Olive Schreiner - Wikipedia Olive Schreiner From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Olive Schreiner Native name Olive Emily Albertina Schreiner Born (1855-03-24)24 March 1855 Wittebergen Reserve, Cape Colony (in present-day Lesotho) Died 11 December 1920(1920-12-11) (aged 65) Wynberg, South Africa Occupation Novelist, suffragist, political activist Notable works The Story of an African Farm, Woman and Labour Relatives Frederick Samuel (Fred) Schreiner (brother) William Schreiner (brother) Helen (Ellie) Schreiner (sister) Signature Olive Schreiner (24 March 1855 – 11 December 1920) was a South African author, anti-war campaigner and intellectual. She is best remembered today for her novel The Story of an African Farm (1883), which has been highly acclaimed. It deals boldly with such contemporary issues as agnosticism, existential independence, individualism, the professional aspirations of women, and the elemental nature of life on the colonial frontier. Since the late 20th century, scholars have also credited Schreiner as an advocate for the Afrikaners, and other South African groups who were excluded from political power for decades, such as indigenous Blacks, Jews and Indians. Although she showed interest in socialism, pacifism, vegetarianism and feminism amongst other topics, her views escaped restrictive categorisations. Her published works and other surviving writings promote implicit values such as moderation, friendship, and understanding amongst all peoples, and avoid the pitfalls of political radicalism, which she consciously eschewed. Called a lifelong freethinker, she also continued to adhere to the spirit of the Christian Bible and developed a secular version of the worldview of her missionary parents, with mystical elements. Schreiner is also known for her later novel, From Man To Man Or Perhaps Only (1926), published posthumously. She had not completed its revisions before her death. The first edition was produced by her husband, Samuel Cronwright-Schreiner. It was re-edited and published by University of Cape Town Press (edited and introduced by Dorothy Driver). This edition corrects previous errors. This edition provides another ending to the novel, in Schreiner's own words, in addition to the one her husband summarised. From Man to Man or Perhaps Only was said by Schreiner to be her favourite among her novels. From exploring white women's confinement to domesticity in late 19th century South Africa and England, the novel expands its gaze to include black women and girls, whose presence gradually informs the central character's struggle to re-create herself and educate her children against the racism and sexism of the time.[1] Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 England and Continental Europe 1.3 Return to South Africa 1.4 Final days 2 Selected works 3 Correspondence 4 Audio book 5 Recent scholarship 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Biography[edit] Karel Schoeman, an historian and authority on Schreiner in South Africa, has written that she was an outstanding figure in a South African context. He summarises the basic pattern of her life as follows, noting her periods of living out of the country: From a chronological viewpoint, Olive Schreiner's life shows an interesting pattern. After she spent the first twenty-five thereof in South Africa ... she was in England for more than seven years, and also lived during this time in Europe. After this she lived in South Africa for twenty-four years, the time of her friendship with Rhodes, the Anglo-Boer war and her growing involvement in issues like racism and the lot of women, after which another exile followed in England for seven years; it was only shortly before her death in 1920 that she returned to South Africa. (Olive Schreiner: A Life in South Africa 1855–1881, Human & Rousseau, Cape Town, 1989) Early life[edit] Olive Emily Albertina Schreiner was the ninth of twelve children born to a missionary couple at the Wesleyan Missionary Society station at Wittebergen in the Eastern Cape, near Herschel in South Africa. Her parents, Gottlob Schreiner and Rebecca (née Lyndall), married in England in 1837.[2] She was named after her three older brothers, Oliver (1848–1854), Albert (1843–1843) and Emile (1852–1852), each of whom died before she was born. Her childhood was a harsh one: her father was loving and gentle, though impractical, which led to difficulties for the family; but her mother Rebecca was intent on teaching her children the same restraint and self-discipline that had been a part of her upbringing. Olive received virtually all of her initial education from her mother, who was well-read and gifted.