James George Frazer - Wikipedia James George Frazer From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   (Redirected from James G. Frazer) Jump to navigation Jump to search "James Frazer" redirects here. For others with the same or a similar name, see James Fraser (disambiguation). Sir James George Frazer OM FRS FRSE FBA Sir James George Frazer in 1933 Born (1854-01-01)1 January 1854 Glasgow, Scotland Died 7 May 1941(1941-05-07) (aged 87) Cambridge, England Alma mater University of Glasgow (MA 1874) Trinity College, Cambridge Known for Research in mythology and comparative religion Awards Order of Merit Fellow of the Royal Society[1] Scientific career Fields Social anthropologist Institutions Trinity College, Cambridge University of Liverpool Influences Andrew Lang Plato Edward Burnett Tylor Hermann Oldenberg Influenced Jack Goody Ross Nichols Bronisław Malinowski Aleister Crowley[2] T. S. Eliot Part of a series on Anthropology of religion Ancient statues discovered in Peru Basic concepts Afterlife Animism Augur Augury Communitas Comparative religion Divination Greek divination Methods of divination Divine language Evolutionary origin of religions Fetishism Great Spirit Haruspex Henotheism Initiation Liminality Magic (supernatural) Apotropaic magic Mana Monotheism Necromancy Nympholepsy Oracle Ornithomancy Polytheism Pythia Rite of passage Ritual Revitalization movement Sacred dance Sacred language Sacred–profane dichotomy Shamanism Soul dualism Superstition Theories about religions Totem Transtheism Veneration of the dead Case studies Magic Coral Gardens and Their Magic Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants Neo-Paganism Ritual Angakkuq Babaylan Bobohizan Bomoh Bora Dukun Miko Jhākri Pawang Slametan Wu Revitalization movement Cargo cult Ghost Dance Handsome Lake Related articles The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life Purity and Danger Myth and ritual Archaeology of religion and ritual Poles in mythology Major theorists Augustin Calmet Akbar S. Ahmed Talal Asad Joseph Campbell Mary Douglas Émile Durkheim Arnold van Gennep E. E. Evans-Pritchard James Frazer Clifford Geertz Robin Horton Claude Lévi-Strauss Robert Marett Roy Rappaport Saba Mahmood Marshall Sahlins Melford Spiro Stanley Tambiah Victor Turner Edward Burnett Tylor Daniel Martin Varisco Anthony F. C. Wallace Journals Anthropological Perspectives on Religion Folklore The Hibbert Journal The Journal of Religion Oceania Religions Ethnic and folk religions Afro-American religion Alaska Native religion Anito Atua Böö mörgöl Chinese folk religion Hanitu Hausa Kejawèn Native American religion Noaidi Shindo Shamanism in Siberia Shinto Traditional African religions Buddhism Mahayana Nichiren Pure Land Shingon Theravada Tiantai Tibetan Vajrayana Zen Christianity Adventism Anglicanism Armenian Apostolic Church Baptists Calvinism Catholic Church Coptic Orthodoxy Eastern Orthodoxy Ethiopian Orthodoxy Greek Orthodoxy Lutheranism Methodism Nestorianism Oriental Orthodoxy Pentecostalism Protestantism Quakers Russian Orthodoxy Hinduism Hindu denominations Shaivism Shaktism Smartism Vaishnavism Islam Ahmadiyya Ibadi Mahdavia Non-denominational Quranists Shia Sufism Sunni Yazdânism Judaism Conservative Hasidic Karaite Orthodox Reform Jainism Sikhism Social and cultural anthropology v t e Sir James George Frazer OM FRS FRSE FBA[1] (/ˈfreɪzər/; 1 January 1854 – 7 May 1941) was a Scottish social anthropologist and folklorist[3] influential in the early stages of the modern studies of mythology and comparative religion.[4] His most famous work, The Golden Bough (1890), documents and details the similarities among magical and religious beliefs around the world. Frazer posited that human belief progressed through three stages: primitive magic, replaced by religion, in turn replaced by science. Contents 1 Personal life 2 His work 2.1 Theories of Religion and Cultural Evolution 3 Origin-of-death stories 3.1 The Story of the Two Messengers 3.2 The Story of the Waxing and Waning Moon 3.3 The Story of the Serpent and His Cast Skin 3.4 The Story of the Banana 4 Reputation and criticism 5 Selected works 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Personal life[edit] He was born on 1 January 1854 in Glasgow, Scotland, the son of Daniel F. Frazer, a chemist, and his wife, Katherine Brown.[5] Frazer attended school at Springfield Academy and Larchfield Academy in Helensburgh.