National epic - Wikipedia National epic From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "National epic" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Karelian poem singing brothers Poavila and Triihvo Jamanen reciting traditional Finnish folk poetry, Russia, 1894. Modern depiction of Vyasa narrating the Mahabharata to Ganesha at the Murudeshwara temple, Karnataka. A national epic is an epic poem or a literary work of epic scope which seeks or is believed to capture and express the essence or spirit of a particular nation—not necessarily a nation state, but at least an ethnic or linguistic group with aspirations to independence or autonomy. National epics frequently recount the origin of a nation, a part of its history, or a crucial event in the development of national identity such as other national symbols. In a broader sense, a national epic may simply be an epic in the national language which the people or government of that nation are particularly proud of. It is distinct from a pan-national epic which is taken as representative of a larger cultural or linguistic group than a nation or a nation-state. History[edit] First page of Beowulf in Cotton Vitellius A. xv Ján Hollý - author of the Slovak national epic poem Svatopluk. Elias Lönnrot - author of the Finnish national epic poem Kalevala. Dante Alighieri - author of the Divine Comedy. In medieval times Homer's Iliad was taken to be based on historical facts, and the Trojan War came to be considered as seminal in the genealogies of European monarchies.[1] Virgil's Aeneid was taken to be the Roman equivalent of the Iliad, starting from the Fall of Troy and leading up to the birth of the young Roman nation. According to the then prevailing conception of history[vague], empires were born and died in organic succession and correspondences existed between the past and the present. Geoffrey of Monmouth's 12th century classically inspired Historia Regum Britanniae, for example, fulfilled this function for the British or Welsh. Just as kings longed to emulate great leaders of the past, Alexander or Caesar, it was a temptation for poets to become a new Homer or Virgil. In 16th century Portugal, Luis de Camões celebrated Portugal as a naval power in his Os Lusíadas while Pierre de Ronsard set out to write La Franciade, an epic meant to be the Gallic equivalent of Virgil's poem that also traced back France's ancestry to Trojan princes.[2] The emergence of a national ethos, however, preceded the coining of the phrase national epic, which seems to originate with Romantic nationalism. Where no obvious national epic existed, the "Romantic spirit" was motivated to fill it. An early example of poetry that was invented to fill a perceived gap in "national" myth is Ossian, the narrator and supposed author of a cycle of poems by James Macpherson, which Macpherson claimed to have translated from ancient sources in Scottish Gaelic. However, many national epics (including Macpherson's Ossian) antedate 19th-century romanticism. In the early 20th century, the phrase no longer necessarily applies to an epic poem, and occurs to describe a literary work that readers and critics agree is emblematical of the literature of a nation, without necessarily including details from that nation's historical background. In this context the phrase has definitely positive connotations, as for example in James Joyce's Ulysses where it is suggested Don Quixote is Spain's national epic while Ireland's remains as yet unwritten: They remind one of Don Quixote and Sancho Panza. Our national epic has yet to be written, Dr Sigerson says. Moore is the man for it. A knight of the rueful countenance here in Dublin.[3] See also[edit] National poet Civil religion Epic film Epic poetry Founding myth Great American Novel List of national poets List of world folk-epics National myth Philippe-Alexandre Le Brun de Charmettes References[edit] ^ Paul Cohen, "In search of the Trojan Origins of French", in Fantasies of Troy, Classical Tales and the Social Imaginary in Medieval and Early Modern Europe, Alan Shepard, Stephen David Powell eds., published by the Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 2004, p. 65 sq., ISBN 0-7727-2025-8. "Like many of their counterparts across Europe, seventh-century scholars in France had invented a myth of the Trojan origins of Gaul" (p. 67) ^ Epic(in French) Liliane Kesteloot, University of Dakar ^ James Joyce. Ulysses, Vintage