[clarification needed] Her eldest brother Frederick Samuel (1841–1901) obtained a BA at London University and founded New College in Eastbourne in 1877.[3] He remained as headmaster until late 1897, but continued to run the junior school until 1901. He died in 1901 at the Grand Hotel in Eastbourne and was interred in the town.[4] When Olive was six, her father Gottlob transferred to Healdtown in the Eastern Cape to run the Wesleyan training institute there. As with so many of his other projects, he could not manage the responsibility and was expelled in disgrace for trading against missionary regulations. He was forced to make his own living for the first time in his life, and tried a business venture. Again, he failed and was insolvent within a year. The family lived in abject poverty as a result. When Schreiner was nine, her sister Helen (Ellie) died, and this had a profound effect on the survivor's outlook. Ellie was the twelfth and last child of Gottlob and Rebecca Schreiner. She died at seventeen months (1864-1865).[5] Schreiner dedicated the 'Prelude' of From Man to Man to Ellie, as well as to her own daughter, who died shortly after her birth.[6] In a number of letters, Schreiner discusses Ellie's death as a key turning point in her life. In a letter to John T. Lloyd of 1892, for instance, Schreiner commented: "I think I first had this feeling with regard to death clearly when my favourite little sister died when I was nine years old. I slept with her little body until it was buried, & after that I used to sit for hours by her grave It & it was as impossible for me then, as it is impossible for me now, to accept the ordinary doctrine that she was living on somewhere without a body".[7] When her older brother Theophilus (1844–1920) was appointed as headmaster in Cradock in 1867, Schreiner and two of their siblings went to live with him. She also attended his school, where she received a formal education for the first time. But she was no happier in Cradock than she had been in Wittebergen or Healdtown. Her siblings were very religious, but, like many learned Victorians, Olive had already questioned the Christianity of her parents, and it was the cause of many arguments that she had with her family. Consequently, when Theo and her brother left Cradock for the diamond fields of Griqualand West, Olive chose to become a governess. On the way to her first post at Barkly East, she met Willie Bertram, who shared her views of religion and who lent her a copy of Herbert Spencer's First Principles. This text was to have a profound impact on her. While rejecting religious creeds and doctrine, Spencer also argued for a belief in an Absolute that lay beyond the scope of human knowledge and conception. This belief was founded in the unity of nature and a teleological universe, both of which Olive was to appropriate for herself in her attempts to create a morality free of organised religion. After this meeting, Olive travelled from place to place, accepting posts as a governess with various families, later leaving them because of personal conflict with her employers. One issue which always surfaced was her unusual view of religion. Her apostasy did not sit well with the traditional farm folk she worked amongst. Another factor was that she was somewhat unconventional in her relationships, for she was uncertain as to how to relate sexually to her male employers in many cases, and men in general. In his study of Schreiner's character, Karel Schoeman writes: As far as Olive's sexuality is concerned there is little known, because however open she was [as a woman] for her time, this was merely relative, and the information that may be used as the primary evidence in this regard, is included and appeared as an addendum in the case studies that appear in [Havelock] Ellis's Studies in the psychology of sex ... ("History IX", 236) And this person, who Schoeman identifies strongly with Schreiner in agreement with other researchers, is described by Ellis as ... [Someone who]... from girlhood experienced erotic day-dreams, imagining love-stories of which she herself was the heroine; the climax of these stories has developed with her own knowledge of sexual matters ... She regards herself as very passionate ... but her sexual emotions appear to have developed very slowly and have been somewhat intellectualised ... (Schoeman, 236, 1989) During this time she met Julius Gau, to whom she became engaged under doubtful circumstances. For whatever reason, their engagement did not last long, and she returned to live with her parents and then with her brothers. She read widely and began writing seriously. She started Undine at this time. As in the case of her later husband, Cronwright, she may have been attracted to Gau, as to other men, for his dominant personality, maturity and physicality: It is obvious that she felt attracted to the towering and even possibly hypnotic personality of Gau, like that of Undine [to the character] Blair, and mistook the physical attraction for love ... [writing about this] "I was once partly in love when I was barely 15, and have never had the smallest return of that feeling though I have always desired it ..."