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===Victorian poetry===
{{see also|English poetry#Victorian poetry}}
[[File:Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson by George Frederic Watts.jpg|150px|left|thumb|[[Alfred, Lord Tennyson]], ca 1863]]
The leading poets during the Victorian period were [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson]] (1809–1892), [[Robert Browning]] (1812–1889), [[Elizabeth Barrett Browning]] (1806–61), and [[Matthew Arnold]] (1822–1888). The poetry of this period was heavily influenced by the [[Romantics]], but also went off in its own directions.[''The Norton Anthology of English Literature'', 7th ed, vol. 2. (New York: Norton, 2000), p. 1060.] Particularly notable was the development of the [[dramatic monologue]], a form used by many poets in this period, but perfected by Robert Browning. Literary criticism in the 20th century gradually drew attention to the links between Victorian poetry and modernism.[Carol T. Christ, ''Victorian and Modern Poetics''. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986); "Robert Browning", ''The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature''. (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1990), p. 373.]
Tennyson was [[Poet Laureate]] of the United Kingdom during much of [[Queen Victoria]]'s reign. He was described by T.S. Eliot, as "the greatest master of metrics as well as melancholia", and as having "the finest ear of any English poet since Milton".['' The Oxford Companion to English Literature'', p. 981.] [[Matthew Arnold]]'s reputation as a poet has "within the past few decades [...] plunged drastically."[{{Citation | url = http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/arnold/ | title = The Literary Canon | first = George P | last = Landow | publisher = Victorian Web}}.]
[[Dante Gabriel Rossetti]] (1828–1882) was a poet, illustrator, painter and translator. He founded the [[Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood]] in 1848 with [[William Holman Hunt]] and [[John Everett Millais]].[{{Citation | title = History of English and American literature | editor1-first = AW | editor1-last = Ward | editor2-first = AR | editor2-last = Waller | editor3-first = WP | editor3-last = Trent | editor4-first = J | editor4-last = Erskine | editor5-first = SP | editor5-last = Sherman | editor6-first = C | editor6-last = Van Doren | place = New York | publisher = GP Putnam’s Sons University Press | date = 1907–21}}.] Rossetti's art was characterised by its sensuality and its medieval revivalism.[''A handbook to Literature'', ed William Harmon & C. Hugh Holman (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996), 407.] [[Arthur Clough]] (1819–1861) and [[George Meredith]] (1828–1909) are two other important minor poets of this era.[{{Citation | url = http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/clough/bio.html | title = Arthur Hugh Clough – A Brief Biography | first = Glenn | last = Everett | publisher = Victorian Web}}.]
Towards the end of the 19th century, English poets began to take an interest in French [[Symbolist poetry|Symbolism]] and Victorian poetry entered a decadent ''[[Fin de siècle|fin-de-siècle]]'' phase.[''The Norton Anthology of English Literature'', 7th edition, vol.2, ed. M.H. Abrams, p. 1741.] Two groups of poets emerged in the 1890s, the ''[[The Yellow Book|Yellow Book]]'' poets who adhered to the tenets of [[Aestheticism]], including [[Algernon Charles Swinburne]], [[Oscar Wilde]] and [[Arthur Symons]] and the [[Rhymers' Club]] group, that included [[Ernest Dowson]], [[Lionel Johnson]] and Irishman [[William Butler Yeats]]. Yeats went on to become an important modernist in the 20th century.[''The Norton Anthology of English Literature'', 7th edition, vol. 2, p. 1740.] Also in 1896 [[A.E. Housman]] published at his own expense ''[[A Shropshire Lad]]''.[''The Norton Anthology of English Literature'', 7th edition, vol. 2, p. 2041.]
Writers of comic verse included the dramatist, librettist, poet and illustrator [[W.S. Gilbert]] (1836–1911), who is best known for his fourteen [[comic opera]]s, produced in [[Gilbert and Sullivan|collaboration]] with the composer Sir [[Arthur Sullivan]], of which the most famous include ''[[H.M.S. Pinafore]]'', and ''[[The Pirates of Penzance]]''.[Kenrick, John. [http://www.musicals101.com/gilbert3.htm ''G&S Story: Part III''], accessed 13 October 2006; and Powell, Jim. [http://www.libertystory.net/LSARTSGILBERT.htm ''William S. Gilbert's Wicked Wit for Liberty''] accessed 13 October 2006.]
Novelist [[Thomas Hardy]] (1840–1928) wrote poetry throughout his career, but he did not publish his first collection until 1898, so that he tends to be treated as a 20th-century poet. Now regarded as a major poet, [[Gerard Manley Hopkins]]'s (1844–1889) ''Poems'' were published posthumously by Robert Bridges in 1918.[{{Citation|publisher=U Toronto |url=http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poem/1051.html |title=Online text and basic information |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212222859/http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poem/1051.html |archive-date=12 February 2012}}.]
====American poetry====
{{main|American poetry}}
America also produced major poets in the 19th century, such as [[Emily Dickinson]] (1830–1886) and [[Walt Whitman]] (1819–1892). America's two greatest 19th-century poets could hardly have been more different in temperament and style. [[Walt Whitman]] (1819–92) was a working man, a traveler, a self-appointed nurse during the [[American Civil War]] (1861–65), and a poetic innovator. His major work was ''[[Leaves of Grass]]'', in which he uses a free-flowing verse and lines of irregular length to depict the all-inclusiveness of American democracy. [[Emily Dickinson]] (1830–1886), on the other hand, lived the sheltered life of a genteel, unmarried woman in small-town [[Amherst, Massachusetts]]. Within its formal structure, her poetry is ingenious, witty, exquisitely wrought, and psychologically penetrating. Her work was unconventional for its day, and little of it was published during her lifetime.
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