& K
355

















FLORA HONGKONGENSIS.











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FLORA HONGKONGENSIS:
A DESCRIPTION
THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS
OP THE
Jslantr of Jponghcrng.

GEORGE BENTHAM, V.P.L.S.
WITH A MAP OF THE ISLAND.
PUBLISHED UNDUE THE AUTHORITY OF HUB MAJESTY'S SECRETARY
OP STATE FOB THE COLONIES.

LONDON:
LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
186L


JOHN KDWABD TAYLOR, PBINTEB,
LTTTLB 4JCBBN 5TBEBT, LINCOLN'S INN BIB LPS.


TO
SIR HERCULES GEORGE R. ROBINSON,
GOVERNOR, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF, AND VICE-ADMIRAL
IN THE COLONY OF HONGKONG,
WHO HAS EVER
PROVED HIMSELF A ZEALOUS PROMOTER OF BOTANICAL RESEARCH,
ESPECIALLY BT
THE ASSISTANCE AND ENCOURAGEMENT GIVEN TO BOTANICAL TRAVELLERS,
AS WELL A8 BY THE VALUABLE CONTRIBUTIONS HE HAS HIMSELF
TRANSMITTED TO THE ROYAL GARDENS AT EEW,
THIS WORK
IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED.





PREFACE.
■
The little island of Hongkong is situated off the southern coast of
China, at the mouth of the Canton river, between lat. 22° 9' and 22° 21'
N. It consists of a rugged mountain ridge, running from east to west,
broken into three or four peaks attaining an elevation of between 1700
and 1800 feet above the level of the sea, and intersected by deep narrow
ravines. It is of very irregular outline, cut into deep inlets, especially
on the south coast, where the hills occasionally slope down to a broad
sandy beach, whilst several of the headlands terminate in perpendicular
cliffs. Its greatest length is about eight miles, by a breadth of little
more than four, and has an area of rather more than twenty-nine square
miles. It is separated from the opposite hilly, and in some places more
elevated, mainland by a strait, variously called Cap-Syng-Moon, or
Cum-Sing-Moon,* which in its narrowest part (the Lye-Moon pass) is
only half a mile in breadth, and, opposite to our newly acquired district
of Kowloon, expands into a capacious harbour.
What we know of its physical condition and climate as affecting its
Flora, is chiefly derived froni the "Eemarks on the physical aspect and
vegetation of Hongkong," published by the late Mr. E. B. Hinds, in
Hooker's ' London Journal of Botany,' vol. i. p. 476 (1842), and from Dr.
B. Seemann's ' Introduction to the Flora of Hongkong,' in his Botany
of the Voyage of H.M.S. Herald (1857). Both these writers repre-
sent its general aspect, especially when viewed from the south-east
during the dry or winter season, as barren and bleak in the extreme,
and apparently denuded of anything like arborescent vegetation. The
more sheltered valleys and ravines, on the contrary, on the northern and
* So it is explained by Seemann. Other authorities restrict the name of Cap-Syng-Moon
to the pass lying between the Isle of Lantao and the mainland.


8*
PREFACE.
western Bides, saturated with moisture during the long-continued heavy
rains of spring and early summer, and never exposed to real drought,
afford to the botanist who examines them in detail an extraordinarily
varied Flora. And a large proportion of this Flora is characterized by
the collectors as arborescent or shrubby, although on the other hand
the woods are stated to be of very limited extent, generally of stunted
growth, and to consist mainly of very few species, Pinus sinensis on the
more exposed parts, Ternstroemia japonica and a few others in the more
sheltered valleys; the numerous species of Oak, Fig, and other trees be-
ing usually limited to few individuals.
The rock of the island is chiefly granite (syeuite), with occasional
masses of basaltic trap. Limestone is entirely wanting. The tempera-
ture iss as variable as the degree of humidity, the burning heats of a tro-
pical sun alternating with the cold devastating fury of a Chinese typhoon.
The annual range of the thermometer is from about 47° to 93° Fahr.,
according to a table of six years' observation given by Dr. Seemann
from a Hongkong Almanack, but it is probably still wider, as Mr. Hinds
states that at Canton it is from 29° to 94°, and the daily range is also
considerable.
Previous to the year 1841, the collections of South Chinese plants
received in Europe irere chiefly from the neighbourhood of Macao or
Canton, or from the islands of the Canton river lying between those two
towns. Some collectors or botanical amateurs had indeed, from Macao,
made excursions to the opposite coast, and may probably have landed in
Hongkong, and the plants recorded in the ' Planta; Meyenianoe,' as from
the Cap-Syng-Moon, although mostly from the island of Lantao, a few
miles higher up the river, may also in some instances be of Hongkong
origin, but we have no authentic record of any plants gathered in that
island until the survey made by the officers of H.M.S. Sulphur, under
Captain Sir Edward Belcher, in the year 1841. It was on the occasion
of this survey that the late Mr. Eichaed Brinsley Hinds, surgeon
of the vessel, made the first collection of HongkoDg plants which has
reached us. Notwithstanding the unfavourable period of the year,—
his stay round the island was only for a few weeks during the winter or
dry season,—he was enabled on his return home to place in my hands
specimens of nearly 140 species, the Enumeration of which I published
in Hooker's * London Journal of Botany,' vol. i. p. 482.
Early in 1847, the late Colonel (then Captain) J. G. CiiAMnoN, of
the 95th Kegiment, who had already, during his residence in Ceylon,


PREFACE.
0*
made several interesting additions to the known plants of that colony,
removed with his regiment to Hongkong. He remained there three
years, and during his leisure moments devoted himself with ardour to
the investigation of the Flora of the island. He very early transmitted
to his friend the late Dr. Gardner, then Superintendent of the Botanic
Gardens at Peradenia, in Ceylon, several entirely new species, descrip-
tions of which that botanist remitted for publication to Sir ~W. Hooker,
who inserted them in the first volume of his 1 Kew Journal of Botany.'
On his return to England in 1850, Col. Champion brought with him a
fine collection of between five and six hundred species of phaenogamous
plants and ferns, the result of his labours. These included the great
majority of the dicotyledonous plauts, orchids and ferns, which have
hitherto been found in the vicinity of Victoria, in the rich watery or
wooded valleys of the north-west from West Point to the Happy Valley,
and thence up to the principal central peaks, Mounts Victoria, Gough,
and Parker. He had also extended his herborizations to Chuck-Chew
(Stanley) on the south coast, and to Saywan on the east, and perhaps
to a few other distant points, but he had seldom been able to visit the
back of the island, and we miss in his collection a few interesting species
previously gathered by Mr. Hinds about Tytam-took, as well as the
Flora of the maritime sands generally. He paid also but little attention
to glumaceous plants, or indeed to almost any monocotyledons except
orchids. Early in 1851 he placed in my hands a complete set of his
specimens, accompanied frequently by analytical sketches and descrip-
tions made on the spot, and almost always by most valuable memoranda
relating to precise station, to stature, colour, etc., which it were to be
wished were less neglected by the majority of collectors; and on leaving
England for the fatal Crimean campaign, he deposited the remaining
specimens which he had reserved for himself, in the herbarium of Sir
W. J. Hooker. In the meantime, with Col. Champion's assistance, I
had proceeded to the enumeration of the species gathered by him, in-
cluding descriptions of numerous entirely new ones, which appeared
successively in detached portions in Hooker's ' Kew Journal of Botany,'
vols. iii. to vii. and ix. 1
De. H. F. Hance, now at Canton, has been almost continuously re-
sident in Southern China since 1844, and the greater portion of the time
in Hongkong, where he zealously applied himself to the study of the
Flora of the island. He remitted a few descriptions of species which
he believed to be new, to Sir W. J. Hooker, who published them in the
first volume of his 'Kew Journal of Botany,' and placed the diagnoses


10*
PREFACE.
of many others in the hands of the late Dr. "Walpers, who inserted them
in the second and third volumes of his ' Annales Botanices Systematica).'
Shortly afterwards (in 1851), being on a visit to this country, Dr. Hancc
entrusted the whole of his Hongkong herbarium to Dr. Berthold See-
uiann, who, as naturalist on board H. M. surveying-ship the Herald,
had visited Hongkong in December, 1850, and himself made some col-
lections there, and was then, on his return to England, about to publish
the botanical results of that Expedition. Accordingly, at the close of
Dr. Seemann's 'Botany of the Voyage of H.M.8. Herald,' we find a
"Flora of the Island of Hongkong," published in 1857, and containing
an enumeration of 773 phsenogamous plants and ferns, based chiefly
upon Dr. Hance's collections, and, in some Orders, confined to those
and to Dr. Seemann's own, but in the generality of cases comprising
also Mr. Hinds's and Col. Champion's plants. Since that period, I have
received several valuable communications from Dr. Hance, either notes
on species already enumerated, or specimens of others since found in
the island, as well as many interesting species from Canton, Amoy, and
other points of the Chinese coast, illustrative of the general botanical
regions of which Hongkong forms a part. On Dr. Seemann's recent
departure for the South Sea, he left Dr. Hance's and his own original
specimens which he had examined for his Flora (with the exception of
orchids and ferns) at Kew, where he has liberally allowed me access
to them for the purpose of identification and comparison.
The late Db. "W. A. Habland, Government Surgeon at Hongkong,
brought to this country in 1857 a very valuable set of Hongkong
plants, including many that had escaped the notice of previous col-
lectors. Ho allowed me to select specimens of all that appeared new
or interesting, and I took notes of a few others which I then thought
were very familiarly known species, but of which I have subsequently
regretted I had not retained specimens for more exact comparison.
Mb. CnABiiES Weight, of the United States, so well known for the
beauty and excellence of the specimens distributed from his various
botanical expeditions, was naturalist on board the U. S. ship the Vin-
cennes, and other vessels forming the United States North Pacific Ex-
ploring Expedition, under the command first of Captain Einggold and
afterwards of Captain John Eodgers. During this cruise Mr. "Wright
staid at Hongkong from March to September, 1854, and from January
to April, 1855, and has proved himself as zealous and active on this as
on other occasions, for he brought away specimens of above 500 species,
several of them of great interest, and not received from any other


PREFACE. 11*
source. An almost complete set has been remitted to me for publica-
tion by Dr. Asa Gray.
Mb. Chables Wilford, collector for the Royal Gardens at Kew,
remained in Hongkong from November 1857 to June 1858, and re-
mitted to this country above 400 species now deposited in the Hookerian
herbarium. This collection has been of considerable use to me, the
specimens being good, usually in several duplicates, and often accompa-
nied by memoranda of their stations, with occasionally a few other notes.
Col. Champion's herbarium contained also a few specimens gathered by
General (then Lieut.-Col.) J. Eyre, R. A., who also in 1854 showed me a
beautiful set of botanical drawings made in the island, from which I took
several notes. And lastly, in Sir W. J. Hooker's herbarium is a very fine
set of Hongkong ferns transmitted to him by Colonel Ubquhabt, and
some others from Db. Dill, J. C. Bowman, Esq., and T. Alexander, Esq.
Such are the materials from the examination of which the present
Flora has been compiled. They have been throughout compared with
such allied forms from other countries as are contained in the rich
Hookerian and other herbaria deposited at Kew, with occasional refer-
ence to Linna3an types, where it has been necessary, in clearing up
dubious synonyms. I have also to acknowledge most valuable assist-
ance received from botanical friends in particular Orders, upon which
they have severally been monographically engaged. I would specially
express my thanks to Db. T. Andekson, for the generic arrangement
and characters, and specific determination of Acanthacea; to Db. Boott
for the determination of the species of Carex; to Sir W. J. Hooker,
for the determination of the Ferns; to Db. Lindley for the determina-
tion of Col. Champion's and Mr. Hinds's Orchidece, and for assistance
in comparing Hongkong specimens of that and other Orders with his
own herbarium; to Col. Munro, for the determination of all the Ora-
minea of the island, with numerous important communications on their
generic arrangement and characters; to Prof. Dan. Oliver, for the
communication of his MS. notes on and characters and arrangement
of Aurantiacece and of Utricularia; and, above all, to Db. J. D. Hookeb,
for his advice and assistance through the whole work, as well as for the
communication of the invaluable notes and observations made by him
on the living Flora of Sikkim and Khasia, so closely connected with
that of Hongkong. I muBt add, however, that in the case of all the
above-named Orders, as well as in the rest of the Flora, I have myself
verified, on the specimens themselves, the characters which I have given;
and whilst I fully acknowledge the sources from whence I may have de-


12*
PREFACE.
rived any systematic modifications which may be considered as improve-
ments, I alone am responsible for any errors they may contain.
It is hoped, indeed, that these generic characters will in no instance
be found to have been copied from other works without collating them
in the case of each Hongkong species, as far as our specimens would
admit, and modifying them or indicating exceptional points where neces-
sary. In a few instances it will be seen that I have proposed consider-
able innovations, chiefly in the way of consolidating small genera which
appeared to have been established on insufficient grounds. 1 have been
obliged, however, to leave others still in a very unsatisfactory state,
where the fixing their limits and characters would have required a
general revision of whole Orders, which we can only hope to accomplish
for the ' Genera Plantarum' I am preparing in conjunction with Dr.
Hooker.
In many instances also our specimens are as yet very imperfect, and
much remains to be done before the Flora of this diminutive island can
be said to be well known. And this deficiency is not to be ascribed to
any want of zeal on the part of the collectors. When we read upon
their labels, accompanying specimens of some of the most striking
plants, such memoranda as "Only three trees known in the island,"
"Once seen in a ravine near the top of Mount Victoria," "Picked out
of a faggot which a Chinaman was carrying home," etc., we can scarcely
hope that the history of such species as are yet only known in the state
of bud, or in that of fruit, or in one sex, etc., will be very soon com-
pleted from specimens gathered in the island itself. But most probably
they may all be found in greater abundance and perfection in the hilly
ranges bordering the opposite mainland, a portion of which has now
been added to our territory. To these hills, therefore, we would espe-
cially call the attention of botanical explorers, to procure materials for
the further illustration of the Hongkong Flora.
The specific descriptions, like the generic characters, have been always
drawn up from the actual examination of specimens gathered in the
island, where they were sufficient for the purpose; or, where these were
imperfect, specimens from the nearest station from whence we have
the same species, whether continental China, the Philippine Islands, or
eastern India, have been made use of to complete the character. In
each such case the origin of the specimens described has been stated;
and on all occasions where the limits of the species are known to extend
beyond the island, the Hongkong specimens have been compared with
others taken from different parts of its geographical range. This has


PREFACE. 13*
enabled me, with the assistance of Dr. Hooker's lists and notes, to give
that range for every species, as far as can bo derived from the Kew
herbaria or other reliable sources. This distribution is, however, only
stated in a few general terms specially directed to showing the imme-
diate relation of the Hongkong Flora to that of other countries. The
precise limitation of the area of each species would require far too much
labour and detail to come within the scope of the present work.
For the purpose of obtaining even a general notion of the nature of
this geographical relation of our Flora, it was necessary to tabulate
the species according to the areas they occupy as far as our present
knowledge of them extends, although our information on the subject
is as yet far too scanty to give any very satisfactory results. The
Flora of the hilly ranges of continental South China, of which Hong-
kong is as it were an outlying spur, is almost unknown to us; that of
the country connecting these hills and the Cochin-Chinese coasts with
Burmah, Silhet, and Assam, is a complete blank. On the other side,
looking to the Philippine Islands, the nearest land connecting Hong-
kong with the eastern islands of the Indian Archipelago, although a
large number of their species have been described, yet this has been
done so imperfectly, and piecemeal, as it were, at Manilla, or in different
European capitals, with so little critical comparison between the diffe-
rent collections or with the general tropical Asiatic Flora, that it is very
difficult to obtain any definite notions of their vegetation. We have
no serviceable general Flora of the Philippines (for Blanco's species
require re-identification), and no one of our herbaria contains probably
more than one-half of the plants indigenous to them.
Such lists, however, as I have been able to prepare of the Hongkong
species arranged according to their geographical areas, and of which I
give below some numerical results, offer some interesting features. At a
first glance one is struck with the very large total amount of species
crowded upon so small an island, which all navigators depict as apparently
so bleak and bare;—with the tropical character of the great majority of
species, when botanists agree in representing the general aspect (derived
from the majority of individuals) to present the features of a much more
northern latitude;—with the large proportion of arborescent and shrubby
species, on a rocky mass where the woods are limited to a few ravines or
short narrow valleys half-monopolized by cultivation;—and with the
very great diversity in the species themselves, the proportion of orders
and genera to species, the comparative number of monotypic genera,
being far greater in the Hongkong Flora than in that of any other Flora


14*
PREFACE.
of similar extent known to me. The very large number of apparently
endemic species,—of species only known to us from the island,—is pro-
bably occasioned by our ignorance, already alluded to, of the vegetation
of continental S. China.
Another noteworthy fact apparent on the comparison of these lists, is
the great preponderance of woody and long-lived plants among the
species of limited areas, and of herbaceous-or comparatively short-lived
ones among those of a more extended range. This is, however, a general
rule applicable to all Floras; for although trees and shrubs, when once
in possession of the soil, tend to expel a great proportion of the her-
baceous vegetation, yet the slight advantages they have in the greater
power of resisting individual injury or destruction, are more than com-
pensated by the small number of individuals, and by the slow operation
of their limited means of propagation and dispersion, as compared with
the countless myriads of herbs, each producing annually and widely
scattering their seeds by thousands, tens or even hundreds of thousands,
always ready to take possession of any land rendered vacant by the de-
struction of a forest into or near to which one or two individuals might
have previously straggled. And when once in possession of the land,
herbaceous plants, so much more capable of resisting destruction from
climate or from animals than seedling trees, will often effectually pre-
vent the re-invasion of arborescent vegetation.
In its general character, the Hongkong Flora is, as already ob-
served, that of tropical Asia, of which it offers in numerous instances
the northern limit. Taking rather more in detail the more restricted
portions of the Flora, that of the damp wooded ravines of the north
and west will be found to be closely allied to that of north-east India
(Khasia, Assam, and Sikkim), and will probably hereafter prove to be
connected with it by a gradual transition across south China; the Hong-
kong specimens, when specifically identical, generally showing a less luxu-
riant vegetation, larger flowers, and other peculiarities attributable, no
doubt, to a more open situation. Other species in considerable numbers
have a much more tropical character, extending with little variation over
the Indian Archipelago, the Malayan Peninsula, and even to Ceylon and
tropical Africa, without penetrating into the continent of India. North-
wards of Hongkong the vegetation appears to change much more
rapidly. Very few of the species known to range across from the
Himalaya to Japan are believed to come much further south than Amoy,
where, with a difference of latitude of only two degrees, the tropical fea-
tures of the Hongkong Flora have (as far as we know) almost entirely


PREFACE.
15»
disappeared. And notwithstanding the prevailing idea of the close con-
nection of the Floras of Japan and Hongkong, suggested perhaps by
the presence in both of a few striking species or genera (Kadsura, Staun-
tonia, Actinidia, Camellia, Eriobotrya, Distylium, Liquidambar, Bentha-
mia, Farfugium, Houttuynia, etc.), I cannot enumerate 80 species known
to be common to the two countries.
With Australia our Flora exhibits a few curious points of connection,
either as species or types (such as Pycnospora, Lagenophora, Stylidiwn,
Mitrasacme, Thysanotus, Pkilydrum, Lipocarpha microcephala, Arthro-
styles, Zoysia, etc.). They are indeed all herbaceous, and are probably
found in the intermediate Philippine and South Pacific islands; some
of them also are maritime plants, which have always a wide range in
latitude as well as longitude; yet it must be observed that many of
them belong to genera which have many other herbaceous or maritime
species, not one of which spreads beyond Australia itself. A few of
the above-mentioned maritime species, like Carex pumila, extend from
Australia to Japan. Other maritime plants belonging to the northern
or Japanese Floras, as Ixeris debilis and rrpens, appear to have their
southern limits in Hongkong.
. "With America the Hongkong Flora has no direct connection, the
singular band of vegetation which appears to cross from N. America to
Japan, and die off through Mantchuria in central Asia, some species
extending as far as the Himalaya, passes to the north of Hongkong,
although we may even there be reminded of it by a few such types
as Letpedeza, Solidago, Eupatorium, Olea marginata, Gehemium, etc.
Those species which the island has in common with tropical America
are almost all generally spread over tropical Asia and Africa, and offer
nothing exceptional in their distribution, except perhaps the "West In-
dian Teucrium inflatum, which appears to be abundant in several of the
South Pacific islands, but unknown in tropical Asia generally.
The total number of species enumerated in the present work is 1056,
distributed into 591 Genera and 125 Orders. From this however must
be deducted 25 genera and 32 species which there is reason to believe
are escapes from cultivation, or may only occur where they have actually
been planted. Nearly 100 more species may be classed as weeds of
cultivation,—" plantes cultivees malgre' la volonte de l'homme," of A.
DC,—occurring, perhaps exclusively, in paddy-fields and other cultivated
spots. Of these about 6 appear to be of American origin, about 12
more may have been introduced with European seeds; the remainder
however are so widely spread, as weeds also, over tropical Asia, that


16»
PREFACE.
whatever may have been their origin, they have now acquired the right
to be included in the native Flora, which will thus consist of about 1000
species and 550 genera of phtcnogamic plants and ferns.
In the following table I have distributed these into the seven follow-
ing geographical classes or Floras, viz.:—
1. The Tropical Asiatic Flora. Plants generally distributed over
India and the Archipelago, excepting the dry parched regions of western
India. Many of them extend over the South Pacific islands to North
Australia in the south-east. Most of them have the coast of south
China for their northern limits. A few extend to the isles of Loochoo
or Bonin, or even to Japan. A considerable number cross the moister
regions of tropical Africa to the west, and not a few, especially amongst
the roadside herbs and weeds of cultivation, are common also in many
parts of tropical America.
2. The North-east Indian Flora. Plants of the hot, wet, hilly
regions of Khasia and Assam, many of them extending westward along
the Himalaya and even to some mountains of the Indian Peninsula, but
not found in Lower India, nor for the most part in the Malayan Penin-
sula. Their northern limits will be found somewhere in the unknown
regions of east-central Asia and China, a very few extending to Man-
tchuria and Japan, and perhaps a still smaller number to the Philippines.
3. The South-east Indian Flora. Plants of the Malayan Penin-
sula and the Archipelago, many of them extending westward to Chitta-
gong and eastern Bengal, several to Ceylon, and a few to tropical Africa,
but not known in Central India or the Peninsula. To the eastward
many range over the South Pacific islands to North Australia, and reach
Hongkong to the northward, probably over the little-known regions of
Cochin China and South China.
4. The Archipelago and Pacific Flora. Nearly the same as
the last, but with a more eastern range, and not hitherto found within
our Indian limits, and probably more nearly connected with Hongkong
through the Philippine Islands.
5. The Chinese Flora. Plants hitherto not known to the west-
ward or southward of China, and most of them only from South China.
A few however extend northward to Shanghai, Chusan, and Japan, and
a very few to Pekin.
6. The Endemic Flora. Plants hitherto only known from the
island of Hongkong. Although most if not all of them may be found
also in the hilly ranges of the opposite mainland, it is probable that even
there they extend only over a limited area.


PREFACE.
17*
7. The Tempebate Ablatio Floba. South Siberian, Dahurian,
Mantcburian, and Japanese plants, which attain their southern limit in
Hongkong.
The number of Hongkong species which I would attribute to each of
these Floras is given in the following Table. It must be remembered,
however, that these are approximative only, the limits of the areas of
species are so vague, their extent bo diversified, scarcely two species
being ever precisely similar in this respect, that it would be impossible
to class them with precision, even were their area always perfectly well
known to us.
Table of the Hongkong Species, classed according to their Geographical
Areas.
Trees,
shrubs,
or tall
woody
climbers.
Herbs, un-
dershrubs,
or slender
climbers.
Proportion
of woody to
herbaceous
species.
Total
species.
Tropical Asiatic Flora ....
North-east Indian Flora ....
Sonth-ca3t Indian Flora ....
Archipelago and Pacific Flora . .
48
34
24
20
102
94
1
350
85
50
86
85
65
9
1 to 7-292
1 to 2 500
1 to 2 083
1 to 1800
1 to 0 833
1 to 0-691
1 to 9 000
398
119
74
56
187
159
10
Temperate Asiatic Flora ....
323
680
1 to 2 605
1003
Let these be compared with the Floras of two districts similarly cir-
cumstanced as to maritime position and proximity to the mainland,
nearly the same in size and elevation above the sea, but widely different
as to soil and climate, viz.:—
1. Aden Peninsula, off the coast of Arabia, in lat. 12° 47'. A dry,
parched, volcanic, rocky peninsula or almost an island, about 5 miles
long by 3 in breadth, the highest peak attaining 1775 ft., and connected
with the mainland by a narrow sandy isthmus. It is exposed through-
out the year to a scorcbing sun, occasionally deprived of rain for a year
and a half, and never receives an annual fall of above 6 or 7 inches.
Winds are not frequent and seldom violent.
2. Ischia Island, off the Neapolitan coast, in lat. 40° 41'. A volcanic
rocky mountain mass, nearly 6 miles long by 3£ in breadth, the highest
peak attaining 2,407 ft., and about 9 miles distant from the mainland.
Hot and dry during the summer months, it is however well refreshed
by rains during the remainder of tbe year. The thermometer very rarely


18
PREFACE.
descends below the freezing point, but the island is exposed to frequent
and violent winds.
The numbers in the following Table are taken, for Aden, from Dr. T.
Anderson's ' Florula Adenensis ' (Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. vol. v. Suppl.),
a work drawn up on the same standard as to the limits of genera and
specieB as the Hongkong Flora; and for Ischia, from Prof. Gussone's
'Enumeratio Plantarum Vascularium in Insula Inarime provenientium'
(Neapoli, 1854). From the latter however I have found it necessary,
in order to establish a fair comparison, to deduct the cultivated species,
and to reduce the remainder to the specific and generic standard of our
Hongkong Flora.
Bpecies.
Average species
to each Order.
Average species
to each genus.
Orders.
Genera.
Woody.
Herba-
ceous.
Proportion
of woody to
herbaceous.
Total.
Hongkong .
Aden . . .
Ischia. . .
125
42
82
550
80
389
823
19
66
680
76
726
lto 2105
1 to 4 000
1 to 11000
1003
95
792
8024
2024
9-645
1-805
1019
2034
The Orders most numerous in species in Hongkong are'
G-raminese . .
. 86 Bpecies.
Myrsinacero . .
. 15 species.
Filices ....
. 75
Laurine® . . .
. 14
Leguminosffl . .
. 72
ApocynacetB .' .
. 13
Composite . .
. 67
ConvolvulacesB .
. 13
Cyperacetet . .
• 62 .
Liliaceffi . . .
. 13
Euphorbiaceae .
. 52
Ternstrcerniaceffi
. 12
EubiacesB . . .
. 42
Malvaceae. . .
. 12
Orchide© . . .
. 36
Eosaceae . . .
. 11
Urticeae . , .
. 27
AsclepiadesB . .
. 11
BcrophularinesB .
. 21
Solanaceae . .
. 10
Acanthacese . .
. 18
Polygonacesa. .
. 10
Verbenacea . .
. 17
Amentacese . .
. 10
Labiate . . .
. 16
6 Orders have 8
species each. .
8 Orders have 4
species each.
5 „ 7
>>
15 „ 3
><
11 „ 6
13 „ 2
ii
6 „ 5
36 „ 1
91
* The discrepancies between the total number of Orders and genera in this and the pre-
ceding Tables is owing to the half-naturalized species being here reckoned, but necessarily
excluded when considering geographical areas.


PBEFACE.
19«
The genera most numerous in species
Panicuui .... 16 species. I
are—
Carex
Eragrostis .
Desmodium
9 species.
Ficus ..... 15
Aspidium .... 13
Fimbristyles ... 13
Cyperus .... 12
Asplenium ... 10
Polygonum ... 9
Phyllanthus
Quercus. .
Polygonum.
9
8
8
8
8

With regard* to the Economic Botany of the island, to the uses to
which the Chinese apply any of the indigenous vegetable productions, or
to the plants which they cultivate, we have no information beyond what
is contained in Seemann's' Introduction to the Hongkong Flora' above
quoted, derived chiefly from Dr. Hance's notes, and which it would be
needless here to repeat. It is much to be regretted that botanical col-
lectors pay so little attention to the cultivated vegetation of the coun-
tries they visit; or if they do gather specimens, they are so frequently
worse than useless, not being distinguished from the indigenous ones.
Even when marked " cultivated," the specimens are seldom accompanied
by memoranda distinguishing those grown by a few individuals in gar-
dens for ornament or shado, from those which may form the standard
agricultural crops. And very rarely indeed have we any indication for
what special purpose the cultivated species or varieties are grown or the
indigenous ones collected. It is to be hoped that naturalists resident
for a time in the country will turn their attention to the subject, and
remit to us specimens and notes specially directed to the illustration of
the Economic Botany of Southern China.
It only remains for me to state that in the form and language adopted
in the present work it has been my endeavour to follow out the princi-
ples laid down in the Introduction, so as to facilitate as much as possible
the finding out the name of any plant gathered in the island by the com-
parison of specimens with the descriptions here given. For this purpose
the Orders of the whole Flora, the genera of each Order, and the species
of each genus, are universally preceded by analytical tables in which their
more prominent characters are contrasted. In the descriptions them-
b 2


20*
PREFACE.
Belves, which I have been obliged to shorten as much as consistent with
their practical use, I have endeavoured to select the characters most im-
portant to observe for their identification. Many of these descriptions
are, I am aware, as yet very imperfect, and some may be in some respect
erroneous, especially with regard to Btature, colour, and dimensions, owing
generally to the insufficiency of the specimens and the want of memo-
randa made by those who have seen the plants in a living state. Travel-
lers therefore making use of this work in the country will have to guard
against attaching much importance to discrepancies in characters which
dried specimens cannot show, when the descriptions apply well to the
plant they are examining as to form and structure.
"With regard to the synonymy, I have thought it generally unneces-
sary to repeat that which is already detailed in the general works re-
ferred to in the case of each well-known species. I hwve however en-
tered into more detail as to the names under which Hongkong species
may be entered in works specially relating to South Chinese botany. I
have quoted such figures as it may be useful to consult and are contained
in works to which the Asiatic, and especially the Indian botanist, is
likely to have access; and I have added, for the general botanist, nume-
rous new synonyms which my researches for the identification of Hong-
kong species have enabled me to verify.
The contractions used in the references to works, are those which
general custom has sanctioned, following in most cases the rule laid
down by De Candolle for abridging authors' names; that is, to give the
first syllable with the first consonant of the second syllable. Initials
only are used in the case of DC. for De Candolle, and H. B. and K. for
Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth. Dimensions are given in English
feet, inches, and lines of twelve to an inch.


CONTENTS.
Page
Introduction.
Outlines op Botany, with Special Reference to Local Floras . . iii
Chap. I. Definitions and Descbiptive Botany iii
§ 1. Tho Plant in General iv
§ 2. The Root tv
§ 3. The Stock vi
§ 4. The Stem vii
§ 5. The Leaves vii
§ 6. Scales, Bracts, and Stipules xi
§ 7. Inflorescence and its Bracts xii
§ 8. The Flower in General xiv
§ 9. The Calyx and Corolla or Perianth xv
§ 10. The Stamens xvii
§ 11. The Pistil xviii
§ 12. The Receptacle and Relative Attachment of tho Floral Whorls ... xx
§ 13. The Fruit xxii
§ 14. Tho Soed xxiii
§ 15. Accessory Organs xxiv
Chap. II. Classification, oe Systematic Botany xxvi
Chap. III. Vegetable Anatomy and Physiology xxvii
§ 1. Structure of the Elementary Tissues xxvii
§ 2. Arrangement of the Elementary Tissues, or Structure of the Organs of
Plants xxix
§ 3. Growth of the Organs xxxi
§ 4. Functions of the Organs xxxii
Chap. IV. Collection, Presebyation, and Determination of Plants . xxxiv
Index of Teems, ob Glossaey xxxix
Analytical Key to the Hongkong Obdees and Anomalous Genera . xliv
FLOBA IIONGKONGENSIS.
Class I. Dicotyledons *
Class II. Monocotyledons 338
Class III. Cryptogams 435
Index of Geneea and Species 465





INTRODUCTION.
OUTLINES OF -BOTANY, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
LOCAL FLORAS.
Chip. I. Definitions and Descriptive Botany.
1. The principal object of a Flora of a country, is to afford the means of deter-
mining («. e. ascertaining the name of) any plant growing in it, whether for the pur-
poso of ulterior study or of intellectual exercise.
2. With this view, a Flora consists of descriptions of all the wild or native plants
contained in the country in question, so drawn up and arranged that the student may
identify with the corresponding description any individual specimen which he may
gather.
3. These descriptions should be clear, eoncUe, accurate, and characteristic, so as
that each one should be readily adapted to the plant it relateB to, and to no other one;
they should be as nearly as possible arranged under natural (184) divisions, so as to
facilitate the comparison of each plant with those nearest allied to it; and they should
be accompanied by an artificial key or index, by means of which the student may be
guided step by step in the observation of such peculiarities or character* in his plant,
as may lead him, with the least delay, to the individual description belonging to it.
4. For descriptions to be clear and readily intelligible, they should be expressed as
much as possible in ordinary well-established language. But, for the purpose of ac-
curacy, it is necessary not only to give a more precise technical meaning to many
terms used more or less vaguely in common conversation, but also to introduce purely
technical names for such parts of plants or forms as are of little importance except
to the botanist. In the present chapter it is proposed to define such teohnical or
technically limited terms as are made use of in these Floras.
5. At the same time mathematical accuracy must not be expected. The forms and
appearances assumed by plants and their parts are infinite. Names cannot be invented
for all; those even that have been proposed are too numerous for ordinary memories.
Many arc derived from supposed resemblances to well-known forms or objects. These
resemblances are differently appreciated by different persons, and tho same term is not
only differently applied by two different botanists, but it frequently happens that the
same writer is led on different occasions to give somewhat different meanings to the
same word. The botanist's endeavours should always be, on the one hand, to make
as near an approach to precision as circumstances wiU allow, and on the other hand to
avoid that prolixity of detail and overloading with technical terms which tends rather
to confusion than clearness. In this he will be more or less successful. The aptness
of a botanical description, like the beauty of a work of imagination, will always vary
with the style and genius of the author.


iv
INTRODUCTION.
§ 1. The Plant in General.
6. The Plant, in its botanical sense, includes every being which has vegetable life,
from the loftiest tree which adorns our landscapes, to the humblest moss which grows
on its stem, to the mould or fungus which attacks our provisions, or the green scum
that floats on our ponds.
7. Every portion of a plant which has a distinct part or function to perform in the
operations or phenomena of vegetable life is called an Organ.
8. What constitutes vegetable life, and what are the functions of each organ, belong
to Vegetable Physiology; the microscopical structure of the tissues composing the
organs, to Vegetable Anatomy; the composition of the substances of which they are
formed, to Vegetable Chemistry; under Descriptive and Systematic Botany we have
chiefly to consider the forms of organs, that is, their Morphology, in the proper sense
of the term, and their general structure so far as it affects classification and specific
resemblances and differences. The terms we shall now define belong chiefly to the
latter branch of Botany, as being that which is essential for the investigation of the
Flora of a country. We shall add, however, a short chapter on Vegetable Anatomy
and Physiology, as a general knowledge of both imparts an additional interest to and
facilitates the comparison of the characters and affinities of the plants examined.
9. In the more perfect plants, their organs are comprised in the general terms
Root, Stem, Leaves, Flowers, and Fruit. Of these the three first, whose func-
tion is to assist in the growth of the plant, are Organs of Vegetation; the flower and
fruit, whose office is the formation of the seed, are the Organs of Reproduction.
10. All these organs exist, in one shape or another, at some period of the life of
most, if not all, flowering plants, technically called phanogamous or phanerogamous
plants; which all bear some kind of flower and fruit in the botanical sense, of the
term. In the lower classes, the ferns, mosses, fungi, moulds or mildews, seaweeds,
etc., called by botanists cryptogamous plants, the flowers, the fruit, and not unfre-
quently one or more of the organs of vegetation, are either wanting, or replaced by
organs so different as to be hardly capable of bearing the same name.
11. The observations comprised in the following pages refer exclusively to the
flowering or pheenogamous plants. The study of the cryptogamous classes has now
become so complicated as to form almost a separate science. They are therefore not
included in these introductory observations, nor, with the exception of ferns, in the
present Flora.
12. Plants arc
Monocarpic, if they die after one flowering-season. These include Annuals, which
flower in the same year in which they are raised from seed; and Biennials, which only
flower in the year following that in which they are sown.
Caulocarpic, if, after flowering, the whole or part of the plant lives through the
winter and produces fresh flowers another season. These include Herbaceous peren-
nials, in which the greater part of the plant dies after flowering, leaving only a small
perennial portion called the Stock or Caudcx, close to or within the earth; Under-
shrubs, suffruticose or suffrulescent plant3, in which the flowering branches, forming a
considerable portion of the plant, die down after flowering, but leave a more or less
prominent perennial and woody base; Shrubs (frutescent or fndicose plants), in which
the perennial woody part forms the greater part of the plant, but branches near the
base, and does not much exceed a man's height j and Trees (arboreous or arborescent
plants) when the height is greater and forms a woody trunk, scarcely branching from
the base. Bushes are low, much branched shrubs.
13. The terms Monocarpic and Caulocarpic are but little used, but the other dis-
tinctions enumerated above are universally attended to, although more useful to the
gardener than to the botanist, who cannot always assign to them any precise character.
Monocarpic plants, which require more than two or three years to produce their
flowers, will often, under certain circumstances, become herbaceous perennials, and are
generally confounded with thom. Truly perennial herbs will often commonce flower-
ing the first year, and have then all the appearance of annuals. Many tall shrubs
and trees lose annually their flowering brauchos like undershrubs. And the same


INTRODUCTION.
botanical species may bo an annua] or a perennial, a herbaceous perennial or an under-
shrub, an undershrub or a shrub, a shrub or a tree, according to climate, treatment,
or variety.
14. Plant9 are usually terrestrial, that is, growing on earth, or aquatic, i. e. growing
in water; but sometimes they may be found attached by their roots to other plants,
in which case they are epiphytes when simply growing upon other plants without
penetrating into their tissue, parasites when their roots penetrate into and derive more
or less nutriment from the plant to which they are attached.
15. The simplest form of the perfect plant, the annual, consists of—
(1) The Root, or descending axis, which grows downwards from the stem, divides
and spreads in the earth or water, and absorbs food for the plant through the extremi-
ties of its branches. .
(2) The Stem, or ascending axis, which grows upwards from the root, branches and
bears first one or more leaves in succession, then one or more flowers, and finally one
or more fruits. It contains the tissues or other channels (217) by which the nutri-
ment absorbed by the roots is conveyed in the form of sap (192) to the leaves or other
points of the surface of the plant, to be elaborated or digested (218), and afterwards
redistributed over different parts of the plant for its support and growth.
(3) The Leaves, usually flat, green, and horizontal, are variously arranged on the
Btem and its branches. They elaborate or digest (218) the nutriment brought to them
through the stem, absorb carbonic acid gas from the air, exhaling the superfluous
oxygen, and returning the assimilated sap to the stem.
(4) The Flowers, usually placed at or towards the extremities of the branches.
They are destined to form the future.seed. When perfect and complete they consist:
1st, of a pistil in the centre, consisting of one or more carpels, each containing the
germ of one or more seeds; 2nd, of one or more stamens outside the pistil, whose
action is necessary to fertilize the pistil or enable it to ripen its seed; 3rd, of a perianth
or floral envelope, which usually encloses the stamens and pistil when young, and
expands and exposes them to view when fully formed. This complete perianth is
double; the outer one, called Calyx, is usually more green and leaf-like; the inner
one, called the Corolla, more conspicuous, and variously coloured. It is the perianth,
and especially the corolla, as the most showy part, that is generally called the flower
in popular language.
(5) The Fruit, consisting of the pistil or its lower portion, which persists or remains
attached to the plant after the remainder of the flower has withered and fallen off.
It enlarges and alters more or less in shape or consistence, becomes a seed-ressel, on-
closing the seed until it is ripe, when it either opens to discharge the seed or falls to
the ground with the seed. In popular language the term fruit is often limited to such
seed-vessels as are or look juicy and eatable. Botanists give that name to all seed-
vessels.
16. The herbaceous perennial resembles the annual during the first year of its
growth; but it also forms (usually towards the close of the season), on its stock (the
portion of the stem and root which does not die), one or more buds, either exposed,
and then popularly called eyes, or concealed among leaves. These buds, called leaf-
buds, to distinguish them from flower-buds or unopened flowere, are future branches
as yet undeveloped; they remain dormant through the winter, and the following
spring grow out into new stems bearing leaves and flowers like those of the preceding
year, whilst the lower part of the stock emits fresh roots to replace those wluch had
perished at the same time as the stems.
17. Shrubs and trees form similar leaf-buds either at tho extremity of their branches,
or along the branches of the year. In the latter case these buds are usually axillary,
that is, they appear in the axil of each leaf, «. e. in the angle formed by the leaf and
the branch. When they appear at any other part of the plant they are called adventi-
tious. If these buds by producing roots (19) become distinct plants before separating
from the parent, or if adventitious leaf-buds are produced in the place of flowers or
seeds, the plant is said to be viviparous or proliferous.


vi
INTBODUOTION.
§ 2. The Root.
18. Roots ordinarily produce neither buds, leaves, nor flowers. Their branches,
called fibres when slender and long, proceed irregularly from any part of their surface.
19. Although roots proceed usually from the base of the stem or stock, they may
also bo produced from the base of any bud, especially if the bud lie along the ground,
or is otherwise placed by nature or art in circumstances favourable for their deve-
lopment, or indeed occasionally from almost any part of the plant. They are then
often distinguished as adventitious, but this term is by some applied to all roots wliich
are not in prolongation of the original radicle.
20. Roots are
fibrous, when they consist chiefly of slender fibres.
tuberous, when either the main root or its brauches are thickened into one or
more short fleshy or woody masses colled tubers (25).
taproots, when the main root descends perpendicularly into the earth, emitting
only very small fibrous branches.
21. The stock of a herbaceous perennial, or the lower part of the stem of an annual
or perennial, or the lowest branches of a plant, are sometimes underground and assume
the appearance of a root. They then take the name of rhizome. The rhizome may
always be distinguished from the true root by the presence or production of one or
more buds, or leaves, or scales.
§ 3. The Stock.
22. The Stock of a herbaceous perennial, in its most complete state, includes a
small portion of the summits of the previous year's roots, as well as of the base of the
previous year's stems. Such stocks will increase yearly, so as at length to form dense
tufts. They will often preserve through the winter a few leaves, amongst which are
placod the buds which grow out into stems the following year, wlulst the under side of
the stock emits new roots from or amongst the remains of the old ones. These peren-
nial stocks only differ from the permanent base of on undershrub in the shortness of
the perennial part of the stems and in their texture usually less woody.
23. In some perennials, however, the stock consists merely of a branch, which pro-
ceeds in autumn from the baso of the stem either aboveground or underground, and
produces one or more buds. This branch, or a portion of it, alone survives the winter.
In the following year its buds produce the new stem and roots, whilst tho rest of the
plant, oven the branch on which these buds were formed, has died away. These annual
stocks, called sometimes hybernaeula, offsets, or stolons, keep up the communication be-
tween the annual stem and root of one year and those of the following year, thus form-
ing altogether a perennial plant.
24. The stock, whether annual or perennial, is often entirely underground or root-
like. This is the rootstock, to which some botanists limit the meaning of the term
rhizome. When the stock is entirely root-like, it is popularly colled the crown of the root.
25. The term tuber is applied to a short, thick, more or less succulent rootstock or
rhizome, as well as to a root of that shape (20), although some botanists propose to re-
strict its meaning to the one or to the other. An Orchis tuber, called by some a knob,
is an annual tuberous rootstock with one bud at tho top. A potato is an annual tu-
berous rootstock with several buds.
26. A bulb is a stock of a shape approaching to globular, usually rather conical
above and flattened underneath, in which the bud or buds are concealed, or nearly so,
under scales. These scales are the more or less thickened bases of the decayed leaves
of the preceding year, or of the undeveloped leaves of the future year, or of both.
Bulbs are annual or perennial, usually underground or close to tho ground, but occa-
sionally buds in the axils of the upper leaves become transformed into bulbs. Bulbs
are said to be scaly when their scales are thick and loosely imbricated, tunicated when
the scales are thinner, broader, and closely rolled round each other in concentric layers.
27. A eorm is a tuberous rootstock, usually annual, shaped like a bulb, but in which
tho bud or buds are not covered by scales, or of which the scales are very thin and
membranous.


INTRODUCTION.
§ 4. The Stem.
28. Stems are
erect, when they ascend perpendicularly from the root or stock; twiggy or virgate,
when at the same time they are slender, stiff, and scarcely branched.
decumbent or ascending, when they spread horizontally, or nearly so, at the base,
and then turn upwards and become erect.
procumbent, when they spread along the ground the whole or the greater portion
of their length; diffuse, when at the same time very much and rather loosely branched.
prostrate, when they lie still closer to the ground.
creeping, when they emit roots at their nodes. Tliis term is also frequently ap-
plied to any rhizomes or roots which spread horizontally.
tufted or catspitose, when very short, close, and many together from the same
stock.
29. Weak climbing stems are said to twine, when they support themselves by wind-
ing spirally round any object; such stems arc also called voluble. When they simply
climb without twining, they support themselves by their leaves, or by special clasping
organs called tendrils (169), or sometimes, hke the Ivy, by small root-like excrescences.
30. Suckers are young plants formed at the end of creeping, underground rootstocks.
Scions, runners, and stolons, or stoles, are names given to young plants formed at the
end or at the nodes (31) of branches or stocks creeping wholly or partially above-
ground, or sometimes to the creeping stocks themselves.
31. A node is a point of the stem or its branches at which one or more leaves,
branches, or leaf-buds (16) are given off. An internode is the portion of the stem com-
prised between two nodes.
32. Branches or leaves are
opposite, when two proceed from the same node on opposite sides of the stem.
whorled or verticiliate (in a whorl or verticil), when several proceed from the
same node,'arrangcd regularly round the stem ; geminate, ternate, fascicled, or fascicu-
late when two, three, or more proceed from the same node on the same side of tho
stem. A tuft of fasciculate leaves is usually in fact an axillary leafy branch, so short
that the leaves appear to proceed all from the same point.
alternate, when one only proceeds from each node, one on one side and the next
above or below on the opposite side of the stem.
decussate, when opposite, but each pair placed at right-angles to the next pair above
or below it; distichous, when regularly arranged one above another in two opposite rows,
ono on each side of the stem; tristichous, when in three rows, etc. (92).
scattered, when irregularly arranged round the stem; frequently, however, bota-
nists apply the term alternate to all branches or leaves that are neither opposite nor
whorled.
secund, when all start from or are turned to one side of the stem.
33. Branches are dichotomous, when several times forked, the two branches of
each fork being nearly equal; trichotomous, when there are three nearly equal branches
at each division instead of two; but when the middle Branch is evidently the princi-
pal one, tho stem is usually said to have two opposite branches; umbellate, when di-
vided in the same manner into several nearly equal branches proceeding from the same
point. If however the central branch is larger than the two or more Lateral ones, the
stem is said to have opposite or whorled branches, as the case may be.
34. A culm is a name sometimes given to the stem of Grasses, Sedges, and some
other Monocotyledonous plants.
§ 5. The Leaves.
35. The ordinary or perfect Leaf consists of a flat blade or lamina, usually green,
and more or less horizontal, attached to the stem by a stalk called a footstalk or petiole.
When the form or dimensions of a leaf are spoken of, it is generally the blade that is
meant, without the petiole or stalk.
36. The end by which a leaf, a part of the flower, a seed, or any other organ, is
attached to the stem or other organ, is called its base, the opposite end is its apex or
summit, excepting sometimes in the case of anther-colls (115).


viii
INTRODUCTION.
37. Iaearea are
sessile, when the blade rests on the stem without the intervention of a petiole.
amplexicaul or stem-clasping, when the sessile base of the blade clasps the stem
horizontally.
perfoliate, when the base of the blade not only clasps the stem, but closes round
it on the opposite side, so that the stem appears to pierce through tho blade.
decurrent, when the edges of the leaf are continued down the stem so as to form
raised lines or narrow appendages, called wings.
sheathing, when the base of the blade, or of the more or less expanded petiole,
forms a vertical sheath round the stem for some distance above the node.
38. Leaves and flowers are called radical, when inserted on a rhizome or stock, or
so close to the base of the stem as to appear to proceed from the root, rhizome, or
stock; cauline, when inserted on a distinct stem. Radical leaves are rosulate when they
Bpread in a circle on the ground.
39. Leaves are
simple and entire, when the blade consists of a single piece, with the margin no-
where indented, simple being used in opposition to compound, entire in opposition to
dentate, lobed, or divided.
ciliate, when bordered with thick hairs or fine hair-like teeth.
dentate or toothed, when the margin is only cut a little way in, into what have
been compared to teeth. Such leaves are serrate, when the teeth are regular and
pointed like tho teetli of a saw; crenate, when regular and blunt or rounded (com-
pared to the battlements of a tower); serrulate, and crenulate, when the serratures or
crcnatures are small; sinuate, when the teetli are broad, not deep, and irregular (com-
pared to bays of the coast); wavy or undulate, when the edges are not flat, but bent
up and down (compared to the waves of the sea).
lobed or cleft, when more deeply indented or divided, but so that the incisions do
not roach the midrib or petiole. The portions thus divided take the name of lobes.
When the lobes are narrow and very irregular, the leaves are said to be laciniate. Tho
spaces between the teeth or lobes are called sinuses.
divided or dissected, when the incisions reach the midrib or petiole, but the parts
so divided off, called segments, do not separate from the petiole, even when the leaf
falls, without tearing.
compound, when divided to the midrib or petiole, and the parts so divided off,
called leaflets, separate, at least at tho fall of the leaf, from the petiole, as the whole
leaf does from the stem, without tearing. The common stalk upon which the leaflets
are inserted is called the common petiole or the rhachis; the separate stalk of each leaflet
is a petiolule.
40. Leaves are more or less marked by veins, which, starting from the stalk, diverge
or branch as the blade widens, and spread all over it more or less visibly. The prin-
cipal ones, when prominent, are often called ribs or nerves, the smaller branches only
then retaining the name of veins, or the latter are termed veinlets. The smaller veins
are often connected together like the meshes of a net, they are then said to anastomose,
and the leaf is said to be reticulate or net-veined. When one principal vein runs direct
from the stalk towards the summit of the leaf, it is called the midrib. When several
start from tho stalk, diverge slightly without branching, and converge again towards
tho summit, they are said to be parallel, although not mathematically so. When 3 or
6 or more ribs or nerves diverge from the base, the leaf is said to be 3-nerved, h-nerved,
etc., but if the lateral ones diverge from the midrib a little above the base, the leaf is
triplinerved, quintuplinerved, etc. The arrangement of the veins of a leaf is called
their venation.
41. The Leaflets, Segments, Lobes, or Veins of leaves arc
pinnate (feathered), when there are several succeeding each other on each side of
the midrib or petiole, compared to the branches of a feather. A pinnately lobed or
divided leaf is called lyrate when tho terminal lobe or segment is much larger and
broader than the lateral ones, compared, by a stretch of imagination, to a lyre; run-
pectinate, when the lateral lobes arc numerous, narrow, and regular, like the teeth of a
comb.

towards tho base of the leaf;


INTRODUCTION.
ix
palmate or digitate, when several diverge from the same point, compared to the
fingers of the hand.
temate, when three only start from the same point, in which case tho distinction
between the palmate and pinnate arrangement often ceases, or can only be determined
by analogy with allied plants. A leaf with temate lobes is called trifid. A leaf with
three leaflets is sometimes improperly called a temate leaf: it is the leaflets that are
temate; the whole leaf is trifoliolate. Temate leaves are leaves growing three together.
pedate, when the division is at first ternate, but the two outer branches are
forked, the outer ones of each fork again forked, and so on, and all the branches are
near together at the base, compared vaguely to the foot of a bird.
42. Leaves with pinnate, palmate, pedate, etc., leaflets, are usually for shortness called
pinnate, palmate, pedate, etc., leaves. If they are so cut into segments only, they are
usually said to be pinnatisect, palmatuect, pedatisect, etc., although the distinction be-
tween segments and leaflets is often unheeded in descriptions, and cannot indeed always
be ascertained. If the leaves are so cut only into lobes, they are said to bo pinnatifid,
palmatifid, pedatifid, etc.
43. The teeth, lobes, segments, or leaflets, may be again toothed, lobed, divided, or
compounded. Some leaves are even three or more times divided or compounded. In
the latter case they are termed decompound. When twice or thrice pinnate (bipinnate
or tripinnate), each primary or secondary division, with tho leaflets it comprises, is
called a pinna. When the pinna of a leaf or tho leaflets of a pinna are in pairs, with-
out an odd terminal pinna or leaflet, the leaf or pinna so divided is said to be abruptly
pinnate; if there is an odd terminal pinna or leaflet, the leaf or pinna is unequally
pinnate (imparipinnafum).
44. The number of leaves or their parts is expressed adjectively by the following nu-
merals, derived from the Latin:—
nni-, bi-, tri-, quadri-, quinqne-, sex-, septem-, octo-, novem-, decern-, multi-
1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9., 10-, many-
prefixed to a termination, indicating the particular kind of part referred to. Thus—
unidentate, bidentate, multidentate, mean one-toothed, two-toothed, many-toothed,
etc.
bifid, trifid, multifid, mean two-lobed, three-lobed, many-lobed, etc.
unifoliolate, bifoUolate, multifoliolate, mean having one leaflet, two leaflets, many
leaflets, etc.
unifoliate, bifoliate, multifoliate, mean having one leaf, two leaves, many leaves,
etc.
biternate and tritemate, moan twice or thrice tematoly divided.
unijugate, bijugate, muUijugate, etc., pinnm or leaflets, mean that they are in one,
two, many, etc., pairs (juga).
45. Leaves or their parts, when flat, or any other flat organs in plants, are
linear, when long and narrow, at least four or five times as long as broad, falsely
compared to a mathematical line, for a linear leaf has always a perceptible breadth.
lanceolate, when about-three or more times as long as broad, broadeat below the
middle, and tapering towards the summit, compared to the head of a lance.
cuneate, when broadest above the middle, and tapering towards the base, compared
to a wedge with the point downwards; when very broadly cuneate and rounded at the
top, it is often called flabelliform or fan-shaped.
spathulate, when the broad part near the top is short, and the narrow tapering
part long, compared to a spatula or flat ladle.
ovale, when scarcely twice as long as broad, and rather broader below the middle,
compared to the longitudinal section of an egg; obovate is the same form, with the
broadeat part above the middle.
orbicular, oval, oblong, elliptical, rhomboidal, etc., when compared to the cor-
responding mathematical figures.
transversely oblong, or oblate, when conspicuously broader than long.
falcate, when curved like the blode of a scythe.
46. Intermediate forms between any two of the above arc expressed by combining


X
INTRODUCTION.
two tonus. Thua, a linear-lanceolate leaf is long and narrow, yet broader below the
middle, and tapering to a point; a linear-oblong one is scarcely narrow enough to be
called linear, yet too narrow to be strictly oblong, and does not conspicuously taper
either towards the summit or towards the base.
47. The apex or tummit of a leaf is •
acute or pointed, when it forms an acute angle or tapers to a point.
obtuse or blunt, when it forms a very obtuse angle, or more generally when it is
more or less rounded at the top.
acuminate or cuspidate, when suddenly narrowed at the top, and then more or less
grolonged into an acumen or point, which may be acute or obtuse, linear or tapering,
ome botanists make a slight difference between the acuminate and cuspidate apex, the
acumen being more distinct from the rest of tho leaf in the latter case than in the
former; but in general the two terms are used in the same sense, some preferring the
ono and some the other.
truncate, when the end is cut off square.
refuse, when very obtuse or truncate, and slightly indented.
emarginate or notched, when more decidedly indented at the end of the midrib;
obcordate, if at the same time approaching the shape of a heart with its point down-
wards.
mucronate, when the midrib is produced beyond the apex in the form of a small
point.
aristate, when the point is fine like a hair.
48. The base of the leaf is liable to the same variations of form as the apex, but the
terms more commonly used are tapering or narrowed for acute and acuminate, rounded
for obtuse, and cordate for emarginate. In all cases the petiole or point of attachment
prevent any such absolute termination at the base as at the apex.
49. A leaf may be cordate at the base whatever be its length or breadth, or what-
ever tho shape of tho two lateral lobes, called auricles (or little ears), formed by the
indenture or notch, but the term cordiform or heart-shaped leaf is restricted to an
ovate and acute leaf, cordate at the base, with rounded auricles. The word auricles is
more particularly used as applied to sessile and stem-clasping leaves.
60. If the auricles are pointed, the leaf is more particularly called auriculate; it is
moreover said to be sagittate, when the points are directed downwards, compared to an
arrow-head; hastate, when the points diverge horizontally, compared to a halbert.
51. A reniform leaf is broader than long, slightly but broadly cordate at the base,
with rounded auricles, compared to a kidney.
52. In a peltate leaf, the stalk, instead of proceeding from the lower edge of the
blade, is attached to the under surface, usually near the lower edge, but sometimes in
the very centre of the blade. The peltate leaf has usually several principal nerves
radiating from the point of attachment, being, in fact, a cordate leaf, with the auricles
united.
53. All these modifications of division and form in the leaf pass so gradually one
into the other that it is often difficult to say which term is the most applicable—
whether the leaf be toothed or lobed, divided or compound; oblong or lanceolate, obtuse
or acute, etc. The choice of the most apt expression will depend on tho skill of the
describer.
54. Leaves, when solid, Stems, Fruits, Tubers, and other parts of plants,
when not flattened like ordinary leaves, are
setaceous or capillary, when very slender like bristles or hairs.
acimlar, when very slender, but stiff and pointed like needles.
subulate, when rather thicker and firmer like awls.
linear, when at least four times as long as thick; oblong, when from about two to
about four times as long as thick, the terms having the same sens? as when applied to
flat surfaces.
ovoid, when egg-shaped, with the broad end downwards, obovoid if the broad end
is upwards; those terms corresponding to ovate and obovate shapes in flat surfaces.
globular or spherical, when corresponding to orbicular in a flat surface. Rouml
applies to both.


IKTRODCCTION.
turbinate, when shaped like a top.
conical, when tapering upwards; obconical, when tapering downwards, if in both
cases a transverse section shows a circle.
pyramidal, when tapering upwards; obpyramidal, when tapering downwards, if
in both cases a transverse section shows a triangle or polygon.
fusiform, or spindle-shaped, when tapering at both ends; cylindrical, when not
tapering at either end, if in both cases the transverse section shows a circle, or some-
tunes irrespective of the transverse shape.
terete, when the transverse section is not angular; trigonous, triquetrous, if the
transverse section shows a triangle, irrespective in both cases of longitudinal form.
compressed, when more or less flattened laterally; depressed, when more or less
flattened vertically, or at any rate at the top; obcompressed (in the achenes of Compo-
site), when flattened from front to back.
articulate or jointed, if at any period of their growth (usually when fully formed
and approaching their decay, or in the case of fruits when quite ripe) they separate,
without tearing, into two or more pieces placed ond to end. Thejoints where they
separate are called articulations, each separate piece an article. The name of joint
is, in common language, given both to the articulation and the article, but more espe-
cially to the former. Some modern botanists, however, propose to restrict it to the
article, giving the name of joining to the articulation.
didymous, when slightly two-lobed, with rounded obtuse lobes.
moniliform, or beaded, when much contracted at regular intervals, but not sepa-
rating spontaneously into articles.
55. In their consistence Leaves or other organs are
fleshy, when thick and soft; succulent is generally used in the same sense, but
implies the presence of more juice.
coriaceous, when firm and dry, or very tough, of the consistence of leather.
membranous, when thin and not stiff.
scarious or scariose, when very thin, more or less transparent and not green, yet
rather stiff.
56. The terms applied botanically to the consistence of solids are those in general
use in common language.
57. The mode in which unexpanded leaves are disposed in the leaf-bud is called
their vernation or prafoliation; it varies considerably, and technical terms have been
proposed to express some of its varieties, but it has been hitherto rarely noticed in
descriptive botany.
§ 6. Scales, Bracts, and Stipules.
58. Scales (Squama) are leaves very much reduced in size, usually sessile, seldom
green or capable of performing the respiratory functions of leaves. In other words,
they are organs resembling leaves in their position on the plant, but differing in size,
colour, texture, and functions. They are most frequent on the stock of perennial plants,
or at the base of annual branches, especially on the buds of future shoots, when they
serve apparently to protect the dormant living germ from the rigour of winter. In the
latter case they are usually short, broad, close together, and more or less imbricated,
that is, overlapping each other like the tiles of a roof. It is tins arrangement as well
as their usual shape that has suggested the name of scales, borrowed from the scales of
a fish. Imbricated scales, bracts, or leaves, are said to be squarrose, when their tips are
pointed and very spreading or recurved.
59. Sometimes, however, most or all the leaves of the plant are reduced to small
scales, in which case they do not appear to perform any particular function. The
name of scales is also given to any small broad scale-like appendages or reduced organs,
whether in the tiower or any other part of the plant.
60. Bracta (Bractea) are the upper leaves of a plant in flower (either all those of
the flowering branches, or only one or two immediately under the flower), when differ-
ent from the stem-leaves in size, shape, colour, or arrangement. They are generally
much smaller and more sessile. They often partake of the colour of the flower,


xii
INTRODUCTION.
although they very frequently also retain the green colour of the leaves. When small
they are often called scale*.
61. Floral leaves or leafy bracts are generally the lower bracts on the upper leaves
at the base of the flowering branches, intermediate in size, shape, or arrangement,
between the stem-leaves and the upper bracts.
62. Bracteoles are the ono or two last bracts under each flower, when they differ
materially in size, shape, or arrangement from the other bracts.
63. Stipules are leaf-like or scale-like appendages at the base of the leuf-stalk, or on
the node of the stem. When present there are generally two, one on each side of the
leaf, and they sometimes appear to protect the young leaf before it is developed.
They are however exceedingly variable in size and appearance, sometimes exactly like
the true leaves except that they have no buds in their axils, or looking like the leaflets
of a compound leaf, sometimes apparently the only leaves of the plant j generally
small and narrow, sometimes reduced to minute scales, spots, or scars, sometimes
united into one opposite the leaf, or more or less united with, or adnate to the pe-
tiole, or quite detached from the leaf, and forming a ring or sheath round the stem in
the axil of the leaf. In a great number of plants they are entirely wanting.
64. StipeUte, or secondary stipules, are Bimilar organs, sometimes found on com-
pound leaves at the points where the leaflets are inserted.
65. When scales, bracts, or stipules, or almost any part of the plant besides leaves
and flowers are stalked, they are said to be stipitate, from stipes, a stalk.
§ 7. Inflorescence and its Bracts.
66. The Inflorescence of a plant is the arrangement of the flowering branches,
and of the flowers upon them. An Inflorescence is a flowering branch, or the flower-
ing summit of a plant above the last stem-leaves, with its branches, bracts, and
flowers.
67. A single flower, or an inflorescence, is terminal when at the summit of a stem
or leafy branch, axillary when in the axil of a stem-leaf, leaf-opposed when opposite
to a stem-leaf. The infloresoence of a plant is said to be terminal or determinate when
the main stem and principal branches end in a flower or inflorescence (not in a leaf-
bud), axillary or indeterminate when all the flowers or inflorescences are axillary, the
stem or branches ending in leaf-buds.
68. A Peduncle is the stalk of a solitary flower, or of an inflorescence s that is to say,
the portion of the flowering branch from the last stem-leaf to the flower, or to the first
ramification of the infloresoence, or even up to its last ramifications; but the portion
extending from the first to the last ramifications or the axis of inflorescence is often
distinguished under the name of rhachis.
69. A Scape or radical Peduncle is a leafless peduncle proceeding from the stock, or
from near the base of the stem, or apparently from the root itself.
70. A Pedicel is the last branch of an inflorescence, supporting a singlo flower.
71. The branches of inflorescences may be, like those of stems, opposite, alternato,
etc. (32, 33), but very often their arrangement is different from that of the leafy
branches of the same plant.
72. Inflorescence is
centrifugal, when the terminal flower opens first, and those on the lateral branches
are successively developed.
centripetal, when the lowest flowers open first, and the main stem continues to
elongate, developing fresh flowers.
73. Determinate inflorescence is usually centrifugal. Indeterminate inflorescence is
always centripetal. Both inflorescences may be combined on one plant, for it often
happens that the main branches of an infloresoence aro centripetal, whilst the flowers
on the lateral branches are centrifugal; or vice versd.
74. An Inflorescence is
a Spike, or spicate, when the flowers are sessile along a simple undivided axis or
rhachis.
a Raceme, or racemose, when the flowers are borne on pedicels along a single un-
divided axis or rhachis.


INTRODUCTION.
xiii
a Panicle, or paniculate, when the axis is divided into branches bearing two or
more flowers.
a Jlead, or capitate, when several sessile or nearly sessile flowers are collected
into a compact head-like cluster. The short, flat, convex or conical axis on which the
flowers are seated, is called the receptacle, a term also used for the torus of a single
flower (135). The very compact flower-heads of Cotnposita are often termed compound
flowers.
an Umbel, or umbellate, when several branches or pedicels appear to start from
the same point and are nearly of the same length. It dilfers from the head, like the
raceme from the spike, in that the flowers are not sessile. An umbel is said to be
simple, when each of its branches or rays bears a singlo flower; compound, when each
ray bears a partial umbel or umbellule.
a Corymb, or corymbose, when the branches and pedicels, although starting from
different points, all attain the same level, the lower ones being much longer than the
upper. It is a flat-topped or fastigiate panicle.
a Cyme, or cymose, when branched and centrifugal. It is a centrifugal panicle,
and is often corymbose. The central flower opens first. The lateral brandies succes-
sively developed aro usually forked or opposite (diehotomous or triehotomous), but
sometimes after the first forking the branches are no longer divided, but produce a suc-
cession of pedicels on their upper side forming apparently unilateral centripetal racemes;
whereas if attentively examined, it will be found that each pedicel is at first terminal,
but becomes lateral by the development of one outer branch only, immediately undor the
pedicel. Sucli branches, when in bud, are generally rolled back at the top, like the tail
of a scorpion, and are thence called scorpioid.
a Thyrsus, or thyreoid, when cymes, usually opposite, are arranged in a narrow
pyramidal panicle.
75. There are numerous cases where inflorescences are intermediate between some
two of the above, and are called by different botanists by one or the other name, ac-
cording as they are guided by apparent or by theoretical similarity. A spike-like panicle,
where the axis is divided into very short branches forming a cylindrical compact inflo-
rescence, is called sometimes a spike, sometimes a panicle. If the flowers are in dis-
tinct clusters along a simple axis, the inflorescence is described a» an interrupted spike
or raceme, according as the flowers are nearly sessile or distinctly pedicellate; although
when closely examined the flowers will be found to bo inserted not on the main axis,
but on a very short branch, thus, strictly speaking, constituting a panicle.
76. The catkins (amenta) of Amentacea', the spadices of several Monocotyledons,
the ears and spikelets of Grasses are forms of the spike.
77. Bracts are generally placed singly under each branch of the inflorescence, and
under each pedicel; bracteoles are usually two, one on each side, on the pedicel or close
under the flower, or even upon the calyx itself; but bracts are also frequently scattered
along the branches wit hout axillary pedicels; and when the differences between the bracts
and bracteoles are trifling or immaterial, they aro usually all called bracts.
78. When these bracts appear to proceed from the same point, they will, on exami-
nation, be found to be really either one bract and two stipules, or one bract with two
bracteoles in its axil. When two bracts appear to proceed from tho same point, they
will usually be found to be the stipules of an undeveloped bract, unless the branches
of the inflorescence are opposite, when the bracts will of course be opposite also.
79. When several bracts aro collected in a whorl, or are so closo together as to appear
whorled, or are closely imbricated round the base of a head or umbel, they are collec-
tively callod an Involucre. The bracts composing an involucre are described under tho
names of leaves, leaflets, bracts, or scales, according to their appearance. Phyllaries is
a useless term, lately introduced for the bracts or scales of the involucre of Compositat.
An Involved is the involucre of a partial umbel.
80. When several very small bracts are placed round the base of a calyx or of an
involucre, they have been termed a calycule, and the calyx or involucre said to be cal-
culate, but these terms are now falling into disuse, as conveying a false impression.
81. A Spatha is a bract or floral leaf enclosing tho inflorescence of some Monocoty-
ledons.
C


xiv
INTRODUCTION.
82. Palece, Pales, or Chaff, are the inner bracts or scales in Composite, Graminea>,
and some other plants, when of a thin yet stiff consistence, usually narrow and of a
pale colour.
83. Glumes are the bracts enclosing the flowers of Cyperacea and Graminea.
§ 8. The Flower in General.
84. A complete Flower (15) is one in which the calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistils
arc all present; a perfect flower, one in which all these organs, or such of them as are
present, arc capable of performing their several functions. Therefore, properly speak-
ing, an incomplete flower is one in which any one or more of these organs is wanting;
and an imperfect flower, one in which any one or more of these organs is so altered as
to be incapable of properly performing its functions. These imperfect organs are said
to be abortive if much reduced in size or efficiency, rudimentary if so much so as to
be scarcely perceptible. But, in many works, the term incomplete is specially applied
to those flowers in which the perianth is simplo or wanting, and imperfect to those in
which either the stamens or pistil are imperfect or wanting.
85. A Flower is
dichlamydeous, when the perianth is double, both calyx and corolla boing present
and distinct.
monochlamydeous, when the perianth is Bingle, whether by the union of the calyx
and corolla, or the deficiency of either.
asepalous, when there is no calyx.
apetalous, when there is no corolla.
naked, when there is no perianth at all.
hermaphrodite or bisexual, when both stamens and pistil are present and perfect.
male or staminate, when there are one or more stamens, but either no pistil at all
or an imperfect one.
female or pistillate, when there is a pistil, but either no stamens at all, or only
imperfect ones.
neuter, when both stamens and pistil are imperfect or wanting.
barren or sterile, when from any cause it produces no seed.
fertile, when it does produce seed. In some works the terms barren, fertile, and
perfect are also used respectively as synonyms of male, female, and hermaphrodite.
86. The flowers of a plant or species are said eollectely to be unisexual or diclinous
when the flowers are all either male or female.
monoecious, when the male and female flowers are distinct, but on the same plant.
diacious, when the male and female flowers are on distinct plants.
polygamous, when there are male, female, and hermaplirodite flowers on the same
or on distinct plants.
87. A head of flowers is heterogamous when male, female, hermaphrodite, and neuter
flowers, or any two or three of them, are included in one head; homogamous, when all
the flowers included in one head are alike in this respect. A spike or head of flowers
is androgynous when male and female flowers are mixed in it. These terms arc only
used in the case of very few Natural Orders.
88. As the scales of buds are leaves undeveloped or reduced in size and altered in
shape and consistence, and bracts are leaves likewise reduced in size, and occasionally
altered in colour; so the parts of the flower arc considered as loaves still further altered
in shape, colour, and arrangement round the axis, and often more or less combined with
each other. The details of this theory constitute the comparatively modern branch of
botany called Vegetable Metamorphosis, or Homology, sometimes improperly termed
Morphology (8).
89. To understand the arrangement of the floral parts, let us take a complete flower,
in which moreover all the parts are free from each other, definite in number, f. e. always
the same in the same species, and symmetrical or isomerous, i. e. when each whorl con-
sists of the same number of parts.
90. Such a complete symmetrical flower consists usually of either four or five whorls
of altered leaves (88), placed immediately one within the other.
The Calyx forms the outer whorl. Its parts are called sepals.


INTRODUCTION.
XV
The Corolla forms the next whorl. Its parts, called petals, usually alternate with
the sepals; that is to say, the centre of each petal is immediately over or within the
interval between two sepals.
The Stamens form one or two whorls within the petals. If two, those of the outer
whorl (the outer stamens) alternate with the petals, and are consequently opposite to,
or over the centre of the sepals; those of the inner whorl (the inner stamens) alternate
with the outer ones, and are therefore opposite to the petals. If there is only one
whorl of stamens, they most frequently alternate with the petals; but sometimes they
are opposite the petals and alternate with the sepals.
The Pistil forms the inner whorl; its carpels usually alternate with the inner row
of stamens.
91. In an axillary or lateral flower the upper parts of each whorl (sepals, petals,
stamens, or carpels) are those which are next to the main axis of the stems or branch,
the lower parts those which are furthest from it; the intermediate ones are said to be
lateral. The words anterior (front) and posterior (back) are often used for lower and
upper respectively, but their meaning is sometimes reversed if the writer supposes
himself in the centre of the flower instead of outside of it.
92. The number of parts in each whorl of a flower is expressed adjeetively by the
following numerals derived from the Greek :—
mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octo-, ennea-, deca-, etc., poly-
1-, 3-, I-, 5-, 6-, ?-, 8-, 9-, 10., man).
prefixed to a termination indicating the whorl referred to.
93. Thus, a Flower is
disepalous, tt isepalous, telrasepalous, polysepalous, etc., according as there are 2,
3, 4, or many (or an indefinite number of) sepals.
dipetalous, tripetalous, polypetalous, etc., according as there are 2, 3, or many
petals.
diandrous, triandrous, polyandrous, etc., according as there are 2, 3, or many
stamens.
digynous, trigynous, polygynous, etc., according as there 2, 3, or many carpels.
And generally (if symmetrical), dimerous, trimerous, polymerous, etc., according
as they are 2, 3, or many (or an indefinite number of) parts to each whorl.
94. Flowers are unsymmetrical or anisomerous, strictly speaking, when any one of
the whorls has a different number of parts from any other; but when the pistils alone
are reduced in number, the flower is still frequently called symmetrical or isomerous,
if the calyx, corolla, and staininal whorls have all the same number of parts.
95. Flowers are irregular when the parts of any one of the whorls are unequal in
size, dissimilar in shape, or do not spread regularly round the axis nt equal distances.
It is however more especially irregularity of the corolla that is referred to in descrip-
tions. A slight inequality in size or direction in the other whorls does not prevent the
flower being classed as regular, if the corolla or perianth is conspicuous and regular.
§ 9. The Calyx and Corolla, or Perianth.
96. The Calyx (90) is usually green, and smaller than the corolla; sometimes very
minute, rudimentary, or wanting, sometimes very indistinctly whorled, or not whorled
at all, or in two whorls, or composed of a large number of sepals, of which the outer
ones pass gradually into bracts, and the inner ones into petals.
97. The Corolla (90) is usually coloured, and of a more delicate texture than the
calyx, and, in popular language, is often more specially meant by the flower. Its petals
arc more rarely in two whorls, or indefinite in number, and the whorl more rarely
broken than in the case of the calyx, at least when the plant is in a natural state.
Double flowers are in most cases an accidental deformity or monster in which the ordi-
nary number of petals is multiplied by tho conversion of stamens, sepals, or even carpels
into petals, by the division of ordinary petals, or simply by the addition of supernume-
rary ones. Petals are also sometimes very small, rudimentary, or entirely deficient.
98. In very many cases, a so-called simple perianth (15) (of which the parts are
c 2


\ i
INTRODUCTION.
usually called leaves or segments) is one in which the sepals and petals are similar in form
and texture, and present apparently a single whorl. But if examined in the young bud,
one half of the parts will generally be found to be placed outside the other half, and
here will frequently be some slight difference in texture, size, and colour, indicating to
the close observer the presence of both calyx and corolla. Hence much discrepancy in
descriptive works. Where one botanist describes a simplo perianth of six segments,
another will speak of a double perianth of three sepals and three petals.
99. The following terms and prefixes, expressive of the modifications of form and
arrangement of the corolla and its petals, arc equally applicable to the calyx and its
sepals, and to the simple perianth and its segments.
100. The Corolla is said to be monopetaliius when the petals aro united, either en-
tirely or at the base only, into a cup, tube, or ring; polypetalous when they are all
free from the base. These expressions, established by a long usage, are not strictly
correct, for monopetalous (consisting of a single petal) should apply rather to a corolla
really reduced to a single petal, which would then be on ono side of the axis; and
polypetalous is sometimes used more appropriately for a corolla with an indefinite
number of petals. Some modern botanists have therefore proposed the term gamo-
petalous for the corolla with united petals, and dialypetalotis for that with free petals;
but the old established expressions aro still the most generally used.
101. When the petals are partially united, the lower entire portion of the corolla is
called the tube, whatever be its shape, and the free portions of the petids are called the
teeth, lobes, or segments (39), according as they are short or long in proportion to the
whole length of the corolla. When the tube is excessively short, the petals appear at
first Bight free, but their slight union at the base must be carefully attended to, being
of importance in classification.
102. The ./Estivation of a corolla, is the arrangement of the petals, or of such portion
of them as is free, in the unexpanded bud. It is
valvate, when they are strictly whorled in their whole length, their edges being
placed against each other without overlapping. If the edges are much indexed, the
eestivation is at the same time induplicate; involute, if the margins are rolled inward;
reduplicate, if the margins project outwards iuto salient angles ; revolute, if the margins
are rolled outwards; plicate, if the petals are folded in longitudinal plaits.
imbricate, when t he whorl is more or less broken by some of the petals being out-
side the others, or by their overlapping each other at least at the top. Five-pctaled
imbricate corollas are quincuncially imbricate when ono petal is outside, and an adjoin-
ing one wholly inside, the three others intermediate and overlapping on one side;
bilabiate, when two adjoining ones are inside or outside the three others. Imbricate
petals are described as crumpled (corrugate) when puckered irregularly in the bud.
twisted, contorted, or convolute, when each petal overlaps an adjoining ono on one
side, and is overlapped by the other adjoining one on the other side. Some botanists
include the twisted aestivation in the general term imbricate; others carefully distin-
guish the one from the other.
103. In a few cases the overlapping is so slight that the three aestivations cannot
easily be distinguished ono from the other; in a few others the eestivation is variable,
even in the same species, but, in general, it supplies a constant character in species, in
genera, or even in Natural Orders.
104. In general shape the Corolla is
tubular, when the whole or the greater part of it is in the form of a tube or
cylinder.
campanulate, when approaching in some measure the shape of a cup or bell.
urceolate, when the tube is swollen or nearly globular, contracted at the top, and
slightly expanded again in a narrow rim.
rotate or stellate, when the petals or lobes are spread out horizontally from the
base, or nearly so, like a wheel or star.
hypocratcriform or salver-shaped, when the lower part is cylindrical and the
upper portion expanded horizontally. In this caso the name of tube is restricted to the
cylindrical part, and the horizontal portion is called the limb, whether it be divided to
the base or not. The orifice of the tube is called its mouth or throat.


INTRODUCTION.
infundibuliform or funnel-shaped, when the tube is cylindrical at the base, but en-
larged at the top into a more or less campanulato limb, of which the lobes often spread
horizontally. In this case the campanulate part, up to the commencement of the
lobos, is sometimes considered as a portion of the tube, sometimes as a portion of the
limb, and by some botanists again described as independent of either, under the name
of throat (Jauces). Generally speaking, however, in campanulate, infundibuliform, or
other corollas, where the lower entire part passes gradually into the upper divided and
more spreading part, the distinction between the tube and the limb is drawn eithor at
tho point where the lobes separate, or at the part where the corolla first expands, ac-
cording to whieh is the most marked.
105. Irregular corollas liave received various names according to the more familiar
forms they have been compared to. Somo of the most important are the
bilabiate, or two-lipped corolla, when, in a four- or five-lobcd corolla, the two or
three upper lobes stand obviously apart, like an upper lip, from the two or three lower
ones or under lip. In Orchidece and some other families the name of lip, or labellum,
is given to one of the divisions or lobes of the perianth.
personate, when two-lipped, and the orifice of the tube closed by a projection from
the base of tho upper or lower lip, called a palate.
ringent, when very Btrongly two-lipped, and the orifice of the tube very open.
spurred, when the tube or the lower part of a petal has a conical hollow projection,
compared to the spur of a cock; saccate, when the spur is short and round like a littlo
bag; gibbous, when projecting at any part into a slight swelling.
resupinate or reversed, when a lip, spur, etc., which in allied spocies is usually
lowest, lies uppermost, and vice rersd.
106. The above terms are mostly applied to the forms of monopetalous corollas, but
several are also applicable to those of polypetalous ones. Terms descriptive of the
special forms of corolla in certain Natural Orders, will be explained under those
Orders respectively.
107. Most of the terms used for describing the forms of leaves (39, 45) arc also ap-
plicable to those of individual petals; but the flat expanded portion of a petal, cor-
responding to the blade of the leaf, is called its lamina, and the stalk, corresponding
to the petiole, its clam (unguis). The stalked petal is said to be unguiculate.
§ 10. The Stamens.
108. Although in a few cases the outer stamens may gradually pass into petals, yet,
in general, Stamens are very different in shape and aspect from leaves, sepals, or
petals. It is only in a theoretical point of view (not the less important in tho study
of the physiological economy of the plant) that they can be called altered leaves.
109. This usual form is a stalk, called the filament, bearing at the top an ant/ier
divided into two pouches or cells. These anther-cells arc filled with pollen, consisting
of minute grains, usually forming a yellow dust, which, when the flower expands, is
scattered from an opening in each cell. When the two cells are not closely contiguous,
the portion of the anther that unites them is called the conneclivum.
110. The filament is often wanting, and the anther sessile, yet still the stamen is
perfect; but if the anther, which is the essential part of the stamen, is wanting, or
does not contain pollen, the stamen is imperfect, and is then said to be barren or sterile
(without pollen), abortive, or rudimentary (84), according to the degree to which the
imperfection is carried. Imperfect stamens are often called staminodia.
111. In unsymmetrical flowers, the stamens of each whorl arc sometimes reduced in
number below that of the petals, even to a single one, and in several Natural Orders
they are multiplied indefinitely.
112. The terms monandrous and poli/androus are restricted to flowers which have
really but one stamen, or an indefinite number respectively. Where several stamens
arc united into one, the flower is said to be synandrous.
113. Stamens are
monadelphous, when united by their filaments into one cluster. This cluster oithcr
forms a tube round the pistil, or, if the pistil is wanting, occupies the centre of tho
ower.


xviii
INTRODUCTION.
diadelphous, when so united into two clusters. The term is more especially ap-
plied to certain Leguminosa, in which nine stamens are united in a tube slit open on
the upper side, and a tenth, placed in the slit, is free. In some other plants the sta-
mens are equally distributed in the two clusters.
triadelphous, pentadelphous, polyadelphous, when so united into three, five, or
many clusters.
syngenesious, when united by their anthers in a ring round the pistil, the filaments
usually remaining free.
didynamous, when (usually in a bilabiate flower) there aro four stamens in two
pairs, those of one pair longer than those of the other.
tetradynamous, when (in Crucifera) there are six, four of them longer than the
two others.
exserted, when longer than the corolla, or even when longer than its tube, if the
limb be very spreading.
Il k An Anther (109) is
adnate, when continuous with the filament, the anther-cells appearing to lie their
wholo length along the upper part of the filament.
innate, when firmly attached by their base to the filament. This is an adnate
anther when rather more distinct from the filament.
versatile, when attached by their back to the very point of the filament, so as to
swing loosely.
115. Anther-cells may be parallel or diverging at a less or greater angle; or diva-
ricate, when placed end to end so as to form one straight line. The end of each an-
ther-cell placed nearest to the other cell is generally called its apex or summit, and
the other end ita bate (36); but some botanists reverse the sense of these terms.
116. Anthers have often, on their connectivum or cells, appendages termed bristles
(seta;), spurs, crests, points, glands, etc., according to their appearance.
117. Anthers have occasionally only one cell: this may take place either by the disap-
pearance of the partition between two closely contiguous cells, when these cells are said
to be confluent; or by the abortion or total deficiency of one of the cells, when the
anther is said to be dimidiate.
118. Anthers will open or dehisce to let out the pollen, like capsules, in valres, pores,
or slits. Their dehiscence is introrse, when the opening faces the pistil; extrorse, when
towards the circumference of the flower.
119. Pollen (109) is not always in the form of dust. It is sometimes collected in each
cell into one or two little wax-like masses. Special terms used in describing these masses
or other modifications of the pollen will be explained under the Orders where they occur.
§ 11. The Pistil.
120. The carpels (91) of the Pistil, although they may occasionally assume, rather
more than stamens, the appearance and colour of leaves, are still more different in
shape and structure. They are usually sessile; if stalked, their stalk is called a podo-
carp. This stalk, upon which each separate carpel is supported above the receptacle,
must not be confounded with the gynobasis (143), upon which the whole pistil is
sometimes raised.
121. Each carpel consists of three parts:
1. the Ovary, or enlarged base, which includes one or more cavities or cells, con-
taining one or more small bodies called ovules. These are the earliest condition of the
future seeds.
2. the Style, proceeding from the summit of the ovary, and supporting—
3. the Stigma, which is sometimes a point (or punctiform stigma) or small head
(a capitate stigma) at the top of the style or ovary, sometimes a portion of its surface
more or less lateral and variously shaped, distinguished by a looser texture, and covered
with minute protuberances called papilla'.
122. The style is often wanting, and the stigma is then sessile on the ovary, but in
the perfect pistil there is always at least one ovule in the ovary, and some portion of
stigmatic surface. Without these the pistil is imperfect, and said to be barren (not
setting seed), abortive, or rudimentary (81-), according to the degree of imperfection.