(Schoeman, 236, 1989) However, her brothers' financial situation soon deteriorated, as diamonds became increasingly difficult to find. Olive had no choice but to resume her transient lifestyle, moving between various households and towns, until she returned briefly to her parents in 1874. It was there that she had the first of the asthma attacks that would plague her for the rest of her life. Since her parents were no more financially secure than before and because of her ill-health, Olive was forced to resume working to support them. Over the next few years, she accepted the position of governess at a number of farms, most notably the Fouchés, who provided inspiration for certain aspects of The Story of an African Farm, which she published under the pseudonym "Ralph Iron", as well as a small collection of stories and allegories called Dream Life and Real Life. England and Continental Europe[edit] 16 Portsea Place, London W2, one of the several lodging places of Olive Schreiner while in London Olive Schreiner in 1889 at Menton, France However, Olive's real ambitions did not lie in the direction of writing. She had always wanted to be a doctor, but had never had enough money to pay for the training. Undaunted, she decided that she would be a nurse as that did not require her to pay anything. By 1880, she had saved enough money for an overseas trip, and she applied to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh in Scotland. In 1881, she travelled to Southampton in England. Once there, she was never to realise her dream of becoming a medical practitioner, as her ill-health prevented her from completing any form of training or studying. She was forced to concede that writing would and could be her only work in life. Despite that, she still had a passion to heal society's ills and set out to do with her pen what she could not with pills. Her Story of an African Farm was acclaimed for the manner in which it tackled the issues of its day, ranging from agnosticism to the treatment of women. It was also the cause of one of her most significant and long-lasting friendships, as the renowned sexologist Havelock Ellis wrote to her about her novel. Their relationship soon developed beyond intellectual debate to a genuine source of support for Schreiner. She finally met Ellis in 1884 when she went with him to a meeting of the Progressive Organisation, a group for freethinkers to discuss political and philosophical views. This was one of a number of radical discussion groups to which she was to belong and which brought her into contact with many important socialists of the time. Another friendship that would prove to be influential was with Edward Carpenter, the founder Socialist and gay rights activist, which, as Stephen Gray shows, remains hardly explored.[8] In addition to the Progressive Organisation, she also attended meetings of the Fellowship of the New Life and Karl Pearson's Men and Women's Club, where she was insistent on the critical importance of woman's equality and the need to consider men as well as women when looking at gender relationships. However, her own relationships with men were anything but happy. She had refused a proposal from her doctor, Bryan Donkin, but he was irritatingly persistent in his suit of her. To make matters worse, despite her reservations about Karl Pearson and her intentions just to remain his friend, she soon conceived an attraction for him. He did not reciprocate her feelings, preferring Elizabeth Cobb. In London, Schreiner often found herself at odds with society's expectations of "respectable behaviour". Edward Carpenter described her as "a pretty woman of apparently lady-like origin who did not wear a veil and seldom wore gloves, and who talked and laughed even in the streets quite naturally".[9] She clashed with a succession of landlords over her frequent male visitors, and once, outside her lodgings at 16 Portsea Place near Marble Arch, she was nearly arrested as a prostitute.