[6] He studied at the University of Glasgow and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated with honours in classics (his dissertation was published years later as The Growth of Plato's Ideal Theory) and remained a Classics Fellow all his life.[7] From Trinity, he went on to study law at the Middle Temple, but never practised. Four times elected to Trinity's Title Alpha Fellowship, he was associated with the college for most of his life, except for a year, 1907–1908, spent at the University of Liverpool. He was knighted in 1914, and a public lectureship in social anthropology at the universities of Cambridge, Oxford, Glasgow and Liverpool was established in his honour in 1921.[8] He was, if not blind, then severely visually impaired from 1930 on. He and his wife, Lilly, died in Cambridge, England, within a few hours of each other.[citation needed] He died on 7 May 1941.[5] They are buried at the Ascension Parish Burial Ground in Cambridge. His sister Isabella Katherine Frazer married the mathematician John Steggall.[9] Frazer is commonly interpreted as an atheist in light of his criticism of Christianity and especially Roman Catholicism in The Golden Bough. However, his later writings and unpublished materials suggest an ambivalent relationship with Neoplatonism and Hermeticism.[10] In 1896 Frazer married Elizabeth Grove, a writer whose family was from Alsace. She would later adapt Frazer's Golden Bough as a book of children's stories, The Leaves from the Golden Bough.[11][12][13] His work[edit] The study of myth and religion became his areas of expertise. Except for visits to Italy and Greece, Frazer was not widely travelled. His prime sources of data were ancient histories and questionnaires mailed to missionaries and imperial officials all over the globe. Frazer's interest in social anthropology was aroused by reading E. B. Tylor's Primitive Culture (1871) and encouraged by his friend, the biblical scholar William Robertson Smith, who was comparing elements of the Old Testament with early Hebrew folklore. Frazer was the first scholar to describe in detail the relations between myths and rituals. His vision of the annual sacrifice of the Year-King has not been borne out by field studies. Yet The Golden Bough, his study of ancient cults, rites, and myths, including their parallels in early Christianity, continued for many decades to be studied by modern mythographers for its detailed information.[14][verification needed] The first edition, in two volumes, was published in 1890; and a second, in three volumes, in 1900.[15] The third edition was finished in 1915 and ran to twelve volumes, with a supplemental thirteenth volume added in 1936. He published a single-volume abridged version, largely compiled by his wife Lady Frazer, in 1922, with some controversial material on Christianity excluded from the text.[16] The work's influence extended well beyond the conventional bounds of academia, inspiring the new work of psychologists and psychiatrists. Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, cited Totemism and Exogamy frequently in his own Totem and Taboo: Resemblances Between the Psychic Lives of Savages and Neurotics.[17] The symbolic cycle of life, death and rebirth which Frazer divined behind myths of many peoples captivated a generation of artists and poets. Perhaps the most notable product of this fascination is T. S. Eliot's poem The Waste Land (1922). Frazer's pioneering work[18] has been criticised by late-20th-century scholars. For instance, in the 1980s the social anthropologist Edmund Leach wrote a series of critical articles, one of which was featured as the lead in Anthropology Today, vol. 1 (1985).[19] He criticised The Golden Bough for the breadth of comparisons drawn from widely separated cultures, but often based his comments on the abridged edition, which omits the supportive archaeological details. In a positive review of a book narrowly focused on the cultus in the Hittite city of Nerik, J. D. Hawkins remarked approvingly in 1973, "The whole work is very methodical and sticks closely to the fully quoted documentary evidence in a way that would have been unfamiliar to the late Sir James Frazer."[20] More recently, The Golden Bough has been criticized for what are widely perceived as imperialist, anti-Catholic, classist and racist elements, including Frazer's assumptions that European peasants, Aboriginal Australians and Africans represented fossilized, earlier stages of cultural evolution.