Ernst Mach - Wikipedia Ernst Mach From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Austrian physicist and university educator (1838–1916) "Machism" redirects here. For other uses, see Machismo. Ernst Mach Ernst Mach (1838–1916) Born Ernst Waldfried Josef Wenzel Mach 18 February 1838 Brno, Moravia, Austrian Empire (present day Czech republic) Died 19 February 1916(1916-02-19) (aged 78) Munich, German Empire Nationality Austrian Citizenship Austrian Education University of Vienna (PhD, 1860; Dr. phil. hab, 1861) Known for Mach number Mach's principle Shock waves Mach waves Mach reflection effects Mach band Criticism of Newton's bucket argument[1] Mach diamonds Empirio-criticism Relationism Scientific career Fields Physicist Institutions University of Graz Charles-Ferdinand University (Prague) University of Vienna Thesis Über elektrische Ladungen und Induktion (1860) Doctoral advisor Andreas von Ettingshausen Doctoral students Heinrich Gomperz Ottokar Tumlirz Other notable students Andrija Mohorovičić Influences Andreas von Ettingshausen[2] Gustav Fechner[3] Carl Ludwig[a] Influenced Vienna Circle Russian Machism Ludwig Boltzmann Albert Einstein Wolfgang Pauli William James Wilhelm Kienzl[5] Pierre Duhem[6] Henri Poincaré[7] Signature Notes He was the godfather of Wolfgang Pauli. The Mach–Zehnder interferometer is named after his son Ludwig Mach, who was also a physicist. Ernst Waldfried Josef Wenzel Mach (/mɑːx/; German: [ˈɛɐ̯nst ˈmax]; 18 February 1838 – 19 February 1916) was an Austrian[8] physicist and philosopher, noted for his contributions to physics such as the study of shock waves. The ratio of one's speed to that of sound is named the Mach number in his honour. As a philosopher of science, he was a major influence on logical positivism and American pragmatism.[9] Through his criticism of Newton's theories of space and time, he foreshadowed Einstein's theory of relativity.[10] Contents 1 Biography 2 Physics 3 Philosophy of science 3.1 Empirio-criticism 3.2 Phenomenological constructivism 4 Physiology 5 Psychology 6 Eponyms 7 Bibliography 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Sources 12 External links Biography[edit] Ernst Waldfried Josef Wenzel Mach was born in Chrlice (German: Chirlitz), Moravia (then in the Austrian Empire, now part of Brno in the Czech Republic). His father, who had graduated from Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague, acted as tutor to the noble Brethon family in Zlín in eastern Moravia. His grandfather, Wenzl Lanhaus, an administrator of the Chirlitz estate, was also master builder of the streets there. His activities in that field later influenced the theoretical work of Ernst Mach. Some sources give Mach's birthplace as Tuřany (German: Turas, now also part of Brno), the site of the Chirlitz registry-office. It was there that Ernst Mach was baptized by Peregrin Weiss. Mach later became a socialist and an atheist.[11] His theory and life, though, was sometimes compared with Buddhism, namely by Heinrich Gomperz who addressed Mach as the "Buddha of Science" due to the phenomenalist approach of the "Ego" in his Analysis of Sensations.[12][13] Up to the age of 14, Mach received his education at home from his parents. He then entered a Gymnasium in Kroměříž (German: Kremsier), where he studied for three years. In 1855 he became a student at the University of Vienna. There he studied physics and for one semester medical physiology, receiving his doctorate in physics in 1860 under Andreas von Ettingshausen with a thesis titled Über elektrische Ladungen und Induktion, and his habilitation the following year. His early work focused on the Doppler effect in optics and acoustics. In 1864, he took a job as Professor of Mathematics at the University of Graz, having turned down the position of a chair in surgery at the University of Salzburg to do so, and in 1866 he was appointed as Professor of Physics. During that period, Mach continued his work in psycho-physics and in sensory perception. In 1867, he took the chair of Experimental Physics at the Charles-Ferdinand University, where he stayed for 28 years before returning to Vienna. Mach's main contribution to physics involved his description and photographs