermined by his daughter's love affair, a political petition, and his wife's deteriorating mental state. The play starred Michael and Vanessa Redgrave, among others, and was directed by Frith Banbury. A Man for All Seasons (1960) – involves Sir Thomas More's conflict with Henry VIII over the latter's break with the Catholic Church. Adapted from a radio play Bolt had written in 1954, it is generally regarded as Bolt's finest work – and certainly his most successful. The BBC production was reviewed in the Listener on 5 August 1954. The play develops in full his themes of individuality versus society and authority as corrupt. The strain of Brechtianism which would pervade many of his later works is first present here, in the character of the 'Common Man', who both narrates and takes part in the action as various minor characters. The original run starred Paul Scofield as Thomas More, as well as Keith Baxter as Henry VIII, George Rose as the Common Man, Leo McKern as the Common Man in the West End production and Thomas Cromwell in the Broadway show (a role originated in London by Andrew Keir and later taken over by Thomas Gomez), and Albert Dekker as the Duke of Norfolk. It was a huge critical and commercial success on both sides of the Atlantic, has had several revivals, and was made into an equally acclaimed film in 1966. Gentle Jack (1963) – an unusual work by Bolt, a comedy contrasting humanity's material world with nature. A banker, Jacko, is sent to the countryside on vacation, and becomes influenced by a Nature spirit who convinces him to abandon his office life and live in a state of nature, indulging in base pleasures such as murder, sex, and general mischief. Jacko, however, is torn between his desire to inhabit both the "Natural" and "Logical" Worlds. It was one of Bolt's few unsuccessful plays; Bolt, who considered the play his best work for the stage, regretted this, feeling that perhaps he had not articulated his points well enough. The play starred Kenneth Williams, Michael Bryant, Siân Phillips, Edith Evans, Timothy West and Bernard Kay in its run; the play has not been professionally produced since. The Thwarting of Baron Bolligrew (1964) – a children's play, involving a heroic knight, Oblong Fitz-Oblong, sent to slay a vicious dragon on a far-away island, leading him to face off with the crooked Baron Bolligrew, who controls the island, and an evil wizard he recruits to help him. The work contains many of Bolt's favourite themes of integrity and honour – as well as Brechtian devices which fit naturally within the story's fantasy setting. The show was commissioned by the Royal Shakespeare Company for a showing at Christmastime, 1964. Among the original cast were John Normington as Fitz-Oblong, Michael Jayston as the play's narrator, Bolt perennial Leo McKern as the title character, and Terence Rigby and a young Malcolm McDowell in supporting roles. A revival in the late 1960s featured Roy Kinnear as Fitz-Oblong. Paul Scofield provided a voice recording for the dragon. Like A Man for All Seasons, the play had been written for the BBC, and in 1995 was re-written into a children's book. The play was extremely popular, and throughout the 1960s/70s, it had a yearly revival at Christmas in Britain. In the early 60s, the Augsburger Puppenkiste puppet theatre produced the play for German television in six sequels titled Der kleine dicke Ritter. Vivat! Vivat Regina! (1971) – Bolt's most successful show after A Man for All Seasons, a historical account of the reigns of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Elizabeth I of England, comparing and contrasting the personalities and reigns of the two female rulers. Highly successful, it ran for several months on Broadway, earning several Tony nominations. The original cast included Eileen Atkins as Elizabeth and Bolt's wife Sarah Miles as Mary. The play has experienced several revivals, most notably a 1985 Off-Broadway production starring Geraldine Page as Elizabeth. State