[21] Another important work by Frazer is his six-volume commentary on the Greek traveller Pausanias' description of Greece in the mid-2nd century AD. Since his time, archaeological excavations have added enormously to the knowledge of ancient Greece, but scholars still find much of value in his detailed historical and topographical discussions of different sites, and his eyewitness accounts of Greece at the end of the 19th century.[citation needed] Theories of Religion and Cultural Evolution[edit] Among the most influential elements of the third edition of The Golden Bough is Frazer's theory of cultural evolution and the place Frazer assigns religion and magic in that theory. Frazer's theory of cultural evolution was not absolute and could reverse, but sought to broadly describe three (or possibly, four) spheres through which cultures were thought to pass over time.[22][23] Frazer believed that, over time, culture passed through three stages, moving from magic, to religion, to science. Frazer's classification notably diverged from earlier anthropological descriptions of cultural evolution, including that of Auguste Comte, because he claimed magic was both initially separate from religion and invariably preceded religion.[24][25] He also defined magic separately from belief in the supernatural and superstition, presenting an ultimately ambivalent view of its place in culture.[26] Frazer believed that magic and science were similar because both shared an emphasis on experimentation and practicality; indeed, his emphasis on this relationship is so broad that almost any disproven scientific hypothesis technically constitutes magic under his system.[27] In contrast to both magic and science, Frazer defined religion in terms of belief in personal, supernatural forces and attempts to appease them. As historian of religion Jason Josephson-Storm describes Frazer's views, Frazer saw religion as "a momentary aberration in the grand trajectory of human thought."[28] He thus ultimately proposed – and attempted to further – a narrative of secularization and one of the first social-scientific expressions of a disenchantment narrative. At the same time, Frazer was aware that both magic and religion could persist or return. He noted that magic sometimes returned so as to become science, such as when alchemy underwent a revival in Early Modern Europe and became chemistry. On the other hand, Frazer displayed a deep anxiety about the potential of widespread belief in magic to empower the masses, indicating fears of and biases against lower-class people in his thought.[29] Origin-of-death stories[edit] Main article: Origin-of-death myth Frazer collected stories from throughout the British Empire and devised four general classifications into which many of them could be grouped:[30][31] The Story of the Two Messengers[edit] This type of story is common in Africa. Two messages are carried from the supreme being to mankind: one of eternal life and one of death. The messenger carrying the tidings of eternal life is delayed, and so the message of death is received first by mankind.[31] The Bantu people of Southern Africa, such as the Zulu, tell that Unkulunkulu, the Old Old One, sent a message that men should not die, giving it to the chameleon. The chameleon was slow and dawdled, taking time to eat and sleep. Unkulunkulu meanwhile had changed his mind and gave a message of death to the lizard who travelled quickly and so overtook the chameleon. The message of death was delivered first and so, when the chameleon arrived with its message of life, mankind would not hear it and so is fated to die.[31] Because of this, Bantu people, such as the Ngoni, punish lizards and chameleons. For example, children may be allowed to put tobacco into a chameleon's mouth so that the nicotine poisons it and the creature dies, writhing while turning colours.[31] Variations of the tale are found in other parts of Africa. The Akamba say the messengers are the chameleon and the thrush while the Ashanti say they are the goat and the sheep.