INTRODUCTION.
xix
123. The ovary being tho essential part of tho pistil, most of tho terms relating to
the number, arrangement, etc., of the carpels, apply specially to their ovaries. In some
works each separate carpel is called a pistil, all those of a flower constituting together
the gynoscium; but this term is in little use, and the word pistil is more generally
applied in a collective sense. When the ovaries are at all united, they are commonly
termed collectively a compound ovary.
124. The number of carpels or ovaries in a flower is frequently reduced below that
of the parts of the other floral whorls, even in flowers otherwise symmetrical. In a
very few genera, however, the ovaries are more numerous than the petals, or indefinite.
They are in that caso either arranged in a single whorl, or form a head or spike in
the centre of the flower.
125. The terms monogynous, digynous, polygynous, etc. (with a pistil of one, two, or
more parts), arc vaguely used, applying sometimes to tho whole pistU, sometimes to the
ovaries alone, or to the styles or stigmas only. Whore a more precise nomenclature is
adopted, the flower is
monocarpellary, when tho pistil consists of a single simple carpel.
hi-, iri-, etc., to poly-carpellary, when tho pistil consists of two, three, or an inde-
finite number of carpels, whether separate or united.
syncarpous, when the carpels or their ovaries are more or less united into one
compound ovary.
apocarpous, when the carpels or ovaries are all free and distinct.
126. A compound ovary is
unilocular or one-celled, when there are no partitions between tho ovules, or when
these partitions do not meet in the centre so as to divide tho cavity into several cells.
plurilocular or several-celled, when completely divided into two or more cells by
partitions called dissepiments (septa), usually vertical and radiating from the centre or
axis of tho ovary to its circumference.
4/-, Iri-, etc., to mulli-locu/ar, according to the number of these cells, two, three,
etc., or many.
127. In general the number of cells or of dissepiments, complete or partial, or of
rows of ovules, corresponds with that of the carpels, of which the pistil is composed.
Hut sometimes each carpel is divided completely or partially into two cells, or has two
rows of ovules, so that the number of carpels appears double what it really is. Some-
times again the carpels arc so completely combined and reduced as to form a single cell,
with a single ovule, although it really consist of several carpels. But in these cases the
ovary is usually described as it appears, as well as such as it is theoretically supposed to be.
128. In apocarpous pistils the styles are usually free, each bearing its own stigma.
Very rarely the greater part of the styles, or the stigmas alone, are united, whilst tho
ovaries remain distinct.
129. Syncarpous flowers are said to have
several styles, when the styles are free from tho base.
one style, with several branches, when the styles are connected at tho base, but
separate below the point where the stigmas or stigmatic surfaces commence.
one simple style, with several stigmas, when united up to the point where the stig-
mas or stigmatic surfaces commence, and then separating.
one simple style, with a branched, lobed, toothed, notched, or entire stigma (as the
case may be), when tho stigmas also are more or less united. In many works, how-
ever, this precise nomenclature is not strictly adhered to, and considerable confusion
is often the result.
130. In general the number of styles, or branches of the style or stigma, is the same
as that of the carpels, but sometimes that number is doubled, especially in the stigmas,
and sometimes the stigmas are dichotomously or pinnately branched, or penictllafe,
that is, divided into a tuft of hair-like branches. All these variations sometimes make
it a difficult task to determine the number of carpels forming a compound ovary, but
the point is of considerable importance in fixing the affinities of plants, and, by careful
consideration, the real as well as tho apparent number has now in most cases been
agreed upon.
131. The Placenta is the part of the inside of tho ovary to which tho ovules are


XX
INTRODUCTION.
attached, sometimes a mere point or line on the inner surface, often more or less thick-
ened or raised. Placentation is therefore the indication of the part of the ovary to
which the ovules are attached.
132. Placentas are
axile, when the ovules are attached to the axis or centre, that is, in plurilocular
ovaries, when they are attached to the inner angle of each cell; in unilocular simple
ovaries, which have almost always an exeentrical style or stigma, when the ovules are
attached to the side of the ovary nearest to the style; in unilocular compound ovaries,
when the ovules are attached to a central protuberance, column, or axis rising up from
the base of the cavity. If this column does not reach the top of the cavity, the pla-
centa is said to be free and central.
parietal, when the ovules are attached to the inner surface of the cavity of a one-
celled compound ovary. Varietal placentas are usually slightly thickened or raised
lines, sometimes broad surfaces nearly covering the inner surface of the cavity, some-
times projecting far into the cavity, and constituting partial dissepiments, or even
meeting in the centre, but without cohering there. In the latter case the distinction
between the one-celled and the several celled ovary sometimes almost disappears.
133. Each Ovule (121), when fully formed, usually consists of a central mass or
nucleus enclosed in two bag-like coats, the outer one called primine, the inner one
secundine. The chalaza is the point of the ovule at which the base of the nucleus is
confluent with the coats. The foramen is a minute aperture in the coats over the
apex of the nucleus.
134. Ovules are
orlhotropous or straight, when the chalaza coincides with the base (36) of the
ovule, and the foramen is at the opposite extremity, the axis of the ovule being straight.
campylotropous or incurved, when the chalaza still coinciding with the base of
the ovule, the axis of the ovule is curved, bringing the foramen down more or less to-
wards that base.
anatropous or inverted, when the chalaza is at the apex of the ovule, and the
foramen next to its base, the axis remaining straight. In this, one of the most frequent
forms of the ovule, the chalaza is connected with the base by a cord, called the rhaphe,
adhering to one side of the ovule, and becoming more or less incorporated with its
coats, as the ovule enlarges into a seed.
amphilropous or half-inverted, when the ovule being as it were attached laterally,
the chalaza and foramen at opposite endB of its straight or curved axis are about equally
distant from the base or point of attachment.
§ 12. The 'Receptacle and Relative Attachment of the Floral WhorU.
135. TWe Receptacle or torus is the extremity of the peduncle (above the calyx),
upon which the corolla, stamens, and ovary are inserted. It is sometimes little more
than a mere point or minute hemisphere, but it is often also more or less elongnted,
thickened, or otherwise enlarged. It must not be confounded with the receptacle of
inflorescence (74).
136. A Disk, or disc, is a circular enlargement of the receptacle, usually in the form
of a cup (cupular), of a flat disk or quoit, or of a cushion (pulvinate). It is either
immediately at the base of the ovary within the stamens, or between the petals and
Btamens, or bears the petals or stamens or both on its margin, or is quite at the ex-
tremity of the receptacle, with the ovaries arranged in a ring round it or under it.
137. The disk may be entire, or toothed or lobed, or divided into a number of parts,
usually equal to or twice that of the stamens or carpels. When the parts of the disk
are quite separate and short, they are often called glands.
138. Nectaries, are either the disk, or small deformed petals, or abortive stamens,
or appendages at the base of petals or stamens, or any small bodies within the flower
which do not look like petals, stamens, or ovaries. They were formerly supposed to
supply bees with their honey, and the term is frequently to bo met with in the older
Floras, but is now deservedly going out of use.
139. When the disk boars the petals and stamens, it is frequently adherent to, and


INTRODUCTION.
xxi
apparently forms part of, the tube of the calyx, or it is adherent to, and apparently
forms part of, the ovary, or of both calyx-tube and ovary. Hence the three following
important distinctions in the relative insertion of the floral whorls.
140. Petals, or as it is frequently expressed, flowers, are
hypogynous (*• «• undor the ovary), when they or the disk that bears them are en-
tirely free both from the calyx and ovary. The ovary is then described as free or su-
perior, the calyx as free or inferior, the petals as being inserted on the receptacle.
perigynous (i.e. round the ovary), when the disk bearing the petals is quite free
from the ovary, but is more or less combined with the base of the calyx-tube. The
ovary is then still described as free or superior, even though the combined disk and
calyx-tube may form a deep cup with the ovary lying in the bottom j the calyx is said
to he free or inferior, and the petals are described as inserted on the calyx.
epigynous (i. e. upon the ovary), when the disk bearing the petals is combined both
with the base of the calyx-tube and the base outside of the ovary; either closing over
the ovary so as only to leave a passage for the .style, or leaving more or less of the top
of the ovary free, but always adhering to it above the level of the insertion of the lowest
ovule (except in a very few cases where the ovules are absolutely suspended from the
top of the cell). In epigynous flowers the ovary is described as adherent or inferior,
the calyx as adherent or superior, the petals as inserted on or above the ovary. In
some works, however, most epigynous flowers are included in the perigynous ones, and
a very different meaniug is given to the term epigynous (144), and there are a few cases
where no positive distinction can be drawn between the epigynous and perigynous
flowers, or again between the perigynous and hypogynous flowers.
141. When there are no petals, it is the insertion of the stamens that determines
the difference between the hypogynous, perigynous, and epigynous flowers.
142. When there are both petals and stamens,
in hvpogynous flowers, the petals and stamens are usually free from each other,
but sometimes they are combined at the base. In that case, if the petals are distinct
from each other, and the stamens are monadelphous, the petals are often said to be
inserted on or combined with the stamina! tube; if the corolla is gamopetaious and the
stamens distinct from each other, the latter are said to be inserted in the tube of the
corolla.
in perigynous flowers, the stamens are usually inserted immediately within the
petals, or alternating with them on tho edge of the disk, but occasionally much lower
down within the disk, or even on the unenlarged part of the receptacle.
in epigynous flowers, when the petals are distinct, the stamens are usually inserted
as in perigynous flowers; when the corolla is gamopetaious, the stamens are either free
and hypogynous, or combined at the base with (inserted in) the tube of the corolla.
143. When the receptacle is distinctly elongated below the. ovary, it is often called
a gynobasis, gynophore, or stalk of the ovary. If the elongation takes place below the
stamens or below the petals, these stamens or petals are then said to be inserted on the
stalk of the ovary, and are occasionally, but falsely, described as epigynous. Really
epigynous stamens (i. e. when the filaments are combined with the ovary) are very raro,
unless the rest of the flower is epigy nous.
144. An epigynous disk is a name given either to the thickened summit of the ovary
in epigynous flowers, or very rarely to a real disk or enlargement of the receptacle
closing over the ovary.
145. In the relative position of any two or more parts of the flower, whether in the
same or in different whorls, they are
connivent, when nearer together at the summit than at the base.
divergent, when further apart at the summit than at the base.
coherent, when united together, but so slightly that they can be separated with
little or no laceration; and one of the two coherent parts (usually the smallest or least
important) is said to be adherent to the other. Grammatically speaking, these two
terms convey nearly the same meaning, but require a different form of phrase j prac-
tically however it has been found more convenient to restrict cohesion to the union of
ports of the same whorl, and adhesion to the union of parts of different whorls.
connate, when so closely united that they cannot be separated without laceration.


ixii
INTRODUCTION.
Each of the two connate parts, and especially that one which is considered the smaller
or of the least importance, is said to be adnate to the other.
free, when neither coherent nor connate.
distinct is also used in the same sense, but is also applied to parts distinctly risible
or distinctly limited.
§ 13. The Fruit.
146. The Fruit (15) consists of the ovary and whatever other parts of the flower are
persistent (i.e. persist at the time the seed is ripe), usually enlarged, and more or less
altered in shape and consistence. It encloses or covers the seed or seeds till the period
of maturity, when it either opens for the seed to escape, or falls to the ground with the
seed. When stalked, its stalk has been termed a carpophore.
147. Fruits are, in elementary works, said to be simple when the result of a Bingle
flower, compountl when they proceed from Beveral flowers closely packed or combined
in a head. But as a fruit resulting from a single flower, with several distinct carols,
is compound in the sense in which that term is applied to the ovary, the terms single
and aggregate, proposed for tho fruit resulting from one or several flowers, may be more
appropriately adopted. In descriptive botany a fruit is always supposed to result from
a single flower unless the contrary be stated. It may, like the pistil, be syncarpous
or apocarpous (125); and as in many cases carpels united in the flower may become
separate as they ripen, an apocarpous fruit may result from a syncarpous pistil.
148. The involucre or bracts often persist and form part of aggregate fruits, but very
seldom bo in single ones.
149. Tho receptacle becomes occasionally enlarged and succulent; if when ripe it
falls off with the truit, it is considered as forming part of it.
150. The adherent part of the calyx of epigynous flowers always persists and forms
part of the fruit; the free part of the calyx of epigynous flowers or the calyx of porigy-
nous flowers, either persists entirely at the top of or round the fruit, or the lobes alone
fall off, or the lobes fall off with whatever part of the calyx is above the insertion of
the petals, or the whole of what is free from the ovary falls off, including the disk bear-
ing the petals. The calyx of hypogynous flowers usually falls off entirely or persists
entirely. In general a calyx is called deciduous if any part falls off. When it persists
it is either enlarged round or under the fruit, or it withers and dries up.
151. The corolla usually falls off entirely; when it persists it is usually withered and
dry (marcescent), or very seldom enlarges round the fruit.
152. The stamens either fall off, or more or less of their filaments persists, usually
withered and dry.
153. The style sometimes falls off or dries up and disappears; sometimes persists,
forming a point to the fruit, or becomes enlarged into a wing or other appendage
to the fruit.
154. The Pericarp is the portion of the fruit formed of the ovary, and whatever ad-
heres to it exclusive of and outside of the seed or seeds, exclusive also of the persistent
receptacle, or of whatever portion of the calyx persists round tho ovary without adhe-
ring to it.
165. Fruits have often external appendages called wings (alee), beaks, crests, awns,
etc., according to their appearance. They ore cither formed by persistent parts of the
flower more or less altered, or grow out of the ovary or the persistent part of the
calyx. If the appendage be a ring of hairs or scales round the top of the fruit, it is
called a pappus.
150. Fruits are generally divided into succulent (including fleshy, pulpy, and juicy
fruits) and dry. They are dehiscent when they open at maturity to let out the seeds,
indehiscent when they do not open spontaneously but fall off with the seeds. Succu-
lent fruits are usually indehiscent.
157. The principal kinds of succulent fruits are
the Berry, in which the whole substance of the pericarp is fleshy or pulpy, with
the exception of the outer skin or rind, called the Kpicarp. The seeds themselves are
usually immersed in tho pulp; but in some berries, the seeds arc separated from the


1NTU0DUCTI0N.
xxiii
pulp by the walls of the canity or cells of the ovary, which form as it were a thin inner
skin or rind, called the Endocarp.
the Drupe, in which the pericarp, when ripe, consists of two distinct portions, an
outer succulent one called the Sarcocarp (covered like the berry by a skin or epicarp),
and an inner dry endocarp called the Putamen, which is either cartilaginous (of the
consistence of parchment) or hard and woody. In the latter case it is commonly a
stone, and the drupe a stone-fruit.
158. The principal kinds of dry fruits are
the Capsule or Pod,* which is dehiscent. When ripe the pericarp usually splits
longitudinally into as many or twice as many pieces, called valves, as it contains cells
or placentas. If these valves separate at the line of junction of the carpels, that is, along
the line of the placentas or dissepiments, either splitting them or leaving them attached
to the axis, the dehiscence is termed septicidal; if the valves separate between the
placentas or dissepiment, the dehiscence is loculwidal, and the valves either bear the
placentas or dissepiments along their middle line, or leave them attached to the axis.
Sometimes also the capsule discharges its seeds by slits, chinks, or pores, more or less
regularly arranged, or bursts irregularly, or separates into two parts by a horizontal
line; in the latter case it is said to be circumsciss.
the Nut or A chene, which is indehiscent and contains but a single seed. When the
pericarp is thin in proportion to the seed it encloses, the whole fruit (or each of its
lobes) has the appearance of a single seed, and is so called in popular language. If the
pericarp is thin and rather loose, it is often called an Utricle. A Samara is a nut with
a wing at its upper end.
159. Where tho carpels of the ovary are distinct (125) they may severally become
as many distinct berries, drupes, capsules, or achenes. Separate carpels are usually
more or less compressed laterally, with more or less prominent inner and outer
edges, called sutures, and, if dehiscent, tho carpel usually opens at these sutures. A
Follicle is a carpel opening at the inner suture only. In some eases where the carpels
arc united in the ovary they will separate when ripe ; they aro then called Cocci if one-
seeded.
160. The peculiar fruits of some of the large Orders havo received special names,
which will be explained under each Order. Such are the siliqua and silicule of Cruci-
feree, the legume of Leguminosse, the pome of Pyrus and its allies, the pepo of Cucur-
bitacee, the cone of Conifera?, the grain or caryopsis of Graminese, etc.
§ 14. The Seed.
161. The Seed ia enclosed in the pericarp in the great majority of flowering plants,
called therefore Angiosperms, or angiospennous plants. In Conifera and a very few
allied genera, called Qymnosperms, or gymnospermous plants, the seed is naked, without
any real pericarp. These truly gymnospermous plants must not be confounded with
Labiatie, Soragineai, etc., which have also been falsely called gymnospermous, their
small nuts having the appearance of seeds (158).
162. The seed when ripe contains an embryo or young plant, either filling or nearly
filling the cavity, but not attached to the outer skin or the seed, or more or less im-
mersed in a mealy, oily, fleshy, or horn-like substance, called the albumen, or peri-
sperm. The presenco or absence of this albumen, that is, the distinction between albu-
minous and exalbuminotts seeds, is one of great importance. The embryo or albumen
can often only be found or distinguished when the seed is quite ripe, or somotimes only
when it begins to germinate.
163. The shell of the seed consists usually of two separable coats. The outer coat,
called the testa, is usually the principal one, and in most cases the only one attended
to in descriptions. It may be hard and crustaceous, woody or bony, or thin and mem-
branous (skin-like), dry, or rarely succulent. It is sometimes expanded into wings,
or bears a tuft of hair, cotton, or wool, called a coma. The inner coat is called the
tegmen.
* In English descriptions, pod ia more frequently used when "it ia long and narrow; capsuU,or
sometimes pouch, when it is short and thick or broad.


xxiv
INTRODUCTION.
164. Tho funicle is the Btalk by which tho seed is attached to the placenta. It is
occasionally enlarged into a membranous, pulpy, or fleshy appendage, sometimes spread-
ing over a considerable part of the seed, or nearly enclosing it, called an aril. A siro-
phiole or caruncle is a similar appendage proceeding from the testa by the side of or
near the funicle.
166. The hilum is the scar left on the soed where it separates from the funicle. The
micropyle is a mark indicating the position of the foramen of the ovule (133).
166. The Embryo (162) consists of the Radicle or base of the future root, one or
two Cotyledons or future seed-leaves, and the Plumule or future bud within the base
of the cotyledons. In some seeds, especially where there is no albumen, these several
parts are very conspicuous, in others they are very difficult to distinguish until the
seed begins to germinate. Their observation, however, is of the greatest importance,
for it is chiefly upon the distinction between the embryo with one or with two coty-
ledons that are founded the two great classes of phtcnogamous plants, Monocotyledons
and Dicotyledons.
167. Although the embryo lies loose (unattached) within the seed, it is generally
in some determinate position with respect to the seed or to the whole fruit. This
position is described by stating the direction of the radicle next to or more or less
remote from the hilum, or it is said to be superior if pointing towards the summit of
the fruit, inferior if pointing towards the base of the fruit.
§ 15. Accessory Organs.
168. Under this name are included, in many elementary works, various external
parts of plants which do not appear to act any essential part either in the vegetation
or reproduction of the plant. They may be classed under four heads: Tendrils and
Hooks, Thorns and Prickles, Hairs, and Glands.
169. Tendrils (cirrhi) are usually abortive petioles, or abortive peduncles, or some-
times abortive ends of branches. They are simple or more or less branched, flexible,
and coil more or less firmly round any objects within their reach, in order to support
the plant to which they belong. Hooks are similar holdfasts, but of a firmer consis-
tence, not branched, and less coiled.
170. Thorns and Prickles have been fancifully called the weapons of plants.
A Thorn or Spine is the strongly pointed extremity of a branch, or abortive petiole, or
abortivo peduncle. A Prickle is a sharply pointed excrescence from the epidermis,
and is usually produced on a branch, on the petiole or veins of a leaf, or on a peduncle,
or even on the calyx or corolla. When the teeth of a leaf or the stipules are pungent,
they are also called prickles, not thorns. A plant is spinous if it has thorns, aculeate
if it has prickles.
171. Hairs, in the genoral sense, or the indumentum (or clothing) of a plant, in-
clude all those productions of the epidermis which have, by a more or less appropriate
comparison, been termed bristles, hairs, down, cotton, or wool.
172. Hairs are often branched. They are said to be attaclied by the centre, if
parted from the base, and the forks spread along the surface in opposite directions;
plumose, if the branches are arranged along a common axis, as in a feather; stellate,
if several branches radiate horizontally. These stellate hairs have sometimes their
rays connected together at the base, forming little flat circular disks attached by the
centre, and are then called scales, and the surface is said to be scaly or lepidole.
173. The Epidermis, or outer skin, of an organ, as to its surface and indumentum, is
smooth, when without any protuberance whatever.
glabrous, when without hairs of any kind.
striate, when marked with parallel longitudinal lines, cither slightly raised or
merely discoloured.
furrowed {sulcate) or ribbed (costate) when the parallel lines arc more distinctly
raised.
rugose, when wrinkled or marked with irregular raised or depressed lines.
umbilicate, when marked with a small round depression.
umbonaie, when bearing a small boss like that of a shield.


INTRODUCTION.
XXV
viscous, viscid, or glutinous, when covered with a sticky or clammy exudation.
scabrous, when rough to the touch.
tuberculate or warted, when covered with small, obtuse, wart-like protuberances.
muricale, when the protuberances are more raised and pointed but yet short and
hard.
echinate, when the protuberances are longer and sharper, almost prickly.
setose or bristly, when bearing very stiff erect straight hairs.
glandular-setose, when the seta? or bristles terminate in a minute resinous head or
drop. In some works, especially in the case of Roses and Subus, the meaning of seta
has been restricted to such as are glandular.
glochidiate, when the seta? are hooked at the top.
pilose, when the surface is thinly sprinkled with rather long simple hairs.
hispid, when more thickly covered with rather stiff hairs.
hirsute, when the hairs are dense and not so stiff.
downy or pubescent, when the hairs are short and soft; puberulent, when slightly
pubescent.
strigose, when the hairs are rather short aDd stiff, and lie close along the surface
all in the same direction; strigillose, when Blightly strigose.
tomentose or cottony, when the hairs are very short and Boft, rather dense and
more or less intricate, and usually white or whitish.
woolly (lanate), when the hairs are long and loosely intricate, like wool. The
wool or tomentum is said to be floccose when closely intricate and readily detached,
like fleece.
mealy {farinose), when the haira are excessively Bhort, intricate and white, and
come off readily, having the appearance of meal or dust.
canescent or hoary, when the hairs are so short as not readily to be distinguished
by the naked eye, and yet give a general whitish hue to the epidermis.
glaucous, when of a pale bluish-green, often covered with a fine bloom.
174. The meanings here attached to the above terms are such as appear to have been
most generally adopted, but there is much vagueness in the use practically made of
many of them by different botanists. This is especially the ease with the terms pilose,
hispid, hirsute, pubescent, and tomentose.
175. The name of Glands is given to several different productions, and principally
to the four following :—
1. Small wart-hko or shield-like bodies, either sessile or sometimes stalked, of a
fungous or somewhat fleshy consistence, occasionally secreting a small quantity of oily
or resinous matter, but more frequently dry. They are generally few in number, often
definite in their position and form, and occur chiefly on the petiole or principal veins
of leaves, on the branches of inflorescences, or on the stalks or principal veins of bracts,
sepals, or petals.
2. Minute raised dots, usually black, red, or dark-coloured, of a resinous or oily
nature, always superficial, and apparently exudations from the epidermis. They are
often numerous on leaves, bracts, sepals, and green branches, and occur even on petals
and stamens, more rarely on pistils. When raised upon slender stalks they are called
pedicellate (or stipitate) glands, or glandular hairs, according to the thickness of the
stalk.
3. Small, globular, oblong or even linear vesicles, filled with oil, imbedded in the
substance itself of leaves, bracts, floral organs, or fruits. They are often very numer-
ous, like transparent dots, sometimes few and determinate in form and position. In
the pericarp of Umbellifera they are remarkably regular and conspicuous, and take
the name of villa;.
4. Lobes of the disk (137), or other small fleshy excrescences within the flower,
whether from the receptacle, calyx, corolla, stamens, or pistil.


INTRODUCTION.
Chap. II. Classification, ob Systematic Botakt.
176. It has already been observed (3) that descriptions of plants should, as nearly
as possible, be arranged under natural divisions, so as to facilitate the comparison of
each plant with those most nearly allied to it. Tho descriptions of plants here alluded
to are descriptions of species; the nat ural divisions of the Flora refer to natural groups
of species.
177. A Species comprises all the individual plants which resemble each other suffi-
ciently to make us conclude that they are all, or mat/ luive been all, descended from a
common parent. These individuals may often differ from each other in many striking
particulars, Buch as the colour of the flower, size of the leaf, etc., but these particulars
are such as experience teaches us are liable to vary in the seedlings raised from one
individual.
178. When a large number of tho individuals of a species differ from the others in
any striking particular they constitute a Variety. If the variety generally comes
true from Beed, it is often called a Sace.
179. A Variety can only be propagated with certainty by grafts, cuttings, bulbs,
tubers, or any other method which produces a new plant by the development of one
or more buds taken from the old one. A Sace may with care be propagated by seed,
although seedlings will always be liable, under certain circumstances, to lose those
particulars wliich distinguish it from the rest of the species. A real Species will always
come true from seed.
180. The known species of plants (now near 100,000) are far too numerous for the
human mind to study without classification, or even to give distinct single names to.
To facilitate these objects, an admirable system, invented by Linnaeus, has been uni-
versally adopted, viz. one common substantive name is given to a number of species
which resemble each other more than they do any other species; the species so col-
lected under one name are collectively called a Genus, the common name being the
generic name. Each species is then distinguished from the others of the same genus
by the addition of an adjective epithet or specific name. Every species has thus a bo-
tanical name of two words. In Latin, the language usually used for the purpose, the
first word is a substantivo and designates the genus; the second, an adjective, indi-
cates the species.
181. The genera thus formed being still too numerous (above 6,000) for study with-
put further arrangement, they have been classed upon the same principles; viz. genera
which resemble each other more than they do any other genera, have been collected
together into groups of a higher degree called Families or Natural Orders, to
each of which a common name has been given. This name is in Latin an adjective
plural, usually taken from the name of some one typical genus, generally the best known,
the first discovered, or the most marked (e.g. Banunculacea from Ranunculus). This
is however for the purpose of study and comparison. To speak of a species, to refer
to it and identify it, all that is necessary is to give the generic and specific names.
182. Natural Orders themselves (of which we reckon near 200) are often in the
same manner collected into Classesj and where Orders contain a large number of
genera, or genera a large number of species, they require further classification. The
genera of an Order are then collected into minor groups called Tribes, the species of
a genus into Sections, and in a few cases this intermediate classification is carried still
further. The names of these several groups the most generally adopted are as follows,
beginning with the most comprehensive or highest:—
Classes. Genera.
Subclasses or Alliances. Subgenera.
Natural Orders or Families. Sections.
Suborders. Subsections.
Tribes. Species.
Subtribes. Varieties.
Divisions.
Subdivisions.


INTRODUCTION.
xxvii
183. The characters (3) by which a species is distinguished from all other species of
tho same genus are collectively called the specific character of the plant; those by
which its genus is distinguished from other genera of the Order, or its Order from
other Orders, arc respectively called the generic or ordinal character, as the case
may be. The habit of a plant, of a species, a genus, etc., consists of such general
characters as strike tho eye at first sight, such as size, colour, ramification, arrange-
ment of tho leaves, inflorescence, etc., and are chiefly derived from the organs of
vegetation.
184. Classes, Orders, Genera, and their several subdivisions, are called natural when,
in forming them, all resemblances and differences are taken into account, valuing them
according to their evident or presumed importance; artificial, when resemblances and
differences in somo one or very few particulars only are taken into account indepen-
dently of all others.
185. The number of species included in a genus, or the number of genera in an
Order, is very variable. Sometimes two or three or even a single species may be so
different from all others as to constitute the entire genus; in others, several hundred
species may resemble each other so much as to be all included in one genus ; and there
is the same discrepancy in the number of genera to a Family. There is moreover, un-
fortunately, in a number of instances, great difference of opinion as to whether certain
plants differing from each other in certain particulars are varieties of one species or be-
long to distinct species; and again, whether two or more groups of species should con-
stitute as many sections of ono genus, or distinct genera, or tribes of one Order, or
even distinct Natural Orders. In the former case, as a species is supposed to have a
real existence in nature, the question is susceptible of argument, and sometimes of ab-
solute proof. But the place a group should occupy in the scale of degree is very arbi-
trary, being often a mere question of convenience. The more subdivisions upon cor-
rect principles are multiplied, the more they facilitate the study of plants, provided
always the main resting-points for constant use, the Ordor and the Genus, are compre-
hensive and distinct. But if every group into which a genus can be divided be erected
into a distinct genus, with a substantivo name to be remembered whenever a species
is spoken of, all the advantages derived from tho beautiful simplicity of the Lin mean
nomenclature arc gone.
Chap. III. Vegetable Anatomy and Physiology.
§ 1. Structure and Growth of the Elementary Tistuei.
186. If a very thin slice of any part of a plant be placed under a microscope of high
magnifying power, it will be found to be made up of variously shaped and arranged
ultimate parts, forming a sort of honeycombed structure. These ultimate parts are
called celU, and form by their combination the elementary tissues of which the entire
plant is composed.
187. A cell in its simplest state is a closed membranous sac, formed of a substance
permeable by fluids, though usually destitute of visible pores. Each cell is a distinct
individual, separately formed and separately acting, though cohering with the cells
with which it is in contact, and partaking of the common life and action of the tissue
of which it forms a part. The membranes separating or enclosing the cells are also
called their walls.
188. Botanists usually distinguish the following tissues:—
(1) Cellular tissue, or parenchyma, consists usually of thin-walled cells, more or less
round in form, or with their length not much exceeding their breadth, and not taper-
ing at the ends. All the soft parts of the leaves, the pith of stems, the pulp of fruits,
and all young growing parts, are formed of it. It is tho first tissue produced, and


xxviii
INTRODUCTION.
continues to be formed while growth continues, and when it ceases to be active the
plant dies.
(2) Woody tissue, or prosenehyma, diners in having its cells considerably longer than
broad, usually tapering at each end into points and overlapping each other. The cells
are commonly thick-walled; the tissue is firm, tenacious, and elastic, and constitutes
the principal part of wood, of the inner bark, and of the nerves and veins of leaves,
forming, in short, the framework of the plant.
(3) Vascular tissue, or the vessels or ducts of plants, so called from the mistaken no-
tion that their functions are analogous to those of the vessels (veins and arteries) of
animals. A vessel in plants consists of a vertical row of cells, which have their trans-
verse partition-walls obliterated, so as to form a continuous tube. All phtcnogamous
plants, as well as ferns and a few other cryptogamoua plants, have vessels, and are
therefore called vascular plants; so the majority of cryptogams having only cellular
tissue aro termed cellular plants. Vessels have their sides very variously marked;
some, called spiral vessels, have a spiral fibre coiled up their inside, which unrolls
when the vessel is broken; others are marked with longitudinal slits, cross bars,
minute dots or pits, or with transverse rings. The size of vessels is also very variable
in different plants j in some they are of considerable size and visible to the naked eye in
cross sections of the stem, in others they are almost absent or can only be traced under
a strong magnifier.
189. Various modifications of the above tissues are distinguished by vegetable ana-
tomists under names which need nob be enumerated here as not being in general prac-
tical use. Air-vessels, cysts, turpentine-vessels, oil-reservoirs, etc., are either cavities
left between the cells, or large cells filled with peculiar secretions.
190. When tissues are once formed, they increase, not by the general enlargement of
the whole of the cells already formed, but by cell-division, that is, by the division of
young and vitally active cells, and the enlargement of their portions. In the formation
of the embryo, the first cell of the new plant is formed, not by division, but around a
segregate portion of the contents of a previously existing cell, the embryo-sac. This is
termed free cell-formation, in contradistinction to cell-division.
191. A young and vitally active cell consists of the outer wall, formed of a more or
less transparent substance called cellulose, permeable by Quids, and of ternary chemical
composition (carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen); and of the cell-contents, usually viscid
or mucilaginous, consisting of protoplasm, a substance of quaternary chemical compo-
sition (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen), which fills an important part in cell-
division and growth. Within the cell (either in the centre or execntrical) is usually a
minute, soft, subgelatinous body called the nucleus, whose functions appear to be inti-
mately connected with the first formation of the new cell. As this cell increases in size,
and its walls in thickness, the protoplasm and watery cell-sap become absorbed or dried
up, the firm cellulose wall alone remaining as a permanent fabric, either empty or filled
with various organized substances produced or secreted within it.
192. The principal organized contents of cells are
sap, the first product of the digestion of the food of plants; it contains the ele-
ments of vegetable growth in a dissolved condition.
sugar, of which there are two kinds, called cane-sugar and grape-sugar. It usually
exists dissolved in the sap. It is found abundantly in growing parts, in fruits, and in
germinating secd3.
dextrine, or vegetable mucilage, a gummy Bubstance, between mucilage and starch.
starch or fecula, one of the most universal and conspicuous of cell-contents, and
often so abundant in farinaceous roots and seeds as to fill the cell-cavity. It consists
of minute grains called starch-granules, which vary in size and are marked with more
or less conspicuous concentric lines of growth. The chemical constitution of starch
is the same as that of cellulose; it is unaffected by cold water, but forms a jelly with
boiling water, and turns blue when tested by iodine. When fully dissolved it is no
longer starch, but dextrine.
chlorophyll, very minute granules, containing nitrogen, and coloured green under
the action of sunlight. These granules are most abundant in the lavcrs of cells imme-
diately below the surface or epidermis of leaves and young bark. Tlic green colouring
matter is soluble in alcohol, and may thus be removed from the granules.


INTRODUCTION.
Xxix
chromule, a name given to a similar colouring matter when not green.
wax, oil*, camphor, and resinous matter, ore common in cells or in cavities in the
tissues between the cells, also various mineral substances, either in an amorphous state
or as microscopic crystals, when they are called Eaphides.
§ 2. Arrangement of the Elementary Tissues, or Structure of the Organs of Plants.
193. Leaves, young stems, and branches, and most parts of phamogamous plants,
during the first year of their existence consist anatomically of
1, a cellular system, or continuous mass of cellular tissue, which is developed both
vertically as the stem or other parts increase in length, and horizontally or laterally as
they increase in thickness or breadth. It surrounds or is intermixed with the fibro-
vascular system, or it may exist alone in some parts of phamogamous plants, as well
as in cryptogamous ones.
2, a fibro-vascular system, or continuous mass of woody and vascular tissue, which
is gradually introduced vertically into, and serves to bind together, the cellular system.
It is continued from the stem into the petioles and veins of the leaves, and into the
pedicels and parts of the flowers, and is never wholly wanting in any phamogaiuous
plant.
3, an epidermis, or outer skin, formed of one or more layers of flattened (horizon-
tal), firmly coherent, and usually empty cells, with either thin and transparent or thick
and opaque walls. It covers almost all parts of plants exposed to the outward air,
protecting their tissues from its immediate action, but is wanting in those parts of
aquatic plants which are constantly submerged.
194. The epidermis is frequently pierced by minute spaces between the cells, called
Stomates. They are oval or mouth-shaped, bordered by lips, formed of two or more
elastic cells so disposed as to cause the stomate to open in a moist, and to close up in
a dry state of the atmosphere. They communicate with intercellular cavities, and are
obviously designed to regulate evaporation and respiration. They are chiefly found
upon leaves, especially on the under surface.
196. When a pheenogamous plant has outlived the first season of its growth, the
anatomical structure of its Btem or other perennial parts becomes more complicated
and very different in the two great classes of phsenogamous plants called Exogens and
Endogens, which correspond with very few exceptions to the two classes Dicotyledons
and Monocotyledons (167), founded on the structure of the embryo. In Exogens
(Dicotyledons) the woody system is placed in concentric layers between a central
pith (198,1), and an external separable bark (198, 6). In Endogens (Monocotyle-
dons) the woody system is in separate Bmall bundles or fibres running through the
cellular system without apparent order, and there is usually no distinct oentral pith,
nor outer separable bark.
196. The anatomical structure is also somewhat different in the different organs of
plants. In the Root, although it is constructed generally on the same plan as the
stem, yet the regular organization, and the difference between Exogens and Endogens, is
often disguised or obliterated by irregularities of growth, or by the production of large
quantities of cellular tissue filled with starch or other substances (192). There is sel-
dom, if ever, any distinct pith, the concentric circles of fibro-vascular tissue in Exogens
are often very indistinct or have no relation to seasons of growth, and the epidermis
has no stomates.
197. In the Stem or branches, during the first year or season of their growth, the
difference between Exogens and Endogens is not always very conspicuous. In both
there is a tendency to a circular arrangement of the fibro-vascular system, leaving
the centre either vacant or filled with cellular tissue (pith) only, and a more or leas
distinct outer rind is observable even in several Endogens. More frequently, how-
ever, the distinction is already very apparent the first season, especially towards its
close. The fibro-vascular bundles in Endogens usually anastomose but little, passing
continuously into the branches and leaves. In Exogens the circle of fibro-vascular
bundles forms a more continuous cylinder of network emitting lateral offsets into the
branches and leaves.


XXX
INTRODUCTION.
198. The Exogenous Btem, after the first year of its growth, consists of
1, the pith, a cylinder of cellular tissue, occupying the centre or longitudinal axis
of the stem. It is active only in young stems or branches, becomes dried up and com-
pressed as the wood hardens, and often finally disappears, or is scarcely distinguishable
m old trees.
2, the medullary sheath, which surrounds and encases the pith. It abounds in
Bpiral vessels (188, 3), and is in direct connection, when young, with the leaf-buds and
branches, with the petioles and veins of leaves, and other ramifications of the system.
Like the pith, it gradually disappears in old wood.
3, the wood, which lies immediately outside the medullary sheath. It is formed
of woody tissue (188, 2), through which, in most cases, vessels (188, 3) variously dis-
posed are interspersed. It is arranged in annual concentric circles (211), which usually
remain active during several years, but in older stems the central and older layers be-
come hard, denso, comparatively inactive, and usually deeper coloured, forming what
is called heart-icood or duramen, the outer.younger, and usually paler-coloured living
layers constituting the sapwood or alburnum.
4, the medullary rayt, which form vertical plates, originating in the pith, and, ra-
diating from thence, traverse the wood and terminate in the bark. They are formed
of cellular tissue, keeping up a communication between the living portion of the centre
of the Btem and its outer surface. As the heart-wood is formed, the inner portion of
the medullary rays ceases to be active, but they usually may still bo seen in old wood,
forming what carpenters call the silver grain.
5, the bark, which lies outside the wood, within the epidermis. It is, like the
wood, arranged in annual conccntrio circles (211), of which the outer older ones be-
oome dry and hard, forming the corky layer or outer bark, which, as it is distended
by the thickening of the stem, either cracks or is cast off with the epidermis, which is
no longer distinguishable. Within the corky layer is the cellular, or green, or middle
bark, formed of loose thin-walled pulpy cells containing chlorophyll (192); and which
is usually the layer of the preceding season. The innermost and youngest circle, next
the young wood, is the liber or inner bark, formed of long tough woody tissue called
bait-cell*.
199. The Endogenous stem, as it grows old, is not marked by the concentric circles
of Exogens. The wood consists of a matrix of cellular tissue irregularly traversed by
vertical cords or bundles of woody and vascular tissue, which are in connection with
the leaves. These vascular bundles change in structure and direction as they pass
down the stem, losing their vessels, they retain only their bast- or long wood-cells,
usually curving outwards towards the rind. The old wood becomes more compact and
harder towards the circumference than in the centre. The epidermis or rind either
hardens so as to prevent any increase of diameter in the stem, or it distends, without
increasing in thickness or splitting or casting off any outer layers.
200. In the Leaf, the structure of the petioles and principal ribs or veins is the
same as that of the young branches of which they are ramifications. In the expanded
portion of the leaf the fibro-vascular system becomes usually very much ramified, form-
ing the smaller veins. These are surrounded and the interstices filled up by a copious
and very active cellular tissue. The majority of leaves are horizontal, having a differ-
ently constructed upper and under surface. The cellular stratum forming the upper
surface consists of closely set cells, placed vertically, with their smallest ends next the
surface, and with few or no stomates in the epidermis. In the stratum forming the
under surface, the cells are more or less horizontal, more loosely placed, and have ge-
nerally empty spaces between them, with stomates in the epidermis communicating
with these intercellular spaces. In vertical leaves (as in a large number of Australian
plants) the two surfaces are nearly similar in structure.
201. When leaves arc reduced to scales, acting only as protectors of young buds, or
without taking any apparent part in the economy of vegetable life, their structure,
though still on the same plan, is more simple; their fibro-vascular system is less rami-
fied, their cellular system more uniform, and there are few or no stomates.
202. Bracts and floral envelopes, when green and much developed, resemble leaves
in their anatomical structure, but in proportion as they are reduced to scales or trans-


INTRODUCTION.
xxxi
formed into petals, they lose their stomates, and their systems, both fibro-vascular and
cellular, become more simple and uniform, or more slender and delicate.
203. In the stamens and pistils the structure is still nearly the same. The fibro-
vascular system, surrounded by and intermixed with the cellular tissue, is usually sim-
ple in the filaments and style, more or less ramified in the flattened or expanded parts,
such as the anther-cases, the walls of the ovary, or carpellary leaves, etc. The pollen
consists of granular cells variously shaped, marked, or combined, peculiar forms being
constant in the same species, or often in large genera, or even Orders. The stigmatic
portion of the pistil is a mass of loosely cellular substance, destitute of epidermis, and
usually is in communication with the ovary by a channel running down the centre of
the style.
2<H. Tubers, fleshy thickenings of the stem or other parts of the plant, succulent
leaves or branches, the fleshy, woody, or bony parts of fruits, the albumen, and the
thick fleshy parts of embryos, consist chiefly of largely developod cellular tissue, re-
plete with starch or other substances (192), deposited apparently in most cases for the
eventual future use of the plant or its parts when recalled into activity at the approach
of a new season.
205. Hairs (171) are usually expansions or processes of the epidermis, and consist
of one or more cells placed end to end. When thick or hardened into prickles, they still
consist usually of cellular tissue only. Thorns (170) contain more or less of a fibro-
vascular system, according to their degree of development.
206. Glands, in the primary sense of the word (175,1), consist usually of a rather
loose cellular tissue without epidermis, and often replete with resinous or other sub-
stances.
§ 3. Growth of the Organs.
207. Boots grow in length constantly and regularly at the extremities only of their
fibres, in proportion as they find the requisite nutriment. They form no buds contain-
ing the germ of future branches, but their fibres proceed irregularly from any part of
their surface without previous indication, and when their growth has been stopped for
a time, either wholly by the close of the season, or partially by a deficiency of nutri-
ment at any particular spot, it will, on the return of favourable circumstances, be resumed
at the same point, if the growing extremities be uninjured. If during the dead season,
or at any other time, the growing extremity is cut ofT, dried up, or otherwise injured, or
stopped by a rock or other obstacle opposing its progress, lateral fibres will be formed
on the still living portion; thus enabling the root as a whole to diverge in any direc-
tion, and travel far and wide when lured on by appropriate nutriment.
208. This growth is not however by the successive formation of terminal cells attain-
ing at once their full size. The cells first formed on a fibre commencing or renewing
its growth, will often dry up and form a kind of terminal cap, which is pushed on as
cells arc formed immediately under it; and the new cells, constituting a greater or
lesser portion of the ends of the fibres, remain some time in a growing Btate before they
have attained their full size.
209. The roots of Exogens, when perennial, increase in thickness like Btems by the
addit ion of concentric layers, but these are usually much less distinctly marked; and
in a large number of perennial Exogens and most Endogens the roots are annual, perish-
ing at the close of the season, fresh adventitious roots springing from the stock when
vegetation commences the following season.
210. The Stem, including its branches and appendages (leaves, floral organs, etc.),
grows in length by additions to its extremity, but a much greater proportion of the ex-
tremity and branches remains in a growing and expanding state for a much longer
time than in the case of the root. At the close of one season, loaf-buds or seeds are
formed, each containing the germ of a branch or young plant to be produced the follow-
ing season. At a very early stage of the development of these buds or seeds, a com-
mencement may be found of many of the leaves it is to bear; and before a leaf unfolds,
every leaflet of which it is to consist, every lobe or tooth which is to mark its margin,
may often be traced in miniature, and thenceforth till it attains its full size, the branch
grows and expands in every part. In Borne cases however the lower part of a branch


xxxii
INTRODUCTION.
and more rarely (e.g. in some Meliacece) the lower part of a compound leaf attains its
full size before the young leaves or leaflets of the extremity are yet formed.
211. The perennial stem, if exogenous (198), grows in thickness by the addition every
season of a new layer or ring of wood between the outermost preceding layer and the
inner surface of the bark, and by the formation of a new layer or ring of bark within
the innermost preceding layer and outside the new ring of wood, thus forming a succes-
sion of concentric circles. The sap elaborated by the leaves finds its way, in a manner
not as yet absolutely ascertained, into the cambium-region, a zone of tender thin-walled
cells connecting the wood with the bark, by the division and enlargement of which new
cells (190) are formed. These cells separate in layers, the inner ones constituting the
new ring of wood, and the outer ones the new bark or liber. In most exogenous trees, in
temperate climates, the seasons of growth correspond with the years, and the rings of
wood remain sufficiently distinct to indicate the age of the tree; but in many tropical
and some overgreen trees, two or more rings of wood are formed in one year.
212. In endogenous perennial stemB (199), the new wood or woody fibre is formed
towards the centre of the stem, or irregularly mingled with the old. The stem conse-
quently either only becomes more dense without increasing in thickness, or only in-
creases by gradual distention, which is never very considerable. It affords therefore
no certain criterion forjudging of the age of the tree.
213. Flowers have generally all their parts formed, or indicated by protuberances or
growing cells at a very early stage of the bud. These parts are then usually more re-
gularly placed than in the fully developed flower. Parts which afterwards unite aro
then distinct, many are present in this rudimentary state which are never further de-
veloped, and parts which are afterwards very unequal or dissimilar are perfectly alike
at this early period. On this account flowers in this very early stage are supposed by
BOme modern botanists to be more normal, that is, more in conformity to a supposed
type j and the study of the early formation and growth of the floral organs, called
Organogenesis, has been considered essential for the correct appreciation of the affinities
of plants. In some cases, however, it would appear that modifications of development,
not to be detected in the very young bud, are yet of great importance in the distinction
of large groups of plants, and that Organogenesis, although it may often assist in clear-
ing up a doubtful point of affinity, cannot nevertheless be exclusively relied on in esti-
mating the real value of peculiarities of struct ure.
214. The flower is considered as a bud (flower-bud, alabaitrum) until the perianth
expands, the period of flowering (anthesis) is that which elapses from the first expand-
ing of the perianth, till the pistil is set or begins to enlarge, or, when it does not set,
until the stamens and pistil wither or fall. After that, the enlarged ovary takes the
name of young fruit.
215. At the close of the season of growth, at the same time as the leaf-buds or seeds
are formed containing the germ of future branches or plants, many plants form also, at
or near the bud or seed, large deposits, chiefly of starch. In many cases,—such as the
tubers of a potato or other root-stock, the scales or thickened base of a bulb, the albu-
men or the thick cotyledons of a seed,—this deposit appears to be a store of nutriment,
which is partially absorbed by the young branch or plant during its first stage of
growth, before the roots are sufficiently developed to supply it from without. In some
cases, however, such as the fleshy thickening of some stems or peduncles, the pericarps of
fruits which perish long before germination (the first growth of the seed), neither the
use nor the cause of these deposit* has as yet been clearly explained.
§ 4. Functions of the Organs.
216. The functions of the Root are,—1. To fix the plant in or to the soil or other
substance on which it grows. 2. To absorb nourishment from the soil, water, or air,
into which the fibres have penetrated (or from other plants in the case of parasites),
and to transmit it rapidly to the stem. The absorption takes places through the young
growing extremities of tho fibres, and through a peculiar kind of hairs or absorbing
organs which are formed at or near those growing extremities. The transmission to
the stem is through the tissues of the root itself. The nutriment absorbed consists


INTRODUCTION.
xxx iii
chiefly of carbonic acid and nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds dissolved in water.
3. In some cases roots secrete or exude small quantities of matter in a manner and with
a purpose not satisfactorily ascertained.
217. The Stem and its branches support the leaves, flowers, and fruit, transmit the
crude sap, or nutriment absorbed by the roots and mixed with previously organized
matter, to the leaves, and re-transmit the assimilated or elaborated sap from the leaves
to the growing parts of the plant, to be there used up, or to form deposits for future
use (204). The transmission of the ascending crude sap appears to take place chiefly
through the elongated cells associated with the vascular tissues, passing from one cell
to another by a process but little understood, but known by the name of endosmose.
218. Leaves are functionally the most active of the organs of vegetation. In them
is chiefly conducted digestion or Assimilation, a name given to the process which ac-
complishes the following results:—1. The chemical decomposition of the oxygenated
matter of the sap, the absorption of carbonic acid, and the liberation of pure oxygen at
the ordinary temperature of the air. 2. A counter-operation by which oxygon is ab-
sorbed from the atmosphere and carbonic acid is exhaled. 3. The transformation of
the residue of the crude sap into the organized substances which enter into the compo-
sition of the plant. The exhalation of oxygen appears to take place under the influence
of solar heat and light, chiefly from the under surface of the leaf, and to be in some
measure regulated by the stomates; the absorption of oxygen goes on always in the
dark, and in the daytime also in certain cases. The transformation of the sap is effected
within the tissues of the leaf, and continues probably more or less throughout the
active parts of the whole plant.
219. The Floral Organs seldom contribute to, the growth of the plant on which they
aro produced; their functions are wholly concentrated on the formation of the seed with
the germ of a future plant.
220. The Perianth (calyx and corolla) acts in the first instance in protecting the
stamens and pistils during the early stages of their development. When expanded,
the use of the brilliant colours wluch they often display, of the sweet or strong odours
they emit, has not been adequately explained. Perhaps they may have great influence
in attracting those insects whose concurrence has been shown in many cases to be neces-
sary for the due transmission of the pollen from the anther to the stigma.
221. The pistil, when stimulated by the action of the pollen, forms and nourishes
the young Beed. The varied and complicated contrivances by which the pollen is con-
veyed to the stigma, whether by elastic action of the organs themselves, or with the
assistance of wind, of insects, or other extraneous agents, have been the subject of
numerous observations and experiments of the most distinguished naturalists, and are
yet far from being fully investigated. Their details, however, as far as known, would
be far too long for the present outline.
222. The fruit nourishes and protects the seed until its maturity, and then often
promotes its dispersion by a great variety of contrivances or apparently collateral cir-
cumstances, e. g. by an elastic dehiscence which casts the seed off to a distance j by
the development of a pappus, wings, hooked or other appendages, which allows them
to be carried off by winds, or by animals, etc., to which they may adhere; by their
small specific gravity, which enables them to float down streams; by their attractions to
birds, etc., who taking them for food drop them often at great distances, etc. Appen-
dages to the seeds themselves also often promote dispersion.
223. Hairs have various functions. The ordinary indumentum (171) of stems and
leaves indeed seems to take little part in the economy of the plant besides perhaps
some occasional protection against injurious atmospheric influences, but the root-hairs
(216) are active absorbents, the hairs on styles and other parts of flowers appear often
materially to assist the transmission of pollen, and the exudations of glandular hairs
(175, 2) are often too copious not to exercise some influence on the phenomena of
vegetation. The whole question, however, of vegetable exudations and their influence
on the economy of vegetable life, is as yet but imperfectly understood.


xxxiv
INTRODUCTION.
Chap. IV. Collection, Preservation, and Determination op Plants.
221. Plants can undoubtedly be most easily and satisfactorily examined when freshly
gathered. But time will rarely admit of this being done, and it is moreover desirable
to compare them with other plants previously observed or collected. Specimens must,
therefore, be selected for leisurely observation at home, and preserved for future refer-
ence. A collection of such specimens constitutes a Herbarium.
225. A botanical Specimen, to be perfect, should have root, item, Uavet, flotcert
(both open and in bud) and fruit (both young and mature). It is not, however,
always possible to gather such complete specimens, but the collector should aim at
completeness. Fragments, such as leaves without flowers, or flowers without leaves,
are of little or no use.
226. If the plant is small (not exceeding 15 in.) or can be reduced to that length
folding, the specimen should consist of the whole plant, including the principal part
the root. If it be too large to preserve the whole, a good flowering branch should be
selected, with the foliage as low down as can be gathered with it; and one or two of
the lower stem-leaves or radical leaves, if any, should be added, so as to preserve as
much as possible of the peculiar aspect of the plant.
227. The specimens should be taken from healthy uninjured plants of a medium
size. Or if a specimen be gathered because it looks a little different from the majority
of those around it, apparently belonging to the same species, a specimen of the more
prevalent form should be taken from the same locality for comparison.
228. For bringing the specimens home, a light portfolio of pasteboard, covered with
calico or leather, furnished with straps and buckles for closing, and another for slinging
on the shoulder, and containing a few sheets of stout coarse paper, is better than the
old-fashioned tin box (except, perhaps, for stiff prickly plants and a few others). The
specimens as gathered are placed between the leaves of paper, and may be crowded to-
gether if not left long without sorting.
229. If the specimen brought home be not immediately determined when fresh,
but dried for future examination, a note should be taken of the time, place, and
situation in which it was gathered; of the stature, habit, and other particulars re-
lating to any tree, shrub, or herb of winch the specimen is only a portion; of the
kind of root it has; of the colour of the flower j or of any other particulars which
the specimen itself cannot supply, or which may be lost in the process of drying.
These memoranda, whether taken down in the field, or from the living specimen
when brought home, should be written on a label attached to the specimen or pre-
served with it.
230. To dry specimens, they are laid flat between several sheets of bibulous paper,
and subjected to pressure. The paper is subsequently changed at intervals, until they
are dry.
231. In laying out the specimen, care should be taken to preserve the natural posi-
tion of the parts as far as consistent with the laying flat. In general, if the specimen
is fresh and not very slender, it may be simply laid on the lower sheet, holding it by
the stalk and drawing it slightly downwards; then, as the upper sheet is laid over, if
it be slightly drawn downwards as it is pressed down, it will be found, after a few
trials, that the specimen will have retained a natural form with very little trouble. If
the specimen has been gathered long enough to have become flaccid, it will require
more care in laying the leaves flat and giving the parts their proper direction. Speci-
mens kept in tin boxes, will also often have taken unnatural bends which will require
to be corrected.
232. If the specimen is very bushy, some branches must be thinned out, but always
so as to show where they have been. If any part, such as the head of a thistle, the
stem of an Orobanche, or the bulb of a Lily, be very thick, a portion of what is to be
the under side of tho specimen may be slioed off. Some thick specimens may bo split
from top to bottom before drying.
233. If the specimen be succulent or tenacious of life, such as a Bedmm or an


INTRODUCTION.
XXXV
Orckit, it may bo dipped in boiling water all but the flowers. Thin will kill tho plant
at once, and enable it to be dried rapidly, losing less of its colour or foliage than
would otherwise bo tho case. Dipping in boiling water is also useful in the case
of Heaths and other plants which are apt to shed their leaves during the process of
drying.
234. Plants with very delicate corollas may be placed between single leaves of very
thin unglaxed tissue-paper. In shifting these plants into dry paper the tissue-paper
is not to be removed, but lifted with its contents on to tho dry paper.
235. Tho number of sheets of paper to be placed between each specimen or sheet of
specimens, will depend, on the one hand, on the thickness and humidity of tho speci-
mens ; on the other hand, on the quantity and quality of the paper one has at command.
The more and the better the paper, the less frequently will it be necessary to change
it, and the sooner the plants will dry. The paper ought to be coarse, stout, and unsized.
236. Care must be taken that the paper used is well dried. If it bo likewise hot, all
the better; but it must then be very dry; and wet plants put into hot paper will
require changing very soon, to prevent their turning black, for hot damp without ven-
tilation produces fermentation, and spoils the specimens.
237. For pressing plants, various more or less complicated and costly presses are
made. None is better than a pair of boards the size of the paper, and a stone or other
heavy weight upon them if at home, or a pair of strong leather straps round them if
travelling. Each of these boards should be double, that is, made of two layers of thin
boards, the opposite way of the grain, and joined together by a row of clenched brads
round the edge, without glue. Such boards, in deal, rather less than half an inch
thick (each layer about 2i lines) will be found light and durable.
238. It is useful also to have extra boards or pasteboards the size of the paper, to
separate thick plants from thin ones, wet ones from those nearly dry, etc. Open
wooden frames with cross-bars, or frames of strong wire-work lattice, are still better
than boards for this purpose, as accelerating the drying by promoting ventilation.
239. The more frequently the plants are shifted into dry paper the better. Except-
ing for very stiff or woody plants, the first pressure should be light, and the first shift-
ing, if possible, after a few hours. Then, or at the second shifting, when the specimens
will have lost their elasticity, will be the time for putting right any part of a specimen
which may have taken a wrong fold or a bad direction. After this the pressure may
be gradually increased, and the plants left from one to several days without shifting.
The exact amount of pressure to be given will depend on the consistence of the speci-
mens, and the amount of paper. It must only be borne in mind that too much pres-
sure crushes the delicate parts, too little allows them to shrivel, in both cases inter-
fering with their future examination.
240. The most convenient specimens will be made, if the drying-paper is the samo
size as that of the herbarium in which they are to bo kept. That of writing demy,
rather more than 1G inches by \ inches, is a common and very convenient size. A
small size reduces the specimens too much, a large size is both costly and inconvenient
for use.
241. When the specimens are quite dry and stiff, they may be packed up in bundles
with a single sheet of paper between each layer, and this paper need not be bibulous.
The specimens may be placed very closely on the sheets, but not in more than one
layer on each sheet, and care must be taken to protect tho bundles by sufficient cover-
ing from the effects of external moisture or the attacks of insects.
2-12. In laying the specimens into the herbarium, no more than one species should
ever be fastened on one sheet of paper, although several specimens of tho same species
may be laid side by side. And throughout the process of drying, packing, and laying
in, great care must be taken that the labels bo not separated from the specimens they
belong to.
243. To examine or dissect flowers or fruits in dried specimens it is necessary to
soften them. If the parts are very delicate, this is best done by gradually moistening
them in cold water; in most cases, steeping them in boiling water or in steam is much
quicker. Very hard fruits and seeds will require boiling to be able to dissect them
easily.


xxxvi
1NTU0DUCTI0N.
244. For dissecting and examining flowers in the field, all that is necessary is a pen-
knife and a pocket-lens of two or three glasses from 1 to 2 inches focus. At home it
is more convenient to have a mounted lens or simple microscope, with a stage holding
a glass plate, upon which the flowen may be laid; and a pair of dissectors, one of
which should be narrow and pointed, or a mere point, like a thick needle, in a handle;
the other should have a pointed blade, with a sharp edge, to make clean sections acroBS
the ovary. A compound microscope is rarely necessary, except in cryptogamic botany
and vegetable anatomy. For the simple microscope, lenses of i, i, 1, and 1J inches
focus arc sufficient.
245. To assist the student in determining or ascertaining the name of a plant be-
longing to a Flora, analytical tables should be prefixed to the Orders, Genera, and
Species. These tables should be so constructed as to contain, under each bracket, or
equally indented, two (rarely three or more) alternatives as nearly as possible contradic-
tory or incompatible with each other, each alternative referring to another bracket, or
having under it another pair of alternatives further indented. The Btudent having a
plant to determine, will first take the general table of Natural Orders, and examining
his plant at each step to see which alternative agrees with it, will be led on to the
Order to which it belongs, he will then compare it with the detailed character of the
Order given in the text. If it agrees, he will follow the same course with the table of
the genera of that Order, and again with the table of species of the genus. But in
each case, if he finds that his plant does not agree with the detailed description of the
genus or species to which he has thus been referred, he must revert to the beginning
and carefully go through every step of the investigation before he can be satisfied. A
fresh examination of his specimen, or of others of the same plant, a critical considera-
tion of the meaning of every expression in the characters given, may lead him to detect
some minute point overlooked or mistaken, and put him into the right way. Species
vary within limits wliich it is often very difficult to express in words, and it proves
often impossible, in framing these analytical tables, so to divide the genera and species,
that those which come under one alternative should absolutely exclude the others.
In such doubtful cases both alternatives must be tried before the student can come to
the conclusion that his plant is not contained in the Flora, or that it is erroneously
described.
246. In those Floras where analytical tables are not given, the student is usually
guided to the most important or prominent characters of each genus or species, either
by a general summary prefixed to the genera of an Order or to the species of tho
genus, for all such genera or species; or by a special summary immediately preceding
the detailed description of each genus or species. In the latter case this summary is
called a diagnosis. Or sometimes the important characters are only indicated by
italicizing them in the detailed description.
247. It may also happen that the specimen gathered may present some occasional
or accidental anomalies peculiar to that single one, or to a very few individuals, which
may prevent the species from being at once recognized by its technical characters. It
may be useful here to point out a few of these anomalies which the botanist may bo
most likely to meet with. For this purpose we may divide them into two classes, viz.:
1. Aberrations from the ordinary type or appearance of a species for which some
general cause may be assigned.
A bright, light, and open situation, particularly at considerable elevations above the
sea, or at high latitudes, without too much wet or drought, tends to increase the size
and heighten the colour of flowers, in proportion to the stature and foliage of the
plant.
Shade, on the contrary, especially if accompanied by richness of soil and sufficient
moisture, tends to increase the foliage and draw up the stem, but to diminish the num-
ber, size, and colour of the flowers.
A hot climate and dry situation tend to increase the hairs, prickles, and other pro-
ductions of the epidermis, to shorten and stiffen the branches, rendering thorny plants
yet more spinous. Moisture in a rich soil has a contrary effect.
The neighbourhood of the sea, or a saline soil or atmosphere, imparts a thicker and
more succulent consistence to the foliage and almost every part of the plant, and ap-


INTRODUCTION.
xxxvii
pears not unfrequently to enable plants usually annual to live through the winter.
Flowers in a maritime variety are often much fewer, but not smaller.
The luxuriance of plants growing in a rich soil, and the dwarf stunted character of
those crowded in poor soils, are too well known to need particularizing. It is also an
everyday observation how gradually the specimens of a species become dwarf and
stunted as we advance into the cold damp regions of the summits of high mountain
ranges, or into liigh northern latitudes; and yet it is frequently from the want of at-
tention to these circumstances that numbers of false species have been added to our
Enumerations and Floras. Luxuriance entails not only increase of size to the wholo
plant, or of particular parts, but increase of number in branches, in leaves, or leaflets
of a compound leaf; or it may diminish the hairiness of the plant, induce thorns to
grow out into branches, etc.
Capsules which, while growing, lie close upon the ground, will often become larger,
more succulent, and less readily dehiscent, than those which are not so exposed to the
moisture of the soil.
Herbs eaten down by sheep or cattle, or crushed underfoot, or otherwise checked in
their growth, or trees or shrubs cut down to the ground, if then exposed to favourable
circumstances of soil and climate, will send up luxuriant side-shoots, often so different
in the form of their leaves, in their ramification and inflorescence, as to be scarcely re-
cognizable for the same species.
Annuals which have germinated in spring, and flowered without cheek, will often bo
very different in aspect from individuals of the same species, which, having germinated
later, are stopped by summer droughts or the approach of winter, and only flower the
following season upon a second growth. The latter have often been mistaken for per-
ennials.
Hybrids, or crosses between two distinct species, come under the same category of
anomalous specimens from a known cause. Frequent as they are in gardens, where
they are artificially produced, they are probably rare in nature, although on this sub-
ject there is much diversity of opinion, some believing them to be very frequent, others
almost denying their existence. Absolute proof of the origin of a plant found wild, is
of course impossible; but it is pretty generally agreed that the following particulars
must always co-exist in a wild hybrid. It partakes of the characters of its two parents;
it is to be found isolated, or almost isolated, in places where the two parents are abun-
dant; if there are two or three, they will generally be dissimilar from each other, one
partaking more of one parent, another of the other; it seldom ripens good seed; it will
never be found where one of the parents grows alone.
Where two supposed species grow together, intermixed with numerous intermediates
bearing good seed, and passing more or less gradually from the one to the other, it
may generally be concluded that the whole are mere varieties of one species. The be-
ginner, however, must be very cautious not to set down a specimen as intermediate
between two species, because it appears to be so in some, even the most striking cha-
racters, such as stature and foliage. Extreme varieties of one species are connected
together by transitions in all their characters, but these transitions are not all obterva-
ble in the same specimens. The observation of a single intermediate is therefore of
little value, unless it be one link in a long series of intermediate forms, and, when met
with, should lead to the search for the other connecting links.
2. Accidental aberrations from the ordinary type, that is, those of which the cause
is unknown.
These require the more attention, as they may sometimes lead the beginner far astray
in his search for the genus, whilst the aberrations above-mentioned as reducible more or
less to general laws, affect chiefly the distinction of species.
Almost all species with coloured flowers are liable to occur occasionally with them
all white.
Many may be found even in a wild state with double flowers, that is, with a multi-
plication of petals.
Plants which have usually conspicuous petals will occasionally appear without any
at all, cither to the flowers produced at particular seasons, or to all the flowers of in-
dividual plants, or the petals may be reduced to narrow slips.


xxxviii
INTRODUCTION.
Flowers usually very irregular, may, on certain individuals, lose more or less of their
irregularity, or appear in some very different Bhape. Spurs, for instance, may disap-
pear, or bo produced on all instead of one only of the petals.
One part may be occasionally added to, or subtracted from, the usual number of
parts in each floral whorl, more especially in regular polvpetalous flowers.
Plants usually monoecious or dioecious may become occasionally hermaphrodite, or
hermaphrodite plants may produce occasionally unisexual flowers by the abortion of
the stamens or of the pistils.
Leaves out or divided where they are usually entire, variegated or spotted where they
are usually of one colour, or the reverse, must also be classed amongst those accidental
aberrations which the botanist must always be on his guard against mistaking for spe-
cific distinctions.


xxxix
INDEX OF TERMS, OR GLOSSARY.
The figures refer to the Paragraphs of the Outlines.
Par.
Aberrations .... 247
Aboitive 84
Abruptly pinnate . . 48
Accessory organs . .168
Acicnlar ..... 54
Achene • • . . . 158
Aculeate 170
Acuminate, acumen. . 47
Acute 47
Adherent . . . 140,145
Adnate . . . .63,145
Adnate anther . . .114
Adventitious ... 17,19
Aerial = growing in the
air.
Estivation .... 102
Aggregate fruit . . . 147
Alabastrum (bud) . . 214
Aire (wings) . . .37,155
Alate = having wings.
Albumen, albuminous . 162
Alburnum .... 198
Alliances 182
Alternate .... 82, 'JO
Amentum = catkin . . 76
Amphitropous . . .134
Ampleiicaul .... 37
Amvgdaloid = almond-
like.
Amyloid 192
Anastomose .... 40
Anatropous .... 134
Androgynous. ... 87
Aogiospermous . . . 161
Anisoinerous .... 94
Annuals 12
Anterior 91
Anther . . . 109, 114
Anthcsis (flowering pe-
riod) 214
Apetalous 85
Par.
Apex . . . 36,47,115
Apiculate = with a little
point.
Apocarpous . . . .125
Aquatic = growing in
water 14
Arboreous or arbores-
cent plants ... 12
Aril, arillus .... 164
Arillate (having en aril) 164
Aristatc 47
Article, articulate, arti-
culation .... 54
Artificial divisions and
characters .... 184
Ascending 28
Asepalous 85
Assimilation .... 218
Auricle 49
Auriculate = having au-
ricles 50
Axil, axillary.... 17
Axjle (in the axis) . . 132
Bark V98
Barren 85,110
Base ... 36, 48, 115
Bast-cells 198
Berry . . . . . .157
Bi- (2 in composition) . 44
Bicarpellary . . . .125
Bidentate 44
Biennials 12
Bifid 44
Bifoliolatc .... 44
Bijugate 44
Bilabiate (two-lipped) 102,
105
Bilocular 126
Bipinnate 43
Bisexual 85
Par.
Biternate 44
Blade 85
Bracts, bractca: 60, 77,202
Bracteatc = having bracts.
Braeteoles 62
Bristles, bristly . . .173
Bad 16
Bulb 26
Bush 12
Cffispitose = tufled . . 28
Callous ™ hardened and
usually thickened.
Calyculc, calyculatc. . 80
Calyx . . . . 15,90,96
Cambium-region . .211
Campanulate . . . .104
Campylotropous . . .134
Cancscent 173
Capillary = hair-like . 54
Capitate 74
Capsule 158
Carpel 15,128
Carpophore
Cartilaginous = of the
consistence of carti-
lage or of parchment.
Caruncule, carunculatc.
Caryopsis
UC
164
160
Catkins 76
Cauliue (on the stem) . 38
Caulocarpic . . . . 12
Cells (elementary) . .186
Cells (of anthers) . . 109
Cells (of the ovary). .121
Cellular system . . . 193
Cellular tissue . . .188
Cellulose 191
Centrifugal .... 72
Centripetal .... 72
Chaff 82


xl
GLOSSARY OF TERMS.
Chnlaza 133
Character 183
Chlorophyll . ... 192
Chromulc 192
Ciliate 39
Circumsciss .... 158
Cirrh us=tendril . .169
Class 182
Claw (of a petal) . . 107
Climbing stem ... 29
Coats of the ovule . . 133
Coats of the seed . . 163
Coccus 159
Coherent 145
Collateral=inserted one
by the side of the
other.
Collection of specimens 224
Coma 163
Common petiole... 39
Complete flower . . 89
Compound leaf ... 89
Compound flower . . 74
Compound fruit . . . 147
Compound ovary . . 126
Compound umbel . . 74
Compressed .... 54
Cone 160
Confluent 117
Conical 54
Connate 145
Connective, conuectivum 109
Conuivent . . . . 145
Contorted, convolute . 102
Cordate 49
Cordiform 49
Coriaceous .... 65
Corky layer . . . .198
Corm 27
Corolla . . .15,90,97
Corrugate (crumpled) . 102
Corymb, corymbose . 74
Costate 173
Cotton, cottony . . .173
Cotyledons .... 166
Creeping ..... 28
Crenate, crenulate . . 39
Cristate=having acrcst-
like appendage.
Crown of the root . . 24
Crumpled 102
Cryptogamons plants . 10
Culm 84
Cuneate 45
Cupular (cup-shaped) . 136
Cuspidate 47
Cylindrical .... 54
Par.
Cyme, cymoae ... 74
Deca- or decern- (10 in
composition) . . 44, 92
Deciduous calyx . . . 152
Decompound .... 43
Decumbent .... 28
Dccurrent 87
Decussate 82
Definite 89
Definitions . . . (p. iii.)
Dehiscence, dehiscent
118, 156
Dentate 89
Depressed 54
Descriptive Botany . (p. iii.)
Determinate .... 67
Determination of plants 215
Dextrine 192
Di- (2 in composition) 92
Diadclphous . . . .113
Diagnosis 24ft
Dialypctalous. . . . 100
Diandrous 93
Dichlamydeous ... 85
Dichotomous.... 33
Diclinous 86
Dicotyledonous plants . 167
Didymous 54
Didynainous . . . .113
Diffuse 28
Digitate 41
Dig} nous . . . .93, 125
Dimerous 93
Dimidiate 117
Dioecious 86
Dipetalous .... 93
Di8cpalous 93
Disk 136
Dissepiment 126
Dissected 89
Distichous 32
Distinct 145
Divaricate 115
Diverging, divergent 115,145
Divided 39
Dorsal = on the back.
Double flowers ... 97
Down, downy . . . 173
Drupe 157
Dry fruits . . . .158
Ducts 188
Duramen 198
Ear 76
Echinatc 173
Elaborated sap . . .217
Par.
Elementary cells and tis-
sues 186
Elliptical 45
Einarginate .... 47
Embryo . . . 162, 166
Endocarp 157
Endogcns, endogenous
plants 195
Endogenous stem . . 199
Endosraose . . . .217
Ennea- (9 in composi-
tion) 92
Entire 39
Epicarp 157
Epidermis. . . 173,193
Epigynous . . . .140
Epigynous disk . . . 144
Epiphyte . . • . . . 14
Erect 28
Exalbuminous (without
albumen) . . . .162
Examination of plants . 243
Exogens, exogenous
plants 195
Exogenous stem. . .198
Exserted 113
Extrorse 118
Falcate 45
Families 181
Farinose 173
Fascicled, fasciculate . 32
Fastigiatc 74
Fecula 192
Female 85
Fertile 85
Fibre 18
Fibrous root .... 20
Fibro-vascular system . 193
Filament 109
Filiform = thread-like.
Fimbriate = fringed.
Flabelliform — fan-shaped 45
Fleshy 55
Floceose 173
Floral envelope ... 15
Floral leaves . . . . 01
Flowers . 15, 84, 213, 219
Flowering plants . . 10
Foliaccous = leaf-like.
Follicle 159
Foramen 133
Forked 33
Free . 89, 132, 140, 145
Fruit . . .15, 146, 222
Fnitcsceut, fruticose . 12
Fuuction 7


OLOSSARY OF TERMS.
xli
Par.
Funiclc (funiculus) . . 164
Funnel-shaped . . . 104
Furrowed 178
Fusiform = spindle-
shaped 54
Gamopctalous . . .100
Geminate 32
Genus, genera . . . 180
Germ, germination . .215
Gibbous 105
Glabrous 173
Glands . . . 176, 206
Glandular-setose. . .173
Glaucous 173
Globose, globular . . 64
Glochidiate .... 178
Glume 88
Glutinous 173
Grain 160
Gymnospermous. . .161
Gyuobasis, gynophore . 148
Habit 183
Hairs . . 171, 205, 223
Hastate 50
Head 74
Heart-wood . . . .198
Hepta- (7 in composition) 92
Herbaceous perennials . 12
Herbarium .... 224
Hermaphrodite ... 85
Heterogamous ... 87
Hexa- (6 in composition) 92
Hilum 165
Hirsute 173
Hispid 173
Hoary 178
Homogamous ... 87
Hooks 169
Hybernaculura ... 28
Hybrids 247
Hypocrateriform (salver-
shaped) . . . .104
Hypogynoas .... 140
Tinbricatc.imbricatcd 58,102
. 43
. 84
. 84
. 92
156
. 67
. 171
. 102
. 140
. 167
lmpari-pinnate
Imperfect . .
Incomplete .
Indefinite . .
Indehiscent .
Indeterminate
Indumentum .
Induplicate .
Inferior . .
Inferior radicle
Par.
Inflorescence .... 66
Infuudibulifbrm (funnel-
shaped) 104
Innate anther . . . 114
Insertion 140
Internode 81
Interrupted spike or ra-
ceme 75
Introrse 118
Involucre, involucel . 79
Involute 102
Irregular 95
Isomerous .... 89
Joint, joining ... 64
Jugum, juga=pairs . 44
Kernel 157
Knob 25
Labcllum 105
Laciniate 39
Lamina . . . 85, 107
Lanate = woolly . .173
Lanceolate .... 45
Lateral 91
Leaf, leaves 15,35,200,218
Leaf-bud 16
Leaflet 39
Leaf-opposed .... 67
Legume 160
Lepidote 172
Liber .... 198,211
Ligulatc = strap-shaped.
Iamb 104
Linear 45, 54
Lip, lipped .... 105
Lobe, lobed .... 89
Loculicidal .... 158
Lower 91
Lunate = crescent-sbaped.
Lyrate 41
Male 85
Marccsccnt . . . .151
Mealy ...... 173
Medullary rays and
sheath 198
Membranous.... 56
Micropyle 165
Midrib 40
Monadelphous . . .113
Monandrous .... 112
Moniliform .... 54
Mono- (1 in composi-
tion) 92
Monocarpellary . . . 125
Pur.
Monocarpic .... 12
MonochlamydcouB . . 85
Monocotyledonous plants 167
Monoecious .... 86
Monogynoos . . . .125
Monopetalons . . . 100
Morphology ... 8, 88
Mucronate .... 47
Multi- (many, or an in-
definite number, in
composition) ... 44
Muricate 173
Naked 85,161
Natural divisions and
characters . . . .184
Natural Order ... 181
Navicular = boat-shaped
Nectary 138
Nerve 40
Net-veined .... 40
Neuter 86
Node . . . . . . 81
Novem- (9 in composi-
tion) 44
Nucleus of a cell. . . 191
Nucleus of the ovule .133
Nut 168
Obcompreaaed ... 54
Obconical 54
Obcordatc 47
Oblate 45
Oblong . . . . 45, 64
Obovate 46
Obovoid 54
Obpyramidal .... 54
Obtuse 47
Oct- or octo- (8 in com-
position) . . . 44, 92
Offset 23
Opposite ..... 32
Orbicular 45
Order 181
Organ 7
Organogenesis . . . £13
Orgnns of vegetation and
reproduction ... 9
Orthotropous. . . .134
Oval 45
Ovary 121
Ovate 45
Ovoid 54
Ovule .... 121, 133
Palate 105
Palea, paletc .... 82


xlii
GLOSSARY OF TERMS.
Par.
Paleaceous = of a chaffy
consistence.
Palmate . . . .41,42
Palmatifid, palmatiscct.
42
Panicle, paniculate . .
74
122
Parallel veins....
155
40
14
Parenchyma ....
188
132
Pedate 41, 42
41
Pedatifid, pedatisect. .
42
Pedicellate = on a pedicel.
70
Pedunculate=on a pe-
68
duncle.
Peltate
52
Penicillate . . . .
130
Penta- (5 incomposition)
92
160
12
Perfect flower . . .
84
87
12
Perianth . 15, 98, 202,
220
154
Perigynous . . . .
140
162
146
105
90
35
Phrenogamous, phanero-
SB
10
Phyllodium = a flat pe-
79
tiole with no blade.
173
43
Pinnate .... 41
, 42
Pinnatifid, piunatiscct .
42
Pistil . 15, 90,120,203,
221
85
Pith
198
Placenta, placentation .
131
6
Plicate
102
172
Pluri- =ieveral, in com-
166
position.
Plurilocular ....
126
Pod
158
Par.
Podocarp 120
Pollen .... 109, 119
Poly- (many, or an in-
definite number, in
composition) ... 92
Polyadelphous . . .113
Polyandrous . .92,112
Polygamous .... 86
Polygynous . . .92,125
Polypetalous . . . .100
Pome 160
Posterior 91
Praefoliation .... 57
Preservation of speci-
mens 224
Prickles 170
Primine 133
Procumbent .... 28
Proliferous .... 17
Proseuchyma . . .188
Prostrate 28
Protoplasm . . . .191
Pubescent, puberulent . 173
Pulvinate (cushion-
shaped) 136
Punctiform =likcapoint
or dot.
Putamen 157
Pyramidal 64
Quadri- (4 in composi-
tion) 44
Quint-uncial . . . .102
Quinque- (5 in compo-
sition) 44
Quintuplinerved . . 40
Race 178
Raceme, racemose . . 74
Rachis 39, 68
Radical 38
Radicle 166
Raphe 134
Raphides 192
Receptacle . . 74, 135
Reduplicate . . . .102
Regular 95
Rcniform 51
Resupinate .... 105
Reticulate .... 40
Retuse 47
Revolute 102
Rhachis . . . . 39, 68
Rhaphe 134
Rhizome . . . . 21, 24
Rhomboidal .... 45
Ribs 40
Par.
Ribbed 178
Riugent 105
Root 15, 18, 196, 207, 216
Root-stock .... 24
Rostrate = beaked.
Rosulate 88
Rotate 104
Rudimentary .... 84
Rugose 173
Runcinate 41
Runner 80
Saccate 105
Sagittate 50
Salver-shaped . . .104
Samara 158
Sap 192
Sapwood 198
Sarcocarp 157
Scabrous 173
Scales . . 58, 59, 172, 201
Scaly bulb .... 26
Scaly surface.... 172
Sca]ie 69
Scariose, scarious . . 55
Scattered 32
Scion 30
Scorpioid cyme ... 74
Section 182
Sccund 32
Sccundine 133
Seed 101
Segment 39
Sepals .90
Septem- (7 in composi-
tion) 44
Septicidal 158
Septum = partition . .126
Serrate, serrulate . . 39
Sessile 37
Seta, seta; (bristles) • 173
Setaceous (bristle-like) . 54
Setose (bearing bristles) 173
Sex- (6 in composition) 44
Sheathing 37
Shrubs J*
Siliculc, siliqua . . .160
Silver grain . . . .1*8
Simple il
Sinuate »»
Sinus °»
Smooth «•
Spadii 76
Spatha 81
Spatulate 45
Species 1 > J
Specimen 225


GLOSSARY OF TERMS.
xlii
Par.
Par.
Par
54
Symmetrical ....
89
Umbel, umbellate, um-
Spike, spicate . .
. 74
Synandrous . . . .
112
bellule ....
83, 74
. 76
Syucarpous . . . .
125
Umbilicate . . .
. 173
170
Syngenesious....
113
Umbonate . . .
. 173
Spiral vessels.
. 188
Systematic Botany (p. ixvi.)
Uncinate = hooked.
Spur, spurred
. 105
Undershrubs . . .
. 12
Squainie = scales. .
. 58
20
. 39
58
101
Unequally pinnate .
. 43
Stamens . 15, 90, 108, 203
163
Unguiculate . . .
. 107
85
Tendril . . . .29,169
Unguis (claw) . .
. 107
Staminodia . . .
. 110
54
Uni- (1 in composition) 44
Starch
192
Ternate . . . . 32, 41
Unilateral (one-sided) ra-
Stellate ....
104
Terrestrial=growing on
. 74
Stellate hairs. . .
. 172
the earth ....
14
Unilocular . . .
. 126
Stem . 15, 28, 197, 210,
Testa
163
. 86
217
Tetra (4 in composition)
92
Unsymmetrical . .
. 94
Stem-clasping . .
. 37
Tetradynamous . . .
113
. 91
85
170
121
104
64
Thyrsus, thyrsoid . .
74
Stipes, stipitatc . .
. 65
Tissues (elementary)
186
, 102
Stipules ....
63
Tomeutose . . . .
173
. 158
Stock
16, 22
Toothed
39
, 178
Stole, stolon . . .
23, 30
135
Vascular tissue . .
. 188
Trees
12
Vegetable Anatomy .
8,186
Stone, stone-fruit .
. 157
Tri- (3 in composition) 44,92
Vegetable Chemistry
. 8
Striate
173
182
Vegetable Homology
or
Strigosc, strigillosc .
. 173
Trichotomous . . .
33
Metamorphosis .
. 88
Strophiole, strophiolate 164
41
Vegetable Physiology 8, 207
Style
121
Trifoliolate . . . .
41
Veins, veinlcts, venation 40
Suh = almost, or ttndt
T,
54
. 57
in composition.
43
Versatile anther .
. 114
Subclass, suborder .
. 182
Triplinerved . . . .
40
Verticil, verticillate
. 82
Submerged = under water.
Triquetrous . . . .
54
Tristichous . . . .
32
Virgatc=twiggy
. 28
55
47
Viscid, viscous . .
. 173
Succulent fruits . .
. 157
Trunk
12
Vitta, vittse . . .
. 175
30
Tube .... 101, 104
Viviparous . . .
Voluble . . . .
. 17
Suffrutescent, suffrati-
Tuber, tuberous 20, 25, 204
. 29
12
Tuberculate . . . .
173
104
Wart, warted. . .
. 173
Sulcat* ....
173
Tufted
28
89
140
Tunicated bulb . . .
27
Whorl, whorled . .
. 82
Superior radicle . .
. 167
Turbinate = top-shaped.
54
Wing, winged .
37, 155
Superposed = inserted
one
29
Wood
198
above the other.
102
Woody tissue. . .
. 188
. 159
Type, typical. . . .
181
Wool, woolly. . .
. 173


xliv
ANALYTICAL KEY
TO THE ORDERS AND ANOMALOUS GENERA OF THE HONGKONG FLORA.
CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONS.
(Seep.l.)
Flowers polypetalous (with several petals free from each other, although some-
times adherent to the staminal tube).
Flowers regular or nearly so.
Pistil apocarpous (consisting of several carpels, either quite distinct or slightly
cohering at the base with distinct styles), or of 1 carpel with 1 unilateral
placenta and 1 simple style A.
Pistil syncarpous (the carpels united into a single ovary, with 2 or more cells
or 2 or more parietal placentas or styles).
Stamens hypogynous or very slightly perigynous.
Stamens indefinite B.
Stamens definite, twice the number of petals or fewer C.
Stamens very perigynous or ovary inferior.
Stamens indefinite D.
Stamens definite, twice the number of petals or fewer E.
Flowers very irregular F.
Flowers monopetalouB (the petals united at least at the base into a single lobed,
toothed, or rarely entire corolla).
Ovary inferior G.
Ovary superior H.
Flowers apetalous. Perianth of a single whorl of segments or lobes, or none . I.
A. Regular apocarpous Polypetali.
Stamens indefinite.
Stamens very perigynous Rosacea, p. 103.
Stamens hypogynous.
Carpel solitary.
Sepals and petals 4 or 5, small, valvate. Trees or shrubs,
with compound leaves Mnrossi, p. 73.
Sepals 3 to 5, imbricate. Climber with simple leaves . Delima, p. 7.
Carpels many.
Sepals 6, valvate, no petals. Climber with opposite leaves Clematis, p. 6.
Sepals 3. Petals 6 to 12, all much imbricate in series of
3 each Magnoliace£, p. 7.
Sepals 8. Petals in 1 or 2 series of 3 each, all valvate,
or the petals slightly imbricate Anonace*, p. 9.
(See also Sagittaria in Monocotyledons.)
Stamens definite.
Stamens equal in number and opposite to the petals (alternate
with the sepals when the petals are wanting). Climbers.
Carpels 3, with 1 ovule in each. Leaves simple . . . Menisfesmacex, p. 11.
Carpels 3, with several ovules in each. Leaves digitate . STAtTKTOMA, p. 14.


ANALYTICAL KEY.
xlv
Stamens twice the petals, or if equal to, alternate with them.
Stamens 4 or 5 Simabubacb.e, p. 60.
Stamens 10.
Carpels (in the flower) several Rourea, p. 71.
Carpels solitary Leguminos*, p. 71.
B. Regular syncarpous Polypetals with indefinite hypogynous stamens.
Leaves opposite.
Sepals and petals 5 each. Fruit a capsule Hypericineje, p. 23.
Sepals 4. Petals 4 or more. Fruit a drupe Guttiferav, p. 24.
Leaves alternate.
Placentas parietal. Ovary 1-celled.
Sopals 2. Petals 4, large. Prickly herb Aboemone, p. 15.
Sepals 4 or more.
Placentas 2. Fruit stalked or oblong Capfaribe.1:, p. 17.
Placentas 3. Berry sessile. Flowers small .... Scolopia, p. 19.
Ovary 2- or more celled. Ovules in the axis.
Stamens united in a column or tube round the style.
Anthers 1-celled, on distinct filaments Malvaceje, p. 31.
Anthers crowded in a terminal head Steucfliace.!:, p. 35.
Anthers 2-celled, on distinct filaments ..... Ptekospebmcm, p. 39.
Stamens free or united in a ring at the base.
Sepals 2 Pobtulaca, p. 127.
Sepals 3 to 5, valvate.
Flowers unisexual Cboton, p. 308.
Flowers hermaphrodite.
Style single Tiliacej;, p. 40.
Styles several Actinidia, p. 26.
Sepals 3 to 5, imbricate.
Leaves dotted. Prickly shrub Atalaktia, p. 51.
Leaves not dotted. Trees or shrubs, not prickly.
Petals free or shortly united at the base. Flowers
hermaphrodite or polygamous . . . . • . Teensteojmiace.e, p. 25.
Petals united in a tube at the base. Flowers al-
ways unisexual Ebenacex, p. 209.
C. Regular syncarpous PolypetaU with definite hypogynous stamens.
Leaves opposite, simple or compound.
Herbs. Leaves quite entire CABYOpnYtLEJ!, p. 21.
Woody climber. Calyx with a gland outside. Leaves simple Hyptage, p. 49.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple or compound.
Ovary 2- or 3-celled. Leaves not dotted Sapindacex, p. 45.
Ovary 4- or 5-celled. Leaves dotted Rutace*, p. 57.
Leaves alternate, simple.
Stamens monadelphous. Calyx valvate.
Staminal tube long, connate with the stalk of the ovary. Helicteres, p. 37.
Stamens shortly united at the base BuETTNEBrACEa:, p. 38.
Stamens free, double the number of petals.
Flowers unisexual Jatbopha, p. 309.
Flowers hermaphrodite.
Sepals 4, valvate Eljeocabpus, p. 42.
Calyx small, 4- or 5-cleft. Leaves dotted .... Atalantia, p. 51.
Calyx truncate, scarcely toothed. Pubescence mealy. Styrax, p. 213.
Stamens free, the same number as the petals.
Stamens opposite the petals.
Petals very small, concave or hood-shaped .... Rhamnacea:, p. 66.
e


Xlvi ANALYTICAL KEY.
Petals longer than the sepals and alternate with them.
Petals valvate. Ovary 2- to 6-celled Vitex, p. 53.
Petals imbricate. Ovary 1-celled Mybsinace.*;, p. 202.
Petals longer than the sepals and opposite to them . Sabia, p. 70.
Stamens alternate with the petals.
Stamens distinctly hypogynous.
Petals erect, clawed. Ovary incompletely 2-celled.
Shrub Pittosporum, p. 19.
Petals spreading. Ovary 1-celled, with parietal pla-
centas. Herb Drosera, p. 129.
Stamens slightly perigynous or adhering to the petals.
Stamens inserted on a broad fleshy disk .... Celastracea:, p. 61.
Stamens adhering to the base of the petals.
Ovary B-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell . . . Peittaphylax, p. 28.
Ovary 4-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell . . . Ilex, p. 64.
Stamens free, not corresponding in number with the petals.
Stamens 6. Petals 4. Herbs Crucifers, p. 15.
Stamens 3. Petals 5. Woody climber Hipfocratea, p. 61.
Stamens 2. Petals 4. Tree Fbaxinus, p. 214.
Leaves alternate, compound.
Herbs.
Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens 8 (rarely more).
Pod linear, 2-valved Polanisia, p. 17.
Pod inflated, 3-cornored, 3-valvcd Cardiospemmcm, p. 46.
Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 10 Oxalis, p. 56.
Trees, shrubs, or tall climbers.
Stamens as many as petals.
Stamens opposite the petals. Climbers Vitis, p. 53.
Stamens alternate with the petals. Trees or shrubs.
Ovary 1-celled, with 1 ovule Khus, p. 69.
Ovary-cells or carpels 4 or 5.
Leaves dotted Bctace.*, p. 57.
Leaves not dotted Simartjbace*, p. 60.
Stamens double the number of petals.
Stamens inserted within an annular disk. Leaves
not dotted NspnELiUM, p. 46.
Disk within the stamens or none.
Leaves dotted. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell of the
ovary Attrantiacex, p. 49.
Leaves not dotted. Ovules several in each cell
of the ovary Averbiioa, p. 56.
D. Regular sgncarpous Polypetals, tcith indefinite perigi/nous or superior stamens.
Leaves alternate.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx-lobes and petals 5 or
rarely 4.
Stamens attached to the base of the petals Symflocos, p. 211.
Stamens free from the petals, inserted with them on the
calyx Rosacea, p. 103.
Flowers unisexual. Sepals 2 or 3. Petals 2 to 5. Fruit
3-winged Beooma, p. 126.
Leaves opposite.
Ovary inferior.
Calyx-segments linear, valvate. Petals cut Kakdelia, p. 110.
Calyx-lobes imbricate or very small. Petals entire . . Myrtacex, p. 117.
Ovary free, but enclosed in the calyx-tube Lagerstrosmia, p. 112.


