Norman language - Wikipedia Norman language From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   (Redirected from Norman-French) Jump to navigation Jump to search Romance language Norman Normaund Native to Normandy (Cotentin Peninsula and Pays de Caux) Jersey, Guernsey, Sark Previously used: Alderney, Herm England (see Norman England) Ireland (see: Norman Ireland) Canada (formerly used to a certain degree in Eastern Canada and Quebec) Kingdom of Sicily (used in a limited degree) Principality of Antioch Region Normandy and the Channel Islands Native speakers Unknown due to conflicting definitions (2017) Auregnais: 0 (extinct)[1] Guernésiais: c. 1,300 (has government support) Jèrriais: c. 4,000 (has government support)[1] Sercquiais: < 20 in 1998 (highly endangered)[1] Augeron: < 100 (highly endangered) Cauchois: c. 50,000 (has local support) Cotentinais: c. 50,000 (has local support) Language family Indo-European Italic Romance Western Gallo-Romance Oïl Norman Early form Old Norman Dialects Auregnais Guernésiais Jèrriais Sercquiais Augeron Cauchois Cotentinais Writing system Latin (French orthography) Language codes ISO 639-3 nrf (partial: Guernésiais & Jèrriais) Glottolog norm1245  Normand ELP Norman[2] Linguasphere 51-AAA-hc & 51-AAA-hd IETF nrf Areas where the Norman language is strongest include Jersey, Guernsey, the Cotentin and the Pays de Caux. Norman or Norman French (Normaund, French: Normand, Guernésiais: Normand, Jèrriais: Nouormand) is, depending on classification, either a French dialect or a Romance language which can be classified as one of the Oïl languages along with French, Picard and Walloon. The name "Norman French" is sometimes used to describe not only the Norman language, but also the administrative languages of Anglo-Norman and Law French used in England. For the most part, the written forms of Norman and modern French are mutually intelligible. This intelligibility was largely caused by the Norman language's planned adaptation to French orthography. Contents 1 History 2 Geographical distribution 2.1 Old French influences 2.2 Norse influences 2.3 English influences 2.4 Norman immigration 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources 6 External links History[edit] Further information: Old Norman When Norse Vikings from modern day Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Iceland arrived in the then-province of Neustria and settled the land that became known as Normandy, these Germanic-speaking people came to live among a local Romance-speaking population.[3] In time, the communities converged, so that Normandy continued to form the name of the region while the original Normans became assimilated by the Gallo-Romance people, adopting their speech. Later, when conquering England, the Norman rulers in England would eventually assimilate, thereby adopting the speech of the local English. However, in both cases, the élites contributed elements of their own language to the newly enriched languages that developed in the territories. In Normandy, the Norman language inherited only some 150 words from Old Norse.[4] The influence on phonology is disputed, although it is argued that the retention of aspirated /h/ and /k/ in Norman is due to Norse influence. Geographical distribution[edit] Norman is spoken in mainland Normandy in France, where it has no official status, but is classed as a regional language. It is taught in a few colleges near Cherbourg-Octeville. In the Channel Islands, the Norman language has developed separately, but not in isolation, to form: Jèrriais (in Jersey) Guernésiais or Dgèrnésiais or Guernsey French (in Guernsey) Sercquiais (or Sarkese, in Sark) Auregnais (in Alderney) The British and Irish governments recognize Jèrriais and Guernésiais as regional languages within the framework of the British–Irish Council. Sercquiais is in fact a descendant of the 16th-century Jèrriais used by the original colonists from Jersey who settled the then uninhabited island. The last first-language speakers of Auregnais, the dialect of Norman spoken on Alderney, died during the 20th century, although some rememberers are still alive. The dialect of Herm also lapsed at an unknown date; the patois spoken there was likely Guernésiais (Herm was not inhabited all year round in the Norman culture's heyday). An isogloss termed the "Joret line" (ligne Joret) separates the northern and southern dialects of the Norman language (the line runs from Granville, Manche to the French-speaking Belgian border in the province of Hainaut and Thiérache). Dialectal differences also distinguish western and eastern dialects.