[31] The Bura people of northern Nigeria say that, at first, neither death nor disease existed but, one day, a man became ill and died. The people sent a worm to ask the sky deity, Hyel, what they should do with him. The worm was told that the people should hang the corpse in the fork of a tree and throw mush at it until it came back to life. But a malicious lizard, Agadzagadza,[32] hurried ahead of the worm and told the people to dig a grave, wrap the corpse in cloth, and bury it. The people did this. When the worm arrived and said that they should dig up the corpse, place it in a tree, and throw mush at it, they were too lazy to do this, and so death remained on Earth.[33][34] This Bura story has the common mythic motif of a vital message which is diverted by a trickster.[35] In Togoland, the messengers were the dog and the frog, and, as in the Bura version, the messengers go first from mankind to God to get answers to their questions.[31] The Story of the Waxing and Waning Moon[edit] The phases of the moon The moon regularly seems to disappear and then return. This gave primitive peoples the idea that man should or might return from death in a similar way. Stories that associate the moon with the origin of death are found especially around the Pacific region. In Fiji, it is said that the moon suggested that mankind should return as he did. But the rat god, Ra Kalavo, would not permit this, insisting that men should die like rats. In Australia, the Wotjobaluk aborigines say that the moon used to revive the dead until an old man said that this should stop. The Cham have it that the goddess of good luck used to revive the dead, but the sky-god sent her to the moon so she could not do this any more.[31] The Story of the Serpent and His Cast Skin[edit] A snake shedding its skin Animals which shed their skin, such as snakes and lizards, appeared to be immortal to primitive people. This led to stories in which mankind lost the ability to do this. For example, in Vietnam, it was said that the Jade Emperor sent word from heaven to mankind that, when they became old, they should shed their skins while the serpents would die and be buried. But some snakes overheard the command and threatened to bite the messenger unless he switched the message, so that man would die while snakes would be eternally renewed. For the natives of the island of Nias, the story was that the messenger who completed their creation failed to fast and ate bananas rather than crabs. If he had eaten the latter, then mankind would have shed their skins like crabs and so lived eternally.[31] The Story of the Banana[edit] Dead banana plants The banana plant bears its fruit on a stalk which dies after bearing. This gave people such as the Nias islanders the idea that they had inherited this short-lived property of the banana rather than the immortality of the crab. The natives of Poso also based their myth on this property of the banana. Their story is that the creator in the sky would lower gifts to mankind on a rope and, one day, a stone was offered to the first couple. They refused the gift as they did not know what to do with it and so the creator took it back and lowered a banana. The couple ate this with relish, but the creator told them that they would live as the banana, perishing after having children rather than remaining everlasting like the stone.[31] Reputation and criticism[edit] According to historian Timothy Larsen, Frazer used scientific terminology and analogies to describe ritual practices, and conflated magic and science together, such as describing the "magic wand of science".[36] Larsen criticizes Frazer for baldly characterized magical rituals as "infallible" without clarifying that this is merely what believers in the rituals thought.[37] Larsen has said that Frazer's vivid descriptions of magical practices were written with the intention to repel readers, but, instead, these descriptions more often allured them.[38] Larsen also criticizes Frazer for applying western European Christian ideas, theology, and terminology to non-Christian cultures. This distorts those cultures to make them appear more Christian.[39] Frazer routinely described non-Christian religious figures by equating them with Christian ones.[40] Frazer applied Christian terms to functionaries, for instance calling the elders of the Njamus of East Africa "equivalent to the Levites of Israel"[40] and the Grand Lama of Lhasa "the Buddhist Pope... the man-god who bore his people's sorrows, the Good Shepherd who laid down his life for the sheep".[40] He routinely uses the specifically Christian theological terms "born again", "new birth", "baptism", "christening", "sacrament", and "unclean" in reference to non-Christian cultures.