ANALYTICAL KEY.
xlvii
E. Regular synearpous Polypetals, with definite perigynous or superior stamens.
Leaves alternate.
Climbers, with tendrils.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Ovary stalked Passifloba, p. 123.
Flowers unisexual. Ovary inferior CccCBBlTACEAi, p. 123.
Trees, Bhrubs, or herbs, without tendrils.
Ovary 1-celled, at least at the base, with parietal pla-
centas, and more or less free at the top.
Flowers separate. Petals calyx-like or none . . . SAMYDACE.E, p. 121.
Flowers in compact heads resembling a single flower,
the coloured petals all outside Rhodoleia, p. 131.
Ovary 2- or more celled, wholly inferior.
Calyx-lobes conspicuous, valvate, 4 or rarely 5.
Ovules numerous Onagbacb.e, p. 108.
Ovules 1 in each cell Halobagis, p. 139.
Calyx-teeth minute or none. Ovules 1 in each cell.
Petals 5, small. Ovary 2-celled. Fndt dry . . . Umbellipbbjb, p. 133.
Petals 4 or 5, small. Ovary 2- or more celled. Fruit
a berry Abaliace.k, p. 135.
Petals 6 to 10, linear. Ovary 2-cclled. Fruit a 1-
seeded drupe Mablba, p. 138.
Leaves opposite.
Petals imbricate or contorted in the bud.
Ovules several.
Anthers small, opening longitudinally.
Herb of 4 or 5 inches. Flowers 4-meroug . . . Ammannia, p. 111.
Shrub with heath-like dotted leaves. Flowera 6-
merous BjECKBA, p. 118.
Anthers opening by 1 or 2 pores at the top . . . Melastomace.e, p. 112.
Ovules 2 in each cell. Berry 1-socded. Shrub or tree . Caballia, p. 110.
Ovules 1 in each cell. Herb Halobagib, p. 139.
Petals valvate in the bud.
Stamens alternate with the petals Cornacbe, p. 137.
Stamens opposite or on the petals LobakthacEjE, p. 140.
F. Irregular Polypetals.
Flowers spurred. Anthers 5, united round the pistil.
Sepals 5, herbaceous. Petals 5, spreading, one of them
spurred
Sepals 2 outer ones, 1 larger inner one hooded and spurred.
Petals 1 outer entire, 2 inner ones lobed
Flowers not spurred. Stamens 10 or few; anthers free, the
filaments often united.
Petals 3, small, erect. Stamens 8, in 2 clusters. Ovary
1- or 2-cclled, with 1 ovule in each cell
Petals papilionaceous or spreading. Stamens usually 10.
Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or more ovules
Or. Monopetals with an inferior ovary.
Aathers united in a ring round the style.
Flowers compound, i. e. florets in compact heads, with a
common involucre, without separate calyxes .... Composite, p. 165.
Flowers distinct, irregular.
Stamens 2, connate with the stylo Stylidu'M, p. 195.
Stamens 5, the filaments free Campakulace*, p. 195.
Viola, p. 20.
Impatiens, p. 55.
POLYGALACE.B, p. 43.
Leguminosj:, p. 71.


xlviii
.ANALYTICAL KEY.
Anthers free.
Stamens twice the number of corolla-lobes or teeth.
Corolla shortly toothed. Anthers opening in terminal
pores Vaccinittm, p. 199.
Corolla deeply toothed. Anthers opening longitudinally Styeax, p. 213.
Stamens the same number as the corolla-lobes, and oppo-
site them.
Parasitical shrub. Corolla 4-lobed LoBAifTnrs, p. 140.
Terrestrial trees or shrubs. Corolla small, 5-lobed . . M.SSA, p. 203.
Stamens the same number as the corolla-lobes, and alter-
nate with them.
Leaves opposite or whorlcd.
No stipules. Corolla regukr or irregular . . . Caprifoliacbje, p. 14 2.
Stipules between the leaves (or rarely liko them, and
forming a whorl with them) RrniACES, p. 111.
Leaves alternate.
Corolla irregular Scevola, p. 198.
Corolla regular.
Shrub. Berry 1-secdcd Scinepfia, p. 52.
Herbs. Capsule many-seedod Wahlenbebgia, p. 11 7
H. Monopetdls with a superior ovary.
(Stamens more than twice the corolla-lobes: see Polypetals, B.)
StamenB twice the number of corolla-lobes.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate. Anthers opening in
terminal pores Ekicackje, p. 199.
Herbs. Leaves opposite, succulent. Anthers opening
longitudinally Bbyophyllt:m, p. 127.
Stamens equal in number to the corolla-lobes.
Stamens hypogynous.
Herbs with radical leaves Statice, p. 281.
Shrubs. Leaves alternate Azalea, p. 201.
Stamens opposite the corolla-lobes, and inserted in the tube.
Ovary 1-celled, with a free central placenta.
Herbs. Fruit capsular or dry Pbimulace.£, p. 202.
Shrubs or trees. Fruit succulent, indehiscent . . . MyrsinacE-E, p. 202.
Ovary 2- to 5-celled. Shrubs or trees Sideroxylok, p. 209.
Stamens alternate with the corolla-lobes, and inserted in
the tube.
Leaves opposite or whorled.
Ovary 4-lobed, with 1 ovule in each lobe Labiate, p. 274.
Ovary 1-celled or partially 2-celled, the placentas not
meeting in the axis.
Tall climber. Leaves whorled. Flowers 5-merous Allamatsda, p. 217.
Bitter herb Leaves opposite. Flowers 4-merous. Exactjm, p. 233.
Ovary 2-eclled, or of 2 carpels with 1 or more ovules
in each.
Stamens united in a mass roimd tho pistil.... Asclephde;e, p. 223.
Stamens, or at least their filaments, distinct.
Carpels 2, distinct Apocynace^:, p. 216.
Ovary 2-celled.
Stigma thickened, conical Melodinub, p. 218.
Stigma capitate or lobed LooaniaCE*, p. 229.
Leaves alternate or radical.
Several ovules in each cell of the ovary.
Corolla scarious and transparent Plantaoo, p. 280.
Corolla not scarious Solanaces, p. 241.


ANALYTICAL KEY.
xlix
One or two ovules in each cell or carpel of tho ovary.
Ovary of two distinct carpel*, with a common style.
Shrub. Two ovules in each carpel Cerbbba, p. 219.
Herb. One ovule in each carpel Diciiondra, p. 240.
Ovary 5-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules in each . Pentaphylax, p. 28.
Ovary 4-celled, with 1 pendulous ovule in each . . Ilex, p. 64.
Ovary 2- or 3-celled, with 2 erect ovules in each, or
4-cellcd, with 1 erect ovule in each.
Tree. Fruit a berry Ehretia, p. 234.
Herbs. Fruit of 4 1-seeded, or 2 2-seeded nuts . Bobagine^, p. 234.
Herbs or climbers. Fruit a capsule or berry . Convolvulacb.*, p. 235.
Stamens 1, 2, or 3 less in number than the corolla-lobes.
Stamens 2. Corolla regular, 4- or more lobed Jasminace.e, p. 214.
Stamens 2 or 4. Corolla more or less irregular.
Ovary 1-celled, with 1 central placenta. Corolla spurred Utbioclabia, p. 255.
Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentas.
LeaBcss root-parasite tEginetia, p. 257.
Leaves opposite or radical Gesneriace.e, p. 257.
Ovary 4-lobed, with 1 ovule in each lobe Labiat.e, p. 274.
Ovary 2-celled, with 2 collateral ovules in each cell, or 4-
cclled, with 1 ovule in each Vebbenace.e, p. 267.
Ovary 2-celled, with several ovules (or rarely only 2 super-
posed) in each cell.
Seeds attached to hooked or cup-shaped retinacula . Aoanthace-E, p. 259.
Seeds without retinacula Scbopkulabine^, p. 245.
I. Ajtetalous Dicotyledons.
(If tho pistil is apocarpous or the stamets more than twice the perianth-segments,
see Polypetals.)
Anthers opening in valves turned upwards. Trees, shrubs, or
rarely leaflesB twiners LattbinEjE, p. 289.
Anthers opening longitudinally. Trees with pinnate leaves.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Fruit succulent Nephelium, p. 46.
Flowers unisexual. Fruit small, on a large thin 3-lobed
bract Engelhabdtia, p. 318.
Anthers opening longitudinally. Leaves not pinnate.
Floxceri wholly or partially hermaphrodite.
Perianth none.
Anthers 1 or 3, on the top of the ovary. Shrubs.
Leaves opposite. Spikes without bracts .... Chloranthus, p. 334.
Stamens 3, at tho base of the ovary. Herb. Leaves
alternate. Spikes with 4 coloured bracts .... Houtttttnia, p. 333.
Perianth superior, 6-cleft Hamamelide.e, p. 130.
Perianth superior, irregular, with a long bent t ube . . Auistolochia, p. 333.
Perianth contracted and breaking off above the ovary so
as to appear superior, tubular, 4-lobed El.eaqnus, p. 298.
Periantli, inferior. Ovary free.
Herbs.
Stipules sheathing or annular Polygon ace 3>, p. 286.
Stipules none or searious.
Ovary 3-celled Molluoo, p. 23.
Ovary 1-celled, with 1 or rarely few ovules.
Periantli herbaceous, usually obtuse . . . Chejjopodiace.t:, p. 281.
Perianth usually searious or acute Amarantace.e, p. 283.
Trees or shrubs.
Perianth of 4 linear segments, bearing the stamens . Helicia, p. 295.


1
ANALYTICAL KEY.
Perianth 4- or 5-lobed. Stamens alternate with the
lobes or twice as many. Ovules 1 or 2. . . . Thymeleje, p. 295.
Perianth 5-lobed. Stamens 8, alternating with as
many scales. Placentas 3, parietal Casbabia, p. 121.
Sepals 3 to 5, free.
Ovary 2-lobed at the top Disttlium, p. 133.
Ovary entire. Fruit 1-seeded Urtice-e, p. 323.
Flowers wholly unisexual.
Leaflets succulent, root parasite Baianofhora, p. 110.
CUmbers, with tendrils CucuUDiTACEf ,p.l23.
Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Perianth herbaceous or none.
No ovary. Ovule bare or in an open perianth.
. Ovule in the females or stamens in the males en-
closed in an ovoid perianth. Leaves opposite . Gnetum, p. 336.
Ovules and seeds in pairs under the scales of a
cone. Leaves alternate, or clustered and subu-
late Conipeb-E, p. 336.
Ovary 1-celled, or if 2-celled, with 1 ovulo in each cell.
No perianth, at least in the female.
Female flowers forming a prickly 2-celled burr,
with 2 conical points and styles Xakthium, p. 181.
Flowers minute, crowded inside or outside of
succulent receptacles Ubticrs, p. 323.
Flowers crowded in cylindrical leaf-opposed pe-
dunculate spikes Chatica, p. 335.
Flowers in catkins Mtbica, p. 322.
Perianth herbaceous.
Stigma 3- to 5-lobed. Shrubs.
Leaves alternate. Flowers in spikes or catkins . Antidesma, p. 317.
Leaves opposite. Flowers in axillary clusters . ITenslowia, p. 299.
Style entire or 2-lobed.
Fruit l-seeded TJbtioex, p. 323.
Fruit of 2 cells or cocci EuriiORBiACEX, p. 299.
Ovary 2-celled, with several ovules in each cell.
Flowers in globular or ovoid heads. Tree . . . Liquidambab, p. 181.
Ovary 3- or more celled, or if 2-celled, with 2 ovules
in each.
Ovary 5-lobed. Fruit follicular. Trees with pani-
culate flowers STEBcriJACE*, p. 35.
Ovary usually 3-celled, rarely 2- or several-celled.
Fruit dividing into cocci or baccate. Herbs,
shrubs, or trees. Seeds albuminous .... Euphokbiace*, p. 299.
Ovary 2-cclled. Fruit a l-seeded nut, on a cup or in
a capsule-like involucre. Trees. No albumen . Amentacile, p. 319.
CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONS.
(See p. 338.)
Stem woody.
Leaves pinnate or digitate. Perianth double Pauls, p. 339.
Leaves simple. No perianth.
Leaves prickly on the edges, in spiral rows PandanEjE, p. 310.
Leaves not prickly and not spiral Oraminex, p. 403.
Stem herbaceous or none.
Perianth none or of 1 to 6 small scales not longer than the ovary.
Flowers singly sessile within imbricated scales or glumes.
Leaf-sheaths entire. Each flower usually in the axil of
one glume without a palea Cyi'euacej;, p. 383.


ANALYTICAL KEY. H
Leaf-sheaths split open opposite the blade. A pnlea to
each flower within the glume GRAMINE.E, p. 403.
Flowers solitary or crowded, without bracts, or the scale-
like bracts not longer than the ovary.
Aquatic plant. Anthers or ovaries singly sessile in
the axils of the leaves Naias, p. 345.
Terrestrial plants. Stamens, ovaries, or sessile flowers
crowded on a spadix with a spatha at the base . . Aboideje, p. 341.
Perianth inferior, longer than the ovary.
Pistil apocarpous (ovaries distinct). Perianth regular, of
3 sepals and 3 petals Sagittabia, p. 346.
Pistil syncarpous (ovary 3-celled or rarely 1-celled).
Flowers closely packed in terminal compact heads, with
imbricated scales.
Flowers hermaphrodite, yellow Xybib, p. 879.
Flowers unisexual, very small. Perianth scarious
and transparent EaiOCAULON, p. 381.
Flowers solitary, or in spikes, racemes, or panicles.
Perianth petal-like, of 6 lobes or segments.
Aquatic plants. Flowers appearing to proceed
from the side of the petiole MonochOBIA, p. 374.
Terrestrial plants. Flowers axillary or terminal . Liliacka;, p. 368.
Perianth double, the outer herbaceous, the inner
very delicate and petal-like.
Leaves radical, linear. Inner perianth-segments
rolled in at the edges Thybaitotub, p. 372.
Leaves with sheathing petioles. Petals not rolled in Commelynaoe*, p. 375.
Perianth of 2 petal-like segments Philydbuh, p. 879.
Perianth of 6 small dry stiff segments JVNCVB, p. 380.
Perianth superior.
Perianth very irregular.
Anthers 1 or 6, on subulate or petal-like filaments.
Leaf-veins pinnate Scitamines, p. 347.
Anthers 1 or rarely 2, sessile, on a central column or
style. Leaf-veins simple Oboeidea, p. 349.
Perianth regular or nearly so.
Flowers unisexual.
Aquatic plant. Stamens 8 or 9. Female perianth
with a long tube Biyxa, p. 847.
Terrestrial twiners. Stamons 6. No tube to the
perianth Dioscoeea, p. 367.
Flowers hermaphrodite.
Stamens 6 Amahyllideas, p. 365.
Stamens 3.
Perianth tubular. Small, slender, leafless plant . Gonyanthes, p. 364.
Perianth of 6 spreading segments. Leaves equi-
tant Pabdakthus, p. 865.
CLASS III. CRYPTOGAMS.
(See p. 435.)





FLORA HONGKONGENSIS.
♦
Class I. DICOTYLEDONS.
Stem, when perennial, consisting of a pith in the centre, of one or more
concentric circles containing fibrous tissue, and of the bark on the outside.
Seeds with two cotyledons, the young stein in germination proceeding from
between the two lobes of the embryo or from a notch at its summit.
The above characters arc all that can be said to be constant to separate Dicotyledons from
Monocotyledons; these two great classes have, however, each a peculiar habit which in most
cases is readily recognized. All Hongkong trees or shrubs, except Palms and Bamboos, arc
Dicotyledons, so also are all plants with opposite or whorled or netted-vcincd leaves (except
Smifttx and some Aroidea), and almost all those which have the parts of the flowers in fours,
fives, or eights.
(The following list of Orders is intended to show the arrangement adopted in this work.
The characters given arc not absolute, nor without exception, and are inserted only for the
purpose of calling the attention to one or two of the most striking or most important features
of each Order. In some cases where an Order is only represented in the island by some ano-
malous genus, its exceptional character is placed in a parenthesis.)
Subclass I. Thalamiflorte.—Petals distinct from the calyx and from each other, sel-
dom wanting. Stamens hypopynous.
§ 1. Ovary apocarpous.
I. Raninculace.e. Sepals petal-like, 5 or fewer. Stamens indefinite. Noarillus. Herbs
with alternate leaves j or climbers with opposite leaves.
II. Dille.mace^. Sepals herbaceous, 5 or fewer. Stamens indefinite. Seeds with arillus.
Woody. Leaves alternate.
III. Magnoliace.*. Sepals and petals forming 3 or more series, and imbricate in each
series. Carpels indefinite. Trees or climbers.
IV. Anonace*. Sepals 3, valvatc. Petals 0, in 2 scries, valvate or slightly imbricate in
each scries. Carpels indefinite. Stem woody.
V. Menispermace.e. Flowers small, unisexual. Sepals in 1 or 2 series. Petals in 2
scries. Stamens definite, opposite the petals. Carpels 3 or 1, uniovulnte. Climbers.
VI. Berbebide *. Characters nearly of Menispermame, but several ovules in each car-
pel. (Climber, with digitate leaves.) l
§2 Ovary syncarpous. Placentas parietal.
VII. Papavebace.e. Sepals 2. Teluls 4. Stamens indefinite. Albumen copious.
Herbaceous.
VIII. Ckucitkr.e. Sepals 4. Petals I. Stamens 0, of which 4 longer. Herbaceous.
B


2
DICOTYLEDONS.
IX. Capparidk.*:. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens indefinite. Placentas 2. Albumen 0.
Herbaceous or woody.
X. Pittospokace^:. Sepals, petals, and stamens isomerous (5 each). Placentas 2.
Shrub.
XI. Bixaoe/E. Petals as many as sepals or none. Stamens indefinite. (Placentas 3 or
more.) Shrub.
XII. Violace.s. Anthers 5, connected in a ring round the ovary. (Herb.)
§ 3. Ovary syncarpous. Placentas axile.
* Disk none. Flower regular. Sepals imbricate.
XIII. Caktophyli.e*. Stamens definite. Placenta free, central. Embryo curved.
Herb. Leaves opposite, entire.
XIV. Hypeiiicinec Stamens indefinite. Mowers usually 5-merous. Leaves opposite.
XV. GuTTiFER.E. Stamens indefinite. Sepals 2, 4, or G. Trees or shrubs. Leaves op-
posite.
XVI. TEKNSTBOSMrACE.E. Stamens indefinite (except Pentaphytax). Petals often cohe-
ring at the base. Leaves alternate. Trees or shrubs.
* * Disk none. Flowers regular. Sepals valvate.
XVII. Mai.vace.e. Stamens indefinite, monadclphous. Anthers 1-celled.
XVIII. .StercumacE/E. Stamens indefinite or definite, mouadclphous. Anthers 2-celled,
adnata to the outside of the staminal column.
XIX. Bukttnf.riace.e. Stamens definite or rarely indefinite, monadclphous. Anthers
2-celled, terminal.
XX. Tii.iace.e. Stamens indefinite, free or polyadelphous. Anthers 2-ccllcd, terminal.
*** Disk none. Flowers very irregular.
XXI. Polygalacea;. Stamens 8 or 4, monadelphous.
**** Disk or gynohasis prominent (except Olacaccrc).
XXII. Sapindace.e. Petals imbricate. Stamens definite, inside or on the disk (except
Turpinia). often anisomcrous. Pistil 3-merous.
XXIII. Mammghiacej;. Sepals with a conspicuous gland outside one or more of then),
otherwise as in Sapindacete. leaves opposite.
XXIV. Auhantiace.e. Loaves dotted. Petals imbricate. Stamens twice as many or
more. Berry indehiscent. No albumen.
XXV. Oi.acace*. Petals valvate. Ovary 1-celled at the top, with 3 pendulous ovules.
XXVI. Ampei,id.£. Petals valvate. Ovary 2- to 6-celled, with erect ovules. Climbers
with tendrils.
XXVII. Bai.samine.e. Flowers very irregular, spurred. Anthers 5, cohering round the
ovary. Herbs.
XXVIII. OxAi.mEj;. Petals contorted. Stamens 10. Ovary 5-angled or 5-lohed. Seeds
albuminous. Leaves compound.
XXIX. Rutace.e. Leaves dotted. Petals usually imbricate. Stamens as many or tw ice
as many. Ovary irynobasic or lobed. Seeds often albuminous.
XXX. Simaui iiace.e. Flowers unisexual. Petals valvate or imbricate. Ovary gynobnsic
or lobed. No albumen. Woody and bitter. Leaves compound, not dotted.
Subclass II. Calyciflorrc.—Petals free. Stamens perigyuous or epigynous, except in
a few abnormal genera.
* Disk conspicuous [except Aquifoliacesc), perigynoas or hjpogynous. Flowers small,
regular.
XXXI. Celastkace.e. Stamens alternate with the petals. Seeds albuminous. Leaves
undivided.
XXXII. AQciFOLiACEiE. Petals often united, stamens alternate with them. Disk none.
Seeds albuminous.


DICOTYLEDONS. 3
XXXIII. Rhamnacex. Stamens opposite the small petals. Seeds usually albuminous.
Leaves undivided.
XXXIV. Terebinthacex. Stamens alternate with the petals or twice as many (opposite
them in Sabia). Styles usually distinct. No albumen.
** Ovary apocarpous. No albumen.
XXXV. Connaracex. Flowers regular. Stamens 10. Carpels usually 5.
XXXVI. Leguminosx. Flowers irregular or (in Mimosea) regular and valvate. Stamens
definite or almost hypogynous. Carpel 1.
XXXVII. Rosacea. Flowers regidar. Petals imbricate. Stamens indefinite, very pcri-
gyuous.
*** Ocary syncarpous. Placentas axile. No albumen.
XXXVIII. Oxagracex. Sepals valvate. Stamens definite. Ovary inferior. Ovules
indefinite. Flowers usually 2- or 4-merous.
XXXIX. Rhizophorex. Sepals valvate. Stamens various. Ovary inferior or partly so.
Ovules few, pendulous.
XL. Lytiirariex. Ovary within the calyi-tube, but free. Petals crumpled, inserted at
the border of the calyx-tube.
XLI. Mei.astomacex. Ovary within the calyx-tube, free or adnate. Petals contorted.
Stamens definite, curved down in the bud.
XLII. Myhtacex. Ovary inferior. Petals imbricate. Stamens indefinite. Leaves
dotted.
* • * * Placentas parietal.
XLIII. Samydacex. Petals persistent with the sepals or none. Stamens indefinite or
anisomerous or opposite the petals.
XLIV. Passiflorex. Petals persistent with the sepals. Stamens definite, connate with
the ovary-stalk. Climber with tendrils.
XLV. Cucurbitacex. Flowers unisexual. Stamens 5 or 3. Ovary inferior. Climbers
with tendrils.
Anomalous Order.
XLVI. Begoniacex. Flowers unisexual. Stamens indefinite. Ovary inferior. Fruit
usually 3-winged. No albumen. Leaves oblique.
***** Seeds albuminous. Placentas usually axile.
XLVII. Portulacex. Sepals 2. Petals 5. (Stamens indefinite.)
XLVIII. CrassulacEjE. Sepals, petals, stamens in 1 or 2 series, and carpels all isomeroua.
Leaves usually succulent.
XLIX. Saxifragacex. Sepals, petals, and stamens in 1 or 2 series, isomerous. Carpels
or ovary-cells fewer, usually 2. Ovules several.
L. Hamaxf.lidex. Nearly as in Saxifragacete, but the parts of the flower often reduced,
flowers usually capitate, and ovules often 1 or 2 in each cell, aud pendulous.
»••»»* Ovary inferior, usually with an epigynous disk. Ovules solitary in each
cell and pendulous.
LI. Umbeli.iferx. Fruit dry, separating from the axis into 2 seed-like carpels. Leaves
alternate, often dissected.
1.11. Araliacex. Fruit succulent, not separating. Cells usually more than 2. Leaves
alternate, often compound.
LIII. Cornac kx. Fruit succulent, 2-cellcd. Leaves opposite or alternate and undivided.
Stamens alternate with the petals.
LIV. Haloragex. Aquatic or small herbs. Flowers much reduced, 2- or 4-mcrous.
LV. Balanophouex. Succulent leatless root-parasites. Flowers much reduced, usually
3-nitrous.
LVI. Loranthacex. Parasitical shrubs. Leaves opposite. Stamens on or opposite
the petals.
1! 2


t
DICOTYLEDONS.
Subclass III. Monopetalse.—Petals united, at least at the base, into a single corolla.
§ 1. Corolla epigynous, bearing the stamens.
LVII. Caprifomace-E. Leaves opposite, without stipules. Ovary 2- or more celled.
LVIII. R»:biace*. Leaves opposite, with stipules (stipules sometimes leaf-like, in a whorl
with the leaves). Ovary 2- or more celled.
LIX. Composite. Florets in compact heads. Anthers united in a ring round the style
Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovulate.
§ 2. Stamens free from the corolla.
LX. SttlidiejE. Stamens 2, connate with the style: otherwise as in Campanulaeeir.
LXI. Campani lace*. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes, free from the style. Anthers
opening longitudinally. Ovary inferior, multi-ovulatc. Herbaceous.
LXIl. Goodeniace*. An indusium under the stigma: otherwise as in Campanulaeeir.
LXIII. EitiCACE.t. Stamens usually twice the corolla-lobes. Anthers opening by terminal
]H)rea. Woody.
§ 3. Corolla hypogynous or rarely perigynous, bearing the stamens.
* Stamens either opposite the corolla-lobes, or more than their number.
LXIV. rniMULACF.*. Stamens opposite the corolla-lobes. Placenta free and central.
Fruit capsular. Herbs.
LXV. MyhsinacE/E. As in Primulacea, but woody, and fruit a berry.
LXVI. Sapotace.e. Stamens opposite the corolla-lobes or twice as many. Ovary 2- or
more celled j ovules 1 or 2 in each.
LXVII. Ebenace^. Flowers usually dioecious. Stamens indefinite. Ovary 3- or more
celled -. ovules 1 or 2 in each.
LXVIII. Sttbacace*. Stamens twice the corolla-lobes or more. Ovary more or less
inferior, 2- or more celled; ovules 2 or more in each.
** Corolla regular. Stamens alternating with its lobes, and equal to them in number
(except Jasminncerc).
LXIX. Jasminace.e. Stamens 2.
LXX. Apocynace*. Carpels 2, usually distinct. Stigmas united. Filaments distinct.
LXXI. AsclepiadEiE. Carpels 2, distinct. Filaments forming a short tube round the
style. Pollen-masses attached in pairs or in fours to processes of the stigma.
LXXII. Loganiace.e. Starneus free. Ovary 2-or more celled. Placentas axilc. Leaves
opposite, sometimes stipulate.
LXXIII. Genttanace.e. Bitter plants. Corolla contorted. Placentas parietal, rarely meet-
ing in the axis. Leaves opposite, entire.
LXXIV. HoiiAOiNt.E. Fruit 2-or 4-secded, either 2-or 4-lobed or of 2 or 4 nuts. Leaves
alternate, usually rough.
LXXV. Convolvulace.e. Corolla plaited. Ovary 2- to 4-ccllcd, with 1 or 2 ovules in
each cell. Stein twining or prostrate or low.
LXXVI. Soi.anace*. Corolla plaited or valvale. Ovary 2-ccllcd, with several ovules in
each. Leaves alternate.
*** Flowers irregular. Stamens 1 less or 3 less than the corolla-lobes.
LXXVII. Scbophularine*. Ovary 2-celled, with several ovules in each. Seeds albu-
minous. No rctiuaeula.
LXXVI1I. Lentibiji.ace.e. Ovary 1-celled, with a free central placenta and several ovules.
LXX1X. Oeobanchace.e. Leafless parasites. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 single or double
parietal placenta and many ovules.
LXXX. Gesneuiace.e. Stem leafy. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentas and many
ovules.
LXXXI. Acanthace^s. Ovary 2-celled, with two or more ovules in each cell. Seeds
without albumen, attached to hooked retinacnla or to placentary papillic.


DICOTYLEDONS.
5
LXXXII. Vebbenace.e. Ovary 2- or 4-cellcd, not lobed, with 1 ovule in each cell. Style
terminal.
LXXXIII. Labiat.e. Ovary 4-lobed, with 1 ovule in each lobe. Style between the lobes.
**** J ho hi a fout Orders.
LXXXIV. PlantaginE/E. Corolla scorious, regidar. Stamens isomcrous.
LXXXV. Plumbagine.e. Ovary with one cell and 1 ovule, but several styles.
Subclass IV. Monochlamydeee.—Perianth really or apparently simple or none (ex-
cept in some Euphorbiacea).
LXXXVI. CiitxoponiACE/E. Perianth small, herbaceous. Stamens 5 or fewer. Ovary
with 1 ovule, but 2 or more styles or stigmas. Seed albuminous. No stipules.
LXXXVII. Amarantace.*. As in Chenopodiacetc, but perianth more scarious, and in one
tribe several ovules on a free central placenta.
LXXXVIII. Polygoxace.e. Perianth small. Stamens 9 or fewer. Ovary with 1 ovule
but 2 or more styles or stigmas. Seeds albuminous. Stipules sheathing.
LXXXIX. LaukikEjE. Anther-cells opening in valves turned upwards. Perianth-seg-
ments usually 6. Berry or drupe 1-seeded. No albumen.
XC. Proteace.e. Perianth inferior; segments 4, valvate, with a stamen on each. No
albumen.
XCI. Thvmele.e.' Perianth-lobes imbricate. Stamens as many or twice as many, in-
serted in the tube. Ovary 1- or 2-celled, with 1 pendulous ovule in each. Style 1.
XCII. El-eagnace^e. Perianth 2- or 4-lobed, contracted over the otherwise free ovarv.
Ovule 1, erect. Style 1.
XCIII. Saxtalack.e. Perianth wholly or partially superior; lobes valvate. Stamens
opposite the lobes. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 to 5 suspended ovules.
XCIV. Euphobbiacex. Flowers unisexual. Ovary of 3, rarely 2 or more than 3, united
carpels, with 1 or 2 pendulous ovules, and usually separating into cocci. Seeds albuminous.
XCV. Juglande.e. As in Ameutaceit, but leaves pinnate.
XCVI. Amentace.e. Flowers unisexual; males in catkins. Female perianth none or ad-
herent. Fruit a 1-seeded nut. No albumen.
XCVII. Ubtice.e. Flowers unisexual; males small, preen, not in catkins. Stamens oppo-
site the perianth-segments. Ovary free. Ovule 1 (or if 2, one always abortive). Styles 2,
or rarely 1, unilateral.
XCVIII. Aristolochiace/E. Perianth superior, valvate. Ovary 3-celled, with several
ovules in each.
XCIX. Sauburace^.. Perianth 0. Stamens uuited with the base of the ovary. Ovules
several, on 3 axile or parietal placentas.
C. Chlora.vthace.e. Perianth 0. Stamens 1 or 3, epigynous. Ovule 1, peudulous.
CI. Piperace^e. Perianth 0. Stamens free from the ovary. Ovule 1, erect.
Subclass V. Gymnospermce.—Ovules and seeds naked, without ovary or styles.
CII. Gnetace,e. Leaves opposite. Stamen in the males, ovule in the females, enclosed
in an ovoid or tubular bract.
CIII. Conifers. Anthers in the male, ovules in the females, inserted on scales, often
forming false catkins or cones.
OrdekI. RANUNCULACEiE.
Sepals 3 or more, usually 5, free, usually petaloid and deciduous. Petals
of the same number or more, or sometimes none. Stamens indefinite, hypo-
gynous, free. Anthers adnate. Carpels several, usually free, with one or
more ovules in each, becoming when ripe indehiscent achenes or berries, or
follicular capsules. Seeds without any arillus. Embryo very small, near the
base of a copious albumen.


6
[Ranunculacea.
HANCNCULACEjE.
The majority of genera of this rather large Order consist of herbs from the temperate or
cooler regions of the globe, with radical or alternate leaves. Of this group one species,
Ranunculus sceleralus, Linn., is said (Bot. Her. 361) to have been found in Hongkong "in
waste places near houses." I have seen no specimens, and as the plant in other countries
is only to be seen in ditches and wet places, 1 fear there may have been some mistake, and
therefore omit it. The following Hongkong species belong to a somewhat anomalous group
with opposite leaves.
1. CLEMATIS, Linn.
Sepals 4 or 5, valvate in the bud, pctaloid and deciduous. Petals none, or
small and narrow and passing gradually into the stamens. Carpels numerous,
with a single pendulous ovule in each. Achenes indehiscent.—Climbers or
rarely large herbs with opposite leaves.
A considerable genus, widely distributed over the globe, and almost the only one of the
Order which penetrates into the tropics.
Leaves pinnate with 5 segments. Anthers longer than the filaments . 1. C. vncinata.
Leaves about twice ternate. Anthers much shorter than the filaments . 2. C. parvilolia.
Leaves once ternate.
Leaf-segments rounded or cordate at the base. Anthers longer than
the filaments '. 3. C. Meyeniana.
Leaf-segments narrowed at the base. Anthers much shorter than the
filaments 4. C. crassifolia.
1. C.uncinata, Champ, in Keie Journ. Bot. iii. 255. A glabrous and some-
what glaucous climber. Leaves pinnate, the segments usually 5, stalked, ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, with a short hooked point l|-2 in. long, 3-nerved at
the base. Panicles loose, terminal, with numerous white flowers. Sepals when
fully out near \ in. long, very acute, glabrous with the exception of a narrow
tomentose edge, turning black in drying. Anthers linear, much longer than
their very short filaments. Achenes terminating when ripe in long feathery awns.
In a ravine behind Mount Parker, near Saywan, Champion. Not in any other collection.
2. C. parriloba, Gardn. and Champ, in Ketc Journ. Bot. i. 241. A climber,
loosely clothed with short silky hairs. Leaves mostly twice ternate, the seg-
ments stalked, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, quite entire, \ to 2 in. long.
Panicles few-flowered and leafy. Sepals white ?, about 9 or 10 lines long and 3
lines broad, 7-nerved and hairy outside, glabrous within. Anthers much
shorter than their rather slender filaments. Achenes numerous, terminating
in long feathery awns.
Rare in the Happy Valley and towards West Point, Champion;. also Wright and Wilford.
Not as yet found out of the island.
3. C. Meyeniana, Walp. PL Meyen. 297. A somewhat glaucous climber,
either (mite glabrous or only slightly pubescent. Leaves ternate, the segments
stalked, cordate, ovate, or lanceolate, quite entire and rather thick, 2 to 3 in.
long. Panicles loose and many-flowered. Flowers white, slightly scented, 5 or 6
lines long, and scarcely pointed. Anthers mostly longer than the filaments.
Achenes several, terminating in long feathery awns.—C. hedysarifolia, Bot.
Reg. t. 599, not DC* C. oreophila, I lance in Walp. Ann. ii. 3.
* The true C. hedysarifolia, DC, n south Indian plant, has the leaves often pinnately
divided, the segments frequently coarsely toothed, and the anthers almost as short as in C.
Gouriana, to which it comes much nearer than to the C. Meyeniana.


Clematis.]
7
EANUNCULACE^E.
Common in ravines, Champion and others; frequent also on the continent of China, ex-
tending northward to Amoy and Loochoo.
4. C. crassifolia, Benth. n. sp. A perfectly glabrous climber, resembling
at first sight the C. Meyeniana, but the leaf-segments are much thicker, always
narrowed or wedge-shaped at the base, and mostly very obtuse, the flower
somewhat larger, the sepals more acuminate, and the anthers very much shorter,
more obtuse, with the filaments elongated as in C, parviloba.
In a ravine on Victoria I'eak, Wilford. Not received from elsewhere.
The C. ternifolia, DC. (which may be the same as C. chinensis, Rctz, and C. biternatn.
DC), and the C. apiifolia, DC, appear both to be common about Amoy, but have not been
gathered in the vicinity of Hongkong.
Order II. DILLENIACEiE.
Sepals 4 to 6, usually 5, persistent, imbricate in the bud. Petals 5, or
rarely fewer, deciduous, imbricate in the bud. Stamens indefinite, hypogy-
nous, usually free. Anthers adnate. Ovary of several free and distinct
carpels, or rarely single and excentrical,. one-celled, with one or more ovules
in each. Styles diverging. Ripe carpels either indehiscent and succulent, or
capsular, opening along the inner edge at the top. Seeds furnished with an
arillus. Embryo very small, at the base of a fleshy albumen.—-Trees, shrubs,
climbers, or herbs. Leaves alternate. Stipules minute or none.
A considerable Order, partly tropical both in the New and the Old World, partly Aus-
tralian.
1. DELIMA, Linn.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Filaments dilated at the upper end. Carpel soli-
tary, nearly globose, attenuated into a subulate style. Ovules few, ascend-
ing. Capsule follicular. Seed solitary, surrounded by a cup-shaped toothed
arillus.
A genus limited to a single species. The American plants formerly referred to it all be-
long to Doliocarpus.
1. D. sarmentosa, Linn.; Hook, and Thorns. Fl. bid. i. 61 ; Bot. Mag.
t. 2038. A climber with a woody stem. Leaves varying from obovate to
broadly lanceolate, obtuse or acute, 2 to 5 inches long, entire or serrate-cre-
nate, very scabrous, and sprinkled on both sides as well as the branches with
appressed hairs. Flowers white, 3 to 4 lines diameter, in broad many-flowered
panicles.—■Leontoglossnm scabrum, Hance in Walp. Ann. ii. 18; iii. 812.
Common in Hongkong, Champion and others. Widely diffused over western and cistern
India and the Archipelago, extending northwards to the Philippines, S. China, and Assam,
and westward to Ceylon.
Order III. MAGNOLIACE^J.
Sepals arid petals usually numerous, hypogynous, imbricate in the bud, in
several series of 3 (rarely 5) each, and passing gradually one into the other.
Stamens indefinite, hypogynous. Anthers adnate. Carpels several, either
free or cohering laterally to each other, usually spicate on the torus. Ovules


s
[Mafftioliacea.
MAGNOLIACE.F..
2 or more in each carpel. Seeds without any arillus, but the outermost coat
usually fleshy. Embryo minute, at the base of a copious oily albumen, which
is not ruminate.—Trees, shrubs, or climbers. Leaves alternate, undivided,
and usually entire. Stipules lateral, adhering to the petioles, but soon de-
ciduous, or rarely none.
Mar/noliacea are not very numerous, and are ehiefly natives of the mountainous districts
of central, southern, and eastern Asia, and northern and tropical southern America.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Carpels spicate. Trees or shrubs 1. Magnolia.
Flowers unisesual. Carpels capitate. Climbers 2. Kadsura.
1. MAGNOLIA, Linn.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 3. Petals 6 to 12. Carpels biovulate,
laterally attached to the axis in a dense spike, coriaceous when ripe, and open-
ing by a longitudinal slit.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire.
A genus of but few Asiatic species, with several from N. America.
1. M. Championi, Benth. An erect shrub, growing out sometimes into a
small tree. Leaves oblong, 4 to C inches long, coriaceous, glabrous or sprinkled
with a few hairs underneath. Peduncles axillary, one-flowered, short, thick,
and densely covered with silky hairs. Flowers appearing after the leaves are
out, about li in. long, cream-coleured, and very flagrant at night. Petals 6.
Anthers very numerous. Carpels 2-ovulat.e, very thickly silky-hairy, when
ripe thick and hard, almost woody, shortly apiculate, and opening longitudi-
nally. Seeds usually solitary, oblong, scarlet, hanging by a filiform funiculus
long after the carpels have opened.—Talauma pumilu, Champ, ill Kew Journ.
Bot. iii. 255, but not of Blume.
Bather scarce on Victoria Peak, where it is shrubby ; more common and subarboreons in
the woods of the Happy Valley, Champion, but not as yet known out of the island. It is also
planted in gardens according to Champion, but it is probable that the cultivated plant is the
common M. pumila, referred by Blume rather doubtfully, and probably without sufficient
grounds, to Talauma. The present species, described from Victoria l'e:ik specimens, is cer-
tainly a Magnolia, not a Talauma. It has the stature, foliage, and inflorescence of M. pu-
mila, but iu the latter species the peduncles are much more recurved and glabrous, as well
as the ovary, the flowers rather smaller, etc.
2. KADSURA, Juss.
Flowers unisexual (dioecious). Sepals 3. Petals 6 or 9. Stamens inde-
finite, the short filaments either free or united at the base in a fleshy column.
Carpels indefinite, with 2 or 3 ovules in each, succulent when ripe, and united
in a globular head. Seeds usually 2 in each carpel, superposed, enclosed in
pulp and separated by a spurious succulent dissepiment.—Climbers. Leaves
entire or toothed. Flowers white or reddish.
A small genus, confined to eastern Asia.
1. It Chinensis, Hanee, n. sp. A dioecious glabrous climber. Leaves
oval-oblong, about 3 to 5 in. long, thickly coriaceous, entire or remotely
toothed. Peduncles 1-flowered, axillary, shorter than the flower or the fruit.
Male flowers ovoid, 8 or 9 lines long. Staminal column acuminate, rather
shorter than the petals, bearing in the lower portion a number of short thick


Kadsura.]
'J
MAGNOLIACEJJ.
filaments, with short adnate anthers, either entire at the top or bearing one or
two short branches or antherless filaments. Female flowers globular, about 6
lines diameter. Fruit globular, about H to 2 in. diameter.—K.japonica, Benth.
in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 258, not of Don."
Rare, in a ravine below Victoria Peak, Champion, also Hanee. South China, Milled-
Not known from elsewhere.
Order IV. ANONACEiB.
Sepals 3, valvate in the bud, occasionally united at the base. Petals 6, in
2 series, or rarely 3 only, those of each series valvate or slightly imbricate in
the bud. Stamens hypogynous, indefinite, often closely packed. Filaments
very short. Anthers adnate, the connective often produced above the anther-
cells. Carpels usually indefinite, free or cohering to each other. Ovules so-
litary or several in each carpel, erect or horizontal, anatropous. Ripe carpels
free or united into a many-celled fruit, indehisceut or rarely follicular. Em-
bryo minute, in a copious ruminate albumen.—Trees, shrubs, oi climbers,
often aromatic. Leaves alternate, entire, without stipules. Flowers terminal,
axillary or lateral, solitary or clustered.
A large Order, almost confined to the tropics both in the New and the Old World, a very
few species being found in North America ; and in Asia, Hongkong is, as far as yet known, the
northern limit of the Order.
Petals of each scries imbricate iu the bud 1. Uvabia.
Petals of each scries valvate in the bud.
Petals enclosing the stamens and pistils in their concave base. Pedun-
cles recurved, forming woody hooks . . 2. Artabotrvs.
Petals nearly flat, usually long and narrow. No hooks 3. Unona.
1. UVABIA, Linn.
Petals 6, round, oval or oblong, those of each series slightly imbricate iu
the bud. Stamens numerous, closely packed, oblong or linear. Carpels in-
definite, linear, with several ovules in each. Styles short. Ripe carpels suc-
culent, indchiscent, sessile or stalked, with several seeds in each, rarely re-
duced to one by abortion.—Shrubs, with weak, usually climbing branches.
Peduncles leaf-opposed or rarely axillary.
A considerable genus, confined to the Old World, from Western Africa to the Indian Ar-
chipelago.
Petals oval-oblong, about 1 inch. Berries oblong-cylindrical ... 1. U. purpurea.
Petals nearly orbicular, about £ inch. Berries nearly globular . . 2. V. microcarpa.
1. U. purpurea, Blume; Hook, and Thorns. Fl. hid. i. 95. A shrub, with
long, weak, climbing branches, the young parts and leaves covered with rusty
brown hairs or down. Leaves broadly oblong, 6 to 8 in. or even more in
length, narrower below, cordate at the base, when old nearly glabrous on the
upper side. Peduncles 1-flowered, about 1 in., with two large round bracts
which enclose the bud, but soon fall off. Petals oval-oblong, at least an inch
long. Berries on long stalks, oblong-cylindrical, 2-ribbed on the back.— II.
platypetala, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 257. U. rhodantha, Hanee in
Walp. Ann. ii. 19.


II)
[Uvaria.
ANONACE.X.
Low jungle, near the Buddhist Temple, East Point, Champion; at the foot of Mount
Victoria, Wilford, also llauce. Spreads over the Malayan Peninsula, the Indian Archipe-
lago, and northward to the Philippines.
2. U. microcarpa, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 256. A low shrub,
with weak or sometimes half-climbing branches, the young parts rusty-downy.
Leaves oval or oblong, 3 to 5 in. long, cordate at the base, rusty-downy un-
derneath. Peduncles £ to 1 in. long, leaf-opposed, 1- or 2-flowered. Petals
broadly oval or orbicular, not much above \ in. long. Berries stipitate, glo-
bular or shortly oblong, 3 to 6 lines long, tomentose or at length glabrous,
without dorsal ribs.— U. badiifiora, Hance in Walp. Ann. ii. 19.
Very common iu Hongkong, Cluimpion and others; and in the islands about Macao,
but not exactly matched w ith any from more distant countries. It appears allied to U. ritfa,
El., an Archipelago species, but has broader leav es, larger flowers, and much smaller berries,
not transversely sulcate.
2. ARTABOTRYS, E. Br.
Sepals cohering at the base. Petals 6, valvate in the bud in each series,
enclosing the stamens and pistils in their hollow base, spreading in the upper
part. Stamens numerous, closely packed, oblong or wedge-shaped. Carpels
several, oval or oblong, with 2 erect ovules in each. Styles oval or oblong,
usually reflexed. Ripe carpels baccate, usually 1-seeded.—Woody climbers.
Leaves smooth and shining. Peduncles 1- or 2-flowered, many of them thick-
ened and recurved, becoming hard woody hooks.
A rather small genus, well marked by its habit, chiefly Asiatic, with one African species.
Petals 6-9 lines long, pubescent. Carpels hairy 1. A. Blumei.
Petals above an inch long, glabrous. Carpels glabrous 2. J. odora/issima.
1. A. Blumei, Hook, and Thorns. Fl. Ind. i. 128 {partly). A woody
climber, slightly pubescent on the young shoots, at length glabrous. Leaves oval-
elliptical or oblong, obtusely acuminate, 2 to 3 or sometimes 4 in. long, coria-
ceous, smooth aud shining; the veins slender but distinct, and the principal
ones arched and connected together at some distance from the margin. Hooked
peduncles short, bearing one flower on a pedicel of 4 or 5 lines, and often the
rudiments of 2 or 3 others. Sepals very short and broad. Petals ovate-lan-
ceolate, 6 to 9 lines long, very thick and pubescent; the inner ones very simi-
lar to the outer. Carpels 6 to 8, hairy.
Abundant near the Buddhist Temple, East Point, and in the woods near the Waterfall in
the' Happy Valley, Champion. I have seen no specimen from elsewhere.
Notwithstanding the authority above quoted, I think that the Hongkong specimens agree
much better with Blume's character and figure of A. Iiamata, than of his A. odora/issima,
which is correctly distinguished by Hooker and Thomson from the following, A. odoralis-
sima, Br. Prohably our plant is identical with the China one included by Blumc in his A.
Iiamata, but different, as a variety at least, from the Java'one.
2. A. odoratissima, Br.; Bot. Beg. t. 423. A tall climber, like the last,
but quite glabrous. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 4 to 6 iu. long, acute
at both ends, scarcely coriaceous, although shining; the veins finer than in A.
Blumei, but the principal ones much more branched and less prominently ar-
cuate. Hooked peduncles 1- or 2-flowered. Sepals small. Petals oblong-
lanceolate, more than an inch long, and perfectly glabrous, the inner ones
similar to the outer. Carpels few and glabrous.


Artabotrya.]
11
ANONACE.E.
In similar places to the last, but less common, Champion, also Hance. Received also from
other parts of S. China.
8. UNONA, Linn.
Petals 6, valvate in the bud in each series, rather thin and long, and nearly
flat. Stamens numerous, closely packed, oblong-tetragonous. Carpels inde-
finite, with 2 or more ovules in each, in a single scries. Styles oval or oblong,
recuned. Ripe carpels succulent, indehisce'nt, usually elongated, and sepa-
rated by constrictions into 1-sccded joints.—Trees or shrubs, rarely climbers.
Flowers rather large, axillary or lateral.
The species are all Asiatic.
1. U. discolor, Vakl; Hook, and Tlioms. Fl. Ind. i. 133. A shrub or small
tree. Leaves from oblong to lanceolate, usually 4 or 5 inches long, acute,
rounded at the base, very glabrous, and somewhat shining above, glaucous,
and often slightly pubescent underneath. Peduncles lateral, 1-flowered, 1 to
2 in. long. Flowers nodding, at first green, then yellowish. Petals broad
at the base, lanceolate, rather obtuse, often attaining 2 inches in length, though
much shorter when they first open. Carpels several, each divided into 2 to 6
articles about the size of a pea, or sometimes reduced to a single one.
Very common in the lower ravines of Hongkong, Champion and others. Widely spread
over the hotter and damper parts of India, from Ceylon to the foot of the Himalaya, the
Archipelago, and S. China.
Oedee V. MENISPEEMACEiE.
Flowers unisexual, usually dioecious. Sepals usually 6, in 2 series, rarely
5 or fewer, or 9 or 12 in 3 or 4 series, the inner ones the largest. Petals
usually 6, nearly equal, and smaller than the calyx, imbricate in 2 series, rarely
5, or fewer or none. Male flowers: Stamens hypogynous, usually of the same
number as the petals, and opposite to them, free or united in a central column.
Female flowers: Sterile stamens usually 6, free. Carpels of the ovary distinct
and free, usually 3, sometimes 6 or more, or reduced to 1, with 1 ovule in
each. Styles terminal, usually oblique or recurved. Fruiting carpels drupa-
ceous, the putamen usually concave on the inner face, or very much curved,
the endocarp projecting into the cavity. Seed more or less peltately attached
to the projection, either albuminous, with a central embryo, or almost without
albumen, the embryo then thick and fleshy, with almond-like cotyledons. Ra-
dicle superior.—Climbers. Leaves alternate, undivided, usually with palmate
veins or peltate. No stipules. Flowers usually small, paniculate, racemose,
or cymose, rarely solitary.
A considerable tropical Order both in the New and the Old World, a very few species ex-
tending into N. America and northern Asia, and a rather greater number into southern
Africa and Australia. It is unknown in Europe.
Sepals and petals 6 each. Carpels 3. Flowers unisexual.
Anthers adnate. Styles short, flat. Flowers in long panicles or ra-
cemes, or the females solitary 1, Limacia.
Anthers terminal, nearly globose. Styles cylindrical. Flowers in
long panicles 2. Cocculvs. •


12 MENISPERMACEJi. [Meiikpennacece.
Anthers aduate Styles 2-ckft, subulate, flowers in dicliotomous
cymes 8. Pericampylus.
Sepals and petals various. Carpel solitary. Rowers unisexual.
Sepals free. Flowers in, umbels or heads .4. Stephania.
Sepals united. Flowers in panicles or racemes 5. Cyclea.
1. LIMACIA, Lour.
Sepals 6, in 2 series, the outer ones smaller. Petals 6, much smaller than
the inner sepals, embracing the stamens with auricles at their base. Male
flowers: Stamens 3, 6, or 9, the filaments free. Anthers aduate, opening
with longitudinal slits. Female flowers: Sterile stamens 0, club-shaped. Car-
pels 3. Styles short, flattened. Drupes obovate or reniform, the scar of the
style very near the base, the putamen scarcely tuberculate. Seed much curved.
Embryo elongated in the centre of the albumen, with seinieylindrical cotyle-
dons.
A small genus, limited to tropical Asia.
1. L. cuspidata, Hook, and Thorns. Fl. hid. i. 189. A tall climber, nearly
glabrous, or the young shoots pubescent. Leaves from ovate to oblong or
lanceolate, acute at both ends, 2 to 3 inches long, or larger in the barren shoots,
3-nerved. Male panicles scarcely longer than the leaf-stalks. Female flowers
few or solitary. Stamens 6 to 9. Drupes nearly globular, slightly flattened,
about 6 lines diameter.—Hypserpa nitida, Miers, in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 258.
In a ravine of Mount Victoria, Champion, also Wright. In eastern and northern India,
from Ceylon to the Malayan Peninsula, Silhct, and Khasia.
2. COCCTJLTJS, DC
Sepals 6, in 2 series, the outer ones smaller. Petals 6, smaller than the
sepals, wedge-shaped or obovate, often embracing the stamens by auricles at
their base. Male flowers: Stamens 6, the filaments free. Anthers terminal,
globular, 4-lobed. Female flowers: Sterile stamens G or 0. Carpels 3. Styles
cylindrical, undivided. Drupes obovate or rounded, laterally compressed, the
scar of the style near the base. Putamen fragile, horseshoe-shaped, usually
perforated laterally. Seed much curved, with albumen. Cotyledons linear,
flat.—Climbers, or rarely half-erect undershrubs. Panicles axillary, elongated,
or reduced to few flowers, the females often solitary.
A genus of several species, chiclly Indian, extending also iuto Africa and Australia, with
two North American species.
Leaves rounded. Axillary or lateral panicles very long 1. C. macrocarpus.
Leaves ovate-oblong or 3-lohed. Axillary pauicles short 2. C. ocalifolius.
1. C. macrocarpus, W. and Am.; Hook, and Thorns. Ft. Lid. i. 191;
Wight, Illust. t. 7. A glabrous climber. Leaves rounded or reniform, 5-nerved,
2 to 3 in. diameter, on slender petioles, 2 to 4 in. long. Panicles pro-
ceeding from the old branches or sometimes axillary, several inches, or even
a foot long, with numerous small flowers. Petals 3-lobcd, the lateral lobes
(or auricles) embracing the stamens. Drupes obovate, about an inch long.
In the Happy Valley, Hance, Seemann, Wright. In S. India, in Ceylon, the Peninsula,
and Chittagong, and perhaps also in Khasia.


Cocculus.]
13
MENISPERMACE.f:.
2. C. ovalifolius, DC. Sy*t. Veg. i. 42fi. A climber, usually pubescent,
especially the upper branches and inflorescence. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate
or oblong, entire or obtusely 3-lobed, 2 to 3 in. long, glabrous or hairy,
especially the under side. Male panicles or racemes axillary and very short,
the upper ones forming an elongated leafy terminal panicle. Flowers glabrous.
—Nepliroica pubinervis, N. ovalifolius, and AT. cynanchoides, Miers in Kew
Journ. Bot. iii. 259.
In ravines of Mount Victoria, Champion, also Wright; appears common in S. China and
northwards to Amoy, but not known from elsewhere. It sometimes much resembles the
common Indian C. vil/osus, DC, but is readily distinguished by the glabrous flowers.
3. PEKICAMPYLUS, Miers.
Flowers of Cocculus, except that the anthers arc longer and not 4-lobed,
and the styles divided to the base into 2 subulate recurved branches. Fruit
less compressed, and the putamen not perforated. Drupes nearly globular.
The genus consists but of a single species.
1. P. incanus, Miers; Hook, and Thorns. Fl. Ind. i. 194. A climber, with
the younger branches shortly tomentose, or at length glabrous. Leaves nearly
orbicular, sometimes slightly peltate, 2 to 4 in. diameter, glabrous above,
usually hoary underneath, on stalks of 1 to 2 in. Flowers very small, in axil-
lary dichotoinous cymes, shorter than the leaves. Sepals hairy on the back.
Drupes red.
Hongkong, Wright. Common in eastern India, from Sikkim and Chitlngong to Java.
4. SfEPHANIA, Lour.
Male flowers : Sepals 6, 8, or 10, in 2 series. Petals 3, 4, or 5, shorter than
the sepals. Stamens united in a central column, bearing a flat disk with the
anthers on the margin. Female flowers: Sepals 3, 4, or 5. Petals as many.
Carpel solitary. Drupe flattened, the scar of the style near the base. Putamen
horseshoe-shaped. Albumen thin. Embryo curved, linear, with closed coty-
ledons.—Leaves mostly peltate. Flowers in axillary umbels.
A small genus, dispersed over tropical and subtropical Africa, Asia, and Australia.
1. S. hernandifolia, Walp.; Hook, and Thorns. Fl. Ind. i. 196. A gla-
brous or slightly pubescent climber. Leaves broadly ovate, orbicular, or nearly
triangular, usually more or less peltate, 3 or 4 in. long, on a petiole of 2
or 3 inches. Peduncles axillary, shorter or rather longer than the petioles,
becoming an umbel of 5 or 6 rays, each ray terminated by a head, or partial
umbel, of 8 to 12 small sessile or shortly pedicellate flowers.
Hongkong, Wright. Common in moist hilly parts of India, extending westward to Ahys-
Binia, eastward over the Archipelago to North Australia, and northward to Nipal, Assam,
S. China, Amoy, and the Philippines.
5. CYCLEA, Am.
Male flowers: Sepals 4 to 8, united into a enmpanulate or iuflated and glo-
bose calyx. Petal* as many, more or less united. Stamens united in a cen-
tral column, bearing a flat disk with horizontal anthers, opening transversely.


14
[Cycled.
MENISPEBMACE.C.
Female flowers: Sepals 2, lateral, with a bract below them. Carpel solitary.
Stigma divided into 3 to 5 radiating subulate branches. Fruit of Slephania,
but less compressed.—Climbers. Leaves mostly peltate. Stamens in axillary
panicles. •
A small genus confined to southern Asia.
1. C. deltoidea, Miers hi Ketc Journ. Bot. iii. 258. A glabrous climber,
with the peltate broadly ovate or triangular leaves of Stephania hernandifolia,
from which it is at once known by the paniculate not umbellate inflorescence.
Leaves mnder 2 in. long. Panicles narrow, almost reduced to racemes, and
scarcely longer than the leaves. Corolla saucer-shaped, scarcely lobed, half
as long as the calyx.
Tn a ravine of Mount Victoria, Champion; also Wright. Not gathered as yet out of the
island.
Order VI. BERBERIDE2E.
Sepals 6 or 4, in two series, or 3. Petals equal in number to the sepals and
opposite them, or double the number, or rarely wanting. Stamens hypogynous,
usually definite in number and opposite to the petals. Anthers in the typical
genera opening with recurved valves, in others with longitudinal slits. Car-
pels solitary or 3, rarely more, free, with several ovules. Styles usually very
short or reduced to a sessile stigma. Eipe carpels usually pulpy indehiscent
berries, or rarely follicular or capsular. Albumen copious. Embryo axile or
minute, with the radicle next the hilum.—Shrubs, climbers, or herbs of vari-
ous habit. Leaves usually compound.
An Order spread over the temperate or mountain regions of the northern hemisphere and
along the great chain of American mountains to their southern extremity. The only Hong-
kong species belongs to the somewhat anomalous tribe or suborder Lardizabalea, which has
not the characteristic anther-valves of many of the typical genera, and in which there are
always 3 carpels.
1. STAUNTONIA, DC.
Flowers monoecious. Sepals 6. Petals none. Male 11.: Stamens 6, united
at the base. Anthers opening longitudinally, terminating in a point. Female
11.: Sterile stamens 6. Carpels 3. Ovules several, intermixed with hairs,
Berries globular.—Woody climbers. Leaves digitate.
A genus only containing one Japanese species besides the Chinese one.
1. S. chinensis, DC. Prod. i. 96. A glabrous woody climber. Leaves
very variable in size, usually consisting of about 5 obovate or oval-oblong
leaflets, about 2 in. long, on petiolules of \ in., but the lower ones often
with 6 or 7 oblong acuminate leaflets, 3 or 4 in. long, or the upper leaves
with only 3 leaflets. Peduncles several together at the base of the young
shoots, in the axils of the old leaves, slender, 1 to 3 in. long, bearing a
short loose raceme of 3 or 4 flowers of a greenish-purple colour, and emitting
a nauseous smell. Sepals broadly lanceolate, acuminate, quite small when
first open, varying in the specimens from 4 to 9 lines in length, but probably
at different stages of growth.


Staunionia.]
15
BEKBERIDEjE.
In ravines, trailing on rocks, Champion, Wilford. Only known from S. China.
Helumbium speciomm, Willd., belonging to the Order Nymphaacea, is occasionally cul-
tivated, but has not been found wild in the island.
Order VII. PAPAVERACE^.
Sepals 2, rarely 3, deciduous. Petals 4, rarely 6, usually folded in the
bud. Stamens indefinite, free, hypogynous. Anthers versatile, opening with
longitudinal slits. Ovary free, compound, 1-celled, with 2 or more parietal
placenta;, sometimes projecting into the cavity so as nearly to divide it into
as many cells. Style simple or none. Stigmas as many as placenta;, usually
radiating on the top of the ovary or style. Fruit capsular or rarely a berry.
Seeds albuminous, with a small embryo next the hilum.
A small Order, spread over the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere, with a very
few southern extratropical species, and a few more now diffused as weeds over many tropical
countries.
1. ABGEMONE, Linn.
Stigmas 4 to 7, nearly sessile on the top of the ovary. Capsule obovatc or
oblong, opening at the top in short valves between the parietal placenta).
■—Leaves usually prickly.
A small American genus.
1. A. Mexicana, Linn.; Hook, and Thorns., Fl. Ind. i. 251; Bot. Reg.
t. 1343. An erect hard glaucous and glabrous annual, 2 or 3 feet high, with
spreading branches. Leaves alternate, half-stcm-clasping, sinuately pinnatifid,
and bordered with prickly teeth, spotted with white along the primary veins.
Flowers terminal, yellow, 1 to 3 inches diameter. Capsule about an inch
long.
On the scacoast, on roadsides and waste places. An introduced weed, of American origin,
but now extremely abundant in India and other tropical countries.
Order VIII. CRUCIFEE5!.
Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens 6, of which 2 are usually shorter, hypogynous.
Ovary 2-celled, with one or more ovules in each cell. Style single, often very
short or almost none, with a capitate or 2-lobed stigma. Fruit a siliqua or
silicule, that is, a pod divided into 2 cells by a thin partition from which the
valves separate at maturity, or in a few genera the pod is 1-celled or indehis-
cent, or separates transversely into several joints. Seeds without albumen,
attached, in each cell, alternately to the right and left edges of the partitions.
Embryo much curved, the radicle either accumbent, i. e. folded against the
edge of the cotyledons, or incumbent, i. e. folded over the back of one of them.
Herbs or rarely undershrubs. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flowers
in terminal racemes, usually very short and reduced to a corymb when the
flowering commences, but lengthening out as it advances.
A large and widely diffused Order, most abundant however in the temperate regions of the
northern hemisphere.


16
[Crvctfera.
CRUCIFER.E.
Pod a linear siliqua.
Pod-valves very convej. Seeds in 2 rows. Flowers yellow ... 1. Nasturtium.
Pod-valves flat. Seeds in 1 row. Flowers white 2. Cardamine.
Pod a triangular or almost obcordate silicule 3. Capsklla.
Pod indehiseent, nearly cylindrical, contracted between the seeds ... 4. Raphanus.
1. NASTURTIUM, R. Br.
Pod linear or oblong and often curved, the valves very convex, with the
midrib scarcely visible. Seeds more or less distinctly arranged in 2 rows in
each cell, and not winged. Radicle accumbeut.—Flowers yellow, or in one
species (not in Hongkong) white.
A small genus, but widely spread over the whole area of the Order.
I. N. montanum, Wall. Calal. n. 4778. Alow branching glabrous an-
nual. Leaves from ovate to very nearly lanceolate, coarsely toothed or lobed,
the lower ones stalked and often lyrate. Flowers very small, of a pale yellow.
Fruiting racemes 2 to 4 in. long, divaricate, without the bracts of N. ben-
ghalen&e. Pod slender, nearly straight, about 8 or 9 lines long.
Hongkong, Bance, Wright. A common E. Indian weed, extending to Java, the Philip-
pines, and northward to Loochoo. It may be a variety of the still more common Indian
N. indicum, DC, from which it differs chiefly in the much greater length of the pod, and both
come very near to some forms of the N.palustre, DC, which has a still shorter pod.
2. CARDAMINE, Linn.
Pod narrow-linear, the valves flat, without any conspicuous midrib and
usually opening with elasticity. Seeds apparently in a single row in each
cell, the radicle accumbent.—Flowers white or pink.
A large and natural genus, widely spread over the temperate and colder regions both of
the northern and the southern hemispheres.
1. C. hirsute, Linn.; DC. Prod. i. 152. An annual, of a deep-green
colour, often much branched at the base, with ascending or erect stems usually
about 6 in. high, with a few scattered hairs which are not however very
conspicuous. Leaves pinnate, the segmepts small, those of the lower leaves
ovate or rounded and angularly toothed; the upper ones narrower and more
entire. Flowers very small and white. Pods in a rather loose raceme, 6 lines
to 1 in. long.
A naturalized weed, Champion and others. Probably of European or North Asiatic origin,
but now frequently met with as a weed throughout the temperate regions of the globe.
3. CAPSELLA, Vent.
Pod oblong-obovate or triangular, flattened laterally (at right-angles to the
narrow partition), the valves boat-shaped, not winged. Seeds several in each
cell, the radicle incumbent on the flat cotyledons.
A genus of 2 or 3 European or Asiatic animals.
1. C. Bursa-pastoris, DC. Prod. i. 177. An annual, with a deep tap-
root. Radical leaves spread on the ground, pinnatifld, with a larger ovate or
triangular terminal lobe, or sometimes entire. Stem from a few inches to above


Captella.]
17
CRUCIFER.E.
a foot high, rather rough and often hairy, with a few oblong or lanceolate,
entire or toothed leaves, clasping the stem with projecting auricles. Pods in
a long loose raceme, usually triangular, truncate or sometimes notched at the
top. Seeds 10 to 12 in each cell.
A naturalized weed, Hance. Probably of European or North Asiatic origin, now common
in waste or cultivated places in most temperate regions of the globe, more rare within the
tropics.
4. RAPHANTJS, Linn.
Pod more or less elongated, thick, pointed, indehisceut, more or less con-
tracted between the seeds, without any longitudinal partition when ripe, but
containing several seeds separated by a pithy substance filling the pod. Ra-
dicle incumbent on the back of the cotyledons, which are folded over it.
A genus of very few, or perhaps a single species, apparently of Mediterranean origin.
1. R. sativus, Linn.; DC. Prod. i. 228. A coarse erect annual 2 or 3
feet high, with a thick succulent root. Leaves pinnately divided, the terminal
segment large and ovate or oblong, rough with short hairs, the upper leaves often
narrow and entire. Flowers white with coloured veins, or lilac. Pod usually
1 to \ in. long, very thick and nearly cylindrical, terminating in a point.
This, the cultivated Radish, becomes half-spontaneous in Hongkong as in other countries
where it is cultivated. It has been usually stated to be a native of China, but upon no re-
liable authority, and it is not improbable that it may be a race established by long cultiva-
tion, derived from the S. European and Asiatic R. Raphanistrum.
Order IX. CAPPAEIDEiE.
Sepals 4. Petals 4, rarely 8 or 0. Stamens usually indefinite, or, if de-
finite, 6 or more, or seldom tetradynamous. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or rarely
more parietal placentas, each bearing several or many ovules. Style single,
often very short or almost none, the stigma generally round. Fruit either a
dehiscent pod or an indehiscent berry. Seeds generally reniform, without al-
bumen, the embryo usually coiled.—Herbs, shrubs, or climbers, rarely trees.
Stipules usually none, rarely spineseent or small. Flowers usually in terminal
racemes, more rarely solitary or axillary. The ovary in several genera, and
sometimes the stamens also, are raised on a stalk or elongated receptacle
within the flower.
A considerable Order, found chiefly within the tropics, a few species stretching northwards
into more temperate regions, especially in America.
Pod opening in valves. Annual, with digitate leaves 1. Polanisia.
Berry indehiscent. Shrubs or climbers, with simple leaves 2. Cappabis.
1. POLANISIA, Raf.
Stamens 8 to 32. Receptacle not elongated. Ovary sessile or nearly so.
Pod linear or oblong, opening in 2 valves, parallel to the persistent dissepi-
ment.—Fetid annuals, with glandular or viscid hairs. Leaves digitate.
A small genus, dispersed over the tropical nnd subtropical regions both of the New and the
Old World.
C


is
[Polanisia.
CRUCIFER£.
1. P. vicosa, DC. Prod. i. 242. An erect annual, covered with short
glandular hairs. Leaflets 3 or 5, obovate-cuneate or oblong, about 1 in. long.
Flowers small, yellow. Stamens 8 to 16. Pod oblong or linear, striate, glan-
dular-hairy, 2 to 3 in. long.
In waste places, Hance, Seemann. A common weed throughout India, extending west-
ward across northern tropical Africa and eastward to Australia, and occurring also, as an in-
troduced weed, in the West Indies.
2. CAPPARIS, Linn.
Stamens usually indefinite. Beceptacle not elongated below the stamens.
Ovary stalked. Placentas 2. Stigma sessile. Fruit fleshy or pulpy, inde-
hiscent.—Shrubs or climbers, rarely trees. Leaves undivided.
A considerable genus, generally spread over nearly the whole area of the family.
Stems trailing, not prickly. Pedicels 1 to 4, a little above the axils . 1. C. membranacea.
Stems shrubby, prickly. Corymbs terminal, paniculate .... 2. C pumi/a.
1. C. membranacea, Oar An. and Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. i. 241.
A glabrous shrub, with trailing branches and no prickles. Leaves oblong
or lanceolate and acuminate, 3 to 5 in. long, membranous or slightly coria-
ceous, reticulate. Pedicels 1-flowered, 1 to 4 together in a vertical row a little
above the axils of the leaves and longer than the petioles. Petals about 5
lines long. Berries globular.
Victoria Peak and Happy Valley Woods, Champion, Hance, Wright. Not as yet found
out of the island.
2. C. pumila, Champ, in Kent Journ. Bot. iii. 260. A shrub with slender
branches but not trailing, glabrous or slightly pubescent in the upper part.
Stipules of the lower leaves prickly, the upper ones often wanting. Leaves
oval or oblong, acuminate, 2 to 2^ in. long, with a prominent midrib, the
lateral veins inconspicuous. Flowers glabrous, in pedunculate corymbs form-
ing a terminal panicle. Pedicels scarcely longer than the calyx. Ovaries
glabrous. Berries globular.
Once seen in a ravine in the Black Mountain, Champion. A single bush behind the
Buddhist Temple, Wilford. Not known from elsewhere.
Order X. PITTOSPORACEiE.
Sepals 4 or 5, free or partially combined, imbricate in the bud. Petals as
many, hypogynous, imbricate in the bud. Stamens as many, distinct, hypo-
gynous, alternating with the petals. Ovary single, with 2 or more parietal
placentas, or divided into as many cells by the meeting of the placentas in the
axis. Ovules several to each cell, anatropal. Style simple, with as many stigmas
or stigma-lobes as placentas. Fruit a capsule or a berry. Seeds often covered
with pulp. Embryo minute, in a fleshy albumen.—Trees and shrubs or climbers.
Leaves alternate, mostly entire, without stipules.
A small Order, chiefly Australian, with a few tropical or subtropical African and Asiatic
species.


Pittosporum.']
19
CAPFARIDE.E.
1. PITTOSPOBUM, Linn.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, their claws erect and sometimes united. Ovary with
2 or rarely 3 or 5 cells or placentas, with 8 or more ovules to each. Stigma
scarcely lobed. Capsule opening in thick valves bearing the placentas in their
centre. Seeds covered with a resinous viscid pulp.—Trees or shrubs, mostly
evergreen.
The most considerable genus of the Order, spreading over the whole extent of its area.
1. P. glabratum, Lindl. inJourn.Hort. Soc. i. 230. A perfectly glabrous
shrub. Leaves evergreen, obovate or oblong, mostly acuminate, 2 to 4 in.
long, the upper ones crowded together so as to appear whorled. Flowers ter-
minal, solitary or clustered in little terminal almost sessile corymbs, much shorter
than the leaves. Sepals 1 to 1^ lines long. Petals 3 lines long, the claws
overlapping each other, forming a cylindrical tube, the lamina) spreading.
Capsule ovoid-oblong, attaining 1 in. in length.
Common in the island, Champion and others. Extends on the adjacent continent from
Khasia to Amoy.
Order XI. BIXACE^J.
Sepals 2 to 6, usually 4 or 5, imbricate or rarely almost valvate in the bud.
Petals as many or more, or more frequently none. Stamens usually indefinite,
hypogynous, rarely equal in number to the petals, and alternate with them.
Ovary 1-celled, or incompletely divided into several cells by irregular parti-
tions. Placentas 2 to 12, parietal, with several or many ovules to each.
Styles or sessile stigmas as many as placentas, free or combined into a single
one. Fruit an indehiscent berry or a pod, opening in as many valves as pla-
centas. Seeds albuminous, with the embryo in the axis.—Trees or shrubs.
Leaves undivided, usually toothed. Stipules minute, or none. Flowers ax-
illary or lateral, rarely terminal, often unisexual.
A considerable family, spread over the tropical or subtropical regions of both the New and
the Old World.
1. SCOLOPIA, Schreb.
(Phoberos, Lour.)
Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 4 to 6, valvate. Petals as many, imbri-
cate. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous. Anthers oblong, with a glabrous or
hairy terminal appendage. Ovary 1-eelled. Placentas 3 or 4. Ovules few.
Style filiform. Fruit a berry.
A small genus, confined to southern and eastern Asia and the Archipelago.
1. S. chinenaia, Clos in Ami. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 4, viii. 249. A glabrous
tree or shrub, sometimes armed with stout spines (abortive branches), some-
times quite unarmed. Leaves ovate or oblong, very obtuse or obtusely acu-
minate, entire or with a few minute teeth, 1| to 2 in. long. Flowers small, in
axillary racemes, shorter than the leaves.—Phoberos chinensis, Lour.; W. and
Arn. Prod. i. 30. Phoberos savus, Hance in Walp. Ann. iii. 825.
Very common in the island, as well as on the adjacent Chinese continent, but not known
from elsewhere.
c 2


•2n
[Violacea.
VIOLACEjE.
Ordeu XL1. VIOLACEiE.
Sepals 5, imbricate in the bud. Petals 5, hypogynous, alternate with the
sepals, contorted in the bud. Stamens 5, hypogynous, alternate with the petals;
filaments very short; anthers introrse, connected in a ring round the ovary.
Ovary free, 1-celled, with 3, rarely 4 or 5, parietal placentas. Style sim-
ple. Fruit a capsule, opening in as many valves as placentas, or rarely an in-
dehiscent berry. Seeds inserted along the centre of the valves. Embryo in
the axis of a copious albumen, the radicle next the hilum.—Herbs or shrubs.
Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, with stipules. Flowers hermaphrodite,
very irregular or nearly regular.
The Order is generally distributed over the globe, the shrubby genera mostly confined to
the tropics, the herbaceous ones more abundant in temperate regions.
1. VIOLA, Linn.
Sepals nearly equal, produced at the base below their insertion. Petals un-
equal, the upper one largest, and produced into a spur or pouch at the base.
Fruit a capsule.—Herbs. Stipules persistent. Peduncles axillary, I- or rarely
2-flowered.
A large genus, widely spread over the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, more
rare within the tropics with a few more southern species.
Stock emitting stolones. Stipules free 1. V. diffuta.
No stolones. Stipules adnate to the petiole.
Leaves ovate or lanceolate. Stigma dilated 2. V. Patrinii.
Leaves cordate. Stigma slightly dilated 3. V. confusa.
1. V. diffusa, Ging. in DC. Prod. i. 298. A pubescent or hairy peren-
nial. Stock tufted, emitting stolones or runners, but not lengthening into a
distinct stem. Leaves radical, ovate or oval-oblong, crenate, about I in. long,
the petiole flattened, usually longer. Stipules free, linear-lanceolate, toothed.
Flowers light-coloured, without scent. Sepals lanceolate. Stigma club-shaped,
almost capitate.—V. tenuis, Bcnth. iu Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 482, and in Kew
Journ. Bot. iii. 260.
Common on the summits of the hills, Champion and others. Extends to Sikkim and
Khasia in N.E. India. In this and iu the tw o following sjweies, as in our European Violets,
the showy petaliferous flowers appear to be usually sterile although hermaphrodite, the cap-
sules proceeding mostly from minute apetalous flowers produced later iu the season.
2. V. Patrinii, DC. Prod. i. 293. A glabrous or slightly pubescent per-
ennial, with a tufted stock, as in the last species, but without stolones.
Leaves ovate or lanceolate, \ to 2\ in. long, truncate or very slightly cordate
at the base. Stipules linear, adnate to the petiole. Flowers light-blue?
Sepals lanceolate. Stigma bordered on each side with a flat margin.
Common with the last on the summits of the hills, Champion and others. Widely spread
over Northern India and Southern Siberia.
3. V. confusa, Champ, in Keio Journ. Bot. iii. 260. A slightly pubescent
tufted perennial like the last, but much smaller, and resembling some small
specimens of the European V. Mrta; lowest leaves nearly orbicular, the others
ovate and all deeply cordate, obtuse and crenate. Stipules small, adnate to
the petioles. Flowers like those of V. hirta; but smaller. Sepals lanceolate,
2 lines long. Petals 5 lines long. Stigma slightly dilated.


Fiola.]
21
VIOLACE.E.
On Mount Parker, Champion. Not seen in any other collection. It has much the ap-
pearauce of the V. serpens, Wall., from Northern India, except that it has no stolouea.
When better known, however, it may prove to be a variety of that species.
Order XIII. CARYOPHYLLE.E.
Sepals 4 or 5, free iti the Hongkong genera, united in some others. Petals
as many, contorted in the bud, sometimes minute or wanting. Stamens free,
twice as many as the petals or fewer, hypogynous or very slightly perigynous.
Ovary 1-celled, with a free central placenta and several ovules, or very rarely
divided into cells. Styles or style-branches 2 to 5, stiginatic along their
whole length. Capsule 1-celled, opening at the top into as many or twice as
many teeth or valves as there are styles. Seeds with a slender embryo curved
or coiled round a mealy albumen.—Herbs, with opposite entire leaves. Sti-
pules none, or small and scarious. Flowers usually small, in dichotomous
panicles or leafy cymes.
A considerable Order, widely spread over the globe, most numerous in temperate regions,
especially in the northern hemisphere; rare within the tropics, except as weeds of cultivation.
Capsule 1-celled. Petals 5.
Styles 3 or rarely 5. Petals bifid 1. Stellaria.
Style 3-lobed or almost entire. Petals minute.
Sepals herbaceous. Stipules minute. Leaves broad .... 2. Dbyharia.
Sepals and stipules white and scarious. Leaves linear or subulate . 3. PolycarpjEA.
Capsule 3-celled, no petals, sepals often white at the edge 4. Molluqo.
1. STELLARIA, Linn.
Sepals 5, free. Petals 5, bifid. Styles 3 or rarely 5, free from the base.
Capsule opening to the middle or lower down in as many or twice as many
valves.
A considerable genus, having nearly the geographical range of the Order.
Lower leaves ovate-cordate, on long stalks.
Perennial. Petals longer than the calyx. Styles usually 5 , . . 1. S. aquatica.
Annual. Petals shorter than the calyx. Styles 3 2. S. media.
All the leaves narrowed at the base, sessile or shortly stalked: . . . 3. S. uliginota.
1. S. aquatica, Scop. A glabrous perennial, with weak stems a foot or
more in length. Leaves ovate-cordate; the lower ones small, on long stalks;
the upper ones more sessile or stem-clasping, often 1 to 2 in. long, and very
pointed. Flowers in the forks of leafy cymes, the pedicels turned down after
flowering. Sepals about 2 lines long when in flower, often enlarged after-
wards. Petals narrow, deeply cleft, about one-half longer than the calyx.
Styles usually 5, but sometimes 3 only, as in the rest of the genus.—Mala-
chium aquaticum, Fries; Fenzl in Ledeb. Fl. Boss. i. 416. Ceraitium petiolare,
Hance in Kew Joum. Bot. i. 143. Stellaria fecunda, Hance in "Walp. Ann.
ii. 95.
In fields, Wright, Hance. Widely diffused over Europe and central and temperate north-
ern Asia, and accompanying cultivation in other parts of the world.
2. S. media, Fill.; DC. Prod. i. 396. A weak much-branched annual,
glabrous with the exception of a line of hairs clown one side of the stem, and


22
[Sldlaria.
CAEYOPHYLLE.K.
a few long ones on the petioles. Leaves small, ovate and pointed, the lower
ones stalked and usually cordate. Flowers small, on rather long slender
pedicels, in irregularly forked leafy cymes. Petals shorter than the calyx, with
narrow somewhat diverging lobes.
In waste places. An introduced European need, known in Britain as the common Chick-
weed. •
3. S. uliginosa, Murr.; Fenzl in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 393. A weak
slender glabrous annual, usually about 6 in. long. Leaves sessile, oblong
or lanceolate. Flowers small, in loose forked panicles, which soon become
lateral. Petals shorter than the calyx, with very narrow diverging lobes.—
S. leptophylla, Hance, in Walp. Ann. ii. 96.
In rice-fields, Champion and others. An introduced European weed.
2. DRYMARIA, Wffld.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, bifid or 4-lobed. Style single, 3-lobed. Capsule 3-
valved.—Stipules minute, subulate.
A genus of a few American species, one of which extends over most of the warmer regions
of the globe.
1. D. cordata, Willd.; DC. Prod. i. 395. A weak, spreading, gla-
brous annual, often extending to 2 feet or more. Leaves shortly stalked,
ovate-cordate or orbicular, about 4 to 6 lines long and broad. Peduncles
slender, dichotomous, axillary or terminal.—Flowers small, green. Petals
shorter than the calyx. Ovules from 2 or 3 to about 10 in the ovary.
On roadsides, Little Hongkong, Wilford, also Hance. A common tropical weed, both in
the New and the Old World.
3. POLYCARP-SIA, Lam.
Sepals 5, usually scarious. Petals 5, small, usually entire. Stamens 5.
Style single, 3-cleft or nearly entire. Capsule 3-valved.—Stipules scarious,
white.
A small tropical or subtropical genus, chiefly Asiatic or African, one species extending
into tropical America.
1. P. corymbo»a, Lam.; Am. in Tayl. Ann. Nat. H.M. iii. 90; Wight,
Ic. t. 712. A perennial, but often flowering the first year so as to appear
annual. Stems erect, from a few inches to near a foot high, more or less
hoary with loose cottony hairs. Leaves linear or subulate, often clustered in
the axils, 4 to 8 lines long. Flowers numerous, in dense cymes forming
broad terminal dichotomous corymbs. Sepals shining, scarious, white or red-
dish-brown, lanceolate and pointed, about 2 lines long. Petals not half so
long, ovate, obtuse.—P. corymbosa and P. spadicea, Lam., and P. stellata,
DC. Prod. iii. 374. P. brasiliemu, Camb. in St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Me'r. ii. 183.
P. atherophora, Steud. Flora, 1843, 763.
Hongkong, Wright, Hance. In cultivated and waste places, throughout India and the
Archipelago and northward to S. China; also in tropical Africa and America.


Mollugo.]
S3
CAHYOPHYLLE.U.
4. MOLLUGO, Linn.
Sepals 5, white on the edges. Petals none. Stamens 5, alternating with
the sepals, or fewer. Styles (or stigmas) 3, distinct but short. Capsule 3-
celled, opening loculicidally in 3 valves.—Stipules minute, subulate.
A small tropical or subtropical genus, dispersed over both the New aud the Old World.
1. M. stricta, Linn.; Fenzl in TFalp. Rep. ii. 241. A diffuse much-
branched glabrous annual, a few inches or seldom near a foot high. Kadical
leaves obovate or oblong, stem-leaves in false whorls of 4 or fi, all or the
upper ones much narrower and acute at both ends. Flowers very small, in
slender bifid racemes or dichotomous cymes, on slender peduncles. Pedicels
short and filiform. Sepals greenish, with white edges, about J line long.
Hongkong, Wright. A common weed of cultivation throughout India and the Archi-
pelago, and northward to S. China. The Hongkong specimens are narrow-leaved. When
nearly all the leaves are broad and obtuse, it becomes the 31. ttiphylla, Linn., or M.penta-
phylla, Linn., neither of which are specifically distinct.
Order XIV. HYPERICINS.
Sepals 5, rarely 4, free, imbricate in the bud. Petals as many, contorted
in the bud. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous, usually united at the base or
collected together into 3 or 5 bundles. Ovary single, of 2 to 5 united carpels,
either divided into as many cells or with as many projecting parietal placentas,
each with several ovules. Styles as many as carpels, free or united at the
base. Stigmas terminal. Fruit a capsule, berry, or drupe. Seeds without al-
bumen, the embryo straight or curved.—Herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees. Leaves
opposite, entire or with glandular teeth. Stipules none. Leafy parts often
glandular-dotted and sometimes the flowers also.
A widely-diffused though not very large family, the shrubby and arboreous species most
abundant in the tropics, the herbaceous ones chiefly in the temperate regions of the northern
hemisphere.
Capsule opening at the placentas. Seeds not winged. Herbaceous . . 1. Hypericum.
Capsule opening between the placentas. Seeds winged. Shrubby . . 2. Ckatoxylon.
1. HYPERICUM, Linn.
Fruit a capsule, opening in 3 to 5 valves at the placentas or dissepiments.
Seeds not winged.—Herbs or, in some extra-colonial species, shrubs. Leaves
very rarely serrate, and most frequently dotted, either with black or transpa-
rent dots. Flowers usually yellow.
The largest genus of the Order, and ranging over the whole of its area, but most numerous
without the tropics.
1. H. japonicum, Thunb.; DC. Prod. i. 548; Boyle, Illnstr. t. 24,
/. 2. A small glabrous annual or perennial of short duration, diffusely
branched or ascending, from a few inches to near a foot high. Leaves small,
ovate, stem-clasping, with numerous transparent dots. Flowers small, yellow,
in terminal dichotomous cymes. Sepals oblong, entire or with a few glandular
teeth. Capsule 3-valved.—H. nervatum, Hance in Walp. Ann. ii. 188.
Common in marshes aud fields, Champion and others. Frequent in India and the Archi-
pelago, extending northward to Japan and southward to Australia and New Zealand.


24
[Cratotylon.
HYPERICINE.*.
2. CRATOXYLON, Blume.
(Ancistrolobus, Spach)
Fruit a capsule, opening in 3 valves between the partitions, which remain
attached to the centre of the valves. Seeds terminated by a wing.—Shrubs
or trees. Leaves entire.
A small genus, confined to Eastern Asia and the Archipelago.
1. C. polyanthnm, Korth. Verhand. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 175, t. 36. A
glabrous shrub. Leaves from oval-elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, entire, nar-
rowed at both ends or rounded at the base, 2 to 3 in. long, on very short
petioles. Flowers 1 to 3 together on very short axillary peduncles. Sepals
broad, almost orbicular, 2 to 2£ lines in the flower, lengthening afterwards to
8 or 4 lines. Petals pink, not twice as long. Hypogynous scales small,
acute. Capsule oblong, 5 or 6 lines long.—Hypericum carneum, Wall. Catal.
n. 4820. Ancislrolobm ligustrinus, Spach in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 2, v.
352. Ancistrolobus brevipes, Turczan. Bull. Mosq. 1858, 383. Elodea chi-
nensis, Hance in Lond. Journ. Bot. vii. 472.
Very abundant in the low grounds, Champion and others. Common in S. China and ex-
tends to the Philippines, Borneo, Tavoy, and Sumatra. I have not seen Korthals's specimens,
but his figure and description agree perfectly with the Chinese plant.
Order XV. GUTTIFEEiE.
Sepals 2, 4, or 6, rarely more, imbricate in pairs. Petals 4 or more, con-
torted in the bud. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous, free or variously united.
Ovary sessile, usually several-celled, with 1 or more ovules in each cell, rarely
reduced to a single cell and ovule. Style simple or none. Stigma broad,
usually with as many lobes as cells to the ovary. Fruit either a capsule
opening in as many valves as cells, or a berry or drupe. Seeds often arillate,
without albumen. Embryo thick, with minute cotyledons.—Trees or shrubs.
Leaves in the normal genera opposite, entire, coriaceous or thick, without
stipules.
A large Order, almost entirely tropical, but common to both the New and the Old World.
Ovary several-celled 1. Garcinia.
Ovary 1-celled, with 1 ovule 2. Calophylluh.
1. GARCINIA, Lam.
Flowers unisexual or rarely hermaphrodite. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Males:
Stamens numerous. Ovary rudimentary. Females: Barren stamens 8 or
more. Ovary 4- to 10-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, erect. Style
short. Stigma peltate. Fruit a drupe.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves with ob-
licme veins. Flowers usually terminal, solitary or few together, on short,
usually simple peduncles, or rarely in a terminal corymb.
A genus limited to the tropical regions of the Old World, since the American species have
been referred to RAeedia.
Flowers corymbose. Stamens united into 4 bundles 1. G. multijlora.
Flowers solitary or few together. Stamens monadelphous . . . . 2. G.


