John Millington Synge - Wikipedia John Millington Synge From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   (Redirected from J.M. Synge) Jump to navigation Jump to search Irish playwright, poet, prose writer, and collector of folklore John Millington Synge John Millington Synge Born Edmund John Millington Synge (1871-04-16)16 April 1871 Rathfarnham, County Dublin, Ireland Died 24 March 1909(1909-03-24) (aged 37) Elpis Nursing Home, Dublin, Ireland Nationality Irish Occupation Novelist, short story writer, playwright, poet, essayist Known for Drama, fictional prose Movement Folklore Irish Literary Revival Edmund John Millington Synge (/sɪŋ/; 16 April 1871 – 24 March 1909) was an Irish playwright, poet, writer, collector of folklore, and a key figure in the Irish Literary Revival. His best known play The Playboy of the Western World was disapproved due to its bleak ending, depiction of Irish peasants, and idealisation of parricide, leading to hostile audience reactions and riots in Dublin during its opening run at Abbey Theatre, Dublin, which he had co-founded with W. B. Yeats and Lady Gregory. His other major works include "In the Shadow of the Glen" (1903), "Riders to the Sea" (1904), "The Well of the Saints" (1905), and "The Tinker's Wedding" (1909). Although he came from a wealthy Anglo-Irish background, his writings mainly concern working class Catholics in rural Ireland, and with what he saw as the essential paganism of their world view. Owing to ill health, Synge was home schooled. His early interest was in music, leading to a scholarship and degree at Trinity College Dublin, and he went to Germany in 1893 to study music. He abandoned this career path in 1894 with a move to Paris where he took up poetry and literary criticism, where he met Yeats and then returned to Ireland. Synge suffered from Hodgkin's disease. He died aged 37 from Hodgkin's related cancer, while writing "Deirdre of Sorrow", considered by some as his unfinished masterpiece. Although he left relatively few works behind, they are nonetheless widely regarded as of high cultural significance. Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Early work 1.3 Aran Islands and first plays 1.4 Playboy riots and after 2 Death 3 Personality 4 Legacy 5 Works 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Biography[edit] Early life[edit] Synge was born on 16 April 1871, in Newtown Villas, Rathfarnham, County Dublin,[1] as the youngest of eight children. His parents were members of the Protestant upper middle class;[1] his father, John Hatch Synge was a barrister, and came from a family of landed gentry in Glanmore Castle, County Wicklow. Synge's paternal grandfather, also named John Synge, was an evangelical Christian involved in the movement that became the Plymouth Brethren, and his maternal grandfather, Robert Traill, had been a Church of Ireland rector in Schull, County Cork, who died in 1847 during the Great Irish Famine. His great-great-grandfather was the archdeacon of Killala,[2] and his nephews included mathematician John Lighton Synge and optical microscopy pioneer Edward Hutchinson Synge.[3] Synge's father contracted smallpox and died in 1872 at the age of 49. He was buried on his son's first birthday. His mother moved the family to the house next door to her own mother's house in Rathgar, County Dublin. Although often ill, Synge had a happy childhood there. He developed an interest in bird-watching along the banks of the River Dodder,[4] and during family holidays at the seaside resort of Greystones, County Wicklow, and the family estate at Glanmore.[5] Synge was educated at home and at times at schools in Dublin and Bray,[6] and later studied piano, flute, violin, music theory and counterpoint at the Royal Irish Academy of Music. He travelled to the continent to study music, but changed his mind and decided to focus on literature.[1] He was a talented student and won a scholarship in counterpoint in 1891. The family moved to the suburb of Kingstown (now Dún Laoghaire) in 1888, and Synge entered Trinity College, Dublin the following year. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1892, having studied Irish and Hebrew, as well as continuing his music studies and playing with the Academy Orchestra in the Antient Concert Rooms.[7] Between November 1889 and 1894 he took private music lessons with Robert Prescott Stewart.[8] Synge later developed an interest in Irish antiquities and the Aran Islands, and became a member of the Irish League for a year.[9] He left the League because, as he told Maud Gonne, "my theory of regeneration for Ireland differs from yours ... I wish to work on my own for the cause of Ireland, and I shall never be able to do so if I get mixed up with a revolutionary and semi-military movement."[10] In 1893 he published his first known work, a poem influenced by Wordsworth, Kottabos: A College Miscellany. Early work[edit] After graduating, Synge moved to Germany to study music. He stayed in Coblenz during 1893 and later to Würzburg in January 1894.[11] Partly because he was shy about performing in public, and partly because of doubt about his ability, he decided to abandon music and pursue his literary interests. He returned to Ireland in June 1894, and moved to Paris in January 1895 to study literature and languages at the Sorbonne.[12] He met Cherrie Matheson during summer breaks with his family in Dublin. He proposed to her in 1895 and again the next year, but she turned him down on both occasions because of their differing views on religion. This rejection affected Synge greatly and reinforced his determination to spend as much time as possible outside Ireland.[13] In 1896, he visited Italy to study the language before returning to Paris. He planned on making a career in writing about French authors for the English press.[14] That same year he met W. B. Yeats, who encouraged him to live for a while in the Aran Islands, and then return to Dublin and devote himself to creative work. In 1899 he joined with Yeats, Augusta, Lady Gregory, and George William Russell to form the Irish National Theatre Society, which later established the Abbey Theatre.[15][9] He wrote some pieces of literary criticism for Gonne's Irlande Libre and other journals, as well as unpublished poems and prose in a decadent fin de siècle style.[16] (These writings were eventually gathered in the 1960s for his Collected Works.[17]) He also attended lectures at the Sorbonne by the noted Celtic scholar Henri d'Arbois de Jubainville.[18] Aran Islands and first plays[edit] John Millington Synge A resident of the island of Inishmaan In 1897, Synge suffered his first attack of Hodgkin's, after which an enlarged gland was removed from his neck.[19] He visited Lady Gregory's home, at Coole Park near Gort, County Galway, where he met Yeats again and also Edward Martyn. He spent the following five summers there, collecting stories and folklore, perfecting his Irish, but living in Paris for most of the rest of each year.[20] He also visited Brittany regularly.[21] During this period he wrote his first play, When the Moon Has Set which he sent to Lady Gregory for the Irish Literary Theatre in 1900, but she rejected it. The play was not published until it appeared in his Collected Works.[22] Synge's first account of life on the Aran Islands was published in the New Ireland Review in 1898 and his book, The Aran Islands, completed in 1901 and published in 1907 with illustrations by Jack Butler Yeats.[1] Synge considered the book "my first serious piece of work".[1] Lady Gregory read the manuscript and advised Synge to remove any direct naming of places and to add more folk stories, but he declined to do either because he wanted to create something more realistic.[23] The book conveys Synge's belief that beneath the Catholicism of the islanders it was possible to detect a substratum of the pagan beliefs of their ancestors. His experiences in the Arans formed the basis for the plays about Irish rural life that Synge went on to write.