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For information on how to proceed, first see the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful. Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked You can view and copy the source of this page: ==={{Anchor|Modernism: 1901-1922}} Modernism (1901–1922)=== {{Main|Modernist literature|Modernism|Modernist poetry in English}} [[File:Kiplingcropped.jpg|left|upright|thumb|[[Rudyard Kipling]]]] English literary modernism developed in the early twentieth-century out of a general sense of disillusionment with [[Victorian era]] attitudes of certainty, conservatism, and belief in the idea of objective truth.M.H. Abrams,''A Glossary of literary Terms'' (7th edition). (New York: Harcourt Brace), 1999), p. 167. The movement was influenced by the ideas of [[Charles Darwin]] (1809–1882), [[Ernst Mach]] (1838–1916), [[Henri Bergson]] (1859–1941), [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] (1844–1900), [[James G. Frazer]] (1854–1941), [[Karl Marx]] (1818–1883) (''[[Das Kapital]]'', 1867), and the psychoanalytic theories of [[Sigmund Freud]] (1856–1939), among others.M.H. Abrams, p. 167. The continental art movements of [[Impressionism]], and later [[Cubism]], were also important.M.H. Abrams, p. 168. Important literary precursors of modernism, were: [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]] (1821–1881); [[Walt Whitman]] (1819–1892); [[Charles Baudelaire]] (1821–1867); [[Rimbaud]] (1854–1891); [[August Strindberg]] (1849–1912).Marshall Berman, ''All that is Solid Melts into Air''. (Harmsworth: Penguin, 1988), p. 23. A major British lyric poet of the first decades of the twentieth-century was [[Thomas Hardy]] (1840–1928). Though not a modernist, Hardy was an important transitional figure between the Victorian era and the twentieth-century. A major novelist of the late nineteenth-century, Hardy lived well into the third decade of the twentieth-century, though he only published poetry in this period. Another significant transitional figure between Victorians and modernists, the late nineteenth-century novelist, [[Henry James]] (1843–1916), continued to publish major novels into the twentieth-century, including ''[[The Golden Bowl]]'' (1904). Polish-born modernist novelist [[Joseph Conrad]] (1857–1924) published his first important works, ''[[Heart of Darkness]]'', in 1899 and ''[[Lord Jim]]'' in 1900. However, the Victorian [[Gerard Manley Hopkins]]'s (1844–1889) highly original poetry was not published until 1918, long after his death, while the career of another major modernist poet, Irishman [[W.B. Yeats]] (1865–1939), began late in the Victorian era. Yeats was one of the foremost figures of twentieth-century English literature. But while [[modernism]] was to become an important literary movement in the early decades of the new century, there were also many fine writers who, like Thomas Hardy, were not modernists. During the early decades of the twentieth-century the [[Georgian poets]] like Rupert Brooke (1887–1915), and [[Walter de la Mare]] (1873–1956), maintained a conservative approach to poetry by combining romanticism, sentimentality and hedonism. Another Georgian poet, [[Edward Thomas (poet)|Edward Thomas]] (1878–1917){{Sfn | Drabble | 1996 | pp = 377, 988}} is one of the [[First World War]] poets along with [[Wilfred Owen]] (1893–1918), [[Rupert Brooke]] (1887–1915), [[Isaac Rosenberg]] (1890–1917), and [[Siegfried Sassoon]] (1886–1967). Irish playwrights [[George Bernard Shaw]] (1856–1950), [[J.M. Synge]] (1871–1909) and [[Seán O'Casey]] were influential in British drama. Shaw's career began in the last decade of the nineteenth-century, while Synge's plays belong to the first decade of the twentieth-century. Synge's most famous play, ''[[The Playboy of the Western World]]'', "caused outrage and riots when it was first performed" in Dublin in 1907.''The Oxford Companion to English Literature.'' (1996), p. 781. George Bernard Shaw turned the [[Edwardian]] theatre into an arena for debate about important political and social issues."English literature." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 15 November 2012. . Novelists who are not considered modernists include [[H. G. Wells]] (1866–1946), [[John Galsworthy]] (1867–1933), ([[Nobel Prize]] in Literature, 1932) whose works include ''[[The Forsyte Saga]]'' (1906–21), and [[E.M. Forster]]'s (1879–1970), though Forster's work is "frequently regarded as containing both modernist and Victorian elements".''The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature'', ed. Marion Wynne Davies (New York: Prentice Hall, 1990), p. 118. Forster's most famous work, ''[[A Passage to India]]'' 1924, reflected challenges to imperialism, while his earlier novels examined the restrictions and hypocrisy of [[Edwardian]] society in England. The most popular British writer of the early years of the twentieth-century was arguably [[Rudyard Kipling]] (1865–1936), a highly versatile writer of novels, short stories and poems. In addition to [[W.B. Yeats]], other important early modernist poets were the American-born poet [[T.S. Eliot]] (1888–1965) Eliot became a British citizen in 1927 but was born and educated in America. His most famous works are: "[[Prufrock]]" (1915), ''[[The Wasteland]]'' (1922) and ''[[Four Quartets]]'' (1935–42). Amongst the novelists, after [[Joseph Conrad]], other important early modernists include [[Dorothy Richardson]] (1873–1957), whose novel ''Pointed Roof'' (1915), is one of the earliest examples of the [[stream of consciousness (narrative mode)|stream of consciousness]] technique, and [[D.H. Lawrence]] (1885–1930), who published ''[[The Rainbow]]'' in 1915—though it was immediately seized by the police—and ''[[Women in Love]]'' in 1920.''The Oxford Companion to English Literature'', ed. Margaret Drabble, p. 562. Then in 1922 Irishman [[James Joyce]]'s important modernist novel ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'' appeared. ''Ulysses'' has been called "a demonstration and summation of the entire movement".Beebe, Maurice (Fall 1972). "Ulysses and the Age of Modernism". [[James Joyce Quarterly]] (University of Tulsa) 10 (1): p. 176. [[File:Revolutionary Joyce Better Contrast.jpg|150px|right|thumb|[[James Joyce]], 1918]] Return to English literature. 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