[40] When Frazer's Australian colleague Walter Baldwin Spencer requested to use native terminology to describe Aboriginal Australian cultures, arguing that doing so would be more accurate, since the Christian terms were loaded with Christian connotations that would be completely foreign to members of the cultures he was describing, Frazer insisted that he should use Judeo-Christian terms instead, telling him that using native terms would be off-putting and would seem pedantic.[40] A year later, Frazer excoriated Spencer for refusing to equate the non-estrangement of Aboriginal Australian totems with the Christian doctrine of reconciliation.[41] When Spencer, who had studied the aboriginals firsthand, objected that the ideas were not remotely similar, Frazer insisted that they were exactly equivalent.[42] Based on these exchanges, Larsen concludes that Frazer's deliberate use of Judeo-Christian terminology in the place of native terminology was not to make native cultures seem less strange, but rather to make Christianity seem more strange and barbaric.[42] Selected works[edit] Creation and Evolution in Primitive Cosmogenies, and Other Pieces (1935) The Fear of the Dead in Primitive Religion (1933–36) Condorcet on the Progress of the Human Mind (1933) Garnered Sheaves (1931) The Growth of Plato's Ideal Theory (1930) Myths of the Origin of Fire (1930) Fasti, by Ovid (text, translation and commentary), 5 volumes (1929) one-volume abridgement (1931) revised by G. P. Goold (1989, corr. 1996): ISBN 0-674-99279-2 Devil's Advocate (1928) Man, God, and Immortality (1927) Taboo and the Perils of the Soul (1911) The Gorgon's Head and other Literary Pieces (1927) The Worship of Nature (1926) (from 1923–25 Gifford Lectures,[43]) The Library, by Apollodorus (text, translation and notes), 2 volumes (1921): ISBN 0-674-99135-4 (vol. 1); ISBN 0-674-99136-2 (vol. 2) Folk-lore in the Old Testament (1918) The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead, 3 volumes (1913–24) The Golden Bough, 3rd edition: 12 volumes (1906–15; 1936) 1922 one-volume abridgement: ISBN 0-486-42492-8 Totemism and Exogamy (1910) Psyche's Task (1909) The Golden Bough, 2nd edition: expanded to 6 volumes (1900) Pausanias, and other Greek sketches (1900) Description of Greece, by Pausanias (translation and commentary) (1897–) 6 volumes. The Golden Bough: a Study in Magic and Religion, 1st edition (1890) Totemism (1887) Jan Harold Brunvard, American Folklore; An Encyclopedia, s.v. "Superstition" (p 692-697) See also[edit] Joseph Campbell Archetypal literary criticism Mircea Eliade René Girard Edward Burnett Tylor Dying-and-rising deity Sacred king Seclusion of girls at puberty References[edit] ^ a b Fleure, H. J. (1941). "James George Frazer. 1854-1941". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 3 (10): 896–914. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1941.0041. S2CID 161719297. ^ Josephson-Storm, Jason (2017). "Chapter 6: The Revival of Magick: Aleister Crowley". The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-40336-6. ^ Josephson-Storm (2017), Chapter 5. ^ Mary Beard, "Frazer, Leach, and Virgil: The Popularity (and Unpopularity) of the Golden Bough," Comparative Studies in Society and History, 34.2 (April 1992:203–224). ^ a b Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. ^ Jaques Waardenburg. 1999. Classical Approaches to the Study of Religion. Aims, Methods and Theories of Research, Volume I: Introduction and Anthology, p244. New York : Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-016328-4 ^ "Frazer, James George (FRSR874JG)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ Address to Sir James George Frazer on the occasion of the foundation, in his honour, of the Frazer Lectureship in Social Anthropology in the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, Glasgow and Liverpool (1920). ^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. ^ Josephson-Storm (2017), Chapter 5. ^ Ackerman, Robert (10 December 1987). J G Frazer: His Life and Work. CUP Archive. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-521-34093-9. ^ Kessler, Gary (March 2013). Fifty Key Thinkers on Religion. Routledge. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-136-66241-6. ^ "Leaves from the Golden Bough". Nature. 114 (2876): 854–855. 