Garcinia.]
25
OUTTIFF.R^.
1. G. multiflora, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 310; Seem. Bot.
Her. t. 79. A shrub. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate or obovate, 3 to Z\ in.
long. Flowers mostly (or all ?) hermaphrodite, in a short terminal trichoto-
mous corymb, each one shortly pedicellate in the axil of a small bract. Sepals
orbicular, 3 lines broad. Petals obovate, twice as long. Stamens forming 4
short thick fleshy masses, terminated by very numerous anthers. Ovary
square, with a large peltate sessile stigma.
Common towards the Black Mountain, flowering in the heat of summer, Champion, also
Wright. Not received from elsewhere.
2. G. oblongifolia, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 311; Seem. Bot.
Her. t. 93. A tree. Leaves shortly stalked, oblong, narrowed at the base,
21 to 3 in. long, the upper ones almost sessile. Flowers terminal, unisexual,
the males 3 to 7 together, shortly pedunculate. Sepals 2 lines, petals near
5 lines long. Stamens consolidated into a fleshy mass, occupying the centre
of the flower. Females solitary, sessile, and rather smaller.
Common in the Happy Valley woods, Champion, also Wright. Not known from else-
where. The foliage is nearly that of the G. Camiogia, from Ceylon, but the male pedicels
are much shorter, the anthers more numerous, etc.
2. CALOPHYLLUM, Linn.
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Sepals 2 or 4. Petals 4, rarely 2,
or 6 to 8. Stamens numerous, free or united into several bundles at the
base. Ovary 1-celled, with a single erect ovule. Style filiform. Stigma pel-
tate. Fruit a drupe.—Trees. Leaves elegantly striate, with numerous parallel
transverse veins. Flowers in terminal or axillary short racemes, sometimes
branching into panicles.
A tropical genus common to the New and the Old World.
1. C. membranaceum, Oardn. and Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. i. 309.
A tree, with acutely 4-angled branches. Leaves narrow, oblong or lanceolate,
often 3 or 4 in. long, and seldom an inch wide. Flowers very few, in short
axillary racemes, scarcely exceeding the petioles, and sometimes solitary. Se-
pals 4. Petals larger and much more oblique, apparently varying in number
from 4 to 8. Fruit small, ovoid-oblong.—Calophyllum spectabile, Hook, and
Arn. Bot. Beech. 174; not of Willd.
In a ravine of Mount Victoria, and in the Happy Valley woods, Champion, also Wright.
South China, Beechey, but not known from elsewhere.
Order XVI. TERNSTR(EMIACE^1.
Sepals 5 (rarely 6 or 7), imbricate in the bud. Petals 5 (rarely 6 to 9),
hypogynous, often united in a ring or short tube at the base, contorted or other-
wise imbricate in the bud. Stamens indefinite (rarely equal in number to the
petals and alternate with them), hypogynous, often shortly united at the base
with each other, or with the base of the petals. Ovary superior, completely
or almost completely divided into 3 or more cells, with 2 or more ovules in
each. Styles either as many, and free from the base, or more or less united
into a single style, sometimes very short, with as many stigmatic lobes as


2G
TERNSTRCEMIACE.E.
{Terndroemiacece.
ovary-cells. Seeds either without albumen, or with a fleshy or granular albu-
men, usually not abundant. Embryo straight or folded lengthwise, the radicle
next the hilum.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, or very rarely opposite,
undivided, entire, serrate or crenate, without stipules.
A considerable Order, chiefly tropical, ranging over both the New and the Old World, with
a very few species extending northward of the tropics in Asia or in America.
Tribe 1. Sanraujeae. Anthers versatile. Fruit succulent, seldom dehiscent. Seeds
albuminous. Embryo straight. Flowers in axillary panicles, or on several-flowered pe-
duncles.
Sepals slightly imbricate. Carpels free at the top, ending in distinct styles 1. Actinidia.
Sepals much imbricate. Styles united or close together at the base . 2. Saurauja.
Tribe 2. Ternstrcemieee. Anthers adnale or innate. Fruit succulent or hard and
indehiscent or seldom dehiscent. Seeds albuminous. Embryo folded or much curved.
Flowers on short, simple, usually recurved, axillary or lateral pedicels.
Stamens indefinite (more than 10). Fruit indehiscent.
Rowers hermaphrodite, rather large. Ovules 2 to 4 in each cell . 3. Ternstrcsmia.
Flowers dioecious, very small. Ovules 8 or more in each cell. . . 4. Eurya.
Stamens 5. Capsule 5-valved 5. Pentaphylax.
Tribe 3. Gordoniese. Anthers versatile. Fruit dehiscent, the valves loculicidal.
Albumen little or none. Embryo curved or straight, the cotyledons large. Flowers on
short, simple, erect or recurved, axillary or terminal pedicels.
Capsule globular. Seeds flat, reniform 6. Schima.
Capsule oblong. Seeds winged at the top 7. Gordonia.
Capsule ovoid or nearly globular. Seeds very thick, without wings . 8. Camellia.
1. ACTINIDIA, Lindl.
Flowers dioscious or polygamous. Sepals very slightly imbricated. Petals
5. Stamens very numerous. Anthers versatile, short, opening in longitudinal
slits. Ovary of 5 or usually more cells; the carpels scarcely meeting in the
centre, diverging at the summit, and tapering into as many distinct diverging
styles. Ovules several in each cell. Fruit succulent, indehiscent. Seeds
small, with a rather copious albumen. Embryo straight, rather small.—Climb-
ing or trailing shrubs. Flowers in axillary pedunculate cymes.
A genus of several species, natives of India, China, and Japan.
]. A. Championi, Benth. A shrubby climber, the young branches to-
mentose, at length glabrous. Leaves alternate, on rather long stalks, broadly
ovate or almost cordate, shortly acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long, entire or with
minute callous teeth, glabrous above, white and tomentose underneath. Pe-
duncles axillary, bearing a dense cyme of white flowers, each about ^ in. dia-
meter. Sepals very tomentose, only slightly overlapping on the edges.—Hep-
taca? latifolia, Gardn. and Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. i. 243.
Common in the island, Champion and others. Not received from elsewhere. It is very
near the A. chinensis, Planch., from the adjoining continent, but diners in the acuminate and
more entire leaves, and in the smaller and much more numerous flowers in dense pedunculate
cymes. In both species the sepals are united at the base, very obtuse, and but very slightly
imbricate in the bud, appearing valvate as the flower opens, but really overlapping each other
at an earlier stage.
2. SAURAUJA, Willd.
Flowers mostly hermaphrodite. Sepals much imbricated. Petals 5, usually


Saurauja.]
27
TERNSTBffiMIACE.E.
united at the base. Stamens very numerous. Anthers versatile, opening by
pores or short slits at the extremity. Ovary 3- to 6-celled, with numerous
ovules in each cell. Styles 3 to 5, free, or more or less united. Fruit succu-
lent, seldom dehiscent. Seeds small, with copious albumen, and a rather
small straight embryo.—Shrubs or trees, with more or less of stiff appressed
hairs. Leaves usually serrate, with prominent parallel veins diverging from
the midrib. Peduncles axillary or lateral, bearing several flowers.
A considerable tropical genus, both in the New and the Old World.
1. S. tristyla, DC. Prod. i. 526, and Mem. Terntir. t. 7. A tree or
shrub, the young branches rather thick. Leaves shortly stalked, obovate or
broadly oblong, shortly acuminate, 8 to 10 in. long, glabrous, except a few of
the stiff scale-like hairs so seldom wanting in the genus. Peduncles short,
arising from the axils of the fallen leaves on the last year's wood, bearing
usually 3 to 6 flowers, on pedicels 2 or 3 lines long. Sepals about 2 lines
long and broad. Petals rather longer. Styles and cells of the ovary 3 only.
Hongkong, Hance, Wright. Ranges over eastern India from the Malayan Peninsula and
Chittagoug to Khasia and Assam.
3. TEBNSTRCEMIA, Linn.
Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Sepals much imbricate. Petals united in
a 5-lobed corolla. Stamens numerous; anthers adnate, glabrous. Ovary 2-
or 3-celled, with 2 to 4 ovules suspended from near the apex of each cell.
Style simple, with a broadly 2- or 3-lobed stigma. Fruit thick and indehiscent,
but rather dry. Seeds few, large, horseshoe-shaped inside. Albumen fleshy,
often thin or scarcely any. Embryo much curved or folded longitudinally.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves coriaceous. Peduncles 1-flowered, axillary or lateral,
curved downwards, with 2 bracteoles close to the calyx.
A considerable tropical genus both in the New and the Old World.
1. T. japonic*, Thunb.; Sieb. and Zucc. Fl. Jap. i. 148, t. 80. A tree,
perfectly glabrous in all its parts. Scales of the young leaf-buds ovate. Leaves
Tather crowded at the ends of the branches, stalked, oblong, more or less nar-
rowed at both ends, 2 to 3 in. long, thick and leathery, often whitish or rusty
underneath. Peduncles 6 to 9 lines long. Flowers pale yellow, the corolla
spreading, about 8 lines diameter. Fruit globular, £ to 1 in. diameter.—
Cleyera fragrant soft C. dubia, Champ, in Linn. Trans, xxi. 115.—Ternstrcemia
japonica, T. Lushia, T. Wighiii, T. fragrant, and T. dubia, Chois. Mem. Ternstr.
et Camell. pp. 18, 19.
Common in Hongkong, constituting a great part of the woods, Champion aud others.
Widely spread over India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northward
to China and Japan.
4. EURYA, Thunb.
Flowers mostly unisexual. Sepals much imbricate. Petals united at the
base. Stamens usually indefinite, but seldom above 15. Anthers adnate.
Ovary 3-, rarely 2-, 4-, or 5-celled, with several ovules in each. Styles as
many, either almost free, or united to near the top. Fruit a berry. Embryo
much curved in a somewhat granular albumen.—Trees or shrubs. Flowers


TERN'STKffiMIACBJi.
[Eurya.
axillary, usually fascicled on short pedicels or sessile, and much smaller than
in any Ternstrcemiaceous genus, except Penlaphylax.
A small genus, restricted to southern and eastern Asia and the Archipelago.
Style entire to near the top. Flowers about 2 lines diameter . 1. JE japonica.
Styles cleft to near the base. Flowers about 4 liues diameter . . 2. £. Macartneyi.
1. E. japonica, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 191, i. 25; Thw. Enum. PI. Ceyl. 41.
A shrub, glabrous in all its parts in the Hongkong specimens, but hairy on
the young branches in a variety found on the adjacent continent. Leaves
obovate or oblong, \ to 2 in. long, slightly crenulate, narrowed at the base.
Pedicels axillary, usually 2 or 3 together, 1 to \ line long. Flowers about
2 lines diameter, white. Style subulate, very shortly lobed at the top.—E.
chinensis, Champ, in Linn. Trans, xxi. 113.
In various parts of the island, Champion and others. The species is widely distributed over
India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northward to China and Japan.
The variety originally described by Brown under the name of E. chinensis is the one with
hairy branches, which has not yet been met with in Hongkong.
2. E. Macartneyi, Champ, in Linn. Trans, xxi. 113; Seem. hot. Her.
i. 74. A glabrous shrub, coarser and stouter than the last. Leaves oval-
elliptical, 2 to 3 in. long, scarcely toothed, rounded at the base, thicker than
in E. japonica, with the veins less prominent and less oblique. Flowers almost
sessile, about 4 lines diameter. Styles 3 or 4, free from the base. Anthers
scarcely apiculate.
In woods and on rockB, Champion, Wright, and others. Said to be rather more common
in the island than the E. japonica, but I cannot identify it with any continental specimens.
5. PENTAPHYLAX, Champ.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals nearly equal. Petals slightly united at
the base. Stamens 5, slightly cohering to the base of the petals and alternate
with them. Anthers short, innate, introrse; the cells distinct, nearly globular,
opening by terminal pores. Ovary 5-celled, with 2 collateral pendulous
ovules in each. Style filiform, mostly 5-cleft at the top. Capsule angular,
opening loculicidally; the valves bearing the dissepiments without leaving a
central axis. Seeds winged at the top. Albumen thin. Embryo folded lon-
gitudinally or horseshoe-shaped.—Habit and small flowers of Eurya.
The genus is hitherto restricted to a single species.
1. P. euryoides, Gardn. and Champ, in Linn. Trans, xxi. 114,1.12. A
small tree, of great beauty when in flower, perfectly glabrous in all its parts.
Leaves shortly stalked, ovate or oval-oblong, 1 to 2 or rarely 2| in. long,
quite entire, evergreen, smooth and shining. Peduncles 1-flowered, scarcely
above a line long, crowded along the short lateral shoots or amongst the leaves.
Flowers white, the size of those of Eurya japonica. Capsule almost woody,
about 3 lines long.
Common in the woods of Hongkong, Champion, also Wright, but not as yet received from
elsewhere.
6. SCHIMA, Korth.
• Sepals 5, nearly equal. Petals 5, much longer, the outer one enveloping
the others, all slightly cohering at the base. Stamens numerous. Anthers


Schima.~\
29
TERNSTR(EMIACE,E.
short, versatile. Ovary usually 5-celled, with several (2 to 6) pendulous
ovules in each. Style simple, with very short stigmatic lobes at the top.
Capsule woody, depressed-globular, opening loculicidally; the valves bearing
the dissepiment, but leaving a free central axis. Seeds flat, vertical, reniform,
expanded round the outer edge into a narrow wing. Albumen thin. Embryo
much curved, with broad flat cotyledons and a slender radicle.—Trees. Leaves
coriaceous. Peduncles 1-flowered, usually erect. Flowers showy.
A small genus, limited to eastern India and the Archipelago.
1. S. Noronhae, Reinto.; Mia. Fl. Ned. Lid. i. 492. A tree or shrub of
great beauty, glabrous or slightly hairy on the young shoots and amongst the
flowers. Leaves stalked, from ovate-elliptical to oblong, 2 to 4 in. long, mostly
acuminate, entire or marked with a few obtuse serratures; the veins scarcely
conspicuous; flowers white, nearly 2 in. diameter when expanded, on pedicels
i to 1 in. long, in the axils of the upper leaves or forming sometimes a very
short terminal raceme.—S. superba, Gardn. and Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. i.
246; Seem. Bot. Her. t. 75. Gordonia javaniea, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4539.
Wong-ny-chong Valley, and abnndant near the top of the slopes of Little Hongkong,
Champion. Common in the Malayan Peninsula, and in Java, extending northward to
S. China and Bonin.
7. GORDONIA, Linn.
Sepals about 5, much imbricated, very unequal, passing from the bracts to
the petals. Petals about as many, the innermost the largest, all usually co-
hering at the base. Stamens numerous. Anthers short, versatile. Ovary 3-
to 5-celled (rarely 6-celled), with several (4 to 8) pendulous ovules in each.
Capsule woody, oblong, opening loculicidally; the valves bearing the dissepi-
ments, but usually leaving a free central axis. Seeds flattish, oblique, expanded
at the top into an oblong wing. Albumen 0. Embryo nearly straight, with
flat cotyledons.—Trees. Leaves coriaceous. Peduncles 1-flowered, erect or
recurved. Flowers showy.
The genus comprises several tropical or subtropical American as well as Asiatic species.
1. G. anomala, Spreng. Syst. iii. 126. A tree, glabrous in every part
except sometimes the very young shoots and the flowers. Leaves thick and
evergreen, oblong, obtuse, 3 to 5 in. long, quite entire, narrowed into a very
short petiole. Flowers almost sessile in the upper axils, or 2 or 3 together at
the summits of the branches, white and showy, near 3 in. diameter. Ovary
usually 3-celled, but sometimes 4-celled. Capsule about 1 in. \on
. Seeds
with a wing twice as long as themselves. Cotyledons oblong, with a short
oblique radicle.—Polyspora axillaris, Don in Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4019.
Camellia axillaris, Bot. Mag. t. 2047.
Common all over the island, Champion and others. Only known from South China.
8. CAMELLIA, Linn.
Sepals about 5, very unequal, passing more or less gradually from the bracts
to the petals. Petals about as many, the innermost the largest, all usually co-
hering at the base. Stamens numerous, monadelphous, except the innermost,
which are nearly or quite free. Anthers short, versatile. Ovary 3- to 5-celled,


80
[Camellia.
TERNSTRCEMIACE F..
with several (4 or 5) pendulous ovules in each. Capsule hard, usually short,
opening loculicidally. Seeds usually solitary in each cell, ovoid, not winged,
without albumen. Embryo straight, with thick cotyledons and a short radicle.
—Trees. Leaves coriaceous. Flowers almost sessile, solitary, erect or recurved.
A genus limited to southern and eastern Asia.
Flowers 2 to 3 in. diameter. Stamens glabrous. Styles usually 5.
Leaf-veins scarcely prominent. Bracts, sepals, and petals scarcely
pubescent 1. C. hongkongentU.
Leaf-veins reticulate, prominent. Bracts, sepals, and petals softly
silky-hairy outside . . . . 2. C. reticulata.
Flowers 1 to li in. diameter. Stamens hairy. Styles usually 8.
Bracts and sepals very obtuse 8. C. assimilit.
Bracts and sepals acute or acuminate 4. C. talicifolia.
1. O. hongkongensis, Seem, in Linn. Trans, xxii. 342, t. 60. A tree
of moderate size, glabrous in all its parts. Leaves shortly stalked, evergreen,
oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, entire or slightly serrate, 3 to 5 in. long,
coriaceous and shining, the veins scarcely conspicuous. Flowers erect or
slightly drooping, full 2i in. diameter, pink and inodorous; the sepals and
petals broadly orbicular, and very slightly silky-pubescent outside. Stamens
glabrous. Styles free, hairy, as well as the ovary. Capsule glabrous.
Only 3 trees known in Hongkong, where it was first discovered by Col. Byre in 1849, and
afterwards gathered by Champion and others. Also in Cochin China, Gaudichaud, according
to Seemann. This was considered by Col. Champion to be the wild C. japonica, but Seemann
has pointed out that besides some slight differences in the shape of the leaves, it has free
styles and a hairy ovary, whilst in the Japanese plant the ovary is glabrous, with connate
styles.
2. C. reticulata, Lindl.; Seem, in Linn. Tram. xxii. 343. A small tree,
the young shoots slightly pubescent. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, acuminate,
entire or serrate, 3 to 5 in. long, shining above, but the veins much more
prominent than in the last, especially on the under side, and turning yellowish
in drying. Flowers near 3 in. diameter. Bracts, sepals, and petals broadly
rounded as in the last, but softly silky-hairy outside. Stamens glabrous. Styles
free in the upper part, silky as well as the ovary. Capsule softly pubescent.
—C. spectabilis, Champ, in Linn. Trans, xxi. Ill; Seem. Bot. Her. t. 78.
Hongkong, Champion, Eyre. Not received wild from elsewhere, bnt the double variety
has long been introduced into out gardens from China.
3. C. assimilis, Champ, in Linn. Trans, xxi. 112; Seem. Bot. Her.
t. 77. A shrub or small tree, the young branches covered with closely ap-
pressed hairs. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, obtusely acuminate, about .
2 in. long, slightly crenate, glabrous. Flowers white, about 1| in. diameter
and drooping, as in the following species, but with the broadly rounded bracts,
sepals, and petals passing into each other of the two last. Stamens hairy, the
outer ones connected high up, the 5 innermost free. Styles and ovary hairy.
Capsule acute, glabrous.—T/iea assimilis, Seem, in Linn. Trans, xxii. 349.
Hongkong, Champion and others. Not as yet found out of the island, although it is
nearly allied to the Khasian C. caudata.
4. C. salicifolia, Champ, in Linn. Trans, xxi. 112; Seem. Bot. Her.
t. 76. A shrub or small tree, the young branches and under side of the leaves,
loosely covered with soft spreading hairs. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, acu-


Camellia.] ternstrcemiace/E. 31
minate, about 3 in. long, glabrous above, of a thinner consistence than in the
other species. Flowers white, very shortly pedunculate or nearly sessile,
drooping. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, long-pointed. Petals, especially the inner
ones, broader, larger, with shorter points, all slightly silky-hairy or pubescent
outside. Stamens and styles as in the last. Capsule glabrous, beaked.—
Thea lalici/olia, Seem, in Linn. Trans, xxii. 349.
In woods, Champion and others. Not as yet found ont of the island.
A single specimen in Wright's collection, with the foliage of C. talicifolia, but without
flowers, has a single glabrous capsule, obtuse, not rostrate as in that species, and the per-
sistent sepals are much broader and less pointed. The materials are insufficient to deter-
mine whether it be a distinct species, or a mere variety of C. sa/icifo/ia.
Ordeu XVII. MALVACEAE.
Sepals united in a 5-lobed (rarely 4- or 3-lobed) calyx, the lobes valvate in
the bud. Petals as many, hypogynous, convolute in the bud, usually adhe-
ring at their base to the staminal tube. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous,
united in a tube or column round the ovary, free at the top. Anthers 1-celled.
Ovary of several carpels variously arranged round the central axis, or united
in a several-celled ovary. Style single, with as many or twice as many lobes
as carpels, rarely entire. Ovules 1 or more in each cell or carpel, erect or
pendulous. Fruit various, usually capsular or separating into l-seeded cocci.
Seeds usually reniform. Albumen little or none. Embryo curved, with
twisted cotyledons.—Herbs, or soft-wooded trees and shrubs. Leaves alter-
nate, stipulate, usually palmately veined or lobed. Peduncles 1-flowered, ax-
illary and solitary, or arranged in axillary fascicles or short racemes, or in ter-
minal racemes. Bracteoles often 3 or more, close under or upon the calyx,
forming an involucre or outer calyx.
A considerable Order, dispersed over the whole globe except the extreme Arctic regions.
Carpels 1-ovulatc, arranged in a ring round the axis.
Style-branches as many as carpels.
Ovule asceuding .' 1. Malvastiium.
Ovule pendulous 2. Sin A.
Style-branches twice as many as carpels 4. Urena.
Carpels with 2 or more ovules, more or less united in a several-celled
capsule.
Anthers terminating the staminal column. Carpels free at the
top. Bracteoles none 3. Abutilon.
Staminal column ending in S teeth, below which the anthers are
placed. Carpels united to the top. Bracteoles several ... 5. Hibiscus.
(See also Helicterks, in Sterculiaces.)
1. MALVASTRTJM, A. Gray.
Bracteoles under the calyx, 1 to 3, small, or sometimes wanting. Calyx
5-lobed. Staminal column divided at the top into several filaments. Carpels
5 or more, in a ring round the axis, 1-ovulate, indehiscent. Style with as
many branches as carpels; stigmas terminal. Seed ascending.—Herbs.
Flowers rather small, orange, red, or yellow.
An American genus, of which one species is dispersed as a weed over most of the tropical
regions of the Old World.


32
[Malvastrum.
MALVACE.E.
1. M. tricuspidatum, A. Gr. PI. Wright, and in Sot. Amer. Expl.
Exped. i. 148. An erect branching herb, 2 to 3 ft. high, hard and almost
woody at the base, although sometimes annual, the branches sprinkled or co-
vered with closely appressed hairs. Leaves on rather long stalks, from broadly
ovate to lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long, irregularly toothed, and hairy. Flowers
almost sessile in the axils of the leaves, or clustered towards the ends of the
branches. Calyx campanulate, broadly 5-lobed, with 3 small narrow external
bracts. Carpels 8 to 12, or even more, closely packed in a depressed ring,
each one reniforin, with 3 minute unequal points on the upper inner edge.—
M. ruderale, Hance in Walp. Ann. iii. 830.
In waste places, Hance. The species is probably of American origin, but is now widely
scattered over the warmer regions of the globe.
2. SIDA, Linn.
Calyx without outer bracts, 5-lobed. Staminal column divided at the top
into several filaments. Carpels 5 or more, in a ring round the axis, 1-ovulate,
indehiscent or opening when ripe in 2 short valves at the top. Style with as
many branches as carpels; stigmas terminal. Seeds pendulous.—Herbs or
(in some extra-colonial species) shrubs, more or less tomentose or softly
hairy, rarely glabrous. Flowers usually yellow, on 1-flowered pedicels or
heads, single or clustered in the axils of the leaves, or in terminal racemes.
A large genas, widely dispersed over the warmer regions of the globe.
Leaves and branches green, glabrous, slightly pubescent, or with long
spreading hairs. Carpels 5.
Stem slender, spreading, and hairy. Leaves cordate 1. S. humilis.
Stem erect, glabrouB or pubescent. Leaves lanceolate 2. S. acuta.
Plant more or less cauescent or softly tomentose, at least the under side
of the leaves. Carpels about 10.
Leaves oblong or lanceolate, white underneath 8. S. rhombifolia.
Leaves small, nearly orbicular, white underneath 4. S.fallax.
Leaves broadly cordate, softly tomentose on both sides 5. S. cordifolia.
1. S. humilis, Willd.; DC. Prod. i. 463. A slender diffuse annual, the
branches spreading to 1 or \ ft., with long spreading hairs, mixed some-
times with a slight tomentum. Leaves on long stalks, cordiform, 1 to 2 in.
long, green, and more or less hairy. Pedicels axillary, slender, hairy, \ to 1
in. long. Flowers small, yellow. Carpels 5, not curved.
In waste places, Hinds. A common Indian weed.
2. S. acuta, Bnrm.; DC. Prod. i. 460; Wight, Ic. t. 95. An erect
branching perennial, 1 to 2 ft. high, glabrous, or slightly pubescent, but with-
out any of the whitish tomentum so general in the genus. Leaves shortly
stalked, lanceolate, serrate, H to 2 in. long. Stipules linear and persistent,
as long as the petioles. Pedicels axillary, very short, seldom exceeding the
petioles. Carpels usually 5, with 2 short points or beaks.
In waste places, Wilford. Widely spread over India, extending northwards to Amoy.
3. S. rhombifolia, Linn.; DC. Prod. i. 462. A perennial or under-
shrub, very variable in stature, sometimes tall and erect, with oblong-lanceo-
late leaves 3 in. long, green above, and only slightly hoary underneath, some-
times much branched, very spreading, with oblong or almost ovate leaves,


MALVACE*.
33
scarcely an inch long, and very white underneath. Peduncles almost always
longer than the short petioles, and sometimes almost as long as the leaf.
Flowers rather small, yellow. Carpels about 10, with or without terminal
awns.
In waste places, Champion and others. A very common weed throughout the tropics, and
usually erect, and not much branched.
4. S. fall ax, Walp,; A. Gray, Bot. Amer. Expl. Exped. i. 161. A low
spreading perennial or undershrub, much like some varieties of S. r/tombi/olia,
but the leaves are small, seldom above 1 in. long, broadly ovate or almost
cordate, white or hoary on both sides, and the peduncles longer than the
leaves. Carpels usually 10, without awns.
Hongkong, Wright. Frequent in many of the islands of the Pacific, and occurs occasion-
ally in South China, and as far as Cochin China. It may possibly, however, prove to be no
more than a variety of S. rhomlifotia.
5. S. cordifolia, Linn.; DC. Prod. i. 464. An erect stout branching
perennial, 1 to 2 or 3 ft. or even more in height, more or less clothed with a
short soft tomentum or soft velvety hairs. Leaves on rather long petioles,
broadly cordate or almost orbicular, 1 to 1 or rarely 2 in. long, usually soft
and thick. Flowers small, yellow, on short axillary peduncles, or clustered
into short leafy racemes. Carpels about 10, each terminating in 2 rather long
erect awns.
In waste places, Champion and others. Very common throughout the tropics.
3. ABUTILON, Gsertn.
Calyx without outer bracts, 5-lobed. Staminal column divided at the top
into several filaments. Carpels 5 or more, in a ring round the axis, each with
several ovules, and when ripe, united at the base, but diverging at the top,
and opening in 2 valves. Style with as many branches as carpels. Stigmas
terminal.—Herbs, or in some extra-colonial species, shrubs, with the habit of
Sida, from which they only differ in their carpels, and the number of ovules
and seeds.
A. considerable genus, spread over the tropical and subt ropical regions of both Worlds, but
more especially in America.
1. A. indicum, Bon; W. and Am. Prod. Fl. Penins. i. 56; Wight, Ic.
1.12. A rather tall branching perennial, white or hoary all over with a very
short close tomentum. Leaves on long petioles, almost orbicular, cordate,
acuminate, and unequally toothed, 2 to 3 in. long. Peduncles 1-flowered,
axillary, articulate near the flower. Calyx-lobes broad, acute. Flowers yellow.
Capsule hairy, 7 to 8 lines diameter, truncate at the top, consisting of 10 to
20 carpels, either acute or shortly awned on their outer upper edge.
On roadsides, Hance. Common in southern Asia and tropical Africa. This was mis.
taken by Seemann, in his 'Flora of Hongkong,' for the A. grateolem, which has the stem
sprinkled with horizontal hairs, and the carpels rounded, not truncate and angled at the top.
4. TJRENA, Linn.
Bracteole8 round the calyx united into a 5-lobed involucre. Calyx 5-lobed.
Staminal column bearing below the summit a few almost sessile anthers. Car«
u


34
[Urena.
UALVACE^.
pels 5, in a ring round the axis, 1-ovulate, and indehiscent. Style-branches
10. Stigmas terminal. Seed erect.—Herbs or undershrubs, usually tomen-
tose. Flowers yellow or pink, sessile or nearly so, and usually clustered.
Carpels more or less echinate, with hooked bristles or prickles.
A small genus, dispersed over the tropical regions of the Old and the New World.
Leaves orbicular, toothed or broadly lobed 1. V. lobata.
Leaves deeply 3- or 5-lobed, the middle lobe narrowed at the base . . . 2. V. rinua/a.
1. U. lobata, Linn.; DC. Prod. i. 441; But. Mag. t. 3043. A hard
erect herb, 2 to 3 ft. high, covered on the stems and under side of the leaves
with a whitish close stellate tomentum, green on the upper side of the leaves.
Leaves stalked, nearly orbicular, palmately 3- to 7-veined, toothed, angular or
broadly and shortly lobed, the upper ones much narrower, usually oblong or
lanceolate. Flowers small, pink, in almost sessile clusters in the upper axils,
or the upper ones forming an irregular leafy raceme.
Hongkong, Champion. Common in India.
2. U. sinuata, Linn.; DC. Prod. i. 442. The habit and most of the
characters are the same as in U. lobata, of which it is by some considered as a
variety. The chief difference consists in the leaves being divided into 3 or 5
lobes by deep sinuses; the lobes all obovoid or rhomboidal, the terminal one
much contracted at the base.
Gathered in Hongkong by Champion, with the last species, which it frequently accompa-
nies over nearly the whole of its area.
5. HIBISCUS, Linn.
Bracteoles round the calyx several, either free or more or less united into
a lobed or toothed involucre. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-toothed. Staminal column
bearing several short filaments below the summit. Carpels 5, with several
ovules in each, united into a single 5-celled ovary. Style 5-lobed at the top,
or nearly entire, with terminal stigmas. Capsule loculicidally opening in 5
valves.—Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Flowers often large and showy.
A considerable genus, widely spread over the warm regions of the globe. Several species
of what are considered as the more typical forms of the genus may be met with in Hongkong
Gardens, as for example: II. Rosa-sinensis, H. mu/abilis, etc. The two following belong
respectively to the sections Abelmoschus and Paritium, which are considered by some bota-
nists as distinct genera.
Hispid annual. Bracteoles free. Calyx split longitudinally . . . 1. B. Abelmosehui.
Tree. Bracteoles united into a 10- to 12-lobed involucre. Calyx not split 2. H. iiliaceua.
1. H. Abelmoschus, Linn.; DC. Prod. i. 452. An erect annual, about
2 feet high, hispid with stiff hairs, which are reflexed on the stem and petioles,
nearly appressed on the leaves. Leaves on long petioles, varying from cor-
date or slightly hastate and 3-lobed, to deeply divided into 5 or 7 spreading
lobes, green on both sides, 2 to 8 in. long. Peduncles axillary, 1 to 1£ in.
long. Flowers solitary, large, yellow, with a crimson eye. lnvolucral bracts
about 10 or 12, linear, hispid, shorter than the calyx. Calyx above an inch
long, shortly 3- to 5-toothed, but splitting open on one side to the base and
falling off with the petals, which are above 3 in. long. Capsule oblong, his-
pid, 1J in. long.—MelmoHchm moschalus, Moench; W. and Am. Prod. Fl.
Penins. i. 53; Wight, Ic t. 399.


Hiiiscua.']
35
MALVACE-E.
Mount Victoria, Champion, also Wright. Common in India, and very variable in the
shape of the leaves.
2. H. tiliacetut, Linn.; DC. Prod. i. 454.. A small tree. Leaves on
long stalks, orbicular-cordate, shortly acuminate, entire or crenulate, white or
hoary underneath with a short close tomentum, nearly glabrous above, 3 to 5
in. diameter. Peduncles short, in the upper axils or at the ends of the branches.
Flowers large, yellow, with a dark crimson eye. Involucre campauulate, di-
vided usually to the middle in 10 to 12 lobes, about half the length of the
calyx. Calyx near an inch long, the lobes lanceolate. Capsule near an inch
diameter, opening in 5 valves, bearing the placentas on their centre and
their thin margins turned inwards so as to make the capsule appear 10-ceUed.
—Paritium tiliaceum, St. Hil.; W. and Am. Prod. FL Penins. i. 52; Wight,
Ie. t. 7.
Hongkong, Wright. A common scacoast tree in moat tropical countries, and very abun-
dant in the islands of the Pacific.
Order XVIII. STERCULIACE^).
Sepals usually 5, more or less united in a toothed or lobed calyx, valvate in
the bud (except in a very few American species). Petals either 5, hypogy-
nous, free, and convolute in the bud, or none. Stamens hypogynous, united
in an entire or lobed tube or column. Anthers definite or indefinite, 2-celled,
adnate to the outside of the staminal column or of its lobes. Ovary free, 2- to
5- or 10-ceUed, entire or divided into as many distinct carpels, with 2 or
more ovules, or very rarely a single ovule in each cell or carpel. Style en-
tire or divided into as many lobes as cells or carpels. Pruit a capsule or
drupe, or separating into distinct cocci or follicles. Seeds glabrous, with little
or no albumen. Embryo straight or curved.—Trees, soft-wooded shrubs, or
rarely herbs. Leaves alternate, either simple and pinnately or digitately
nerved, or compound, with digitate leaflets. Stipules rarely wanting. In-
florescence axillary or rarely terminal.
An Order almost entirely tropical, and most abundant in the Old World. It might be
considered as a suborder of Malvacea, differing chiefly in the 2-celled anthers.
Petals none. Flowers unisexual.
Anthers about 15. Carpels follicular when ripe 1. Sterculia.
Anthers 5. Carpels hard and iudehisccut 2. Heritiera.
Petals 5. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Calyx campanulate. Flowers in terminal cyme9. Ovules 2 in each cell 3. Reevesia.
Calyx tubular. Flowers axillary. Ovules several in each cell . . 4. Helicterks.
1. STERCTTLIA, Linn.
Flowers usually monoecious. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals none. Staminal co-
lumn in the males cylindrical, with about 15 anthers sessile round its summit.
Ovary in the females consisting of 5 carpels, connected together by the style,
and often surrounded at the base by imperfect anthers. Ovules 2 or more in
each carpel. Ripe carpels distinct, much enlarged, follicular. Seeds with
albumen.—Trees. Leaves undivided and pinnately nerved, or palraately lobed
or digitate.
d 2


STERCULIACEif:.
[Slerculia.
A considerable genus, widely distributed over the tropical regions both of the New and the
Old World, but chiefly in the latter, a very few species extending beyond the tropics in Asia
or Australia.
Leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire. Panicles slender, short .... 1. 5. lanccolata.
Leaves broad, palmately lobed. Panicle large, terminal 2. S. platanifolia.
1. S. lanceolata, Cat.; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1256. A small tree.
Leaves stalked, elliptical-oblong' or nearly lanceolate, 3 to 6 in. long, quite
entire, coriaceous and glabrous. Panicles much branched, slender, sessile in
the axils of the leaves and usually shorter than them, more or less tomen-
tose. Calyx 5-cleft nearly to the base, the segments oblong-lanceolate, near
3 lines long, spreading, not bearded as in some other species, green, and
slightly reddish at the base. Staminal column shorter than the sepals, and
usually rolled inwards. Anthers 10, nearly sessile on the outside of the very
short lobes, forming a globular terminal head. Follicles slightly tomentose,
sessile, broadly ovate when ripe and open, 1 $ to 2 in. long, coriaceous, of a
blight scarlet, with 1 or 2 black seeds on each edge near the base.
Common in the Happy Valley woods, Champion and others. Also in the adjacent parts
of S. China, but not as yet identified with any specimens from elsewhere.
2. S. platanifolia, Linn.; DC. Prod. i. 483. A handsome tree.
Leaves on long stalks, nearly orbicular, palmately lobed, cordate at the base,
6 or 8 in. or even more in breadth, glabrous or minutely tomentose under-
neath. Flowers small, of a yellowish green, in large terminal panicles. Calyx
about 4 lines long, deeply 5-cleft, but scarcely spreading. Staminal column
considerably longer. Anthers about 15, the cells usually unequal and very
irregularly crowded in a terminal head. In the female flowers there are often
imperfect, sessile anthers round the base of the ovary. Carpels stipitate,
opening into follicles long before they are ripe, attaining full 3 in. in length,
green and glabrous, or pubescent, with 1 or 2 seeds on each edge near the
base.—Firmiana platanifolia, Br. in PI. Jav. Ear. 235.
A native of China, much planted in E. Asia, and said by Champion to have become na-
turalized in Hongkong.
2. HERITIERA, Ait.
Flowers usually monoecious. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed or 5-toothed.
Petals 0. Staminal column in the males cylindrical, with 5 anthers sessile in
a ring round the summit. Ovary in the females consisting of 5 carpels con-
nected by the short style, with one erect ovule in each. Ripe carpels distinct,
large, hard and almost woody, indehiscent. Seeds without albumen.—Trees,
with the habit and inflorescence of some of the entire-leaved Sterculuts.
A genus of 2 species, confined to the seacoasts of Asia, Australia, and the islands of the
Pacific.
1. H. littoralis, Ait.; Br. in PI. Jav. Rar. p. 237. A tree attaining
a considerable size. Leaves very shortly stalked, oval or oblong, the larger
ones 8 in. by 4, but often much smaller, quite entire, coriaceous, glabrous
above, silvery underneath, with a close scaly tomentum. Flowers small, nu-
merous, in loose terminal tomentose panicles, much shorter than the leaves.
Calyx about 2 lines long. Staminal column, or ovary, much shorter. Ripe
carpels sessile, ovoid, full 2 in. long, thick and almost woody, with a slightly


Heritiera.]
37
STERCULIACE.E.
projecting inner edge, and a strong projecting almost winged keel along the
outer edge.
Oa the seacoast, Uance; a large tree on the road to Chukchew, Champion. Frequent
in the Indian Archipelago, the Philippines, and other islands of the Pacific.
3. REEVESIA, Lindl.
Calyx turbinate-campannlate, shortly 3- to 5-lobecl. Petals 5, unguiculate.
Stamiual tube elongated, shortly 5-lobed at the top, each lobe bearing 3 ses-
sile anthers on the outside, and all irregularly crowded in a terminal head.
Ovary stalked, enclosed iu the stamiual tube, 5-celled, with 2 ovules in each
cell, one above the other. Stigma sessile, 5-lobed. Capsule woody, opening
loculicidally in 5 valve3. Seeds winged on the lower end.—Trees. Leaves
entire. Flowers in terminal corymbs.
A genus of 2 or 3 species, all from tropical Asia.
1. R. thyrsoidea, Lindl. Bot. Rug. t. 1236. A small tree, quite gla-
brous except a minute stellate tomentum on the inflorescence, and sometimes
on the younger branches and leaves. Leaves stalked, lanceolate or ovate,
lanceolate, 2 to 3 in. long, or twice that size on luxuriant branches, quite en-
tire, rounded at the base, evergreen and coriaceous. Flowers white, in ter-
minal sessile corymbs, much shorter than the leaves. Calyx 3 lines long.
Petals longer, slightly spreading. Staminal tube near twice as long ; the ring
of anthers very compact, forming a terminal head. Capsule oblong-pear-
shaped, about 1 in. long, 5-angled.
Common in the Happy Valley woods, Champion and others. The precise Hongkong form
has only been gathered in S. China, but the R. Wallichii, Br. and Benn., from Khasia, may
be a mere variety with rather broader, slightly cordate leaves, and rather larger flowers. A
third form, gathered by Griffith in Bootan, appears to be quite a distinct species.
4. HELICTERES, Linn.
Calyx tubidar, shortly 5-lobed. Petals 5, unguiculate. Staminal tube
elongated, connate with the stalk of the ovary, divided at the top into 5 or 10
lobes, with I anther each, and 5 inner barren lobes or teeth. Anthers 1-celled,
or with 2 divaricate cells. Ovary stalked, projecting from the staminal tube,
or enclosed within it, 5-lobed, 5-celled, with several ovules in each cell. Styles
united. Carpels separating when ripe, opening on the inner edge. Seeds
several, with little albumen.—Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs, more or less
covered with a stellate tomentum or branched pubescence. Leaves entire or
serrate.
A considerable genus, dispersed over the tropical regions of both the Old aud the New
World.
1. H. angustifolia, Linn.; DC. Prod. i. 476. A shrub, with slender,
twiggy, tomentose branches. Leaves shortly stalked, oblong-linear, 1£ to 2 in.
long, obtuse or scarcely pointed, entire, glabrous above or nearly so, covered
underneath with a close whitish tomentum. Flowers small, on short axillary
2- or several-flowered peduncles. Calyx 2J lines long. Petals narrow, not
twice as long. Free part of the staminal tube as long as the ovary, 10-cleft,
with 1-celled anthers; the 5 inner barren lobes exceedingly short. Capsule
ovoid-oblong, f in. loug, thickly covered with a loose rusty toinenluin, mixed


3S
[Helicterea.
STERCULIACEjE.
with projecting woolly processes, the carpels straight, not spirally twisted, as
in some species.—Oudemamia integerrima, /8 anguttifolia, Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. i.
pars ii. 170.
Very common on low grounds, Champion and others. Extends from S. China to the Phi-
lippines, Java, and the Malayan Peninsula.
Okder XIX. BTJETTNERIACEJE.
Sepals usually 5, more or less united in a toothed or lobed calyx, valvate in
the bud. Petals either 5, free or adhering to the staminal tube, convolute in
the bud, or none. Stamens usually united in a short 5- or 10-lobed tube;
5 of the lobes bearing at their summit 1 to 4 2-celled anthers; the other 5,
when present, usually without anthers; sometimes indefinite, united in a column,
with the anthers all 2-celled and terminal. Ovary free, 2- to 5- or 10-celled,
or divided into as many carpels, rarely reduced to a single carpel, with 2 or
more ovules in each cell or carpel. Style entire or divided into as many lobes
as cells or carpels. Fruit usually capsular, with a loculicidal dehiscence; the
carpels often separating, and rarely indehiscent. Seeds with or without albu-
men. Embryo straight or curved.—Herbs, shrubs, climbers, or trees. Leaves
alternate, simple, entire or lobed. Stipules rarely wanting. Inflorescence ax-
illary, or rarely terminal. Like the last, this Order might be considered as a
suborder of Malvacea.
A large family, dispersed throughout the tropics, and extending into Southern Africa and
Australia.
Petals oblong, flat. Stamens 5, shortly united. Carpel 1. Herb . I. Walthebia.
Petals on long claws, concave, with a long point. Staminal tube with
5 or 10 sterile lobes, and 5 sessile anthers between them. Capsule
5-celled, prickly. Climber 2. Buettnebia.
Petals long, flat. Staminal tube with 5 long sterile filaments, and
1 to 3 anther-bearing ones between them. Capsule 5-celled. Tree 3. Pterospebmum.
1. WALTHEBIA, Linn.
Calyx 5-lobed. Petals oblong-spathulate, flat. Stamens 5, opposite the
petals, shortly united at the base. Anthers terminal, with 2 parallel cells.
Ovary sessile, of a single carpel, with two erect ovules. Style excentrical; the
stigma usually fringed. Capsule usually opening on the back in 2 valves.
Seed usually solitary, with albumen.—Herbs, undershrubs, or trees, with a
stellate tomentum often mixed with soft hairs or pubescence. Leaves toothed.
Stipules narrow. Flowers clustered.
A considerable genus in tropical America, with one species spread over all the warmer re-
gions of the globe.
1. W. americana, Linn.; DC. Prod. i. 492. A perennial or under-
shrub, 1 to 2 feet or more high, densely tomentose or softly villous in every
part. Leaves shortly stalked, oval-oblong, 1 to 1$ in. long, obtuse, toothed,
soft and plicately veined. Flowers small, yellow, in dense heads, almost ses-
sile in the axils of the leaves, or the upper ones clustered in a short spike.
Bracts narrow. Calyx \ line long. Petals nearly twice as long, narrow-
oblong.—W. indica, Linn.; DC. Prod. i. 493.
In open grounds in the island, Champion and others. A common weed within the tropics
in both the New and the Old World. In China it extends northward to Amoy.


Buetlneria.] buettneriace.*. 89
2. BUETTNERIA, Linn.
Calyx 5-lobed. Petals clawed, concave or hood-shaped, arching over the
stamens and ovary, the top of the hood usually 3-lobed, the central lobe
long and narrow. Staminal tube short, with 5 (or rarely 10) barren lobes,
and 5 nearly sessile 2-celled anthers between them. Ovary sessile, 5-celled,
with 2 ovules in each cell. Style shortly 5-clelt at the top. Capsule globular,
usually covered with prickles; the carpels separating when ripe, and opening
along the inner edge. Seeds solitary, without albumen. Cotyledons spirally
convolute.—Undershrubs or tall climbers, often prickly. Flowers small, in
umbels, or rarely in corymbs, mostly axillary or lateral.
A considerable tropical genus, chiefly American, with a few African or Asiatic species.
1. B. aspera, Colebr. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Wall. ii. 383. A very large
woody climber, slightly tomeutose on the young parts, the inflorescences, and
calyx; the stem not prickly. Leaves broadly ovate, cordate, or nearly orbicular,
4 to 6 or even 8 in. long, very obtuse or with a short narrow point. Flowers
small, yellowish and slightly pink inside, in dense umbels or fascicles, several
of which are irregularly collected in lateral panicles shorter than the leaves.
Calyx broadly campanulate, 1£ in. long. Petals shortly bifid at the top, with
an intermediate linear pointed process much longer than the calyx. Staminal
tube with 5 ovate sterile lobes, and 5 intermediate anthers. Capsule globular,
near 2 in. diameter, covered with short stout prickles.
Rather local in Hongkong, creeping over the rocks, Champion and others. Common in
S. China, Khasia, and Assam.
3. PTEROSPERMTTM, Schreb.
Calyx tubular, 5-lobed. Petals 5. Stamens united into a column at the
base, with 5 long barren filaments and 15 shorter ones, each bearing a linear
erect 2-celled anther. Ovary shortly stalked, 5-celled, with several ovules in
each cell. Style entire. Capsule woody, with a loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds
winged at the upper end. Albumen scarcely any.—Trees or shrubs, with a
stellate or scaly pubescence. Leaves coriaceous. Flowers usually large, soli-
tary or few together, on axillary peduncles.
A genus of few species, all from tropical Asia.
1. P. acerifolitun, JTtlld.; W. and Am. Prod. Fl. Peniiu. i. 69; Wight,
Ic. t. 631. A large tree, with spreading branches. Leaves stalked, broadly
and irregularly obovate or ovate-truncate, 6 to 8 in. long, usually sinuately
toothed or shortly 5- to 7-lobed, and either peltate or deeply cordate at the
base, tomentose underneath, nearly glabrous above. Flowers 4 or 5 in. long,
white, fragrant, on short pedicels. Sepals tomentose. Petals oblique, long
and narrow. Sterile filaments nearly as long. Capsule oblong, with 5 raised
angles.
In the woods near the Buddhist Temple, Champion. The species is apparently indigenous
in the Indian Archipelago, and perhaps also in Khasia and some other parts of East India.
It is, however, frequently planted, and it is therefore uncertain whether it may not have
been introduced into Hougkong.


4(1
[Tiliaceee.
TILIACE^.
Ordee XX. TILIACE-ffi.
Sepals 6 or rarely 4, free or rarely united in a lobed calyx, valvnte in the
bud. Petals as many, imbricate in the bud, or sometimes none. Stamens
indefinite or rarely twice the number of petals, hypogyuous, free or united in
bundles at the base. Anthers terminal, 2-celled. Ovary free, 2- to 10-celled,
with several or rarely a single ovule in each cell. Style entire or divided at
the top into as many lobes as cells of the ovary, or sometimes the stigma is
sessile on the ovary. Fruit dry or succulent, indehiscent or with a loculicidal
dehiscence, or rarely separating into cocci. Seeds usually albuminous, with
a straight embryo and leafy cotyledons. Radicle next the hilum.—Trees,
shrubs, or rarely herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided, with pinnate or palmate
nerves. Stipules usually small and deciduous, rarely wanting. Flowers
usually hermaphrodite.
A considerable Order, chiefly tropical, with a very few species in the temperate regions of
the northern hemisphere.
Herbs or undersbrnbs. Flowers nearly sessile, solitary or clustered.
Stigma sessile or nearly so. Ovules several in each cell. Capsule
dehiscent 1. CoRCHORUS.
Style distinct. Ovules 2 in each cell. Capsnle echinate, indehiscent,
or separating into cocci 2. Triumfetta.
Trees or shrnbs. Flowers umbellate or racemose.
Petals entire. Flowers umbellate 3. Grewia.
Petals lobed or fringed. Flowers racemose 4. El^ocarpus.
1. COBCHORUS, Linn.
Sepals 5, rarely 4. Stamens indefinite or rarely 10, free. Ovary 2- to
5-celled, with several ovules in each cell. Stigma sessile, or on a very short
style. Capsule either long and narrow or nearly globular, opening locu-
licidally in as many valves as cells.—Herbs or utidershrubs. Flowers small,
yellow, solitary or few together, on very short axillary peduncles.
A genus of several species, widely dispersed over the tropical regions of both the New and
the Old World.
Pubescent or hairy. Capsule elongated, 3-pointed and usually 8-winged 1. C. aeutangulus.
Glabrous. Capsule nearly globular, warty, 5-furrowed 2. C. capsularii.
1. C. aeutangulus, Lam.; W. and Arn. Prod. Fl. Penitu. i. 73; Wight,
Ic. t. 739. An erect annual about 2 ft. high more or less pubescent or hairy.
Leaves stalked, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, about 2 in. long, serrate, the two
lowest teeth usually ending in long points; the lower leaves often small and
nearly orbicular. Stipules subulate. Flowers small, yellow, 1 or 2 together,
almost sessile in the axils of the leaves. Capsule nearly cylindrical, f to 1 in.
long, 6-ribbed, 3 of the ribs usually expanded into narrow wings, terminating
in 3 entire or bifid points or horns, 3-celled inside.
In waste and cultivated places, Champion and others. A common weed within the tropics,
and more especially in India.
2. C. capsularis, Linn.; W. and Arn. Prod. Fl. Penina. i. 73; Wight,
Ic. t. 311. An erect annual, 1 to 2 feet high like the last, but quite glabrous.
Leaves similar but narrower,'from ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 2 to 3 in.
long. Flowers as in C. aeutangulus. Capsule nearly globular or melon-shaped,
about 4 lines diameter, 5-celled, marked outside with 10 longitudinal furrows,
and covered with warty excrescences.


Corclwru8.~\
41
TILIACE^E.
Cultivated as Jute in Hongkong and other parts of S. China and tropical Asia, but its
precise native country is uncertain.
2. TRITTMFETTA, Linn.
Sepals 5. Petals 5 or rarely wanting. Stamens indefinite or sometimes
10, free, inserted on a short disk bearing 5 glands. Ovary 2- to 5-celled, with
2 ovules in each cell. Style filiform. Capsule nearly globular, echinate with
hooked slender prickles, indehiscent, but usually separating into as many cocci
as cells.—Herbs or undershrubs, or rarely shrubs, with more or less of stellate
pubescence. Leaves serrate, undivided or palmately 3- to 7-lobed. Flowers
yellow, solitary or fasciculate in the axils of the leaves.
A genus, like the last, widely dispersed over the tropics, especially the annual species, which
by their bnrr-like capsules are readily disseminated as weeds.
Roughly pubescent. Capsules about 2 lines diameter, with prickles not
above 1 line 1. T. angnlata.
Softly villous. Capsules above 2 liues diameter, with prickles as long or
longer 2. T. pilots.
1. T. angnlata, Lam.; W. and Am. Prod. Fl. Penins. i. 75; Wight,
Ic. t. 320. An erect branching annual, 2 to 3 ft. high, often hard and almost
woody (perhaps biennial) at the base, more or less rough with a very short
pubescence. Lower leaves long-stalked, usually broad and 3-lobed, 2 or 3 in.
diameter; the upper ones ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Flowers small, yellow,
in rather dense axillary clusters. Sepals nearly glabrous, about 2 lines long.
Petals scarcely longer. Capsules ovoid or nearly globular, about 2 lines long,
tomentose between the prickles, which are seldom 1 line long.
In waste places, Champion and others. A common weed throughout southern Asia.
2. T. pilosa, Roth; W. and Arn. Prod. Fl. Renins, i. 74. An erect
branching perennial, 2 to 3 ft. high, softly villous or tomentose in all its parts.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 2 to 4 in. long; the lower ones some-
times broad and angular or lobed, but less frequently so than in T. angulata.
Flowers larger than in that species, similarly clustered in the axils of the
leaves. Sepals usually tomentose, full 3 lines long. Petals scarcely longer.
Fruits larger than in T. angulata, hirsute all over, with the prickles from
2 to 3 lines long —T. cana, Blume; Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 263.
On roadsides and waste places, Champion and others. Common all over India.
3. GBEWIA, Linn.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, usually marked at the base on the inside with an
adnate gland or nectariferous cavity. Stamens indefinite, on a short torus,
with or without 5 glands. Ovary 2- to 4-celled, with 1 or 2, rarely 3 or 4,
ovules in each cell. Style distinct. Fruit a drupe, either entire or 2- to
4-lobed, with 1 to 4 kernels, each with 1 to 4 seeds, and spurious partitions
between the seeds.—Shrubs or trees, with more or less of stellate pubescence.
Leaves entire or serrate, 3- to 7-nerved. Peduncles usually 2 together, axil-
lary, terminal, or leaf-opposed, each bearing an umbel of several flowers, or in
a few species the flowers are in terminal panicles.


+2
[Gretcia.
TILIACE.E.
A large genus, chiefly dispersed over tropical Asia, but extending also to Africa, Australia,
nnd a few species in eastern Asia, beyond the tropics.
Flowers in terminal panicles. Drupes entire 1. G. microco*.
Flowers in small lateral or terminal umbels. Drupes lobed .... 2. C glabresceni.
1. G. microcos, Linn.; W. and Am. Prod. Fl. Fenins. i. 81; Wight,
Illustr. t. 33. A shrub or small tree, glabrous or minutely tomentose. Leaves
shortly stalked, ovate-oblong or nearly lanceolate, acuminate, 4 to 6 in. long,
slightly toothed towards the upper end. Panicles terminal, oblong, shorter
than the leaves, slightly tomentose; the flowers 2 or 3 together, sessile within
an involucre of 3 to 6 bracts, not so long as the calyx. Sepals 1\ lines long.
Petals from | to 5 as long, the cavity at the base pubescent round the edge.
Drupes glabrous, entire; the kernel 3-celled.
Rather scarce in Hongkong, Champion, but widely distributed over India, the Archipelago,
and S. China. The fruit is said to attain the size of a gooseberry, and to be generally eaten
in India.
2. G. glabrescens, Benth., n. sp. Apparently a straggling shrub; the
young branches pubescent. Leaves shortly stalked, oval-oblong or nearly
lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long, toothed, green on both sides, and glabrous or spa-
ringly sprinkled with a few short hairs on the upper side, and dotted with a
minute stellate pubescence underneath; stipules small, subulate. Umbels 1 or
2 at the ends of short leafy branches. Flowers few, tomentose or pubescent;
the peduncles and pedicels each about 3 lines long. Sepals about 2 J lines.
Petals i as long; the cavity of the base densely ciliate round the edge.
Drupes probably 2- to 6-lobed.
Hongkong, Wright. I had at first considered this to be a glabrous narrow-leaved variety
of the G. parrifiora, Bunge, Enum. PI. Chin. Bor. 9, of which, besides the original N.
Chinese specimens, we have others gathered by Fortune on the Chinese continent (n. 15);
but on a closer comparison I feel considerable doubts as to their identity.
4. ELJEOCARPTTS, Linn.
Sepals 4 or 5. Petals as many, toothed, lobed, or fringed. Stamens seve-
ral, inserted on a glandular disk. Anthers with adnate cells, opening at the
top in transverse valves, often ciliate on the edge. Ovary 3- to 5-celled, with
2 to 4 ovules in each cell. Style subulate. Fruit a drupe; the nut usually
S- to 5-celled. Seeds solitary in each cell, pendulous.—Trees. Leaves
usually narrow, entire, or serrate. Flowers in axillary or lateral racemes.
A genus of several species, from tropical Asia, the Mascarcne Islands, the Archipelago,
Australia and New Zealand.
Petals divided to the middle into a fringe of narrow lobes . . . . 1. R /anceafo/ius.
Petals crenulate or shortly toothed 2. E. chinensit.
1. E. lanceaefoliua, Jtoxb. FL Ind. ii. 598; Wight, Ic. t. 65. A tree.
Leaves shortly stalked, oblong, obtuse or shortly acuminate, 3 or 4 in. long,
serrate, narrowed at the base, coriaceous and glabrous. Racemes axillary or
lateral, below the leaves, and shorter than them. Flowers smaller than in the
common E. serratus, on pedicels about 2 lines long. Sepals 5, rather acute,
scarcely 2£ lines long. Petals glabrous, rather longer, irregularly divided to
about the middle into a fringe of narrow-linear lobes. Anthers slightly downy,
scarcely ciliate at the top. Stamens numerous. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules
in each cell. Fruit the size of a pigeon's egg, the kernel very thick and hard,


EUeocarpus.]
TIUACE.E.
pitted outside. Seed usually 1 only.—E. serratus, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot.
iii. 264, but probably uot of Linn.
Hongkong, Champion, also in Khasia. The species of Elaocarpus with fringed petals,
run very much one into another, but this is certainly nearer to the Indian E. lanceafolitu
than to the true E. terrain*. The leaves are still more narrowed at the base, and the fluwers
rather smaller than in the Khasia specimens.
2. E. chinensis, Hook. fil. A small tree. Leaves stalked, oblong or
nearly lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 3^ in. long, obtuse, slightly toothed, silky-
hairy when young, at length glabrous and shining. Flowers rather small,
dioecious, in axillary or lateral slightly tomentose racemes, 1 to 1^ in. long.
Sepals 4, acute, scarcely 2 lines long. Petals about as long, slightly tomen-
tose, obtusely toothed or very shortly lobed. Stamens about 8, without
points or beards. Ovary pubescent, 2-celled, with 2 pairs of collateral sus-
pended ovules in each cell.—Friesia chinensis, Gardn. and Champ, in Kew
Journ. Bot. i. 243, and iii. 264.
Woods of the Happy Valley, Champion, Wright. Not as yet gathered out of the island.
Okder XXL POLYGALACEiE.
Flowers irregular. Sepals 5, imbricate in the bud, the 2 innermost usually
larger and petal-like. Petals 3 or 5, usually adhering at the base to the sta-
minal tube; the lower one or keel concave, enclosing the stamens and pistil;
the 2 upper ones connivent, the 2 lateral ones small or wanting. Stamens 8,
rarely 4, hypogynous; the filaments united in a tube open on the upper side.
Anthers erect, 1- or 2-celled, each cell opening by a pore at the top. Ovary
free, laterally compressed, 2-celled or rarely 1-celled; the partition at right-
angles to the sides, with 1 or rarely 2 superposed ovules in each cell. Style
single, entire or 2-lobed at the top. Fruit either a capsule opening loculici-
dally, or an indehiscent nut, samara, or drupe. Seed pendulous, having fre-
quently a caruncle at the hilnm, with or without albumen. Embryo straight
in the axis. Radicle superior.—Herbs or undershrubs, rarely climbers or
shrubs. Leaves usually alternate, simple, undivided, and entire, without sti-
pules. Flowers in axillary or terminal spikes or racemes, rarely solitary or
paniculate.
A rather numerous Order, ranging over the warmer and temperate regions of the globe.
Ovary 2-celled. Capsule thin and flat. Herbs or shrubs.
Sepals nearly equal. Anthers 4. Flowers very small .... 1. Salomonia.
Two sepals large and petal-like. Anthers 8 2. Polyoala.
Ovary 1-celled. Fruit winged, indehiscent. Tree or tall climber . 3. Securidaca.
L SALOMONIA, Lour.
Sepals nearly equal. Upper and lateral petals nearly equal; the keel larger,
slightly 3-lobed. Anthers 4. Ovary 2-celled. Capsule thin and flat, obcor-
date, usually ciliate, opening at the edge. Seeds without a caruncle.—Small
slender herbs. Flowers very small, in terminal racemes or spikes.
A genua of very few species, all from tropical Asia.
Leaves slightly stalked, broadly cordate or orbicular 1. 51 cantonientu.
Leaves sessile, oblong 2. S. oblongifotia.


POLYOALACE.E.
[Salomouia.
1. S. cantoniensis, Lour.; DC. Prod. i. 334. An erect or spreading
glabrous annual, 3 to 6 in. high. Leaves on very short stalks, broadly cor-
date or orbicular, the largest about half an inch diameter, but most of them
much smaller. Flowers pink, scarcely a line long, iu terminal leafless racemes
or loose spikes about an inch long. Capsule about a line broad, but not so
long, flattened, didymous, bordered with a fringe of hairs or slender teeth.
Iu marshy fields, Champion and others. Extends from S. China to the hilly districts of
northern and eastern India.
2. S. oblongifolia, DC. Prod. i. 334. A slender glabrous annual like
the last, but usually rather smaller and less branched. Leaves sessile, the
larger ones oblong, 3 to 4 lines long and scarcely above 1 broad; the lower
ones smaller and ovate. Flowers and capsules like those of S. cantoniensis;
the spikes usually rather more slender.—S. obovata, Wight, Illustr. t. 22.
In fields, Hance. Common in the warmer districts of India, from Ceylon and the Penin-
sula to the Archipelago and the Philippine Islands.
2. POLYGALA, Linn.
Sepals 3 outer small, 2 inner much larger, erect and petal-like. Petals 2
upper ones narrow and connivent, 2 lateral ones very small or wanting, the
lowest or keel larger than the others, concave, hooded, and either 3-lobed or
crested at the top. Stamens united above the middle, with 8 anthers. Ovary
2-celled, with 1 ovule in each. Style either dilated at the top with a lateral
stigma, or with 2 or 4 short stigmatic lobes. Capsule flat, thin or rarely co-
riaceous, orbicular, obovate, or elliptical, opening at the edges.—Herbs, un-
dershrubs, or shrubs. Leaves alternate, or in a very few species opposite.
Eaceines or spikes terminal or lateral, sometimes reduced to clusters, rarely
paniculate.
A large genus, ranging over the whole area of the Order/excepting Australia.
Annual. Leaves obtuse. Flowers pink and green, in short sessile clusters 1. P. glomerata.
Perennial Upper leaves acute. Flowers pink and green, in short racemes 2. P. elegant.
Tall half-climbing shrub. Flowers large, yellow, in long racemes . . 3 P. arillata.
1. P. glomerata, Lour.; Miq. Fl. Ned. hid. i. part ii. 125. A decum-
bent or ascending pubescent annual, branched only near the base, and attaining
1 to 1 \ ft. in length. Leaves from broadly ovate to oblong, or the upper ones
very narrow, 1 to \ or even 2 iu. long, all obtuse. Flowers inconspicuous,
green or slightly pink, crowded in short axillary or lateral racemes, usually
reduced to almost capitate clusters. Wings (or inner sepals) oblong-falcate,
about 2 lines long, very acute, or shortly aristate. Keel-petal cristate. Cap-
sules about 3 lines broad, and not so long, didymous, dilate or hispid round
the edge.
Hongkong, Champion, Wright. Common in the moist rich soils of eastern India and the
Archipelago, And perhaps only a luxuriant variety of the widely spread P. arvensis.
2. P. elegans, Wall.; Royle, Illustr. 76, t. 11,/. A. (P. myrsimtes on
the plate). Stems ascending, branched at the base, and attaining from 6 in.
to \ ft. in height, much as in the last, but proceeding from a perennial al-
most woody stock, and the plant is scarcely pubescent. Lower leaves ovate
and small; the upper ones lanceolate, acute, 1 to 1 \ in. long. Flowers larger
than in the last, greenish, with pink tips, in rather loose but short terminal or


Polygala.]
POLYGALACEjE.
lateral racemes, often not above \ in. long. Bracts linear, deciduous; inner
sepals full 3 lines long. Capsule shorter, orbicular, surrounded by a broad
wing. P. Loureiri, Gardn. and Champ, in Kew Joum. Bot. i. 242.
Mount Victoria, Champion, also Wright. Frequent in the mountain districts of northern
India, and very nearly allied on the one hand to the P. lleyneana from the Peninsula, and
on the other to a species from Loochoo, which may be the P.japonica, Houtt.
3. P. arillata, Ham.; W. and Arn. Prod. Fl. Penins. i. 39; Wight,
Ic. t. 946. A tall bushy shrub, with weak half-climbing branches, slightly
pubescent, as well as the petioles and veins of the leaves. Leaves shortly
stalked, oblong, 4 to 6 in. long, mostly acute. Flowers yellow and showy in
terminal or leaf-opposed racemes, 3 or 4 in. or more long. Inner sepals
broadly oblong, oblique, 7 or 8 lines long. Keel-petal crested at the top.
Capsule broadly orbicular, slightly didymous, 6 lines diameter, coriaceous,
and prominently veined. Seeds globular, with a large carunculus.
Rare in Hongkong, Champion, on Mount Parker, Wilford, also Wright. Abundant in
the bills of northern India, extending to the Peninsula and Ceylon.
3. SECUBIDACA, Linn.
Sepals 3 outer small, 2 inner much larger, erect and petal-like. Petals 2
upper ones narrow and connivent, 2 lateral small or wanting, the lowest and
outermost or keel concave, hooded, and usually 3-lobed at the top. Stamens
united above the middle with 8 obscurely bilocular anthers. Ovary 1-celled,
with 1 pendulous ovule. Style falcate, with an entire or 2-lobed, or dilated
stigma. Fruit an indehiscent samara, with a single seed in the base, winged
at the top, and often crested on the edge or sides. Seed without any carun-
culus.—Woody climbers. Leaves alternate, often large. Flowers in axillary
or terminal racemes, often branching into panicles.
A considerable genus in tropical America, with two or perhaps three Asiatic or African
species.
1. S. scandens, Ham. in Wall. Catal. n. 4195. A tall woody climber,
glabrous or very slightly pubescent on the young shoots. Leaves shortly
stalked, ovate-elliptical or oblong, 3 or 4 in. long. Flowers red, numerous,
on slender pedicels, in a broad terminal rather loose panicle. Inner sepals
about 3 lines long, keel nearly as long, 2 upper petals shorter, the lateral
ones wholly wanting. Fruit glabrous, with much-raised veins, and ending in
a wing full 2 in. long and \ in. broad ; the inner edge thickened, and notched
about i-way up by the scar of the stigma.
In the woods of Little Hongkong, Wilford. Common in northern and eastern India.
Order XXII. SAPINDACILffi.
Sepals 4 or 5, imbricate in the bud, free or rarely united into a cup-
shaped calyx. Petals as many or one fewer, free, hypogynous, imbricate in
the bud, having often a scale on the inside inserted near the base. Stamens
5 to 10, or rarely up to 20, often 2 less than twice the number of sepals, in-
serted within, upon, or rarely outside, an hypogynous disk, which is sometimes
reduced to 1 or more glands. Anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally.
Ovary free, 3-celled, or rarely 2- or 4-celled. Ovules 1 or 2, or rarely more


46 8APINDACE.E. [Sapindacea.
in each cell. Styles as many as ovary-cells, usually more or less united.
Fruit either a dehiscent capsule, or indehiscent and succulent or separating
into winged nuts. Seeds usually arillate. Albumen none (except in Sta-
phylea). Embryo curved or twisted or rarely straight, with thick cotyledons
sometimes completely united in a fleshy mass. Radicle next the hilum.—
Trees, shrubs, or climbers, or very rarely herbs. Leaves alternate or in some
genera opposite, with or without stipules, often pinnate or otherwise com-
pound. Flowers usually small, in terminal racemes or panicles.
A large Order, chiefly tropical, with a few representatives, chiefly among the opposite-
leaved genera, in the more temperate regions both of the northern and the southern hemi-
spheres.
Suborder 1. Sapindese. Stamens within or upon the disk. Seeds teithout albumen.
Leaves alternate. Carpels or cells usually 3.
Herbaceous or sufirutescent climber. Leaves much dissected.
Capsule vesicular 1. Cardiospermum.
Tree. Leaves pinnate. Fruit succulent, indchisceut . . . .• 2. Nephelium.
Leaves opposite. Carpels or cells usually 2 3. Acer.
Suborder 2. Staphyleee. Stamens outside the disk. Seeds albuminous.
Leaves opposite. Stamens 5. Cells usually 3 4. Turpixia.
1. CARDIOSPERMUM, Linn.
Sepals 4, the 2 outer smaller. Petals 4, in 2 pairs, the 2 larger with a large
flat inner scale, the 2 smaller with a hooded or crested inner scale. Disk re-
duced to 2 glands. Stamens 8, obliquely surrounding the ovary. Ovary ex-
centrical, 3-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Stigmas 3, nearly sessile. Cap-
side vesicular, membranous, more or less 3-cornered, opening loculicidally.
Seeds in the centre of each cell, globose, with a thick funiculus or small aril.—
Herbs or undershrubs, mostly climbing. Leaves dissected. Flowers few,
small, on long axillary peduncles, usually bearing a tendril under the panicle.
A small American genus, of which 2 species are widely spread also over the Old world
within the tropics.
1. C. Halicacabum, Linn.; DC. Prod. i. 601; Wight, Ic. t. 508. A
straggling or somewhat climbing annual, or perhaps perennial, attaining seve-
ral feet in length, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Leaves usually twice ternate,
with ovate or ovate-lanceolate segments, coarsely toothed or lobed; the upper
leaves smaller, narrower, and less divided. Peduncles 2 or 3 in. long, bearing
a double or treble short recurved tendril under the small panicle, which is
often reduced to an umbel of few small white flowers. Capsule flat on the top,
usually pubescent.
Hongkong, trailing over shrubs, or scrambling among the herbage, Hance. A common
weed in most tropical regions. The Hongkong specimens belong to the variety with fruits
scarcely J in. diameter, often considered as a distinct species (C. microcarpum, H. B. & K.).
It is fully as frequent and as widely spread as the typical form, with fruits above an inch dia-
meter. A nearly allied species, C. canescens, Wall., is nearly as common in India, and may
appear in the island of Hongkong. It is more frequently pubescent, and the shape of the
fruit is different, being nearly round, never flat-topped.
2. NEPHELIUM, Linn.
Sepals 4 to 6, sometimes united in a cup-shaped calyx. Petals as many or
none. Disk annular. Stamens usually twice as many as sepals, inserted' in-


Nephelium.']
47
SAPINDACE.T..
side the disk. Ovary central, shortly stalked, 2-lobed, 2-celled, with 1 erect
ovule in each cell. Style erect, with 2 recurved stigmatic lobes. Fruit globular
or ovoid, succulent and indehiscent, usually warted or muricate. Seeds nearly
globular, without albumen, enclosed in a fleshy arillus.—Trees, with alternate
pinnate leaves, and entire coriaceous leaflets. Flowers small, paniculate.
The species are all from southern Asia, or the Indian Archipelago.
1. N. Litacbi, Camb.; Miq. Fl. Ned.Ind. i.parl ii. 555; Wight, Ic. t. 43.
A tree, glabrous in all its parts. Leaves abruptly pinnate; leaflets in 2 to 4
pairs, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 4 in. long, entire, coriace-
ous and shining. Flowers small and numerous, in trichotomous cymes, form-
ing an oblong terminal leafless panicle. Calyx small, cup-shaped, slightly 4- or
5-toothed. Petals none. Fruit edible, warted, about an inch diameter.
Frequent in Hongkong, as on the adjoining continent, but in most eases planted for its
frnit. It is, however, believed to be a native of S. China, although its precise indigenous
stations have not been ascertained. The Lour/an, another species of Nephelium, is also cul-
tivated in the island.
3. ACER, Linn.
Sepals usually 5, imbricate. Petals 5, or sometimes 4, or entirely wanting.
Stamens about 8, inserted on the disk. Ovary 2-lobed, or rarely 3-lobed, each
lobe enclosing 1 cell, with 2 suspended ovules. Styles 2, rarely 3, often
united at the base. Fruit separating into as many indehiscent samaras, winged
at the top. Seeds without albumen.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite,
palmately veined, entire or lobed. Flowers small, greenish, in axillary or ter-
minal corymbs or racemes.
A genns not numerous in species, but widely spread over the temperate regions of the
northern hemisphere, extending also within the tropics to the mountainous districts of India.
Leaves glaucous or whitish underneath. Corymbs pubescent. Wings
of the carpels slightly divergent 1. J. oblongum.
Leaves green on both sides, much veined. Corymbs glabrous. Wings
of the carpels divaricate 2. A.reticulatum,
1. A. oblongum, Wall.; DC. Prod. i. 593; Decne. in Jacquem. Voy.
t. 34. A tree. Leaves on rather long stalks, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acu-
minate, quite entire, penninerved, with the smaller veins scarcely conspicuous,
2 to 4 in. long, glabrous, but glaucous or nearly white underneath. Flowers
very small and greenish, in small pubescent trichotomous panicles or corymbs,
at the ends of the branches. Fruits glabrous, their wings about an inch long,
and but slightly divergent.
Hongkong, Wright. A common tree in the mountains of northern and eastern India, ex-
tending also to Loochoo Island.
2. A. reticulatum, Cltamp. in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 312; Seem. Bot.
Her. t. 80. A tree, much resembling the last in the shape and size of its
leaves and in inflorescence, but the leaves are much firmer, green on both
sides, and the reticulate smaller veins much more prominent; the petioles are
shorter, the corymbs or panicles quite glabrous, the flowers rather larger, and
the wings of the carpels rather longer and narrower and much more spread-
ing. The flowers are white, 3 to 4 lines in diameter, with rose-tinted sepals.
On Mount Goiifrh and in the Happy Valley woods, Champion, Wilford. Not known out
of the island.


48
[Turpinia.
SAPINDACE*.
4. TURPINIA, Vent.
Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 5. Disk annular, between the stamens and
ovary. Ovary sessile, 3-celled, with several (usually 6 or 8) ascending ovules
in each cell. Styles 3, slightly cohering, with a 3-lobed stigma. Fruit suc-
culent and indehiscent, nearly globular or 3-pointed at the top. Seeds few,
with a fleshy albumen. Embryo straight or slightly curved.—Trees or shrubs.
Leaves opposite, either pinnate or apparently simple (when reduced to a single
leaflet). Flowers usually white, in axillary or terminal panicles.
A geuas of few species, indigenous to tropical Asia or America. The Staphylett, to which
it belongs, are usually considered as forming an independent Order.
Leaves undivided (of a single leaflet). Flowers about 3 lines long . . 1. T. arguta.
Leaves pinnate, with 3 or 5 leaflets. Flowers about 1 line long. . , 2. T. nepalensis.
1. T. arguta, Seem. Bot. Her. 371. A shrub of 3 or 4 feet in height.
Leaves on short stalks, undivided, that is, reduced to a single leaflet, which,
when old, shows an articulation on the petiole, broadly or narrow oblong,
slightly crenate, 3 to 6 in. long, glabrous. Flowers of a dirty white, or pur-
plish when in bud, about 3 lines long, in a rather dense terminal oblong
panicle. Inner sepals and petals oblong-ovate, about equal in length, the two
outer sepals rather smaller. Disk scarcely crenate. Fruit nearly globular, 5
or 6 lines diameter, containing usually 2 or 3 seeds.—Ochranthe arguta, Lindl.
Bot. Reg. t. 1819. Eyrea vernalis, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 331.
Staphylea simplicifolia, Gardn. and Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. i. 309; see
also Planch, in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4, ii. 256.
In ravines on Mount Victoria and Mount Gough, Champion and others. Not as yet
found out of S. China. Some specimens so closely resemble those of T. insignu, Tul. {Lace-
pedea, H.B. K.), from Mexico, as to make it difficult to draw up a good diagnosis. The
panicle is narrower and more dense, and the flowers larger and especially longer.
2. T. nepalensis, Walp.; W. and Am. Prod. Ft. Penins. i. 156;
Wight, Ic. t. 972. A tree, glabrous in all its parts. Leaves evergreen, pin-
nate; the common stalk 3 to 6 in. long; leaflets 3 or 5, shortly petiolulate,
oblong or elliptical, acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long, entire or slightly toothed.
Flowers small, white and numerous, in trichotomous panicles in the axils of the
upper leaves, and shorter than the stems. Sepals and petals broad, scarcely
a line long. Fruit globular, often 3-pointed, especially when young.
Common in the island, Champion and others. Extends over the hilly districts of India
and eastern tropical Asia.
Ouder XXIII. MALPIGHIACE.E.
Sepals 5, usually with a conspicuous gland at the base of one or more of
them, imbricate in the bud. Petals 5, distinctly unguiculate, convolute in
the bud. Stamens 10, or rarely fewer, usually shortly monadelphous at the
base. Carpels usually 3, sometimes 2 or 4, altogether or partially united, the
styles distinct or united. Ovules solitary in each, orthotropous, rising up from
a long pendulous pedicel, with which they form a sort of hook. Fruit inde-
hiscent, entire or separable into 3 (or 2) nuts, often variously winged or
crested. Seed obliquely suspended. Albumen none. Embryo, with a short


Malpit/hiacea.]
49
MALPIGHIACE.E.
superior radicle.—Trees, shrubs, pr climbers, rarely herbs. Leaves opposite
or rarely alternate, usually entire. Stipules usually small and deciduous. In-
florescence various.
A considerable Order, almost confined to the tropics, chiefly American, with a few Asiatic
or African species.
1. HIPTAGE, Gsertn.
Sepals 5, with one large gland between two of them at the base. Stamens
10, unequal, incurved. Style simple. Ovary 3-lobed. Fruit separating into
3 or 2 carpels, each with 3 wings, the central one elongated, with a short
crest on the back.—Tall climbers. Leaves opposite.
A small genus, confined to the tropical regions of the Old World.
1. H. Madablota, Geertn.; Waif. Rep. v. 294; Wight, IUtutr. t. 50.
A tall woody climber, glabrous, except the young shoots and inflorescences,
which are hoary with a closely appressed pubescence. Leaves oval-oblong,
acuminate, 3, 4, or rarely 5 in. long, narrowed into a very short petiole,
coriaceous and often shining above. Flowers white, yellowish at the base of
the upper petal, in axillary racemes, usually forming a terminal leafy panicle.
Pedicels about f in. Sepals obtuse, 3 or 4 lines long. Petals longer, re-
flexed, fringed on the margin. Wings of the carpels oblong, the inner one
erect, \ in. long, the outer ones shorter, narrow, and spreading.
In the Happy Valley, festooning the trees, more rare on rocks on Mount Gough, Cham-
pion. Widely distributed over the greater part of tropical Asia. The H. obtiuifolia, Roxb.,
Fl. Ind. ii. 369, is a nearly allied but apparently distinct species, introduced into the Calcutta
Garden from S. China, but not as yet found in Hongkong.
Order XXIV. ATJRANTIACUffi.
Sepals 3 to 5, usually united in a short toothed or lobed calyx. Petals 3
to 5, inserted on the outside of a hypogynous disk, slightly imbricate in the
bud. Stamens twice as many, or in a few genera indefinite, inserted out-
side the disk. Filaments often flattened, and sometimes united at the base.
Anthers versatile. Ovary entire, of 1 or more cells, with 1, 2, or more, usually
pendulous ovules in each. Style simple, with an entire or slightly lobed
thickish stigma. Fruit entire, indehiscent, juicy or pulpy, the cells occasion-
ally separable from the thickened rind. Seeds attached to the axis, the raphe
and chalaza usually prominent, without albumen. Cotyledons thick and fleshy.
Radicle short.—Trees or shrubs, usually glabrous, and filled everywhere with
little glands or receptacles of volatile oil. Leaves alternate, pinnate or simple
and otherwise entire. Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary or in cymes or
panicles, usually white and fragrant.
An Order not very numerous in species, almost limited to tropical Asia, with a few African
or N. Australian species.
Leaves pinnate. Inflorescence terminal. Ovules usually 2 in each cell,
superposed. Style more or less deciduous.
Flowers corymbose. Petals narrow, erect at the base. (Ovary 2-celled) 1. Murhava.
Flowers paniculate. Petals short, concave. (Ovary 5-celled)... 2. Ci.ausena.
E


50 aurantiace.e. [Aurantiacea.
Leaves pinnate or nnifoliolate. Panicles small, mostly axillary. . Ovule
solitary. Stigma persistent 3. Glycosmis.
Leaves simple. Flowers in small axillary clusters. Ovules usually 2,
collateral 4. Atalantia.
I. MTJRRAYA, Linn.
Calyx 5-lobed or 5-cleft. Petals 5, free. Stamens 10, free. Ovary raised
on a short disk, 2-celled (sometimes 3- to 5-celled), with 2 ovules in each,
either superposed or rarely collateral. Style as long or longer than the ovary,
and continuous with it. Berry 1- or 2-seeded.—Unarmed shrubs or small
trees. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in terminal corymbs.
A small tropical Asiatic genns.
1. M. exotica, Linn.; W. and Jm. Prod. Fl. Penins. i. 94; Wight, Ic.
t. 96. A glabrous shrub or small tree. Leaflets 5 to 7, alternate, cuneate-
obovate, obtuse or obtusely acuminate, f to 1£ in. long, coriaceous and shining.
Flowers of a pure white, very fragrant, in compact terminal sessile corymbs.
Petals near \ in. long, erect at the base, spreading in the upper half. Ovary
2-celled. Berry globular, usually 1-seeded.
In Hongkong, perhaps only where planted, Champion. Generally cultivated in tropical
Asia, but believed to be a real native of S. China and N. E. India.
2. CLAUSENA, Burm.
(Cookia, Sonner.)
Calyx 4- or 5-cleft. Petals 4 or 5, ovate, concave. Stamens 8 or 10.
Ovary raised on a short disk, 4- or 5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, usually
superposed, rarely collateral. Style short, deciduous. Berry usually 4- or 5-
celled, with 1 seed in each cell.—Small trees. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in
terminal panicles or loose racemes.
A genus of several species, from tropical Asia or Africa.
1. C. Wampi, Oliv. MS. A tree, with the young branches, petioles,
and inflorescence covered with minute asperities, but otherwise glabrous.
Leaflets 7 to 9, usually alternate, very obliquely ovate, obtuse or obtusely acu-
minate, 3 to 4 in. long. Flowers small, white, crowded on the smaller branches
of rather large terminal broad panicles. Petals scarcely 2 lines long. Ovary
villous. Berry globular, at most 1 in. long.—Cookia Wampi, Blanco, Fl. Filip.
358. Cookia punctata, Betz; W. and Am. Prod. Fl. Penins. i. 95.
Cultivated in Hongkong, as in other parts of tropical Asia, for its fruit, known under the
name of Whampee (Whung-Pi, Roxb.). It is believed, however, to be really native in S. China.
3. GLYCOSMIS, Corr.
Sepals usually 5. Petals as many, free. Stamens twice as many, free;
the anthers often tipped with a gland. Ovary raised on a short disk, usually
5-celled, with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Style conical, very short, thick,
continuous with the ovary and persistent. Berry 1- or 2-seeded, crowned
by the stigma.—Shrubs or trees, without thorns. Leaves pinnate and simple
(unifoliolate) on the same stem. Flowers small, in axillary or rarely terminal
short panicles.
A small genus, dispersed over tropical Asia and Australia, with perhaps one African species.


Glycotmis.~\
51
AUBANTIACE.E.
1. G. citrifolia, Lindl. in Trans. Hort. Soc. vi. 72. A tall glabrous
shrub. Leaves some simple, on short petioles, oblong-elliptical and obtuse, or
oblong-lanceolate and acuminate, 3 to 5 in. long; others pinnate, with 2 or 3
rather smaller leaflets. Panicles dense, shorter or scarcely longer than the
petioles of the pinnate leaves. Flowers and ovary almost always 5-merous.
Berry globular, depressed and oblique, very pulpy, about £ in. diameter.—
Limonia parvifolia, Bot. Mag. t. 2416.
Bather scarce in Hongkong, Champion; also Sauce and Wright. In the adjacent parts
of S. China, in the Philippine Isles, and in Borneo, and probably a variety only of the
0. arborea, a species widely diffused over tropical Asia and Australia.
4. ATALANTIA, Corr.
(Sclerostylis, Bl. Severinia, Ten.)
Calyx 4- or 5-cleft or lobed. Petals 4 or 5, free. Stamens 8 or 10, or
rarely about 15; filaments free or united in a tube. Ovary of 2 or 4 cells,
with 1 or 2 collaterally pendulous ovules in each. Style short and thick, con-
tinuous with the ovary. Berry globular, usually with 1 or 2 seeds.—Shrubs
often thorny. Leaves simple. Flowers in axillary clusters or very short
racemes.
A genus of several species, dispersed over tropical Asia and Australia.
Stamens 10 I. A. bnrifolia
Stamens about 15 i. A. Hindsii.
1. A. buxifolia, Oliv. MS. A small shrub or dwarf tree, glabrous or
with the young branches pubescent, often armed with stout axillary thorns.
Leaves obovate-oblong, very obtuse or emarginate, 1 to 1^ in. long, narrowed
into a very short petiole, marked with numerous fine veins. Flowers sessile
or nearly so, solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axils of the leaves. Petals 5,
about 2 lines long. Stamens 10, free. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each
cell. Berry nearly globular, depressed, black when ripe.—Limonia bilocukiris,
lioxb. Fl. lnd. ii. 377. Sclerostylisatalantioides, W. and Arn. Prod. Fl. Penins.
1. 93. Severinia baxifolia, Ten. Cat. Hort. Nap. 96. Sclerostylis buxifolia,
Benth. in Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 326; Seem. Bot. Her. t. 81.
Abundant in the island. Champion and others. Also on the adjacent continent and north-
wards to Formosa, but not known out of S. China, the indications of the Indian Peninsular
station having probably originated in a garden mistake.
1. A. Hindsii, Oliv. MS. A glabrous shrub, with stout axillary thorns.
Leaves oval-elliptical or oblong, obtuse, 2^ to 3 in. long, obtuse at the base,
on a short broad petiole, coriaceous, with fewer veins than the last species.
Flowers shortly pedicellate, in axillary clusters, usually 5-merous. Petals
about 3 lines long. Stamens about I 5, irregularly united, but sometimes be-
coming quite free after the flower opens. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovules in
each cell. Style very short and thick. Berry globular, rather large, of an
orange-colour.—Atalantia monophylla, Benth. in Lond. Joum. Bot. i. 483, not
of DC. Sclerostylis Hindsii, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 328; Seem. Bot.
Her. t. 82. S. venosa, Champ. 1. c. (a slight variety, with the flowers occasion-
ally 4-merous).
Common in Hongkong, Champion and others. Not known from elsewhere. The struc-
ture of the flowers, as observed by Oliver, shows some approach to that of Citrus.
E 2


52
[Olaeacea.
OLACACE*.
Order XXV. OLACACEiE.
Calyx small, truncate or toothed. Petals 4 to 6, hypogynous ov slightly
perigynous, valvate in the bud, sometimes cohering in pairs or united into a
tubular or campanulate corolla. Stamens inserted with the petals, or their
filaments united with the tube of the corolla, equal to or twice the number of
petals or rarely fewer. Torus small or forming a small disk, adhering to the
base of the calyx. Ovary either entirely 1-celled, or divided at the base into
3 or 4 cells, or entirely divided into 3 collateral cells. Ovules 2, 3, or 4,
pendulous, one descending into each of the partial cells. Fruit a drupe, either
free and superior or enclosed in the enlarged calyx, or more or less adnate
and inferior. Seed solitary, usually appearing (by its union with the placenta)
erect from the base. Albumen copious. Embryo small, straight, with a
small radicle next the hilum.—Trees, shrubs, or rarely woody climbers.
Leaves alternate, entire, without stipules.
A tropical Order widely distributed over the New as well as the Old World.
1. SCHCEPFIA, Wall.
Calyx small, adhering to the base of the ovary, the free border reduced to
an entire ring. Petals united into a tubular or campanulate 4- to 6-lobed
corolla. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, and alternate with
them, the filaments adnate to its tube. Fruit a semi-inferior drupe, adnate to
the enlarged calyx.
A small genos, ranging over tropical Asia and America.
1. S. chinensis, Gardn. and Champ, in Keic Journ. Bot. i. 308. A
small much-branched tree or tall straggling shrub, glabrous in all its parts.
Leaves from ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 2| to 3 in. long,
narrowed into a short petiole, rather thick, with a few slender veins diverging
from the midrib. Peduncles short, bearing 1 to 3 sessile flowers, placed
usually in the axils of young leaves, forming lateral or terminal leafy racemes.
Flowers sweet-scented, usually pink, but varying to nearly white (or yellow-
ish ?), nodding, 5 or 6 lines long, the tube rather broad, the lobes very short
and spreading. Drupe oblong, very obtuse, 5 to 7 lines long.
Abundant in the Happy Valley woods, Champion and others, but not as yet found out of
the island.
Order XXVI. AMPELIDEE.
Calyx minute. Petals 4 or B, hypogynous, small, valvate in the bud, dis-
tinct or cohering at the base or at the top. Stamens as many as and oppo-
site to the petals, hypogynous, free and distinct or monadelphous. Ovary 2-
to 6-celled, with 2 collateral ovules or rarely a single ovule, erect in each cell.
Style simple, often very short, or the stigma sessile. Fruit a berry, with 1 or
2 bony seeds. Embryo very small, in the base of a copious albumen, the ra-
dicle superior.—Stems usually woody, climbing by means of leaf-opposed ten-
drils. Leaves alternate or the lower ones opposite, simple or compound.
Stipules small, deciduous. Flowers small, greenish, in leaf-opposed cymes or
panicles.
An Order of very few genera, but widely distributed over the tropical regions of the globe,
with a few species natives of more temperate climes.