[citation needed] Three different standardized spellings are used: continental Norman, Jèrriais, and Dgèrnésiais. These represent the different developments and particular literary histories of the varieties of Norman. Norman may therefore be described as a pluricentric language. The Anglo-Norman dialect of Norman served as a language of administration in England following the Norman conquest of England in 1066. This left a legacy of Law French in the language of English courts (though it was also influenced by Parisian French). In Ireland, Norman remained strongest in the area of south-east Ireland, where the Hiberno-Normans invaded in 1169. Norman remains in (limited) use for some very formal legal purposes in the UK, such as when the monarch gives royal assent to an Act of Parliament using the phrase, "La Reyne (le Roy) le veult" ("The Queen (the King) wills it"). The Norman conquest of southern Italy in the 11th and 12th centuries brought the language to Sicily and the southern part of the Italian Peninsula, where it may have left a few words in the Sicilian language. See: Norman and French influence on Sicilian. Literature in Norman ranges from early Anglo-Norman literature through the 19th-century Norman literary renaissance to modern writers (see list of Norman-language writers). As of 2017[update] the Norman language remains strongest in the less accessible areas of the former Duchy of Normandy: the Channel Islands and the Cotentin Peninsula (Cotentinais) in the west, and the Pays de Caux (Cauchois dialect) in the east. Ease of access from Paris and the popularity of the coastal resorts of central Normandy, such as Deauville, in the 19th century led to a significant loss of distinctive Norman culture in the central low-lying areas of Normandy. Old French influences[edit] Norman French preserves a number of Old French words which have been lost in Modern French. Examples of Norman French words of Old French origin: Norman French Old French French Meaning alosier alosier se vanter, de targuer to brag, to pride oneself on ardre ardre, ardeir brûler to burn caeir caeir, caïr «choir», tomber to drop, to fall over calengier calungier, chalongier (became challenge in English) négocier, débattre to negotiate, to argue d'ot od, ot avec with de l'hierre (f.) de l'hierru (m.) de l'iere du lierre of ivy déhait dehait chagrin, malheur grief, hardship ébauber, ébaubir esbaubir étonner to surprise éclairgir esclargier éclaircir to lighten écourre escurre, escudre secouer to shake, to mix essourdre essurdre, exsurdre élever to raise, to lift haingre (adj.) haingre maigre thin, skinny haingue (f.) haenge haine hatred haiset (m.) haise barrière or clôture de jardin faites de branches garden fence herdre erdre adhérer, être adhérant, coller to adhere, to stick hourder order souiller to make sth. dirty iloc (with a silent c) iloc, iluec là there itel / intel itel semblable similar liement liement, liéement tranquillement quietly, peacefully maishî maishui, meshui maintenant, désormais now, from now on manuyaunce manuiance avoir la jouissance, la possession to have enjoyment marcaundier marcandier rôdeur, vagabond prowler, walker marcauntier marcantier mouchard, colporteur canary marganer marganer moquer to make fun of, to mock marganier marganier moqueur, quelqu'un qui se moque mocking, teasing méhain meshaing, mehain mauvaise disposition, malaise loss of consciousness, feeling of faintness méhaignié meshaignié malade, blessé sick, injured méselle mesele lèpre leprosy mésiau or mésel mesel lépreux leper moûtrer mustrer montrer to show muchier mucier cacher to conceal / to hide nartre (m.) nastre traître traitor nâtre (adj.) nastre méchant, cruel mean, nasty nienterie (f.) nienterie niaiserie nonsense, insanity orde ort sale dirty ordir ordir salir to get sth. dirty paumpe (f.) pampe en normand: tige en anc. fr.: pétale petal souleir soleir «souloir», avoir l'habitude de to have habit of / to get used to targier or tergier targier tarder to be late / slow tître tistre tisser to weave tolir tolir priver, enlever to remove, to deprive sb. with sth. trétous trestuz tous, absolument tous all, absolutely every Examples of Norman French words with -ei instead of -oi in Standard French words Norman French Standard French Meaning la feire la foire fair (trade show) la feis la fois time la peire la poire pear le deigt le doigt finger le dreit le droit right (law) le peivre le poivre pepper aveir (final r is silent) avoir to have beire boire to drink creire croire to believe neir (final r is silent) noir black veir (final r is silent) voir to see Examples of Norman