[10] In 1886, she left England for Continental Europe under something of a cloud, travelling between Switzerland, France and Italy before returning to England. During this time, she was tremendously productive, working on From Man to Man and publishing numerous allegories. She also worked on an introduction to Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Women. Return to South Africa[edit] Given the situation in England, it is perhaps not surprising that Schreiner chose to return to South Africa, sailing back to Cape Town in 1889. The return home was unsettling for her – she felt extremely alienated from the people around her, but at the same time experienced a great affinity for the land itself. In an attempt to reconnect with her surroundings, she became increasingly involved in local politics and produced a series of articles on the land and people around her, published posthumously as Thoughts on South Africa. Through her work with local politics she became intimate friends with Emily Hobhouse and Elizabeth Maria Molteno, influential women activists with similar opinions on civil and women's rights. Her involvement with Cape politics led her into an association with Cecil John Rhodes, with whom she would soon become disillusioned and about whom she would write her bitterly satirical allegory Trooper Peter Halket of Mashonaland. This disillusionment began with his support of the "strop bill" that would allow black and coloured servants to be flogged for relatively small offences. Her opposition to the "strop bill" also brought her into contact with Samuel Cronwright, a politically active farmer. They were of the same mind on the "Native Question" and on Rhodes, and Schreiner soon fell in love with him. During a brief visit to England in 1893, she discussed with her friends the possibility of marrying him, although she was concerned that she would find marriage restrictive. She put aside these doubts, however, and they were married in 1894, after which they settled at Cronwright's farm. The next few years were difficult and unsettled ones for them. Schreiner's worsening health forced the couple to move constantly, while her first and only child, a daughter, died within a day. This loss was worsened by the fact that all her other pregnancies would end in miscarriages. However, she found solace in work, publishing a pamphlet with her husband on the political situation in 1896 and Trooper Peter Halket of Mashonaland the next year. Both of these isolated her from her family and the people around her, and she experienced long spells of loneliness during this period of her life. In 1898, the couple moved to Johannesburg for health reasons. In the aftermath of the Jameson Raid, they were seen as the champions of the Republican cause in the face of the inevitable war between Boer and British. Schreiner tried to persuade South African officials to turn away from the path of war, and, when that failed, wrote The South African Question by an English South African in an attempt to open the English public's eyes to the reality of the situation. That was equally unsuccessful, but Schreiner was undaunted. Throughout the war, she continued to defend Boer interests and argue for peace, as did her brother William Philip Schreiner, even though she was suffering physically and psychologically and all her efforts only met with ridicule. As a means of distraction, she began reworking the "sex book" she had started in England into Woman and Labour, which is the best expression of her characteristic concerns with socialism and gender equality. Driven by her prophetic vision of a non-racist, non-sexist South Africa, during the Boer War Schreiner lived in the tiny hamlet of Hanover, virtually a British army camp. The last few years of Schreiner's life were marked by ill-health and an increasing sense of isolation. Despite this, she still engaged in politics and was determined to make her mark on a new constitution, especially through a work like Closer Union. In this polemic, she argued for more rights not only for blacks but also for women. She also joined the newly founded Cape Branch of the Women's Enfranchisement League in 1907, becoming its vice-president. However, she refused to lend her support to it any longer when other branches wished to exclude black women from the vote. Final days[edit] When Woman and Labour was finally published in 1911, Schreiner was severely ill, her asthma worsened by attacks of angina. Two years later, she sailed alone to England for treatment, but was trapped there by the outbreak of World War I. During this time, her primary interest was in pacifism – she was in contact with Gandhi and other prominent activists like Emily Hobhouse and Elizabeth Maria Molteno – and she