.Fitit.] vrri9. 53
1. VITIS, Linn.
Petals and free stamens inserted on a hypogynous disk. Ovary 2-celled,
with 2 collateral erect ovules in each cell.—Vines, with the remaining charac-
ters, habit, and distribution of the Order.
Leaves broadly cordate, undivided or lobed.
Petals 5, cohering at the top. Stigma sessile.
Leaves glabrous when full grown 1. V. parrifolia.
Leaves covered underneath with a rusty wool 2. V. lanata.
Petals 5, spreading. Style short, conical 8. V. heterophylla.
Petals 4, cohering at the top. Style subulate 4. V. cordata.
Leaves compound.
Leaflets 3, digitate 5. V. angiutifolia.
Leaflets 5, pedate 6. V. corniculata.
Leaflets 5 (rarely 3), pinnate, or the lower pinnce again ternately
compomid 7. V. eantonieiuis.
1. V. parvifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 662. Young shoots and leaves co-
vered with a short loose tomentum, which very soon disappears. Leaves
glabrous when full grown, broadly cordate, acuminate, seldom above 3 in.
long and 2 in. broad, coarsely toothed, undivided or broadly 3-lobed, and ra-
ther thin. Panicle oblong, usually shorter than the leaves. Flowers very small,
on short slender pedicels. Petals 5, cohering at the top and falling off all to-
gether. Stigma sessile on the top of the ovary.—V. succUa, Hance in Walp.
Ann. ii. 231. V.fexuosa, Thunb. in Trans. Soc. Linn. ii. 332 (according to
Siebold's specimens).
Hongkong, Wright, Wilford. Common in the Himalaya and Khasia mountains, per-
haps also in Java; but the specimens (Zollinger, n. 909) are somewhat doubtful. Extends
northwards to Japan, and the North American V. cordifolia is scarcely to be distinguished
from it. It is very near the common Grape-Vine, but has always the leaves much smaller.
2. V. lanata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 660. Young branches, under side of the
leaves, and panicles clothed with a close, dense, rusty-coloured wool. Leaves
broad, cordate at the base, usually obtuse, often 4 or even 5 in. long and
broad, coarsely toothed, undivided or rarely broadly and shortly lobed, rather
thick, glabrous above but retaining the wool underneath. Flowers very small,
in pedunculate narrow panicles like those of the last species, but with 2 to 4
long spreading branches at the base. Petals 5, cohering at the top and fall-
ing off all together. Stigma sessile on the top of the ovary. Berry small,
purple, globular.
Hongkong, Wright. Common in northern and eastern India.
3. V. heterophylla, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 108. Whole plant glabrous or
the young shoots very slightly pubescent. Leaves broadly cordate, acumi-
nate, coarsely toothed, 2 or 3 in. long and broad, mostly undivided, but some
broadly 3- or 5-lobed, others more deeply divided, with the lobes elongated
and sinuate or almost pinnatifid. Flowers larger than in the two last species,
in shortly pedunculate, dichotomous, broadly corymbose cymes. Petals 5,
spreading, bent inwards and thickened at the top, near 1 line long. Style
short and conical. Berry small, globular.—Ampeloptis heterophylla, Sieb.
and Zucc. Fl. Jap. Fam. Nat. fasc. i. 89.
Hongkong, Wright, sent with V. parvifolia, which it sometimes resembles in foliage, but
the inflorescence and flowers are very different. Also in Formosa, Wilford, and in Japan.


64
[FittS.
AMPELlDEiE.
4. V. cordata, Wall. Catal. n. 6008 {partly). Very glabrous and some-
what glaucous in all its parts, the young stems succulent and disarticulating
at the joints in the dried specimens. Leaves on rather long petioles, cordate,
acuminate, 2£ to 4 in. long and nearly as broad, entire except small, almost
bristle-like distant teeth. Flowers, like those of the last species, in corymbose
dichotomous cymes. Petals 4, about 1 line long, cohering at the top and
falling oif all together. Style subulate, with a terminal stigma. —Cissus cor-
data, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. i. 407.
Hongkong, Hance. Extends over northern and eastern India. The leaves in the Chinese
plant are not so deeply cordate as in most of the Indian specimens, but are precisely similar
to some of those from Assam.
5. V. angustifolia, Wall. Catal. n. 6033. Whole plant glabrous or
very slightly pubescent on the young shoots and inflorescences. Leaves di-
gitately compound, the common petiole 1 to 1£ in. long. Leaflets 3, petio-
lulntc, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-acuminate, 1£ to 3 in. long and seldom 1
in. broad, with a few remote serratures. Flowers in loose trichotoinous or
dichotomous cymes, the common peduncle seldom above \ in. long. Petals
4, less than 1 line long, spreading, 2 of them bearing outside at the top a cal-
lous protuberance or short point or horn, the other two without it. Style
scarcely any, with a 2-lobed sfigina.—Cissus angustifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i.
408.
Hongkong, Wright. Also in Silhet and Assam, and, according to Roxburgh, in Sumatra.
6. V. coraiculata, Benth., n. sp. Whole plant glabrous. Leaves pe-
date, that is, the common petiole divided into 3, the central branch bearing
1 leaflet, the 2 lateral ones 2 each. Leaflets petiolulate, ovate-acuminate or
oblong, coarsely toothed, the central one 2 in. long or more, the others rather
smaller. Flowers full 1 line long, rather crowded in dichotomous or tricho-
tomous cymes, on a common peduncle of 2 in. or more. Petals 4, oblong,
slightly cohering at the top, all bearing on the outside near the top a hood-
like appendage ending in a fine point, which is at first erect, afterwards
spreading or recurved. Style shortly subulate.
In a ravine on Mount Victoria, Wilford, also Wright; not received from elsewhere. It
is very near the V. japonica, Sieb. and Zucc. (Cissus japonica, DC), a widely distributed
plant, extending from the Himalaya to Japan, and gathered in S. China by JUillett, and at
Amoy by Fortune (A. 101), but the shape of the petals is very different. The leaves are also
more of the consistence of those of V. canloniensit, and very smooth, although shaped as
in V. japonica, and the cymes have little or none of the scaly hoariness of the latter species.
7. V. cantoniensis, Seem. Bot. Her. 370. Glabrous in all its parts.
Leaves some simply pinnate; with 3 or B leaflets, others decompound; the
lower pinnae bearing 3 leaflets each, the upper ones consisting of a single one.
Leaflets ovate, whitish underneath, the larger ones 2 to 3 in. long, coarsely
crenate or toothed and rather broad, but in many leaves they are not 1 in.
long, with very few teeth. Flowers scarcely 1 line long, in dichotomous corym-
bose cymes. Petals 5, spreading, obtuse, without any dorsal protuberance.
Style subulate.—Cissus cantoniensis, Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. 175. Oissus
diversifolia, Walp. PI. Meyen. 314. Hedera hypoglauca, Hance in Walp.
Ann. ii. 724.
Frequent in ravines and on barren hills, Champion and others. Also on the adjacent con-
tinent and Khasia.


Bakaminece.]
55
BAXSAMINEjE.
Order XXVII. BALSAMINE2E.
Flowers very irregular. Sepals and petals usually consisting of 6 or 8
pieces, all more or less coloured, viz. 2 outer opposite (sepals) flat and oblique,
usually small and less coloured; the next (upper sepal, although by the twist-
ing of the pedicel it hangs lowest) large, hood-shaped, ending below in a
conical protuberance or spur; the fourth (lower petal, but uppermost from the
twisting of the pedicel) smaller, but very broad and often bifid or emarginate,
the 4 innermost (petals) often combined into 2 bifid ones, very oblique and
irregular; and very rarely there are 2 additional small outer sepals. Stamens
5, hypogynous, with very short thick filaments ; the anthers cohering in a mass
round the pistil. Ovary 5-celled, with several ovules in each cell. Stigmas
5, minute, sessile or nearly so. Fruit a capsule, bursting elastically in 5
valves, which roll inwards, scattering the seeds. Seeds pendulous, without
albumen. Embryo straight, with a superior radicle.—Herbs mostly glabrous
and somewhat succulent, or occasionally undershrubs, or even shrubby. Leaves
alternate, opposite or whorled, without stipules, undivided but usually
toothed.
An Order almost entirely Asiatic and chiefly tropical, with a few North American and one
European species, and comprising besides Impatient itself but one genus of a single species.
1. IMPATIENS, Linn.
Characters those of the Order, except that the 2 additional outer sepals are
wanting, and the 4 inner petals are united in pairs.
A large geuus, occupying the same area as the Order.
1. I. chinensis, Linn.; Hook, and Thorns, in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 119.
A glabrous annual, usually creeping or decumbent at the base, then erect, 1
or 2 ft. high, often bearing at the nodes 2 or more thick stipule-like bristles.
Leaves sessile or nearly so, opposite, linear, acute, 2 to 4 in. long, remotely
serrate, glaucous underneath. Flowers pink or white, rather large, on axil-
lary, solitary, or clustered pedicels. Outer sepals linear; spur long, slender,
and curved; larger petal orbicular acuminate; inner lateral ones semi-obo-
vate, auriculate at the base on one side.—Impatient fasciculata, Lam.; Wight,
Ic. t. 748.
Hongkong, Rarland, Hattce. Common in the mountains of the Indian Peninsula, in
Malacca, Burmah, and Khasia.
Order XXVIII. OXALIDEJE.
Flowers regular. Sepals 5, imbricate in the bud, persistent, often united
at the base. Petals 5, hypogynous, contorted in the bud, free or slightly
connate at the base. Stamens 10, hypogynous, free or united at the base, the
5 opposite the petals shorter than the others, or sometimes very small and
without anthers. Anthers versatile, the cells opening longitudinally. Ovary
usually on a very short stalk, 5-angled or 5-lobed nearly to the axis, 5-celled,
with 1 or more, usually several ovules in each cell. Styles 5, central, free or
united at the base; stigmas terminal, entire or divided. Fruit a capsule or a
berry. Seeds with a fleshy albumen ; embryo straight or slightly curved. Ra-


56
[Oxalidea.
OXALIDE.E.
dicle superior.—Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves usually pinnate or digitate,
with entire leaflets; flowers in axillary umbels or panicles.
An Order limited by most botanists to the two following genera.
Herbs. Fruit capsular 1. Oxalis.
Trees. Fruit succulent, indehiscent 2. Averrhoa.
1. OXALIS, Linn.
Stamens all bearing anthers. Capsules opening at the angles in valves
which remain adhering to the axis.—Herbs or (in species not Chinese) under-
shrubs. Flowers in simple or irregularly compound umbels.
A large genus, chiefly American and African, with a very few Asiatic species, one of which
is dispersed over all but the colder regions of the globe. The Hongkong species have 3 digi-
tate leaflets. The 0. sensitiva, with pinnate leaves, common in S. Asia, has not yet been
found in S. China.
Rhizome bulbous. Leaves and peduncles radical I. 0. Martiana.
Stem branching, decumbent, leafy. Peduncles axillary 2. 0. corniculata.
1. O. Martiana, Zucc. Oxal. Nachtr. 27; Bot. Mag. t. 3938. A stem-
less herb, with a compound bulbous rhizome, covered with brown 3-ribbed
scales. Leaves radical, slightly hairy ; the petioles 4 to 6 inches long. Leaf-
lets 3, digitate, broadly obovate-einarginate, 8 to 10 lines long. Peduncles
radical, rather longer than the petioles, bearing a single umbel, or more fre-
quently irregularly divided into 2 or 3 branches, each bearing 1 or 2 umbels
of pale-purplish flowers. Sepals obtuse, with 2 small glands at the tip, 2
to 2£ lines long. Petals glabrous, 3 or even 4 times as long. Stamens and
styles pubescent.—0. corymbosa, DC. Prod. i. 696?
A native of Southern Brazil, now established as an escape from gardens in Hongkong, as
in the Mauritius and some other hot countries.
2. O. corniculata, Linn.; DC. Prod. i. 692; Wight, Ic. t. 18. A de-
cumbent, prostrate or ascending, much-branched delicate perennial, or some-
times annual, more or less pubescent, of a pale green, from a few inches to a
foot long. Stipules small, adnate to the petiole. Leaves alternate ; the petioles
about 1 in. long. Leaflets 3, digitate, broadly obcordate, usually 3 or 4 lines
long. Peduncles axillary, about the length of the petioles, bearing an umbel
of 2 to 6 small yellow flowers, on reflexed pedicels of 3 or 4 lines. Capsule
column-like, £ in. long or even more, with several seeds in each cell.
On roadsides and in waste places, Champion and others. A common weed in all but the
colder regions of the globe.
2. AVERRHOA, Linn.
Stamens either all antheriferous or 5 small and without anthers. Fruit in-
dehiscent and succulent.—Trees. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in small axillary
panicles.
A genus of two species, commou to both the New and the Old World within the tropics,
either indigenous or naturalized.
1. A. Caraxnbola, Linn.; DC. Prod. i. 689. A small tree. Leaves
alternate, glabrous or more frequently more or less pubescent. Leaflets B to
11, very obliquely ovate, acuminate, \ to 8 in. long, of a pale or glaucous
colour on the under side, where they are usually more pubescent. Flowers


Atserrhoa.}
57
OXAUDE.S.
small, reddish, in axillary sessile panicles of 1 to 2 in., or forming rather
large panicles at the ends of short branches. Sepals about 1 line long; petals
near twice as long. The five smaller stamens usually very minute and
wholly without anthers, or occasionally 1 or 2 of them are longer, with small
barren anthers. Berry oblong, angular. Seeds arillate.
Common in the island, both cultivated and wild, Champion and others. Cultivated for its
fruit (known by the name of Carambofa) in the hotter regions both of the New and the Old
World, and almost everywhere it readily establishes itself apparently wild, so that its native
country is uncertain.
Order XXIX. RUTACEJE.
Flowers usually regular. Sepals 4, 5, or rarely 3, usually small and often
united at the base. Petals as many, inserted round a hypogynous or slightly
perigynous disk, free or rarely united at the base, imbricate or almost valvate
in the bud. Stamens as many or twice as many, inserted with the petals, free.
Anthers 2-celled, versatile. Carpels 3 to 5, sessile or on a raised torus or
short stalk, usually free at the top, but sometimes combined in a 3- to 5-celled
ovary. Styles often free at the base, but usually united upwards, with a
capitate or lobed stigma, which is sometimes sessile on the top of the ovary.
Ovules 2 or rarely 4 in each cell or carpel. Fruit either entire and indehis-
cent, or separating into cocci, or consisting of distinct carpels opening in two
valves. Seeds usually solitary in each carpel, with a smooth testa, with or
without albumen. Cotyledons flat or rarely crumpled.—Trees, shrubs, or
rarely herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite, often compound, and almost
always marked with glandular dots.
A considerable Order, widely distributed over all but the colder regions of the globe.
Carpels distinct, at least at the top.
Leaves alternate. Ovules collateral 1. Xanthoxylum.
Leaves opposite. Ovules superposed 2. Evodia.
Carpels united in a single entire ovary and fruit.
Ilowers unisexual. Stamens 5. Leaflets 3 3. Toddaua.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 8. Leaflets single 4. Ciminosma.
1. XANTHOXYLUM, Kunth.
Flowers unisexual or nearly so. Sepals and petals 4, 5, or rarely 3, much
imbricate in the bud. Stamens as many (in the female flowers semiabortive,
rudimentary, or wanting). Carpels B or fewer, on a globular or raised torus,
free or united at the base, with 2 collaterally ascending ovules in each (linear
or rudimentary, without ovules, in the males). Styles distinct or united at the
top. Fruiting carpels distinct, opening in 2 valves. Seeds ovoid or globular,
with a black shining testa. Embryo straight or slightly curved, in a some-
what fleshy albumen.—Trees or shrubs, often prickly. Leaves alternate, pin-
nafely or ternately compound. Flowers small, in axillary or terminal panicles.
A considerable genus, common to the New and the Old World, chiefly tropical, but with
a few extratropical species in Asia, N. America, and S. Africa.
Panicles short, nearly sessile. Petals 4. Carpels 4.
Leaflets 3 to 7 1. X nitidum.
Leaflets 15 to 25 2. X cuspidatum.
Panicles loose, pedunculate. Petals 5. Carpels 2 8. X Avicennee.


58
{Xanthoxylum.
HUTACEjE.
1. X. nitidum, DC. Prod. i. 727; {Bot. Mag. t. 2553?) A woody
climber, glabrous in all its parts; the young branches, petioles, and midrib of
the leaflets more or less armed with small hooked prickles. Leaves pinnate,
with a common petiole of 8 or 4 in. Leaflets 3 to 7, oval-oblong, usually 2
to 2 j in. long, obtuse or shortly acuminate, coriaceous and shining, rounded
at the base, with very short petiolules. Flowers small, in sessile axillary oblong
panicles, seldom above an inch long. Sepals minute. Petals 4, about 1 line
long, distinctly imbricate. Stamens longer. Carpels 4, spreading, hard and
wrinkled when dry, near 3 lines broad.
Rather abundant in ravines, Champion and others. Found also about Macao, but not
known out of S. China. It is possible that the plant figured in the ' Botanical Magazine' may
be u form of the following species.
2. X. cuspidatum, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 329. A glabrous
woody climber, nearly allied to the last species, of which it may possibly prove
to be a variety, but the foliage is different. It is less prickly, the common
petioles are usually 6 to 8 in. long, or even more ; the leaflets 15 to 25, with
a long obtuse point, and narrowed at the base into a much longer petiolule.
Axillary panicles short, branching from the base. Flowers of X nitidum.
Less common than X. nitidum, and rather local, Champion, frequent in ravines, Wilford,
also Hance and Wright. Not known from elsewhere.
3. X. Avicennse, DC. Prod. i. 726. An erect glabrous shrub. Prickles
few and small, curved upwards on the branches, few or none on the petioles.
Leaves pinnate, with a common petiole of 3 to 5 in. Leaflets 7 to 13, obliquely
obovate or oblong, or rarely almost lanceolate, usually obtuse, narrowed at the
base into a petiolule, slightly undulate or almost crenate at the edge. Pani-
cles loosely trichotomous, or 2 or 3 times umbellately divided, nearly as long
as the leaves, on a peduncle of 2 to 2\ in. Petals 5, slightly imbricate, about
1 line long. Carpels 2, when ripe about 2 lines diameter. Seeds black and
shining as in the two last species, but smaller.—X. lentkcifolium, Champ, in
Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 329.
On Mount Gough, Champion. Ravines and hillsides, near their tops, Wilford. Also in
other parts of S. China, and in the Philippine Islands (Cuming, n. 1622).
2. EVODIA, Forst.
(Boymia, Jut). Philagonia, Hook.)
Characters of Xanthoxylum, except that the petals are valvate in the bud,
or overlap each other but very slightly; the ovules are usually superposed, and
the leaves always opposite. The species are all unarmed.
A small tropical Asiatic genus.
Panicles large, terminal. Leaflets 3 to 7, pinnate \. E. melur/olia.
Panicles small, axillary. Leaflets 3, digitate 2. E. triphylla.
1. E. melisefolia, Benth. A tree, glabrous in all its parts, and without
prickles. Leaves opposite, pinnate, with a common petiole of 3 to 5 in.
Leaflets 3 to 7, on long petiolules, ovate, acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long, thin,
shining above, pale or glaucous underneath. Flowers very numerous, in a
broad terminal corymb or trichotomous panicle. Petals 4 or 5, about 1 \ lines
long, very nearly valvate. Stamens scarcely longer, the filaments hairy inside.


Eoodia.~]
KUTACEvE.
Carpels 4, when ripe about 2 lines broad.—Boymia glabrifolia, Champ, in
Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 330. Megabotrya meluefolia, Hance in Walp. Ann. ii.
259.
Scarce in Hongkong, but abundant ou the adjacent coast of China, Champion and others.
I have ouly seen male specimens in flower, and females in fruit. In the former as in the
male flowers of the allied E. fraxinifolia (Phi/agoma, Hook.) and E. ruttecarpa (Boymia,
Jusa ), the ovaries are abortive, linear, ending in subulate styles. In the females of the two
latter species the ovaries terminate in a broad peltate stigma, as is probably the case also in
our species. Dr. Hooker has ascertained that all these plants are congeners of Evodia, Forst.
2. E. Lamarckiana, Benlh. A tree, glabrous in all its parts and un-
armed. Leaves opposite, petiole 1 to in. long. Leaflets 3, digitate, ob-
long, acuminate, 3 to 4 in. long, very gradually tapering at the base into short
petiolules. Panicles axillary, oblong, with opposite spreading branches, scarcely
exceeding the petioles. Flowers small, on very short pedicels. Petals 4 or
rarely 3, almost valvate, seldom f line long. Stamens glabrous, twice as long.
Carpels usually 4, when ripe 2 to 2£ lines broad.—Fagara triphylla, Lam.
Diet. i. 447. Xnntlioxylum Iriphyllum, Wight, Ic. t. 204. X. Lamarckianum,
Cham, and Schlecht. in Linneea, v. 88. X. pteleafolium, Champ, in Kew
Journ. Bot. iii. 330. Lepla triphylla, Lour. PI. Cochinch. 82.
Frequent in the island, Champion and others. Also on the continent of S. China, in
Khasia, in the Indian Peninsula, and Ceylon. The E. Roxburghiana, common in the Archi-
pelago, and extending from Ceylon to the Philippines, but not yet found in Hongkong, is
very nearly allied, but has much larger and broader panicles, larger flowers, and the ripe
carpels are said to be the size of a field beau.
3. TODDALIA, Juss.
Flowers of Xanthoxylum, except that the carpels are united in a single 5-
celled nearly globular ovary, with a broad sessile peltate stigma. Fruit a
globular indehiscent berry.—Shrubs with alternate digitately-compound
leaves.
A genus of very few species, dispersed over tropical Asia or Africa.
1. T. aculeata, Pers.; W. and Am. Prod. i. 149; Wight, Illuslr. t. 66.
A shrub, with weak or flexuose branches and quite glabrous, usually bearing
rather numerous small recurved prickles on the branches and petioles, but oc-
casionally unarmed or nearly so. Leaflets 3, digitate, oblong or oval-oblong,
li to 3 in. long, acuminate, with a narrow obtuse point, tapering at the base
into a short petiolule, the common petiole about 1 in. long. Flowers small,
in axillary or terminal panicles, shorter or but little longer than the petioles.
Pedicels solitary in the female specimens, fascicled or umbellate in the males.
Petals about 1 line long. Stamens longer. Fruit the size of a large pea.—
T. jloribunda, Wall.: see Thw. Enum. PI. Ceyl. 69.
Rather scarce in Hongkong, Champion; also Hance and Wright. Very widely Bprcad
over India and the Archipelago.
4. CYMINOSMA, Geertn.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals small. Petals 4, narrow, scarcely imbri-
cate. Stamens 8. Ovary raised on a short thick torus, entire, 4-celled, with
a single subulate style, and 2 ovules in each cell, one above the other. Fruit


60
[Cyminosma.
RUTACE.E.
a 4-celled nearly globular drupe.—Trees or shrubs, with simple opposite
leaves (or rather solitary leaflets) articulate on the petiole.
A small genua, limited to tropical Asia and Australia.
1. C. pedunculate, DC. Prod. i. 722; Wight, Illustr. t. 65. A small
tree. Leaves oblong, obtuse, 3 to 4 in. long, glabrous, articulate on a petiole
of \ to 1 in. long. Peduncles axillary, usually shorter than the leaves, bear-
ing a small trichotomous panicle or corymb of yellowish-green flowers. Petals
about 3 lines long, recurved when open. Stamens scarcely longer, the fila-
ments pubescent on the edges. Ovary and torus woolly. Style glabrous.
Fruit about 4 lines diameter, usually white.—C. resinosa, DC. 1. c.
Common in the island, Champion and others. Frequent in India, from Ceylon and the
Peninsula to the Archipelago.
Order XXX. SIMARUBACKffi.
Flowers usually regular, unisexual. Sepals 3, 4, or 5. Petals as many,
valvate or imbricate in the bud. Stamens as many or twice as many, inserted
on a hypogynous disk, the filaments usually with a small scale at the base
(but not so in the Hongkong genera). Carpels 2 to 5, raised on the disk or
on a distinct stalk, free or united, with distinct or united styles. Ovules 1 or
2 (very rarely 4 or 5) in each cell or carpel. Fruit various. Seeds usually
solitary in each cell or carpel. Embryo slender, without or rarely with albu-
men.—Trees or shrubs, always more or less bitter. Leaves alternate, without
stipules, usually compound, without the transparent dots of Rtttacea.
An Order dispersed over the New and the Old World, bnt, with very few exceptions, con-
fined to the tropics.
Styles distinct. Flowers clustered in long simple racemes 1. Brucea.
Styles united at the top. Flowers in spreading dichotomons cymes ... 2. Picrasma.
1. BRUCEA, Mill.
Sepals 4. Petals 4, valvate. Stamens 4, without any scale, inserted on a
4-lobed disk, semiabortive in the female flowers. Carpels 4, distinct, with
distinct linear recurved styles, and 1 ovule in each, abortive or rudimentary in
the male flowers. Drupes small. Seed suspended. Embryo straight, in a
thin albumen.—Trees, with pinnate leaves. Flowers very small, in little clus-
ters or cymes, along otherwise simple axillary peduncles.
A small genus, dispersed over tropical Asia and Africa.
. 1. B. sumatrana, Roxb.; Planch, in Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 575. A
shrub or tree. Leaves pinnate, 1 to \ feet long; the common petiole as well
as the branches and peduncles covered with a soft close yellowish tomentum.
Leaflets 5 to 11, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, about 3 in. long, coarsely toothed,
often oblique at the base, softly pubescent or villous, especially underneath, or
rarely nearly glabrous. Flowers very small, purple, in little cymes or clusters
along the common peduncle, forming slender interrupted axillary racemes 6
to 10 in. long in the males, not half so long in the females. Petals minute,
linear. Drupes, ovoid, about 3 lines long.


Brucea.]
61
SIMARUBACEA.
On low grounds and roadsides, Champion and others. Common in southern Asia, in
Ceylon, Tavoy, and the Indian Archipelago, extending to North Australia, and northwards
to the Philippines and South China.
2. PICBASMA, Blume.
Sepals 4 or 5, minute in the males, often becoming large in the females.
Petals as many, ovate. Stamens as many, inserted round the thick disk; the
filaments hairy below, but without any scale. Carpels 3 to 6, raised on the
disk, distinct, with as many styles united upwards, and 1 ovule in each.
Drupes 5, or usually fewer, small, globular or ovoid. Embryo straight, in
fleshy albumen.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves pinnate. Flowers rather small,
in axillary pedunculate dichotomous cymes.
A small genus, dispersed over tropical and subtropical Asia and S. America.
1. P. quassioides, Benn.; Planch, in Load. Journ. Bot. v. 573. A
shrub of about 3 or 4 ft. Leaves pinnate, with a common petiole of 6 to 8
in., often pubescent. Leaflets 9 to 15, oblong or ovate-oblong, acuminate,
1$ to 3 in. long, or rarely more, serrately toothed, glabrous or pubescent on
the principal veins underneath. Flowers greenish, expanding to about 3 lines
in diameter, in pedunculate dichotomous pubescent cymes, much shorter than
the leaves. Petals and stamens 5. Drupes obovoid, or nearly globular, about
3 lines long.
In a ravine of Mount Parker, Wilford. On mountain sides, Wright, also Hance. In the
Himalaya, and probably also in N. China, for the specimens we have of P. ailanthoides
from thence seem scarcely distinct.
The Ailanthut glandulotua, Desf., a common tree, planted or wild in S. China as well as
other parts of Asia, has not been received from Hongkong.
Order XXXI. CELASTRACEiE.
Sepals 4 or 5, small, united at the base, imbricate in the bud. Petals as
many, inserted on the margin of a thick, more or less perigynous disk.
Stamens as many, alternate with the petals, or 3 only, inserted on the margin
of or upon the disk. Ovary more or less immersed in the disk, 2- to 5-celled,
with 2, or rarely 1 or more ovules in each cell, at first erect but becoming
sometimes at length suspended. Styles as many as cells, free or com-
bined into one fruit, free from the calyx, 2- to 5-celled, or rarely 1-celled, in-
dehiscent or opening loculicidally. Seeds usually with albumen. Embryo
straight. Badicle next the hilum.—Shrubs, trees, or woody climbers. Leaves
alternate or opposite, simple and undivided. Flowers small, usually greenish.
A large Order, widely distributed over the warmer and temperate regions of the globe.
Stamens 3, inserted on the disk 1. Hippocbvtea.
Stamens as many as petals and alternate with them. Petals, stamens,
and ovary-cells, 4 or rarely 5. Leaves opposite 2. Evonymus.
Petals and stamens 5. Ovary-cells 2 or 3. Leaves alternate ... 3. Celastbus.
1. HIPPOCBATEA, Linn.
Sepals and petals 5. Stamens 3, inserted on the disk. Anthers 1-celled,
opening transversely. Ovary-cells 3, with 2 to 6 ovules in each. Style


62
[Uippocratea.
CELASTRACEJJ.
single, with 3 stigmas. Fruit of 1, !i, or 3 large obovnte flat carpels opening
longitudinally along the centre of the flat sides in two boat-shaped valves. Seeds
few, erect, flattened, expanded in the lower part into a broad membranous
wing. Albumen none.—Woody climbers or rarely trees. Leaves opposite.
Flowers in axillary, dicliotomous or trichotomous cymes or panicles.
A genns dispersed over the New World as well as the Old, within the tropics.
1. H. obtusifolia, Roxb.; W. and Am. Prod. Fl. Penim. i. 104;
Wight, Ic. t. 963. A woody climber, glabrous in all its parts. Leaves oval-
oblong, elliptical, obtuse or shortly and obtusely acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long,
entire or slightly serrate, coriaceous, of a pale green. Flowers rather large for
the genus, spreading to about 4 lines diameter, of a yellowish green, in loose
cymes, seldom exceeding the leaves. Petals lanceolate. Ovary-cells with 6
ovules in each. Eipe carpels near 2 in. long, either broadly oblong and entire,
or broader and emarginate at the top.
Frequent in ravines on Victoria Peak, Champion. Widely spread in India, from Ceylon
and the Peninsula to Silhet. Also in the Philippines.
2. EVONYMTTS, Linn.
Sepals, petals, and stamens usually 4, rarely 5. Ovary with as many cells,
with 2 ovules in each. Style single, short and thick, with an entire or lobed
stigma. Fruit a capsule, with as many angles or lobes as cells, and opening
loculicidally in as many valves. Seeds nearly enclosed in a coloured, usually
scarlet, arillus.—Shrubs or trees, with opposite leaves. Flowers greenish or
purple, in axillary dichotomous or trichotomous cymes.
A genus dispersed over the temperate regions of Europe, Asia, and N. America, with a few
more tropical Asiatic species.
Petala, stamens, and ovary-cells 4.
Erect shrub. Flowers 3 to Si lines diameter. Ovules erect . . . 1. S. nitidus.
Stem prostrate or climbing. Flowers 5 lines diameter. Ovules pendulous 4. E. hederaceui.
Petals, stamens, and ovary-cells 5.
Leaves narrow, i to 6 in. long. Flowers 3 lines diameter . . . . 2. E. longifoliut.
Leaves oval-elliptical, li to 3 in. long. Flowers 6 lines diameter . 3. E. larijtorut.
1. IS. nitidus, Benth. in Loud. Journ. Bot. i. 483; Seem. Bot. Her. t.
83. An erect shrub, quite glabrous in all its parts; the young branches angu-
lar. Leaves ovate, obovate, or oblong, about 2 in. long, quite entire, stiff,
smooth and shining. Flowers greenish, spreading to 3 or 3 £ lines in diameter,
few together in axillary cymes, only once or twice branched, and shorter than
the leaves. Petals and stamens 4. Capsule reddish-coloured, 4-celled; the
lobes scarcely prominent, and rounded at the top. Seeds with a small thin
arillus.
Common in ravines, Champion and others. Also on the adjacent continent, but not known
out of S. China.
2. E. loxtgifolius, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 332. An erect shrub,
glabrous or nearly so. Leaves stalked, narrow-oblong, 4 to 6 in. long, and
1 to 1} broad, either quite entire or with a few distant serratures, smooth,
and shining, with few veins. Flowers light green, about 3 lines diameter,
few together in paniculate cymes, but little longer than the petioles. Petals
5, slightly crenate or waved on the edge. Stamens 5. Capsule reddish-
coloured, flat at the top, "with spreading rounded lobes.


Econymus.]
CELASTBACE.*.
Rare in the Happy Valley woods, Champion; only seen in a wood-cuttcr's bundle, Wil-
ford; also Wright. Not found as yet out of the island.
3. E. laxifloras, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 333 {not of Blume's
distributed Japan plants). A perfectly glabrous erect shrub, with terete
branches. Leaves stalked, oval-elliptical, obtusely acuminate, \ to 3 in.
long, quite entire or with a few crenatures, tapering at the base, smooth and
shining, with few veins. Flowers purplish, larger than in the other species,
spreading to about 5 lines diameter, about 7 together in loose cymes rather
shorter than the leaves. Petals 5, crenate, wavy at the edges. Stamens 5.
Ovules erect. Capsule fiat at the top, with spreading lobes.
In the Happy Valley woods, but rare, Champion; on Mounts Parker and Gougb, but not
common, Wilford; also Hance and Harland. Not received from elsewhere.
4. E. hederaceus, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 333. A prostrate or
trailing glabrous shrub, rooting readily, and perhaps sometimes sending up
erect branches; the young branches angular. Leaves stalked, usually ovate,
acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long, and narrowed at the base, but varying to narrow
oval-elliptical or nearly lanceolate, or occasionally very broad and obtuse, all of
a laurel-like consistency, with few veins. Flowers greenish-white, about 5
lines diameter; few together, in cymes much shorter than the leaves. Petals
4, quite entire. Stamens 4. Ovules pendulous. Capsule about 5 lines
diameter, nearly globular, slightly 4-furrowed, but otherwise entire, 4-celled.
Seeds enveloped in a scarlet arillus.
Abundant iu a ravine of Victoria Peak, spreading over the rocks, Champion; one (tree?)
in the Happy Valley woods, Wilford. Not found as yet out of the island.
3. CELASTBTJS, Linn.
Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 5, inserted on the margin of a fleshy disk.
Anthers 2-eelled, opening longitudinally. Ovary 2- or 3-celled, usually with
2 ovules in each cell. Style thick and entire. Capsule opening in 2 or 3
valves, 2- or 3-celled, or reduced to a single cell and seed.—Erect or climbing
shrubs. Flowers small, greenish, in small axillary cymes, or the upper ones
forming a terminal panicle.
A genus chiefly Asiatic and African, and there tropical or subtropical, with a few North
American species.
Cymes on very short peduncles. Capsules globular, scarcely 4 lines long 1. C. monosperma.
Peduncles longer than the petioles. Capsules ovoid, about 6 lines long 2. C. Championi.
1. C. monosperma, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 625. A trailing or climbing
glabrous shrub. Leaves alternate, oblong, obtusely acuminate, 3 to 5 in. long,
with callous serratures round the edge, narrowed into a very short petiole,
coriaceous and much veined, but usually shining. Flowers small, few together,
in little axillary cymes, on a peduncle seldom attaining 3 lines; the upper ones
often forming a long narrow terminal panicle. Capsule ovoid-globose, scarcely
4 lines long, marked with 3 furrows and opening in 3 valves, but containing
only 1 seed enclosed in an orange-coloured pulpy arillus.—Celastrtts Hindsii,
Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 334. Catha monosperma, Benth. in Lond.
Journ. Bot. i. 483.
Trailing over shrubs and trees in different parts of the island, Champion and others. Ex-
tends from S. China to Khasia and Sikkim.


64 celastrace*. [Celattrus.
•
2. C. Championi, Benth. in Keie Journ. Bot. iii. 334. A glabrous
climber. Leaves usually broader than in the last species, oval or oblong, ob-
tuse or acuminate, the longer ones 4 to 5 in. long, obtusely serrate, coriaceous
and shining. Cymes on axillary peduncles longer than in C. monosperma,
usually from $ to 1 jn. Capsule larger and differently shaped, being obovoid,
with 3 prominent angles, and narrowed at the base, full 6 lines long, opening
like the last in 3 valves, and containing a single large oblong seed.—Catha
Bentltami, Gardn. and Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. i. 310.
On Victoria Peak, trailing over bare rocks, Champion, common in ravines, Wilford.
Extends to Khasia and Sikkim.
Order XXXII. AQUIFOLIACILrE.
Flowers regular. Sepals 4 to 6, small, often united at the base. Petals
as many, hypogynous, often united into a 4- to 6-lobed corolla, imbricate in
the bud. Stamens as many, inserted on the base of the petals and alternate
with them, or rarely free and hypogynous, usually short. Anthers 2-celled,
opening longitudinally. Ovary fleshy, depressed or globular, 2- or several-
celled. Ovules usually solitary in each cell and suspended. Stigma sessile,
or nearly so, entire or divided. Fruit a berry or drupe, enclosing 2 or more
1-seeded kernels. Embryo small, near the top of a fleshy albumen.—Shrubs
or trees. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, without stipules. Flowers
usually small, white, axillary, and often wholly or partly dioecious.
An Order of few genera, but widely distributed over the temperate as well as the warmer
regions of the globe.
1. ILEX, Linn. .„
Petals and stamens usually 4, rarely 5 or 6. Ovary 4-celled, with 4 sessile
distinct or united stigmas, and one pendulous ovule in each cell. Drupe en-
closing 4 bony kernels or nuts.
A considerable genus, occupying the geographical area of the Order.
Whole plant glabrous.
Flowers almost sessile, clustered. Petals almost free 1. 7. cinerea.
Flowers in nearly sessile umbels or fascicles. Petals united at the base.
Pedicels slender, 3 to 4 lines long. Corolla deeply divided . . 2. 7. graciliftora.
Pedicels thick, 1 to \ lines long. Berry tipped by a thick
obtuse protuberance 8. 7. memecylifoUa.
Pedicels 2 to 4 lines long. Corolla divided to the middle . . 4. 7. viridit.
Pedicels filiform, 6 lines long. Corolla divided nearly to the base h. I. asprella.
Branches and veins of the leaves pubescent or hairy 6. 7. pubetcent.
1. I. cinerea, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 327. An erect glabrous
shrub, with rather thick branches, angular when young, the bark ashy-grey.
Leaves on very short stalks, oblong, obtuse or shortly and obtusely acuminate,
attaining 4 in. in length and 1$ or 2 in. in breadth, slightly toothed, very
obtuse or almost cordate at the base, rather thick, but not shining. Flowers
8 to 15 together, collected in globular sessile clusters in the axils of the leaves.
Petals 4, almost free. Stamens about the same length. Drupe 4-celled,
about 3 lines diameter, obtuse at the top.
In a ravine of Mount Victoria, Champion. Not seen in any other collection. The very
short petiole and broad base of the leaves distinguish this species from all others known to me.


H&C.] AQUIFOLIACE.S. Ho
2. I. graciliflora, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 328. A glabrous tree,
with terete branches. Leaves elliptical or obovate-oblong, obtuse, the larger
ones 3 to 3 % in. long, edged with a few somewhat callous teeth, narrowed into
a petiole of full \ in., coriaceous and shining. Flowers in axillary fascicles or
almost sessile umbels. Pedicels slender; those of the males 15 to 20 toge-
ther and 3 or 4 lines long, those of the hermaphrodite flowers rather fewer
and shorter. Petals 4, spreading, orbicular, about 1 \ lines long, very shortly
united at the base. Berry purple, globular, the size of a pea, without any
projection at the top.
Common in the Happy Valley woods, Champion and others. Not found as yet oat of the
island.
3. I. memecylifolia, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 328. A glabrous
much-branched shrub, with terete branches. Leaves ovate, obovate or rarely
oblong, obtuse or shortly acuminate, 1 to 1J in. long or in a narrow-leaved
variety near twice that length, quite entire, acute at the base, on a petiole of
1 or 2 lines, coriaceous, rather shining and scarcely veined. Flowers 3 to 6
together, in axillary fascicles or sessile umbels, on stiff pedicels of 1 to 2 lines.
Petals 4, spreading, white, very shortly united at the base. Berry scarlet, the
size of a pea, tipped with the short thick obtuse persistent style.
Very common on the hills, Champion and others, but not yet gathered out of the island.
4. I. viridis, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 329. A glabrous much-
branched shrub of 2 to 3 feet, of a bright green: the young branches angular
or striate. Leaves stalked, ovate, obtuse or shortly acuminate, 1 to 1| in.
long, edged with small crenatures, acute at the base, of a thinner consistence
than the preceding species, but smooth and shining. Pedicels axillary, stiff,
the females solitary, 3 to 4 lines long, the males shorter and several toge-
ther. Corolla spreading to about 3 liues diameter; the petals united to the
middle. Berry purple, globular, 4 to 5 lines diameter, without any protube-
rance at the top.
On the hills, Champion; also Wright. Not seen in any other collection. This and the
following species appear to be more decidedly dicccions than any of the others,
5. I. asprella, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 329. A glabrous shrub,
nearly allied to the last species, but much more slender. Branches terete.
Leaves stalked, ovate, acuminate, the point often long, edged with small ser-
ratures, acute at the base, thin but shining. Pedicels 1 to 3 together, about
£ in. long, and very slender. Petals 4 (or rarely 5 or 6), united at the base
onlv. Berry small, tipped with the short thick persistent style.—Prinos as-
prella, Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. 176, t. 36.
Frequent in the island, Champion and others. Received also from other parts of S.
China.
0. I. pubescens, Hoot, and Am. Bot. heech. 177, t. 35. A tall shrub
or smnll tree, the smaller branches, petioles, and principal veins of the leaves
pubescent or shortly hairy. Leaves oval-oblong, obtuse or acuminate, 1 to 2
in. long, entire or slightly toothed. Pedicels 3 or 4 or sometimes more toge-
ther, scarcely above 1 line long, in sessile axillary umbels or fascicles. Flowers
light lilac or white. Petals 5 or 6, united at the base only. Berry scarlet.
Frequent in the island, Champion and others. Received also from other parts of
S. China.
F


or,
[Rhamnacea.
rhamnacejE.
Order XXXIIT. RHAMNACEiE.
Calyx 4- or B -cleft, valvate in the bud, lined at the base with the more or
less thickened disk. Petals usually as many, small, unguiculate, hood-shaped
at the top or rarely flat, inserted at the base of the lobes of the calyx and
alternating with them, or rarely wanting. Stamens as many as the petals and
opposite to them. Ovary either free upon the disk, or more or less immersed
in it, 2- to 4-celled, with a single erect ovule in each cell; the styles free or
combined into one. Fruit free or adherent to the enlarged persistent base of
the calyx, indehiscent and entire or separating into two or more indehiscent
1-seeded carpels. Albumen fleshy, usually thin, or sometimes none. Radicle
inferior. Cotyledons flat.—Trees, shrubs, or climbers, often thorny. Leaves
simple, alternate, or rarely opposite. Stipules minute. Flowers small, usually
clustered or paniculate.
A considerable Order, widely spread over most parts of the globe.
Fruit dry, indehiscent.
Fruit hemispherical at the base, expanded into a broad flat top. Leaves
3-nerved* " ". . . . 1. PALIURUS.
Fruit globular at the base, ending in a flat oblong wing. Leaves pin-
nately nerved 2. Ventilago.
Fmit a bfcrry or drupe.
Ovary half-immersed in the disk, 2-celled. Flowers usually pedicellate,
the clusters axillary or racemose 3. Berchemia.
Ovary surrounded by the disk, 3-celled. Flowers minute sessile, the
clusters paniculate 4. Sageretia.
Ovary free, but shorter than the calyx-tube. Flowers pedicellate, the
clusters or umbels all axillary 5. Rhamnus.
1. PALIURUS, Toura.
Petals and stamens 5. Ovary half-iminersed in the disk, 3-celled, with 3
oblong stigmas. Fruit dry, indehiscent, hemispherical and 3-celled at the
base, expanded at the top into a broad flat orbicular or slightly 3-lobed disk,
very thin at the edge. Seeds one in each cell, with a fleshy albumen.—Shrubs
or trees. Leaves alternate, 3-nerved; the stipules usually persistent and con-
verted into prickles.
A small genus, confined to southern Europe and some parts of central and eastern Asia.
1. P. Aubletii, Schull.; Rook, and Am. Bot. Beech. 177. A moderate-
sized tree, the young branches and leaves more or less tomentose, but soon
becoming glabrous. Stipulary prickles rarely wanting, usually both straight
(not one straight and the other recurved, as in the European species). Leaves
stalked, ovate, acute, 1 to 2 in. long, crenately serrate, with 3 principal veins
very prominent underneath. Flowers in small axillary cymes, on very short
peduncles. Calyx tomentose; the lobes triangular, about 1 line long. Petals
shorter. Fruit slightly tomentose, the flat top obscurely 3-lobed, from 6 to
9 lines diameter.
Cultivated in the island, if not indigenous to it, Champion; also Urnice. A native of South
China and Formosa.
2. VENTILAGO, Gaertn.
Petals and stamens 5. Ovary immersed in the disk, 2-ceUed, ending in
2 short conical styles or stigmas. Fruit a 1-seeded nut, terminating in a long


Ventilago.']
87
rhamnace.t;.
oblong flat wing, and seated upon or surrounded by the persistent base of the
calyx, its edge usually indicated by a more or less prominent ring. Seed
without albumen.—Tall woody climbers. Leaves alternate, elegantly marked
with transverse veinlets between the principal pinnate veins. Flowers in small
axillary cymes or terminal panicles.
A small geuus, confined to the tropical regions of the Old World.
1. V. leiocarpa, Benth. inJourn. Soc. Linn. Lond. v. 77. A glabrous
woody climber. Leaves shortly stalked, from ovate to oblong, acuminate, entire
or slightly waved at the margin, 2 to 3 in. long. Flowers small, in small axillary
clusters or cymes, the upper ones rarely forming a short leafless simple panicle,
the pedicels seldom above a line long. Nut 2 or 3 lines diameter, marked
round the middle by a prominent ring indicating the remains of the calyx;
the terminal wing smooth and shining, to 2 in. long, about 4 lines broad.
— V. maderaspatana, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. iii. 42; not of Gaertner.
In ravines, Champion and others; also Malacca and western tropical Africa.
3. BEBCHEMIA, Neck.
Petals and stamens 5. Ovaiy half-immersed in the disk, 2-celled, with 1
ovule in each cell borne on a long erect funiculus. Fruit a small, ovoid or
oblong, 2-celled berry or drupe, inserted on the persistent but not enlarged
base of the calyx. Seeds with little or no albumen.—Shrubs or woody climb-
ers. Leaves alternate, elegantly marked underneath with parallel veins di-
verging from the midrib, and small, transverse, often indistinct veinlets.
Flowers in small fascicles or cymes, usually forming terminal racemes or
panicles.
A small genus, dispersed over tropical and subtropical Asia and the warmer parts of North
America.
Flowers pedicellate. Veins of the leaves numerous.
Leaves 1 to 1£ in. long or more. Flower-clusters in racemes,
forming terminal panicles 1.7?. raetmosa.
Leaves seldom above i in. long. Flower-clusters mostly axillary . 2. B. lineata.
Flowers sessile, axillary. VeinB of the leaves few 3. B. t tesriliflora.
1. B. racemosa, Sieb. and Zucc. Fl. Jap. Fam. Nat. part 1. p. 39. A
woody climber. Leaves on rather long petioles, ovate, somewhat acute, or
rarely obtuse, 1 to 1 \ or rarely 2 in. long, white or hoary underneath between
the veins. Flowers 2 or 3 together, in clusters, arranged in racemes of 2 or
3 in., which again form large terminal panicles. Pedicels 1 line, or in fruit
H lines long. Calyx-lobes about 1 line. Fruit oblong, but little succulent,
about 4 lines long.—B. lineata, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 42 j not of DC.
Hongkong, Champion and others; also on the adjacent continent and in Japan. It is
nearly allied to the Himalayan B. multiflora, but that has larger leaves, smaller flowers in
closer clusters, etc.
2. B. lineata, DC. Prod. ii. 25; Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech, t. 37. A
half-climbing shrub. Leaves on very short petioles, ovate or orbicular, and
obtuse, much smaller than in the last species, seldom attaining \ in. in length,
pale or whitish underneath. Flowers nearly twice as large as in B. racemosa,
2 to 4 together on pedicels of 2 or 3 lines, either in the axils of the leaves or
F 2


fiS
[Berchemia.
RHAMNACE/E.
a few clusters at the ends of the branches above the leaves. Calyx-lobes
about 1-J lines long, narrow-lanceolate or linear. Berry ovoid, succulent, about
3 lines long.
Hongkong, Wright. Common in S. China, extending northwards to Amoy and Loochoo,
and apparently the same species in Sikkim.
3. B.? sessiliflora, Benth., n. sp. Leaves shortly stalked, oblong, ob-
tuse, about 2 in. long, with fewer and less prominent veins than in mo3t
Berchcmias, whitish underneath. Flowers (of which I have only seen the re-
mains Tound the base of the fmit) in axillary clusters, but closely sessile as
in Sageretia. Berries nearly globular, 3 to 4 lines long, 2-celled as in other
Berchemias.
Hongkong, Wright. I have only seen a single small specimen in fruit, and until the
flowers shall have been verified, the genus cannot be determined with certainty.
4. SAGERETIA, Brongn.
Petals and stamens 5. Ovary surrounded by the disk, 3-celled, with 1
erect ovule in each cell. Style short, with a slightly 3-lobed stigma. Fruit
a berry or drupe, with 3 cells.—Shrubs sometimes half-climbing and often
thorny. Leaves alternate or nearly opposite, coriaceous, usually serrulate,
with pinnate veins prominent underneath. Flowers minute, sessile in clusters
along the branches of small axillary or terminal panicles.
A small genus, distributed over tropical and subtropical Asia and America.
1. S. theesans, Brongn. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ler. i. x. 360. A
shrub ?, the sitlc-shoots occasionally converted into or ending in a thorn; the
branches slender, angular, and slightly tomcntose. Lower leaves opposite, the
upper ones alternate, ovate, serrulate, seldom 1 in. long, shining above and
green and glabrous on both sides, with fine and distant pinnate veins. Lower
racemes simple, 1 to \ in. long, the upper ones branching into panicles twice
that length.
Hongkong, Champion, Wright, Wilford. Also on the adjoining continent, in Penang,
and in the Philippines.
5. RHAMNTJS, Linn.
Petals and stamens 4 or 5 (the former sometimes wanting), inserted at the
top of the cup-shaped or hemispherical tube of the calyx. Ovary free, usually
shorter than the calyx-tube, 2- to 4-celled, with 1 erect ovule in each cell, the
style 2- to 4-cleft. Fruit a dnipe, with 2 to 4 1-seeded kernels. Albumen
fleshy.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves usually alternate, with pinnate veins.
Flowers small, greenish, pedicellate, in axillary clusters or umbels.
A considerable genus, spread over the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, with
a very few tropical species from hilly districts.
1. R. virgatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 604. An erect shrub, more or less
thorny, glabrous, or the young shoots and leaves pubescent. Leaves alternate
or nearly opposite, ovate or oblong, acuminate, 1 to H in. long, serrulate,
contracted into a petiole at the base, of a thin consistence. Flowers on pedi-
cels of 1 to 2 lines, clustered at the base of leafy buds. Petals 4, minute.
Stamens as many. Ovary 2- or 3-celled, the style divided about halfway.


Rhamnus.~\
69
RHAMNACE.S.
On Victoria Peak, Champion; also Wright. Widely spread over the mountainous districts
of India, in the Nilgherrics, as well as the Himalaya.
Order XXXIV. TEREBINTHACE-E.
Flowers partially or wholly unisexual, or more rarely hermaphrodite. Se-
pals 5, or rarely 3, 4, or 7, more or less united and usually very small. Petals
as many, inserted on the outside or margin of a perigynous or hypogynous
disk, rarely wanting. Stamens as many, or twice as many. Ovary superior,
1- to 5-celled, with 1 or 2 ovules in each cell. Styles 3 to 5, usually distinct.
Fruit usually a drupe, 1-celled, with 1 seed, either ascending or pendulous.
Albumen none. Eadicle usually next the hilum. Cotyledons thick and fleshy.
—Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbers, usually with a resinous, gummy, caus-
tic, or milky juice. Leaves alternate, usually pinnate, sometimes simple, not
dotted, without stipules. Flowers small, paniculate.
A large Order, widely distributed over the warmer and temperate regions of the globe.
Stamens alternate with the petals. Ovules solitary (Anacardiea) . 1. Rhus.
Stamens opposite the petals. Ovules 2 in each cell (Metiomea) . . 2. Sabia.
1. RHUS, Linn.
Sepals, petals, and stamens 5. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 short styles or stig-
mas. Ovule 1, suspended from an erect filiform funiculus. Drupe small,
oblique, with very little juice or nearly dry. Eadicle short, curved against
the edge of the flat cotyledons.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves pinnate in the
Chinese species.
A considerable genus, with nearly the geographical range of the Order, but less abundant
within the tropics than in subtropical and temperate regions.
Leaves, panicles, and drupes quite glabrous 1. 72. succedaneum.
Leaves white-cottony underneath. Panicles and dnipes downy . . 2. R. hypoleuca.
1. R. succedaneum, Linn.; DC. Prod. ii. 68; Wight, Ic. t. 560.
A tree or tall shrub, quite glabrous in all its parts. Leaves pinnate, the
common petiole slender, not winged, 6 to 8 in. long. Leaflets 11 to 15, ob-
long or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long, the point long and acute,
very oblique at the base, green on both sides and shining above. Panicles 2
to 4 in. long, clustered in the axils of the leaves, the males more branched
than the females, the branches spreading. Petals small and soon falling off.
Drupes about 4 lines broad, very oblique, and quite glabrous.—Connarus ju-
glandifoliits, Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. 179.
In the Happy Valley, Champion and others. In S. China, north-east India, and north-
ward to Japan. In one specimen (fathered hy Wright the leaflets arc narrow as in our
Japanese ones; in the others they are broader, with long points and more transverse veins,
approaching the north Indian R. acuminata, DC, which seems to be a mere variety, with
usually, but not always, fewer leaflets. The venatiou is somewhat variable, even on the same
specimens.
2. R. hypoleuca, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 43. A tree. Leaves
pinnate, the common petiole cylindrical, 8 to 10 in. long. Leaflets 11 to 17,
ovate-lanceolate, somewhat acute, 2 to 2j in. long, oblique at the base, with


70
[Rhus.
TEREBINTHACE.E.
very short petiolules or almost sessile, glabrous above or scarcely tomeutose
on the principal veins, very white underneath, with a short close cotton.
Panicle terminal, pyramidal, about 4 in. long, sessile above the last leaves,
very much branched and downy. Petals white, more conspicuous than in the
last species. Drupes covered with a reddish down.
In woods of the Happy Valley and Mount Gough, but sparingly, Champion, Hanee, See-
mann, Fortune, Wilford. Not known out of the island.
There lire in Wright's collection two specimens, the one with male buds, the other with
an unripe fruit, of a dioecious shrub or tree, apparently allied to Spondias, but quite insuffi-
cient for determination.
The Mango, Mangifera indica, Linn., has been sent in some of the Hongkong collections,
but from cultivated trees, without any indication whether it has established itself in a half-
wild state.
2. SABIA, Colebr.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 5 (rarely 4), united at the base. Petals 5
(rarely 4), opposite the sepals. Stamens of the same number as and opposite
to the petals. Hypogynous disk 5-lobed. Ovary 1-or 2-celled, with 2 super-
posed ovules in each cell. Styles 1 or 2, cylindrical. Drupes containing a
single reniform seed. Radicle inferior. Cotyledons ovate, incurved.—
Climbers. Flowers axillary, solitary, cymose or paniculate.
A small Asiatic genus, forming, with Meliosma and Phoxanthus, a small tribe, differing
from other Terebinthacete chiefly in the opposition of the sepals, petals, aud stamens.
1. S. limoniacea, Wall.; Hook., and Thorns. Fl. hid. i. 210. A glabrous
climber. Leaves from oblong to lanceolate, 3 to 6 in. long, entire, coriaceous.
Panicles loosely racemiform or shortly branched, longer or shorter than the
leaves, either leafless or bearing a few small leaves. Petals broadly oval, ob-
tuse. Stamens not longer than the petals. Drupes rounded, flattened.—
Androglossum reticulatum, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 41.
In ravines of Victoria Peak, Champion, Wilford. In eastern India, from Chittagong
to Khasia aud Sikkim. By some mistake this plant has been referred by Seemann to the
S. paniculata, Edg., a very different species both in inflorescence and flowers.
Order XXXV. CONNABACEJE.
Flowers regular. Sepals 5, persistent, free or united at the base, imbri-
cate or rarely valvate. Petals 5, free, hypogynous, imbricate in the bud.
Stamens 10, hypogynous, usually united in a ring at the base. Ovary of 5
distinct carpels, either all perfect, or 1 perfect and 4 slender abortive ones, or
rarely reduced to 2 or 1 carpel. Styles entire, continuous from the inner
edge of the carpels, with single terminal stigmas. Ovules 2 in each carpel,
collateral and erect. Ripe carpels opening along the inner edge. Seed erect,
solitary, often enclosed in an arillus. Albumen either none or fleshy. Ra-
dicle superior. Cotyledons fleshy where there is no albumen, thin in the al-
buminous seeds.—Trees or shrubs, without resinous juices. Leaves alternate,
pinnate, without stipules. Flowers rather small, in panicles or racemes, usu-
ally clustered in the axils of the leaves.
A small Order, almost entirely tropical, common to the New and the Old World.


Itourea.]
71
CONNARACEjE.
1. ROTTBEA, Aubl.
Sepals imbricate. Ovary of 1 perfect carpel and 4 filiform abortive ones,
as long as the perfect one. Capsule sessile, usually curved outwards. Seed
with a coloured arillus, without albumen.
A considerable genu*, with the habit and geographical range of the Order.
Lea8ets 3, 5, or rarely 7, each 2 to 3 in. long 1. 72. santaloides.
Leaflets usually 11 to 17, each seldom above 1 in. long 2. R. microphylla.
1. R. santaloides, W. and Am. Prod. Fl. PeninsA. 144. A glabrous
tree. Leaflets 3, 5, or rarely 7, or occasionally reduced to a single one, ovate or
oval-elliptical, acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long, on a petioltile of 1 or 2 lines, veined
aud shining on both sides. Panicles or racemes usually shorter than the leaves,
and clustered in their axils. Flowers rather small, white, pedicellate. Cap-
sule sessile, ovoid, rather oblique, 6 to 8 lines long, with numerous curved
longitudinal veins. Seed enveloped in an orange-coloured arillus.—Connarus
Roxbnrghii, Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. 179.
Abundant in ravines, Champion, Hance, and others. Apparently dispersed all over eastern
India, the Archipelago, the Philippines, and S. China, for I cannot find any characters to
distinguish the specimens published by Planchon as species under the names of R. Milletti,
R. commutaia, R. caudata, R. heterophylla, and R. n. 18, or those distributed by Blumc as
R. javanica and R. humilis.
2. R. microphylla, Planch, in Linneea, xxiii. 421. A glabrous tree
or shrub. Leaflets 11 to 17 (or reduced to 9 or 7 on some of the smaller
side branches), ovate or oblong, obtusely acuminate, seldom exceeding an inch
in length, usually very oblique at the base but sometimes nearly straight; on
very short petiolules, coriaceous, shining above, rather glaucous underneath
when young. Racemes clustered in the axils of the leaves, 1 to \ in. long.
Flowers white, on slender pedicels. Capsules 6 to 8 lines long, narrower
than in R. santaloides, much curved. Seed enveloped in a thin arillus.—
Connarus microphylla, Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. 179. Averrhoa sinica,
Hance in Walp. Ann. ii. 241.
Abundant in ravines, Champion and others. Also on the adjacent continent, but not
known out of S. China.
Ohder XXXVI. LEGUMINOS.E.
Sepals combined into a single calyx, more or less divided into 6 or fewer
teeth or lobes, rarely entirely distinct. Corolla of 5 or rarely fewer petals,
perigynous or rarely hypogynous, very irregular in the first suborder, less so
in the second, small and regular in the third. Stamens twice the number of
petals, rarely fewer, or sometimes indefinite, inserted with the petals. Ovary
single (consisting of a single carpel), with 1, 2, or more ovules arranged
along the inner or upper angle of the cavity. Style simple. Fruit a pod,
usually flattish and opening round the margin in 2 valves, but sometimes in-
dehiscent or variously shaped. Seeds with 2 large cotyledons, a short radi-
cle, and (with few exceptions) without albumen.—Herbs, shrubs, trees, or
climbers. Lcave3 alternate, or in a few genera (not Asiatic) opposite, usually
furnished with stipules, compound or simple (reduced to a single leaflet or to


78
[LeguminosfB.
LEGUMINOS^E.
an expanded petiole), the leaflets or simple leaves entire or very rarely toothed.
Flowers in axillary or terminal racemes or spikes, when terminal often becom-
ing leaf-opposed by the growth of a lateral shoot, rarely solitary.
The largest natural Order next to Comporita, and widely distributed over the whole sur-
face of the globe.
Suborder I. Fapilionaceee.—Corolla very irregular, the upper petal (or standard)
outside in the bud.
Stamens all united or the upper one alone free.
Leaves simple or of 2 or 3 leaflets.
Pod continuous (not articulate).
Leaflets digitate or solitary.
Stamens completely united in a tube. Pod inflated . . 1. Crotalaria.
Upper stamen free, at least at the base. Pod flat . . . 21. Eriosema.
Leaflets pinnatcly arranged, the two lateral inserted below the
terminal one.
Ovary and pod I-seeded.
Pod very small, reuifonn; the veius much curved . . 2. Meuicago.
Pod flat, reticulate 12. Lespedeza.
Ovary and pod 2-sceded 20. Rhynchosia.
Ovary and pod with more than 2 seeds.
Two bracteolcs under the calyx.
Standard shorter than the other petals (flower large). 14. Mucuna.
Keel spirally twisted 16. Phaseolus.
Petals regularly papilionaceous.
Upper calyx-lobes large, 3 lower ones very small . 15. Canavalia.
Lobes of the calyx nearly equal.
Stems twining. Pod'long aud linear .... 13. Neustanthi s. >
Stems decumbent or ascending, Pods short, ob-
long, turgid 22. Pycnospora.
Calyi without bracteoles at the base.
Pod marked with depressed transverse line9 between
the seeds.
Erect undershmb. Standard with two callosities . 17. Cajanus.
Stem prostrate or twining. Standard without cal-
losities 19. Atylosia.
Pod without depressed trausverse lines. Twiner . . 18. Dunbaria.
Pod articulate.
Leaflets 2 7. Zornia.
Leaflet 1. Pod scarcely flattened 8. Alysicarpvs.
Leaflets 3 or rarely 1. Pod very flat.
Pod turned back in the calyx.
Calyx small, with subulate teeth 9. Urakia.
Calyx enlarged after flowering, with broad teeth . . .10. Loukea.
Pod straight 11. Desmodium.
Leaves pinnate, of 5 or more leaflets.
Herbs or undershrubs.
Pod not articulate.
Upper stamen free. Anthers tipped by a gland or point . 3. Indigofera.
Stamens mouodelphous, at least in the middle. Anthers
obtuse 4. Tephrosia.
Pod articulate 6. jEschynomene.
Herbaceous climbers. Stamens 9. Pod 2-valved .... 23. Abrus.
Trees or tall woody climbers.
Pods 2-valved. Stamens 10 5. Millettia.
Pod indehisceut.
Anthers small, erect, opening at the (op. Flowers small,
cymosc 24. Dalberoia.


Leguminous..]
73
LEGUMINOSjE.
Anthers versatile, opening lengthwise. Flowers racemose.
Tree. Pods thick, not winged 26. Pongamia.
Woody climbers. Pods thin, with a narrow wing . . 25. Dkhris.
Stamens all free (Sophorea).
Calyi loose, truncate. Leaves simple 27. Bowkingia.
Calyx 5-toothed. Leaves pinnate.
Fruit indehiscent, much contracted between the seeds . 28. Sophora.
Pod 2-valved 29. Orhosia.
Suborder II. Caesalpiniese.—Corolla irregular or nearly regular, imbricate in the
bud, Ike upper petal intide.
Leaves twice pinnate.
Pod very prickly 30. Giulandina.
Pod not prickly 31. (Lesalpinia.
Leaves once pinnate.
Petals conspicuous, yellow, spreading 32. Cassia.
Petals very small, almost like the sepals 34. Gleditscuia.
Leaves 2-lobed or with 2 leaflets 33. Bai'hinia.
Suborder III. Mimoseae.— Corolla regular. Petals small, valcate in the bud.
Leaves twice pinnate.
Stameus 10 35. Leucena.
Stamens indefinite.
Stamens free, usually short 36. Acacia.
Stamens monadelphous, usually long.
Pod straight, thin 37. Albizzia.
Pod curved or spiral, often thick and pulpy inside ... 38. Pithecolobium.
SUBORDER I. PAPILIONACEJE.
Calyx 5-toothed or -cleft, or 4-toothed by the union of the 2 upper ones,
rarely splitting irregularly. Corolla very irregular, papilionaceous, that is, of
5 petals, the upper one, or standard (vexillum), outside in the bud; the 2
lateral ones, called wings (alte), intermediate; the 2 lowest more or less united
along one edge into a single boat-shaped one called the keel (carina). Stamens
usually 10, either all united or diadelphous, when one is usually free, and the
9 others united, or all free.
Tribe I. GENISTEM
Leaves simple, or of 3 (rarely 5) digitate leaflets, all inserted at the end
of the petiole. Racemes terminal or leaf-opposed. Stamens all united in a
tube.
1. CROTALARIA, Linn.
Calyx 5-cleft. Standard broad. Wings free, transversely wrinkled above
the claw. Keel with a straight or curved point or beak. Stamens all united
in a sheath, open on the upper side. Anthers alternately ovoid and oblong.
Style suddenly bent in above the ovary. Pod inflated.—Herbs or shrubs.
Leaves simple and sessile, or with 3 or 5 digitate leaflets at the end of the
petiole. Stipules scarcely conspicuous in the Hongkong species. Racemes
terminal or leaf-opposed. Pedicels solitary to each bract, with 2 bracteoles
close under or even upon the calyx. Flowers yellow, or rarely bluish or
purplish.


74
[Crotalaria.
LEGUMINOS*.
A large genus, chiefly tropical, with a few extratropical species in North America, South
Africa, or Australia.
Leaves simple, sessile.
Erect perennial of 3 ft. Petals longer than the calyx 1. C. retina.
Annuals or decumbent perennials. Petals shorter or not longer than the calyx.
Calyx covered with long spreading hairs.
Fruiting calyx near 1 inch. Flowers pale yellow. Seed in a loose
raceme 2. C. calyrina.
Fruiting calyx 8-9 lines. Flowers blue, iu a short dense raceme . 3. C. Irevipes.
Calyx slightly hoary or silky with short apprcssed hairs .... 4. C albida.
Leaves with 3 leaflets. Pod nearly globular 5. C. elliptica.
1. C. rettuta, Linn.; Benlh. in Hook. Land. Journ. Bot. ii. 480; Bot.
Beg. t. 253; Bot. Mag. I. 2561. An erect undershrab of about 3 ft., with few
stiff erect branches, hoary with a short pubescence. Leaves simple, cuneate-
oblong, \ to 3 in. long, very obtuse or retuse, glabrous above, more or less
hoary or silky underneath with short appressed pubescence. Flowers rather
large, yellow, pendulous, in terminal racemes about 6 in. long. Calyx 4 to
6 lines long, slightly pubescent; the lobes lanceolate, the 3 lower united higher
up than the others. Standard broadly orbicular, 8 or 9 lines diameter. Pod
sessile, glabrous, 1 to \ in. long.
In sandy or grassy places near the sea, Wright. Common in similar localities, as well as
near the great rivers in tropical Asia, and in the maritime provinces of tropical America.
2. C. calycina, Schranck; Benlh. I.e. 564. A decumbent or nearly
erect annual, 1 to 1£ ft. high, with appressed hairs on the branches and
under side of the leaves. Leaves simple, sessile, from oblong or lanceolate*
to linear, 2 to 4 in. long, glabrous or nearly so on the upper side. Eacemes
terminal, of a few distant pendulous pedicellate flowers, remarkable for their
large calyx, thickly covered with long spreading rusty hairs, and attaining,
after flowering, near 1 in. in length. Petals pale yellow, shorter than the
calyx. Pod sessile, glabrous, nearly as long as the calyx, with numerous
small seeds.
Hongkong, Eyre, Hance. Common in hot, grassy, and waste places throughout tropical
Asia, extending westward into tropical Africa, and eastward to North Australia.
3. C. brevipes, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 44. A decumbent or
nearly erect annual, like the last, but with leaves usually narrower, and the
flowers blue, rather smaller, in short dense terminal racemes, the calyx seldom
attaining 9 lines in length. In these respects it resembles the C. semliflora,
a common species in eastern tropical Asia, and which has been gathered near
Canton, but not yet in Hongkong. This species has, however, still smaller
flowers, the calyx not attaining above 6 lines in length.
On the border of an estuary at East Point, in a sandy soil, Champion. As this plant has
not appeared in any other collection, there is some reason to conjecture that it may be some
accidental variety of the C. seuiliflora.
4. C. albida, Heyne; Benth. in Hook. Land. Journ. Bot. ii. 567. Stock
perennial, often woody, with numerous decumbent or ascending branches, from
a few inches to above a foot high; the whole plant more or less hoary with
closely appressed hairs. Leaves from obovate or cuneate-oblong to linear,
obtuse or with a small point, 6 to 9 lines long or rarely above 1 in. Flowers
rather small, pendulous, in terminal usually one-sided racemes. Upper lobes


Crolalaria.']
76
LEGUMINOS^E.
of the calyx falcate-oblong, much larger than the others, 4 to 5 lines long.
Petals yellow, not exceeding the calyx. Pod sessile, oblong, glabrous, about
half as long again as the calyx.—C. leiocarpa, Vog. in PI. Meyen. 8.
Common on the slopes of the hills, Champion and others. Widely distributed over the
hilly districts of tropical Asia, from the Nilgherries and Cashmere to Burmah and South
China.
6. C. elliptica, Roxb.; Benlh. I. c. ii. 580. Stem woody at the base,
with stiff but slender straggling branches, 1 to 2 feet high, and usually
pubescent. Leaflets 3, oval-elliptical, obovate or rarely oblong, the terminal
one often 1 in. long, or even more, the lateral ones usually shorter, glabrous
above, slightly silky-pubescent underneath, the common petiole 6 to 9 lines
long. Racemes at first terminal, but very soon becoming leaf-opposed, about
1 in. long when in flower, 2 to 3 when in fruit. Flowers small, yellow, the
petals longer, however, than the calyx. Calyx obliquely ovoid-globular, about
3 lines long, closely pubescent.
Hongkong, Hindi and others. Apparently common in South China, extending to Cochin
China, but not known from elsewhere.
Tkibe II. TRIFOLIEM
Stem herbaceous, not twining. Leaves 3-foliolate, without stipelte, the
numerous veins of the leaflets extending to the edge, and often projecting
into minute teeth. Racemes usually axillary. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary
with 2 or more ovules, rarely with a single ovule. .
2. MEDICAQO, Linn.
Pod very much curved, usually spirally twisted, or sometimes 1-seeded and
reniform, and then with very much curved veins.
A considerable genus, the species almost all indigenous to the Mediterranean region.
1. M. lupulina, Linn.; DC. Prod. ii. 172. Stock perennial, with
several decumbent or ascending pubescent steins, 1 to 2 feet long. Stipules
entire. Leaves pubescent, with 3 obovate or obcordate slightly denticulate
leaflets. Flowers very small, yellow, in short dense pedunculate axillary ra-
cemes. Pod very small (scarcely 1^ lines long), ovoid-reniform, rather thick,
glabrous or pubescent, marked with much-curved veins, black when ripe, with
a single seed.
Hongkong, probably introduced with Gram (Cicer), Hanee. Common in pastures and
meadows over the greater part of Europe and Asia, but so frequently cultivated that in many
countries it can only be considered as a naturalized plaut.
Some other Trifoliea of the genera Medicago, Trifolium, and Me/ilolut, are common as
indigenous or naturalized pasture plants or weeds in Asia as well as Europe, and may very
probably appear also in Hongkong.
Tkibe III. INDIOOFEREjE.
A small tribe, almost limited to the genus Indigofera, distinguished chiefly
by the anthers, tipped with a gland or point, from Galegete, with which they
■would be united, but that the leaflets are in a few species digitate, as in
Genislece.


76
[Indigofera.
LEGUMINOS.E.
3. INDIGOPERA, Linn.
Calyx small, broadly and obliquely campanulate, with 5 teeth or lobes, the
lowest the longest. Standard ovate or orbicular. Keel erect, with long claws,
and a small protuberance or spur on each side, above the claw. Stamens
diadelphous, the sheath slender, and usually persistent after the fall of the
petals. Anthers tipped with a small gland or point. Ovary sessile or nearly
so, with several ovules. Pod usually slender, cylindrical or 4-angled, with
transverse cellular partitions between the seeds, rarely flattened, or when re-
duced to a single seed nearly globular.—Herbs, undershrubs, or slender shrubs,
more or less hoary or sprinkled with appressed hairs, fixed by their centre.
Leaves usually pinnate, with opposite or alternate leaflets and a terminal odd
one, sometimes reduced to 3 or 1, and in a few African species with 3 or 5
digitate leaflets. Stipules small; stipellae occur occasionally. Flowers usually
red or purple, in axillary spikes or racemes.
A large genus, widely spread over tropical Asia and America, but still more abuudant iu
tropical and southern Africa, with a few Australian species.
Prostrate, decumbent, or ascending herbs. Pods straight, closely re-
flexed on the peduncle.
Stem hirsute with spreading hairs ]. /. Ursuta.
Stem glabrous, much flattened 2. I. endecaphylla.
Erect shrubs or undershrubs.
Pods reflected, much curved and crowded. Flowers small . . . 3. /. Anil.
Pods straight, spreading. Flowers rather large, in loose racemes.
Leaflets Tnuch veined, most of them very obtuse .... 4. I. venulosa.
Leaflets slightly veined, most of them acute 5. /. decora.
1. I. hirsuta, Linn.; W. and Am. Prod. Fl. Penim. i. 204. A de-
cumbent or ascending branching annual, 1 to 2 feet high, remarkable iu the
genus for the spreading hairs which clothe the branches, petioles, and inflo-
rescence. Leaves pinnate, with 3 to 5 pair of opposite leaflets and a terminal
one, all obovate or oblong, with stiff appressed hairs, the common petiole 2 to
3 in., the leaflets from i to 1 in. long. Racemes dense, shortly stalked, from
1 to 4 in. long. Pods about \ in. long, straight, quadrangular, reflexed on the
peduncle, very hirsute, with 5 to 7 seeds.—/. astragalina, DC. Prod. ii. 228.
On the racecourse, Champion; abundant near the sea, Wilford; also Wright and Hance.
Widely dispersed over tropical Africa, Asia, and Australia.
2. I. endecaphylla, Jacq.; DC. Prod. ii. 228; Bot. Mag. t. 789.
Stock perennial, sometimes abnost woody; the branches prostrate or ascending,
somewhat hoary, and always more or less flattened, especially in the upper
part. Leaflets from 5 to 11, alternate, from obovate to oblong, or even linear,
from 4 to 6, or even 8 lines long, obtuse, glabrous above, with appressed hairs
underneath, the common petiole about 1 in. long. Flowers small, almost
sessile, in axillary racemes about the length of the leaves. Calyx deeply 5-
cleft, with subulate teeth (or lobes). Pods about £ iu. long, straight, obtusely
quadrangular, reflexed on the peduncle, nearly glabrous, usually with 8 to 10
seeds.—/. anceps, Vahl; DC. Prod. ii. 228. /. Kleinii, \V. and Am. Prod. i.
204. /. Schimperiana, Hochst. PI. Schimp. Abyss.
Hongkong, Wright. Occurs in various parts of tropical and southern Africa, and in the
Indian Peninsula, probably therefore introduced into Hongkong.


Itidu/qfera.]
77
LEQUMINOS.B.
3. I. Anil, Linn.; DC. Prod. ii. 225. A shrub or erect undershrub, 3
to 5 feet high, more or less hoary with appressed hairs. Leaflets in the more
luxuriant specimens often 8 or 9 pair, besides the terminal one, and full an
inch long, in drier situations often only 2 to 4 pair, and not above 6 lines
long, all opposite, from obovate to oblong, glabrous or nearly so on the upper
side, hoary with appressed hairs underneath. Flowers scarcely above 2 lines
long, in short dense almost sessile racemes, on very short recurved pedicels. •
Calyx campanulate, with short broad teeth. Pods about $ in. long, usually
densely packed and much incurved, slightly tetragonous, with 6 to 10 seeds.
Od roadsides and in other waste places, Hattce and others. The species is supposed to be
of American origin, but is now so generally cultivated for indigo in America, Africa, and
Asia, and spreads so readily as a weed, that it is impossible to fix its native country with any
certainty. The /. /inctoria, which is rather more generally cultivated in Asia, differs chiefly
in the looser racemes, with longer and more slender pods, always straight.
4. I. venulosa, Champ, in Kew Journ. Boi. iv. 44. An erect glabrous
undershrub, 1 to 1^ feet high, the stems usually but little branched. Leaflets
opposite, 2 to 6 pair, besides the terminal one, ovate or orbicular, the terminal
one often 1 in. long, the others shorter, all very obtuse, or sometimes slightly
mucronatc, green on both sides, the network of smaller veins very prominent,
quite glabrous, or with a few appressed hairs underneath. Racemes somewhat
shorter than the leaves; the peduncle slender, bearing flowers only in the up-
per half. Pedicels lj lines long. Flowers showy, of a reddish-lilac, about 7
lines long, the petals slightly pubescent. Calyx-teeth short. Pod straight,
glabrous, with several seeds.
Victoria Peak, Champion, also Wright; found also on Silver Island by Fortune, n. 43, but
not out of S. China. It is, however, nearly allied to the North Chinese /. macrostachya,
as well as to the following, /. decora, but may be distinguished from the former by its gla-
brous surface, from the latter by the smaller leaflets and flowers, from both by the prominent
veins of the leaflets.
5. I. decora, Lindl. in Journ. ffort. Soc. Lond. i. 68; andBot.Reg. 1846,
t. 22. An erect shrub or undershrub, 1 to 2 or even 3 feet high, and nearly
glabrous. Leaflets opposite, 3 to 6 pair besides the terminal one, from oval
to oblong-elliptical, the largest from 1£ to 2 in. long, usually acute or scarcely
obtuse, glaucous, and slightly hairy underneath, the smaller veins scarcely
conspicuous. Racemes shorter than the leaves, like those of /. vmuhsa, but
the flowers themselves are larger and more showy.
East Point, Hongkong, from Col. Eyre's drawings I have not, however, seen Hougkong
specimens, but describe it from those gathered near Amoy by Fortune, and from garden spe-
cimens. It was also gathered in Japan by Wright.
Tribe IV. OALEGEM
Herbs, not twining, or shrubs, trees, or woody climbers. Leaves pinnate,
often stipellate. Racemes axillary or terminal. Stamens monadelphous or
diadelphous, the anthers obtuse. Ovary with 2 or more ovules. Pod open-
ing in 2 valves*.
4. TEPHBOSIA, Pers.
Calyx 5-toothed. Standard broad, as long as or longer than the obtuse
keel. Upper stamen free at the very base, but adhering to the sheath of the


71
[ Teplwoi ia.
LEGUMINOStf..
others in the middle. Style curved, glabrous, excepting sometimes a tuft of
hairs on the terminal stigma. Pod linear, compressed, 2-valved, without par-
titions between the seeds.—Herbs, undershrubs, or rarely shrubs. Leaves
pinnate, with several pairs of opposite leaflets, and a terminal odd one, very
rarely reduced to a single leaflet; the veins of the leaflets numerous, parallel,
and oblique. Racemes terminal, leaf-opposed or in the upper axils, often
'leafy at the base. Flowers 2 to 6 together at each bract.
A considerable genus, widely spread over the tropical regions of the globe.
1. T. purpurea, Pert.; W. and Am. Prod. Fl. Penint. i. 213. Stock
perennial or sometimes woody, with slender but stiff decumbent ascending or
even erect stems, 1 to 2 feet high, with spreading branches; the younger shoots
often silky-hoary, becoming at length nearly glabrous. Leaflets in several
rather distant pairs, cuneate-oblong or linear, about i in. long. Racemes
terminal or leaf-opposed, the lower ones often very short, the upper ones 6 in.
or more, with distant fascicles of 3 or 4 pinkish flowers, each about 4 lines
long; the broad standard scarcely exceeding the fine subulate calyx-teeth.
Pod rather more than 1 in. long, glabrous or nearly so, with 6 to 8 seeds.
East Point, Champion, Common all over tropical Asia.
5. MILLETTIA, W. and Arn.
Calyx campanulate, truncate, or with very short teeth. Standard broad,
without the inflected appendages above the claw of Wisteria and allied genera.
Stamens diadelphous. Ovary surrounded by a small cup-shaped disk, shortly
stalked; style glabrous, with a terminal stigma. Pod thick, coriaceous, or
almost woody, usually flattened, opening when quite ripe in two valves.—Trees
or more frequently tall woody climbers. Leaves pinnate, with opposite leaflets
and a terminal odd one, usually stipellate. Racemes usually simple, in the up-
per axils, forming a terminal panicle. Flowers 2 or more together, in fascicles
or on short common peduncles.
A considerable genus, dispersed over tropical Asia and Africa.
Leaflets about 5. Standard purpla, 1 in. long, silky-tomentose outside. 1. if. nilida.
Leaflets 9 to 13. Standard white or yellowish, near 1 in. loug, glabrous 2. M. speciota.
Leaflets 5 or 7. Standard, not i in. long, glabrous 8. if. Championi.
1. M. nitida, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bol. i. 484. A tall woody
climber, the younger shoots covered with a close rusty tomentum, becoming
at length glabrous. Leaflets usually 5, shortly petiolulate, ovate or oval-
oblong, shortly and obtusely acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long, coriaceous, glabrous,
and shining, the common petiole 2 to 4 in. long. Flowers large, purple, in
dense terminal panicles. Calyx rusty-tomentose Standard an inch long,
elegantly veined and silky-tomentose outside. Keel long and incurved. Pod
villous, 3 to 4 in. long, and 6 to 8 lines broad at the seeds, narrowed between
them.—Marquartia tomentom, Vog. in PI. Meyen. 35, t. 1, 2?
Very common from the level of the sea to the summit of Victoria Peak, Champion and
others; also on the adjacent continent, but not known out of China.
2. M. speciosa, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bol. iv. 73. A tall woody
climber, the younger branches, petioles, and panicles covered with a dense white
tomentum, the older branches glabrous. Leaflets 9 to 13, usually 11, oblong,


Milltttia.]
79
LEGUMINOS/E.
obtuse, or scarcely acuminate, 2 to 8 in. long, smooth and shining above,
slightly veined and sprinkled with a few hairs underneath. Flowers rather
large, white, intermixed with a primrose-yellow, in racemes of 3 to 6 in. long
in the upper axils, flowering from near the base. Pedicels 3 to 4 lines long.
Calyx silky-tomentose, with short broad obtuse teeth. Standard near an inch
in diameter, rather thick, glabrous or slightly mealy outside. Keel curved,
but obtuse, scarcely so long. Pod tomentose, with thick coriaceous valves.
Seeds orbicular, flattened.
Common on Victoria Peak with M. nitida, but not elsewhere, Champion; also Hance
and Wright. Not known out of S. China.
3. M. Championi, Bentk. in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 74. A tall woody
climber, like the two last, but more slender and entirely glabrous, except a
very slight pubescence on the panicles and young shoots. Leaflets 5 or 7,
ovate or oblong, obtusely acuminate, usually about 2 in., but varying from 1
to 3 in. long, thinner than in the two last, and the veins much more conspi-
cuous. Racemes in the upper axils 1 to 2 in. long, flowering from the base;
the upper ones forming a terminal panicle. Flowers white, about half the size
of the two last species; the standard marked with a green spot at the base, and
all the petals quite glabrous. Disk round the ovary very short, sometimes
scarcely perceptible. Ovary and young fruit stalked, quite glabrous, with
about 6 ovules: the ripe pod has not yet been observed.
Trailing over rocks on Mount Gongh and in the Happy Valley woods, Champion; also
Wright. Hot received from elsewhere.
Tribe V. UEBYSAREJE.
Herbs, or very rarely shrubs or trees. Leaves various. Pod separating
transversely into one-seeded articles, usually indehiscent, or sometimes re-
duced to a single one-seeded indehiscent reticulate article. An artificially
distinguished group, having the foliage and other characters sometimes of the
Loteee, sometimes of the Gateyeee, or of the Phaseolea.
6. .SJSCHYNOMENE, Linn.
Calyx 5-cleft or 2-lipped. Petals nearly equal, the standard broad, the
keel often beaked or pointed. Stamens all united in a sheath open on the
upper side, or divided into 2 equal parcels. Pod stalked, linear, flattened, con-
sisting of several articles and tipped by the short style.—Herbs or slender
shrubs. Leaves pinnate, with several pair of leaflets usually alternate, and a
terminal odd one. Racemes axillary, simple or branched, rarely terminal.
A considerable genus, chiefly American, with a very few species from tropical Asia and
Africa.
1. JE. indica, Linn.; W. and Am. Prod.El. Benin*, i. 219; Wight, Ic.
t. 405. A slender decumbent or ascending annual, branching at the base,
glabrous or slightly rough with a short pubescence. Stipules small, brown,
produced at the base below their insertion. Leaflets numerous, usually 20 to
30 pair and an odd one, small, linear-oblong. Racemes few-flowered, often
with a small leaf at their base. Flowers yellow, about 4 lines long. Calyx
2-lipped, the upper lip entire or slightly 2-cleft, the lower 3-lobed. Staminal
sheath cleft above and below, dividing the stamens into two equal parcels.
Pod nanow, with several articles.


so
\JEschynomene.
LEGCMINOS.«.
East Point, Champion. Common in tropical Asia, extending also into tropical Africa.
The Hongkong specimens are rather stouter than usual, but the flowers are precisely those
of JS. indica, not half so large as those of JE. aspera, the other common Indian species.
7. ZORNIA, Gmel.
Calyx. 2-lipped, usually small and membranous. Petals nearly equal, the
standard broad, the keel almost beaked. Stamens monadelphous in a closed tube.
Ovary sessile or nearly so. Pod linear, flattened, consisting of several articles,
often muricate.—Herbs, usually glandular-dotted. Leaves with 2 or 4 digi-
tate leaflets, without stipellae. Stipules usually half-sagittate. Racemes or
loose spikes terminal; the flowers yellow, usually sessile and solitary between
2 bracts, which are like the stipules, but much larger and concealing the calyx.
A genus of several American and two or three African species, with one widely spread
over the whole world witKln the tropics.
1. Z. diphylla, Pers. Syn. PI. ii. 313. A low herb, sometimes an-
nual, sometimes forming a thick foot-stock of several years' duration; the
branches decumbent, ascending or nearly erect, from 6 inches to 1 or 2 feet
long. Leaflets 2 only at the end of the petiole, varying from ovate and only
2 or 3 lines long in the lower leaves, to lanceolate or linear, from \ to 1 in.
long in the upper ones. Flowers in the common Asiatic varieties 3 to 3£
lines long, almost enclosed in the narrow-ovate bracts, which like the stipules
are produced into a short auricle below their insertion, and are often, as well
as the leaflets, marked with a few pellucid glandular dots. Pod longer or
shorter than the bracts, of 3 to 6 articles, usually muricate with hooked or
pubescent prickles.
East Point, Champion; also Ilance and Wright. A very common species in S. America,
where it is exceedingly variable; abundant also but less variable in many parts of tropical
Africa, Asia, and Australia. Some of the Chinese specimens are almost without pellucid
dots, as in the generality of the W. Indian specimens; but others have several on the bracts
and occasionally a few on the leaves also; they correspond to the varieties t vulgaris im-
punctata and f vulgarit punctata of my enumeration of varieties in Mart. Fl. Bras. Leg.
p. 80 to 83.
8. ALYSICARPUS, Neck.
Calyx narrow, acute at the base, deeply 4- or 5-cleft; the segments dry and
stiff. Petals narrow, scarcely exceeding the calyx. Stamens diadelphous, the
upper ones free from the base. Pods sessile, scarcely compressed, consisting
of several indehisecnt 1-seeded articles.—Herbs. Stipules and bracts palea-
ceous or scarious. Leaves simple (reduced to 1 leaflet). Racemes terminal
or leaf-opposed. Flowers 2 together.
A rather small genus, chiefly S. Asiatic, a few species extending into tropical Africa, or
occasionally naturalized in tropical America.
Calyx-lobes narrow-snbulate. Pod Blightly wrinkled and not con-
tracted between the seeds 1. A. vaginalis.
Calyx-lobes lanceolate, glumaceous. Pod smooth, slightly contracted
between the seeds 2. A. iuplevri/oliut.
1. A. vaginalis, DC. Prod. ii. 353. A perennial, tufted or much
branched at the base; the stems decumbent or ascending, from a few inches to
a foot long, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Leaves on short slender petioles,


Alysicarpus.]
81
LEGUM1N0S-E.
the lower ones cordate, orbicular, or oval, not 6 lines long; the upper ones
from oval-oblong to lanceolate-linear, and often 9 lines long or more, all ob-
tuse. Eacemes slender, terminal, or at length leaf-opposed, from 4 to 1 in.
long. Calyx about 2 lines long, 5-cleft; the lobes very narrow, with a su-
bulate or almost hair-tike point. Petals scarcely longer. Pod 6 to 9 lines
long, slightly compressed, obscurely wrinkled, the separation of the articles
marked by transverse raised tines, but without any contraction.—A. uummu-
laridfoliu*, DC. 1. c.
Hongkong, Hance, Wright. Common in grassy and waste places in India and the Ar-
chipelago.
2. A. buplevrifolius, DC. Prod. ii. 352. A glabrous perennial, re-
sembling the last, but usually more erect and taller, although sometimes short
and decumbent. Leaves mostly oblong-linear, and nearly sessile, the longest
often 1 or 2 in. or even more in length; the lower ones broader and shorter,
sometimes ovate. Racemes slender, often 6 in. long; the flowers in distant
pairs, larger than in A. vaginalis. Calyx 3 to 3i lines long; the lobes lanceo-
late, glumaceous, and overlapping each other. Petals scarcely so long. Pod
sometimes scarcely exceeding the calyx, sometimes twice as long, the articles
quite smooth and separated by distinct although often very slight contractions.
Hongkong, Wright. Common in the plains of India and in the Archipelago.
9. TTRABIA, Desv.
Calyx shortly and broadly campanulate, with 5 subulate lobes or teeth; the
2 upper ones often more or less united. Petals narrow, the standard obovate.
Stamens diadelphous, the upper one free from the base. Ovules several. Pod
stipitate, often bent back upon the calyx, consisting of 2 to 6 flattened joints,
separated by very narrow contractions, and folded on each other.—Perennials
or undershrubs. Leaflets 1, 3, or more, opposite in pairs, with a terminal
odd one, with stipellse. Stipules lanceolate, dry, striate. Racemes terminal,
usually dense. Pedicels in pairs.
A genus of several S. Asiatic species, a few of which extend into tropical Africa or into
Australia.
1. XT. crinita, Dew.; DC. Prod. ii. 324. Perennial woody stem or
stock usually very short. Flowering stems decumbent or ascending, from 6
in. to 2 or 3 feet high, the whole plant pubescent, with minute hooked hairs.
Leaflets usually 3 or 5, oblong, and often 4 to 6 in. long, or sometimes re-
duced to one, which is then shorter and more ovate. Stipules broadly lanceo-
late, striate, with long points. Racemes nearly sessile, cylindrical, and very
dense, short at first, but attaining at length in some Chinese specimens 1 to
\ feet, and very hairy. Lower bracts ovate, lanceolate, and persistent; up-
per ones lanceolate, projecting beyond the flowers in a terminal tuft, but falling
off after the flowers expand. Standard about 4£ lines long. Pod usually
pubescent, of 3 or 4 small articles.— U. comota, DC. I.e. U. macrostac/iya,
Wall. PI. As. Rar. ii. t. 110.
Common near the Albany barracks, Champion; also Sauce. Frequent in the Indian Ar-
chipelago ; extends to eastern India and to Ceylon.
G


82
[Lourea.
LEGUMINOSiE.
10. LOUREA, Neck.
Calyx broadly campanulatc, enlarged and membranous after flowering, with
5 ovate-lanceolate shortly pointed lobes. Petals narrow. Stamens diadel-
phous. Pod straight, consisting of two or more distinct articles folded upon
each other as in Uraria.—Herbs or undershrubs, with the habit of some Des-
modiums. Leaves with 1 or 3 leaflets. Flowers small, in terminal racemes
or panicles.
A small genus, limited to tropical Asia, and chiefly fonnd in the Malayan Peninsula and
Archipelago.
I. Ii. obcordata, Deso.; DC. Prod. ii. 324. Stems slender, prostrate,
usually shortly hairy, 1 to 2 ft. long. Leaflets usually 3, the terminal one
broadly obovate, orbicular, or reniform, 6 to 9 lines broad, truncate or emar-
ginate at the top, with 3 to 5 lateral veins branching from each side of the
midrib, the lateral ones ovate or obovate and smaller, sprinkled with a few
small hairs. Racemes mostly terminal, slender, 2 to 6 in. long, or shorter
and paniculate. Flowers small, shortly pedicellate. Calyx at first not above
1 line long and hairy, but after flowering attaining 3 lines, and completely en-
closing the pod.
Hongkong, Champion, Wright. Frequent in the Indian Archipelago, extending to
Burmah, the Philippines, and northwards to Amoy.
11. DESMODIUM, DC.
Calyx campanulate, with 4 acuminate teeth or lobes; the upper one 2-
toothed or 2-cleft, or rarely equally 5-cleft. Petals narrow, the standard obo-
vate, the wings usually adhering laterally to the keel, which has often on each
side at the point of adhesion a small oblique membranous appendage. Stamens
either monadelphous, with the sheath open on the upper side, or the upper
stamen more or less free. Ovary sessile or stipitate, with 2 or more ovules
(except in one Indian species). Style glabrous, with a minute terminal
stigma. Pod consisting of 2 or more flat articles, usually reticulate.—Herbs,
shrubs, or trees. Leaves with 1 or 3 leaflets. Flowers usually small, in ter-
minal or leaf-opposed racemes or panicles, or rarely in axillary clusters.
A very large genus, widely dispersed over the tropical regions of the New and tie Old
"World, with a few species in extratropical N. America, S. Africa, or Australia. It may be
readily divided into 14 or 15 well-marked sections, which have been proposed by myself or
others as distinct genera, but on a general review it appears more convenient to retain them
all under one common generic name.
Calyx narrow and acute at the base. Keel usually without lateral ap-
pendages.
Leaflet 1, the petiole winged. Keel beaked. Ovules several, flowers
racemose, with small bracts 1. D. triquelrum.
Leaflets 3, the petiole not winged. Keel obtuse. Ovules 3. Flowers
in dense clusters, sessile on the branches of a large panicle, with
a large bifoliolate leafy bract to each cluster.
Leaves very softly hairy, whitish underneath. Pod of 3 silky-hairy
articles 2. D. elegant.
Leaves slightly hairy above, softly hairy underneath. Pod of 2
glabrous articles, ciliatc on the edge 3. D. pnlchellum.