of spark shock-waves and then ballistic shock-waves. He described how when a bullet or shell moved faster than the speed of sound, it created a compression of air in front of it. Using schlieren photography, he and his son Ludwig were able to photograph the shadows of the invisible shock waves. During the early 1890s Ludwig was able to invent an interferometer which allowed for much clearer photographs. But Mach also made many contributions to psychology and physiology, including his anticipation of gestalt phenomena, his discovery of the oblique effect and of Mach bands, an inhibition-influenced type of visual illusion, and especially his discovery of a non-acoustic function of the inner ear which helps control human balance. One of the best-known of Mach's ideas is the so-called "Mach principle", concerning the physical origin of inertia. This was never written down by Mach, but was given a graphic verbal form, attributed by Philipp Frank to Mach himself, as, "When the subway jerks, it's the fixed stars that throw you down." Ernst Mach's historic 1887 photograph (shadowgraph) of a bow shockwave around a supersonic bullet[14] Mach also became well known for his philosophy, developed in close interplay with his science.[15] Mach defended a type of phenomenalism recognizing only sensations as real. This position seemed incompatible with the view of atoms and molecules as external, mind-independent things. He famously declared, after an 1897 lecture by Ludwig Boltzmann at the Imperial Academy of Science in Vienna: "I don't believe that atoms exist!"[16] From about 1908 to 1911 Mach's reluctance to acknowledge the reality of atoms was criticized by Max Planck as being incompatible with physics. Einstein's 1905 demonstration that the statistical fluctuations of atoms allowed measurement of their existence without direct individuated sensory evidence marked a turning point in the acceptance of atomic theory. Some of Mach's criticisms of Newton's position on space and time influenced Einstein, but later Einstein realized that Mach was basically opposed to Newton's philosophy and concluded that his physical criticism was not sound. In 1898 Mach suffered from cardiac arrest and in 1901 he retired from the University of Vienna and was appointed to the upper chamber of the Austrian parliament. On leaving Vienna in 1913 he moved to his son's home in Vaterstetten, near Munich, where he continued writing and corresponding until his death in 1916, one day after his 78th birthday. Physics[edit] Most of Mach's initial studies in the field of experimental physics concentrated on the interference, diffraction, polarization and refraction of light in different media under external influences. From there followed important explorations in the field of supersonic fluid mechanics. Mach and physicist-photographer Peter Salcher presented their paper on this subject[17] in 1887; it correctly describes the sound effects observed during the supersonic motion of a projectile. They deduced and experimentally confirmed the existence of a shock wave of conical shape, with the projectile at the apex.[18] The ratio of the speed of a fluid to the local speed of sound vp/vs is now called the Mach number. It is a critical parameter in the description of high-speed fluid movement in aerodynamics and hydrodynamics. Mach also contributed to cosmology the hypothesis known as Mach's principle. Philosophy of science[edit] Bust of Mach in the Rathauspark (City Hall Park) in Vienna, Austria Empirio-criticism[edit] From 1895 to 1901, Mach held a newly created chair for "the history and philosophy of the inductive sciences" at the University of Vienna.[19] In his historico-philosophical studies, Mach developed a phenomenalistic philosophy of science which became influential in the 19th and 20th centuries. He originally saw scientific laws as summaries of experimental events, constructed for the purpose of making complex data comprehensible, but later emphasized mathematical functions as a more useful way to describe sensory appearances. Thus scientific laws while somewhat idealized have more to do with describing sensations than with reality as it exists beyond sensations.