[24] Synge left Paris for London in 1903. He had written two one-act plays, Riders to the Sea and The Shadow of the Glen, the previous year. These met with Lady Gregory's approval and The Shadow of the Glen was performed at the Molesworth Hall in October 1903.[25] Riders to the Sea was staged at the same venue in February the following year. The Shadow of the Glen, under the title In the Shadow of the Glen, formed part of the bill for the opening run of the Abbey Theatre from 27 December 1904 to 3 January 1905.[25] Both plays were based on stories that Synge had collected in the Arans, and Synge relied on props from the Arana to help set the stage for each of them.[25] He also relied on Hiberno-English, the English dialect of Ireland, to reinforce its usefulness as a literary language, partly because he believed that the Irish language could not survive.[26] Poster for opening of Abbey Theatre featuring In the Shadow of the Glen The Shadow of the Glen is based on a story about an unfaithful wife, and was criticised by the Irish nationalist leader Arthur Griffith as "a slur on Irish womanhood".[26] Years later Synge wrote: "When I was writing The Shadow of the Glen some years ago I got more aid than any learning could have given me from a chink in the floor of the old Wicklow house where I was staying, that let me hear what was being said by the servant girls in the kitchen."[27] Griffith's criticism encouraged more attacks alleging that Synge described Irish women in an unfair manner.[26] Riders to the Sea was also attacked by nationalists, this time including Patrick Pearse, who decried it because of the author's attitude to God and religion. Pearse, Arthur Griffith and other conservative-minded Catholics claimed Synge had done a disservice to Irish nationalism by not idealising his characters,[28] but later critics have stated he idealised the Irish peasantry too much.[28] A third one-act play, The Tinker's Wedding, was drafted around this time, but Synge initially made no attempt to have it performed, largely because of a scene in which a priest is tied up in a sack, which, as he wrote to the publisher Elkin Mathews in 1905, would probably upset "a good many of our Dublin friends".[29] When the Abbey Theatre was set up, Synge was appointed literary adviser and became one of the directors, along with Yeats and Lady Gregory. He differed from Yeats and Lady Gregory on what he believed the Irish theatre should be, as he wrote to Stephen MacKenna: I do not believe in the possibility of "a purely fantastic, unmodern, ideal, breezy, spring-dayish, Cuchulainoid National Theatre" ... no drama can grow out of anything other than the fundamental realities of life, which are never fantastic, are neither modern nor unmodern and, as I see them, rarely spring-dayish, or breezy or Cuchulanoid.[30] Synge's next play, The Well of the Saints, was staged at the Abbey in 1905, again to nationalist disapproval, and then in 1906 at the Deutsches Theater in Berlin.[31] The critic Joseph Holloway asserted that the play combined "lyric and dirt".[32] Playboy riots and after[edit] Main article: The Playboy of the Western World John Millington Synge Synge's widely regarded masterpiece, The Playboy of the Western World, was first performed on 26 January 1907, at the Abbey Theatre. A comedy about apparent patricide, it attracted a hostile reaction from sections of the Irish public. The Freeman's Journal described it as "an unmitigated, protracted libel upon Irish peasant men, and worse still upon Irish girlhood".[33] Arthur Griffith, who believed that the Abbey Theatre was insufficiently politically committed, described the play as "a vile and inhuman story told in the foulest language we have ever listened to from a public platform",[34] and perceived a slight on the virtue of Irish womanhood in the line "... a drift of chosen females, standing in their shifts ..."[35] At the time, a shift was known as a symbol representing Kitty O'Shea and her adulterous relationship with Charles Stuart Parnell.