13 December 1924. Bibcode:1924Natur.114R.854.. doi:10.1038/114854b0. S2CID 4110636. ^ D Daiches ed., Companion to Literature 1 (1968) p. 194 ^ R Fraser Intro, The Golden Bough (Oxford 2009) p. xl ^ For the history of The Golden Bough see R. Fraser, The Making of The Golden Bough: The Origins and Growth of an Argument (London, 1990). ^ Sigmund Freud, Totem and Taboo: Resemblances Between the Psychic Life of Savages and Neurotics, trans., A.A. Brill (London: Routledge and Sons, 1919), p. 4 ^ "For those who see Frazer's work as the start of anthropological study in its modern sense, the site and the cult of Nemi must hold a particular place: This colourful but minor backwater of Roman religion marks the source of the discipline of Social anthropology", remarks Mary Beard, in noting the critical reassessment of Frazer's work following Edmund Leach, "Frazer, Leach, and Virgil: The Popularity (and Unpopularity) of the Golden Bough," Comparative Studies in Society and History, 34.2 (April 1992:203–224), p. 204. ^ Leach, "Reflections on a visit to Nemi: did Frazer get it wrong?", Anthropology Today 1 (1985) ^ Hawkins, reviewing Volkert Haas, Der Kult von Nerik: ein Beitrag zur hethitischen Religionsgeschichte, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 36.1 (1973:128). ^ Chidester (2014), pp. x–xi, 5, 8; and Chapter 6. ^ Carneiro, Robert L. (2003). Evolutionism in Cultural Anthropology: A Critical History. University of Chicago Press. p. 29. ISBN 0429980302. ^ On the possibility of a fourth stage see Josephson-Storm (2017), pp. 146–147. ^ Chidester (2014), p. 159. ^ Josephson-Storm (2017), pp. 141–142. ^ Josephson-Storm (2017), pp. 142–143. ^ Malinowski (2014), n. pag. ^ Josephson-Storm (2017), p. 145. ^ Josephson-Storm (2017), pp. 145–147. ^ Janet Parker; Alice Mills; Julie Stanton (2007), "Myths of Death", Mythology: Myths, Legends and Fantasies, Struik, p. 306, ISBN 978-1-77007-453-8 ^ a b c d e f g h i J. G. Frazer (1913), The Belief in Immortality and The Worship of the Dead, Macmillan, ISBN 978-1-4400-4514-1 ^ Eva M. Thury; Margaret K. Devinney (2005), Introduction to Mythology, Oxford University Press, p. 95, ISBN 978-0-19-517968-2 ^ Arthur Cotterell (1999), "Death comes into the world", Encyclopedia of World Mythology, ISBN 978-0-7607-2855-0, Long ago, there was no such thing as death. All were therefore surprised when a man died. They sent a worm to the sky to ask Hyel, the supreme deity (Bura, Pabir/Nigeria), what they should do. ^ Scheub, Harold (1990), The African storyteller: stories from African oral traditions, Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, p. 52, ISBN 978-0-8403-6037-3, the Bura people ... had an unusually full system of culture embedded in their folk tales. ^ Scheub, Harold (1994), Meanings: Manual for the African Storyteller, Kendall/Hunt, p. 27, ISBN 978-0-8403-9934-2, The motif is a venerable mythic motif, the interrupted message, and raises the question of what would have happened if only, if only ... A worm, in this incarnation of the motif, is to inform the humans that life is everlasting. But a trickster of a lizard overtakes the worm, and gives the wrong message: humans are evanescent. So it is that death comes permanently into the world. And the storyteller adds a scene in which the onus for death is placed entirely on the backs of humans: people are too lazy to retrieve the corpse and hang it on a tree. ^ Larsen 2014, pp. 43–44. ^ Larsen 2014, p. 44. ^ Larsen 2014, p. 46. ^ Larsen 2014, pp. 46–48. ^ a b c d e Larsen 2014, p. 47. ^ Larsen 2014, pp. 47–48. ^ a b Larsen 2014, p. 48. ^ Gifford Lecture Series – Books Archived 16 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine at www.giffordlectures.org Further reading[edit] Ackerman, Robert (1987). J. G. Frazer: His Life and Work. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521340934. Ackerman, Robert (2002). The Myth & Ritual School: J. G. Frazer and the Cambridge Ritualists. New York: Routledge. ISBN 1135371121. Ackerman, Robert, (2015). “J. G. Frazer and Religion”, in BEROSE - International Encyclopaedia of the Histories of Anthropology, Paris. Ackerman, Robert, 2018. « L’anthropologue qui meurt et ressuscite : vie et œuvre de James George Frazer » in Bérose - Encyclopédie internationale des histoires de l’anthropologie Chidester, David (2014). Empire of Religion: Imperialism & Comparative Religion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226117577. Fraser, Robert (1990). The Making of "The Golden Bough". New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 1349207209. Josephson-Storm, Jason (2017). "Chapter 5: The Decline of Magic: J.G. Frazer". The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-40336-6. Larsen, Timothy (2014), "James George Frazer", The Slain God: Anthropologists and the Christian Faith, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, pp. 37–79, ISBN 978-0-19-965787-2 Malinowski, Bronislaw (2014). Magic, Science and Religion and Other Essays. Read Books. ISBN 978-1473393127. Giacomo Scarpelli, Il razionalista pagano. Frazer e la filosofia del mito, Milano, Meltemi 2018 ISBN 9788883539053 External links[edit] Wikiquote has quotations related to: James George Frazer Wikisource has original works written by or about: James George Frazer Wikisource has the text of a 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica article about "James George Frazer". Resources related to research : BEROSE - International Encyclopaedia of the Histories of Anthropology. "Frazer, James George (1854-1941)", Paris, 2015. (ISSN 2648-2770) Petri Liukkonen. "James George Frazer". Books and Writers Sir James George Frazer Collection at Bartleby.com Works by James George Frazer at Project Gutenberg Works by or about James George Frazer at Internet Archive Works by James George Frazer at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Trinity College Chapel: Sir James George Frazer James George Frazer at Find a Grave Portraits of James George Frazer at the National Portrait Gallery, London v t e Fellows of the British Academy elected in 1902 (founding fellows) Fellows The Earl of Rosebery The Viscount Dillon The Lord Reay Arthur Balfour John Morley The Lord Bryce William Edward Hartpole Lecky Sir William Anson Sir Frederick Pollock Sir Edward Maunde Thompson Sir Henry Maxwell Lyte Sir Courtenay Ilbert Sir Richard Claverhouse Jebb David Monro Sir Adolphus Ward Edward Caird Henry Francis Pelham Sir John Rhys George Salmon J. B. Bury Samuel Butcher Ingram Bywater Edward Byles Cowell William Cunningham Thomas Rhys Davids A. V. Dicey Samuel Rolles Driver Robinson Ellis Sir Arthur Evans Andrew Martin Fairbairn Robert Flint Sir James George Frazer Sir Israel Gollancz Thomas Hodgkin Shadworth Hodgson Sir Thomas Erskine Holland Frederic William Maitland Alfred Marshall John E. B. Mayor Sir James Murray Sir William Mitchell Ramsay William Sanday Walter William Skeat Sir Leslie Stephen Whitley Stokes Henry Barclay Swete Henry Fanshawe Tozer Robert Yelverton Tyrrell James Ward Authority control BNE: XX1163912 BNF: cb11903491t (data) CANTIC: a10474936 GND: 118702998 ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV\037921 ISNI: 0000 0003 5433 8800 LCCN: n79018009 NDL: 00440071 NKC: jn19981001241 NLA: 35101202 NLI: 000048835 NLK: KAC199609247 NLP: A11883467 NTA: 068411723 PLWABN: 9810690456105606 SELIBR: 187358 SNAC: w6s18kt4 SUDOC: 026873842 Trove: 826752 VcBA: 495/87279 VIAF: 31996454 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n79018009 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_George_Frazer&oldid=991781433" Categories: 1854 births 1941 deaths Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge Social anthropologists Anthropologists of religion People from Glasgow Mythographers Comparative mythology Scottish anthropologists Scottish classical scholars Scottish scholars and academics Scottish writers Scottish lawyers Alumni of the University of Glasgow Academics of the University of Liverpool Fellows of the Royal Society (Statute 12) Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge Members of the Middle Temple Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh People from Helensburgh Fellows of the British Academy People educated at Larchfield Academy Researchers of Slavic religion Scottish folklorists Scholars of comparative religion Writers about religion and science Hidden categories: CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2019 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2019 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ICCU identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Languages العربية Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Furlan 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 December 2020, at 20:07 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Mobile view Developers Statistics Cookie statement