Books, New York, 1961, 189 (p.192) v t e Nationalism Development Anthem Colours Flag Flower Epic God Identity Language Music Myth Sport Symbol Treasure By type Arab Banal Blind Bolshevik Bourgeois Business Chauvinism Civic Constitutional patriotism Conservative Cyber- Constitutional patriotism Corporate Cultural Ecological Economic Ethnic Expansionist Fascism Palingenetic ultranationalism Homonationalism Integral Left-wing Communist Democracy Liberal Linguistic Moderate Mystic National-anarchism National syndicalism Nazism New Pan- Plurinationalism Neo- Queer Racial Black Korean White Religious Christian Islamic Hindu Resource Revolutionary Right-wing Romantic Technological Territorial Terrorism Transnationalism Ultranationalism Zionism Organizations List of nationalist organizations Nationalist Clubs Related concepts Anationalism Anti-nationalism Diaspora politics Eliminationism Gender and nationalism Historiography and nationalism Internationalism Irredentism National indifference National Question Nationalism studies Postnationalism Revanchism v t e National symbols (list) Topics Coat of arms Colour Deity Dish Emblem Epic Flower Myth Patron saint Personification National poetry Poets Sport Lists Animals Birds Anthems Dances Founders Fruits Instruments Drinks Liquors Mottos Trees Galleries Country coats of arms State flags v t e Worldview Related terms Basic beliefs/Beliefs Collective consciousness/Collective unconscious Conceptual system Context Conventions Cultural movement Epic poetry/National epics Facts and factoids Framing Ideology Life stance Lifestyle Memes/Memeplex Mental model Metanarrative Mindset Norms Paradigm Philosophical theory Point of view Presuppositions Reality tunnel Received view Schemata School of thought Set Social reality Theory of everything Umwelt Value system Aspects Biases Academic Attentional Attitude polarization Belief Cognitive (list) Collective narcissism Confirmation Congruence Cryptomnesia Cultural Ethnocentrism Filter bubble Homophily In-group favoritism Magical thinking Media Observer-expectancy Observational error Selective exposure Selective perception Self-deception Self-fulfilling prophecy (Clever Hans effect, placebo effect, wishful thinking) Status quo Stereotyping Change and maintenance Activism Argument Argumentum ad populum Attitude change Censorship Charisma Circular reporting Cognitive dissonance Critical thinking Crowd manipulation Cultural dissonance Deprogramming Echo chamber Education (religious, values) Euphemism Excommunication Fearmongering Historical revisionism Ideological repression Indoctrination Media manipulation Media regulation Mind control Missionaries Moral entrepreneurship Persuasion Polite fiction Political engineering Propaganda Propaganda model Proselytism Psychological manipulation Psychological warfare Religious conversion (forced) Religious persecution Religious uniformity Revolutions Rhetoric Self-censorship Social change Social control Social engineering Social influence Social progress Suppression of dissent Systemic bias Woozle effect Culture Anthropology (cultural, social) Calendars Ceremonies Coronations Cross-cultural psychology Cultural psychology Doctrine Employment/Serfdom/Slavery Families Funerals/Burial Games Holidays Hygiene (ritual) Identity (philosophy) (cultural) Institutions Liminality Liturgy Marriage Myth and ritual Oaths Pilgrimages Play Rites of passage (secular) Rituals Social class/Social status/Caste Symbols Symbolic boundaries Worship Groupthink Abilene paradox Bandwagon effect Collectives Collective behavior (animal) Collective effervescence Collective intelligence Conformity Consensus theory Crowd psychology Cults Culture-bound syndromes Deindividuation Democracy Emergence Emotional contagion Entitativity False-consensus effect Folie à deux Group action Group dynamics Group emotion Group polarization Groupshift Herd behavior Holism Hysterical contagion Information cascade Invisible hand Lynching Majoritarianism/Ochlocracy Mass action Mass hysteria Mass psychogenic illness Milieu control Mobbing Moral panic Organizations Peer pressure Pluralistic ignorance Political correctness Pseudoconsensus Scapegoating Self-organization Social action Social behavior Social emotions Social exclusion Social facilitation (animal) Social group Social proof Social psychology Sociology Spontaneous order Status quo Stigmergy Swarm behaviour System justification Viral phenomena