[20] The goal which it (physical science) has set itself is the simplest and most economical abstract expression of facts. When the human mind, with its limited powers, attempts to mirror in itself the rich life of the world, of which it itself is only a small part, and which it can never hope to exhaust, it has every reason for proceeding economically. In reality, the law always contains less than the fact itself, because it does not reproduce the fact as a whole but only in that aspect of it which is important for us, the rest being intentionally or from necessity omitted. In mentally separating a body from the changeable environment in which it moves, what we really do is to extricate a group of sensations on which our thoughts are fastened and which is of relatively greater stability than the others, from the stream of all our sensations. Suppose we were to attribute to nature the property of producing like effects in like circumstances; just these like circumstances we should not know how to find. Nature exists once only. Our schematic mental imitation alone produces like events. Mach's positivism also influenced many Russian Marxists, such as Alexander Bogdanov (1873–1928). In 1908, Lenin wrote a philosophical work, Materialism and Empirio-criticism (published 1909),[21] in which he criticized Machism and the views of "Russian Machists" His main criticisms were that Mach's philosophy led to solipsism and to the absurd conclusion that nature did not exist before humans. (Lenin also cited in this work the concept of the 'ether', as the medium through which light waves propagated, and the concept of time as an absolute, concepts that were later proved wrong with further scientific developments). Empirio-criticism is the term for the rigorously positivist and radically empiricist philosophy established by the German philosopher Richard Avenarius and further developed by Mach, which claims that all we can know is our sensations and that knowledge should be confined to pure experience.[22] In accordance with empirio-critical philosophy, Mach opposed Ludwig Boltzmann and others who proposed an atomic theory of physics. Since one cannot observe things as small as atoms directly, and since no atomic model at the time was consistent, the atomic hypothesis seemed to Mach to be unwarranted, and perhaps not sufficiently "economical". Mach had a direct influence on the Vienna Circle philosophers and the school of logical positivism in general. To Mach are attributed a number of principles that distill his ideal of physical theorisation—what is now called "Machian physics": It should be based entirely on directly observable phenomena (in line with his positivistic leanings)[23] It should completely eschew absolute space and time in favor of relative motion[24] Any phenomena that would seem attributable to absolute space and time (e.g., inertia and centrifugal force) should instead be seen as emerging from the large scale distribution of matter in the universe.[25] The last is singled out, particularly by Albert Einstein, as "the" Mach's principle. Einstein cited it as one of the three principles underlying general relativity. In 1930, he stated that "it is justified to consider Mach as the precursor of the general theory of relativity",[26] though Mach, before his death, would apparently reject Einstein's theory.[b] Einstein was aware that his theories did not fulfill all Mach's principles, and no subsequent theory has either, despite considerable effort. Phenomenological constructivism[edit] According to Alexander Riegler, Ernst Mach's work was a precursor to the influential perspective known as constructivism.[28] Constructivism holds that all knowledge is constructed rather than received by the learner. He took an exceptionally non-dualist, phenomenological position. The founder of radical constructivism, von Glasersfeld, gave a nod to Mach as an ally.