of Revolution (1977) – An in-depth political depiction of the Russian Revolution of 1917, focusing on Vladimir Lenin as "a great man possessed by a terrible idea", and the struggles of Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin to gain power under him. It is told from the point of view of Lunacharsky, Lenin's Minister of Education. The original cast included Michael Bryant as Lenin, Terence Rigby as Stalin, Brian Blessed as Maxim Gorky, and Michael Kitchen as Trotsky. Though meticulously researched, the play received mixed reviews and had a short run before being shelved. Bolt himself felt that he hadn't gotten the play quite right. State of Revolution was Bolt's final produced play, though he wrote several others that were never published or produced. He spent much of the mid-to-late 1970s working on a play about portrait artist Augustus John (famous for a series of portraits of T. E. Lawrence), but his work on The Bounty, and later his failing health, forced him to abandon it. Screenplays[edit] Bolt may be best remembered for his work on film and television screenplays. His work for director David Lean garnered him particular acclaim and recognition, and Bolt tried his hand at directing with the unsuccessful Lady Caroline Lamb (1972). While some criticised Bolt for focusing more on the personal aspects of his protagonists than the broader political context (particularly with "Lawrence of Arabia" and "Man for All Seasons"), most critics and audiences alike praised his screenplays. Bolt won two Oscars, two BAFTA Awards, and won or was nominated for several others. Lawrence of Arabia (with Michael Wilson) (1962) – despite disputes between Wilson and Bolt over who contributed what to the script, Bolt provided most of the film's dialogue and the interpretation of the characters while Wilson provided the story and outline. Wilson was uncredited, and Bolt alone was nominated for, but did not win, an Academy Award. Bolt and Lean refused to recognise Wilson's contribution to the film, and Wilson was not credited until 1995. Doctor Zhivago (1965) – Bolt won an Oscar for Best Adapted Screenplay A Man for All Seasons (1966) – Bolt won the Oscar again, adapting his own play to the screen. Krasnaya Palatka, released in the US as "The Red Tent", (1969) (uncredited additional dialogue) Ryan's Daughter (1970) Lady Caroline Lamb (1972) (also directed) The Bounty (1984) The Mission (1986) (originally published as a novel) A Man for All Seasons (1988) A Dry White Season (1989) (uncredited revisions of screenplay) Without Warning: The James Brady Story (1991) (TV) Bolt also worked on the early drafts of the script for Gandhi, but his script was considered unsatisfactory and he was replaced by John Briley. Bolt also had several unrealised projects, including a TV miniseries of Gore Vidal's novel Burr and an adaptation of Madeleine L'Engle's A Wrinkle in Time for Norman Lear.[10] After being paid $US400,000 plus ten per cent of profits for his Ryan's Daughter screenplay, Bolt became, for a time, the highest-paid screenwriter in Hollywood. Awards[edit] Tony Awards[edit] Main article: Tony Awards Year Nominated work Category Result[11] 1962 A Man for All Seasons Best Play Won 1972 Vivat! Vivat Regina! Nominated Screenplay awards[edit] Year Nominated work Academy Awards[12] Best Adapted Screenplay BAFTA Awards[13] Best British Screenplay (A) Best Original Screenplay (B) Golden Globe Awards[14] Best Screenplay 1962 Lawrence of Arabia Nominated Won A (1963) N/A 1965 Doctor Zhivago Won N/A Won 1966 A Man for All Seasons Won Won A (1968) Won 1986 The Mission N/A Nominated B (1987) Won Filmography[edit] Lawrence of Arabia (1962) - Officer with Pipe Gazing at Lawrence (uncredited) Bibliography[edit] Prüfer, Sabine. The Individual at the Crossroads: The Works of Robert Bolt, Novelist, Dramatist, Screenwriter. Frankfurt am Main; New York: Peter Lang, 1998 Turner, Adrian. Robert Bolt: Scenes from Two Lives. London: Hutchinson, 1998. ISBN 0-09-180176-1. References[edit] ^ A Man For All Seasons by Robert Bolt, Leonard Smith, Macmillan Master Guides, 1985, p. 3 ^ A Man For All Seasons by Robert Bolt, Leonard Smith, Macmillan Master Guides, 1985, p. 4 ^ Robert Bolt: Scenes from two lives, Adrian Turner, Hutchinson, 1998, p. 66 ^ Calder, John (23 February 1995). "Obituary: Robert Bolt". The Independent. Retrieved 21 July 2016. ^ Turner, Adrian. (1998). Robert Bolt : scenes from two lives. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-180176-1. OCLC 39009655. ^ Turner, Adrian (1998). Robert Bolt: Scenes From Two Lives. Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-180176-1. ^ Twelve years ago Robert Bolt, right,... www.latimes.com, accessed 31 October 2020 ^ "OBITUARY : Robert Bolt". The Independent. 22 October 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2021. ^ Trewin, J. C. "Critic on the Hearth." Listener [London, England] 5 August 1954: 224. ^ Marcus, Leonard S. "Listening for Madeleine (Excerpt)". TOR.com. TOR. Retrieved 8 November 2016. ^ "Search Results: Robert Bolt". www.tonyawards.com. Retrieved 21 July 2016. ^ "Robert Bolt". awardsdatabase.oscars.org. Retrieved 21 July 2016.[permanent dead link] ^ "BAFTA Awards Search: Robert Bolt". awards.bafta.org. Retrieved 21 July 2016. ^ "Robert Bolt". www.goldenglobes.com. Retrieved 21 July 2016. External links[edit] Wikiquote has quotations related to: Robert Bolt Obituary in The Independent Correction to obituary in The Independent Robert Bolt on IMDb Robert Bolt biography and filmography at the BFI's Screenonline The Making of Lawrence of Arabia, Digitised BAFTA Journal, Winter 1962–63, including article by Robert Bolt Trade union offices Preceded by George Elvin President of the Association of Cinematograph, Television and Allied Technicians 1974–c.1980 Succeeded by Ron Bowie Awards for Robert Bolt v t e Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay 1928–1950 Benjamin Glazer (1928) Hanns Kräly (1929) Frances Marion (1930) Howard Estabrook (1931) Edwin J. Burke (1932) Victor Heerman and Sarah Y. Mason (1933) Robert Riskin (1934) Dudley Nichols (1935) Pierre Collings and Sheridan Gibney (1936) Heinz Herald, Geza Herczeg, and Norman Reilly Raine (1937) Ian Dalrymple, Cecil Arthur Lewis, W. P. Lipscomb, and George Bernard Shaw (1938) Sidney Howard (1939) Donald Ogden Stewart (1940) Sidney Buchman and Seton I. Miller (1941) George Froeschel, James Hilton, Claudine West, and Arthur Wimperis (1942) Philip G. Epstein, Julius J. Epstein, and Howard Koch (1943) Frank Butler and Frank Cavett (1944) Charles Brackett and Billy Wilder (1945) Robert Sherwood (1946) George Seaton (1947) John Huston (1948) Joseph L. Mankiewicz (1949) Joseph L. Mankiewicz (1950) 1951–1975 Harry Brown and Michael Wilson (1951) Charles Schnee (1952) Daniel Taradash (1953) George Seaton (1954) Paddy Chayefsky (1955) John Farrow, S. J. 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Fletcher (2009) Aaron Sorkin (2010) Alexander Payne, Jim Rash, and Nat Faxon (2011) Chris Terrio (2012) John Ridley (2013) Graham Moore (2014) Adam McKay and Charles Randolph (2015) Barry Jenkins and Tarell Alvin McCraney (2016) James Ivory (2017) Charlie Wachtel, David Rabinowitz, Kevin Willmott and Spike Lee (2018) Taika Waititi (2019) v t e BAFTA Award for Best British Screenplay George Tabori and Robin Estridge (1954) William Rose (1955) Nigel Balchin (1956) Pierre Boulle (1957) Paul Dehn (1958) Frank Harvey, John Boulting and Alan Hackney (1959) Bryan Forbes (1960) Wolf Mankowitz and Val Guest / Shelagh Delaney and Tony Richardson (1961) Robert Bolt (1962) John Osborne (1963) Harold Pinter (1964) Frederic Raphael (1965) David Mercer (1966) Robert Bolt (1967) v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay Robert Bolt (1965) Robert Bolt (1966) Stirling Silliphant (1967) Stirling Silliphant (1968) Bridget Boland, John Hale and Richard Sokolove (1969) Erich Segal (1970) Paddy Chayefsky (1971) Francis Ford Coppola and Mario Puzo (1972) William