French words with c- / qu- and g- instead of ch- and j in Standard French Norman French Standard French Meaning la cauche la chausse, la chaussure shoes la cose la chose thing la gaumbe la jambe leg la quièvre la chèvre goat la vaque la vache cow le cat le chat cat le câtel (final l is silent) le château castle le quien le chien dog cachier chasser to chase / to hunt catouiller chatouiller to tickle caud chaud hot Norse influences[edit] Examples of Norman words of Norse origin: English Norman French Old Norse Scandinavian reflexes French bait baite, bète, abète beita beita (Icelandic), beite (Norw.), bete (Swed.) appât; boëtte (from Breton; maybe ultimately from Norman) beach grass, dune grass milgreu, melgreu *melgrös, pl. of *melgras melgrös, pl. of melgras (Icelandic) oyat (black) currant gade, gadelle, gradelle, gradille gaddʀ (-) cassis, groseille damp (cf. muggy), humid mucre mykr (cf. English muck) myk (Norw.) humide down (feather) dun, dum, dumet, deumet dúnn dúnn (Icelandic), dun (Dan., Norw., Swed.) duvet (from Norman) dune, sandy land mielle, mièle melʀ melur (Icelandic), mile (Dan.), mjele (Norw.), mjälla (Swed.) dune, terrain sableux earthnut, groundnut, pignut, peanut génotte, gernotte, jarnotte *jarðhnot jarðhneta (Icelandic), jordnød (Dan.), jordnöt (Swed.), jordnøtt (Norw.) terre-noix islet hommet/houmet hólmʀ hólmur (Icelandic), holm (Dan., Norw.), holme (Swed.) îlot, rocher en mer mound (cf. howe, high) hougue haugʀ haugur (Icelandic), haug (Norw.), hög (Swe.), høj (Dan.) monticule ness (headland or cliff, cf. Sheerness, etc.) nez nes nes (Icelandic, Norw.), næs (Dan.), näs (Swed.) cap, pointe de côte seagull mauve, mave, maôve mávaʀ (pl.) mávar (pl.) (Icelandic), måge (Dan.), måke/måse (Norw.), mås (Swed.) mouette, goëland slide, slip griller, égriller, écriller *skriðla overskride (Norw.), skrilla (Old Swed.), skriða (Icelandic), skride (Dan.) glisser wicket (borrowed from Norman) viquet, (-vic, -vy, -vouy in place-names) vík vík (Icelandic), vig (Dan.), vik (Norw., Swed.) guichet (borrowed from Norman) In some cases, Norse words adopted in Norman have been borrowed into French – and more recently some of the English words used in French can be traced back to Norman origins. A bar named in Norman English influences[edit] Following the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the Norman and other languages and dialects spoken by the new rulers of England were used during several hundred years, developing into the unique insular dialect now known as Anglo-Norman French, and leaving traces of specifically Norman words that can be distinguished from the equivalent lexical items in French: English Norman French French cabbage < caboche = chou (cf. caboche) castle < castel (borrowed from Occitan) = château-fort, castelet catch < cachier (now cachi)[5] = chasser cater < acater = acheter cauldron < caudron = chaudron causeway < caucie (now cauchie)[6] = chaussée cherry (ies) < cherise (chrise, chise ) = cerise fashion < faichon = façon mug < mogue/moque[7] = mug, boc poor < paur = pauvre wait < waitier (Old Norman) = gaitier (mod. guetter ) war < werre (Old Norman) = guerre warrior < werreur (Old Norman) = guerrier wicket < viquet = guichet (cf. piquet) Other borrowings, such as canvas, captain, cattle and kennel, exemplify how Norman retained Latin /k/ that was not retained in French. In the United Kingdom, Acts of Parliament are confirmed with the words "La Reyne le veult" ("The Queen wishes it"), or "Le Roy le veult ("The King wishes it") and other Norman phrases are used on formal occasions as legislation progresses.[8] Norman immigration[edit] Norman immigrants to North America also introduced some "Normanisms" to Quebec French and the French language in Canada generally. Joual, a working class sociolect of Quebec, in particular exhibits a Norman influence. See also[edit] Norman edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Norman toponymy Joret line References[edit] ^ a b c BBC Voices – Jerriais ^ Endangered Languages Project data for Norman. ^ "Norman". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2020. Norman, member of those Vikings, or Norsemen, who settled in northern France...The Normans (from Nortmanni: “Northmen”) were originally pagan barbarian pirates from Denmark, Norway, and Iceland ^ Elisabeth Ridel (2010). Les Vikings et les mots. Editions Errance. ^ Oxford English Dictionary. "Catch" ^ Oxford English Dictionary. "Causeway" ^ The Oxford English Dictionary. entry on "Mug¹" states that the origin of this word is uncertain—it may have been a borrowing from Norman, or it may have come from another source, and been reinforced through Norman. ^ "La Reyne le veult – why are Acts of Parliament confirmed in Norman French rather than English? – Royal Central". royalcentral.