[citation needed] Spinning chair devised by Mach to investigate the experience of motion Physiology[edit] In 1873, independently of each other[29] Mach and the physiologist and physician Josef Breuer discovered how the sense of balance (i.e., the perception of the head's imbalance) functions, tracing its management by information which the brain receives from the movement of a fluid in the semicircular canals of the inner ear. That the sense of balance depended on the three semicircular canals was discovered in 1870 by the physiologist Friedrich Goltz, but Goltz did not discover how the balance-sensing apparatus functioned. Mach devised a swivel chair to enable him to test his theories, and Floyd Ratliff has suggested that this experiment may have paved the way to Mach's critique of a physical conception of absolute space and motion.[30] Psychology[edit] Exaggerated contrast between edges of the slightly differing shades of gray, appears as soon as they touch In the area of sensory perception, psychologists remember Mach for the optical illusion called Mach bands. The effect exaggerates the contrast between edges of the slightly differing shades of gray, as soon as they contact one another, by triggering edge-detection in the human visual system.[31] More clearly than anyone before or since Mach made the distinction between what he called physiological (specifically visual) and geometrical spaces.[32] Mach's views on mediating structures inspired B. F. Skinner's strongly inductive position, which paralleled Mach's in the field of psychology.[33] Eponyms[edit] In homage his name was given to: Mach, a lunar crater Mach bands, an optical illusion 3949 Mach, an asteroid Mach number, the unit for speed relative to the speed of sound Bibliography[edit] Mach's principal works in English: The Science of Mechanics. Translated by McCormack, Thomas J. (4th ed.). Chicago: The Open Court Publishing Co. 1919 [1883]. "Photographische Fixirung der durch Projectile in der Luft eingeleiteten Vorgänge". Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. (in German). 95 (Abt. II): 764–780. 1887. Bibcode:1887AnP...268..277M. doi:10.1002/andp.18872681008. with Peter Slacher The Analysis of Sensations (1897)[34] Popular Scientific Lectures (1895) "Space and Geometry from the Point of View of Physical Inquiry". Monist. 14 (1): 1–32. 1903. doi:10.5840/monist190314139. ISSN 0026-9662. with S.J.B. Sugden History and Root of the Principle of the Conservation of Energy (1911) The Principles of Physical Optics (1926) Knowledge and Error (1976) Principles of the Theory of Heat (1986) Fundamentals of the Theory of Movement Perception (2001) See also[edit] Mach disk Mach bands Mach's principle Mach reflection Mach–Zehnder interferometer Visual space Woodward effect Notes[edit] ^ During his studies, Mach attended lectures held by Ernst Wilhelm Brücke and Carl Ludwig on physiology. Brücke and Ludwig were Johannes Peter Müller's students who created a new school of physiology in the 1840s.[4] ^ The preface of the posthumously published Principles of Physical Optics explicitly rejects Einstein's relativistic views but it has been argued that the text is inauthentic.[27] References[edit] ^ Mach 1919, p. 227. ^ "Ernst Waldfried Josef Wenzel Mach". whonamedit.com. Retrieved 19 August 2019. ^ Mehra & Rechenberg 2001, p. 47. ^ Pojman, Paul (21 May 2008). "Ernst Mach". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 19 August 2019. ^ Blackmore 1972, p. 44. ^ Blackmore 1972, p. 196. ^ "Henri Poincaré", entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ^ "Ernst Mach". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2016. Retrieved January 6, 2016. ^ Blackmore 1972. ^ Sonnert, Gerhard (2005). Einstein and Culture (illustrated ed.). Humanity Books. p. 221. ISBN 978-1-59102-316-6. ^ Cohen & Seeger 1975, p. 158: And Mach, in personal conviction, was a socialist and an atheist. ^ Baatz 1992, pp. 183–199. ^ Blackmore 1972, p. 293, Chapter 18 – Mach and Buddhism: Mach was logically a Buddhist and illogically a believer in science. ^ Anderson 1998, p. 65, Chapter 3. ^ On this interdependency of Mach's physics, physiology, history and philosophy of science see Blackmore 1972, Blackmore (ed.) 1992 and Hentschel 1985 against Paul Feyerabend's efforts to decouple these three strands. ^ Yourgrau 2005. ^ Mach & Salcher 1887, pp. 764–780. ^ Scott, Jeff (9 November 2003). "Ernst Mach and Mach Number". Aerospaceweb.org. Retrieved 24 October 2015. ^ On Mach's historiography, cf., e.g., Hentschel 1988 on his impact in Vienna, see Stadler et al. (1988), and