Beimodium.]
83
LEGUMINOSvE.
Calyx obtuse at the base. Keel obtu9c, usually with a small oblique
appendage on each side.
Pedicels or racemes filiform and leaf-opposed.
Pedicels 2 or 3 together, filiform and 1-flowered 4. B. triflorum.
Raceme slender, with 8 to 6 distant filiform pedicels 5. D.parvifolium.
Racemes terminal.
Leaflet* 3.
Racemes dense. Pods erect 6. D. polycarpon.
Racemes long and slender 7. D.reticutatum.
Leaflet 1, broad. Racemes long and slender 8. D.gangeticum.
1. D. triquetrum, BU. Prod. ii. 326. An erect perennial or under-
shrub, about 2 ft. high, nearly glabrous. Leaves consisting of a single leaflet,
varying from ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate-linear, 2 to 4 in. long; the petiole
flattened or winged, obovate or cuneate, with 2 stipellse under the leaflet.
Stipules lanceolate, striate. Bacemes terminal, simple or branched, with nu-
merous small shortly pedicellate flowers in fascicles of 2 or 3. Bracts nearly
subulate. Keel beaked. Pod sessile, flat, of several almost square articles,
both edges of the pod continuous, or the lower edge very slightly indented
between the seeds.—Pteroloma triquetrum, Desv.; Benth. in PI. Jungh. i. 220.
Besm. acrocarpum, Hance in Lond. Journ. Bot. vii. 473.
Victoria Peak, Champion; also Hance and Wright. Frequent in India and the Archipe-
lago. It varies much in the size and shape of the leaflet and petiole, as well as in the pod
either glabrous or nearly so, or sprinkled or edged with long hairs or thickly silky-hairy all
over.
2. D. elegans, Benth. A branching perennial or undershrub. Stems
villous. Leaflets 3, ovate obtuse ; the terminal one about 3 or 4 in. long, the
lateral ones smaller, all villous above and very softly silky-villous and whitish
underneath, the common petiole not dilated. Flowers small, in dense umbels
or heads, sessile along the branches of a terminal leafy panicle, and almost
enclosed in a 2-foliolate leaf-like bract at the base of each umbel, each leaflet
broadly ovate or orbicular, \ to f in. long and very oblique at the base. Pod
usually of 3 flat, nearly orbicular, small articles, very silky-villous, both edges
of the pod, especially the lower one, indented between the articles.—Bicerma
elegans, DC. Prod. ii. 339. Phyllodium elegans, Desv.; Benth. in PI.
Jungh. 217.
Common in low grounds, Champion; also Wright. Only known hitherto fiom Java and
from S. China, and perhaps from Cochin China.
3. D. pulchellum, Benth. A branching perennial or undershrub, like
the last in foliage, inflorescence, and flowers, except that the leaves are only
slightly pubescent on the upper surface, and softly pubescent not villous un-
derneath, and the pod has almost universally only 2 articles, glabrous or
nearly so on the faces, and slightly ciliate at the edges only .—Bicerma pulchel-
lum, DC. Prod. ii. 339; Wight, Ic. t. 418. Phyllodium pulchellum, Desv. j
Benth. in PL Jungh. 217.
East Point, Champion, also collected in the island by Hance, Seemann, and Wright.
Widely spread over India from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northwards
to the Himalayas, S. China, and the Philippines.
4. D. triflonun, BC. Prod. ii. 334; Wight, Ic. t. 291, 292. Stems
slender, much-branched, prostrate or creeping, often not above a few inches
g 2


84
[Desmodium.
LEOUMINOSjE.
long and sometimes spreading to 1 or 2 ft. in length. Leaflets 3, broadly
obcordate or obovate, 3 to 4 or rarely 6 lines long and broad, glabrous or
sprinkled with silky hairs. Flowers pink, scarcely 2 lines long, on slender
pedicels of 2 to 6 or 8 lines, usually 2 together opposite the leaves. Pod
sessile, 4 to 7 lines long, slightly curved, pubescent or glabrous, the upper
edge continuous, the lower slightly indented, consisting of 3 to 6 nearly
square articles which sometimes separate, but more frequently remain at-
tached and open along the outer edge to shed their seed.
Hongkong, Wright. Common in waste and grassy places in tropical Asia and Africa,
and naturalized in several parts of tropical America.
5. D. parvifolium, DC. Prod. ii. 334. A very much-branched, slender,
procumbent perennial, slightly hairy or pubescent, and often forming spread-
ing tufts of more than 2 ft. diameter. Leaflets 3, obovate or elliptical, usually
smaller and more crowded than in D. triflorum, but sometimes near % in. long.
Racemes leaf-opposed or terminal, filiform, bearing 3 to 6 small pink flowers
on long filiform pedicels, distant from each other along the common peduncle.
Pod like that of D. triflorum, or usually more deeply indented.
Hongkong, Ilarland. Common in the hilly districts of India, from Ceylon and the
Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northward to the Himalaya, the Philippines, and S. China
to Amoy.
6. D. polycarpnm, DC; W. and Am. Trod. i. 227; Wight, Ic. t.
406. An erect, decumbent or ascending perennial or undershrub, 1 to 2,
3, or more feet high, more or less pubescent with appressed hairs. Leaflets 3,
the terminal one obovate or elliptical, 1£ to 2 in. long, the lateral ones
usually smaller. Bacemes terminal, dense, 1 to near 3 in. long, often several
together, forming a short terminal panicle. Bracts lanceolate, imbricate be-
fore the flowers expand, but soon falling off. Flowers purple, crowded, 3 or
4 lines long. Pods crowded, erect, hairy, or glabrous, about $ to £ in. long,
consisting of about 4 to 6 articles, which often open at their maturity; the
upper edge continuous, the lower one indented between the articles.—D.
nervosum, Vog. PI. Meyen. 28.
Common throughout the island, Champion and others. Extends over the whole of India,
the Archipelago, and the Pacific islands.
7. D. retictdatum, Champ, in Kew Jonrn. Bot. iv. 46. Apparently an
erect perennial or undershrub, glabrous or with a few appressed hairs sprinkled
on the branches and under side of the leaves. Leaflets 3, oval-elliptical or
oblong, obtuse at both ends, the terminal one about an inch long, the lateral
ones smaller, all very glabrous above, pale or glaucous underneath; the veins
very conspicuous on both sides, especially uuderneath. Baceme slender, ter-
minal, about 6 in. long, the flowers small, in distant pairs. Bracts lanceolate,
longer than the buds, but not imbricate. Standard about 3 lines long, rather
broad. Keel obtuse. Pod (seen only imperfect) composed of several narrow
articles, one edge straight, the other indented between the articles.
Hongkong, Champion, Wright; S. China, Partes. A Japanese specimen in the late Dr.
Zuccariui's herbarium may also be the same, and if so it may prove to be one of Thunberg's
old species. It is allied to, but quite distinct from, the Indian D. concinnum.
8. D. gangeticnm, DC. Prod. ii. 327; Wight, Ic. t. 271. An erect
herb or undershrub, 1 to 3 or even 4 ft. high, usually with a few appressed


Desmodium.]
85
LEGUMINOSJJ.
hairs on the stems and under side of the leaflets. Leaflets always single at
the end of the petiole, broadly ovate, or the lower ones orbicular, and the upper
sometimes ovate-lanceolate, from 2 to 5 in. long. Stipules lanceolate-subu-
late. Eacemes long, terminal, slender, simple or slightly branched. Bracts
subulate. Flowers small, in distant fascicles of 2 to 6. Standard scarcely 2
lines long. Pod narrow, about ^ in. long, slightly pubeseent with minute
hooked adhesive hairs, and consisting usually of 4 to 6 small indehiscent ar-
ticles; the upper edge continuous or nearly so, the lower one deeply indented
between the articles.
Hongkong, Hance. Common in India from the Peninsula and the Himalayas to the Archi-
pelago, extending northward to the Philippines and S. China.
12. LESPEDEZA, Rich.
Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed or -lobed or the 2 upper teeth united into 1.
Standard obovate or oblong. Keel obtuse or beaked, without lateral appen-
dages. Stamens diadelphous, the upper ones free from the base. Ovary
sessile or stipitate, with a single ovule. Style usually pubescent, with a small
terminal stigma. Pod flat, ovate or orbicular, reticulate, indehiscent, con-
taining a single seed.—Herbs or undershrubs. Leaflets usually 3. Flowers
in axillary racemes, often contracted into dense fascicles; the lower fascicles
in many species often mixed with numerous minute apetalous flowers, pro-
ducing nevertheless perfect pods.
A considerable genus, distributed over central and eastern Asia and North America, only
found within the tropics in mountainous districts.
Flowers in axillary fascicles. Calyx-lobes subulate. Keel obtuse . . 1. L. cuneata.
Flowers solitary. Calyx-lobes obtuse. Keel obtuse 8. X. striata.
Flowers in loose axillary racemes. Calyx-lobes lanceolate. Keel acute . 3. L. viatgrum.
1. Ii. cuneata, G.Bon; Benth.in Kew Journ. Bot.ixAT. Root-stock
thick and woody; stems several, decumbent, ascending or nearly erect, stiff,
and but little branched, 1 to 2 or 4 ft. long, hoary when young, at length
glabrous. Leaves usually crowded, the leaflets linear-cuneate, 2 to 6 lines
long, glabrous above, more or less hoary or silky underneath, the common
petiole seldom above a line long. Flowers pink-purple, in dense axillary
clusters; those in the upper axils nearly all complete, about 3 lines long, the
keel curved but obtuse; those of the lower clusters mostly apetalous, with
imperfect stamens. Pod sessile, nearly orbicular, slightly acute, scarcely 1 line
diameter.
On the side of a hill on the estuary, East Point, but rare in the island, Champion. Common
in the Himalaya, extending eastward to S. China, Amoy, Loochoo, and Japau.
2. L. striata, Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. 262. A small diffuse branch-
ing herb, often not above a few inches long, and rarely attaining a foot, with
an apparently perennial root-stock and wiry branches. Leaflets cuneate-
oblong, very obtuse, seldom above 3 or 4 lines long, glabrous or with a few
appressed hairs on the ribs. Stipules ovate, longer than the very short petiole.
Flowers small, solitary or 2 or 3 together, on short pedicels, in the axils of
the leaves. Calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, the length of the tube. Pod nearly
orbicular, about 1 line diameter.
Hongkong, Harland, Hance. Found also on the adjacent continent, in Bonis, and
Japan.


86
[Lespedeza.
LEGCMINOSjE.
3. 1m. viatoram, Cliamp. in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 47. An erect perennial
or undersbrub, apparently 1 or 2 ft. high, glabrous, or hoary with appressed
hairs on the branches and under side of the leaves. Leaflets obovate, very
obtuse, 1 to 1^ in. long, or even more, with numerous parallel veins diverging
from the midrib. Eacemes axillary, either 1 to 2 in. long and rather dense,
or longer and looser. Flowers 4 to A\ lines long, on short pedicels. Calyx-
lobes lanceolate and acute. Standard obovate. Keel fully as long, shortly
acuminate. Pod stalked, ovate, acute, 4 lines long, minutely pubescent.
Common about Little Hongkong, Champion. On the slope at the back of Victoria Peak,
Wilford. Also on the adjacent continent, as far north as Amoy.
Tribe VI. PUASEOLEJS.
Stems usually herbaceous, twining or prostrate; the leaves with 3 leaflets,
2 opposite ones inserted below the terminal one, or with 1 terminal one, and
almost always stipellate, very rarely trees with pinnately trifoliolate leaves,
or herbaceous twiners with pinnate leaves. Inflorescence usually axillary.
Stamens diadelphous, with the upper stamen quite free at the very base,
although sometimes united with the others in the middle. Pod 2-valved.
13. NEUSTANTHUS, Benth.
Calyx campanulate, 4-toothed, the upper tooth notched or bifid. Standard
obovate-orbicular, with inflexed auricles above the short claw. Keel incurved
or beaked. Upper stamen free at the very base, united with the others in the
middle. Ovary sessile, with several ovules. Style filiform, glabrous, with a
terminal stigma. Pod linear, nearly cylindrical when ripe.—Twining herbs.
Leaflets 3, with stipellte. Eacemes axillary, elongated. Flowers shortly pedi-
cellate, nodding, arising 2 or more together from gland-like nodes. Bracts
very deciduous. Bracteoles persistent.
A small genus, confined to tropical Asia.
Plant hairy. Stipules sessile. Flowers scarcely 4 lines long, the
flowering nodes distant 1. JV. phateoloidet.
Plant glabrous or slightly pubescent. Stipules peltate. Flowers 6
lines long, in dense 1-sided raceme9 2. N. chlnetuU.
1. N. phaseoloides, Benth. in PI. Jungh. i. 235, and in Kew Journ.
Bot. iv. 48. A herbaceous twiner, more or less clothed in every part with
rusty hairs, often whitish on the under side of the leaflets. Stipules ovate-
lanceolate, striate, not peltate. Leaflets broad, the terminal one 2 to 3 in.
long, and usually rhomboid, the lateral ones oblique and rather smaller, all
varying from obtuse to acuminate, entire or broadly 3-lobed. Flowers about
4 lines long, on rather distant nodes, on the upper half of peduncles of 4 to 6 in.
Calyx hairy, the upper teeth scarcely so long as the tube, the lowest one long
and subulate. Keel shortly beaked. Pod at least 2 in. long, about \ lines
broad, hairy, with 8 to 10 small transversely oblong seeds.—Bolichos phaseo-
loides, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 316.
Hongkong, Champion. Extends from the Malayan Peninsula to Silhet, Sikkim, and
S. China.
2. N. chinensis, Benth., n. sp. A tall twiner, glabrous or slightly pu-
bescent on the stem, inflorescence, and under side of the leaves. Leaflets 3,


Neustanthus.]
8?
LEGUMINOSJi.
broad, 3 to 4 in. long, the terminal one rhomboid, the lateral ones oblique,
all entire. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, produced below their insertion. Stipella?
subulate. Peduncle 6 in. long or more, bearing above the middle a dense
one-sided raceme. Flowers 2 or 3 together at each node, full 6 lines long.
Calyx-teeth or -lobes all rather longer than the tube, the lowest the longest
and acute. Standard orbicular, wings narrow, keel broader, scarcely beaked.
Ripe pod unknown.
Hongkong, Harland. Not received from elsewhere. It is a handsome species, coming
nearest to the N. prdiinru/arU, Benth., from Nepaul, but has larger flowers and differently
shaped petals, besides other minor characters.
14. MUCTJNA, Adans.
Calyx campanulate, 4-toothed. Standard shorter than the other petals.
Keel as long or longer than the wings, curved, and usually tipped with a
cartilaginous beak. Upper stamen free from the base. Style filiform, with
a small terminal beak. Pod thick, ovate-oblong or elongated, usually covered
with stinging hairs. Seeds with an oblong or a long linear hiluin.—Twiners
or tall climbers. Leaflets 3, the stipella? subulate or sometimes wanting.
Bacemes on long axillary peduncles. Flowers large, pedicellate, arising from
gland-like nodes.
A considerable genus, spread over the tropical regions of Asia, Africa, and America.
Leaves silky underneath. Racemes short. Flowers 1J in. long . . 1. M. Championi.
Leaves glabrous or nearly so. Racemes long. Flowers 3 in. long . 2. M. macrobotryt.
1. M. Championi, Benth. in Keto Journ. Bot. iv. 49. A tall climber,
woody at the base; the young shoots and under side of the full-grown leaves
clothed with rust-coloured silky hairs. Leaflets about 3 in. long, the terminal
one broadly ovate, the lateral ones very oblique, all shortly and obtusely
acuminate. Racemes seldom above 4 in. long, including the peduncle, simple,
or with 1 or 2 branches. Pedicels solitary, or 2 or 3 together on each node,
6 to 10 lines long. Flowers purple. Calyx 3 lines long, hairy inside and
out. Standard about 1 in. long, wings in.; keel rather long, with a hard
incurved point. Pod about 4-seeded, 6 to 7 in. long, 2 in. broad, glabrous
when ripe, but reticulate, with numerous oblique raised wings, besides a lon-
gitudinal wing on each side of each suture.
On rockt and trees above the Buddhist Temple, at East Point, Champion. Not known
from elsewhere.
2. M. macrobotrya, Hance in Walp. Ann. ii. 422. A tall climber, like
the last, but quite glabrous, except a few small hairs sprinkled on the under
side of the leaves. Leaflets oval-oblong, near 5 in. long, the lateral ones
very oblique. Racemes long, loose, and pendulous, on very long peduncles.
Flowers usually 2 together, pedicellate, dark purple, about 3 in. long. Calyx-
tube near 6 lines, and the lowest tooth but little shorter, sprinkled with a few
hairs. Standard 1^ in., wings 1\ in., keel 3 in. long, with a hard beak.
Pod (which I have not myself seen), 5 in. long, \ in. broad, 2- or 3-seeded,
hispid, and obliquely winged or plaited, as in the last species.
Near the Buddhist Temple, and perhaps introduced, Hance. Not seen from elsewhere.
The flowering specimens are like those of M. macrocarpa, Wall., from Himalaya, but the
pod as described by Hance is quite different.


88
[Canavalia.
LEGUMINOS.H.
15. CANAVALIA, DC.
Calyx tubular-campanulate, the 2 upper lobes united in a large entire or
2-lobed upper lip, the 3 lower teeth very small, free or united into one. Stan-
dard large and broad. Wings and keel rather shorter, curved or sometimes
slightly twisted. Upper stamen free at the very base, united with the others
in the middle. Style filiform or slightly thickened in the upper part with a
terminal stigma. Pod oblong or linear, usually large, flattened or rarely turgid,
with a prominent wing or rib on each side of the upper suture. Seeds with
a long linear hilum.—Trailing or twining herbs. Leaflets 3, with small sti-
pellae. Stipules usually very small. Peduncles axillary, bearing in the upper
part a few 1- to 3-flowered nodes. Flowers rather large, purple, pink, or
white.
A genus not numerous in species, but widely dispersed over tropical and subtropical Asia,
Africa, and America.
1. C. gladiata, DC. Prod. ii. 404; Wight, Ic. t. 753. A large her-
baceous twiner, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Leaflets usually broadly
ovate, 3 to 5 in. long, the lateral ones very oblique. Peduncles about 6 in.
long or more, flowering only above the middle. Flowers shortly pedicellate,
purplish-red, pendulous, about an inch long. Calyx-tube 4 to 5 lines, the
upper lip scarcely shorter, with 2 broadly orbicular lobes, lower lip scarcely
] ^ lines long, with 2 short lateral lobes. Standard broad, turned back on the
calyx. Keel curved, but obtuse. Pod generally l£to 2 in. broad, but vary-
ing in length from 4 in. to near a foot, according to the variety.
Hongkong, climbiug over trees and shrubs, Nance, Seemann, Wright. Widely dispersed
over tropical Asia, Africa, and America, but some varieties are frequently cultivated, and the
specimens received as wild may often have been naturalized only. There may be some con-
fusion also between the wild variety known as C. virosa, or Dolichos virosui, Roxb., said to
have very poisonous seeds, and those cultivated under the names of C. gladiata, DC, and
C. emiformu, DC The materials and notes wc possess do not as yet enable us fully to clear
up their history and synonymy.
16. PHASEOLUS, Linn.
Calyx campanulate or nearly tubular, 5-toothed or -lobed, rarely 4-toothed
by the union of the 2 upper ones. Standard orbicular, recurved or sometimes
slightly twisted. Keel produced at the top into a long spirally twisted beak.
Upper stamen free from the base. Style thickened and cartilaginous in the
upper part, usually bearded longitudinally under the stigma, which is more or
less oblique or lateral. Pod linear, and nearly cylindrical, or more or less
flattened and falcate, with several seeds.—Herbs, either dwarf or prostrate, or
more frequently twining. Leaflets 3, rarely reduced to one, stipellate. Pe-
duncles axillary, bearing in their upper part several 2- or 3-flowered nodes.
Corollas glabrous, white, yellowish, red, or purple.
A large genus, widely dispersed over the tropical regions of Asia, Africa, and more espe-
cially America. Several species from very long cultivation have established races, the wild
origin of which it is now difficult to trace.
1. P. minimus, Hoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 291. A rather slender twiner, gla-
brous or sparingly hairy. Leaflets 3, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 2 to 3 in.


Phateolus.]
89
LEOUMINOS*.
long. Stipules lanceolate, striate, produced below their insertion. Peduncles
longer than the petioles, with very few flowering nodes at the summit. Flowers
nearly sessile, 4 to 5 lines long. Calyx campanulate, the 4 upper teeth very
short and broad, the lower one lanceolate, but not so long as the tube. Stan-
dard orbicular. Keel with a long lateral spur on one side only. Pod slender,
nearly cylindrical, scarcely 2 in. long, with 5 to 8 transversely oblong seeds.
Hilum linear.
Hongkong, Champion, Hance, Harland. Originally described by Roxburgh, from speci- .
mens raised from Chinese seeds, and not known from elsewhere. It differs from the com-
mon Indian P. calcaratus, chiefly in its narrow leaflets and glabrous surface.
17. CAJANUS, Linn.
Calyx campanulate, 4-toothed or lobed, the upper lobe 2-toothed. Standard
orbicular, with inflexed auricles at the base, and 2 callosities inside, above the
claw. Wings and keel nearly of the same length. Upper stamen free from
the base. Ovary with several (more than 2) ovules. Style thickened above
the middle. Pod flattened, marked with oblique indented lines between the
seeds. Strophiola of the seeds very small or none.—Racemes axillary. Brac-
teoles none.
The genus, as thus limited, consists but of one Bpecies, but with the two following, which
may be considered almost as sections of it, it forms a group resembling RAynchotia and its
allies in habit, in the absence of bracteoles and stipelUe, and other minor points, but readily
distinguished by the ovules always more than 2.
1. C. indiens, Sprang.; W. and Am. Prod. Fl. Penins. i. 256. An
erect undershrub of 2 or 3 feet, more or less covered with a short soft tomen-
tum. Leaflets 3, broadly lanceolate or oblong, acute, 1£ to 3 in. long. Stipules
lanceolate, deciduous. Peduncles axillary, bearing at the summit a short ra-
ceme of flowers, either entirely yellow, or with the standard veined outside
with purple. Pedicels about 6 lines long. Pod 2 or 3 in. long, with an in-
curved point, more or less glandular and hairy.—0. bicolor, DC.; Bot. Keg.
1845, t. 31.
Hongkong, Hance and others, but probably introduced. The species appears to be of
African origin, but is generally cultivated for its seed, the dial of East Indians, in tropical
Asia, Africa, and some parts of America, and appears readily to establish itself in cultivated
and waste places.
18. DUNBABIA, W. and Arn.
Flowers and other characters of Cajanus, except that the pod is either not
indented between the seeds, or slightly marked with transverse depressions.—
Herbs, usually twining. Leaflets 3, without stipella;. Racemes axillary, often
reduced to axillary fascicles.
A genus of several species, all from tropical Asia.
1. D. conspersa, Benth. in PI. Jungh. i. 241. A slender twining herb,
hoary all over, with a minute tomentum, scarcely becoming glabrous when old,
and more or less sprinkled with resinous dots. Leaflets broadly rhomboidal,
seldom 1 in. long, entire, or the terminal one sinuate, or broadly and shortly
3-lobed. Flowers 2 together, or sometimes solitary in the axils of the leaves,
on short pedicels. Calyx-lobes lanceolate-falcate, the upper and lower ones


90
[Dunbaria.
LEGUM1NOS.E.
longer than the tube. Pod nearly straight, pointed, glabrous or slightly to-
mentose, 6- to 8-seeded.
Hongkong, Harland, Hance. Received also from Java, from Burmah, and from Silhet.
19. ATYLOSIA, W. and Am.
Flowers and other characters of Cajanus and Dunbaria, except that there
are no callosities on the inside of the standard, the pod is marked with trans-
verse depressed lines between the seeds, and the strophiola of the latter is very
conspicuous.—Twining or rarely erect herbs or undershrubs, with the habit of
Dunbaria or Cajanus.
A genus of about a dozen tropical Asiatic species.
1. A. scarabseoides, Benth. in PI. Jungh. i. 242. A prostrate or twi-
ning herb, much branched, and often extending to several feet, softly tomen-
tose in all its parts. Leaflets 3, obovate or elliptical, obtuse, about 1 in. long,
3-nerved, wrinkled and soft. Peduncles short, axillary, bearing 1 to 5 flowers
about 5 lines long. Lobes of the calyx narrow, falcate, rather longer than the
tube, and nearly as long as the petals. Ovules in the ovary 6 to 8. Pod
oblong, about £ to 1 in. long, softly tomentose and hairy, containing usually
3 to 5 seeds, and marked between them by deep transverse lines and furrows.
Abundant near the seacoast, Witford; also Wright. Common in India, from Ceylon and
tbe Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northward to the Himalaya, S. China, and the Phi-
lippines.
20. RHYNCHOSIA, Lour.
Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, or by the union of the 2 upper ones 4-lobed.
Standard orbicular, usually with inflexed auricles at the base, but without cal-
losities. Wings and keel nearly of the same length. Upper stamen free from
the base. Ovary sessile or nearly so, with 2 or very rarely 1 ovule. Style
glabrous, usually thickened above the middle. Pod flattened, oblique or fal-
cate. Seeds 2 (rarely 1), round or slightly reniform, with a short or oblong
hiluin parallel to the upper edge of the pod.—Herbs or undershrubs, usually
twining or prostrate, and more or less sprinkled with resinous dots. Leaflets
3, or rarely reduced to 1, usually without stipellae. Peduncles axillary, race-
mose or rarely 1-flowered. Flowers usually yellow, or with a purple standard,
pedicellate, without bracteoles.
A large genus, chiefly S. Asiatic and African, with a few American and Australian
species.
1. R. volubilis, Lour.; DC. Prod. ii. 385. A slender herbaceous twiner,
more or less softly villous or pubescent. Leaflets 3, oval-rhomboid, the ter-
minal one broad, 1^-2 in. long, the lateral ones oblique and usually smaller,
all obtuse and 3-nerved. Eacemes usually shorter than the leaves, and some-
times shorter than the petiole. Pedicels solitary or 2 together, 1 to 2 lines long.
Flowers yellow, small. Calyx-lobes with subulate points. Petals glabrous, the
keel narrow, ending in a narrow erect beak. Pod 6 or 7 lines long, 4 lines
broad, slightly contracted between the two seeds.
Common in the island, climbing over shrubs and trees, Champion ; also Wright. Received
also from the adjacent continent, from Chusau and from Java.


Eriosema.]
91
LEGUMINOS*.
21. EBIOSEMA, DC.
Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed. Standard from broadly obovate to oblong,
usually with inflexed auricles at the base, and without callosities, or rarely
with 2 obliquely transverse callosities inside. Upper stamen free from the
base. Ovary sessile, with 2 ovules. Style glabrous, usually slightly thickened
above the middle. Pod flattened, obliquely orbicular or broadly oblong. Seeds
2 (or 1), oblong, obliquely transverse ; the funiculus attached at one end of the
long linear hilum.—Herbs or undershrubs, erect, prostrate, or sometimes
twining, the resinous dots less conspicuous than in Rhynchosia. Leaflets 3
or 1, without stipellaj. Inflorescence and flowers nearly of Rhynchosia, but
the standard more frequently villous outside.
A considerable genus, most of the species dispersed over tropical America and tropical and
southern Africa, with a single Asiatic one.
1. E. chinense, Vog. in PI. Meyen. 31. Khizome a perennial oblong tuber.
Stems erect, £ to 1 foot high, branching at the base only, more or less hirsute
with long rufous hairs, iutermixed with a short pubescence. Leaves simple
(leaflets solitary), nearly sessile, from oblong-lanceolate to linear, 1 to 2 in. long,
with a few long hairs sprinkled on the upper surface and the veins of the
lower one, otherwise glabrous above, hoary or glaucous underneath. Peduncles
axillary, 2 to 3 lines long, 1- or 2- rarely 3-flowered. Petals yellow P, about
4 lines long, the standard obovate, with transverse callosities inside. Pod 4 to
6 lines long, 3 to 4 lines broad, covered with long rusty hairs.—Pyrrhotri-
chia lulerosa, W. and Arn. Prod. FL Penins. i. 238.
Victoria Peak, Champion and others. Frequent in the hilly districts of northern India,
also in Ceylon, Burmah, S. China, the Philippines, and tropical Australia.
22. PYCNOSPOEA, Br.
Calyx small, campanulate, 4-cleft, the upper lobe bifid. Petals nearly equal
in length, the standard broad, the wings cohering to the keel. Upper stamen
free from the base. Ovary with several ovules. Pod turgid, tranversely veined,
with several seeds.
A genus of a single species, with the habit, foliage, and nearly the flowers of a Demodium,
and the pod nearly of a Crotalaria.
1. P. hedysaroides, R. Br.,- W. and Arn. Prod. Fl. Penins. i. 197.—
Stock perennial, with several decumbent or ascending branched stems, 1 to 2
ft. long, and pubescent or hairy. Leaves nearly those of Iksmodium concin-
num. Leaflets 3, obovate or obovate-oblong, the terminal one in some speci-
mens scarcely £ in., in others above 1 in. long, the lateral ones usually smaller.
Flowers very small, in short terminal slender racemens. Pod 3 to 4 lines long,
oblong, turgid, slightly pubescent, marked with very fine transverse veins.
Seeds 6 or 8, small, reniform.—P. nervosa, W. and Arn. Prod. Fl. Penins. i.
197.
Hongkong, Champion, Wright. Also in Ceylon, the Peninsula of India, Burmah, Silhet,
S. China, the Philippines, and tropical Australia.
23. ABRTTS, Linn.
Calyx campanulate, truncate or shortly and broadly 4- or B-toothed. Stan-
dard ovate, adhering at the base to the staminal tube. Keel-petals united from


92
\Abrus.
LEGUMINOS.E.
the base. Stamens 9, united in a sheath open above (the 10th upper one quite
deficient). Ovary with several ovules. Style short, curved. Pod oblong or
linear, flat, opening in 2 valves. Seeds several, with cellular partitions be-
tween thera. Stems usually climbing or twining, woody at the base. Leaves
pinnat?, of several pairs of leaflets, without any terminal one, the petiole end-
ing in a short point. Eacemes terminal or apparently axillary, the flowers in
fascicles arising from thickened nodes.
A small genus, dispersed over the tropical regions of both the New and the Old World.
It is in some measure intermediate between the tribes Viciea, Pliaseolete, and DalbergietB.
1. A. precatorius, Linn.; W. and Arn. Prod. Fl. Penins. i. 236.—A
perenuial climber or twiner, often woody at the base, glabrous or slightly pu-
bescent. Leaflets in 7 to 10 pair, oblong-elliptical or rarely obovate, usually
about | in. long. Racemes with 1 or 2 leaves, or at least a leafless pair of sti-
pules below the flowers, the flowering part 1 in. or rather more in length, the
nodes rather crowded. Flowers pink or rarely white or purple, 5 to 6 lines
long. Pod sessile, 1 to 1$ in. long, 6 to 7 lines broad, almost squared at the
top and at the base, and attached by the inner angle, glabrous or scaly out-
side. Seeds usually black with a large scarlet spot, sometimes brown with a
darker spot, or white and unspotted.
Hongkong, Hance. Very common in India and the Archipelago, extending into tropical
aud southern Africa, and frequent also, but perhaps naturalized in several ports of South
America.
Tribe VII. DALBERGIEM
Trees, shrubs, or woody climbers. Leaves pinnate, of 5 or more, or very
rarely 3 or 1 leaflets. Stamens all or most of them united. Pod indehiscent.
24. DALBEBGIA, Linn.
Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Wings free, the keel-petals united in the
upper pair only. Stamens 10 or 9, all united in a sheath open on the upper
side, or into two equal parcels. Anthers small, erect, the cells opening at the
top. Ovary stalked, with 1 or few ovules. Pod oblong or linear, thin, flat,
and indehiscent, often wrinkled or thickened about the seed. Seeds 1 or rarely
2 to 4, large, thin, and fl.it in the centre of the pod.—Trees or woodj climbers.
Leaves pinnate, the leaflets alternate, with a terminal odd one. Flowers small,
in dichotomous cymes or irregular panicles.
A considerable genus, dispersed over the tropical regions of Asia, Africa, and America.
Leaflets 25 or more. Claws of the petals very short 1. D. Milletti.
Leaflets under 12. Claws of the petals almost as long as the calyx.
Leaflets 5 or 7, ovate, obtuse, about 1 in. long.
Calyx tomcntose. Pod straight 2. D. rubiginota.
Calyx nearly glabrous. Pod falcate, thick, 1 in. long . . . . 4. D. monosperma.
Leaflets 9 or 11, oblong, 6 to 9 lines long. Calyx pubescent. . . 3. D. Hancei.
1. D. Milletti^ Benlh. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. Suppl. 34. A woody
climber, glabrous, except a minute pubescence on the inflorescence and petioles.
Leaflets 25 to 35, linear-oblong, obtuse, 4 to 6 lines long. Flowers scarcely
2 lines long, sessile, in axillary cymes much shorter than the leaves. Calyx-
teeth all obtuse. Petals on very short claws, the standard almost sessile.


Dalbergia.]
9:5
LEGUMINOS.F..
Stamens 10 or sometimes 9. Ovules 3. Pod usually 1-seeded, l£ to 2 in.
long, 7 to 8 lines broad, hardened and wrinkled in the centre about the seed.
—D. polyphylla, Benth. PI. Jungh. i. 256 (in part); Seem. Bot. Her. 375.
Frequent in Hongkong, Champion, Haiice, Wright, Wilford. Also S. China, Millett.
2. D. rubiginosa, Roxb. PL Comm. ii. 9, t. 115. A woody climber.
Leaflets 5 to 7, ovate or oblong-elliptical, obtuse, 1 to 2 in. long, coriaceous,
glabrous or minutely pubescent underneath. Flowers about 3 lines long, in
short axillary panicles, the pedicels about 1 line long. Calyx covered with a
rusty down, the teeth obtuse and nearly equal. Claws of the petals about as
long as the calyx. Stamens 9. Ovary glabrous with 2 or 3 ovules. Style
subulate. Kipe pod unknown to me.
Hongkong, Harland, Hance, Wright, Wilford. Also in the Indian Peninsula, hnt not
known as yet from any intermediate station.
3. D. Hancei, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soe. iv. Suppl. 44. A woody
climber. Leaflets 9 or 11, narrow-oblong, obtuse, 6 to 9 lines long, the
young ones hairy underneath, at length glabrous. Flowers about 3 lines long,
in short dense axillary panicles, the racemes composing it enclosed, when
young, in concave imbricate scales, and more or less pubescent. Pedicels
scarcely £ line long. Calyx broad, with very short broad obtuse teeth. Pe-
tals on long claws. Ovary glabrous. Pod usually 1-seeded, \ in- long. 4
lines broad, narrowed below into a long stalk, scarcely hardened round the
seed.
Hongkong, Hance, Wilford. Not known from elsewhere.
4. D. mottosperma, Bah.; Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. Suppl. 48.
A woody climber. Leaflets 5, obovate or obovate-oblong, very obtuse, rather
linn, 1 in. long or rather less, glabrqus or minutely pubescent underneath.
Flowers 3 to 4 lines long, in short axillary racemes, or few-branched cymes,
the pedicels scarcely \ line long. Calyx broad, with very short broad obtuse
teeth. Petals on long claws. Stamens 10, monadelphous. Ovary glabrous,
with 2 ovules. Pod shortly stalked, falcate or semicircular, 1 in. long by 6
in. broad in the middle, rather thick, smooth, 1-seeded.
Hongkong, Hance. In the Indian and Malayan Peninsulas, in Silhet, S. China, and the
Philippines.
25. DEBRIS, Lour.
Calyx campanulate, truncate, or very shortly 4- or 5-toothed. Wings slightly
adhering to the keel-petals, which scarcely cohere to each other at the top.
Upper stamen free at the base, but usually cohering with the others in the
middle. Anthers versatile. Ovary with 2 or more ovules. Pod flat, varying
from nearly orbicular to linear, thin or thick, the upper or both edges marked
with a narrow wing. Seeds 1 or more, flat.—Woody climbers, or very rarely
trees. Leaves pinnate, the leaflets opposite, with a terminal odd one, without
stipellae. Racemes simple, with the pedicels clustered 2 or more together,
or irregularly branched into panicles. Flowers violet-purple or white, never
yellow.
A considerable genus, chiefly dispersed over tropical Asia, with a very few tropical Ameri-
can species.


94
[Derru.
LEGUMINOSjE.
Leaflets 13 to 19. Ovules 2. (Pod oblong, acute at both cuds.) . . 1. D. ehinemis.
Leaflets 3, 5, or 7. Ovules 6 to 8. Pod obliquely oval or orbicular . 2. D. uliginota.
1. D. chinensis, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. Suppl. 104. Probably
a tree. Leaflets 18 to 19, oblong or elliptical, obtuse or scarcely acute, about
1 in. long, silky-pubescent when young, at length glabrous and thin. Flowers
4 or 5 lines long, clustered 2 to 4 together at the nodes of axillary simple
racemes rather shorter than the leaves. Pedicels about 1 line long. Ovules 2.
S. China, Hance. These specimens are in flower only, but fruiting specimens gathered
by Wright in Oosima Island appear to belong to the same species. In them the pod is
rather more than 1 in. long, about 6 lines broad in the middle, narrowed to a point at both
ends, 1 -seeded, with a very narrow wing along the upper edge.
2. D. uliginosa, var. B Loureiri, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. Suppl.
107. A woody climber, glabrous in all its parts. Leaflets in the Hongkong
variety usually 3, in others 5 or 7, oval-oblong, shortly and obtusely acumi-
nate, 1£ to 2 in. long. Hacemes axillary or lateral, simple, from 2 or 3 to
about 6 in. long, the pedicels in rather distant clusters about 1 line long.
Flowers about 4 lines long. Ovules about 4, or in some varieties 6 to 8, all
in the lower part of the cavity of the ovarium. Pod very flat and thin, 1 to
1% in. long, very obtuse at both ends so as to become nearer square than
round, but very oblique, and sometimes as broad as long, but in some varieties
considerably narrower. Seeds 1 or 2.—Derris irtfoliala, Lour. Fl. Cochinch.
433.
Hongkong, Wright. I have the same variety from Cochin China and from Malacca. It
passes however gradually into the common form, with 5 or 7 leaflets and 6 to 8 ovules,
which is spread all over India, extending westward to eastern Africa, eastward over the
Indian Archipelago to N. Australia, and northward to S. China and Loochoo.
The S. tcandetu, Benth. {Dalbergia scandens, Roib.), another common Indian species
has been received from the neighbourhood of Canton, but not from Hongkong.
26. PONGAMIA, Vent.
Flowers of Derris. Pod oblong, flattened, but thick and hard, indehiscent,
1-seeded, with obtuse edges, not winged. Seed thick, reniform, with a small
talum.
A genus of a single species, scarcely distinct from Lonchocarput.
1. P. glabra, Vent.; Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. Suppl. 115. A
tree, either glabrous in all its parts or with a slight pubescence on the smaller
branches. Leaves pinnate. Leaflets 5 or 7, opposite with a terminal odd
one, ovate, broadly elliptical or oblong, shortly and obtusely acuminate, about
3 iii. long, on petiolules 3 to 4 lines long, or sometimes considerably longer.
Flowers 6 or 7 lines long, in loose axillary racemes of 3 to 5 inches. Pedicels
usually 2 together, from 2 to 4 lines long. Calyx truncate. Ovary hairy,
with 2 ovules. Pod usually 1| to 2 in. long, 1 in. broad, sessile or nearly so.
Hongkong, Wright. Throughout southern India, on the coast, and in the plains to the
foot of the hills, extending over the Indian Archipelago to N. Australia, and northward to
S. China and Loochoo.
Tkibe VIII. SOPHOREM
Trees, shrubs, or very rarely herbs or undershrubs. Leaves pinnate, of 5


Sopkorea.]
95
LEGUMINOSjE.
or more, very rarely 3 or 1, leaflets. Stamens all free. Pod continuous (not
articulate), indehiscent or 2-valved.
• 27. BOWRINGIA, Champ.
Calyx membranaceous, loosely cup-shaped, truncate and minutely 5-toothed.
Standard broad. Keel-petals rather larger than the wings and scarcely co-
hering at the outer edge. Stamens 10, free. Ovary stalked, with several
ovules. Pod turgid, ovoid or nearly globular, pointed. Seeds strophiolate.
Radical straight.
The genus consists but of a single species.
1. B. callicarpa, Champ, in Kmc Journ. Bot. iv. 75. A woody climber,
glabrous in all its parts. Leaves simple, or rather reduced to a single leaflet,
ovate or oval-oblong, acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long, on a petiole of | to 1 in.,
without stipellne. Stipules minute and deciduous. Bacemes very short and
axillary, of 2 to 5 white flowers, on pedicels of about 3 lines. Calyx about
1| lines long, usually turned back on the pedicel as the flowering advances.
Keel-petals nearly \ in. long, the others rather shorter. Pod about 1 in. long,
of a coriaceous consistence. Seed scarlet.
Abundant in ravines of Victoria Peak, Champion and others. Not known as vet out of
the island.
28. SOPHOBA, Linn.
Calyx campanulate, shortly 5-toothed. Standard rather broad. Keel-petals
equal to, or rather longer than the others, scarcely cohering on the outer edge.
Stamens free. Ovary shortly stalked, with several ovules. Style glabrous,
with a minute terminal stigma. Pod cylindrical or slightly compressed, fleshy
or hard and woody, contracted between the seeds, and usually indehiscent.
Badicle curved.—Trees, shrubs, or very rarely herbs. Leaves pinnate, the
leaflets usually opposite, with a terminal odd one. Racemes simple, terminal,
or several forming a terminal panicle.
A genus not very numerous in species, but widely scattered over tropical and temperate
Asia, and tropical and subtropical America.
I. S. japonica, Linn.; DC. Prod. ii. 95. A handsome tree, glabrous
in all its parts. Leaflets 11 to 15, ovate, oblong or almost lanceolate, 1 to 2
in. long, membranaceous, glaucous underneath. Flowers white and pale yel-
low, full i in. long, in large terminal panicles. Calyx narrowed at the base,
the teeth obtuse. Pod succulent, contracted between the seeds so as to appear
to be composed of 4 to 6 oblong articles, each about £ in. long.
Hongkong, /lance. Believed to be a native of Japan or China, or both, but so frequently
planted that we have no authentic records of its truly indigenous state.
29. OBMOSIA, Jacks.
Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, or the two upper lobes often united into one.
Standard broad. Keel-petals not longer, free. Stamens free, often very un-
equal, and one sometimes without any anther. Ovary sessile or nearly so,
with 2 or few ovules. Style rolled inwards at the top, with a lateral stigma. •
Pod flattened, 2- to 4-seeded, opening in 2 thickly coriaceous or almost woody


06
[Ormosia.
LEGUMIN09.13.
valves. Seeds shining, scarlet, or scarlet and black, rarely brown-red, the
radicle very short.—Trees. Leaves pinnate, the leaflets usually opposite, with
a terminal odd one. Flowers in terminal panicles, or rarely in simple racemes,
in the upper axils.
A genus of several species, distributed over the hilly districts of tropical Asia aud tro-
pical America.
Whole plant glabrous 1.0. cmarginata.
Under side of leaves, panicles, and pods woolly or cottony .... 2. O.pachycarpa.
1. O. emarginata, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 77. A tree, glabrous
in all its parts. Leaflets 3 or 5, obovate-oblong, very obtuse or emarginate,
\ to 2 in. long or sometimes near 3 in., rather coriaceous, shining, pinnately
and reticulately veined. Flowers 4 to 5 lines long, in small panicles in the
upper axils. Pod flattened, thickly coriaceous, about 9 lines broad, from 1 in.
long when 1-seeded to 1J or 2 in. when 2 or 3 seeds ripen. Seeds scarlet.—
Layia emarginata, Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. 183, t. 38.
Common in the Happy Valley woods and other parts of the island, Cliampion and others.
2. O. pachycarpa, C/tamp. in Kew Journ. bot. iv. 76. A tree, the
young branches, petioles, under side of the leaflets, panicles, calyxes, and pods
thickly covered with a whitish cottony wool. Leaflets usually 7, obovate-ob-
long, the larger ones near 6 in. long. Panicles terminal, 6 in. long, the flowers
sessile in pairs along their branches. Calyx 4 to 4£ lines long, the petals
scarcely longer. Ovary very villous, with three ovules, and the peculiar style
of the genus. Pod hard, turgid, 1 in. long when 1-seeded, 2 in. when 2-
seeded, and near 1 in. broad. Seed rather larger than a tamarind, shining,
of a brownish-red.
In woods, Champion, whose specimens were in fruit only, but flowering specimens were
gathered by Reevct, near Canton. It has not been received from elsewhere.
SUBORDER II. CJESALPINIEJE.
Petals imbricate in aestivation, the upper one innermost, and the two lower
outside, either nearly equal or unequal, and occasionally all wanting, except
the upper one. Stamens usually 10, and all free, but sometimes, in genera
not Chinese, fewer, or monadelphous, or indefinite. Radicle usually straight.
Leaves pinnate or bipinnate, rarely reduced to 2 or 1 leaflet.
30. GUILANDINA, Linn.
Sepals B, shortly united at the base, nearly equal or the lowest rather larger
and more concave. Petals 5, nearly equal, sessile. Stamens 10, free, all fertile.
Ovary sessile, with 2 ovules. Pod ovate, compressed, covered with straight
prickles, opening in 2 thickly coriaceous valves. Seeds hard, ovoid or globular.
—Leaves twice pinnate.
A genus of 2 species, dispersed over the tropical regions of the New and the Old World.
1. G. Bonducella, Linn. Spec. PI. 545. A shrub, with loose spreading
or climbing branches, pubescent or villous in all its parts, and with numerous
hooked prickles, especially on the petioles. Leaves abruptly bipinnate, the
common petiole 1 to 1| ft. long, the pinnae in 4 to 6 pairs, each 4 to 6 in.
long. Leaflets in 8 to 12 pairs, oblong, $ to 1 in. long or rarely nearly


G uilandina.]
97
lequminos^:.
twice that size. Stipules leafy and lobed, deciduous. Racemes 4 to 6 in.
long, simple or slightly branched, in the upper axils. Flowers crowded in the
upper part, shortly pedicellate. Bracts with a long recurved point, falling off
as the flowers expand. Calyx about 4 lines long. Petals scarcely longer.
Pod 2 to 3 in. long, about 1J in. broad, very prickly. Seeds of a bluish-
grey.
On the seashore, Hance. Widely spread, and often very common, especially near the sea
in tropical Asia, Africa, and America. It is usually confounded with the G. Bonduc, Linn.,
which is a much rarer plant, although equally found (but, perhaps, not always indigenous) in
East India, in the Archipelago, and in the West Indies. It is nearly glabrous, has usually
larger leaflets, no stipules, the bracts are erect, not recurved, and the seeds are said to be al-
ways yellow, not grey.
81. OESAIiPINIA, Linn.
Sepals 5, shortly united at the base, the lower one rather larger and concave.
Petals 5, rather unequal, the upper inner one the smallest, the 2 lowest outer
ones the largest. Stamens 10, free, all fertile; the filaments hairy. Anthers
ovate. Ovary with 2 or more ovules. Pod flattened, obliquely ovate, oblong
or falcate, without prickles, opening in 2 valves. Seeds thick or flattened,
the radicle short and straight.—Leaves twice pinnate.
A considerable genus, distributed over the tropical regiqns of the New as well as the Old
World.
Pinnte 2-4 pair. Leaflets 2-3 pair. Racemes glabrous 1. C. Nuga.
Pinna: 9-12 pair. Leaflets 4-6 pair. Racemes tomcntose or villous 2. C. vernalu.
1. C. Nuga, Ait.; DC. Prod. ii. 481. A woody climber, glabrous in all
its parts, armed with a few recurved prickles, especially on the petioles.
Leaves twice pinnate, with 2, 3, or 4 pair of opposite pinnae. Leaflets 2 or 3
pair to each pinna, opposite, ovate, 1^ to 2 in. long, coriaceous and shining,
usually very obtuse in the Chinese variety, but occasionally almost acute, as is
more common in the southern varieties. Racemes 4 to 8 in. long, forming
large terminal panicles. Pedicels slender. Lowest sepal about 5 lines long.
Petals scarcely longer. Ovary with 2 ovides. Pod obliquely oval, acuminate,
flat. Seed flattened.—0. chinemti, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 361. C. paniculata,
Desf.; DC. Prod. ii. 481.
Common in ravines, Champion and others. Generally distributed over India, from Ceylon
aud the Peninsula to the Archipelago, extending also to tropical Australia, mid northward to
the Philippines and S. China.
2. C. vernalis, Champ, in Ktno Jour*. Bol. iv. 77. A shrub, with trail-
ing or climbing branches, with numerous recurved prickles on the petioles.
• Leaves twice pinnate, the common petiole above a foot long, with 9 to 12
pair of opposite rather short pinna?. Leaflets 4 to 6 pair on each pinna,
ovate-acute, j to | or rarely nearly 1 in. long, coriaceous, glabrous and shining
above; pale, glaucous or rusty underneath. Racemes rusty-tomentose or
villous, the upper ones forming a terminal panicle. Pedicels spreading.
Flowers nearly of C. Nuga, but the calyx is tomeutose at the base, the sepals
thin and coloured at the top. Pod very oblique, broadly ovate, about 2 in.
long, with one large flat seed.
On the banks of a stream running towards Little Hongkong, Champion; also Hancr,
Wright, and Wilford. Not known from elsewhere.
H


98
[Cassia.
LEGCMINOS/K.
32. CASSIA, Linn.
Sepals 5, somewhat unequal, scarcely connected at the base. Petals 5,
usually unequal, spreading. Stamens usually 10, either all equal and fertile
or the upper ones small and sterile, with 2 or more of the lower fertile ones
much larger. Anthers, when fertile, opening at the end only, in pores or short
slits. Ovary with several ovules. Pod cylindrical or flattened, usually long,
but variously shaped. Seeds usually oblong and transverse, with a small
quantity of albumen. Radicle short and straight.—Herbs, shrubs, or trees.
Leaves abruptly pinnate, the leaflets opposite.
A large genus, widely distributed within the tropics, but particularly numerous in South
America.
Sepals obtuse. Upper stamens small and sterile.
Leaflets 4 to 6 pair, acute. A gland near the base of the petiole 1. C. occidentalis.
Leaflets 2 to 3 pair, very obtuse. A gland between the leaflets of the
lowest pair 2. C. tora.
Sepals acute. Stamens all fertile. Leaflets numerous S. 0. mimosoides.
1. C. occidentalis, Linn.; Vog. Syn. Cuss. 21 ; Bot. Reg. t. 83. An
erect glabrous annual, 3 to 5 ft. high, sometimes hard at the base, so as to
appear woody. Leaflets 4 to 6 pair, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 1 or 2 in.
or in luxuriant specimens 3 in. long, with an ovate gland on the petiole near
the base. Racemes terminal, short and few-flowered, with occasionally a few
flowers on short pedicels in the upper axils. Flowers yellow. Two of the
anthers large, oblong, 4 or 5 others like them, but smaller, the 3 uppermost
small and sterile. Pod linear, slightly curved, 3 to 5 in. long, about 3 lines
broad, at first flat, with the edges thickened, but becoming at length nearly as
thick as broad.
Common in waste places, Hance and others, Widely dispersed, as a weed, over the
warmer regions of the globe, especially in America and Africa.
2. C. tora, Linn.; Vog. Syn. Cass. 23. An annual, of 1 to about 3 ft.,
spreading or erect, the stem nearly glabrous. Leaflets 2 or 3 pair, ovate-
cuneate, obtuse, mucronate, 1 in. long or rather more, usually pubescent under-
neath, with a cylindrical gland between the leaves of the 1 or 2 lower pair.
Flowers yellow, usually 2 together in the upper axils. Anthers 7 fertile, 3
very small and abortive. Pod very narrow, nearly quadrangular, 4 to 8 in.
long, straight or slightly curved.—0. ootusi/olia, Linn.; Vog. Syn. Cass. 24.
Hongkong, Hance. A common weed in tropical Asia and some parts of America.
3. C. mimosoides, Linn.; Fog. Syn. Cass. 68. An annual or perennial
of short duration, with a hard often almost woody base, and numerous diffuse
or ascending wiry stems, 1 to 1 j ft. long, more or less pubescent. Leaves 1|
to 2 in. long. Leaflets numerous (20 to 50 pair), linear-falcate, and mucro-
nate, seldom above 2 lines long. Pedicels axillary, solitary or several toge-
ther, unequal, but seldom above % in. long. Sepals about 3 lines long and
very acute. Petals yellow, scarcely longer. Pod linear, flat, 1£ to 2 in. long,
scarcely 2 lines broad, slightly curved or oblique.—C. angustissima, Lam.
Victoria Peak and other localities, Champion and others. Widely spread over tropical
Asia and Africa, and difficult to distinguish from some of the common species of the Chama-
crista section from tropical America.
Several shrubby Cassias, and especially the C. tomenlosa, are said to be much planted in
the gardens and about (he houses of the Chinese.


Haiihinia.]
LEGUMINOS.E.
33. BAUHINIA, Linn.
Sepals 5, united at the base in a short and campnnulatc or long and cylin-
drical tube, the upper portion separating into 5 or fewer valvate or induplicate
deciduous lobes. Petals 5, inserted at the summit of the tube, usually ungui-
culate, more or less unequal. Stamens 10, either all fertile or some smaller
and sterile. Ovary stipitate, the stalk connate to one side of the calyx-tube,
with several ovules. Pod linear or oblong, compressed, 2-valved. Seeds
compressed, albuminous. .Radicle short and straight. — Trees or woody
climbers. Leaflets either 2, distinct from the base, or more frequently united
into 1 entire or 2-lobed leaf, with 5 to 11 digitate nerves. Racemes ter-
minal.
A large gcuus, distributed over the tropical regions of both the New and the Old World.
It has been divided into several genera, which I have in other works been disposed to adopt,
but it may be more convenient to follow Dc Candollc and others in considering them as
subgenera. The following Chinese species belong to P/ianrra, and are distinguished chiefly
by the stamens, of which 3 only are long and fertile, the other 7 sinnll, sometimes very nii-
nute and sterile. It forms a numerous group, all Asiatic or east tropical African.
Racemes long. Calyx-tube very short, lobes lanceolate 1.2?. Champioui.
Racemes corymbose. Calyx-tube long, slender, lobes considerably shorter 2. B. glauca.
1. B. (Phanera) Champioui, Benth. A woody climber, the young
branches, under side of the leaves, and inflorescences hoary with a minute to-
tnentum, but otherwise glabrous. Iieaves broadly cordate, 5- or 7-nerved,
2$ to 4 in. long, 2 to 2 \ in. broad, divided to about one-third into 2 broad
obtuse lobes. Tendrils simple, leaf-opposed. Racemes leaf-opposed, simple
or several together at the ends of the branches, 4 to 8 in. long, flowering
nearly from the base. Flowers pedicellate, white. Calyx-tube very sliort,
lol>es lanceolate, about 2 lines long. Petals scarcely longer, nearly equal,
with a few hairs outside. Stamens 3, about twice as long as the calyx, the
other 7 very minute or wanting. Pod about 3 in. long, 1 in. broad, 3- to 5-
seeded.—Phanera Champion!, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 78.
Common in ravines, Victoria Peak, Champion ; also Tinner and Wright. Not known from
elsewhere
2. B. (Phanera) glauca, Wall. Cat. Herb. Ind. n. 5785. A woody
climber, glabrous except a slight rusty pubescence on the inflorescence. Leaves
broad, 9- or 11-nerved, \ to in. long, divided to about the middle into 2
ovate obtuse parallel lobes. Peduncles lateral or terminal, bearing a short
corymbose raceme, with a simple or trifid tendril under the flowers. Calyx-
tube 6 or 7 lines long; the lobes not 3 lines, rusty-tometitose outside. Petals
white, 5 to 6 lines long, unguiculate, obovate, spreading. Stamens 3 fertile,
rather longer than the petals, 5 to 7 small and sterile. Pod flat, glabrous,
about 8 in. long and 2 in. wide, with several seeds along the centre attached
by funicles very unequal in length.—Phanera corymhom, Benth. in Kew Journ.
•Bot. iv. 77, but not the synonyms quoted.
About East Point, Cliampioii; also Wright. Extends from Khasiu nnd Burmah to Sumatra
and Java. The Chinese specimens have lather large flowers, like those of B. corymbusa,
Roxb., likewise a S. Chinese plant, tor which 1 had mistnken the Hongkong specimens before
I saw the pod. In the true B. cnrijmhnm the pod is not above i in. broad, and usually curved.
H 2


100
[GlediUchia.
LEDUM INOS.E.
34. GLEDITSCHIA, Linn.
Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3 to 5, united in a tube or cup at the base,
nearly equal, imbricate in the bud. Petals as many, inserted at the summit
of the tube, nearly equal, slightly imbricate. Stamens as many or twice as
many, free, nearly equal. Ovary sessile, with 2 or more ovules. Pod long,
flat, linear, more or less pulpy. Seeds flattened. Radicle short, straight.—
Trees, usually armed with stout, entire, or branched thorns. Leaves once or
twice pinnate. Flowers small, in axillary or lateral racemes or racemc-like
panicles.
A small genus, limited to N. America and temperate or subtropical Asia.
1. G. sinensis, Linn.; DC. Prod. ii. 479. A tree, glabrous or nearly
so in all its parts. Thorns on the stem often 2 or 3 in. long and branched.
Leaves mostly simply pinnate. Leaflets 8 to 10 pair, very obliquely ovate-
lanceolate or between rhomboidal and falcate, 1 to 1| in. long, rather thin,
prominently veined and often slightly crenulate. Panicle narrow and raceme-
like, 4 to 8 in. long, the main peduncle stiff and erect, the lateral branches
slender, very short, bearing 3 to 5 small, greenish, pedicellate flowers. Petals
usually 5. Stamens 10.
Rare in Hongkong, more abundant on the adjacent continental coast, Champion. The
Hongkong specimens were mere fragments: I have described it from Canton specimens ga-
thered by Seecea. The species is probably limited to China.
SUBORDER III. MIMOSEJE.
Sepals 5, rarely 4 or 3, free or united. Petals as many, equal, valvute in
the bud, free or united. Stamens as many or twice as many, or indefinite,
free or united, usually hypogynous. Radicle of the embryo straight. Leaves
twice pinnate, or, in one American genus, once pinnate. Flowers usually
small, in dense globular heads or cylindrical spikes.
35. LEUCiENA, Benth.
Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5, free. Stamens 10, free, all fertile. Anthers
not tipped by a gland. Pod broadly linear, flat, 2-valved. Seeds numerous,
transverse.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves twice pinnate. Flowers white, in glo-
bular heads, usually hermaphrodite.
A genus of few species, all American, one of which is now naturalized in many parts of
the Old World.
1. Ii. glauca, Benth. in Hook. Joitrn. Bot. iv. 416. A small tree, the
young parts slightly tomentose, otherwise glabrous and without prickles.
Leaves with 4 to 6 pair of pinnae. Leaflets 10 to 20 pair on each pinna,
oblong-linear, very oblique and slightly falcate, 4 to G lines long, pale or
glaucous underneath. Peduncles solitary, or 2 or 3 together in the upper
axils, 1 to 1^ in. long, the upper ones forming a terminal raceme, each bearing
a globular head of 6 to 8 lines, or, with the stamens, near an inch diameter.
Pod shortly stalked, 4 to fi in. long, 4 to 6 lines broad.
In a ravine at the foot of Victoria Peak, Wilford; also Wright. Probably of American
origin, but frequently cultivated in that continent as well as in Africa and Asia, and so
often sent as apparently wild, that its real native country cannot be given with certninty.


Acacia."]
101
LEGUMINOS^.
36. ACACIA, Willd.
Sepals 5, 4, or 3, free or united. Petals as many, free or united. Stamens
indefinite, usually very numerous, free or slightly connected at the very base.
Pod linear or oblong, flat or nearly cylindrical, opening in 2 valves or inde-
hiscent.—Leaves twice pinnate, or in some Australian species reduced to a
simple phyllodium or dilated petiole. Flowers usually yellow or white, in
globular heads or cylindrical spikes, often polygamous.
A very large genus, one-half Australian, the remainder dispersed over the warmer regions
of the globe.
Thorns straight, in stipular pairs. Pod thick, cylindrical or fusiform, dry 1. A. farnesiana.
Prickles recurved, scattered. Pod thick, but slightly flattened, succulent 2. A. concinna.
1. A. farnesiana, Willd.; DC. Prod.ii. 461. A much-branched shrub,
quite glabrous or slightly pubescent on the petioles and peduncles. Leaves of
4 to 6 or rarely to 8 pair of pinna?. Leaflets 10 to 20 pair on each pinna,
linear, about 2 lines long. Stipules converted into slender straight thorns
very variable in length, the plant otherwise unarmed. Peduncles usually 2 or
3 together in the older axils, each bearing a single globular head of yellow or
whitish sweet-scented flowers. Pod thick, irregularly cylindrical or fusiform,
indehiscent, filled with a pithy substance, in the midst of which lie the seeds.
— Vaehellia farnesiana, W. and Arn.; Wight, Ic. t. 300.
Common about the houses, Hanee. Supposed to be of American origin, but much planted
iu almost all warm countries, and, spreading readily, has become apparently wild, or is, ac-
cording to some, really indigenous in many parts of Asia, Africa, and North Australia.
2. A. concinna, DC. Prod. ii. 464. A woody climber, the young parts
pubescent, but often glabrous when full grown, with numerous recurved
prickles scattered on the branches and petioles. Leaves of 4 to 6 pair of
pinnae, with a gland immediately below the lower 1, 2, or 3 pair. Leaflets
12 to 18 pair, obliquely oblong, obtuse, of a pale green, about \ in. long.
Stipules large, cordate, thin, very deciduous. Flower-heads globular, on slen-
der peduncles of about 1 iu. long, in branching racemes or panicles. Pod 3
to 5 in. long, near 1 in. broad, thick and fleshy, with cross partitions between
the seeds, and when ripe either separating into articles but otherwise inde-
hiscent, or sometimes opening on the edges opposite the seeds.—Arlhrosprion
stipulation, Hassk. Ketzia, i. 212, but not Albizzia stipnlata, Benth.
In the Happy Valley, Champion: also Hance and Wright. None of these specimens are
however in flower, and I am therefore uncertain of their ideutity with the plant I describe
from continental Asiatic specimens. The species is widely spread over India and the Archi-
pelago.
37. ALBIZZIA, Durazz.
Calyx campanulate or tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed, with a cylin-
drical tube. Stamens indefinite, usually numerous and long, united in a tube
at the base. Pod liuear or oblong, flat, thin, indehiscent or opening in two
valves.—Trees or shrubs, without prickles. Leaves twice pinnate, with a
gland on the petiole below the pinnae, and others between some or all the
pinnae and leaflets. Flowers in globular heads or rarely cylindrical spikes,
usually hermaphrodite; the stamens usually white or pink, rarely yellow, much
longer than in Acacia.


102
[Albizzia.
LEGUMINOS.E.
A considerable genus, limited to the Old World, and chiefly tropical.
Pinna; 7 to 20 pair. Leaflets numerous, small, acute. Stipules large . 1. A.ilipulata.
Pinme 3 to 6 pair. Leaflets 4 to 10 pair, obtuse. Stipules small, deci-
duous 2. A. Mi/Mti.
1. A. stipulata, Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. iii. 92. A tree, with the
young; shoots pubescent. Leaves of 7 to 10 pair of pinnae. Leaflets usually
20 to 30 pair on each pinna, oblong-linear, falcate, acute, 3 to 5 lines long;
the midrib close to the inner edge. Stipules membranous, acuminate, some-
times near an inch long, deciduous. Peduncles usually about \ in. long, clus-
tered along the branches of a terminal panicle. Heads consisting of 10 to 20
flowers, about 3 lines long. Stamens above 1 in. long. Calyx much shorter
than the corolla, both pubescent. Pod 3 to 5 in. long, 9 to 10 lines broad.
Hongkong, Hance. Widely distributed over tropical Asia, chiefly in the mountains, from
Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Aichipclago, and northwards to the Himalaya and S. China.
2. A. Milletti, Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. iii. 89. A tree, glabrous in
all its parts. Leaves of 3 to 6 pair of pinnae. Leaflets 4 to 10 pair on each
pinna, obovate-oblong, very obtuse, \ to J in. long, oblique at the base. Sti-
pules small and deciduous. Peduncles usually 2 or 3 together, along the
branches of a terminal panicle. Heads consisting usually of 6 to 12 flowers
about 2 lines long without the stamens. Calyx very much shorter than the
corolla', both glabrous. Filaments full £ in. long. Pod about 6 in. long, 1}
in. broad.
In the Happy Valley, Chamjnon; also Bance and Wright. Only known from S. China.
38. PITHECOLOBIUM, Mart.
Calyx campanulate or tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed, with a cylin-
drical tube. Stamens indefinite, usually numerous and long, more or less
united in a tube. Pod flattened, usually rather thick, and much curved, an-
nular or spirally twisted, opening in 2 valves. Seeds usually surrounded by a
thin pulp.—Trees, or rarely shrubs, without prickles. Leaves twice pinnate,
usually with a gland on the petiole below the pinnae, and others between one
or more of the pair of pinnae or leaflets. Flowers in globular or oblong heads,
or rarely in cylindrical spikes, usually hermaphrodite and white.
A considerable tropical genus, distributed over the New as well as the Old World.
Pinna: 1 to 2 pair. Leaflets 2 to 4 pair. Branches nearly terete . . . 1. P. Incidum.
Pinme 4 to 6 pair. Leaflets 4 to 10 pair. Branches very angular . . 2. P. clypearia.
1. P. lucidum, Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. iii. 207. A tall tree, the
branches scarcely angular, the young ones as well as the petioles and inflores-
cences covered witli a short rusty tomentum, but otherwise glabrous. Leaves
of 1 or 2 pair of pinnae. Leaflets usually 2 or 3 pair to the lower pinnae, often
4 or even 5 pair to the upper ones, obliquely ovate, or rarely oblong, obtusely
acuminate, the terminal pair ofteu 2 in. long, the others small. Racemes in
the upper axils, or forming a long terminal panicle. Peduncles seldom | in.
long, solitary or clustered. Heads globular, consisting of 10 to 20 slightly pu-
bescent flowers. Calyx 1 line, corolla above 2 lines long. Stamens twice as
long. Pod about 1 in. broad, twisted into a ring, the outer edge indented
between the seeds.—Albizzia? Championi, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 79.
higa bigendna, Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. 182, but not of others.
In Woods, Cluimpion; also Ilancr and IVright. Only known from S. China.


PithecolobiumJ]
103
LEGUMINOS/E.
2. P. clypearia, Benth. in Lond. Jour*. Bot. iii. 209. A tall tree, the
younger branches very acutely angular, and as well as the inflorescences slightly
pubescent. Leaves of 4 to 6 pair of pinnae. Leaflets in the lower pinus 3
to 6 pair, in the terminal ones 10 to 12 pair, all obliquely ovate, nearly
rhomboid or trapezoid, obtuse or acute, the terminal ones about 1? in. long,
the others smailer. Panicle large and terminal. Peduncles short, clustered
one above another; the common bract reduced to a short stalk with a large
gland. Flowers few together in small hends, the corolla about 2 lines long,
the stamens three times as long. Pod forming 2 or 3 coils of 1| in. diameter,
indented between the seeds on the outer edge.—Inyo, dimidiata, Hook, and
Am. Bot. Beech. 181.
Hongkong, Hance. We have it also from the adjacent continent, from Sumatra and
Java,
Okdku XXXVII. ROSACEA.
Sepals 5, rarely 4, united into a lobed calyx, either enclosing the ovary, or
adhering to it, or quite free. Petals as many, inserted on the calyx at the base
of its lobes or rarely none. Stamens usually numerous, inserted with the petals,
free. Ovary of 1, 2, or more carpels, usually distinct at the time of flowering,
but sometimes combined even then into a single 2- to 5-celled ovary, which
is then always inferior or combined with the calyx. Ovules 1 or 2, or rarely
more, in each carpel. As the fruit enlarges, the carpels either remain free, or
are variously combined with each other or with the calyx; when ripe, they
either remain indehiscent or more rarely open on their inner edge. Seeds
without albumen. Embryo with large cotyledons, and a short radicle.—Trees,
shrubs, or (in genera npt included in the present Flora) herbs. Leaves alter-
nate, mostly toothed or divided, the stipules seldom wanting, and often leaf-like.
Flowers either solitary at the end of the year's shoots, or in cymes or panicles,
or more rarely in lateral branches or racemes.
A numerous Order, widely spread over the globe, but more in the temperate and cooler
parts of the northern hemisphere than within the tropics or in the southern hemisphere.
Ovary or carpels superior or free from the calyx.
Tree. Flowers in racemes. Calyx deciduous. Carpel 1. Fruit a
drupe 1. Pygeum.
Scrambling prickly shrubs. Calyx persistent. Carpels numerous.
Fruit a compound granular berry 2. Rubus.
Shrub not prickly. Flowers in corymbs. Carpels 5 or 6, with 3 or
4 ovules in each, becoming dry capsules 3. Spiraea.
Ovary or carpels inferior or adhering to the tube of the calyx, which is
closed over them.
Fruit enclosing several seed-like hairy carpels irregularly placed . . 4. Rosa.
Fruit 1- to 5-celled, with 1 or 2 seeds in each.
Ovary 2-celled.
Calyx-limb very short, persistent 5. Photinia.
Calyx-limb narrow-campanulate, deciduous 6. Rhaphiolepis.
Ovary 5-celled 7. Ebiobotrya.
1. PYGEUM, Colebr.
Calyx free, deciduous, broadly campanulate or spreading, 5- or 6-toothed.
Petals as many, small, and usually resembling the calyx-teeth. Ovary superior,


104
[Pygeum.
ROSACEA.
of a single carpel, with 2 pendulous ovules. Fruit a drupe with* little or no
juice, usually as broad as or broader than long, with a smooth kernel, contain-
ing a single seed.—Trees. Leaves simple, entire, coriaceous. Stipules"small,
very deciduous. Flowers in axillary or lateral simple racemes.
A small genus, limited to tropical Asia, and scarcely differing from Prumu, except in the
small size of the petals, which ha9 occasioned them frequently to be described as additional
calyx-teeth.
1. P. latifolium, Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. i. 361. A tree, with the young
branches slightly pubescent, but soon glabrous. Leaves stalked, ovate or oval-
oblong, acuminate cr acute, 3 to 5 in. long, glabrous, except sometimes a
slight rusty down on the principal veins underneath, the petiole usually more
downy. Bacemes solitary or clustered, 1 to 2 in. long, more or less pubes-
cent. Flowers white, scarcely 3 lines diameter, on pedicels of 1 to 2 lines
long. Petals 5, hairy outside as well as the calyx, and scarcely longer than
its teeth. Stamens about 25. Ovary glabrous, with a rather long style.—
Germaria latifolia, Presl, Epimel. Bot. 221.
Hongkong, Wright. Also in the Philippine Islands and ,the.Indian Archipelago. It is
near the North Indian P. acuminatum, but readily known by the pubescent racemc8, the
shorter hairy petals, etc. The P. parvi/orum from the Indian Archipelago differs in its
smaller sessile flowers, in densely clustered racemes, hairy ovary, etc.
2. BUBTJS, Linn.
Calyx free, deeply 5-lobed, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Car-
pels numerous, with a single pendulous ovule in each. Fruit a kind of gra-
nulated berry, formed by the union of the succulent carpels, round the conical
or shortly oblong, dry receptacle.—Weak scrambling shrubs (or in some
northern species, herbs), usually prickly. Leaves pinflately or palmately di-
vided into distinct segments or leaflets, or rarely simply lobed. Flowers
axillary, or in terminal leafy panicles.
A large genus, widely distributed over almost every part of the globe.
Leaves simply lobed, wrinkled above, densely tomentose underneath . 1. R. reflexus.
Leaves pinnate, with 3 leaflets.
Branches pubescent. Leaflets white, tomentose underneath . . . 2. R. parvifolius.
Whole plant quite glabrous 3. if. leueantitu.
1. R. reflexus, Bot. Reg. t. 461. Branches and petioles terete, densely
clothed with a brown or rust-coloured velvety down, almost concealing the
minute prickles. Leaves simple, cordate-ovate or nearly orbicular, usually
deeply 3- or 5-lobed, the middle lobe much longer than the others, wrinkled
and nearly glabrous on the upper side, densely tomentose underneath. Flowers
2 or 3 together, almost sessile in the upper axils, or sometimes several crowded
in short bunches. Bracts very hairy, deeply divided into narrow lobes, but
falling oft" early. Calyx-lobes about 4 lines long, very hairy outside. Petals
white, not much longer. Fruit nearly globular.
Very common in the island, Champion and others. Extends from north-eastern India
to the Archipelago, the Philippines, and northward to Loochoo; for" surely many of the
specimens usually referred to R. rugosut, have all the characters of the present species.
Whether those which have more numerous and smaller flowers, and entire or nearly entire
bracts, are specifically distinct or not, is uncertain. If united, the R. rugosut is the older
name; unless indeed the whole be considered as varieties of the Linnean R. moluccanu,.


Rubus.}
105
ROSACEA.
2. R. parvifolitu, Linn.; DC. Prod. ii. 564; Bot. Reg. t. 496. Branches
and petioles pubescent, with small hooked prickles. Leaves pinnate, with a
common petiole of 1 to 2 in. Leaflets 3, or very rarely 5, nearly orbicular,
about 1 in. long, or in luxuriant shoots, the terminal one 1J or near 2 in.
long, deeply and irregularly toothed, rather thin, glabrous, or nearly so, above,
white and cottony underneath. Flowers few, in terminal panicles. Sepals
about 2 lines long, softly hoary inside and out. Petals pink, but little longer.
Fruit globular, the carpels glabrous or very slightly hairy.
In ravines, Champion and others. Extends from S. China to Loochoo. The Himalayan
plant usually referred to this species, appears to me to be much nearer to the R. latiocaryiu;
the leaflets arc almost always 5, much more ovate in shape, usually acute, and the carpels
more pubescent or hairy.
3. R. leucanthtu, Hancein Walp. Ann. ii. 468. The stems and petioles
armed with hooked prickles, and as well as every other part of the plant, per-
fectly glabrous. Leaves pinnate, with 3 leaflets, or a few of the upper ones
reduced to a single one. Leaflets ovate, acuminate, serrately toothed, the larger
ones 2 to 3 in. long, the lateral ones usually smaller. Flowers 2 to 5 together,
on a short axillary common peduncle. Pedicels about 4 lines long. Sepals
ovate, smooth, about 4 lines long, closing over the fruit. Petals white.—
R. glaberrimus, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 80.
In low grounds and ravinea of the hills, Champion, Hance, Wright, Wilford. Not yet
found out of the island. The two names were both published early in 1852, one at Berlin,
the other in London, and the latter, by Champion, on the 1st March, certainly prior to the
reception in this country of the part of Walpers' Annates which contained Hance's name
and diagnoses. As however Sr. Seemaun states that the latter was actually first published,
I have here adopted it.
3. SPIBJEA, Linn.
Calyx free, persistent, 5-lobed. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Carpels
3 or more, usually 5, quite free from the calyx and disk, with 2 or more ovules
in each, and becoming, when ripe, small dry capsules, opeuing along the inner
edge, each containing 2 or more small seeds.—Shrubs or herbs, without
prickles. Leaves simple or divided. Flowers usually small and numerous,
in terminal cymes, corymbs, or panicles.
A considerable genus, spread over the northern hemisphere both in the New and the Old
World, but scarcely penetrating into the tropics.
1. S. cantoniensis, Lovr. Fl. Cochinch. 322. A shrub of 3 or 4 ft. in
height, with weak spreading branches, glabrous or very slightly hoary. Leaves
lanceolate or oblong, 1 to near 2 in. long, coarsely toothed or slightly lobed
above the middle, narrowed at the base into a petiole of about 2 lines. Flowers
rather small, white, in terminal racemes, but with the axis so short as to be
almost reduced to flat-topped corymbs or umbels, the very slender pedicels,
4 to 6 lines long, starting from nearly the same point. Carpels 5, or very
rarely 6.—S. lanceolata, Poir. Diet. vii. 354, but not the plant figured as such
by Cambessedes in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 1, i. t. 25, nor that described by
Seringe in DC. Prod. ii. 542. S. corymbosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 512, but not
of Rafin. S. Reevesiana, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1844, t. 10.
Hongkong, Wright; and other parta of S. China, but not known from elsewhere. Roi-
buigh's indication of the north of India is probably founded on some mistake, and the


106
[Spirtta.
ROSACEA.
Mauritius specimens seen iu herbaria are evidently from the botanic garden of that island,
having beeu introduced from the Calcutta garden. It is very characteristically described
both by Loureiro and by Poiret, but Cambessedes in his monograph gave a figure of a plant
quite different in foliage and iuflorescence, whence Seringc took his diagnoses for De Candolle's
Prodromns. It is this erroneous character that misled Lindley as to the supposed non-
identity of the plant with Poiret's and Loureiro's, and induced him to describe it as new.
4. EOSA, Linn.
Calyx-tube globular or ovoid, enclosing the ovary, contracted towards the
top; the limb divided into 5 segments, often unequal and sometimes lobed.
Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Ovary of several distinct carpek, enclosed in
the calyx-tube, with 1 suspended ovule in each ; the styles protruding from the
tube, and occasionally united. When in fruit the carpels become dry, hairy,
1-seeded achenes, enclosed in the more or less succulent calyx-tube, and some-
times surrounded by pulp, the whole forming a rather dry red or black berry.
Erect, scrambling, or climbing shrubs, more or less prickly. Leaves pinnate.
Stipules leafy, adhering to the petiole. Flowers showy, terminal, either solitary
or in small corymbs or panicles.
A beautiful genus, widely diffused over the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere,
but scarcely penetrating into the tropics, except in mountain districts.
Flowers solitary. Leaflets 3 1. 22. sinica.
flowers several, in corymbs. Leaflets 7 or 5.
Flowers white, middle sized. Calyx-segments narrow, one or more
usually lobed 2. R. moichata.
Flowers small, pink. Calyx-segments short, entire 3. R. multiflora.
1. R. sinica, Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2; Lindl. Monogr. and Bot. Reg.
t. 1922. Stems climbing, glabrous, as well as the leaves, with a few distant
hooked prickles. Leaflets always 3 in the wild specimens, ovate, stalked,
slightly serrate, the terminal one 1 to \ in. long, cuneate or rounded at the
base, the lateral ones rather smaller. Flowers solitary at the ends of the
lateral shoots, large, and of a pure white. Peduncles and ovaries thickly
covered with straight prickles or bristles. Calyx-lobes downy or cottony,
with long points, all or some of them expanding into small oblong leafy tips.
Fruit globular.—R. nivea, DC. Prod. ii. 599.
Hongkong, Harland. Appears to be confined to China. Aiton's name would have the
priority over De Candolle's, even should it be shown that he was mistaken in identifying it
with the R. sinica of Linnieus; for if the latter is not this plant, it merges in his R. indica.
Linntcus' character applies better to the present species. The specimen in his herbarium
is a poor fragment from Jacquin, and much resembling the figure in that author's 'Observa-
tiones,' and apparently a garden specimen of R. indica in a starved state.
2. R. moschata, Mill.; DC. Prod. ii. 598; Bot. Reg. t. 829. An erect
or half-climbing tall-growing shrub, glabrous or pubescent on the young shoots
and under side of the leaves, with a few stout recurved prickles. Leaflets 5
or 7, nearly sessile, oblong acuminate acute, and often \ to 2 in. long in the
north Indian specimens; much shorter, ovate, obtuse or almost orbicular in
the Hongkong one. Flowers white, not large, in terminal corymbs. Pedun-
cles | to 1 in. long, slender, usually pubescent or sometimes glandular, but
without bristles or prickles. Ovary small, ovoid. Calyx-lobes narrow, with
long points, and occasionally with 1 or 2 lateral lobes on one or both sides.—
R. Brunonk, Lindl.; DC. 1. c.


