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====American novel (From Romanticism to realism)====
{{main|American literature}}
(See also the discussion of American literature under Romanticism above).
By the mid-19th century, the pre-eminence of literature from the British Isles began to be challenged by writers from the former American colonies. A major influence on American writers at this time was [[Romanticism]], which gave rise to [[New England]] [[Transcendentalism]], and the publication of [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]]'s 1836 essay ''[[Nature (essay)|Nature]]'' is usually considered the watershed moment at which transcendentalism became a major cultural movement.["Romanticism, American," in ''The Oxford Dictionary of American Art and Artists'' ed by Ann Lee Morgan (Oxford University Press, 2007) [http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t238.e1140 online]]
[[File:Nathaniel Hawthorne old.jpg|150px|thumb|left|[[Nathaniel Hawthorne]].]]
The romantic American novel developed fully with [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]]'s (1804–1864) ''[[The Scarlet Letter]]'' (1850), a stark drama of a woman cast out of her community for committing adultery. Hawthorne's fiction had a profound impact on his friend [[Herman Melville]] (1819–1891). In ''[[Moby-Dick]]'' (1851), an adventurous whaling voyage becomes the vehicle for examining such themes as obsession, the nature of evil, and human struggle against the elements. By the 1880s, however, psychological and [[social realism]] were competing with Romanticism in the novel.
American realist fiction has its beginnings in the 1870s with the works of Mark Twain, [[William Dean Howells]], and [[Henry James]].
Mark Twain (the pen name used by [[Mark Twain|Samuel Langhorne Clemens]], 1835–1910) was the first major American writer to be born away from the East Coast—in the border state of [[Missouri]]. His regional masterpieces were the novels ''[[Adventures of Tom Sawyer]]'' (1876) and ''[[Adventures of Huckleberry Finn]]'' (1884). Twain's style changed the way Americans write their language. His characters speak like real people and sound distinctively American, using local dialects, newly invented words, and regional accents.
[[Henry James]] (1843–1916) was a major American novelist of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Although born in New York City, he spent most of his adult years in England. Many of his novels center on Americans who live in or travel to Europe. James confronted the Old World-New World dilemma by writing directly about it. His works include ''[[The Portrait of a Lady]]'', ''[[The Bostonians]]'' (1886), ''[[The Princess Casamassima]]'' (1886).["Henry James." ''Encyclopedia of World Biography'', Gale, 1998. ''Biography in Context'', Accessed 4 October 2017.]
Return to English literature.
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