Blackmore et al. (2001). ^ Selections are taken from his essay The Economical Nature of Physical Inquiry, excerpted by Kockelmans and slightly corrected by Blackmore. (citation below). ^ V.I. Lenin, 1909, Materialism and Empirio-criticism: Critical Comments on a Reactionary Philosophy, https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1908/mec/ ^ Bunnin & Yu 2008, p. 405. ^ Barbour 2001, p. 220: In the Machian view, the properties of the system are exhausted by the masses of the particles and their separations, but the separations are mutual properties. Apart from the masses, the particles have no attributes that are exclusively their own. They — in the form of a triangle — are a single thing. In the Newtonian view, the particles exist in absolute space and time. These external elements lend the particles attributes — position, momentum, angular momentum — denied in the Machian view. The particles become three things. Absolute space and time are an essential part of atomism. ^ Penrose 2016, p. 753: Mach’s principle asserts that physics should be defined entirely in terms of the relation of one body to another, and that the very notion of a background space should be abandoned ^ Mach 1919: [The] investigator must feel the need of ... knowledge of the immediate connections, say, of the masses of the universe. There will hover before him as an ideal insight into the principles of the whole matter, from which accelerated and inertial motions will result in the same way. ^ Pais 2005, p. 283. ^ Wolters 2012, pp. 39–57. ^ Riegler 2011, pp. 235–255. ^ Hawkins, J.E. and Schacht, J. "The Emergence of Vestibular Science" Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine (Part 8 of "Sketches of Otohistory") in Audiology and Neurotology, April 2005. ^ Ratliff, Floyd (1975). "On Mach's Contributions to the Analysis of Sensations". In Seeger, Raymond J.; Cohen, Robert S. (eds.). Ernst Mach, Physicist and Philosopher. ^ Ratliff 1965. ^ Sugden & Mach 1903. ^ Mecca Chiesa (1994). Radical Behaviorism: The Philosophy and the Science. Authors Cooperative. ISBN 978-0-9623311-4-5. ^ See Mach, Ernst (1897). Williams, C.W. (ed.). Contributions to the Analysis of Sensation (1 ed.). Chicago: Open Court Publishing Company. Retrieved 13 July 2014. via Archive.org Sources[edit] Anderson, J. (1998), Mack, Pamela E. (ed.), "Research in Supersonic Flight and the Breaking of the Sound Barrier", From Engineering Science to Big Science: The NACA and NASA Collier Trophy Research Project Winners, NASA Barbour, Julian (2001). The End of Time: The Next Revolution in Physics. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514592-2. Baatz, Ursula (1992). "Ernst Mach – The Scientist as a Buddhist". In Blackmore, J.T. (ed.). Ernst Mach — A Deeper Look: Documents and New Perspectives. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 183–199. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-2771-4_9. ISBN 978-0-7923-1853-8. Erik C. Banks: Ernst Mach's World Elements. A Study in Natural Philosophy. Dordrecht: Kluwer (now Springer), 2013. Blackmore, John T. (1972). Ernst Mach. His Life, Work, and Influence. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. OCLC 534406. OL 4466579M. John Blackmore and Klaus Hentschel (eds.): Ernst Mach als Außenseiter. Vienna: Braumüller, 1985 (with select correspondence). Blackmore, J.T.; Itagaki, R.; Tanaka, Satoru, eds. (2001). Ernst Mach's Vienna 1895–1930: Or Phenomenalism as Philosophy of Science. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 978-0-7923-7122-9. John T. Blackmore, Ryoichi Itagaki and Setsuko Tanaka (eds.): Ernst Mach's Science. Kanagawa: Tokai University Press, 2006. John T. Blackmore, Ryoichi Itagaki and Setsuko Tanaka: Ernst Mach's Influence Spreads. Bethesda: Sentinel Open Press, 2009. John T. Blackmore, Ryoichi Itagaki and Setsuko Tanaka: Ernst Mach's Graz (1864–1867), where much science and philosophy were developed. Bethesda: Sentinel Open Press, 2010. John T. Blackmore: Ernst Mach's Prague 1867–1895 as a human adventure, Bethesda: Sentinel Open Press, 2010. Bunnin, Nicholas; Yu, Jiyuan (2008). "Mach, Ernst (1838-1916)". The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-99721-5. Cohen, Robert S.; Seeger, Raymond J. (1975). Ernst Mach: Physicist and Philosopher. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 9027700168. William Everdell: The First Moderns. Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth-Century Thought. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997. Rudolf Haller and Friedrich Stadler (eds.): Ernst Mach – Werk und Wirkung. Vienna: Hoelder-Pichler-Tempsky, 1988. Hentschel, Klaus (1985). "On Feyerabend's version of 'Mach's theory of research and its relation to Einstein'". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A. 16 (4): 387–394. doi:10.1016/0039-3681(85)90019-6. ISSN 0039-3681. Hentschel, Klaus (1988). "Die Korrespondenz Duhem-Mach: Zur 'Modellbeladenheit' von Wissenschaftsgeschichte". Annals of Science. 45 (1): 73–91. doi:10.1080/00033798800200121. ISSN 0003-3790. Hentschel, Klaus (2013). "Ernst Mach". In Hessenbruch, Arne (ed.). Reader's Guide to the History of Science. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-26301-1 – via Taylor and Francis. D. Hoffmann and H. Laitko (eds.): Ernst Mach – Studien und Dokumente. Berlin, 1991. Joseph J. Kockelmans: Philosophy of science. The historical background. New York: The Free Press, 1968. Mehra, Jagdish; Rechenberg, Helmut (2001). The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-95180-5. Pais, Abraham (2005). Subtle is the Lord: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein. Oxford: OUP. p. 283. ISBN 978-0-19-280672-7. Jiří Procházka: Ernst Mach /1838–1916/ Genealogie, 3 vols. Brno, 2007–2010. ISBN 978-80-903476-0-1. (deutsch, teilw. English) Jiří Proocházka! "Ernst Mach /1838-1916/ Genealogie" Brno 2OO7. ISBN 80-903476-3-0. (deutsch,teil. English) Jiří Procházka: "Ernst Mach /1838-1916/ Curriculum vitae", Brno-Vienna 2O14. ISBN 978-80-903476-7-0. (deutsch, teilw. English) V. Prosser and J. Folta (eds.): Ernst Mach and the development of Physics – Conference Papers, Prague: Universitas Carolina Pragensis, 1991. Penrose, Roger (2016). The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4464-1820-8. Ratliff, Floyd (1965). Mach bands: quantitative studies on neural networks in the retina. Holden-Day. Riegler, Alexander (2011). "Constructivism". In Luciano L'Abate (ed.). Paradigms in Theory Construction. Springer. pp. 235–255. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-0914-4_13. ISBN 978-1-4614-0914-4. Joachim Thiele: Wissenschaftliche Kommunikation – Die Korrespondenz Ernst Machs, Kastellaun: Hain, 1978 (with select correspondence). Wolters, Gereon (2012). "Mach and Einstein, or Clearing Troubled Waters in the History of Science". In Lehner, Christoph; Renn, Jürgen; Schemmel, Matthias (eds.). Einstein and the Changing Worldviews of Physics. Boston: Springer – Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-0-8176-4940-1. Yourgrau, Palle (2005). A World Without Time: The Forgotten Legacy of Gödel and Einstein. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9387-5. External links[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ernst Mach. Wikiquote has quotations related to: Ernst Mach Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Mach, Ernst. Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Science of Mechanics Ernst Mach bibliography of all of his papers and books from 1860 to 1916, compiled by Vienna lecturer Dr. Peter Mahr in 2016 Various Ernst Mach links, compiled by Greg C Elvers Klaus Hentschel: Mach, Ernst, in: Neue Deutsche Biographie 15 (1987), pp. 605–609. Works by Ernst Mach at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Ernst Mach at Internet Archive Works by Ernst Mach at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Pojman, Paul. "Ernst Mach". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Short biography and bibliography in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Vladimir Lenin: Materialism and Empirio-criticism Ernst Mach: The Analysis of Sensations (1897) [translation of Beiträge zur Analyse der Empfindungen (1886)] Ernst Mach at the Mathematics Genealogy Project "The critical positivism of Mach and Avenarius": entry in the Britannica Online Encyclopedia v t e Positivism Perspectives Antihumanism Empiricism Rationalism Scientism Declinations Legal positivism Logical positivism / analytic philosophy Positivist school Postpositivism Sociological positivism Machian positivism (empirio-criticism) Rankean historical positivism Polish positivism Russian Machism Principal concepts Consilience Demarcation Evidence Induction Justification Pseudoscience Critique of metaphysics Unity of science Verificationism Antitheses Antipositivism Confirmation holism Critical theory Falsifiability Geisteswissenschaft Hermeneutics Historicism Historism Human science Humanities Methodological dualism Problem of induction Reflectivism Related paradigm shifts in the history of science Non-Euclidean geometry (1830s) Uncertainty principle (1927) Related topics Behavioralism Post-behavioralism Critical rationalism Criticism of science Epistemology anarchism idealism nihilism pluralism realism Holism Instrumentalism Modernism Naturalism in literature Nomothetic–idiographic distinction Objectivity in science Operationalism Phenomenalism Philosophy of science Deductive-nomological model Ramsey sentence Sense-data theory Qualitative research Relationship between religion and science Sociology Social science Philosophy Structural functionalism Structuralism Structuration theory Positivist-related debate Method Methodenstreit (1890s) Werturteilsstreit (1909–1959) Positivismusstreit (1960s) Fourth Great Debate in international relations (1980s) Science wars (1990s) Contributions The Course in Positive Philosophy (1830) A General View of Positivism (1848) Critical History of Philosophy (1869) Idealism and Positivism (1879–1884) The Analysis of Sensations (1886) The Logic of Modern Physics (1927) Language, Truth, and Logic (1936) The Two Cultures (1959) The Universe in a Nutshell (2001) Proponents Richard Avenarius A. J. Ayer Alexander Bogdanov Auguste Comte Eugen Dühring Émile Durkheim Ernst Laas Ernst Mach Berlin Circle Vienna Circle Criticism Materialism and Empirio-criticism (1909) History and Class Consciousness (1923) The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1934) The Poverty of Historicism (1936) World Hypotheses (1942) Two Dogmas of Empiricism (1951) Truth and Method (1960) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) Conjectures and Refutations (1963) One-Dimensional Man (1964) Knowledge and Human Interests (1968) The Poverty of Theory (1978) The Scientific Image (1980) The Rhetoric of Economics (1986) Critics Theodor W. Adorno Gaston Bachelard Mario Bunge Wilhelm Dilthey Paul Feyerabend Hans-Georg Gadamer Thomas Kuhn György Lukács Karl Popper Willard Van Orman Quine Max Weber Concepts in contention Knowledge Objectivity Phronesis Truth Verstehen Category Authority control BNE: XX829709 BNF: cb12034597m (data) CANTIC: a11633256 GND: 118575767 ISNI: 0000 0001 1021 1758 LCCN: n50042016 MGP: 113011 NDL: 00448370 NKC: jk01072884 NLA: 35319020 NLI: 000087229 NLK: KAC201508423 NLP: A11927070 NTA: 068378378 PLWABN: 9810582086105606 RKD: 307716 SELIBR: 250563 SNAC: w63x89fn SUDOC: 028527712 Trove: 910144 VcBA: 495/127735 VIAF: 12324232 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n50042016 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Mach&oldid=996113128" Categories: 1838 births 1916 deaths 19th-century Austrian writers 19th-century philosophers 20th-century Austrian writers 20th-century philosophers Austrian atheists Austrian people of Moravian-German descent Austrian philosophers Austrian physicists Austrian socialists Ballistics experts Charles University faculty Empiricists Experimental physicists Fluid dynamicists Historians of science Members of the Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art Optical physicists Scientists from Brno People from the Margraviate of Moravia Philosophers of science Positivists Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Biography with signature Articles with hCards Articles containing German-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 CS1 German-language sources (de) Commons link from Wikidata Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MGP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Languages Afrikaans العربية Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2020, at 16:30 (UTC). 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