Peter Blatty (1973) Robert Towne (1974) Bo Goldman and Lawrence Hauben (1975) Paddy Chayefsky (1976) Neil Simon (1977) Oliver Stone (1978) Robert Benton (1979) William Peter Blatty (1980) Ernest Thompson (1981) John Briley (1982) James L. Brooks (1983) Peter Shaffer (1984) Woody Allen (1985) Robert Bolt (1986) Bernardo Bertolucci, Mark Peploe and Enzo Ungari (1987) Naomi Foner (1988) Oliver Stone and Ron Kovic (1989) Michael Blake (1990) Callie Khouri (1991) Bo Goldman (1992) Steven Zaillian (1993) Quentin Tarantino (1994) Emma Thompson (1995) Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski (1996) Ben Affleck and Matt Damon (1997) Marc Norman and Tom Stoppard (1998) Alan Ball (1999) Stephen Gaghan (2000) Akiva Goldsman (2001) Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor (2002) Sofia Coppola (2003) Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor (2004) Larry McMurtry and Diana Ossana (2005) Peter Morgan (2006) Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (2007) Simon Beaufoy (2008) Jason Reitman and Sheldon Turner (2009) Aaron Sorkin (2010) Woody Allen (2011) Quentin Tarantino (2012) Spike Jonze (2013) Alejandro G. Iñárritu, Nicolás Giacobone, Alexander Dinelaris Jr., and Armando Bo (2014) Aaron Sorkin (2015) Damien Chazelle (2016) Martin McDonagh (2017) Brian Hayes Currie, Peter Farrelly, and Nick Vallelonga (2018) Quentin Tarantino (2019) v t e New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Screenplay James Poe, John Farrow and S. J. Perelman (1956) No Award (1957) Nedrick Young and Harold Jacob Smith (1958) Wendell Mayes (1959) I. A. L. Diamond and Billy Wilder (1960) Abby Mann (1961) No Award (1962) Irving Ravetch and Harriet Frank Jr. (1963) Harold Pinter (1964) No Award (1965) Robert Bolt (1966) David Newman and Robert Benton (1967) Lorenzo Semple Jr. (1968) Paul Mazursky and Larry Tucker (1969) Éric Rohmer (1970) Larry McMurtry and Peter Bogdanovich / Penelope Gilliatt (1971) Ingmar Bergman (1972) George Lucas, Gloria Katz and Willard Huyck (1973) Ingmar Bergman (1974) François Truffaut, Suzanne Schiffman and Jean Gruault (1975) Paddy Chayefsky (1976) Woody Allen and Marshall Brickman (1977) Paul Mazursky (1978) Steve Tesich (1979) Bo Goldman (1980) John Guare (1981) Larry Gelbart and Murray Schisgal (1982) Bill Forsyth (1983) Robert Benton (1984) Woody Allen (1985) Hanif Kureishi (1986) James L. 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Russell (2013) Wes Anderson (2014) Phyllis Nagy (2015) Kenneth Lonergan (2016) Paul Thomas Anderson (2017) Paul Schrader (2018) Quentin Tarantino (2019) Eliza Hittman (2020) Authority control BIBSYS: 90230348 BNE: XX1058572 BNF: cb135690287 (data) CiNii: DA01499282 GND: 118659294 ISNI: 0000 0001 1479 8373 LCCN: n50042041 LNB: 000242958 NDL: 00433772 NKC: ola2003172321 NLA: 35020028 NLI: 000022661 NLK: KAC201106446 NSK: 000002951 NTA: 069176132 PLWABN: 9810549133005606 SNAC: w6j435pb SUDOC: 086915495 Trove: 794307 VcBA: 495/335847 VIAF: 109042465 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n50042041 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Bolt&oldid=999874594" Categories: 1924 births 1995 deaths Best British Screenplay BAFTA Award winners Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award winners British male screenwriters Commanders of the Order of the British Empire English agnostics English screenwriters English male screenwriters People from Sale, Greater Manchester People from Petersfield People educated at Manchester Grammar School Booker authors' division Best Screenplay Golden Globe winners 20th-century English dramatists and playwrights British male dramatists and playwrights Communist Party of Great Britain members Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikiquote Languages العربية Български Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Polski Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 12 January 2021, at 11:17 (UTC). 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