[36] A section of the audience at the opening rioted, causing the third act to be acted out in dumbshow.[37] The disturbances continued for a week, interrupting the following performances.[38] Yeats said the audience had "disgraced yourselves again. Is this to be an ever-recurring celebration of the arrival of Irish genius? Synge first and then O'Casey?"[39] Although the writing of The Tinker's Wedding began at the same time as Riders to the Sea and In the Shadow of the Glen, it took Synge five years to complete, and was not finished in 1907.[29] Riders was performed in the Racquet Court theatre in Galway 4–8 January 1907 but not performed again until 1909, and only then in London. The first critic to respond to the play was Daniel Corkery, who said, "One is sorry Synge ever wrote so poor a thing, and one fails to understand why it ever should have been staged anywhere."[40] Death[edit] Synge died from Hodgkin's disease at the Elpis Nursing Home in Dublin on 24 March 1909, aged 37,[41] and was buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery, Harold's Cross, Dublin.[42] A collected volume, Poems and Translations, with a preface by Yeats, was published by the Cuala Press on 8 April 1909. Yeats and actress and one-time fiancée Molly Allgood (Maire O'Neill)[43] completed Synge's unfinished final play, Deirdre of the Sorrows, and it was presented by the Abbey players on Thursday 13 January 1910 with Allgood as Deirdre.[28] Personality[edit] John Masefield, who knew Synge, wrote that he "gave one from the first the impression of a strange personality".[44] Masefield said that Synge's view of life originated in his poor health. In particular, Masefield said "His relish of the savagery made me feel that he was a dying man clutching at life, and clutching most wildly at violent life, as the sick man does".[45] Yeats described Synge as timid and shy, who "never spoke an unkind word" yet his art could "fill the streets with rioters".[46] Richard Ellmann, the biographer of Yeats and James Joyce, stated that Synge "built a fantastic drama out of Irish life.[47] Yeats described Synge in the poem "In Memory of Major Robert Gregory": ...And that enquiring man John Synge comes next, That dying chose the living world for text And never could have rested in the tomb But that, long travelling, he had come Towards nightfall upon certain set apart In a most desolate stony place, Towards nightfall upon a race Passionate and simple like his heart.[48] Synge was a political radical, immersed in the socialist literature of William Morris, and in his own words "wanted to change things root and branch." Much to the consternation of his mother, he went to Paris in 1896 to become more involved in radical politics, and his interest in the topic lasted until his dying days when he sought to engage his nurses on the topic of feminism.[49] Legacy[edit] The cottage where Synge lodged on Inis Meáin, now the Teach Synge museum Yeats said that Synge was "the greatest dramatic genius of Ireland".[50] His plays helped set the dominant style at the Abbey Theatre until the 1940s. The stylised realism of his writing was reflected in the training given at the theatre's school of acting, and plays of peasant life were the main staple of the repertoire until the end of the 1950s. Sean O'Casey, the next major dramatist to write for the Abbey, knew Synge's work well and attempted to do for the Dublin working classes what Synge had done for the rural poor. Brendan Behan, Brinsley MacNamara, and Lennox Robinson were all indebted to Synge.[51] The Irish literary critic Vivian Mercier was among the first to recognise Samuel Beckett's debt to Synge.[52] Beckett was a regular member of the audience at the Abbey in his youth and particularly admired the plays of Yeats, Synge and O'Casey. Mercier points out parallels between Synge's casts of tramps, beggars and peasants and many of the figures in Beckett's novels and dramatic works.[53] Synge's cottage in the Aran Islands has been restored as a tourist attraction. An annual Synge Summer School has been held every summer since 1991 in the village of Rathdrum, County Wicklow.