started a book on war, which was abbreviated and published as The Dawn of Civilisation. This was the last book she was to write. After the war, she returned home to the Cape, where she died in her sleep in a boarding house in 1920. She was buried later in Kimberley. After the death of her husband, Samuel Cronwright, her body was exhumed, and along with her baby, dog and husband, she was reburied atop Buffelskop mountain, on the farm known as Buffelshoek, near Cradock, in the Eastern Cape. Schreiner was not buried in Kimberley but in Maitland cemetery Cape Town where the other Schreiners are buried (including her brother a former Cape Prime Minister). Her body was exhumed by her husband for reburial on Buffels Kop, Cradock. A full account is contained in the book "Tales of the Old Karoo" by the late Professor Guy Butler. Her husband, Samuel Cronwright Schreiner died in 1936 and was interred with her more than 15 years after her death and reburial. Selected works[edit] Library resources about Olive Schreiner Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Olive Schreiner Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries The Story of an African Farm, 1883 (as "Ralph Iron") Dreams, 1890 Dream Life and Real Life, 1893 The Political Situation in Cape Colony, 1895 (with S. C. Cronwright-Schreiner) Trooper Peter Halket of Mashonaland, 1897 An English South African Woman's View of the Situation, a critique on the Transvaal difficulty from the pro-Boer position, 1899 A Letter on the Jew, 1906 Closer Union: a Letter on South African Union and the Principles of Government, 1909 Woman and Labour, 1911 Thoughts on South Africa, 1923 Stories, Dreams and Allegories, 1923 From Man to Man, 1926 Undine, 1929 Correspondence[edit] The Olive Schreiner Letters Online[11] database is a collection of over 5,000 extant letters written to or from Schreiner. The letters cover a diverse range of topics from South African political history, 'New Women' writers, international social movements, to feminist social theory. The OSLO edition provides; full diplomatic transcriptions, including omissions, insertions, and 'mistakes'; extensive full-text search facilities; topic collections of Schreiner letters; a 'dramatis personae' providing bibliographical information on Schreiner's correspondents and many other people mentioned in her letters; new collections of letters as they become available; detailed information on all Schreiner's publications, including in journals and newspapers, as well as books; and downloadable publications from the OSLO research team. Audio book[edit] "In an far off world" Story of an African Farm[12] Recent scholarship[edit] Carolyn Burdett's Olive Schreiner (Oxford University Press, 2013) ISBN 0746310935, 9780746310939 Liz Stanley, Andrea Salter & Helen Dampier (2013), 'Olive Schreiner, Epistolary Practices and Microhistories, Cultural and Social History, 10:4, 577–597.[13] Stanley, L., Salter, A., & Dampier, H. (2013), 'The Work of Making and the Work it Does: Cultural Sociology and 'Bringing- Into-Being' the Cultural Assemblage of the Olive Schreiner Letters' in Cultural Sociology 7(3), 287–302.[14] 'I Just Express My Views & Leave Them to Work': Olive Schreiner as a Feminist Protagonist in a Masculine Political Landscape with Figures' by Liz Stanley and Helen Dampier. Published in Gender and History, Vol. 24, Issue 3 (November 2012).[15] Helen Dampier's article, 'Re-Readings of Olive Schreiner's Letters to Karl Pearson: Against Closure', OSLP Working Papers on Letters, Letterness & Epistolary Networks No 3, University of Edinburgh, pp. 46–71 'Olive Schreiner Globalising Social Inquiry: A Feminist Analytics of Globalization' by Stanley, L., Dampier, H., & Salter, A. in The Sociological Review (2010) 58(4), 656–679.[16] '"Her letters cut are generally nothing of interest": the Heterotopic Persona of Olive Schreiner and the Alterity-Persona of Cronwright-Schreiner', an article by Liz Stanley and Andrea Salter in English in Africa, Volume 36, Number 2, 1 October 2009, pp. 7–30(24).[17] Ann Heilmans' New Woman Strategies: Sarah Grand, Olive Schreiner, and Mona Caird (Manchester University Press, 2004) ISBN 0719057590, 9780719057595 Article by John Kucich: 'Olive Schreiner, Masochism, and Omnipotence: Strategies of a Preoedipal Politics' in Novel: A Forum on Fiction (2002) 36 (1): 79.[18] Liz Stanley's article, 'Shadows lying across her pages: epistolary aspects of reading 'the eventful I' in Olive Schreiner's letters' in Journal of European Studies (2002).