Rum.}
10?
HOSACE.B.
Hongkong, Harland. Common in the mountains of northern India. Dr. Holland's
specimen is a single one, without any indication of its precise locality. It is a small variety
approaching in some measure the following species, but with the calyxes and the white flowers
of R. nioschata.
3. R. multiflora, Thunb.; DC. Prod. ii. 598. Stems climbing, slender,
pubescent, as well as the petioles; the prickles nearly straight, or slightly re-
curved. Leaflets usually 7, or on the smaller branches sometimes 5 or 3,
sessile, obovate or oblong, shortly pointed, glabrous above, pubescent under-
neath. Flowers small, pink, in terminal corymbs. Peduncles 6 to 8 lines
long, glandular-pubescent. Calyx-lobes scarcely 3 lines long, hoary or cottony
inside, with short points, and quite entire.
On the hills, Hindi, Hance. Extends from S. China to Japan.
5. PHOTIN IA Lindl.
Calyx-tube adhering to the ovary; the limb short, persistent, 5-toothed.
Petals 5. Ovary inferior, completely or partially 2-celled, with 2 erect ovules
in each. Styles 2. Fruit succulent, crowned by the remains of the calyx-
teeth. Endocarps thin, usually 1-celled, with 2 rather small oblong seeds.—
Erect shrubs, without prickles. Leaves simple, evergreen, usually serrulate.
Flowers small, white, in terminal panicles or corymbs.
A genus of few species, dispersed over central and eastern Asia and north-western Ame-
rica.
1. P. prunifolia, Lindl. Bot. Rtrj., under t. 1956. An evergreen shrub. r
Leaves oblong, 2 to 3 in. long, serrulate, narrowed at the base, coriaceous and
shining, quite glabrous, but marked underneath with small black dots. Flowers
numerous, in dense terminal corymbs, rather shorter than the last leaves, very
downy at first, but sometimes becoming glabrous as the fruit ripens. Ovary
villous, completely 2-celled. Styles glabrous. Fruit ovoid or nearly globular,
red, about 3 lines long.
Common in the Happy Valley woods, Champion and others. Not known out of south
China. Another Fholinia, apparently P. serrulala, Lindl., from the adjacent continent, is
cultivated ill Hongkong. ,
6. RHAPHIOLEPIS, Lindl. \
Calyx-tube narrow, adherent at the base to the ovary, the upper portion
free, deciduous, 5-lobed. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Ovary inferior,
2-celled, with 2 erect ovules in each cell. Styles 2. Fruit succulent, crowned
by a ring or cup indicating the base of the calyx-limb. Seed usually solitary,
nearly globular, testa thin; cotyledons very thick, with scarcely any radicle.—
Trees or shrubs, without prickles. Leaves simple, evergreen, usually serrate.
Flowers in short panicles or corymbs.
A very small genus, extending from S. China to Japan.
1. R. indica, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 468. An erect nearly glabrous shrub.
Leaves from ovate to oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, 1 £ to 2 in. long, serrate,
narrowed into a rather long petiole, coriaceous, smooth and shining above.
Flowers white or pink, in short ovate panicles or shorter coryinbs. Calyx-lobes
usually narrow and acute. Fruit globular, varying in size, the scar of the


108
[Rhnphiolepis.
ROSACE.E.
calyx forming a mere rim or line round the top.—R. rubra, R. pfucostemon,
and R. salicifolia, Lindl. Coll. Bot. and Bot. Reg. t. 652.
Common in Hongkong, Champion and others, and on the adjacent continent, bnt probably
not extending beyond S. China. It is very variable in the breadth of the leaves, in the pani-
cles more or less corymbose, in the bracts and calyx-lobes subulate or lanceolate, long or
short, in the ovary tomentose or glabrous, in the flowers larger or smaller, the petals broader
or narrow, the stamens longer or shorter, and in the size of the fruit. Iu one specimen the
calyx-lobes arc only \ line long and almost obtuse, in others they are 2, 3 or even above 4
lines long, and then very acute. I have never seen the petals quite " lanceolate,'' nor yet
"subrotund," but varying between the two, and most frequently as figured in the Bot. Mag.
t. 1726. In some specimens the fruit, apparently, but perhaps not really, full-grown, is
from 2 to 3 lines diameter, in others all the fruits are between 4 to 5 lines diameter. I have
however in vain attempted to sort the numerous specimens before me into distinct varieties
showing any concordance in the characters derived from different organs. The R. japonica,
Sicb. and Zucc., from Japan and Bonin, and R. integerrima, Hook, and Am., from Bonin,
appear both to be really distinct species.
7. EBIOBOTBYA, Lindl.
Calyx-tube adhering to the ovary ; the limb short, persistent, 5-lobed. Pe-
tals 5. Ovary inferior, 5-celled, with 2 erect ovules in each cell. Styles 5.
Fruit forming with the calyx a fleshy mass, divided in the centre by thin par-
titions into 5 or fewer cells with one thick round seed in each. Testa rather
thick. Cotyledons very thick, with scarcely any radicle.—Tall shrubs, without
prickles. Leaves simple, evergreen. Flowers in terminal woolly or villous
panicles.
A genus of very few species, from central or eastern Asia, including the common Loqnat
or E. japonica, Lindl., from continental China and Japan, bnt only known in Hongkong as
cultivated for its fruit.
1. E. fragrans, Champ, in Kete Journ. Bot. iv. 80. A shrub, like the
E. japonica in many respects, but the branches and leaves are glabrous and
the inflorescence alone woolly, but with much closer and shorter hairs than
in that species. Leaves oblong-elliptical, obtuse, scarcely toothed, 4 to 6 in.
long, on a petiole of an inch; the lateral veins fewer and less prominent than
either in E. japonica or E. elliptica. Panicle sessile. Flowers rather smaller
than in the Loquat, very fragrant, either single on pedicels of 2 or 3 lines, or
clustered on common peduncles of that length. Calyx-lobes broad and rounded.
Fruit about \ in. diameter.
In a ravine on Mount Victoria, very scarce, Champion. Not yet received in any other
collection.
Order XXXVIII. ONAGRA.CE.ffi.
Calyx-tube adhering to the ovary, sometimes prolonged above it; the limb of
4, 2, or rarely 5 lobes, valvate in the bud. Petals as many, inserted on the
calyx below its lobes, or rarely wanting. Stamens as many or twice as many
as the petals and inserted with them. Style single or divided at the top only
into 2 or 4 stigmas. Ovary inferior, 2- or 4-celled with several ovules in each.
Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds without albumen. Embryo straight.—Herbs,
or, in some American species, shrubs. Leaves in the Hongkong genera alter-


Onagracete.l
109
onaoracea:.
nate, in some others opposite, undivided unless under water, toothed, without
stipules. Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves or in terminal spikes or
racemes.
A considerable Order, ranging over the whole world, but in greatest variety in North
America. The Haloragea, sometimes considered as a tribe of Onagracea much reduced in
structure, will be found below, next to Cornacece.
Calyx-lobes and petals 4. Stamens 8 1. Jussi/EA.
Calyx-lobes, petals, and stamens 4 each 2. Ludwigia.
1. JTJSSIiEA, Linn.
Calyx-tube not produced above the ovary ; the limb divided to the base into
4 or rarely 5 segments. Petals as many. Stamens twice as many. Stigma
capitate. Capsules 4- or 5-celled, crowned by the calyx-segments and open-
ing longitudinally between the ribs. Seeds numerous, small, without any
appendage.—Herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers axillary, solitary, yellow or
rarely white.
A genus of several American species, with a very few spread over Africa and Asia.
1. J. villosa, Lam.; W. and A'rn. Prod. Fl. Penins. i. 336. An erect per-
ennial, pubescent or hairy, attaining 2 to 3 ft., and often hard, almost woody,
at the base. Leaves from oblong to linear-lanceolate, 1 \ to 3 In. long, nar-
rowed into a short petiole. Flowers almost sessile in the axils. Calyx-tube
about \ in. long when in flower; the segments ovate-lanceolate, about 3 lines.
Petals broad, rather longer than the calyx. Capsule nearly cylindrical, 1 to 1£
in. long, 8-ribbed, pubescent, contracted at the base into a short pedicel.
Seeds minute.—/. octqfila, DC. Prod. iii. 57, and the synonyms adduced by
Wight and Arnott as quoted above.
Iu wet pastures, cultivated and waste places, Champion and others. Widely distributed
over the warmer regions of America as well as Asia, and perhaps Africa.
2. LUDWIGIA, Linn.
Characters and habit of Jussiaa, except that the stamens are of the same
number as the petals or calyx-segments, not twice the number. Flowers
usually smaller.
A small genus, common to N. America, Europe, and Asia.
1. L. parviflora, Roxb.; W. and Am. Prod. Fl. Penins. i. 336; Wight,
Illrntr. t. 101. An annual, sometimes erect and much branched, scarcely 6
in. high, sometimes spreading to the length of a foot or more. Leaves narrow-
lanceolate, I to 2 in. long. Flowers on short pedicels, much smaller than in
the above Jussiaa. Calyx-segments scarcely 1 line long. Petals not longer,
oblong. Capsule oblong, tetragonous, 3 to 4 lines long, nearly 1^ lines broad.
L. jussiaoides, Wall. Catal. n. 6335, non Lam.
In wet pastures, but not common, Champion. Widely spread over East India. The other
common East Indian species, L. jussiitoides, Linn., uot Lam., with a still smaller flower and
very slender capsule, has not as yet been found in Hongkong.
OitDEit XXXIX. RHIZOPHORE^l.
Calyx-tube usually adhering to the ovary, sometimes prolonged above it, or
rarely quite free; the limb of 4 to about 12 lobes, valvate in the bud. Petals


110
[Ifhuophorete.
HIIIZOPHOKE*.
as many as the calyx-lobes, alternate with them, and inserted below them,
usually cut or jagged. Stamens as many or twice as many or more, the fila-
ments distinct, anthers erect. Ovary more or less inferior, or rarely quite
superior, 2- or more-celled, with 2 or few pendulous ovules in each cell, or
rarely 1-celled by the obliteration of the partition. Style simple, with an entire
or lobed stigma. Fruit inferior or enclosed in the calyx, with 1 or few seeds,
with or without albumen.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple, entire or
slightly toothed, coriaceous. Flowers axillary, solitary, clustered or in cymes.
A small Order, almost entirely tropical, and chiefly Asiatic and African, with a few-
American species. It is divided into two distinct tribes, by some considered as independent
families. 1. Wiizophorea proper: including the following genus Kautlelia, consists of the
MangroveSi all maritime trees, the seeds without albumen, and almost always germinating
before falling off, the thick radicle enlarging rapidly and projecting to a great length from
the summit of the capsule. 2. Legnotidea: trees or shrubs, not strictly maritime, with
usually smaller flowers, and the seeds albuminous, not germinating before they fall; to this
tribe belongs the subjoined genus Carallia.
Calyx-segments and petals linear. Stamens numerous 1. Kandelia.
Calyx-segments very short. Petals orbicular. Stamens twice as many as
the petals 2. Cajullia.
1. KANDELIA, Arn.
Calyx-segments 5 or 6, rarely 4, linear, shortly united above the ovary,
and surrounded at the base by a cup-shaped bract. Petals as many, narrow,
divided into several filiform segments, very deciduous. Stamens numerous,
or rarely definite; filaments slender, anthers small. Ovary 1-celled (or when
very young 3-celled ?), with 6 ovules (2 to each cell) pendulous from a central
axis. Style filiform, with a 3-lobed stigma. Fruit oblong, the reflexed per-
sistent calyx-segments surrounding it in the middle. Seed without albumen,
the rapidly enlarged radicle penetrating through the apex of the fruit.
The genus ouly consists of the following species.
1. K. Rheedii, Arn.; Blume, Mus. Bot. i. 134; Hook. Ic. t. 362;
Wight, Illustr. t. 89. A glabrous evergreen tree, with thick branches. Leaves
oblong, obtuse, 3 or 4 in. long, quite entire, coriaceous, on a petiole of £ to f
in. long. Peduncles 1, 2, or 3 in each axil, variable in length, but shorter
than the leaves, each bearing a compact cyme of 3 to 5 white flowers. Calyx-
segments 6 or 7 lines long. Petals rather shorter, and falling off so soon alter
the flower expands, that they may escape observation in the dried specimens.
Stamens from 20 to 25.
In an estuary at Little Hongkong, and the ouly Mangrove on the island, Champion. It
extends generally along the coasts of eastern India and the Archipelago, but is not so com-
mon there as other Mangroves.
2. CARALLIA, Koxb.
Calyx-tube campanulate above the ovary, with 5 to 8 very short lobes or
teeth. Petals as many, clawed, orbicular, jagged or slightly toothed, inserted
at the top of the calyx-tube. Stamens twice as many as petals, and inserted
with them round the undulated margin of the thin disk. Ovary inferior, or
at least adnate as high as the insertion of the ovules, 4-celled or rarely 3- or
5-eelled, with 2 pendulous ovtdes in each cell. Fruit succulent, usually eon-


Carallia.]
Ill
RHIZOPHORE.E.
tabling a single globular seed. Albumen abundant. Embryo curved, not
growing before the seed falls.—Trees or shrubs. Flowers small, in axillary,
pedunculate, usually trichotomous cymes.
A small genus, limited to tropical Asia and Australia.
1. C. integerrima, DC.; Benth. in Jourv. Linn. Soc. iii. 65. Usually
a tree, glabrous in all its parts. Leaves sessile, obovate, elliptical or oblong,
in the Chinese specimens usually acuminate, and about 3 in. long, but some-
times very obtuse, coriaceous. Cymes axillary, or from old leafless nodes, on
short peduncles, each short branch bearing 3 to 5 sessile flowers. Fruit glo-
bular, about 3 lines diameter, crowned by the short connivent teeth of the
calyx.—C. zeylanica, Arn.; Wight, Illus'tr. t. 90. C. sinensis, Arn.; Seem.
Bot. Her. 376.
In a ravine of Mount Victoria, but very rare, Champion; also Wright. Widely spread over
East India and the Archipelago, extending eastward to N. Australia, and northward to the
Philippines and South China. The Chinese, like the Philippine specimens, have the leaves
usually more acuminate and rather narrower than in the generality of Indiau ones, but the
difference is by no means constant.
Order XL. LYTHRABIEiE.
Calyx-tube free, but usually enclosing the ovary, with as many or twice as
many teeth as there are petals. Petals 4, 5, or sometimes more, rarely defi-
cient, inserted at the top of the calyx-tube, crumpled in the bud. Stamens as
many or twice as many, or rarely indefinite, inserted in the tube of the calyx,
often lower down than the petals. Ovary free from the calyx, but generally
enclosed within its tube, 2- or more celled, with several ovules in each cell.
Style single. Fruit a capsule, sometimes becoming 1-celled by the drying up
of the partition. Seeds small, without albumen.—Trees, shrubs, or herbs.
Leaves mostly (as least the lower ones) opposite, entire, without stipules.
Flowers axillary, or in terminal racemes, or spikes, or panicles.
A considerable Order, some of the herbaceous genera spread over the greater part of the
globe, the larger woody-stemmed ones confined to the tropics in the New or the Old World.
Small-flowered herbs. Capsule opening transversely or septicidally.
Seeds angular 1. Akmannia.
Showy shrub. Capsule opening loculicidally. Seeds winged ... 2. Laqeestrojmia.
1. AMMANNTA, Linn.
Calyx-tube campanulate; the limb 4- or sometimes 3- or 5-toothed, often
with as many external small accessory teeth. Petals as many, or sometimes
deficient. Stamens as many, or rarely twice as many. Ovary 2- to 4-celled.
Style filiform, with a capitate stigma. Capsule membranous, 2- to 4-celled,
rarely 1-celled by the drying up of the partition, opening either transversely,
or in septicidal valves.—Herbs, either annual or with a perennial stock, and
usually glabrous. Leaves opposite. Flowers small, single, or clustered in the
axils of the leaves, or forming terminal spikes.
A considerable genus, chiefly tropical and Asiatic or African, with a few species from tro-
pical or northern America, or from more temperate Asia.
1. A. rotundifolia, Rorh. Fl. Ind. i. 485. A glabrous, low herb,


112
[Ammannia.
LYTHRARIE.T,.
diffuse, and often rooting at the base; the flowering stems ascending to the
height of 4 to 6 in. or seldom more. Leaves almost sessile, orbicular, obo-
vate, or broadly oblong, usually 3 or 4 lines long. Flowers not above a line
long, nearly sessile and single iu the axils of bracts or floral leaves about as
long as themselves, forming 1 or 3 terminal spikes of \ to 1 in. long. Calyx-
teeth 4, without any accessory ones. Petals 4, small, purple. Stamens 4.—
Ameletia rolutidifolia, Wight, Ic. i. t. 458. Ammannia (Auieleliu) subspicata,
Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 484, and in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 81.
Common in ditches and marshy places, Champion and others. Extends over India from
the Peninsula to Burmah, and northward to the Himalaya and S. China. The first Hong-
kong specimens I received had remarkably narrow leaves and some apparent differences in
inflorescence from the Indian type then known to me, and I was induced to describe it as a
distinct species ; but I now find that in China as in India the two extremes are so iutiuiatcly
connected as to be inseparable even as marked varieties.
2. LAGEBSTBCEMIA, Linn.
Calyx campanulate; the limb 4- to 9-toothed or -lobed, with the addition
occasionally of small intermediate teeth. Petals as many, with distinct claws.
Stamens indefinite, inserted near the base of the calyx-tube. Ovary 3- to
6-celled. Style filiform, with a capitate stigma. Capsule surrounded by the
persistent calyx, opening loculicidally in 3 to 6 valves, each valve bearing the
partition in its centre. Seeds terminating in a wing.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves
opposite. Flowers showy, usually in terminal panicles.
A genus of few species, confined to tropical or subtropical Asia.
1. L. indica, Linn.; DC. Prod. iii. 93 ; Bot. Mag. t. 405; Wight, Illustr.
t. 86 (88). A tall shrub, glabrous or nearly so ; the young shoots slightly 4-
angled. Leaves on very short petioles, orbicular, obovate, or broadly oblong,
1 to 2 in. long; the pinnate veins rather prominent and sometimes slightly
pubescent underneath. Flowers of a reddish-purple, in handsome terminal
ovate or oblong panicles of about half a foot in length. Calyx about 3 or 3 %
lines long; the tube not furrowed, as in some other species, with ovate lobes.
Petals 6, orbicular, crisped at the edge, on slender claws much longer than
the calyx-lobes. Stamens indefinite, the 6 outer ones much larger than the
others. Capsule nearly globular, 5 or 6 lines diameter, projecting consider-
ably beyond the calyx.
Near the Buddhist Temple, really wild, Champion. Extends from Cochin China to Japan,
and is much cultivated for ornament all over the East and occasionally in southern Europe.
Ordlr xli. melastomace^:.
Calyx-tube enclosing the ovary and usually cohering with its angles, leaving
intermediate cavities, or sometimes entirely free or adherent; the limb entire,
or with as many teeth or lobes as petals. Petals usually 4 or 5, sometimes
3 or 6 or more inserted intermediately below the calyx-teeth, twisted in the
bud. Stamens usually twice as many, sometimes only as many, and inserted
with the petals, the filaments curved down in the bud; the anthers 2-ce)led,
opening at the top in 1 or 2 pores, and before flowering their tips are con-
tained in the cavities between the calyx and ovary. Ovary with 2 to 6, or


Melastomaceee.]
118
JJELASTOMACEjE.
rarely more cells, and several ovules in each, or sometimes 1-celled by the
failure of the partitions. Style simple, with a capitate or minute stigma.
Fruit enclosed in the calyx or combined with it, succulent and indehiscent, or
opening in as many valves as there were cells to the ovary. Seeds usually
numerous and small, straight or cochleate (t. e. curved something like a uni-
valve shell), without albumen. Cotyledons flat or rarely convolute.—Herbs,
shrubs, or rarely trees. Leaves opposite, undivided, and (in all but the Meme-
cylon tribe) with 3, 5, or more ribs. Flowers usually in terminal panicles or
clusters, rarely solitary or axillary.
A large Order, almost confined to the tropics, and most abundant in S. America, a few
species occurring in N. America, in subtropical eastern Asia, southern Africa, or Australia.
Leaves with 3, 5, or more ribs. Ovary several-celled.
Stamens twice as many as petals.
Petals and calyx-teeth 5 or 6. Fruit succulent. Seeds cochkatc 1. Melastoma.
Petals and calyx-teeth 4, rarely 6. Fruit capsular.
Anthers without subulate appendages. Seeds cochleate . . 2. Osbeckia.
Anthers with 2 hair-like appendages. Seeds straight ... 8. I)issoch.eta.
Stamens and petals 4.
Panicle terminal 4. Oxyspoba.
Flowers in axillary clusters 5. Anplectrum.
Leaves with only the midrib. Ovary 1-celled 6. Memecvlon.
1. MELASTOMA, Linn.
Calyx-tube campanulate ; the limb of 5 or rarely 6 deciduous lobes or teeth,
and often as many accessory ones. Petals as many, obcordate or obovate.
Stamens twice as many. Anthers long, with a single pore; 5 larger, with the
connective produced below into a long curved 2-lobed or 2-poiuted appen-
dage; 5 smaller, with the appendage short and 2-lobed or wanting. Ovary
5- or rarely 6-cclled, crowned with a few stiff hairs or bristles. Fruit more
or less succulent, opening irregularly. Seeds cochleate.—Shrubs or under-
shrubs. Leaves usually ovate. Flowers terminal, solitary or few together,
usually large and showy; the calyx usually covered with bristles or scides.
A considerable genus, limited to tropical Asia, Australia, and the Pacific islands.
Creeping undershrub 1. M. repens.
Erect shrub.
Calyx covered with closely pressed, chaffy, scale-like bristles . . 2. M. macroearpon.
Calyx covered with long, fine, spreading, and incurved bristles . . 3. M. decentfidum.
1. M. repens, Lam.; Naud. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 3, xiii. 274. A
diffuse or creeping undershrub, the branches quite glabrous or with a very
few bristles. Leaves broadly elliptical or obovate, £ to 1 in. long, 3-nerved,
with a few short bristly hairs at the edge, otherwise glabrous. Flowers 1 to
3 together at the ends of the branches, much smaller than in the two follow-
ing species. Calyx more or less covered with rather short stiff bristles ; the
lobes lanceolate, about the length of the tube, varying much in breadth, but
never subulate from the base in the specimens I have seen. Petals about i
in. long. Berry purple, rather larger than a Bilberry, and of a pleasant taste.
Common on all the hills, especially near the summits, Champion and others. Also on the
adjacent continent, but not known out of S. China.
2. M. macroearpon, Don; DC. Prod. iii. 145. An erect shrub, the
i


114
[Melastoma.
MELASTOMACE,E.
branches more or less covered witli adpressed scaly bristles. Leaves stalked,
varying from broadly heart-shaped and only 2 or 3 in. long, to nearly lanceo-
late and 5 in. long. Flowers large, usually 3 together, almost sessile at the
ends of the branches, sometimes solitary or 5 together, when expanded often
3 or 4 in. diameter. Calyx thickly covered with closely pressed chaft'y bristles
or scales; the lobes lanceolate, about the length of the tube, the accessory
teeth small and fine or none. Bracts at the base of the calyx varying from
ovate to lanceolate, shorter than the tnbe or as long as the- whole calyx.
There are two rather marked varieties, viz.—
a. Leaves sprinkled on the upper side with short hairs.—M. macrocarpum, Bcnth. in
Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 116, and Naud. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 3, xiii. 281. M. homo-
stegium, Naud. 1. c. p. 286.
b. Leaves thickly covered on both sides with appressed hairs or bristles, giving them a
silky appearance when young.—M. candidum, Don; Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 116.
M. calycinum, Benth. in Loud. Journ. Bot. i. 285.
On hills, Champion and others. Also on the adjacent continent and in the Philippine
Islands (Cuming, n. 927) the two varieties are found together, and the extreme states ap-
pear very differeut in the clothing of the foliage; but they are too much connected by inter-
mediate states to be retained as species. The figures nsually quoted, Bot. Mag. t. 529, and
Bot. Reg. t. 672, are very unsatisfactory representations of this species. They are, how-
ever, most probably drawn from plants of East Indian origin, more nearly allied to the
M. malabalhricum.
3. M. decemfidum, Roxb.; DC. Prod.rn.H6; Naud. in Ann. Sc. Nat.
ser. 3, xiii. 282. An erect shrub, the branches with a few scattered scales
and spreading bristles. Leaves like those of the last species, but narrower,
from ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, glabrous, or with a few short scattered
appressed hairs or bristles. Flowers large, solitary or 3 together, as in the
M. macrocarpum. Calyx-tube covered with long stiff bristles, spreading at
the base, and then turned upwards; the lobes lanceolate-subulate, much shorter
than the tube, with accessory teeth nearly as large.—M. sanguineum, Linn.;
Bot. Mag. t. 2241; DC. Prod. iii. 145; Naud. 1. c. 281.
On hills, with the preceding, Champion and others. Extends over the Indian Archipelago
from Penang to Borneo.
2. OSBECKIA, Linn.
Calyx-tube ovoid; the limb of 4 or 5 lobes or teeth, with appendages be-
tween them, which are usually bristle-like, and terminate in a tuft of hairs.
Petals as many, obovate. Stamens twice as many. Anthers opening in a single
pore, without any or scarcely any appendage to the base of the connective.
Ovary 4- or 5-celled, crowned with bristles. Fruit capsular, opening at the
top in as many valves as there were cells to the ovary. Seeds cochleate.—
Herbs, or rarely shrubs. Flowers usually terminal, in clusters or short ra-
cemes, smaller than in Melastoma.
A considerable genus, spread over tropical Asia and Africa.
1. O. cbinensis, Linn.; Blume, Mus. Bot. i. 50. An erect herb, either
annual or forming a perennial stock, glabrous, or with a few short stiff hairs;
the stem quadrangular, 1£ to 2 ft. high. Leaves very shortly stalked, linear,
linear-oblong, or almost lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long, 2 to 4 lines broad. Flowers
several together, forming sessile terminal clusters, almost condensed into heads.


Otbeckia.]
115
MELASTOMACEjE.
Calyx-tube 3 to 4 lines long; lobes 4, acute and ciliate, but without any ter-
minal tuft of hairs, with 4 accessory ciliate scales inserted between and a little
below them on the outside. Fruiting calyx somewhat contracted near the
top, truncate after the lobes have fallen.—0. angustifolia, Don; Wall. PI. As.
Ear. iii. t. 251. 0. linearis, Blume, in Flora, 1831, 473. 0. decora, Wall.
Catal. n. 4070. 0. glabrata, Wall. Catal. n. 4071.
In ravines in the island, Champion and others. Common in northern and eastern India,
in the Archipelago, the Philippines, and northward to south China and Formosa. This spe-
cies is well described by Linuecus, although it has been subsequently much confused, owing
to his false reference to Plukenet. This has led to the figuring other Indian species, in Bot.
Beg. t. 542 and Bot. Mag. t. 4026, under the erroneous name of 0. chinensu.
3. DISSOCH^ITA, Blume.
Calyx-tube ovoid or oblong; the limb 4-lobed, without accessory teeth.
Petals 4. Stamens 4 or 8, of which 4 much smaller. Anthers of the larger
ones usually elongated, with a single pore at the top; the connective often
produced below at the back into a spur, and usually bearing at the base in
front 2 hair-like appendages. Ovary usually adnate to the calyx at the angles
only, 4-celled, without bristles at the top. Fruit usually capsular. Seeds
nearly straight, with a lateral hilum.—Shrubs, usually glabrous or with a
very slight tomentum. Flowers in terminal panicles, usually smaller than in
the two last genera, although exceptionally large in the following species.
A considerable genus, limited to tropical Asia, and most numerous in the Archipelago.
1. D. Barthei, Hance, n. sp. A low shrub, with spreading branches,
glabrous, or the young shoots slightly mealy-glandular. Leaves oval-clliptical,
acuminate, those of each pair unequal, the longer ones 2 to 3 in. long, 1 to
1^ in. broad, on a petiole of half an inch, with 3 ribs besides the marginal
nerves. Flowers usually 3 together, at the ends of the branches, white, tinged
with pink outside, about 2 in. diameter. Calyx-tube sharply 4-angled, the
lobes about 2 lines long. Petals broad, like those of a Melatloma. Anthers
of the 4 larger stamens about 5 lines long, with an oblong dorsal appendage
or spur, and the 2 hair-like appendages characteristic of the genus, the 1 others
about one-third their size, without the dorsal appendage, but with the two
hair-like ones. Ovary crowned by an irregularly lobed ring, with short glan-
dular bristles. Capsule, when ripe, almost free within the calyx, opening in
4 valves.
In ravines on the top of Mount Victoria, Hance and Barthe, and afterwards Wilford.
Not as yet seen from elsewhere. The Asiatic Melaslomaeete of the Miconia tribe have been
distributed by Blume, Korthals, Naudin, and others, into so many small genera, founded so
frequently upon characters which are only specific, that it i9 seldom that any new species
discovered will fit precisely into any of them, and thus the genera of this and the two fol-
lowing species must remain uncertain until the whole shall have been reformed into natural
groups. For this operation we do not at present possess in this country sufficient materials.
In the meantime I have retained the present species in HUsochata, where Dr. Hance pro-
posed to place it, as having the technical character derived from the anthers, although it has
the calyx rather of Oxyspora, and differs from both in inflorescence, and perhaps in the fruit,
which is not very perfect in the specimens I have seen.
4. OXYSPOBA, DC.
Calyx-tube oblong; the limb of 4 ovate lobes, without accessory teeth.


116
[Oxyspora.
MELASTOMACEjE.
Petals 4, acute. Stamens 8, of which 4 smaller, or 4 only. Anthers of the
4 larger ones linear, opening in a single pore, slightly 2-lobed at the base, but
without any appendage. Ovary 4-celled, adhering by the angles only. Cap-
sule almost free, enclosed in the calyx, 4-celled, opening in valves at the top.
Seeds nearly straight, with a lateral hilum.—Shrubs usually glabrous, or nearly
so. Flowers in terminal panicles.
Besides the following species the genus only comprises one or two from northern India.
1. O.? pauciflora, Benth. Apparently a shrub. Branches slightly
rusty-tomentose. Leaves ovate, acuminate, rounded or slightly cordate at the
base, 3- or 5-ribbed, glabrous above, more or less covered underneath with
glandular dots, and slightly tomentose on the ribs, those of each pair very un-
equal, the larger one about 3 in. long. Flowers in a loose panicle, much
smaller than in the Indian 0. paniculate. Stamens 4 only, resembling the
larger ones of that species.—Allomorphia pauciflora, Benth. in Lond. Journ.
Bot. i. 485.
Hongkong, Hinds. I described this from a single specimeu in Mr. Hinds' collection, and
have seen no other one since. Having, however, examined good specimens of the true
Allomorphia, I find I was wrong in referring the Hongkong plant to that genus, but it
agrees well in habit and characters with Oryspora, except that the 4 stamens opposite the
petals are entirely wanting, instead of being only much smaller than the others.
5. ANPLECTKUM, A. Gray.
(Aplectrum, Blume, not Unit.)
Calyx-tube campanulate; the limb entire or 4-toothed, but without acces-
sory teeth. Petals 4, lanceolate-acuminate. Stamens 8, of which 4 sterile,
or 4 only. Anthers of the fertile ones linear or ovoid, opening in a single pore,
slightly 2-lobed at the base, but without any or only a very small appendage
to the connective. Ovary 4-celled, entirely adnate to the calyx. Fruit a glo-
bular indehiscent berry. Seeds nearly straight, with a lateral hilum.—Shrubs,
either glabrous or slightly tomentose. Flowers very small, in axillary or
sometimes terminal clusters or short panicles.
A genus of very few species, all from tropical Asia.
1. A. parviflortun, Benth. n.sp. A shrub, either glabrous or the branches
and under side of the leaves minutely powdery-downy. Leaves on long pe-
tioles, oval-oblong, with a long acumen, 3 to 4 in. long, and 1 to 2 in. broad,
acute at the base, glabrous above, of a thinner consistence than those of other
Anplectra, those of each pair nearly equal. Pedicels 3 to 5 together, in the
axils of the leaves, 1 to 2 lines long. Calyx-tube about 1 line long, slightly
contracted at the top, with 4 minute teeth. Stamens 4 only, the anthers with-
out appendage. Fruit about 1£ lines long, ovoid or pear-shaped, not very
succulent, and perhaps opening in short valves at the top. Seeds acuminate
at both ends.
Hongkong, Wright. Also north-west Formosa, Wilford, and Assam, Masters. The species
agrees well with the technical characters of Jnplectrum, except in the total absence of the
4 smaller stamens. The habit and foliage come near to those of Driestenia, judging from
Korthals' figures, as I have seen no specimens of that plaut.


Memecylon.]
117
MELASTOMACE^I.
6. MEMBCYLON, Linn.
Calyx-tube hemispherical or campanulate; the limb entire or obtusely 4-
lobed, or rarely 5-lobed. Petals 4 or rarely 5, ovate or orbicular. Stamens
twice as many, all similar. Anthers short, with a thick connective, forming
a conical spur at the base. Ovary entirely adnate to the calyx, 1-celled.
Ovules attached to a central placenta. Fruit a berry, crowned by the calyx-
teeth or border. Seeds solitary or rarely 2 or 3, with convolute cotyledons.
—Trees or shrubs. Leaves coriaceous, with 1 prominent midrib, and pinnate
veins often scarcely perceptible. Flowers usually small, in axillary clusters
or cymes.
A considerable genus, spread over the tropical regions of the Old World.
1. M. ligustrifolium, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 117. A perfectly
glabrous shrub, with slender branches. Leaves shortly stalked, elliptical, ob-
tuse or obtusely acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long and about 1 in. broad, acute at the
base, of a thick coriaceous consistence, the veins scarcely perceptible. Peduncles
axillary, 2 to 3 lines long, bearing a little cyme of 3 to 5 flowers. Buds, when
ready to open, globular, obtuse, nearly 2 lines diameter. Calyx-teeth 4, very
broad and short. Ovules 8 or 10, in a ring round the short central placenta.
Berry 4 or 5 lines diameter, with a single seed.—M. scutellalum, Hook, and
Am. Bot. Beech. 186, but not of Naudin.
Hongkong, Champion. Also S. China, Beechey. The species is allied to the common
M. ovatum, Sm. (or M. edule, Roxb.), but the flowers are fewer and twice the size. It can-
not well retain the name of scutellalum, which should be reserved for the Sculu/a of Lou-
reiro, formerly supposed by Hooker and Arnott to be this species, but which appears to be
a different one, from Cochin China and not from Canton. Naudin has given the name of
M. ligiutHnum to a different species, which I have not seen.
Ordee XLII. MYRTACE51.
Calyx-tube adhering to the ovary and often projecting above it; the limb
of 4 or 5 or rarely more lobes or teeth. Petals as many, inserted on the
calyx at the top of the tube, imbricate in the bud. Stamens usually indefi-
nite, sometimes twice as many or as many as the petals, curved inwards in
the bud, free or variously connected. Anthers small, 2-celled. Ovary in-
ferior, 2- to 5- or more celled, rarely 1-celled by incompleteness or failure of
the partitions. Ovules 2 or more in each cell or rarely solitary, the placentas
axile. Fruit dry or succulent, indehiscent or dehiscent. Seeds without al-
bumen. Embryo straight or curved.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or
rarely alternate, entire, almost always dotted. Flowers axillary or more rarely
terminal.
A large Order, widely spread over South America, tropical and subtropical Africa and
Asia, and especially Australia, with a few South African, North American, and one European
species.
Stamens 10 or 8. Leaves subulate, heath-like 1. Bj:ckea.
Stamens numerous. Loaves flat.
Calyx-tube produced above the ovary, and lobed or toothed at the top.
Calyx-tube shortly obovate 2. Syzygium.


118 mybtacEjE. [Myrtacea.
Calyx-tube elongated and tapering at the base.
Calyx-limb obscurely toothed 3. Acmena.
Calyx-limb distinctly 4-lobed 4. Jambosa.
Calyx entire and closed in the bud, splitting irregularly as the flower
opens '5. Psidium.
Calyx-tube wholly adnata, the lobes reaching to the ovary. Leaves
8- or 5-ribbed 6. Rhodomyrtus.
1. BiECKEA, Linn.
Calyx-tube campanulate, acute at the base, produced above the ovary; lobes
5, membranous. Petals 5. Stamens 10 or fewer. Ovary 2- or 3-celled,
with several ovules in each cell. Capsule opening at the top in 2 or 3 locu-
licidal valves. Seeds angular. Embryo straight, with short cotyledons.—
Heath-like shrubs. Leaves opposite, small, and narrow. Flowers solitary
in the axils, with 2 minute bracts at their base.
A small genus, chiefly Australian, with one species extending over the Indian Archipelago
to China,
1. B. frutescens, Linn.; DC. Prod. Hi. 229; Bot. Mag. t. 2802. A
glabrous, heath-like shrub, with twiggy branches. Leaves linear-subulate,
3 or 4 lines long, erect or spreading. Flowers small, nearly sessile and soli-
tary in the axils of the leaves, and not attaining half their length. Calyx-lobes
orbicular, and almost petal-like. Stamens 10 or rarely 8. Ovary 3-celled.-—B.
Cumingiana, Schau. in Walp Kep. ii. 920.
Very common in the island, Champion and others. Extends over the Indian Archipelago,
the Malayan Peninsula, the Philippines, and South China. The Malacca specimens, as well
as the Chinese ones, have the parts of the flowers generally in fives, and only occasionally
and accidentally reduced to fours.
2. SYZYGIUM, Gajrtn.
Calyx-tube shortlv obovate, produced above the ovary, bordered with 4 or
rarely 5 very short teeth, which disappear as the flower expands. Petals 4 or
rarely 5, more or less cohering and falling off together, or rarely free. Stamens
numerous, free. Ovary 2-celled, with several ovules in each cell. Fruit a
berry, crowned by the truncate remains or scar of the calyx. Seed rarely
more than 1. Embryo straight, the cotyledons thick and usually consolidated
into a single mass.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, coriaceous. Flowers
in trichotomous panicles, usually terminal and corymbose, more rarely axillary
and few-flowered.
A considerable genus, dispersed over tropical Asia, with a few African or Australian spe-
cies. It differs in little but the calyx from the very large chiefly American genus Eugenia,
and, as well as the two following genera, is united with it by many botanists.
Panicles few-flowered, axillary. Leaves not above 1 in. long. Petals
free 1. S. buxifolium.
Cymes small, mostly terminal. Leaves narrow, 14 to 2 in. long. Petals
cohering 2. S. ortorafum.
Panicles many-flowcred, lateral. Leaves 3 to 6 in. long. Petals cohering 3. S. nervosum.
1. S. buxifolium, Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. 187. A glabrous, much-
branched shrub, the younger branches quadrangular. Leaves obovate or
broadly oblong, obtuse, \ to 1 in. long, narrowed at the base into a very
short petiole, rather thick ; the lateral veins inconspicuous. Cymes or panicles


Syiygium.]
119
MYRTACEJE.
few-flowered, seldom longer than the leaves. Calyx-teeth very short and
broad. Petals 4, small, not cohering as in most species of the genus, Ovules
about 4 in each cell. Berry 4 to 6 lines in diameter. Seed single, the thick
cotyledons not consolidated.
In ravines, Champion and others. On the Chinese continent it extends northward to Amoy.
2. S. odoratum, Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. 187, but perhaps not of
DC. A glabrous shrub, with slightly compressed branches. Leaves ellipti-
cal or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 1£ to 2 in. long, narrowed into a petiole,
shining above j the veins not very prominent, and uniting into a marginal one
about \ a line from the edge. Cymes few-flowered, compact, mostly terminal
and shorter than the leaves. Flowers scarcely pedicellate. Calyx-teeth 4,
broadly orbicular. Petals usually cohering and falling off together.
In the Happy Valley woods, Champion and others. Also on the adjacent continent, but
not known out of S. China. It is at first sight very similar to the S. cymotum, DC. (6'.
frondotum, Wall.), but in that species, besides minor differences, the lateral veius are very
numerous and parallel, running out almost to the edge.
3. S. nervosum, DC. Prod. iii. 260. A large tree, quite glabrous.
Leaves ovate or oval-elliptical, obtuse or shortly acuminate, 3 to 6 in. long,
usually of a pale green; the principal lateral veins distant from each other,
and veiy prominent underneath. Panicles usually arising from the leafless
nodes of the former year's wood, 3 or 4 in. long, very spreadingly branched
from the base; the flowers usually 3 together, sessile at the ends of the ulti-
mate branches. Calyx not distinctly toothed. Berry very juicy and edible.
—Eugenia operculata, Boxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 486; Wight, Ic. t. 552, and pro-
bably E. Paniala, Boxb. 1. c. p. 489, and E. cerasoides, Boxb. 1. c. 488;
Wight, Ic. t. 615 and 616. Syzygium nodosum, S. coslatum, and S. angko-
lanum, Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. i. 448. Calyptranlhes mangiferi/olia, Hance in
Walp. Ann. ii. 629.
Near the Albany barracks, Champion. Cultivated in the island, Hance. Spread over
northern and eastern India, the Archipelago, and northward to S. China. The berry much
eaten, and the tree often planted for its fruit. It is very near the 5. Jambolana in habit
and inflorescence, but may be readily distinguished by the venation of the leaves.
3. ACMENA, DC.
Characters of Syzygium, except that the calyx-tube is elongated and tapers
to the base.
A genus which, if limited as proposed by Wight (as a section of Eugenia), comprises seve-
ral Asiatic species, besides one or two Australian ones, to which last others would confine the
group. It is probable, however, that most of the species should be united with Syzygium.
The following one is as yet doubtful, only being known in fruit.
I. A. Champion! , Benlh. in Keto Journ. Bot. iv. 118. A glabrous tree.
Leaves oval-elliptical or oblong, obtuse or obtusely acuminate, 1^ to 2? in.
long, ^ to 1 in. broad, tapering at the base into a short petiole, shining above;
the lateral veins fine and scarcely prominent. Cymes few-flowered, terminal,
or in the upper axils shorter than the leaves. Pedicels very short. The
flowers have not been seen. Calyx (evidently just past flower) slender,
about 4 lines long, with 4 very short broad teeth. Berry ovoid-oblong, 5 or
6 lines long. Seeds 1 or 2, the cotyledons consolidated into a thick mass.


120
[/fcmena.
MYRTACE*.
Near the Waterfall in the Happy Valley, Champion. The Memecylon nigretcem, Hook,
and Arn., a S. Chinese plant, referred here with doubt by Seemann, is certainly not this
species. The specimens have close lateral clusters of very young apparently diseased bnds,
insufficient for their determination. If the plant is a Myriacea at all, which is not impro-
bable, it most resembles an apparently undescribed S. Chinese Syzygium, allied to S. buxifo-
lium, of which there are specimens from Millett in the Hookerian herbarium, but which has
not yet been found in Hongkong.
4. JAMBOSA, DC.
Calyx-tube turbinate, usually elongated and tapering at the base, produced
above the ovary, with 4 or rarely more distinct lobes or teeth. Petals 4, or
rarely more, distinct and spreading. Stamens numerous, free. Ovary 2-
celled, with several ovules in each cell. Berry and seeds of Syzygium.—Trees
or shrubs. Leaves opposite, coriaceous. Flowers in terminal or rarely axil-
lary short panicles, often rather large.
A considerable genus, limited to the tropical regions of the Old World.
1. J. vulgaris, DC. Prod. iii. 286; Might, Ic. t. 435. A glabrous tree.
Leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, 4 to 7 in. long, 1 to 1J in. broad,
narrowed at the base, coriaceous and veined. Flowers large and showy, in a
short terminal panicle or raceme. Calyx-tube elongated in the adherent part,
the free part campanulate, with broad rounded lobes. Petals full £ in. long,
orbicular. Berries globular, crowned by the lobes of the calyx.
A native of tropical Asia, much planted about cottages for ornament, and said to be natu-
ralized in Hongkong.
5. PSIDITJM, Linn.
Calyx-tube ovate and adnate at the base; the upper free portion quite
entire and closed over the flower in the bud, and coming off entire or split-
ting irregularly. Petals 4 or 5, free. Stamens numerous. Ovary 2- or more
celled, with many ovides in each, inserted on bifid axile placentas. Fruit a
berry. Seeds several, kidney-shaped or horseshoe-shaped. Embryo curved,
with a long radicle and short cotyledons.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves oppo-
site. Flowers solitary or few together, on axillary peduncles.
The genus is exclusively American, the following species only being introduced into the
Old World.
1. P. Guyava, Linn. Sp. PL ed. 1, 470. A tree, pubescent on the young
branches. Leaves on very short petioles, ovate or oblong, usually acuminate,
3 to 4 in. long, glabrous or nearly so above, softly pubescent underneath,
with the principal veins very prominent. Peduncles axillary, | to 1 in. long,
1- or 3-flovvered. Buds ovoid in the adnate part; the free part also ovoid,
but much larger and more or less acuminate or pointed. Petals broad, full
$ in. diameter. Fruit globular or pear-shaped, known under the name of
Ouava.—P. pomifenmi and P. pyrife/ nm, Linn.; DC. Prod. iii. 233 and 234.
Hongkong, Champion, chiefly on roadsides and near habitations, Hance, Seemann. A
species of American origin, much cultivated in tropical Asia, and readily becomes naturalized.
6. RHODOMYRTTJS, DC.
Calyx-tube campanulate, not produced above the ovary; limb of 5, or rarely
6 or 4 lobes, broad and reaching to the ovary. Petals as many, free, spreading.


Rhodomyrtm.']
121
MYRTACE.E.
Stamens numerous. Ovary 3- or 4-celled, with several ovules in each cell,
inserted in 2 rows on axile placentas. Ovary globular, crowned by the calyx-
lobes. Seeds several, horizontal, flattened. Embryo curved, with a long
radicle, and semicylindrical cotyledons.
The genus is limited to the following species.
1. R. tomentosa, DC. Prod. iii. 240; Wight, Ic. t. 522 (as a section
o/'Myrtus). A shrub of 4 or 5 feet, the branches, the under side of the leaves,
the peduncles, and calyx hoary with a very short soft tomentum. Leaves
oval-elliptical, obtuse, \ to 3 in. long, with 3 or rarely 5 ribs, starting from
near the base as in Melastomacece, on short petioles. Peduncles axillary,
shorter than the leaves, bearing 1 or 3 rather large pink flowers. Calyx to-
mentose, with 2 small bracts at the base. Petals \ to £ in. diameter, tomen-
tose outside.
Abundant on the hills, Champion and others Widely spread over southern India, in
Ceylon, Penang, and the Indian Archipelago, and northwards to China and Japan. In some
of the stations, however, given by collectors, it is only cultivated or escaped from culti-
vation. «
Order XLIII. SAMYDACEiE.
Sepals free or united at the base into a 4- or 5-lobed (rarely 2-, or 3-, or
6-, or more lobed) calyx, free from the ovary, or more or less adherent. Petals
either as many as the sepals or calyx-lobes, inserted at their base, persistent
with them, and resembling them in consistence, or wanting. Stamens perigy-
nous, indefinite, or not corresponding in number with the petals, or if equal
to them, then usually opposite them, with glands or small scales alternating
with them. Ovary superior or more or less inferior, 1 -celled, with 2 or more
parietal placentas, and several ovules to each placenta. Style entire, or more
or less divided into as many branches as placentas. Fruit indehisccnt or open-
ing in valves between the placentas. Seeds often arillate. Albumen fleshy.
Embryo straight or nearly so, with the radicle next the hilum, and flat coty-
ledons.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, usually toothed. Sti-
pules small or none. Flowers hermaphrodite or rarely dioecious.
A considerable Order, if taken with the limits above given, and widely distributed over
the New and the Old World, chiefly within the tropics. The two following genera belong
to two of those tribes into which it may be divided, and which are considered by some as
distinct Orders, viz. Caseariea, or Samydete proper, without petals, the stamens in a single
series; and Uomalinea, with sepal-like petals, the stamens inserted singly or in clusters, op-
posite the petals.
Petals none. Stamens in a single row, alternating with short ciliate
scales. Ovary superior 1. Casearia.
Petals as many as sepals. Stamens opposite them. Ovary inferior . . 2. Homalium.
1. CASEARIA, Linn., Jacq.
Calyx-lobes 4 to 5. Petals none. Stamens 6 to 15, alternating with as
many short ciliate or. hairy scales, all in a single series and united in a peri-
gynous ring at the base. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 3 or rarely 4 parietal
placentas. Style entire or shortly 3-lobed. Fruit somewhat succulent, open-
ing in valves, or more fleshy and indchiscent. Seeds often with an arillus.


122
[Ctuearia.
SAMYDACE.t.
Leaves usually dotted with a mixture of round and oblong transparent dots.
Stipules lateral. Flowers usually in axillary clusters.
A considerable genus, chiefly American, with a few African and Asiatic species.
1. C. glomerate, Roxb.; DC. Prod. ii. 49. A glabrous shrub. Leaves
shortly stalked, oval-oblong, 2 to 4 in. long, entire or slightly serrate, marked
with pellucid dots. Flowers clustered in the axils of the leaves on pedicels
of about 2 lines. Calyx about 1 line long, 5-cleft. Stamens 8, alternating
with as many scales. Style entire, with a capitate stigma. Fruit an oblong
indehiscent berry, about f in. long.
llougkong, Wright. I have only seen a single specimen in fruit from the island. It
appears, however, to belong to this species, which has a wide range over £. India.
2. HOMALITJM, Jacq.
Calyx-tube turbinate or oblong, adherent at the base, lobes 4 to 12. Pe-
tals as many. Stamens 1 or more, opposite each petal, and 1 gland opposite
each sepal. Ovary 1-celled, adherent in the flower part, conical and free in
the upper part, crowned with 3 to 5 styles, either free or united into one.
Placentas as many as styles, in the upper free part of the ovary, with 2 to 6
(usually 4) pendulous ovules to each placenta. Fruit slightly enlarged, the
calyx-lobes and petals persisting round its centre, and usually opening at the
top in short valves between the placentas.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves not
dotted. Flowers in axillary racemes or terminal panicles.
_ A considerable tropical genus, chiefly Asiatic and African, with a few American species.
1. H. fagifolium, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 35. A small tree or
shrub, the branches pubescent. Leaves shortly stalked, oval or obovate, about
3 in. long, toothed, thin and pubescent, or at length glabrous. Eacemes
usually shorter, or scarcely longer than the leaves, slender and pubescent.
Flowers whitish, pubescent. Calyx-tube narrow-turbinate, with 6 to 8 linear-
cuneate lobes about 1£ lines long. Petals nearly similar, and scarcely larger,
all ciliate, giving the flower a plumose appearance. Styles usually 4, gla-
brous. Free part of the ovary shortly conical.—Blacktoellia fagifolia, Lindl.
Trans. Soc. Hort. Lond. vi. 269. B. padiflora, Lindl. Bot. Beg. t. 1308. B.
Loureiri, Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 482.
In the Happy Valley woods, Champion and others. Also in the adjacent parts of south
China, but not known from elsewhere.
. Order XLIV. PASSIFLOREjE.
Sepals united at the base into a 5-lobed or rarely 3- or 4-lobed calyx, free
from the ovary. Petals as many as the calyx-lobes, inserted at their base,
usually persistent with them and nearly resembling them, or rarely wanting.
Stamens usually as many as the sepals, rarely twice as many, inserted at the
base of the calyx, but often connate with the ovary-stalk to near the top, and
appearing to be there inserted. Ovary usually stalked, 1-celled, with 3 or
rarely 5 parietal placentas, each with several ovules. Style divided into as
many branches as placentas, with terminal stigmas. Fruit indehiscent and
succulent, or opening in valves between the placentas. Seeds often arillate.


Pauifloreee.']
123
PASSIFLOBEJE.
Albumen fleshy. Embryo straight. Eadicle next the hilum. Cotyledons
leafy.—Climbers, or rarely erect herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or
divided, with stipules. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual.
Besides Pasii/tora itself, the Order contains a few small genera dispersed over the tropical
regions of the Old as well as the New World.
1. PASSIFLOBA, Linn.
Calyx-tube short. One or several rings of coloured filaments within the
petals. Stamens as many as the sepals, so united with the ovary-stalk as to
appear to be inserted at its summit. Styles 3, with large capitate stigmas.
Fruit succulent, indehiscent.—Climbers with axillary tendrils. Flowers
usually hermaphrodite. Sepals usually coloured inside as much as the petals.
A large genus, almost entirely American, with a very few somewhat anomalous species
from the Old World.
1. P. foetida, Linn.; DC. Prod, iii. 331; Bot. Reg. i. 321; But. Mag.
t. 2619. A herbaceous climber, usually very hairy. Leaves stalked, cordate,
and mostly 3-lobed, 2 to 3 in. long, softly villous on both sides. Stipules
fringed with hair-like lobes, tipped with a small gland. Peduncles axillary,
1 to 2 in. long, bearing a single flower, closely surrounded and almost en-
closed in a moss-like involucre, consisting of 3 bracts very much divided into
hair-like glandular lobes. Petals pale purplish-white, spreading to about 2
in. diameter.
Common about habitations, Wifforcf, A native of S. America, where it has a very wide
range, and introduced from thence it has become a village and roadside weed over a great part
of East India.
Order XLV. CUCURBITACEjE.
Flowers usually unisexual. Calyx superior (or adherent at the base and
produced above the ovary), usually campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals 5, or
united in a 5-lobed corolla, apparently continuous with the calyx-tube, with
the calyx-teeth at the base of the lobes. Male flowers: Stamens usually
5 or 3. Anthers usually linear and curved, forming a wavy line on the con-
nectivum. Female flowers: Ovary inferior, often 1-celled when very young,
with 3 parietal placentas, which soon grow out so as to divide the ovary into
3 or 6 cells. Ovules many, or rarely 1 to each placenta. Fruit succulent,
indehiscent, or bursting irregularly. Seeds usually ovate and compressed, in
a juicy or membranous arillus. Albumen none. Embryo straight, with the
radicle next the hilum, and leafy cotyledons.—Climbers, usually herbaceous,
with lateral tendrils. Leaves alternate, palmately veined or lobed.
A considerable Order, dispersed over all but the colder regions of the globe, but most
abundant in dry hot countries, especially in Africa.
Stamens inserted at the base of the calyx.
Male flowers (very small) in racemes. Berries small, globular or oblong 1. Karivia.
Male flowers solitary. Fruits large, globular 4. Citbullus.
Stamens inserted near the petals.
Connective of the anthers projecting beyond the cells. Fruit oblong,
indehiscent 2. jEchmandha.
Anther-cells sinuous, almost covering the connective. Fruit muricate,
opening elastically 3. Mohordica.


124
[Karivia.
CUCURBITACEjE.
1. KABIVIA, Am.
Calyx urceolate, with 5 small teeth at the base of as many petals, which
appear to form part of the calyx. Male flowers: Stamens 3, with distinct
filaments inserted at the base of the calyx. Anthers with a broad connecti-
vum, two with 2 cells each, the third usually 1-celled, more or less sinuous.
Female flowers: Style cylindrical, with 3 large capitate stigmas. Berry glo-
bular or ovoid, not beaked.—Leaves very variable, entire or lobed. Flowers
small, the males in short racemes or umbels, the females solitary.
A small genus, limited to Africa and tropical Asia, united by Thwaites with Zehneria,
Endl., and both scarcely distinct from Bryonia.
1. K. umbellata, Am. in Hook. Journ. Bol. iii. 275. A glabrous
climber, with little or none of the asperities so general in Cucurbitacets.
Leaves exceedingly variable in shape, usually 2 or 3 in. long, on short peti-
oles, deeply cordate at the base, and more or less angularly 3- to 5-lobed, the
middle lobe the longest, the lower ones very spreading; sometimes heart-
shaped and toothed only, sometimes divided almost to the base. Male flowers
2J lines long, with short broad lobes (petals) and minute spreading teeth be-
tween them on the outside; the verv short racemes, either sessile in the axils
or on a peduncle of near an inch. Female flowers solitary, sometimes in the
same axils as the male raceme. Berry small, ovoid-oblong.—Harlandia
bryonioides, Hance in Walp. Ann. ii. 648. Bryonia umbellata, Willd.; DC.
Prod. iii. 305.
Hongkong, Hance, Wright. Extends over the greater part of India, and abundant in the
Archipelago. Dr. Hauce's specimens were by mistake referred by Seemann to the Zehneria
mysorensu, which may be at once distinguished by the male flowers, which are shorter, more
broadly campanulate, with very spreading lobes (or petals) as long as the tube. The berries
are also shorter and more globular. This species has not yet been found in China.
2. JBCHMANDRA, Am.
Calyx campanulate, with 5 small teeth at the base of the 5-lobed corolla
which appears continuous with it. Stamens 3, inserted near the petals, in the
tube of the calyx; filaments short, free. Anthers with a broad connectivum
projecting beyond the cells, 2 with 2 cells each, the third 1-celled. Ovary
oblong, contracted at the top. Stigmas 3, sessile. Berry oblong, indehiscent,
obtuse or contracted into a beak at the top.—Flowers small, the males in short
racemes or solitary, the females always solitary.
A small genus, spread over Africa and tropical Asia.
1. JE. odorata, Hook. Jil. and T/ioms. Stems slender, glabrous or
slightly pubescent. Leaves broadly triangular or cordate, acuminate, about
1£ in. long, siuuately toothed or 3- or 5-lobed, thin, but very rough on the
upper side, on petioles of \ to 1 in. Pedicels filiform, 1-flowered, 3 to 6 lines
long, usually 1 male and 1 to 3 females in the same axil. Male flowers about
3 lines long, and cleft to about the middle, the small subulate calyx-teeth re-
curved. Connective of the anthers broad and membranous, the anther-cells
reaching to about $ of its length. Female flowers rather small. Berry oblong,
obtuse, not beaked, about £ in. long, in the Hongkong variety, shorter and
globular in the more common Indian form.—Bryonia odorata, Ham. in Wall.
Catal. n. 6706.


2Echmandra.~]
126
CUCURBITACEJ5.
Hongkong, Harland and Hance. Apparently common in north-eastern India. I had at
first thought that this Chinese form, with more distinctly cordate leaves and a longer berry,
might be specifically distinct from the Indian one, but on further comparison it does not ap-
pear that the single specimen I have seen is sufficient to justify its separation.
3. MOMOB.DICA, Linn.
Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed. Petals 5, distinct. Male flowers: Stamens
3, inserted near the petals in the tube of the calyx. Filaments short, free.
Anthers sinuous, covering the connective, 2 of them 2-celled, the third 1-celled.
Female flowers: Ovary contracted at the top. Stigmas 3, on a short style,
2-lobed. Fruit oblong or ovoid, usually opening elastically in valves.—Pe-
duncles both male and female 1-flowered.
A small tropical or subtropical genus, common to the New and the Old World.
1. M. charantia, Linn.; DC. Prod. ii. 811; Wight, Jc. t. 504. A
glabrous or pubescent slender climber. Leaves thin, broadly cordate or orbi-
cular, 2 to 3 in. diameter, more or less deeply divided into 5 or 7 sinuately
toothed lobes. Peduncles slender, 1| to 2 in. long, with a reniform entire
bract, 3 to 6 lines broad, at about the middle of the male peduncles and nearer
the base of the female ones. Calyx-lobes ovate, acute, about 3 lines long.
Petals more than twice as long, obovate-orbicular, yellow. Fruit ovoid or
oblong, usually beaked, more or less tuberculate or niuricate, often 4 or 5 in.
long-
Half spontaneous, climbing over shrubs, Hance. Widely spread over East India and some
parts of Africa, but frequently escaped from cultivation.
4. CITRTTLLUS, Schrad.
Calyx shortly and broadly campanulate, with 5 short teeth. Corolla deeply
5-lobed. Male flower: Stamens 3, inserted at the base of the calyx. Fila-
ments free, short. Anthers sinuous, 2 of them 2-celled, the third 1-celled.
Female flower: Ovary ovoid. Stigmas 3, nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Fruit large,
globular, indehiscent, with a hard rind.—Peduncles both male and female 1-
flowercd.
Besides the following, the genus contains one other species, also a native of Africa.
1. C. vulgaris, Schrad.; Naud. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 4, xii. 100.
A coarse annual, more or less hairy. Leaves 3 to 5 in. long, sometimes broadly
ovate-cordate, with broad short obtuse lobes, sometimes deeply pinnatifid, with
narrow obtuse sinuate or pinnatifid lobes. Peduncles short, hairy. Male
flowers pale yellow, about 1 in. diameter. Fruit usually large, variously co-
loured, always more or less glaucous.
Kuowu as the Water-Melon, and of African origin ; it is said to have become naturalized in
many places in Hongkong, as over a great part of tropical Asia.
Order XLVI. BEGONIACEiE.
Flowers unisexual. Sepals or petals 2 to 8, all coloured, of which 2 or 3
outer ones (sepals), and 2 to 5 inner and often smaller (petals), the latter oc-
casionally wanting. Male flowers: Stamens indefinite, filaments free or vari-


126
[Begoniacea.
BEGONIACE*.
on sly combined; anthers adnate, 2-celled, opening outwards. Female flowers:
Ovary inferior, 3-angled or 3-winged, 3-celled, with simple or branched axile
placentas, or rarely 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentas. Ovules numerous,
minute. Style short, 3-cleft; stigmas entire or branched. Fruit inferior,
3-angled or 3-celled, capsular. Seeds minute, without albumen. Radicle
next the hilum. Cotyledons short.—Shrubs or herbs, usually articulate at
the nodes. Leaves alternate or very rarely opposite, entire or divided ami
usually oblique, with stipules. Peduncles axillary, usually dichotomous.
The Order, containing very few species besides the genus Begonia, ranges over the tropical
regions of America and Asia, with a very few African species.
1. BEGONIA, Linn.
A genus constituting nearly the whole Order, and distinguished from the
other two small ones by the placentas always axile, not parietal, and the capsule
opening by longitudinal or curved slits on each side of each angle or wing, not
by the splitting of the angle itself.
1. B. laciniata, Boxb. Fl. hid. iii. 649; Bot. Mag. t. 5021. Rhizome
thick aud perennial. Stems herbaceous, erect or decumbent, \ ft. high,
covered more or less, as well as the under side of the leaves, with a rusty-
coloured wool. Leaves broadly and obliquely cordate, irregularly 5- or 7-lobed,
the longer ones 6 to 8 in. long, 4 to 6 in. broad, sprinkled with a few minute
hairs on the upper side, the wool of the under side often wearing off at last.
Peduncles shorter than the leaves, bearing usually 3 or 4 male flowers and 1
female one, of a pale pink colour. Male flowers with 2 broad nearly orbicular
outer petals or sepals about 6 lines long, and 2 inner narrower ones not above
half as long. Female flowers with 4 nearly equal obliquely ovate petals, 3 or
4 lines long, with occasionally a fifth smaller one. Stigmas thick and sinuous;
capsule 5 to 7 lines long, with 2 narrow wings, the third extending horizon-
tally to the breadth of 7 or 8 lines. Placentas double in each cell, one cell
usually empty by the abortion of the ovules.—B. Bowringiana, Champ, in
Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 120. Doratometra Bowringiana, Seem. Bot. Her. 379.
Ravines on Mount Parker and other half-shady places, Ckampion, Hance, Wilford,
Wright. Common in Sikkim and Khasia.
Order XLVII. PORTULACEiE.
Sepals 2, or rarely 3, free, and partially united and adherent at the base.
Petals 5 or rarely more, sometimes slightly united, perigynous or hypogynous.
Stamens either equal in number and opposite to the petals, or more frequently
indefinite, perigynous or hypogynous. Ovary free or partially adhering, 1-celled,
with several ovules attached to a free central placenta. Style single, with 2
to 8 stigmas or branches. Capsule 1-celled. Seeds several. Embryo curved
round a farinaceous albumen, the long radicle next the hilum.—Herbs more
or less succulent, with entire leaves, usually opposite, but occasionally alter-
nate.
A small Order, with a wide geographical range over the greater part of the globe, with
the greater number of specie) however from North or South America.


Portulaca.]
POHTULACEJ!.
1. POBTULACA, Linn.
Sepals 2. Petals 5, united at the base. Stamens indefinite. Style short,
with 4 or 5 stigmas. Capsule opening transversely.—Herbs, with alternate
leaves. Flowers terminal, usually surrounded by an involucre of 4 or more
leafy bracts.
A considerable tropical or subtropical genus, chiefly American, with a very few species from
the Old World, or from more temperate regions.
1. P. oleracea, Linn.;. DC. Prod. iii. 353. A low prostrate or spread-
ing annual, seldom attaining above 6 inches, somewhat succulent and quite
glabrous, without the long hairs at the nodes of several other species. Leaves
small, cuneate-oblong. Flowers small, yellow, sessile above the last leaves or
bracts; the petals exceedingly fugacious and scarcely exceeding the calyx.
On roadsides and in waste places, Hance, Wright. Common in similar localities and in
sandy wastes in almost all warm countries.
Order XLVIII. CRASSULACE-E.
Sepals 3 or more, usually 5, but sometimes up to 20, free from the ovary,
but occasionally united in a lobed calyx". Petals as many, sometimes united
in a lobed corolla. Stamens as many or twice as many, inserted with the
petals at the base of the calyx. Ovary superior, the carpels as many as the
petals, distinct, usually with a small flat scale at the base of each, with several
ovules in each. Styles simple, distinct. Pipe carpels capsular. Seeds several,
with a thin fleshy albumen and straight embryo.—Herbs or shrubs. Leaves
succulent, all or only the upper ones alternate or rarely opposite. Stipules
none. Flowers in terminal racemes, cymes, or panicles.
A rather numerous Order, extending over the greater part of the globe, but particularly
abounding in South Africa and in the rocky districts of Europe and central Asia.
1. BBYOPHYLLUM, Salisb.
Sepals united in an inflated 4-lobed calyx. Petals united in a cylindrical
4-lobed corolla. Stamens 8, attached to the base of the corolla. Scales
gland-like. Carpels 4. Styles filiform.
The genus is limited to a single species.
1. P. calychram, Salisb.; DC. Prod. iii. 896; Bot. Mag. t. 1409. A
glabrous erect succident perennial, 2 to 5 ft. high. Leaves opposite, flat, but
succulent, ovate or oval-oblong, 3 to 5 in. long, either crenate or pinnately
divided into 5 or 7 entire or crenate segments. Flowers green, tinged with
reddish-yellow, nodding, in loose terminal panicles, the inflated calyx 1 to \
in. long, the corolla rather longer.
In waste places, Champion and others. Widely spread over tropical Asia, Africa, and
America, but in many places introduced.
Order XLIX. SAXIFEAGACEiE.
Sepals 4 to 5, free or united in a calyx, with the tube wholly or partially
adherent, and 4 or 5 lobes or teeth. Petals either as many, perigynous,


128
[Saxifragacece.
SAX1FRAGACEJE.
epigynous, or hypogynous, or rarely none. Stamens as many or twice as
many, or very rarely more, inserted with the petals. Ovary single, either
more or less inferior or adherent, or free with a broad base; 2- to 5-celled,
with axile placentas, or 1-celled, with 2 or more parietal placentas ; the carpels
often shortly free at the top. Styles as many (or rarely twice as many) as
cells or placentas, or styles single, with an entire or lobed stigma. Fruit a
capsule, or rarely an indehiscent berry. Seeds several, usually many; the
albumen usually copious, rarely wanting.
A considerable family, ranging over nearly the whole world, the shrubby or arborescent
genera chiefly tropical, the herbaceous from the more temperate or colder regions of the
northern hemisphere, with a few extratropical southern ones.
Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers paniculate. Calyx adherent. Fruit a
berry 1. Dichroa.
Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers racemose. Calyx small, free. Fruit
capsular .' 2. Itfa.
Herbs. Leaves radical, with glandular hairs. Sepals free. Fruit capsular 3. Srosera.
1. DICHROA, Lour.
{Adamia, Wall.)
Calyx-tube wholly adherent, with $ or 6 small distant teeth. Petals 5 or
6, sessile, valvate in the bud. Stamens twice as many. Ovary adherent to
above the middle, incompletely 3- to 5-celled, the partitions projecting far
into the cavity with the placentas on their margins, and numerous ovules.
Styles as many as cells, free from the base, diverging and thickened upwards.
Fruit a semi-inferior indehiscent berry.—Shrubs. Leaves opposite.
The genus consists of a single species, unless indeed some specimens from the Philippine
Islands, with remarkably small flowers, be really distinct.
1. D. febrifuga, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 301. A shrub, with the habit of
a Hydrangea. Leaves opposite, oval-oblong, acuminate, 3 to 6 in. long,
serrate, narrowed into a petiole at the base, shghtly pubescent as well as the
young branches. Panicles terminal, dense, broadly corymbose or pyramidal,
pubescent. Flowers numerous, of a dull or rarely bright blue. Berries green
at first, but assuming at length a bright blue colour.—Adamia versicolor, Fort,
in Journ. Hort. Soc. i. 298; Lindl. and Paxt. Fl. Gard. i. t. 5. A. ckinenm,
Gardn. and Champ, in Kew Joum. Bot. i. 311. Cyanitu sylvatica, Blume;
DC. Prod. iv. 16. Dichroa Oyanitis, Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. i. pars i. 721; and
probably D. latifolia, Miq. 1. c. 722. Also a smaller-flowered varietv, Adamia
cyanea,'Vfaa. Tent. Fl. Nept, 36, and PI. As. Ear. iii. t, 213. The Bot. Mag.
t. 3046, represents a rather larger-flowered variety, with pink flowers.
Kavines of Mount Victoria and Mount Parker, rare, Champion. South China, Cochin
China, and the Indian Archipelago, and the smaller-flowered variety in the Himalaya_and
Khasia mountains.
I have no hesitation in uniting as slight varieties the three supposed species from the
Himalaya, from China, and from Java. I have seen but one of the three Javanese varieties
mentioned by Dc Candolle: it has narrow leaves, a somewhat elongated panicle, and the
flowers larger even than in the Chinese ones, with longer anthers. The Chinese specimens
have mostly broad leaves, and large flowers in a broad rather flat panicle; but in some, the
flowers are not larger than in some of the Himalayan ones. The Khasia specimens have
broad leaves hut small flowers ; the Sikkim and other Himalayan ones have narrower leaves,
and, with few exceptions, small flowers. In all, the number of parts of the flower appears


Hichroa.]
129
SAXIFRAGACEjE.
to vary from 5 to 6 and very rarely 7. To each petal are two stamens, one alternating and
erect in the bud, the other opposite and inflected in the bud, and I have sometimes seen
an additional 1 or 2 stamens iu the flower. Lourciro's character, to which attention has
recently been called by Planchon, is good, with the exception of tbc number of stamens,
which may be easily explained; and I have therefore, after the example of Miquel, adopted
his name as the oldest.
2. ITEA, Linn.
Calyx free, short, 5-lobetl. Petals 5, perigynous, valvate in the bud. Sta-
mens 5, perigynous. Ovary 2-celled, free. Ovules in 2 series near the axis.
Style simple, splitting at length into 2. Stigma' capitate or 2-lobed. Fruit
a capsule, separating septicidally into 2 carpels, which open inside by a lon-
gitudinal fissure. Seeds linear, acuminate at both ends, with albumen.—
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flowers in simple
racemes.
A genus of few species, from central and eastern Asia and North America.
1. I. chinensis, Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech, t. 39; Hook, fil. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ii. 77. A shrub, either wholly glabrous or with a slight tomentum
on the young branches and racemes. Leaves obovate or oval-oblong, usually
shortly acuminate, about 3 in. long, entire or slightly serrate, elegantly marked
with transverse veins between the principal pinnate ones. Flowers white,
about 1£ lines long, on pedicels scarcely as long, in dense axillary racemes,
seldom exceeding the leaves. Calyx-teeth or lobes not half so long as the
erect petals. Capsules 3 to 4 lines long, surrounded at the base by the per-
sistent calyx-teeth.
In the Happy Valley, Champion and others. Also on the continent of S. China and iu
the Khasia hills. The /. macrophylla, Wall., from the Himalaya, is also nearly allied, but
has much larger leaves, more slender racemes, (be petals reUcxed from a little below the
middle, the capsules shorter, and the calyciuc teeth wear off, leaving a promiueut ring a little
above the base of the capsule.
3. DROSERA, Linn.
Sepals 5, or very rarely 4, 6, or 7, free from the ovary but shortly united
at the base. Petals and stamens as many, hypogynous or slightly perigynous.
Ovary 1-celled, with 3 to 5 parietal placentas, and several ovules to each.
Styles as many as placentas, but sometimes divided to the base so as to ap-
pear twice the number. Capsule 1-celled, opening in 3 to 5 valves bearing
the placentas in their centre. Seeds several, with albumen.—Herbs with a
short perennial stock, sometimes lengthening out into leafy stems. Leaves
either radical or alternate, more or less covered with long glandular hairs or
bristles. Peduncles radical or axillary, terminating in a simple or forked one-
sided spike.
A considerable genus, found iu nearly all parts of the world where there are bogs. It is
the type of a group of genera, or Suborder, usually classed as an independent Order among
Tltalamijlora, but which is really very closely allied to the herbaceous genera of Saxifragacca.
Styles 5, undivided. Leaves broad, with a short petiole 1. D. Burmanm.
Styles apparently 6, really 3, divided to the base. Leaves narrow-
cuncate, with rather a long petiole 2. D. Loureiri.
1. D. Burmaxmi, Vuhl; Planch, in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 3, ix. 190;
Wight, 1c. t. 944, Hindi: t. 20. Leaves radical, rosulate, obovate, spathu-
K


130
[Drosera.
SAXIFRAGACGiE.
late, about 3 or 4 lines broad and long, narrowed into a petiole not so long,
thickly fringed with fine red glandular hairs. Stip\des scarious. Radical pe-
duncles or scapes solitary, or 2 or 3 from the same tuft, slender, 4 to 6 in.
high. Spikes usually simple, pedicels glabrous. Sepals divided nearly to the
base. Styles 5, undivided, filiform, erect at the base, slightly dilated at the
top, with fringed stigmas. Placentas 5.
Hongkong, Wright, a few specimens mixed with those of the following species. Widely
spread over India and the Archipelago, extending northwards to the Philippines and the
Chinese continent.
2. D. Loureiri, Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. 167, t. 31. Leaves radi-
cal and rosulate, with scarious stipules as in D. Burmanni, but narrower, ob-
long-cuneate, contracted into a petiole as long as the lamina, and with it 6
to 10 lines long, fringed with red hairs, which are however fewer and paler
than in the last species. Scapes 3 to 5 in. high, slender. Pedicels glabrous
and sepals deeply divided, as in D. Burmanni; the flowers are however rather
larger, and the styles stiff and curved upwards, connivent at the top, appa-
rently 6, but really 3, cleft to the base. Placentas 3.
Abundant in marshes, Champion and others. Also on the adjacent continent. Not as
yet recorded from elsewhere, but probably some of the Droseras from the Indian Archi-
pelago, described as allied to it, may prove not to be really distinct.
Order L. HAMAMELIDEJE.
Calyx-tube more or less adherent or rarely entirely free; the liinb 4- or 5-
lobed or toothed, or rarely entire. Petals either as many, inserted at the base
of the calyx-lobes, or fewer or none. Stamens either as many or twice as
many, inserted with the petals. Anthers erect; the cells opening laterally in
various ways, the connective often produced beyond them. Ovary inferior,
semi-inferior, or rarely wholly superior, with 2, or rarely more cells, and 1 or
2 ovules suspended from the apex of each cell, or rarely more, on axile pla-
centas, the 2 carpels with distinct styles. Fruit coriaceous or woody; the
carpels usually diverging at the top, and each one opening in 2 short valves.
Seeds usually solitary, with a copious albumen and straight embryo.—Trees
or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire, or slightly toothed, with stipules. Flowers
hermaphrodite or unisexual, often in compact heads, or rarely in looser ra-
cemes.
A small Order, dispersed over Asia, S. Africa, and N. America, showing great diversity in
generic forms, some of which are scarcely separable from Saxifragacea, whilst others aro
more nearly connected with Cornacea.
Flowers hermaphrodite, united in a head surrounded by imbricate
bracts, the petals of all the flowers on the circumference of the
head. Ovules several 1. Rhodoleia.
Flowers monoecious, the males in oblong heads of stamens only, with-
out perianth, the females in globular heads. Ovules several . . 2. LiquiDAMBAR.
Flowers hermaphrodite, in heads or short racemes, without petals.
Ovules solitary in each cell.
Ovary half-inferior.
Anthers sessile, obtuse, 2-valved. Stigmas very long and flat 3. Eustigma.
Anthers on distinct filaments, with a subulate point, 4-valved.
Styles subulate 4. TKTRATnrKiUM.
Ovary superior 5. Distvuum.


JIAodoleia.]
181
HAMAMELIDEiE.
1. BHODOLEIA, Hook.
Flowers about 5 together, united in a compact head, having the appear-
ance of a single flower surrounded by many imbricated bracts. Calyx adherent,
the limb forming a narrow rim round the middle of the ovary. Petals 2 to 4
to each flower, all turned to the circumference of the head, those of the inner
side of each flower deficient. Stamens 7 to 10, the innermost of each flower
deficient; filaments long. Anthers linear, opening in longitudinal slits, with-
out any prominent connective. Ovary half-inferior, consisting of 2 carpels
united at the base into a 1-celled ovary, and more or less free and divergent
at the top, with distinct styles and small stigmas. Placentas parietal, with
several ovules to each, in 2 rows. Kipe carpels opening at the top in 2 bifid
valves.
Besides the following species there is one other one from Java.
1. R. Championi, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4509. A. small tree, perfectly
glabrous except the flower-heads. Leaves alternate, crowded at the extremity
of the branches on petioles of 1£ to 2 in. long, evergreen, ovate or oblong,
obtuse or obtusely acuminate, 4 to 5 in. long, quite entire, thickly coriaceous,
shining above, glaucous underneath. Plower-heads, including the petals,
about 1£ in. diameter, on very short recurved axillary peduncles. Each
head surrounded by several rows of imbricate bracts, the outer ones very
small and glabrous, gradually increasing to the innermost, which are near \
in. diameter, coloured and rusty-hairy outside. Petals about $ in. long,
bright pink, varying in breadth, and from 15 to 20 to each flower-head,
giving it the appearance of a semi-double Camellia.
Hongkong, Champion and others. Not found as yet out of the island.
Admitting' the general accuracy of the elaborate description of this genus given by Miquel
(Versl. en Mededel. der K. Akad. Wetensch. Naturk. vi. 122), I cannot concur with him in
his approximation to Diosmea instead of Ilamamelidea. The perigynous, almost epigynou9,
insertion of the petals and stamens is very decided, forming a ring at the base of the short
limb of the calyx, round the adherent or semi-inferior ovary, on a level with the top of the
ovule-bearing cavity, whilst in the whole Kutaceous group the stamens and petals are es-
sentially hypogynous, and the whole ovary perfectly free, and even gynobasic. If in Rho-
doleia Teytmanni, which Miquel seems more especially to have had in view, and which I
have not examined, the ovary be only enclosed in, not actually adherent to the calyx-tube,
still the petals and stamens are inserted at the summit of that tube, not on the torus, and I
cannot conceive that a careful comparison of Rhodoleia with Bueklandia can leave any
doubt as to these two genera being closely allied to each other in one and the same family.
2. LIQUIDAMBAH, Linn.
Flowers unisexual, in separate compact heads, with 1 to 4 very deciduous
bracts at the base of each head. Male heads ovoid or oblong, with numerous
almost sessile anthers, without any perianth. Pemale heads globular. Calyx
adherent, with a narrow sintiate or shortly lobed border. Petals none. Ovary
half-inferior, 2-celled, with several ovules in each, on axile placentas. Styles
2, linear, spreading. Capsules opening at the top in 2 valves.—Trees. Leaves
serrate or palmately lobed. Flower-heads in racemes; the upper ones all
male, the lowermost one female.
A genus of very few species, one North American, the others Asiatic.
K 2


132
[Liqutdambar.
HAMAMELIDE.E
1. L. chinensis, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bol. iv. 164; Seem. Bot. Her.
i. 94. A tall tree, perfectly glabrous except the inflorescence. Leaves oval-
oblong, scarcely acuminate, 3 to 4 in. long, slightly and obtusely serrated,
with minute glands to each serrature, contracted at the base into a petiole of
3 to 4 lines, coriaceous and somewhat shining. Racemes terminal, 2 to 3 in.
long, with 8 or 10 male heads; the upper ones almost sessile, consisting of
100 to 200 almost sessile anthers on an oblong-conical receptacle; and one
globular female head at the base, on a pedicel 3 or 4 lines long when in flower,
above 1 in. when in fruit. Calyxes all concrete with the ovaries in a hard
almost woody mass, bearing usually a few apparently sterile anthers mixed in
with the styles.
Mount Gough and Happy Valley woods, Champion and others. Not known from else-
where. It is easily distinguished from the Indian and Javanese L. Altingia by the coriaceous
leaves narrowed into a short petiole.
Calyx-tube adnate, the limb 5-cleft, the lobes imbricate in the bud. Petals
replaced by 5 spathulate or cuneate scales, alternating with the calyx-lobes.
Stamens 5, opposite the calyx-lobes; anthers sessile, very obtuse, extrorse; the
two cells opening each with 1 vertical valve. Ovary half-inferior, 2-celled,
with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell; the carpels distinct at the top, each ter-
minating in a long style, with a broad flat stigma. Capsule hard, the 2 car-
pels separating upwards and opening in 2 short valves. Flow-er-heads loose.
The genus consists only of the following species.
1. E. oblongifolium, Gard. and Champ, in Kern Journ. Bot. i. 312;
Seem. Bol. Her. t.95. A small tree, glabrous, except the inflorescence. Leaves
alternate, oblong, acuminate, about 4 in. long, entire, or with a few coarse
teeth toward the end, coriaceous and rather shining, on petioles of 4 or 5 lines.
Flowers about 2 lines long, on very short pedicels, in small rather loose heads,
on short terminal peduncles. Calyx-lobes rounded. Scale-like petals rather
shorter than the calyx-lobes, thick, emarginate at the top. Anthers still
shorter, as broad as long, the persistent valves opening like doors. Styles
3 to 5 lines long, terminating in broad flat irregularly lobed stigmas, very
black when dried.
Iu the Happy Valley woods, and Mounts Gough and Victoria, Champion and others. Not
yet fouud out of the island.
Calyx-tube adnate, the limb 5-cleft, the lobes valvate in the bud. Petals
replaced by 5 short gland-like scales, alternating with the calyx-lobes. Sta-
mens 5, opposite the calyx-lobes; filaments shortly filiform; anthers broad,
the 2 cells opening each with 2 vertical valves; the connective produced into
a subulate appendage. Ovary half-inferior, 2-celled, with 1 pendulous ovule
in each cell; the carpels distinct at the top, each terminating in a subulate
style. Capsule hard, the 2 carpels separating upwards, and opening in 2 short
3. EUSTIGMA, Gardn. and Champ.
4. TETRATHYRIUM, Benth. (n. gen.)

The genus consisti only of one species.