[54] Synge is the subject of Mac Dara Ó Curraidhín's 1999 documentary film, Synge agus an Domhan Thiar (Synge and the Western World). Joseph O'Connor wrote a novel, Ghost Light (2010), loosely based on Synge's relationship with Molly Allgood.[55][56] Works[edit] In the Shadow of the Glen, 1903 Riders to the Sea, 1904 The Well of the Saints, 1905 The Aran Islands, 1907 (The book at wikisource: The Aran Islands) The Playboy of the Western World, 1907 The Tinker's Wedding, 1908 Poems and Translations, 1909 Deirdre of the Sorrows 1910 In Wicklow and West Kerry, 1912 Collected Works of John Millington Synge 4 vols, 1962–1968 Volume 1 Poems, 1962 Volume 2 Prose, 1966 Volumes 3 and 4 Plays, 1968 Notes[edit] ^ a b c d e Smith 1996 xiv ^ W. J. McCormack, "Synge, (Edmund) John Millington (1871–1909)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2010 accessed 20 March 2017 ^ Review of The Life and Works of Edward Hutchinson Synge Living Edition ^ Greene and Stephens 1959, pp. 4–5 ^ Greene and Stephens 1959, p. 6 ^ McCormack 2010 ^ Greene and Stephens 1959, pp. 16–19, 26 ^ Parker, Lisa: Robert Prescott Stewart (1825–1894): A Victorian Musician in Dublin (Ph.D. thesis, NUI Maynooth, 2009), unpublished. ^ a b Smith 1996 xv ^ Greene and Stephens 1959, pp. 62–63 ^ Greene and Stephens 1959, 35 ^ Greene and Stephens 1959, pp. 43–47 ^ Greene and Stephens 1959, pp. 48–52 ^ Ellmann 1948, p. 130 ^ Mikhail 1987, p. 54 ^ Greene and Stephens 1959, 60 ^ Price 1972, 292 ^ Greene and Stephens 1959, p. 72 ^ Greene and Stephens 1959, p. 70 ^ Greene and Stephens 1959, pp. 74–88 ^ Greene and Stephens 1959, p. 95 ^ Price 1972, p. 293 ^ Smith 1996, xvi ^ Greene and Stephens 1959, pp. 96–99 ^ a b c Smith 1996, xvii ^ a b c Smith 1996, xxiv ^ Synge "Preface" to The Playboy ^ a b c Smith 1996, xiii ^ a b Smith 1996, xviii ^ Greene and Stephens 1959, p. 157 ^ Smith 1996, xix ^ Hogan and O'Neill 1967, p. 53 ^ Ferriter 2004, pp. 94–95 ^ Foster 1998, p. 363 ^ Playboy of the Western World, Act III ^ Price 1961, pp. 15, 25 ^ Sutton, Graham (1921). "The Abbey Theatre". The Irish Monthly. McGlashan & Gill. 49 (2): 417. ^ Foster 1998, p. 361 ^ Gassner 2002, p. 468 ^ Corkery 1931, p. 152 ^ Synge 1971, p. 85 ^ Dunne 1997, p. 24 ^ Mikhail 1987, p. 81-82 ^ Masefield 1916, p. 6 ^ Masefield 1916, p. 22 ^ Yeats 1965, p. 231 ^ Ellmann 1948, p. 130 ^ Grene (1975), preface ^ Kiberd 1995, p. 175 ^ Yeats 1965, p. 138 ^ Greene 1994, p. 26 ^ Mercier 1977, p. 23 ^ Mercier 1977, pp. 20–23 ^ Irish Theatre and the World Stage Archived 2 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine, SyngeSummerSchool.org; retrieved 27 August 2008. ^ "Ghost Light by Joseph O'Connor". Josephoconnorauthor.com. Retrieved 21 May 2011. ^ "Brimming with sympathy and skill". The Irish Times. 29 May 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2011. References[edit] Corkery, Daniel. Synge and Anglo-Irish Literature. Cork University Press, 1931. OCLC 503316737 Dunne, Seán and George O'Brien. The Ireland Anthology. St. Martin's Press, 1997. ISBN 9780717129386 Ellmann, Richard. Yeats: The Man and the Masks. Macmillan, 1948. Ferriter, Diarmaid. The Transformation of Ireland 1900–2000. Profile Books, 2004. 94–95. ISBN 1-86197-307-1 Foster, R.F., W.B. Yeats: A Life. I: The Apprentice Mage 1864—1914. Oxford University Press, 1998. Gassner, John & Quinn, Edward. "The Reader's Encyclopedia of World Drama". Dover Publications, May 2002. ISBN 0-486-42064-7 Greene, David H. & Stephens, Edward M. "J.M. Synge 1871–1909" (The MacMillan Company New York 1959) Greene, David. "J.M. Synge: A Reappraisal" in Critical Essays on John Millington Synge, ed. Daniel J. Casey, 15–27. New York: G. K. Hall & Co., 1994 Grene, Nichola. "Synge: A Critical Study of His Plays". Lanham MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1975. ISBN 978-0-8747-1775-4 Hogan, Robert and O'Neill, Michael. Joseph Holloway's Abbey Theatre. Carbondale, Southern Illinois University Press, 1967. Kiberd, Declan. Inventing Ireland: The Literature of the Modern Nation, Jonathan Cape, 1995. McCormack, W.J. "Synge, (Edmund) John Millington", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2010. Mikhail, E. H. (ed.). The Abbey Theatre: Interviews and Recollections, Rowman & Littlefield, 1987. Masefield, John. John M. Synge: A Few Personal Recollections With Biographical Notes, Netchworth: Garden City Press Ltd., 1916. Mercier, Vivian. Beckett/Beckett. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977. ISBN 0-19-281269-6 Price, Alan. "Synge and Anglo-Irish Drama". London: Methuen, 1961. Price, Alan. "A Survey of Recent Work on J. M. Synge" in A Centenary Tribute to J. M. Synge 1871–1909. Ed. S. B. Bushrui. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1972. ISBN 0-389-04567-5. Smith, Alison. "Introduction" in Collected Plays, Poems, and The Aran Islands. Edited by Alison Smith. London: Everyman, 1996. Synge, John Millington. Collected Works. Edited by Robin Skelton, Alan Price, and Ann Saddlemeyer. Gerrards Cross: Smythe, 1982. ISBN 0-86140-058-5 Synge, John Millington. Some Letters of John M. Synge to Lady Gregory and W. B. Yeats. Cuala Press, 1971. Yeats, William Butler. The Autobiography of William Butler Yeats. Macmillan, 1965. External links[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Millington Synge. Wikiquote has quotations related to: John Millington Synge Works by John Millington Synge at Project Gutenberg Works by or about John Millington Synge at Internet Archive Works by John Millington Synge at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) "Archival material relating to John Millington Synge". UK National Archives. Portraits of John Millington Synge at the National Portrait Gallery, London v t e Plays by John Millington Synge When the Moon has Set (Unproduced) In the Shadow of the Glen (1903) Riders to the Sea (1904) The Well of the Saints (1905) The Aran Islands (1907) The Playboy of the Western World (1907) The Tinker's Wedding (1909) Deirdre of the Sorrows (1910) v t e John Millington Synge's The Playboy of the Western World (1907) Films The Playboy of the Western World (1962) Stage Ein wahrer Held (1975 opera) Playboy of the West Indies (1984 play) Golden Boy of the Blue Ridge (2009 musical) Inspiration William Ó Máille Authority control BNE: XX1135910 BNF: cb119258491 (data) CANTIC: a10462284 GND: 118620312 ISNI: 0000 0001 2130 2786 LCCN: n79022811 MBA: 5ad0d866-887b-4729-9ebf-91d137ee6cac NDL: 00475871 NKC: jn20000701753 NLA: 35536846 NLK: KAC199626965 NLP: A11795724 NTA: 069588600 PIC: 301550 PLWABN: 9810566614305606 SELIBR: 211430 SNAC: w6p5656s SUDOC: 027152936 Trove: 988415 VcBA: 495/188109 VIAF: 44305889 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n79022811 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Millington_Synge&oldid=1003292873" Categories: 1871 births 1909 deaths University of Paris alumni Abbey Theatre Irish Anglicans Irish male poets Irish male dramatists and playwrights Deaths from lymphoma Deaths from cancer in the Republic of Ireland Alumni of Trinity College Dublin People from Rathfarnham Burials at Mount Jerome Cemetery and Crematorium Alumni of the Royal Irish Academy of Music 19th-century Irish poets 19th-century Irish dramatists and playwrights 20th-century Irish poets 20th-century Irish dramatists and playwrights 20th-century male writers 19th-century male writers Synge family Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata EngvarB from October 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles with hCards Commons category link is on Wikidata Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Featured articles Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Languages العربية Asturianu Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Latviešu Malagasy മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog తెలుగు Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 January 2021, at 08:50 (UTC). 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