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-05-08. Sources[edit] Essai de grammaire de la langue normande, UPN, 1995. ISBN 2-9509074-0-7. V'n-ous d'aveu mei? UPN, 1984. La Normandie dialectale, 1999, ISBN 2-84133-076-1 Alain Marie, Les auteurs patoisants du Calvados, 2005. ISBN 2-84706-178-9. Roger Jean Lebarbenchon, Les Falaises de la Hague, 1991. ISBN 2-9505884-0-9. Jean-Louis Vaneille, Les patoisants bas-normands, n.d., Saint-Lô. André Dupont, Dictionnaire des patoisants du Cotentin, Société d'archéologie de la Manche, Saint-Lô, 1992. Geraint Jennings and Yan Marquis, "The Toad and the Donkey: an anthology of Norman literature from the Channel Islands", 2011, ISBN 978-1-903427-61-3 External links[edit] "Norman French" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905. v t e Norman language Channel Island dialects Auregnais (Alderney) Guernésiais/Dgèrnésiais (Guernsey) Jèrriais (Jersey) Sercquiais/Sèrtchais (Sark) Continental dialects Augeron (Pays d'Auge) Cauchois (Pays de Caux) Cotentinais (Cotentin) Historic and legal Anglo-Norman Jersey Legal French (highly influenced by Jèrriais) Law French Old Norman Literature List of Norman language writers Jèrriais literature Anglo-Norman literature v t e Romance languages Classification Western Ibero-Romance Galician-Portuguese Portuguese* dialects European* Brazilian* Uruguayan African* Asian Creoles Galician Eonavian/Galician-Asturian Fala Judaeo-Portuguese Caló Astur-Leonese Asturian Cantabrian Extremaduran Leonese Mirandese Spanish Spanish* dialects Equatoguinean European* Latin American* Philippine Saharan Creoles Old Spanish Judaeo-Spanish Caló Others Navarro-Aragonese Aragonese Judaeo-Aragonese Mozarabic Occitano-Romance Catalan Catalan* dialects Eastern* Alguerese Balearic Central* Northern Western North-Western Valencian Judaeo-Catalan Caló Occitan* Auvergnat Gascon Aranese Languedocien Limousin Provençal Niçard Mentonasc Vivaro-Alpine Old Provençal Judaeo-Provençal Caló Gallo-Romance Langues d'oïl Burgundian Champenois Franc-Comtois French* dialects Standard* African* Aostan Belgian Cambodian Canadian* Indian Laotian Swiss Vietnamese Old French Middle French Judaeo-French Creoles Gallo Lorrain Norman Anglo-Norman Picard Poitevin Saintongeais Walloon Moselle Romance British Latin Others Arpitan/Franco-Provençal Valdôtain Savoyard North Italian dialects Gallo-Italic Ligurian Brigasc Genoese Intemelio Monégasque Lombard Western Eastern Emilian-Romagnol Emilian Bolognese Parmigiano Romagnol Piedmontese Judaeo-Piedmontese Gallo-Italic of Sicily Gallo-Italic of Basilicata Others Venetian Fiuman Talian Triestine Mediterranean Lingua Franca Rhaeto-Romance Friulian Ladin Romansh Central, Sardinian and Eastern Italo-Dalmatian Central Italian* dialects Central* Tuscan Corsican Gallurese Sassarese Judaeo-Italian Southern Neapolitan* Northern Calabrese Sicilian* Southern Calabrese Others Dalmatian Istriot Sardinian* Sardinian Campidanese Logudorese Eastern Romanian* Romanian Moldovan Vlach Others Aromanian Istro-Romanian Megleno-Romanian Pannonian Romance North African African Romance Italics indicate extinct languages * (asterisks) indicates languages with more than 5 million speakers Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left. v t e Languages of Sicily Official language Italian Contemporary languages Sicilian language Italian language Regional Italian Arbëresh language Gallo-Italic of Sicily Modern Greek Historical languages Ancient Greek Arabic Tosk Albanian Berber languages Elymian language Hebrew language Italian language Sicilian Greek Judeo-Arabic languages Koine Greek Late Latin Maghrebi Arabic Maltese language Medieval Greek Mediterranean Lingua Franca Norman language Phoenician language Punic language Sicani Sicilian language Siculo-Arabic Southern Italian Koiné Vulgar Latin Authority control BNF: cb11938004s (data) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norman_language&oldid=1002331876" Categories: Norman language Languages of France Endangered Romance languages Languages of Sicily Channel Islands Languages of the United Kingdom Oïl languages Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Language articles with IETF language tag Language articles without reference field Articles with text in Romance languages Articles containing French-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles with citation needed 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