Knowledge Axioms (tacit assumptions) Conceptual framework Epistemology (outline) Evidence (anecdotal, scientific) Explanations Faith (fideism) Gnosis Intuition Meaning-making Memory Metaknowledge Methodology Observation Observational learning Perception Reasoning (fallacious, logic) Revelation Testimony Tradition (folklore) Truth (consensus theory, criteria) World disclosure Metaphysics Ætiology Afterlife Anima mundi Being Causality Concepts Consciousness (mind–body problem) Cosmogony Cosmology (religious) Creation myth Deities (existence) Destiny Eschatology Everything/Nothing Evolution Existence Fiction/Non-fiction Free will Future History Ideas Idios kosmos Illusions Incarnation Information Intelligence Magic Matter Miracles Mythology (comparative) National mythoi Nature (philosophical) Ontology Origin myths (political myths) Otherworlds (axes mundi) Problem of evil Physics (natural philosophy) Reality Souls Spirit Supernature Teleology Theology Time Unobservables Value Æsthetics Almsgiving/Charity Altruism Autonomy Beauty Codes of conduct Comedy Common good Conscience Consent Creativity Disgust Duty Economics Ecstasy (emotional, religious) Elegance Emotions (æsthetic) Entertainment Eroticism Ethics Étiquette Family values Food and drink prohibitions (unclean animals) Golden Rule Guilt/Culpability Happiness Harmony Honour Human rights Judgement Justice Laws (jurisprudence, religious) Liberty (political freedom) Love Magnificence Maxims Meaning of life Morality (public) Obligations Peace Piety Praxeology Principles Punishment Qualities Repentance Reverence Rights Sexuality (ethics) Sin Social stigma Stewardship Styles Sublime, The Suffering Sympathy Taboo Taste Theodicy Trust Unspoken rules Virtues and Vices Works of art Wrongdoing Examples Attitudes Optimism Pessimism Reclusion Weltschmerz Economic and political ideologies Authoritarianism Anarchism Capitalism Christian democracy Collectivism Colonialism Communalism Communism Communitarianism Conservatism Constitutionalism Distributism Environmentalism Extremism Fanaticism Fascism Feminism Fundamentalism Globalism Green politics Imperialism Individualism Industrialism Intellectualism Islamism Liberalism Libertarianism Masculism Militarism Monarchism Nationalism Pacifism Progressivism Radicalism Reformism Republicanism Sentientism Social democracy Socialism Utilitarianism Veganism Religions African traditional religions Baháʼí Buddhism Cao Dai Cheondoism Chinese traditional religions Christianity Ethnic religions Hòa Hảo Hinduism Islam Jainism Judaism Korean shamanism Neo-Paganism Rastafarianism Secular/Nonreligious/Agnostic/Atheist Shinto Sikhism Spiritism Taoism Tenrikyo Tenriism Unitarian Universalism Zoroastrianism Schools of philosophy Agriculturalism Aristotelianism Atomism Averroism Cartesianism Cārvāka Collectivism Confucianism/New Confucianism Critical theory Cynicism Cyrenaics Determinism Dualism Eleatics Empiricism Eretrian school Epicureanism Existentialism Foundationalism Hedonism Hegelianism Hermeneutics Historicism/New Historicism Holism Humanism/Renaissance humanism Illuminationism ʿIlm al-Kalām Idealism Individualism Ionian Kantianism/Neo-Kantianism Kokugaku Legalism Logicians Materialism Mohism Megarian school Modernism/Postmodernism Monism Natural Law Naturalism (Chinese) Naturalism (western) Nihilism Peripatetic Phenomenology Platonism/Neoplatonism Pluralism Positivism Pragmatism Presocratic Pyrrhonism Pythagoreanism/Neopythagoreanism Rationalism Reductionism Scholasticism/Neo-Scholasticism Sentientism Social constructionism Sophism Spinozism Stoicism Structuralism/Post-structuralism Thomism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism Yangism Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_epic&oldid=1001775604" Categories: Epics National symbols Hidden categories: Articles with French-language sources (fr) Articles needing additional references from November 2019 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from December 2020 All articles that may contain original research All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2013 Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version Languages العربية Deutsch Eesti Esperanto Français עברית 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Polski Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2021, at 07:49 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Mobile view Developers Statistics Cookie statement