[19] Olive Schreiner and the Progress of Feminism: Evolution, Gender and Empire by Carolyn Burdett (Springer, 2001) ISBN 0230598978, 9780230598973 Paula M. Krebs' article, 'Olive Schreiner's Racialization of South Africa' in Victorian Studies Vol. 40, No. 3 (Spring, 1997), pp. 427–444 (18 pages).[20] Fictions of the Female Self: Charlotte Bronte, Olive Schreiner, Katherine Mansfield by Ruth Parkin-Gounelas (Springer 1991) ISBN 0230378250, 9780230378254 Mark James Perry's thesis The life of Olive Schreiner: a psychobiography. University of the Free State (31 July 2012).[21] See also[edit] Karel Schoeman a Schreiner scholar; article includes a list of works, referring to those on Schreiner and South African history for expert context; the article contains references as well to several other authorities on South Africa who have published on Schoeman, experts on the literature, culture, history and people of the country for even wider context Olive Schreiner Prize - award named in her honour Heretics,[22] a novel by G.K. Chesterton published in 1905, who praises her as "a fierce, brilliant, and realistic novelist... Her literary kinship is with the pessimistic fiction of the continent; with the novelists whose very pity is cruel. Olive Schreiner is the one English colonial who is not conventional" in his diatribe on English Colonization. References[edit] ^ Sandy. "her lesser known novel From Man to Man, or Perhaps Only". Time Books Live. Times Media Group. Retrieved 2 February 2016. ^ "FreeBMD". Retrieved 26 July 2013. Marriages Dec 1837, Shoreditch, Volume 2, Page 371 ^ "Dramatis Personae Frederick Schreiner". The Olive Schreiner Letters Online. Retrieved 10 July 2019. ^ Eastbourne Local History Society Journal (168), Summer 2013 ^ "Dramatis Personae Ellie Schreiner". The Olive Schreiner Letters Online. Retrieved 10 July 2019. ^ "From Man to Man". gutenberg.net.au. Retrieved 10 July 2019. ^ "Olive Schreiner: J.T. Lloyd MSC 26/2.5.1". The Olive Schreiner Letters Online. 29 October 1892. Retrieved 10 July 2019. ^ Gray, Stephen. 2013. Two Dissident Dream-Walkers: The Hardly Explored Reformist Alliance between Olive Schreiner and Edward Carpenter. English Academy Review: Southern African Journal of English Studies Volume 30, Issue 2, 2013. ^ First, Ruth and Scott, Ann. Olive Schreiner (1980) p 161 ^ Sutherland, Gillian. In Search of the New Woman: Middle-Class Women and Work in Britain 1870–1914 (2015) p 79 ^ "Olive Schreiner Letters Online". www.oliveschreiner.org. Retrieved 14 August 2019. ^ "The Story of an African Farm". 16 April 2010. Retrieved 14 August 2019 – via Internet Archive. ^ Stanley, Liz; Salter, Andrea; Dampier, Helen (December 2013). "Olive Schreiner, Epistolary Practices and Microhistories: A Cultural Entrepreneur in a Historical Landscape". Cultural and Social History. 10 (4): 577–597. doi:10.2752/147800413X13727009732245. ISSN 1478-0038. S2CID 144443970. ^ Stanley, Liz; Salter, Andrea; Dampier, Helen (26 February 2013). "The Work of Making and the Work it Does: Cultural Sociology and 'Bringing- Into-Being' the Cultural Assemblage of the Olive Schreiner Letters". Cultural Sociology. 7 (3): 287–302. doi:10.1177/1749975512473463. ISSN 1749-9755. S2CID 146649101. ^ Stanley, Liz; Dampier, Helen (2012). "'I Just Express My Views & Leave Them to Work': Olive Schreiner as a Feminist Protagonist in a Masculine Political Landscape with Figures" (PDF). Gender & History. 24 (3): 677–700. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0424.2012.01701.x. ISSN 1468-0424. ^ Stanley, Liz; Dampier, Helen; Salter, Andrea (November 2010). "Olive Schreiner Globalising Social Inquiry: A Feminist Analytics of Globalization" (PDF). The Sociological Review. 58 (4): 656–679. doi:10.1111/j.1467-954x.2010.01945.x. ISSN 0038-0261. S2CID 142961139. ^ Stanley, Liz; Salter, Andrea (1 October 2009). ""Her letters cut are generally nothing of interest" : the Heterotopic Persona of Olive Schreiner and the Alterity-Persona of Cronwright-Schreiner". www.ingentaconnect.com. Retrieved 10 July 2019. ^ Kucich, John (2002). "Olive Schreiner, Masochism, and Omnipotence: Strategies of a Preoedipal Politics". Novel: A Forum on Fiction. 36 (1): 79–109. doi:10.2307/1346116. JSTOR 1346116. S2CID 18349754. ^ Stanley, Liz (27 July 2016). "Shadows lying across her pages: epistolary aspects of reading 'the eventful I' in Olive Schreiner's letters". Journal of European Studies. 32 (125–126): 251–266. doi:10.1177/004724410203212512. S2CID 162921115. ^ Krebs, Paula M. (1997). "Olive Schreiner's Racialization of South Africa". Victorian Studies. 40 (3): 427–444. ISSN 0042-5222. JSTOR 3829293. ^ Perry, Mark James (31 July 2012). The life of Olive Schreiner: a psychobiography (Thesis thesis). University of the Free State. ^ "The Project Gutenberg E-text of Heretics, by Gilbert K. Chesterton". www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 10 April 2020. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Olive Schreiner. Wikiquote has quotations related to: Olive Schreiner Wikisource has original works written by or about: Olive Schreiner External links[edit] South African biography of Schreiner at zar.co.za One of the places where Schreiner lived in South Africa: Cradock at www.places.co.za Timeline of Schreiner's life at www.google.co.za Schreiner's thinking on women remembered in authentic South African context at heritage.thetimes.co.za Works by Olive Schreiner at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Olive Schreiner at Internet Archive Works by Olive Schreiner at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Biography by Carolyn Burdett, University of North London A Chronology of Olive Schreiner Olive Schreiner quotes Olive Schreiner Letters Online Schreiner, Olive. Undine. With an Introduction by S.C. Cronwright-Schreiner New York And London: Harper & Bros, 1928. Victorian Women Writers Project "Archival material relating to Olive Schreiner". UK National Archives. Texts on Wikisource: "Schreiner, Olive". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. "Schreiner, Olive". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921. "Schreiner, Olive". Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). 1922. "How Olive Schreiner's husband 'carelessly' edited her lesser known novel From Man to Man, or Perhaps Only" Olive Schreiner at Library of Congress Authorities, with 79 catalogue records Authority control BIBSYS: 90064808 BNE: XX1440747 BNF: cb120560587 (data) GND: 118795457 ISNI: 0000 0001 2125 8930 LCCN: n82224007 NDL: 00528269 NKC: jn20010316183 NLA: 35482893 NLI: 000606647 NLP: A11394924 NTA: 068446721 PLWABN: 9810630591105606 SELIBR: 90476 SNAC: w6r21zc7 SUDOC: 028799151 Trove: 969199 ULAN: 500006394 VIAF: 29554433 WorldCat Identities: viaf-29554433 v t e New Woman of the late 19th century (born before 1880) 19th-century feminism First-wave feminism Women's history Artists Louise Abbéma Elenore Abbott Nina E. Allender Sophie Gengembre Anderson Cornelia Barns Cecilia Beaux Enella Benedict Rosa Bonheur Jennie Augusta Brownscombe Mary Cassatt Minerva J. Chapman Émilie Charmy Alice Brown Chittenden Elizabeth Coffin Emma Lampert Cooper Susan Stuart Frackelton Wilhelmina Weber Furlong Elizabeth Shippen Green Ellen Day Hale Anna Lea Merritt Rose O'Neill Elizabeth Nourse Violet Oakley Elizabeth Okie Paxton Emily Sartain Pamela Colman Smith Jessie Willcox Smith Annie Swynnerton Candace Wheeler Anne Whitney Writers Elizabeth Barrett Browning Mona Caird Kate Chopin Annie Sophie Cory Ella D'Arcy Ella Hepworth Dixon Maria Edgeworth George Egerton (Mary Chavelita Dunne Bright) Sarah Grand Amy Levy Olive Schreiner Educators Alice Freeman Palmer Literature about the New Woman Isabel Archer in Henry James's The Portrait of a Lady (serialized 1880–81) Elizabeth Barrett's Aurora Leigh (1856) Kate Chopin's The Awakening (1899) Victoria Cross' Anna Lombard (1901) Ella Hepworth Dixon's The Story of a Modern Woman Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary (1856) Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House (1879) Henry Arthur Jones's The Case of Rebellious Susan (1894) Henry James' novella Daisy Miller (serialized 1878) Amy Levy's The Romance of a Shop (1888) George Bernard Shaw's Mrs. Warren's Profession (1893) George Bernard Shaw's Candida (1898) H. G. Wells' Ann Veronica (1909) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olive_Schreiner&oldid=1000038002" Categories: 1855 births 1920 deaths South African agnostics South African feminists South African pacifists Freethought writers Pseudonymous writers Pseudonymous women writers Socialist feminists South African women novelists South African women's rights activists 19th-century South African women writers 20th-century South African women writers 19th-century South African writers 20th-century South African writers 19th-century South African novelists 20th-century South African novelists Hidden categories: CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from October 2020 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2009 Commons link from Wikidata Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1922 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Languages Afrikaans العربية تۆرکجه Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kotava مصرى Português Ripoarisch Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 13 January 2021, at 06:13 (UTC). 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