Tetrathyrium.]
133
HAMA.MEL1DE.F..
1. T. stibcordatum, Benth., n. sp. A shnib of 3 ft., glabrous except
the inflorescence. Leaves alternate, ovate, or broadly elliptical, 3 to 4. in.
long, shortly acuminate, entire or with a few minute distant glandular teeth,
broadly and slightly cordate at the base, rather thick, with prominent pinnate
veins, on petioles of 3 to 6 lines. Peduncles axillary, solitary, 2 or 3 lines
long, with a few small fringed scales or bracts at the base. Flower-heads
solitary, globular, 4 or 5 lines diameter, slightly hoary, with a few minute
linear entire or fringed bracts under the flowers. Flowers about 20, closely
sessile, small. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, about 1 line long. Stamens rather
shorter; the anthers nearly square, crowned by long points, with 4 persistent
door-like valves, as in Hamamelis. Styles glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
A bush, once seen on the Black Mountain, Wilford, from which wc have several speci-
mens, but it has not been received from any other collector It has the habit of Eustigma,
but diners in the tcstivation of the calyx and in the form of the petal-scales, stamens, and
styles.
5. DISTYLIUM, Sieb. and Zucc.
Sepals 3 to 5, free, unequal, imbricate in the bud. Petals none. Stamens
2 to 8; anthers oblong, opening longitudinally. Ovary superior, 2-lobed,
2-celled, with 1 pendulous (or laterally attached ?) ovule in each cell. Styles
2, subulate. Capside ovoid or oblong, the carpels separating at the top, and
opening in 2 valves.—-Trees or shrubs. Flowers polygamous, in short ax-
illary racemes.
A small Asiatic genus, whose affinities have not as yet been satisfactorily established. The
superior ovary scarcely admits of its being retained among Uamamelideie, which it resem-
bles in other respects.
1. D. racemosum, Sieb. and Zucc. Fl. Jap. i. 178, t. 94? A glabrous
shrub. Leaves alternate, narrow-oblong, obtuse or somewhat acute, \ to
2A- in. long, narrowed at the base into a petiole of 3 to 5 lines, thickly co-
riaceous. Racemes £ to 1 in. long, the upper flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals
about 1 line long. Anthers exserted, oblong, red, fully 1 line long. Ovary
short, the styles at least 3 lines, and both covered with stellate hairs. Male
flowers smaller, sessile, with shorter stamens. Young capsules ovoid. Seeds
immature in our specimens, but they appear to have very little albumen and a
large embryo.
Hongkong, Champion, Wright, Wilford. Also in Japan, if the species be, as I believe
identical. I have not, however, seen the Japanese specimens.
Order LI. UMBELLIPEEiE.
Calyx combined with the ovary, either entirely so or showing a minute
border round the summit, with 5 small teeth. Petals 5, inserted round an
epigynous disk. Stamens 5, alternating with the petals. Ovary inferior,
2-celled, with one pendulous ovule in each cell. Styles 2, with terminal
stigmas. Fruit separating into 2 indehiscent dry carpels resembling seeds
(called mericarpx), usiuilly leaving a filiform axis either entire or split into two.
Each carpel marked outside with 10, 5, or fewer p-ominent ribs, and under-
neath or within the pericarps are often longitudinal oil receptacles called


134
[Umbellifwte-
UMBELLIFEILE.
vitta. Seed pendulous Embryo minute, in a horny albumen.—Herbs or
shrubs. Leaves alternate, often much divided, the petiole usually dilated at
the base, but no real stipules. Flowers usually small, in lateral or terminal
umbels, rarely reduced to heads, and often with one or more bracts, forming
an involucre at the base of the umbel.
A large Order, widely dispersed over the northern hemisphere, and especially in the tem-
perate regions, with a few tropical species, and rather more in the temperate regions of the
southern hemisphere.
Flowers in simple umbels or heads. Carpels orbicular, flat. Creeping
or floating herbs 1. Hydrocottle.
Umbel compound. Fruit globular. Erect annual 2. Couiandeum.
1. HYDROCOTYLE, Linn.
Flowers in simple heads, umbels, or whorls. Petals ovate. Fruit laterally
compressed, orbicular or broader than long; the carpels flat, placed edge to
edge, with 1 or 2 prominent ribs on each side, and without prominent calycine
teeth.—Herbs, usually prostrate and creeping, or aquatic. Leaves seldom
divided, and usually peltate or cordate.
A considerable genus, dispersed over the greater part of the globe.
Flowers 3 or 4 in a head. Fruit near 2 lines diameter, with 2 scarcely
prominent ribs on each side 1. H. atiatica.
Flowers 10 or more in a head. Fruit about } of a line diameter, with
1 very prominent rib on each side 2. H. rotundifolia.
1. H. asiatica, Linn.; DO. Prod. iv. 62; Wight, Ic. t. 565. A creep-
ing perennial, rooting at the nodes, and sometimes half-floating. Leaves or-
bicular or kidney-shaped, variable in size, but usually about 1 in. diameter,
crenate, and rather thick, glabrous or pubescent, on petioles varying from
\ in. to 2 or 3 in. long. Flowers small, 3 or 4 together, in little heads clus-
tered with the petioles, and either sessile or on peduncles varying much in
length. Fruits rather large for the genus, orbicular, near 2 lines diameter,
with 2 obtuse and not very prominent ribs on each side of each carpel.—
H. lurida, Hance in Walp. Ann. ii. 690.
In rice-fields and swamps, Champion and others. Common in tropical Asia and Africa,
found also in South America, Australia, and New Zealand, and eiteudiug northward to Loo-
choo and Bonin.
2. H. rotundifolia, Roxb.; DC. Prod. iv. 64; Wight, Ic. t. 664. A
much smaller and more slender plant than the last. Leaves from \ to \ in.
diameter, orbicular or renifonn, 5- or 7-lobed, and crenately toothed, glabrous
or hispid underneath, on slender petioles. Flowers small, about 10 to 20
together, in globular sessile or shortly pedunculate heads. Fruits about | line
in diameter, with one acute prominent rib on each side of each carpel.—
H. perexigna, Hance in Walp. Ann. ii. 691.
Common in rice-fields and damp half-shady places, Champion and others. Extends over
the greater part of India and the Archipelago, and northward to the Philippines, South
China, and Loochoo.
2. CORIANDRTJM, Linn.
Flowers in compound \unbels, the outer petals of the umbel larger than
the others. Fruit globular, crowned by the conspicuous teeth of the calyx,


Coriandrum.]
135
UMBELUFEK.E.
the carpels not readily separating, the ribs scarcely prominent, and no
vittaj.
The gen as consists of a single species.
1. C. sativum, Linn.; DC. Prod.xv. 250; Wight, let. 516. An erect,
branching, glabrous annual, 1 to \ ft. high, emitting a very disagreeable
smell when rubbed. Lowest leaves once or twice pinnate, with broadly ovate
or cuneate deeply cut segments; the others more divided, with linear seg-
ments, few and slender in the uppermost. Umbels terminal, rather small, of
5 to 8 rays, without general involucre, and only a few slender bracts to the
partial ones. Flowers white. Fruits about 2 lines diameter.
In waste places, Heme* and others. A native of the Levant, and introduced by cultiva-
tion, has now spread as a weed over a great part of Europe and Asia.
Ouder LII. ARALIACE-ffi.
Calyx combined with the ovary, either entirely so or showing a minute
border round the summit, with as many teeth as petals. Petals usually 4 or 5,
or rarely more, valvate or rarely imbricate in the bud, inserted round an
epigynous disk, or sometimes none. Stamens as many, alternating with the
petals. Ovary inferior, 2- to 5- or more celled, with one pendulous ovule in
each cell. Styles as many as cells, usually short, and sometimes united into
one or reduced to a small cone, stigmatic at the top. Fruit not readily sepa-
rating into carpels, indehiscent, and usually succulent. Seeds solitary in
each cell. Embryo minute, in a fleshy albumen.—Trees, shrubs, or climbers,
or very rarely herbs. Leaves simple or compound. Flowers usually small,
in heads or simple umbels, which are either solitary or arranged in racemes
or panicles.
A considerable Order, chiefly tropical, with a very few species extending into more tem-
perate regions, both in the New World and the Old.
Leaves twice or thrice pinnate. Petals imbricate. Styles free. . . 1. Abalia.
Leaves digitate. Petals valvate. Styles united in a cone .... 2. Paeatropia.
Leaves entire or lobed. Petals valvate. Styles united in a cone . . 3. Dendkopanax.
1. ABALIA, Linn.
Flowers polygamous. Umbels paniculate. Calyx distinctly 5-toothed.
Petals 5, imbricate in the bud. Styles 2 to 5, free. Berry 2- to 5-cclled.—
Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Leaves decompound, usually twice or thrice pinnate,
very rarely digitate.
A small genus, dispersed over North America and eastern Asia.
1. A. chinensis, Linn.; DC. Prod. iv. 259. A tree, with the branches,
leaves, and inflorescences more or less villous, and armed with scattered prickles.
Leaves twice or three times pinnate, usually with 7 to 9 pinnte, and 7 to 11
leaflets on each, or some of these replaced by a secondary pinna of 3 or 5
leaflets. Leaflets nearly sessile on the common stalks, ovate-cordate or ovate-
lanceolate, simply or doubly serrate, about 1J in. long, often oblique at the
base. Flowers 20 to 30 or more in each umbel; the umbels pedunculate, on


136
\Aralia.
ARALIACE.E.
the branches of a large spreading panicle. Pedicels very short at the time
of flowering, near \ in. long when in fruit.
Scarce in the island, Champion. Only known from South China. There is, however, a
Khasia species very similar in foliage, but with fruits apparently much smaller. The A. dyso-
phyl/a from Java is also near, but the fruits are sessile or nearly so. We have too few speci-
mens of any of these forms to be able to judge how far these differences may be constant.
2. PARATROPIA, Blume.
Flowers unisexual. Umbels racemose or paniculate. Calyx-teeth minute
or scarcely perceptible. Petals 5 or 6, free, valvate in the bud. Stamens as
many, the filaments elongated, and anthers short. Styles united in a short cone,
with minute stigmas. Berry 5- or 6-celled.—Leaves digitately compound.
A considerable genus, dispersed over tropical and eastern temperate Asia.
1. P. cantoniensis, Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. 189. A glabrous tree.
Leaves on long petioles; leaflets 5 to 8, digitate, oval or elliptical, shortly
acuminate, glaucous underneath, the smaller veins between the principal pin-
nate ones scarcely perceptible, varying much in size; the larger leaflets about 6
in. long, on petiolules of 2 in., the outer smaller ones of the same leaf not above
half that size. Bacemes or narrow panicles, about 6 in. long, tomentose or
at length glabrous. Umbels pedunculate, consisting of about 10 to 12 flowers.
Pedicels about 2 lines long, or 3 lines when in fruit. Style conical, with
5 or 6 small sessile stigmas. Berry globular, 5- or 6-celled.
Common in the island, Champion and others. Also on the adjoining continent, but not
known out of S. China; the species is, however, very near the Indian P. tienulosa, but with
the veins of the leaves less conspicuous, the flowers larger, and the berries not furrowed.
3. DENDROPANAX, Dene.
Flowers polygamous, not articulated on the pedicel; .the umbel resting on
the dilated apex of the peduncle. Calyx distinctly 5-toothed. Petals 5, free,
valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, the filaments usually short. Styles united
at the base or nearly to the top. Fruit globular, succulent, 5-celled. Albu-
men not ruminate. Leaves entire or lobed. Umbels terminal, solitary, or few
in a corymbose panicle.
The genus was established for a few tropical American species, with which the two follow-
ing agree in every respect, except that the styles are more united in a coue, thus approaching
to the true Hedera, but it cannot remain in that genus as now limited by Decaisne and
Planchon, fur the albumen is not ruminated.
Leaves entire and 1-nerved, or lobed and 2- to 3-ncrvcd. Flowers
about 14 lines long 1. D. protea.
leaves entire, 3-uerved. Flowers scarcely 1 line long 2. D. parviflora.
1. D. protea, Benth. A handsome shrub, with the inflorescence and
globular berries of the common Hedera Helix, but very different in the vena-
tion of the leaves, and in the seeds. Leaves either entire with one midrib,
or deeply 2- or 3-lobed with as many prominent ribs, varying from broadly
elliptical to oblong or lanceolate, coriaceous and shining, the smaller veins
scarcely perceptible, from 1£ to 5 or 6 in. long, on petioles varying from
a few lines to 2 in. Peduncles terminal, solitary or 2 or 3 together, \ to $
in. long, dilated at the top into a disk-like receptacle, bearing a simple nearly


Dendropanax.']
137
ABALIACE.<£.
globular umbel of about 30 to 100 flowers. Petals inflexed and mucronate at
the top. Styles united in a short cone.—Hedera protea, Champ, in Kew
Journ. Bot. iv. 122.
In ravines of Mount Gongh and Mount Victoria, Champion, Wright. Not received from
elsewhere.
2.. D. parviflora, Benth. A shrub resembling some forms of B. protea,
of which it may prove to be a variety, although very unlike its more usual
states. Leaves entire and 3-ribbed, oval-elliptical or oblong and acuminate,
often almost opposite or whorled at the ends of the branches, varying in size
and length of petiole, the larger ones about 5 in. long and 2 in. wide. Inflo-
rescence of D. protea, but the flowers are smaller (scarcely 1 line long) and
even more numerous in the umbel, the petals with less of the inflected point,
the style-cone much longer, the berries smaller.—Hedera parviflora, Champ,
in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 122.
Hongkong, Champion. No specimens have been seen from any other collector, and the
species is therefore as yet doubtful.
Ordke LIII. CORNACRffi.
Calyx adherent to the ovary, with a superior border either entire or with as
many teeth as petals. Petals 4, 5, or rarely more, valvate in the bud, in-
serted round an epigynous disk, or on the border of the calyx, rarely wanting.
Stamens as many, or rarely twice as many or more, inserted with the petals.
Ovary inferior, 1- or 2-celled, with one pendulous ovule in each. Style simple,
with an entire or scarcely lobed stigma. Fruit an indehiscent drupe, with a
1- or 2-celled nucleus. Seeds solitary, pendulous, with a fleshy albumen.
Embryo nearly as long as the albumen, straight; the radicle superior and
shorter than the flat cotyledons.—Trees, shrubs, or very rarely herbs. Leaves
opposite or rarely alternate, entire or slightly lobed, without stipules. Flowers
in axillary or terminal heads, cymes, or corymbose panicles.
A small Order, generally scattered over the globe, but most abundant in the temperate
regions of the northern hemisphere.
Leaves opposite. Flowers and fruits united in a close head. Petals 4.
Ovary 2-celled 1. Benthajiia.
Leaves alternate. Flowers in a loose cyme. Petals 6 to 10. Ovary 2-celled 2. Marlea.
Leaves opposite. Flowers dioecious, in a loose raceme or panicle. Petals
4. Ovary 1-celled . 3. Aucuba.
1. BENTHAMIA, Lindl.
Flowers closely connected in globular heads, with an involucre of 4 petal-
like bracts. Calyx-border entire, or with 4 small teeth round the summit of
the ovary. Petals 4, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Style entire. Ovary
2- celled, with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Drupes united together in a
strawberry-like head, each with a hard, usually 1-seeded stone.—Trees or
shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire or toothed. Flower-heads terminal.
Besides the following species the genus contains but one other from the Himalaya. It is
nearly allied to the true Corni with capitate flowers, but in those the drupes arc always
quite distinct.


138
[Benthamia.
COENACE*.
I. B. japonica, Sieb. and Zucc. Fl. Jap. i. 38, t. 16. A tree. Leaves
stalked, oval-elliptical or oblong, shortly and obtusely acuminate, \ to 2 in.
long, | to 1 in. broad, of a pale green, glabrous and somewhat shining above,
usually minutely pubescent underneath. Peduncles about 2 in. long, flower-
heads globular, about 5 lines diameter, surrounded by 4 white bracts about
1 in. long. Calyx-border truncate and quite entire. Petals greeuish, ovate,
scarcely 1 line long. Fruit globular, about J in. diameter, red.
Iu the Happy Valley woods, rare, Champion. One of the very few species common to
» Japan and Hongkong, without extending (as far as hitherto known) further to the south or
the west. The entire border of the calyx very readily distinguishes it from the B.fragifera
of our gardens, a native of the Himalaya.
2. MAKLBA, Boxb.
Flowers distinct. Calyx-border minutely toothed. Petals 6 to 10, linear,
valvate in the bud. Stamens as many; filaments short, adhering at the base
to the petals; anthers long and linear. Ovary adhering to above the middle,
2-celled, with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Style filiform, with a 4-lobed
stigma. Drupe often reduced to 1 cell and seed.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves
alternate, entire or angularly lobed. Flowers in axillary cymes.
A genus of very few species from tropical or eastern subtropical Asia.
1. M. begonisefolia, Roxb. PL Corom. t. 283; DC. Prod. iv. 267; Bot.
Reg. 1838, t. 61. A tree, either perfectly glabrous or with a slight tomentum
on the veins of the leaves, petioles, and young branches. Leaves varying
from ovate-acuminate, about 4 in. long and 2 broad, to broadly and very ob-
liquely cordate, attaining 6 in. in length and 5 in breadth, and then often
broadly and angularly lobed, the petioles from \ to 1 in. long. Cymes but
little longer than the petioles, loosely 4- to 10-flowercd in the Hongkong
specimens. Calyx very short, minutely but distinctly toothed. Stamens and
style very hairy, nearly as long as the corolla.—Diaceecarpium rotnndifolium,
Hassk. in Bonplandia, vii. 172.
In the Happy Valley, Champion and others. Widely spread over northern and eastern
India and the Archipelago. In the Hongkong variety the leaves arc perfectly glabrous, the
petals usually 6, rarely 7 or 8, and about 9 lines long. In Fortune's Atnoy specimens the
leaves have tufts of hairs in the axils of the principal veins on the under side, and the doners
arc scarcely more than 4 lines long, with the calyx-border entire. The more common North
Indian and Archipelago forms are more like the Hongkong one, but the leaves are seldom so
glabrous, especially on the principal veins underneath, the flowers not quite so large, and the
stamens much less hairy, but our specimens do not warrant our considering any of them as
distinct species.
3. ATTCTTBA, Linn.
Flowers dioecious. Calyx-border 4-toothed. Petals 4, valvate in the bud.
Stamens 4. Anthers short. Ovary adherent, 1-celled, with 1 pendulous
ovule. Style short, with a thick peltate stigma. Bern' 1-seeded.—Shrubs.
Leaves opposite, coriaceous. Flowers paniculate, in the upper axils.
The genus comprises only one species from Japan, besides the following.
1. A. cbinensis, Benth., n. sp. Probably a shrub, like the A. japonica of
our gardens, perfectly glabrous except the bracts, and drying black. Leaves
oblong-elliptical, coarsely toothed, attaining 8 in. in length, 1 of each pair


Aucuba.]
139
CJORNACE.H.
smaller than the other. Female panicle pyramidal, B in. long, loosely many-
flowered, with a few bracts at the base, 3 to 6 lines long, and covered with
rusty hairs. Ovaries (as yet but little enlarged) oblong, 3 or 4 lines long, on
short thick pedicels, otherwise precisely similar in structure to those of the
A. japonica. Male flowers and petals of the female unknown.
Hongkong, Harland. The single specimen I have seen is already past flower. It ap-
pears very different from the common Japanese species; bat it is possible that a better know-
ledge of the plant may prove it to be a variety only.
Oiidee LIV. HALORAGKE.
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the limb entire or with as many teeth or
lobes as petals. Petals 2 or 4, inserted round an epigynous disk or on the
calyx-border, or none. Stamens as many or sometimes fewer, inserted with
the petals. Ovary inferior, 1- or more celled, with 1 pendulous ovule in each
cell. Stigmas as many as cells of the ovary, sessile. Fruit dry and inde-
hiscent, 1- or more celled. Seeds solitary, pendidous, with a fleshy albumen.
Embryo straight, with a superior radicle and small cotyledons.—Herbs,
often aquatic, rarely woody at the base. Leaves opposite or alternate or
sometimes whorled. Flowers small, axillary or in terminal racemes or pani-
cles.
A small Order, widely dispersed over the globe, usually associated with Onagraeeee, but
which has recently been shown to have more affinity with Cornacea, from which it differs
chiefly in the herbaceous habit and reduced flowers.
1. HALOBAGIS, Forst.
(Goniocarpus, Kan.)
Calyx-tube (or ovary) terete or angular, the limb of 4 persistent lobes.
Petals 4, concave, deciduous. Stamens 4 to 8; anthers long, on very short
filaments. Stigmas 4, sessile. Fruit small, hard, indehiscent, 2- to 4-lobed,
2- to 4-celled. Embryo cylindrical.—Herbs. Leaves opposite or alternate,
undivided. Flowers small, solitary or clustered, in the upper axils or in ter-
minal racemes.
Chiefly an Australian genus, with 2 or 3 species, either east Asiatic or ranging widely over
the southern hemisphere without the tropics.
1. H. scabra, Benth. A weak, decumbent, branching herb, more or
less rough with minute hairs; the slender 4-angled stems from 6 in. to 1 ft.
long. Leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate, \ to 1 in. long, with a few serra-
tures. Flowers about \ lines long, almost sessile, and solitary under each
bract, forming slender, terminal, one-sided racemes or interrupted spikes,
usually branching into narrow panicles. Petals twice the length of the calyx-
lobes. Anthers 8, nearly as long as the petals, the 4 inner ones more slender
and apparently sterile. Stigmas short, divided at the top into a tuft of hair-
like lobes.—Goniocarpus scaber, Keen.; DC. Prod. iii. 61.
Common on grassy slopes, Champion and others. Also in Khasia.


140
[Balanopltorea.
BALANOPHOREjD.
Order lv. balanophore^:.
Succulent herbs, parasites on roots. Flowers in heads or spikes, unisexual.
Perianth various, sometimes wanting, usually simple; the parts often in a
ternary number and always valvate in aestivation. Stamens various, usually 3.
Ovary adherent, of 1 or rarely 2 or more carpels, more or less coherent, with
1 pendulous ovule in each. Seed either albuminous, with a small embryo,
or apparently consisting of a homogeneous mass.—Stems reduced to a simple
or branched tuberous rhizome, with 1 or more short thick peduncles or flower-
ing branches. Leaves and bracts reduced to scales, coloured like the stem.
A small Order, belonging chiefly to the tropical and subtropical mountain regions of Asia
and S. America, with a few African or Australian species, and one extending into southern
Europe.
1. BALANOPHOBA, Forst.
Male flowers: Perianth of 3 to 6 divisions. Stamens connate with 3 or 6
anthers, opening outwards. Female flowers intermixed with bracts or inserted
on their petioles. Perianth none. Carpel and style 1. Seed homogeneous.
A small genus, limited to tropical and subtropical Asia and tropical Australia.
1. B. Harlandi, /. D. Hook., in Trans. Soc. Linn. fond. xxii. 426, t. 75.
A small species, with a lobed rhizome, without the pustules of B. dioica.
Flower-heads unisexual, globular, on a short thick peduncle, the total height
varying from 1 to 3 in. Scales or bracts somewhat leafy, forming an involucre
at the base of the peduncle. Female flowers sessile in the head, not inserted
on bracts. Stamens in the males 3.
Hongkong, Harland; on Mount Gough, Wilford. ■ Not known from elsewhere.
Order LVI. LORANTHACEiE.
Calyx-tube adnate, the limb entire or with as many teeth or lobes as petals.
Petals 4 to 8, free or united in a lobed corolla, inserted round an epigynous
disk, valvate in the bud, rarely wanting. Stamens as many, opposite to and
usually inserted on the petals. Ovary adherent, with 1 (or 3) pendulous
ovules, usually not perceptible till the flower is past. Style or stigma simple.
Fruit an indehiscent berry, with a single seed. Albumen fleshy. Embrvo
straight, with a superior radicle.—Shrubs, usually much branched, parasitical
on the branches of trees or shrubs, or sometimes so near their roots as to
appear terrestrial. Leaves opposite or rarely alternate, usually thick and
leathery. Bracts under each flower usually connate in a little cup, which
often has the appearance of a small external calyx.
A considerable Order, chiefly abundant within or near the tropics in both the New and the
Old World, with a very few species from more temperate regions in the southern as well as
the northern hemisphere.
Klowers hermaphrodite, tubular. Anthers 2-celled 1. Loranthus.
Flowers unisexual, minute. Anthers sessile, opening in many pores . . 2. Viscum.
1. LOBANTHTTS, Linn.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx-limb short, truncate or toothed. Petals 4
to 8 (usually 4), more or less united in a tubular corolla. Stamens inserted


142
\Vkcum.
LOBANTHACKiE.
in. long and | to f in. wide, but sometimes attaining 3 in. or more, and in
other specimens scarcely 1 in. long. Flowers minute, in 1 to 3 clusters
in each axil, sessile in a small cup-shaped 4-angled or 4-toothed bract, and 3
together in each cluster; the central one female, scarcely 1 line long, the 2 la-
teral ones males and considerably smaller. Calyx-border distinctly visible as a
prominent ring in the female buds. Petals 4 or rarely 3, triangular, and I
have always seen an anther sessile on each petal, but, according to Wight, 2
of the 4 petals are without anthers. Berry globular, about 3 lines diameter.
On trees in the woods, Champion and others. Common in India and the Archipelago, ex-
tending westward almost to the Mediterranean and eastward to North Australia.
Order LVII. CAPRIFOLIACE^!.
Calyx-tube adnate; the limb of 4 or 5 lobes or teeth. Corolla gamopeta-
lous, inserted round the epigynous disk, with 4 or 5 lobes, imbricate in the
bud and sometimes irregular. Stamens as many as lobes of the corolla, al-
ternating with them and inserted in the tube. Ovary inferior, 2- to 5-celled
or rarely 1-celled, with 1 or more pendulous ovules in each cell. Stigmas as
many as cells, or united into one, sessile or on a single filiform style. Fruit
an indehiscent berry or rarely dry, 1- to 5-celled. Seeds 1 or more in each
cell. Embryo in the axis of a fleshy albumen. Radicle superior, cotyledons
oval or oblong.—Trees, shrubs, or climbers, or very rarely herbs. Leaves op-
posite, usually without stipules, simple or rarely pinnate.
• A rather small Order, chiefly dispersed over the temperate regions of the northern hemi-
sphere, with a very few tropical or southern species, scarcely to be distinguished from Rubi-
acta except, in some instances by the want of stipules, in others by the irregular corolla.
Erect shrubs. Corolla rotate, regular 1. Viburnum.
Climbers. Corolla tubular, irregular 2. Lonicera.
1. VIBURNUM, Linn.
Calyx with a border of 5 small teeth. Corolla rotate or shortly tubular,
regular. Stamens 5. Ovary 1-celled or very rarely 2- or 3-celled, with 1
pendulous ovule in each. Stigmas 3 or rarely 2, sessile. Berry 1-seeded.—
Erect shrubs or small trees. Leaves entire or palmately lobed. Flowers in
terminal cymes or panicles.
A considerable genus, with nearly the range of the Order, including several tropical but no
southern species.
Flowers about 2 lines diameter, in flat almost umbellate corymbose
cymes 1. V. venulosum.
Flowers above 3 lines diameter, in ovate or pyramidal panicles . . 2. V. odoratissimum.
1. V. venulosum, Benth. A perfectly glabrous shrub. Leaves ever-
green, shortly stalked, ovate, elliptical, or oblong, obtuse or very shortly acu-
minate, 2 to 3 or rarely 4 in. long, entire or slightly toothed towards the
end, coriaceous and shining above, with a few nerves very prominent under-
neath diverging from the midrib, and fine transverse veins between them.
Flowers white, numerous, in compact broad cymes, sessile above the last
leaves and shorter than them, the primary branches 4 or 5 together from the
same point. Corolla with a very short tube and spreading limb, about 2


Viburnum.]
143
CAPRIFOLIACE*.
lines diameter. Stamens rather longer. Berries flattened, shining.—V. nervosum,
Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. 190 (a name preoccupied by a species of Don's).
Common on the hills, Champion and others. Also on the adjacent continent. Not found
out of south China, but allied to the Indian V. punctatum, which has larger leaves, with a
different venation, etc.
2. V. odoratissimum, Until. Bot. Reg. t. 456; Hook. andT/toms. inJourn.
Linn. Soc. ii. 177. A perfectly glabrous evergreen shrub, like the last, but
readily known by the inflorescence. Leaves oval-elliptical, obovate, or oblong,
obtuse or scarcely acuminate, 3 to 6 in. long, entire or rarely serrate, coriace-
ous and shining above, with the veins much less prominent underneath than
in the last species ; the petioles thick, 5 or 6 lines long. Flowers white, rather
larger and less spreading than in V. venulosum, in loose ovate or pyramidal
terminal and sessile panicles, 3 or 4 in. long. Corolla 3 to 3£ lines diameter.
Berries ovoid.
Hongkong, Champion and others. Common in south China, extending to the Khosia
mountains and northward to Japan.
2. LONICERA, Linn.
Calyx with a border of 5 small teeth. Corolla with a more or less elongated
tube and an oblique limb, either 5-lobed or in 2 lips, the upper one 4-lobcd,
the lower entire. Stamens B. Ovary 2- or 3-celled, with several ovules in
each cell. Style filiform, with a capitate stigma. Berry small, with one or
very few seeds.—Climbers or erect shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers
2 or more together, sessile, in axillary or terminal heads.
A considerable genus, dispersed over the temperate and mountainous subtropical regions
of the northern hemisphere. The Hongkong species are all climbers, belonging to Dc
Candolle's division Nintooat, the flowers sessile, in pairs, on short common peduncles, the
corolla-tube slender, the limb 2-lipped.
Leaves and branches glabrous. Corolla-tube near 2 in 1. L. longiflora.
Leaves and branches hirsute with spreading hairs. Corolla-tube 1 to
li in 2. L. macrantha.
Leaves glabrous, shining and wrinkled above, softly tomentose underneath
as well as the branches. Corolla-tube f in 8. L. reticulata.
Leaves slightly pubescent above and not shining, softly pubescent or
tomentose underneath as well as the branches. Corolla-tube \ in. . 4. L. multifiora.
1. L. longiflora, DC. Prod. iv. 333; Bot. Reg. t. 1232. A glabrous
climber. Leaves stalked, oblong, 2 to i\ in. long, \ to \ in. broad, rather
coriaceous, paler underneath, with a few prominent very oblique nerves. Flower-
pairs shortly pedicellate, axillary or forming loose terminal heads or short
racemes. Bracts small, linear. Bracteolcs very short. Corolla-tube slender,
about 2 in. long, quite glabrous or slightly glandular; the limb as in the 3
following species, of 2 lips rolled back at the top, the upper one 4-toothcd, the
lower one narrow, entire.
Largely distributed over the island, but less frequent than the following species, Champion
and others. Only known from S. China.
2. L. macrantha, DC. Prod. iv. 333. A climber, with the young
branches thickly hirsute with spreading hairs. Leaves on short stalks, ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, more or less cordate at the base, 2 to 3 in. long, ciliatc


144
\Lonicera.
CAPRI FOLIACEJv.
and hairy, especially on the under side, with reticulate veins. Flower-pairs
on very short pedicels, either axillary or in terminal heads. Bracts short,
bracteoles very small. Ovary glabrous. Corolla pubescent and hairy, yellow-
ish; the slender tube 1 to \ in. long; the limb \ in. long, two-lipped.—
L. japonica, Andr. Bot. Hep. t. 583; Bot Beg. t. 70; Hook. fil. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. ii. 172 ; not of Thunb. L. hirtiflora, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot.
iv. 166.
The most common Honeysuckle in the island, Champion and others, and common also in
northern India. Although generally passing under the name of L. japonica, it is doubtful
whether it is a Japanese plant at all. It is not in Zuccarini's enumeration. The original
L. japonica of Thunberg is the L. jlexuosa of our gardens, with shorter reddish flowers.
3. L. reticulata, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 167. A climber, with
the branches thickly clothed with a short soft velvety tomentura. Leaves
ovate or oblong, obtuse, 1 to 2 in. long, on petioles of 4 to 6 lines, rather
thick, glabrous and shining above, and wrinkled with a network of im-
pressed veins, covered underneath with a white or yellowish close dense tomen-
tum. Flower-pairs 6 or 8 together in little corymbs on axillary peduncles
nearly as long as the leaves, the outer bracts often leafy and 4 to 6 lines long,
the others small and linear, the bracteoles about half the length of the ovary,
all tomentose. Corolla downy or tomentose, the tube 8 or 9 lines long, the 2-
lipped limb rather shorter.
On the summits of the hills, in grass or amongst rocks, Champion. Not received from
elsewhere.
4. L. multiflora, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 167. A climber, with
pubescent branches. Leaves stalked, ovate or oval, obtuse, about 1£ in. long,
slightly pubescent and neither shining nor wrinkled above, softly pubescent
underneath. Flower-pairs nearly sessile, 6 or 8 together in heads or short
cymes on axillary or terminal peduncles. Outer bracts leafy, 2 to 4 lines
long, inner ones and bracteoles very small. Corolla-tube slightly pubescent,
8 or 9 lines long, the 2-lipped limb rather shorter.
From Mr. Cay's garden at Victoria, and according to him indigenous in the island, Cham-
pion. I have seen no other specimens. This comes nearest to the L. chinemu, DC, or L.
japonica, Thunb., known in our gardens as L. jlexuom, and of which we have several speci-
mens from the Chinese continent. It is possible indeed that the L. mnlcifiora, may prove
to be a variety of it, but in that plant, besides some differences in the foliage, the peduncles
arc in the wild, as well as in cultivated specimens, constantly short and simple, bearing only
one pair of flowers.
Order LVIII. RUBIACEiE.
Calyx-teeth adnate; the limb entire, with as many teeth, lobes, or divisions
as lobes of the corolla. Corolla inserted round an epigynous disk, regular,
with 4, 5, or more lobes, either imbricate (usually convolute) orvalvatc in the
bud. Stamens as many as lobes of the corolla, alternating with them and in-
serted in the tube. Ovary inferior, 2- or more celled, with 1 or more ovules
in each cell, rarely 1-celled with parietal placentas. Styles simple, with a
simple terminal stigma, or with as many stigmatic lobes as cells to the ovary.
Fruit varying. Seeds with a horny albumen; embryo usually small, with
flat cotyledons.—Trees, shrubs, herbs, or rarely climbers. Leaves opposite,


Rubiacece.]
145
RUBIACE.E.
entire, with interpetiolar stipules, wliich are either small and sometimes inside
the leaves, or resemble the leaves and form with them a regular whorl. In-
florescence various.
A very large Order, dispersed over every part of the globe; the Cinchonea and Cofeeat
almost entirely tropical or subtropical; the Siellala chiefly inhabiting the more temperate
or cold regions.
Tribe 1. Cinchoneee.—Leaves opposite or rarely whorled, with small stipules between
or inside of them. Ovules several (rarely 2 only) in each cell of the ovary.
Corolla valvate in the bnd.
Flowers very numerous, closely packed in globular heads on a
small receptacle. Fruit capsular. Seeds winged ... 1. Adina.
Flowers in cymes, panicles, or axillary clusters. Fruit capsular.
Seed not winged.
Capsule broader than long. Herbs in terminal or rarely axil-
lary cymes 3. Ophiouhiza.
Capsule globular or ovoid. Flowers in axillary clusters or in
loose panicles.
Capsule septicidal or indehisceut 4. Hedyotis.
Capsule loculicidal 5. Oldenlandia.
Flowers in terminal corymbs or cymes, 2 outer calyx-lobes very
large and coloured. Fruit a berry 6. Muss.enda.
Corolla imbricate or contorted in the bud.
Fruit capsular. Seeds wiuged. Prostrate shrubs 2. Thtsanospekmum.
Fruit a berry. Seeds not winged. Erect shrubs.
Lobes of the corolla and calyx 6 or more. Ovary 1-celled,
with parietal placentas. Flowers solitary, terminal . . 7. Gardenia.
Lobes of the corolla and calyx 5. Ovary 2-celled, with axile
placentas.
Seeds immersed in a fleshy placenta or thick pulp. Flowers
axillary, or 1 to 3 at the ends of short branches ... 8. Randia.
Seeds numerous, angular, with little or no pulp. Flowers
numerous, in terminal corymbs 9. Stylocoryne.
Lobes of the corolla and calyx 4. Ovary 2-eelled, with 2, or
rarely 3 or 4 ovules in each 10. Dlplospora.
Tribe 2. CofFeeee.—Leaves opposite or rarely whorled, with small stipules. Ovules 1
only in each cell of the ovary.
Stipules entire. Fruit a drupe or berry.
Ovules peltately attached to the middle of the cell. Corolla imbricate.
Style bifid at the top, with recurved lobes 12. Ixora.
Style entire, or the lobes erect and connivent 11. Pavetta.
Ovules suspended from near the top of the cells.
Corolla imbricate. Ovary-cells 4 or 5 13. Guettabdella.
Corolla valvate. Ovary-cells 2 14. Cantuium.
Ovules erect from near the base of the cells. Corolla valvate.
Ovary-cells usually 4 or more.
Flowers united several together in pedunculate heads . . 15. Morinda.
Flowers distinct, clustered in the axils of the leaves . . .16. Lasiantuus.
Ovary-cells 2.
Fruit a drupe, with a hard nucleus. Corolla-tube short . 17. Psycfiotria.
Fruit a berry. Corolla-tube much longer than the lobes . 18. P^debia.
Stipules fringed with bristles. Fruit dry, small, separating into 2
carpels.
Ovules laterally attached or ascending. Flowers axillary. . . 19. Spermacoce.
Ovules pendulous. Carpels openiog or separating at the base . 20. Kkoxia.
Tribe 3. Stellate.—Stipules similar to the leaves, and with them forming whorls of
4 or more. Ovules 1 in each cell 21. Galium.
h


146
[Adma.
RUBIACE.C.
1. ADINA, Salisb.
Calyx-limb of 5 persistent linear lobes. Corolla-tube slender; lobes 5,
valvate in the bud. Anthers included in the tube. Style exserted, with a
capitate stigma. Ovary 2-celled, with few ovules suspended from near the
top of the cells. Fruit capsular, septicidal, the 2 valves and seeds falling off,
leaving a persistent axis crowned by the star-like limb of the calyx. Seeds
oblong, with a narrow edge or wing.—Shrubs. Stipules united in pairs be-
tween the leaves. Flowers densely crowded in globular heads, on axillary or
terminal peduncles.
Besides the following species, the genus comprises one other, the A. polycephala, Benth.
(Nauclea polycephala, Wall. Catal. n. 6100), with several flower-heads, forming a short ter-
minal raceme or corymb, which extends from Silhet and Chittagong to the vicinity of Hong-
kong, but has not been found in the island itself. We have also from S. China, but not yet
from the island of Hongkong, a species of the closely allied genus Cephalanihui, which can
neither be distinguished from some forms of the American C. occidenlalit, nor from others of
the Asiatic C. nauclroidts; the glabrous and pubescent varieties occur both in America and
Asia, and the glands of the corolla are sometimes as large in the American as in the Asiatic
specimens.
1. A. globiflora, Salisb.; DC. Prod. iv. 349. An erect glabrous much-
branched shrub. Leaves shortly stalked, oblong or obovate-lanceolate, acu-
minate, H to 3 in. long. Peduncles axillary or rarely 3 together at the ends
of the branches, shorter or longer than the leaves, each with 2 small bracts a
little below the middle, and bearing a single globular flower-head, about 5
lines diameter, without the long exserted styles.—Nauclea Adina, Sm., and N.
adinoides, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xi. t. 895. Adina pedunculata, DC. Prod. iv. 349.
Common in ravines, Champion and others; also on the adjacent continent, but not known
out of S. China.
2. THYSANOSPEHMUM, Champ.
Calyx-limb of 5, or rarely 4 persistent short lobes. Corolla-tube slender;
lobes 5, rarely 4, spreading, imbricate in the bud. Anthers linear, included
in the tube. Style entire, club-shaped at the top, exserted. Ovary 2-celled,
with several peltate ovules in each, imbricated upwards, the placenta pcltately
.attached to the middle of the partition. Capsule nearly globular, opening
loculicidally in 2 valves which split septicidally. Seeds bordered by a fringed
membranous wing.—Flowers axillary, solitary.
The genns comprises only a single species.
1. T. difiFustun, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 168. A low prostrate
or trailing shrub, the slender branches covered when young with appressed
hairs. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acutely acuminate,
1 to 11 in. long, glabrous above, with appressed hairs on the midrib and
edges underneath. Stipules single on each side, lanceolate, entire. Pedun-
cles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered, 2 to 3 lines long, with 2 minute bracts above
the middle. Calyx scarcely 1 line long, the ovate lobes scarcely as long as
the globose tube. Corolla white, the tube 5 lines long, pubescent; the lobes
near 2 lines long, obtuse, pubescent inside. Capsule like that of a Hedyotis,
with about 10 seeds to each cell.
In ravines, trailing upon rocks, abundant on Mount Victoria and some other places, Cham-
pion ; also Wright. Not received from elsewhere.


Ophiorhiza.]
147
rubiace*:.
3. OPHIORHIZA, Linn.
Calyx-limb of 5 persistent teeth or lobes. Corolla-tube slender; lobes 5,
valvate in the bud. Anthers included in the tube. Style usually included,
with 2 stigmatic lobes. Ovary 2-celled, with several ovules in each, attached
to a placenta ascending from near the base. Capsule much flattened and
very broad, almost 2-lobed at the top, opening loculicidally in 2 valves. Seeds
several, angular.—Herbs, usually of low stature. Stipules very small. Flowers
sessile along the branches of terminal or rarely axillary pedunculate cymes.
A rather considerable genus, limited to tropical and eastern subtropical Asia.
Corolla scarcely 3 lines long, with obtuse lobes 1. O.pumila.
Corolla about 7 lines long, with acute lobes 2. 0. Eyrei.
1. O. ptunila, Champ, in Keto Journ. Bot. iv. 169. A small scarcely
branching herb, the stems decumbent and rooting at the base, ascending to
3 or 4 in. or rarely 6 in. in height, and usually pubescent. Leaves ovate, the
larger ones \ in. long, acute or acuminate, and narrowed into a long petiole,
the smaller ones obtuse, and scarcely £ in. long, all minutely pubescent or
rough. Flowers crowded in small terminal cymes, the common peduncle
rarely 2 lines long. Calyx shortly and densely tomentose, the lobes very ob-
tuse. Corolla about 3 lines long, the tube cylindrical and pubescent, the lobes
scarcely 1 line long, ovate, obtuse, glabrous. Capsule about 3 lines broad at
the top.
Ravines of Mount Victoria, Champion, Wright. Not as jet found out of the island. The
form of the corolla rather contracted than dilated below the limb, with very obtuse lobes both
to the calyx and corolla, will readily distinguish this species from the smaller Indian ones,
which at first sight may much resemble it.
2. O. Eyrei, Champ, in Keto Journ. Bot. iv. 170. An ascending nearly
simple glabrous herb, 6 in. or rather more in height, rooting at the base.
Leaves ovate, obtuse, or obtusely acuminate, the larger ones 2 to 3 in. long,
but often much smaller, assuming, as well as the whole plant, a red tint in
drying. Flowers 5 to 10, or rarely more, in loose terminal cymes, on pedun-
cles varying from f in. to twice that length. Calyx-teeth small, triangular,
acute. Corolla red when dry, about 7 lines long, glabrous outside; the tube
dilated in the upper half; the lobes spreading, acute, rather more than a line
long, pubescent inside. Capsules about 3 lines broad.
In moist ravines, Eyre, Wilfnrd; also on the adjoining continent, but not found out of
S. China, and a careful comparison shows no immediate affinity with any other known spe-
cies. The flowers are much like those of some Chataliat, but the placentas bear numerous
ovules, and the broad capsules are quite those of an Ophiorhiza.
4. HEDYOTIS, Linn.
Calyx-limb of 4 (or very rarely 5) persistent teeth or lobes. Corolla-tube
usually short; lobes 4 (or very rarely 5), spreading, valvate in the bud, and
usually hairy inside at the base. Anthers exserted from the tube. Style with
2 stigmatic lobes. Ovary 2-celled or rarely 3-celled, with several ovules in
each, attached to placentas arising from near the base. Capsule globular or
ovoid, sometimes only half-inferior, separating more or less into 2 (or rarely
3) carpels, which either open along the inner edge, or in 2 valves at the top,


148
[Hedyotis.
KUBIACE-i..
or remain indehiscent. Seeds angular.—Herbs, undershrubs, or rarely
climbers. Stipules united with the petioles in a short sheath, entire or fringed
with bristle-like subulate lobes. Flowers in axillary clusters or terminal pa-
nicles, or rarely in axillary pedunculate cymes.
A large genua, widely spread over tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa, with a few
American species.
Stipules truncate, with long bristles. Flowers umbellate, in terminal
panicles. Capsule free at the top, opening septicidally and loculi-
cidally (Sect. Macrandria) 1. B. recurva.
Stipules ovate or triangular. Capsule separating septicidally into the 2
carpels which open along their inner edge (Sect. Diplophragma).
Cymes 2- or 3-chotomous, loose, axillary or terminal. Stipules
entire.
Stems acutely 4-angled 2. B. acutangula.
Stems tciete or obtusely angular.
Cymes terminal 8. B. Vachellii.
Cymes axillary 4. B. loganioidea.
Clusters sessile, axillary or terminal, nearly globose. Stipules fringed S. B.uncinella. t
Stipules truncate, with long bristles. Flowers in axillary sessile clus-
ters. Carpels indehiscent (Sect. Metabolot) 6. B. auricularia.
1. H. recurva, Benth. in Lottd. Jonm. Bot. i. 486; and in Keu> Journ.
Bot. iv. 170; Seem. Bot. Her. t. 84. A tall glabrous somewhat climbing
herb, the branches terete or nearly so. Stipulary sheaths short, with several
bristles on each side, 3 or 4 lines long. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
2 to 2 J in. long, with 3 or 4 oblique nerves on each side of the midrib, in-
dented above, very prominent underneath. Flowers 10 to 20 together, in
little umbels, on short peduncles in the upper axils, the upper ones forming a
terminal oblong panicle. Calyx-teeth recurved outwards. Corolla-tube very
short; the lobes about 3 lines long, spreading or recurved. Capsule project-
ing from the calyx, separating septicidally in the upper part into 2 carpels,
which open loculicidally in 2 valves. Seeds numerous, very small.
Abundant in ravines, Champion and others. Also on the adjacent continent, but not
found out of S. China. The B. macrostemon, Hook, and Arn., another species of the same
section, apparently common in S. China, but not yet detected in Hongkong, differs chiefly in
the dense pubescence of the stem and foliage, the more compact inflorescence and smaller
flowers.
2. H. acutangula, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 171; Seem. Bot.
Her. t. 85. A tall glabrous plant, apparently somewhat shrubby at the base.
Branches erect, very acutely quadrangular, or even 4-winged at the base, less
so under the inflorescence. Stipules ovate or triangular, entire or slightly
toothed. Leaves nearly sessile, ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 3 in. long, rather thick,
the oblique nerves but little conspicuous. Flowers small, sessile, numerous,
in loose dichotomous or trichotomous cymes, forming an oblong or corymbose
terminal panicle. Calyx-tube about 1 line long; the lobes shorter, ovate.
Corolla-tube about 1 line long; the lobes scarcely so long, ovate-lanceolate.
Capsule not prominent above the calyx, separating into the 2 carpels which
open along the inner face. Seeds several, small.
Common in ravines, Champion and others. Also on the continent of S. China, but uot
known from elsewhere.
3. H. Vachellii, Benth., n. gp. A tall glabrous plant, apparently more


Hedyotis.~\
149
HUBIACE*.
climbing than the last, which it resembles in many respects. Branches terete,
or scarcely angular. Stipules triangular and entire. Leaves lanceolate, like
those of H. acutangula, but narrower, and more evidently stalked. Inflores-
cence the same, but looser; the flowers more slender, on short pedicels. Corolla-
tube full 1£ lines long, the lobes about 1 line, the throat scarcely hairy.
Ovary as in the last species, but I have not seen the ripe capsule.
Hongkong, Borland T S. China, near Macao, Vachell and Beechey. I describe this
from the Macao specimens, with which I had identified one from Hongkong in the late Dr.
Harland's collection, not now before me to compare. I had named it B. scandens, Roxb.,
under the erroneous impression that Vachell's plant was that species. Roxburgh's plant, a
common Khasia one, is, however, quite different, belonging to the section Dimetia, hitherto
unrepresented in China.
4. H. loganioides, Benlh., n. sp. Apparently an ascending or erect
perennial, our specimens above a foot long, and quite glabrous; the branches
terete or obtusely angular, or compressed when young. Leaves oblong or
lanceolate, acute at both ends, 1 to 2 in. long, and i to f in. broad, or rather
longer in some specimens, not unlike those of Logania Jloribunda, without
prominent veins except the midrib, on petioles of one or 2 lines. Stipules
ovate, entire. Peduncles axillary, 2 to 6 lines long, bearing a trichotomous
cyme of 10 to 20 flowers. Flowers scarcely 2 lines long, glabrous. Calyx-
lobes linear, rather shorter than the corolla. Corolla-tube short and slender,
without any hairs inside. Capsule about 1 line long, crowned by the calyx-
lobes; the 2 carpels separating to the base, and opening wide by a fissure on
the inner face. Ovules numerous, but only a few of them appear to ripen
into perfect seeds.
On the top of Mount Gough, Wilford; also Wright. We have apparently the same species
from Moulmeyn (Lobb). It comes nearest amongst published ones to the //. obscura, Thw.,
of Ceylon, but in that one the stipules are pectinate, and the corolla hairy inside at the
throat.
5. H. uncinella, Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. 192. A glabrous peren-
nial, the stems weak and ascending, or perhaps climbing, and acutely angular.
Stipules triangular, fringed with subulate teeth. Leaves oblong or ovate-
lanceolate, about 1 to 2 in. long, with few veins. Flowers about 2 lines long,
in dense sessile clusters, forming a globular terminal head of 6 to 8 lines
diameter, and two or three distant globular whorls in the upper axils. Calyx-
lobes oblong-linear, obtuse, about as long as the corolla. Capsules crowned
by the calyx, opening inwards in 2 carpels like the last species.—H. bor-
rerioides, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 171. H.cephalophora, Wall. Catal.
n. 842?
Common in the neighbourhood of Chukchow, but not on the Victoria side of Hongkong,
Champion; Putoy Island, Wright; also S. China, and prohably Khasia.
We have three forms of this plant, which have been severally considered as distinct species,
but are probably varieties of the same. Our specimens are, however, not as yet sufficient to
determine the question satisfactorily. The original ones of //. uncitiella, Hook, and Arn.,
from S. China, are far advanced, the leaves arc distinctly petiolatc, with the limb tapering at
the base, the heads are far advanced in fruit and rather lox, the bracts and calycinc lobes
strongly ciliate. In the H. borrerioides, Champ., from Hongkong, the leaves arc narrower,
longer, and more sessile, but much tapering at the base, the heads very compact and perfectly
smooth. In the H. cephalophora, Wall., which appears to be frequent in Khasia, the leaves


150
[Hedyotit.
RCBIACE-E.
are quite sessile and rounded at the base, with the flower-heads as in H, uncintlla, but much
less filiate. I see do other difference between the three.
6. H. auricularia, W. and Arn. Prod. Fl. Penins. i. 412. A decum-
bent straggling herb of 1 to 3 ft., the branches hairy, somewhat compressed
when young. Stipules short, with long bristle-like lobes or teeth. Leaves
on short stalks, varying from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long, gla-
brous or pubescent, with parallel and very oblique raised nerves diverging
from the midrib, and very prominent underneath. Flowers but little more
than a line long, in dense axillary sessile clusters. Calyx-tube about \ line
long; the lobes subulate and recurved, about as long, the corolla but little
longer. Capsules small, crowned by the calyx-lobes, and quite indehiscent.—
H. nervosa, Wall. Catal. n. 857.
Hongkong, Wright. The species is widely spread as a weed over tropical Asia, and, be-
sides the following variety, includes probably some others, either enumerated in Wallich's
Catalogue, or described by Blnmc or others as species of Hedyotit or Metaboloa.
Var. parmflora.—H. costata, Wall. Catal. n. 849.
Hongkong, Wright, Harland; also Khasia and Assam. Small as are the flowers and fruits
in the common form, this variety has them still smaller and more crowded, and the leaves
usually, but not always, narrower, the calyx-teeth arc also perhaps usually rather shorter,
but I can see no essential difference. In both the ovary and capsule have occasionally 3
cells.
Calyx-limb of 4 persistent teeth or lobes. Corolla-tube usually short,
rarely slender; lobes 4, spreading, valvate in the bud. Anthers usually ex-
serted from the tube. Style entire or with 2 stigmatic lobes. Ovary 2-celled,
with several ovules in each, attached to placentas arising from near the base.
Capsule globular or ovoid, sometimes only half-inferior; the carpels not sepa-
rating but opening at the top in two loculicidal valves, bearing the partition
in their centre.—Diffuse, spreading, or rarely erect herbs. Stipules of Hedy-
otit. Flowers small, usually axillary, solitary or in clusters or cymes, rarely
forming irregular terminal leafy panicles.
A considerable genus if taken, as above characterized, to include Scleromitrion, Kohaulia,
Anotit, and Houttonia, and widely dispersed over tropical aud subtropical Asia, Africa,
Australia, and tropical and temperate America.
Flowers sessile, in axillary clusters. Calyx-teeth erect, and connivent
when in fruit.
Leaves lanceolate. Stems pubescent or hispid 1.0. hispida.
Leaves linear. Plant glabrous or nearly so 2. 0. angiutifolia.
Flowers pedicellate, or, if sessile, solitary.
Flowers axillary, solitary, or 2 or 3 together on a slender axillary
1. O. hispida, Pair. Stems branched at the base only, diffuse, 1 to 1$
ft. long, 4-angled and pubescent or hispid. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, 1^ to
2 in. long, narrowed at the base, 4 or 5 lines broad in the middle. Stipules
shortly sheathing with long bristle-like teeth. Flowers scarcely above 2 lines
long, sessile, in axillary clusters. Capsules ovoid or nearly globular, hairy
and crowned by the narrow-lanceolate calyx-teeth, which arc erect and closely
5. OLDENLANDIA, Linn.
Flowers in loose irreg
winged at the base

3. 0. herbacea.
4. 0. paniculata.


Oldenlandia.}
151
BUBIACEvt.
connivent.—Hedyotit hispida, Betz; DC. Prod. iv. 420. Scleromitrion his-
pidum, Korth. in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. ii. 155.
Hongkong, Wright. Dispersed as a weed over India and the Archipelago.
2. O. angustifolia, Benth. A diffuse or decumbent herb, with the
habit of 0. hispida, but more slender, and glabrous or seldom very slightly
ubescent. Leaves almost sessile, linear, 1 to \ in. long, 1 to 1$ lines
road. Stipules short, with several bristle-like teeth. Flowers about 2 lines
long. Corolla slightly pubescent. Calyx and capsule as in 0. hitpida, but
quite glabrous.—Hedyotit angustifolia, Cham, and Schlecht.; DC. Prod. iv.
419. Scleromitrion angustifolium, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 172. Hedy-
otit apprommata. Wall. Catal. n. 852. Scleromitrion tetraquetrum, Miq. Fl.
Ned. Ind. ii. 186.
Hongkong, Champion and others. Also in Khasia, Silhet, and Penang, and apparently a
common weed in the Indian Archipelago.
3. O. herbacea, DC. Prod. iv. 425 {but without the Linntcan synonym
tliere quoted*). A much-branched, slender, diffuse annual, 6 in. to 1 foot
long, glabrous, or rough with a slight pubescence. Stipules with short
bristle-like teeth. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, usually \ to 1 in. long,
and 1 to 2 liues broad, narrowed at the base. Peduncles axillary, usually
solitary, bearing either a single flower or a cyme of 2 or 3, and almost always
shorter than the leaves. Flowers sometimes scarcely above 1 line long and
from that to near 2 lines. Calyx-teeth shorter than its tube and about the
length of the short broad tube of the corolla, which is glabrous inside or nearly
so. Capsule small, usually globular, sometimes almost ovoid, but not so
narrow as in 0. Heyneana, sometimes broader than long, but not didymous
as in 0. brachiata, Wight (0. dickotoma, Keen.), the minute calyx-teeth dis-
tinctly separated from each other in a ring round the apex.—Hedyotit (Olden-
landia) Burmanniana and H. (0.) intermedia, W. and Arn. Prod. i. 414, with
the synonyms there adduced; H. externa, Wall. Catal. n. 2869 ; H. alsinqfolia,
Wall'. Catal. n. 873.
Var. a. uniflora. Fednncles almost always 1-flowered, either very short (0. brachypoda,
DC. Prod. iv. 424), or more than half as long as the leaves; the flowers usually from 1J to
2 lines long.
Var. b. parviflora. Peduncles slender, mostly 2- to 3-flowered, sometimes with 1 or with
4 or 5 flowers. Flowers scarcely above 1 line long, or even smaller.—0. bijlora, Linn. Hcr-
* The Hedyotit herbacea of Linnseus is not in his herbarium, bnt from his description
in the 'Flora Zeylanica,' especially the observation " Corolla iufundibuliformis, hinc ab 01
denlandiit diversa," it is evident that he had in view the H. Heyneana, W. et Am. Olden ■
landia biflora is represented by a very poor garden specimen of what appears to be the
several-flowered variety of the present species; and of 0. corymboia there is a satisfactory
specimen of the same variety; but neither of these names can well be made to include the
single-flowered form, which appears to have been unknown to Liuna;us. We have then to
choose for the name of the whole species between Oldenlandia herbacea, DC, Hedyotit
diffusa, Willd., and Hedyotit (Oldenlandia) Burmanniana, W. et Arn. I have preferred
the first, although derived from a mistaken adoption of Linnicus's specific word, for it is the
oldest, in which neither the generic nor the specific term would have to be changed, besides
that it is generally adopted for the American specimens. There have been some doubts sug-
gested as to Willdenow's Hedyotit diffusa being really this plant, besides that his name was
never transferred to Oldenlandia till after the Prodromus, and Wight and Arnott's name is
still more recent.


152
[OhJenlandia.
RUBIACE.E.
barium? (a very bad garden specimen), DC. Prod. iv. 426. 0. corymbosa, Linn. Herbarium,
DC. 1. c.
Waste places, Hongkong, Champion and others: both varieties mixed. This is a very
common weed throughout the warmer parts of Asia and Africa, and in some parts of tro-
pical America. The two forms are often sent together. At first sight they look very dis-
tinct; but on carefully measuring the size of the flowers and capsules, I find them pass so
gradually one into the other, that I could draw no line of separation. So also in the length
of the peduncle; it is not a line long in many specimens of the 0. brachypoda, DC, from
the Archipelago, and in corresponding ones from E. India; in the Hongkong ones, as in
most of the Indian ones, it varies from 1 to 6 lines, and in some very luxuriant specimens
from Asia, Africa, and America, 1 have seen it near 1 in. long. The large-flowered speci-
mens are almost universally uniflorous. The small-flowered variety has usually the pedi-
cels longer than the flowers, and 2 or 3 together (rarely i or even 5) on an equally slender
and scarcely longer peduncle; but very frequently the peduncles are uniflorous, especially in
the lower part of the plant. It is probable that besides the synonyms above given, several
other described Oldenlandias belong to this species.
4. O. paniculata, Linn. (Herbarium) ; DC. Prod. iv. 427. A glabrous
annual or biennial, usually much branched, diffuse or nearly erect, and only a
few inches high, sometimes ascending to the height of a foot more. Leaves
ovate or oblong, from i to above 1| in. long, and almost always nrach broader
than in 0. herbacea. Stipulary bristles short. Peduncles 1- to 3-flowered,
irregularly arranged in loose terminal panicles, leafy at the base. Flowers
little above a line long; the calyx-lobes very short, about the length of the
minute corolla-tube. Capsule usually from 1 to 1£ lines, sometimes 2 lines
long, crowned by the minute distant calyx-teeth, and usually with 2 or 4 pro-
minent ribs, sometimes expanded into narrow wings more or less decur-
rent on the pedicel.—Hedyotu (Oldenlandia) alata, Koen.; H. (0.) bifiora, Br.;
and H. (0.) racemosa, Lam., with the synonyms given to each in W. and Am.
Prod. Fl. Penins. i. 413 and 414 (except the Linnsean O. bifiora, which is
O. /terbacea), Wight, Ic. t. 312. 0. pterita, Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. ii. 193.
Hongkong, Wright. A common S. Asiatic weed, extending from Ceylon and the Penin-
sula to Buruiah, Siam, the Indian Archipelago, the Philippines, Loochoo, and Japan. The
three forms described by Wight and Arnott run very much one into the other. The broadly
winged base of the capsule and pedicel of some specimens of H. alata passes gradually into
the narrower wing of H. bifiora and the almost entirely wingless state of H. racemosa. The
Hongkong specimens agree perfectly with the smaller ones of the latter, such as we have
thein from Central India, Java, etc.; so also, on a careful examination, does the very poor
specimen of Gerontogea racemosa, Cham., from Radack, in the Hookerian Herbarium.
5. O ?A single specimen, in fruit, from Hongkong, in Wright's
collection, has the habit of some of the African Oldenlandias of the section
Kuhautia (characterized by the long tube of the corolla); but as there is neither
corolla nor bud, it is impossible to determine it.
6. MTJSS^INDA, Linn.
Calyx-limb of 5 deciduous lobes or teeth, one in a few of the outer flowers
of each corymb often produced into a large, stalked, bract-like, coloured leaf.
Corolla-tube usually elongated; lobes 5, valvate in the bud. Anthers included
in the tube or nearly so. Style with 2 stigmatic lobes. Ovary 2-celled, with
many ovules in each, attached to a bifid placenta projecting from the partition.
Fruit succulent, indehiscent. Seeds numerous, small.—Shrubs or small trees.
Stipules 2 on each side, often united at the base. Flowers in terminal
corymbs.


Mimanda.]
153
RUBIACEf.
A small genus, chiefly from the tropical regions of the Old World, with perhaps a single
species from tropical America.
Leaves pubescent on the veins underneath. Corolla-lobes narrow, with
long points 1. if. pubescens.
Leaves quite glabrous. Corolla-lobes broad, scarcely pointed . . . 2. if. erosa.
1. M. pubescens, Ait.; SC. Prod. iv. 371. A tall shrub. Leaves
on short petioles, oval-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long,
slightly pubescent on the veins underneath as well as the young branches.
Stipules united at the base, subulate above. Corymb terminal, dense, sessile
above the last leaves. Calyx-lobes linear, \ to 2 lines long, one of them in
a few of the outer flowers broadly ovate or orbicular, acuminate, coloured, 1
to 1| in. long, on a long slender petiole. Corolla-tube about 1 in. long,
slender, covered with appressed hairs; the lobes 2 lines long, narrow-lanceo-
late, ending in long points. Berries globular or nearly so, glabrous, 4 or 5
lines diameter.
Common in ravinea, Hindi, Champion, aud others. Also S. China, but not known from else-
where. The corolla is much more slender and the lobes much narrower than in M.frondosa
and its allies or varieties. The leaves are usually narrower, and the corymb even in fruit is
more dense. I cannot match it exactly with any E. Indian species. The nearest is one
from Rangoon, with still narrower segments and perfectly glabrous. The plant figured in
the Botanical Magazine, t. 2099, as .If. pubescent, has been correctly referred by Lindley
(Bot. Reg. t. 517) to the common M.frondosa, although it has since been inadvertently
quoted as representing the it. pubescent.
2. M. erosa, Champ, in Keio Journ. Bot. iv. 193. A tall shrub or small
tree, with the branches and leaves quite glabrous. Stipules united at the
base. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate, acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long. Corymbs
trichotomous, large and loose, branching out immediately above the last leaves.
Calyx-lobes scarcely above 1 line long, the enlarged coloured ones often attain-
ing 2 or 3 in. in length and almost as broad. Corolla-tube about 9 lines long,
slender, glabrous at the base, with a few appressed hairs in the upper part;
the throat closed with hairs on the inside; the lobes near 2 lines broad and
scarcely longer, with very short points.
In ravines, Hongkong, Champion, Wilford, Wright. Also in Sikkim, Assam, Khasia,
and Bootan. The name erosa is unfortunately chosen, as the leaves were only accidentally
undulate in the specimen from which Col. Champion derived it. It may however be merely
a variety of M.frondosa, or of if. glabra of Vahl, which Miquel unites with M.frondosa.
7. GARDENIA, Linn.
Calyx-limb tubular, tmncate, toothed or lobed, or seldom divided to the
base in 5 or more lobes. Corolla-tube cylindrical; lobes 5 or more, imbricate
in the bud. Anthers nearly sessile, usually exserted. Style with 2 thick
erect stigmatic lobes, or nearly entire. Ovary 1-celled, incompletely divided
by 2 to 5 parietal projecting placentas. Fruit succulent, indehiscent, usually
crowned by the calyx. Seeds numerous, immersed in the fleshy placentas.—
Shrubs or trees. Stipules usually solitary on each side, and entire. Flowers
usually rather large and solitary, terminal or axillary.
A small genus, confined to tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa, the greater number
of species usually referred to Gardenia belonging in fact to Randia or other allied genera.
1. G. florida, Linn.; DC. Prod. iv. 379 ; Bot. Beg. t. 449; Bot. Mag.


154
[Gardenia.
RUBIACE.E.
t. 3349. An evergreen, glabrous, unarmed shrub. Leaves oblong-elliptical
or almost lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 3 or rarely 4 in. long, contracted into a
short petiole at the base. Flowers terminal, solitary, sessile or nearly so,
rather large, white, and sweet-scented. Corolla-tube about 1 in. long, and
the narrow-oblong lobes about as much, varying in number from 6 to 8 or
rarely 9. Berry oblong, above 1 in. long, crowned by the long linear per-
sistent calyx-lobes, and marked outside by as many raised ribs or angles.
In ravines, Champion and others. It appears also to be really wild as well as cultivated
in S. China generally. All the specimens received from other parts are evidently from
gardens.
8. RANDIA, Linn.
Calyx-limb tubular or campanulate, truncate-toothed or lobed, persistent
or rarely deciduous. Corolla-tube cylindrical (short or long) or rarely dilated
at the top; lobes B, contorted in the bud. Anthers nearly sessile, included in
the tube or shortly exserted. Style with 2 thick stigmatic lobes, or nearly
entire. Ovary 2-celled, with several, usually numerous, ovules in each cell
attached to a fleshy peltate placenta. Fruit succulent, indehiscent, often
crowned by the calyx. Seeds several, immersed in the fleshy or pulpy pla-
centa.—Shrubs or rarely trees, often armed with opposite axillary thoms.
Stipules solitary on each side and entire, pointed, with a broad base. Flowers
not usually so large as in Gardenia, in axillary cymes or clusters, or solitary
at the summit of short branches or tufts of leaves.
A considerable genus, dispersed over the tropical regions both of the New and the Old
World.
Thorny. Flowers solitary, on short leafly branches or tufts. Corolla-
tube short, pubescent 1. R. dumetormn.
Unarmed. Flowers 1 to 5, terminal or lateral. Corolla-tube short,
glabrous 2. S. leucocarpa.
Thorny. Cymes terminal. Corolla-tube slender, much longer than the
limb 3. R. tinemh.
Unarmed. Cymes or pedicels axillary. Corolla-tube rather longer than
the limb 4. R. canlhioidei.
Unarmed. Cymes many-flowered, apparently leaf-opposed. Corolla-
tube short 5. R. demiflora.
1. R. dumetoraxn, Lam.; W. and Am. Prod. IT. Penins. i. 397;
Wight, Ic. t. 580. A glabrous or slightly pubescent shrub, armed with straight
stout axillary thorns, often above 1 in. long. Leaves obovate-oblong, acute
or shortly acuminate, or rarely nearly obtuse, 1 to 2 in. long, narrowed at
the base, thin, and deciduous. Flowers solitary at the end of very short
lateral leafy branches or tufts of small leaves. Calyx-limb 5-lobed, as long
as the corolla-tube, usually persistent. Corolla white, pubescent; the tube
broad, about 3 lines long; the lobes obovate, obtuse, spreading, about 4 lines
long.
At Little Hongkong, Champion, Hance; also Wright. Common in India and the Archi-
pelago.
2. R. leucocarpa, Champ. inKew Journ. Bot. iv. 194. A much branched
low unarmed shrub, the younger branches densely covered with appressed hairs,
the older ones glabrous. Leaves shortly stalked, oblong or obovate, acumi'


Randia.]
155
BUBIACE*.
nate, 1^ to 2^ in. long, glabrous, except a few oppressed hairs on the veins
underneath, and deciduous. Flowers 1 to 3 together, on very short pedicels,
at the ends of the branches or at the old nodes. Calyx-limb small, campa-
nulate, shortly 5-toothed, usually persistent. Corolla glabrous, with a short
rather slender tube. Berries white, 4 to 6 lines diameter, nearly globular,
with a small number of large ovoid seeds immersed in the pulpy placentas.
On the top of Victoria Peak, Champion; also Wright. The very few specimens I have
seen are in fruit only, with very young flower-buds. I cannot, therefore, describe exactly the
form of the corolla, but it appears to be very near that of the Indian R. (Griffithia) Jragram.
3. R. sinensis, Roem. and Schult. Syst. v. 248. An erect shrub, either
glabrous or slightly pubescent at the ends of the branches, armed with short
straight axillary thorns. Leaves oblong, about 3 in. long, and scarcely 1 in.
broad. Flowers white, in rather dense terminal cymes, on very short common
peduncles. Calyx-limb shortly 5-toothed, deciduous. Corolla glabrous or
nearly so, with a slender tube about 8 lines long; the lobes lanceolate, 2 to
2} lines long. Stigma oblong, scarcely lobed. Berry small, globular. Seeds
few, flattened, immersed in the pulpy or almost fleshy placentas.—Oryceros
sinensis, Lour. Fl. Cochin. 151.
Hongkong, Champion; also Lemma Island, Wright, and the neighbourhood of Canton,
but not as yet known out of S. China. Hooker and Amott, it is true, refer here the R. longi-
Jtora, Lam. {Posoqueria, Roxb., or Griffithia, Korth.), a plant apparently common in the
Archipelago, but that has always stout recurved thorns, the flowers are also rather larger,
and the shape of the leaves and of the calycine teeth appears different. I do not feel, there-
fore, sufficiently confident in the specific identity of the two to unite them, without having
seen better specimens of the Chinese plant.
This and the following species belong technically to Griffithia, W. and Am., separated as
a genus from Randia chiefly on account of the deciduous limb of the calyx; but that cha-
racter is so very uncertain in some species, and so little in accordance with habit in others,
that the group can only be maintained, at the best, as an artificial section of Randia.
4. R. canthioides, Champ, in Keic Journ.Bol.iv. 194. A low glabrous
unarmed shrub. Leaves oblong, acuminate, 3 to 4 in. long, coriaceous, smooth
and shining, like those of Randia corymbosa or of Canthium didymum. Cymes
axillary, 3- to 7-flowercd, with the common peduncle so short that the pedi-
cels (3 or 4 lines long) appear clustered in the axils of the leaves. Calyx-
limb shortly 5-toothed, deciduous. Corolla glabrous; the tube cylindrical,
about 4 lines long, the lobes rather shorter. Stigma ovoid. Berry globular,
3 or 4 tines diameter, or sometimes smaller. Seeds angular or flattened, im-
mersed in the pulpy placenta.
Abundan' in ravines. Champion and others, but not known out of the island, unless a spe-
cimen of Wright't, from Loochoo, in fruit only, belongs to the same species. In the flower-
ing branches of this aud some other unarmed Randiai, one leaf of each pair will sometimes
fail off early, leaving the petiole persistent and hardened, but not really spinescent. The
real thorns of Randiai, Gardeniat, Canthiurm, etc., are abortive branches, although they
are not always strictly axillary, but appear in some species just above the axillary bud.
5. R. densiflora, Benth. An unarmed shrub, glabrous, excepting the
flowers. Leaves oval, oblong or almost lanceolate, coriaceous and shining,
4 to 5 in. long. Flowers rather crowded, in almost sessile cymes, which are
really axillary, although they usually appear leaf-opposed by the abortion of
the subtending leaf. Calyx-limb usually persistent, very shortly 5-toothed.
Corolla-tube scarcely above 1 line long, the throat very hairy inside; the lobes


156
[Randia.
BUBIACEiE.
oblong, near 3 lines long, very spreading or reflexed, pubescent outside with
minute appressed hairs. Stigma linear, much exserted. Berries small, glo-
bular. Seeds several, ovoid, compressed or angular, immersed in the pulpy
placenta.—Webera denmflora, Wall., in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Car. ii. 536. Cupia
densifiora, DC. Prod. iv. 394. Slylocoryne demiflora, Wall., Catal. n. 8404;
Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. ii. 206. Gynopachys attenuata, Korth. in Kruidk. Arch. ii.
182? Gynopachys oblongata, Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. ii. 221, and probably the
Rubiacea, Wall. Catal. n. 8455 and 8456.
Hongkong, Champion. A single specimen, in very young bud, which on a careful com-
parison appears to me to belong to this species, although I do not feel certain of its identity.
I have described it from Penang and Sumatra specimens, where it appears common, extend-
ing northward at least to Tavoy. Although it is difficult to draw a very marked line between
Randia and Slylocoryne, this species appears to me to have much more the calyx, and espe-
cially the fruit, as well as the habit and inflorescence of the former than of the latter genus.
It has probably been referred to Slylocoryne on account of the style, the stigmatic thickened
portion of which is longer and thinner than in most SandUu. It however is so different in
shape in the different species that it cannot be taken even as an artificial generic distinction.
The true Stylocorynes have the habit and inflorescence of Pavetla, the seeds numerous, very
angular, not immersed in an almost fleshy rather than pulpy placenta, but surrounded by a
very thin pulp, scarcely perceptible when dry.
9. STYLOCORYNB, Cav.
Calyx-limb short, 5-toothed, deciduous. Corolla-tube cylindrical; lobes 5,
imbricate in the bud. Anthers nearly sessile, more or less exserted. Style
long, slightly thickened at the top, undivided. Ovary 2-celled, with numerous
ovules in each cell, attached to a peltate placenta. Fruit a globular berry.
Seeds angular, without any or with a very thin pulp. —Shrubs or trees, with-
out thorns. Stipules solitary on each side, entire, pointed, with a broad
base. Flowers usually numerous, in terminal broad cymes or corymbs.
A genus of several species, dispersed over tropical Africa, Asia, and Australia.
Leaves, stems, and corymbs glabrous 1. S. Webera.
Leaves, stems, aiid corymbs softly pubescent 2. S. mollUsima.
1. S. Webera, A.Rich.; W. and Am. Prod. i. 401; Wight, Ic. t.309
and 584. An evergreen shrub or small tree, quite glabrous, the specimens
almost always turning black in drying. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
3 or 4 in. long, contracted at the base into a petiole of 2 to 4 lines. Stipules
usually forming at the base a complete sheath within the petioles. Corymb
trichotomous, shorter than the leaves. Calyx about 1 line long, with a short
5-toothed limb. Corolla glabrous, the tube about 1^ lines long; the lobes
oblong, near twice as long. Style linear, scarcely thickened.
In the Happy Valley, scarce, Champion, Hancc, Wriyhl. Widely distributed over India
and the Archipelago, and apparently variable in the density of the panicle and size of the
flowers; but it would require a further examination of several allied forms to fix the limits
of the species. The Hongkong specimens have all rather slender and very glabrous flowers.
2. S. xnollissima, Walp. Rep. ii. 517 ; Benth. in Kew Joum. Bot. iv. 195.
A shrub or small tree, resembling in many respects the S. Webera, but softly
and densely pubescent in every part. Leaves from ovate-lanceolate to oblong
or lanceolate, acutely acuminate, 3 or 4 in. long. Corymb often pedunculate.
Calyx very tomentose, the liinb scarcely shorter than the tube. Corolla rather


Stylocoryne.]
157
RUBlACEiE.
smaller than that of S. Webera, and pubescent outside, the> oblong lobes longer
than the tube. Style long and linear, more thickened than in the last species.
Berry globular, 3 lines diameter, with about 12 to 14 seeds in each cell.—
Gupta mollimma, Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. 192.
Scarce, in the Happy Valley woods, on Mount Victoria, and near the Buddhist Temple,
Champion. Also on the adjoining continent, but not known out of S. China.
10. DIPLOSPORA, DC.
Calyx-limb short, 4-toothed or truncate. Corolla-tube short, lobes 4, spread-
ing, imbricate in the bud. Anthers exserted. Style with 2 stigmatic lobes.
Ovary 2-celled, with 2 or more ovules attached laterally to a small peltate
placenta. Fruit a globular berry. Seeds solitary or few in each cell.—
Shrubs. Stipules 1 on each side, pointed, with a broad base. Flowers in
axillary clusters or close cymes.
A small geniu, confined to tropical Asia.
1. D. viridiflora, DC. Prod. iv. 477; Benth.inKew Journ. Bot. iv. 195.
An unarmed shrub, with the habit of Canthium, or of some JRandias, glabrous
in every part. Leaves oval-oblong or nearly lanceolate, usually 2 to 4 in.
long, coriaceous and shining, on a short petiole. Flowers clustered in short
dense axillary cymes of a pale straw-colour, varying from 3^ to 5 lines dia-
meter. Anthers almost sessile in some specimens, with filaments nearly as
long as themselves in others. Ovules usually 2 in each cell. Berries red, the
size of a pea.—Gardenia daphnoides, Hance in Walp. Ann. ii. 796.
Common on Victoria Peak, Champion; in the Happy Valley woods and at Little Hong-
kong, Wilford; also Wright. On the adjacent continent, but not known out of S. China.
Although the number of ovules is variable, I find, in by far the greater number of flowers
that I have opened, 2 to each cell as described by Lindley. I have seen, however, as many
as 4, and Col. Champion had counted 6 to each cell, whilst from a memorandum of A. Gray*s
to one of Wright's specimens, I find he had seen only 1. In other flowers of the same spe-
cimen there were the normal 2 to each cell.
11. PAVETTA, Linn.
Calyx-limb small, 4-toothed. Corolla-tube slender, lobes 4, imbricate in
the bud. Style exserted, slender, entire or the stigmatic lobes not spreading.
Ovary 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell peltately attached to the centre of
the partition. Berry slightly drupaceous, globular, 2-celled. Seeds attached
by their flat face.—Shrubs or small trees. Stipules solitary on each side,
pointed, with a broad base. Flowers in terminal corymbs.
A genus of several African, S. Asiatic, or Australian species, scarcely differing from Ixora,
with which some botanists unite it.
1. P. indica, Linn.; W. and Arn. Prod. Fl. Penim. i. 431; Wight, Ic.
t. 148. A tall shrub or small tree, glabrous or slightly pubescent, the speci-
mens turning black in drying. Leaves stalked, oval-oblong or almost lan-
ceolate, acute or acuminate, 3 to 4 in. long, narrowed at the base. Corymb
loosely trichotomous, sessile above the last leaves. Calyx about 1 line long,
with minute teeth. Corolla-tube about 6 lines long; the lobes oblong, about
2J lines, white or pale-green. Berries globular, 2 or 3 lines diameter.


158
[Pavella.
RLBIACE.i:.
In the Happy Valley, at West Point, on Mount Gough, etc., Champion, Wilford, and
others. Widely spread over tropical Asia, from Ceylou and the Peninsula to Sikkim, Khasia,
Burmab, the Archipelago, and apparently to the north coast of Australia.
12. IXOHA, Linn.
Calyx-limb small, 4-toothed. Corolla-tube slender, lobes 4, imbricate in
the bud. Style exserted, with 2 stigmatic lobes, usually spreading. Ovary
2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell peltately attached to the centre of the par-
tition. Berry slightly drupaceous, globular, 2-celled. Seeds attached by
their flat face.—Shrubs or small trees. Stipules solitary on each side, pointed,
with a broad base. Flowers in terminal, dense or large corymbs, or panicles,
or sometimes in smaller axillary or lateral cymes.
A considerable genus, dispersed over the tropical regions both of tbe New and the Old World.
1. I. stricta, Roxb.; W. and Arn. Prod. Fl. Peniu*. i. 427; Wight, Ie.
t. 184. A glabrous shrub. Leaves obovate-oblong, 3 to 5 in. long, the lower
ones sometimes narrowed at the base into a short petiole, the upper ones,
although narrower below the middle, obtuse at the very base and quite sessile,
or nearly so. Flowers in dense terminal sessile corymbs. Calyx small.
Corolla-tube 1 to 1J in. long; the lobes broad, obtuse, about 3 lines long.
In woods at East Point, near the Buddhist Temple, Champion, Wilford; also Hance and
Wright. The Hongkong plant is always said to have pale pink flowers, which variety is
only known from S. China. A white variety (/. blanda, or /. alba, Roxb.) is described by
Roxburgh from cnltivated plants introduced from S. China. An orange-coloured variety,
which I have not seen, is said to be in the Archipelago.
13. GUETTABDELLA, Champ.
Calyx-limb deeply 4-lobed, persistent. Corolla-tube slender; lobes 4, spread-
ing, slightly imbricate in the bud. Anthers included in the tube. Ovary 4-
or rarely 5-celled, with 1 pendulous oblong ovule in each cell. Style divided at
the top into 4 or 5 linear lobes. Fruit a drupe, with 4 or 5 1-seeded stones.—
Shrubs. Stipules one on each side, pointed, with a broad base. Peduncles
axillary, bearing a cyme of few small flowers.
A genus very nearly allied to Guellarda, and of which only one species from the Philip-
pine Islands is known besides the Chinese one.
1. G. chinensis, Champ, in Kevo Journ. Bot. iv. 197. A small shrub,
the young branches closely pubescent. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
1 to 2 in. long, acute at the base, sprinkled with a few hairs or glabrous above,
hoary underneath with close somewhat silky hairs, on a petiole of 1 or 2 lines.
Peduncles 6 to 10 lines long, bearing 3 or 5 flowers, the intermediate one
sessile, the others terminating the branches. Calyx scarcely 1 line long, with
short equal lobes. Corolla 2 lines, with very short obtuse lobes. Drupe
ovoid, pubescent, 2 lines long.
On Mount Gough and Mount Victoria, Champion; also Wright. Not as yet found out of
the island.
14. CANTHIUM, Lam.
Calyx-limb short, 4- or 5-toothed. Corolla-tube short; lobes 4 or 5, spread-
ing, valvate in the bud. Stigma exserted, entire, ovoid or mitre-shaped.


Can/hium.]
159
BUBIACEiE.
Ovary 2-celled, with 1 pendulous or descending ovule in each. Berry globu-
lar or didymous. Shrubs, either unarmed or with axillary thorns. Stipules
A considerable genus, dispersed over tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia.
Unarmed. Leaves 3 in. long or more, glabrous, shining 1. C. didymum.
Thorny. Leaves about 1 iu. long, pubescent underneath 8. C. horridum.
1. C. didymum, Gcertn.; Thro. Enum. PI. Ceyl. 162, with the synonyms
there given. An unarmed evergreen shrub, perfectly glabrous. Leaves stalked,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3 or 4 in. long, coriaceous, smooth and
shining. Cymes axillary, shortly pedunculate, loose and often many-flowered,
but much shorter than the leaves. Corolla B-lobed, white. Berry distinctly
didymous.—C. undulatum, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 198. Vangueria
dicocca, Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. ii. 251, with the synonyms adduced.
In the Happy Valley woods, but rare, Champion; also Wright. Frequent in India, from
Ceylon and the Peninsula to Khasia, the Malayan Peninsula, and the Archipelago. Very
variable as to the breadth of the leaves, which are always very shining. It is probably the
lax inflorescence that may have induced Miquel to remove it to Vangueria, for I can see no
trace in any flowers I have examined of the three empty cells of the ovary which he gives as
the character of that section of Vangueria which he has formed out of this and some other
CanlhiviiM. In the bud the two carpels are readily separable from each other, and from the
surrounding calyx-tube, and if a cross section is not carefully made, there may appear to be
an interval between them, but that cannot be called an empty cell of the ovarium.
2. C. horridum, Blume?; Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. ii. 255? A shrub, more
or less pubescent on the young shoots and under side of the leaves, and armed
with straight axillary thorns. Leaves ovate, shortly acuminate, scarcely above
1 in. long, rounded at the base and almost sessile. Pedicels few, clustered in
the axils of the leaves. Berries 1-seeded by the abortion of the other ovule.
Hongkong, Wright. A single specimen, with one fruit, agreeing with the specimens of
C. horridum which we have from Java and Penang, but, as there are no flowers, it cannot be
determined with certainty.
Flowers usually several together, united at the base in a small head. Calyx-
limb short, scarcely toothed. Corolla-tube cylindrical or slightly dilated at
the top, usually short; lobes 5, or rarely 4, valvate in the bud. Anthers in-
cluded in the tube or rarely exserted. Ovary 2- to 4-celled, with 1 erect or
ascending ovule in each cell. Style exserted, with 2 stigmatic lobes, or rarely
entire. Fruits of each flower-head usually united in one compound berry.—
Shrubs, small trees, or sometimes climbers. Stipules usually membranous
and united at the base in a sheath within the petioles. Flower-heads on axil-
lary or terminal single or clustered peduncles.
A considerable tropical gcnu9, chiefly Asiatic or African, with 2 or 3 American species.
1. M. umbellate, Linn.; W. and Arn. Prod. Fl. Penint. i. 420. A
trailing, diffuse or somewhat climbing shrub, glabrous or slightly pubescent
on the young branches. Leaves on very short petioles, oblong, or the upper
ones obovate, 1 to 2 in. long in most of the Chinese specimens, often twice
as long in the more southern ones. Peduncles usually 4 to 6 together, form-

cymes.
15. MORINDA, Linn.


160
[Morinda.
HUBIACEiE.
ing a sessile terminal umbel, each peduncle 3 to 6 lines long, and bearing a
single small head of 6 to 12 flowers. Ovaries quite united. Corolla scarcely
3 lines long; the tube straight, rather shorter than the lobes. Fruits forming
a compound globular berry 4 to 6 lines diameter.
Common in Hongkong, Champion and others. Widely spread over tropical Asia, from
Ceylon and the Peninsula to Sikkim, Khasia, Malacca, and the Archipelago, and northwards
to the Philippines and Loochoo. The Hongkong specimens have mostly short and rather
broad leaves, rarely surpassing 3 in. in length.
16. LASIANTHUS, Jack.
(Mephitidia, Reinw.)
Calyx-limb of 4 to 6 lobes or teeth. Corolla-tube usually dilated at the
top, lobes 4 to 6. Anthers included in the tube, or shortly exserted. Style
divided at the top into 4 to 9 stigmatic linear lobes. Ovary 4- to 9-celled,
with 1 erect ovule in each cell. Fruit a drupe, crowned by the calyx-lobes or
teeth.—Shrubs or undershrubs, often smelling disagreeably. Stipules 1 on
each side, pointed, with a broad base. Flowers small, in dense clusters or heads,
all axillary in the Chinese species, terminal in some others.
A genus of several species, limited to tropical Asia and chiefly in the Archipelago.
Leaves glabrous above or pubescent. Bracts very small. Calyx-teeth
very short 1. L. Mnemit.
Whole plant very hairy. Outer bracts longer than the flowers. Calyx-
teeth subulate 2. L. cyanocarpa.
1. L. chinensis, Benth. A shrub, with the young branches flattened
and shortly tomentose, the older ones terete and nearly glabrous. Stipules
broad, the upper ones rather long. Leaves oblong, acuminate, 6 to 10 in. long,
1£ to 2£ in. broad, narrowed at the base into a petiole of 3 to 5 lines, with
parallel veins conspicuous on both sides, diverging from the midrib, glabrous
or nearly so above, slightly tomentose underneath. Flowers in dense sessile
clusters. Bracts very small. Calyx minutely toothed. Corolla-tube about
2 lines long, hairy in the upper part; lobes 5 or 6, about the length of the
tube, very hairy outside, glabrous within. Drupes globular, pubescent, blue,
5 or 6 lines diameter.—Mephitidia chinenm, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv.
196.
In the Happy Valley, on Victoria Peak, etc., Champion, Wilford, Wright. Not received
from elsewhere. It appears to be nearly allied to L. longifoliiu, Wight, and L. consiriclut,
Wight, from the Malayan Peninsula, but differs from both, as well_in the calyx asi n the
pubescence.
2. L. cyanocarpus, Jack.; DC. Prod. iv. 452. An undershrub, with
nearly simple, erect or ascending branches of about 2 feet, more or less thickly
hirsute, as well as the bracts and under side of the leaves, with rusty spread-
ing hairs. Leaves shortly stalked, oblong, acuminate, 6 to 8 in. long, hir-
sute or sometimes nearly glabrous on the upper side. Flower-clusters sessile,
with several bracts, of which the outer ones are ovate or broadly lanceolate,
very hairy, and often 1 in. long or more. Calyx-lobes linear-subulate, hairy,
longer than the tube. Corolla scarcely longer than the calyx-lobes.—L. brac-
teatus, L. Roxburghii, and probably L. Jackianw, Wight in Mitchell, Calc.
Journ. vi. 501, 502.


Lananthtu.]
161
RUBIACE.E.
In a ravine of Mount Parker, only one plant seen, Wilford. In Chittagong, Malacca,
Penang, Singapore, and Sumatra, and also in the Nilgherries, if L. Jackiantts be really the
same.
17. PSYCHOTBIA, Linn.
Calyx-limb short, B-lobed, 5-toothed or entire. Corolla-tube short; lobes
5, spreading, valvate in the bud. Anthers included in the tube or shortly
exserted. Style with 2 short stigmatic lobes. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 erect
ovule in each cell. Fruit a drupe, with 2 kernels, flat on the inner face and
usually furrowed on the back.—Shrubs or small trees. Stipules 1 or 2 on
each side, sometimes all united in a sheath within the petioles. Flowers in
terminal cymes or very rarely axillary.
A large genus, ranging over the tropical regions both of the New and the Old World.
Erect shrub. Leaves 3 to 5 in. long 1. P. elliptica.
Trailing or spreading shrub. Leaves seldom 2 in. long 2. P. terpens.
1. P. elliptica, Ker; Bot. Reg. viii. 607; DC. Prod. iv. 509. An
erect glabrous shrub. Stipules broad, membranous, obtuse, more or less
connected in a sheath within the petioles, deciduous. Leaves elliptical-ob-
long, acuminate, 3 to 5 or rarely 6 in. long, narrowed into.the petiole. Pa-
nicle terminal, sessile; the branches trichotomous and densely cymose at the
top, shorter than the last leaves. Flowers about 2 lines long. Calyx very
short, truncate; corolla almost campanulate, with a short obconical tube and
spreading lobes. Drupes red. Albumen of the seeds much ruminate.—P.
Reeoetii, Wall.; DC. Prod. iv. 519. Grumilia Reevesii, Hook, and Am. Bot.
Beech. 193.
Very common on hillsides, Champion and others. Also on the mainland of S. China and
in Malacca.
2. P. serpens, Linn.,- DC. Prod. iv. 519. A much-branched, prostrate
or trailing shrub, quite glabrous. Stipules broad, obtuse, shortly sheathing,
but very deciduous. Leaves ovate or obovate-oblong, 1 to 1£ or rarely 2 in.
long, narrowed into the petiole. Panicle terminal, peduncled, trichotomous,
not large, and rather dense. Flowers rather smaller than in P. elliptica; calyx
obtusely and minutely toothed. Corolla slightly mealy outside; the lobes
rather longer than the broad tube, hairy in the throat. Berries small, white.
Albumen slightly furrowed and pitted, but not really ruminate.—P. scandent,
Hook, and Arn.'Bot. Beech. 193.
Common in Hongkong, Champion and others; also on the mainland of S. China, in Loo-
choo, and perhaps also Malacca, Griffith, and the Feejee Islands, American Exploring Expe-
dition, but I do not feel certain of the specific identity of the two latter. Thwaites re-
fers P. tcandent, Hook, and Am., to P. tarmentota, Blume j but that synonym can only
relate to the Ceylon plant called P. tcandem by Gardner and some others, not to the Chinese
plant originally described under that name. The true P. tarmenlota, a widely distributed
species from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, besides having longer and differently
shaped more acuminate leaves, has the stipules (which can only be seen on young shoots) re-
markably acuminate, as described by Miquel, and some slight differences in the flower.
18. PiEDEBIA, Linn.
Calyx-Umb small, 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla-tube broad; lobes short,
valvate, and folded in the bud. Anthers included in the tube Style with 2
M


162 RUBIACE.S. [Peederia.
short stigmatic lobes. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 erect ovule in each. Fruit a
berry, with a thin fragile rind.—Stems twining. Stipules 1 on each side.
Cymes loosely dichotomous or trichotomous, either axillary or in terminal pa-
nicles.
A small genus, almost limited to tropical Asia.
1. P. fcetida, Linn.; DC. Prod. iv. 471. A glabrous perennial twiner,
woody at the base. Leaves stalked, ovate or lanceolate, li to 2 in. long,
usually somewhat cordate at the base, but very variable in width. Flowers
sessile along the branches of loose dichotomous or trichotomous cymes, form-
ing long loose panicles. Calyx small. Corolla 5 or 6 lines long, white or
pale pink, mealy-tomentose outside, the throat hairy, the small spreading
limb marked with a star-like pink spot. Berries globular or ovoid.
Mount Victoria, Champion. Common in southern Asia, extending from Mauritius, Cey-
lon, and the Peninsula northward to Khasia, China, and Japan, and eastward all over the
Archipelago to Timor. The Chinese specimens have the small globose fruit figured by
Gsertner, and I have seen the same in specimens from Loochoo, from Japan, and from Am-
boyna. Many of the Indian ones have a much larger, ovoid, and somewhat flattened fruit,
but without any perceptible difference in the foliage and flowers ; and as the majority of
specimens are not in fruit, there are no means of ascertaining how far that character may be
constant.
19. SPEBMACOCE, Linn.
Calyx-limb of 4 or sometimes only 2 small teeth. Corolla-tube usually
short; lobes 4, spreading, valvate in the bud. Anthers usually exserted.
Style entire, or with 2 short stigmatic lobes. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 ovule
in each, laterally attached or ascending. Capsule small, separating into the
2 carpels, either septicidally or leaving more or less of the dissepiment free or
attached to one of the carpels. Seeds marked on the inner face by a longi-
tudinal furrow containing the hilum.—Herbs or rarely undershrubs. Stipules
shortly sheathing, bordered with bristle-like teeth. Flowers small, clustered
in the axils of the leaves or in sessile terminal heads.
A large genus, widely spread over the tropical and subtropical regions of both the New
and the Old World, some species being amongst the commonest tropical weeds.
Flowers and fruits about 1 line long, in very dense whorl-like clusters or
heads.
Leaves linear or lanceolate, little veined 1. S. ttrieta.
Leaves ovate, yellowish, with raised lateral veins 2. <S. temiertela.
Flowers and fruits about 2 hues long, axillary but not numerous. Plant
hispid 8. S. huipida.
1. S. stricta, Linn.fil.; DC. Prod. iv. 554. An erect or spreading an-
nual, 6 in. to a foot high or rather more, glabrous or slightly and roughly
pubescent; the branches 4-angled. Leaves sessile, linear, lanceolate or rarely
oblong, 1 to li in. long, acutely acuminate; their lateral veins scarcely con-
spicuous, and having often in their axils 1 or 2 pairs of smaller leaves, which
gives them the appearance of being whorled. Bristles of the stipules longer
than their sheaths. Flowers not above 1 line long, in very dense axillary
whorl-like clusters. Corolla shortly funnel-shaped. Capsule scarcely 1 line
long, obovate-globular, slightly compressed, crowned by the 4 teeth of the
calyx, more or less pubescent, separating into the 2 carpels, which open on


Spermacoce.]
163
RUBIACE*.
the inner face without leaving any free dissepiment.—Bigelowia lasiocarpa,
W. and Am. Prod. PI. Penins. i. 437, with the synonyms there adduced.
Spermacoce pusilla, S.fdina, and 8. ramosa, Wall. Catal. n. 823, 830, and 831.
Bigelomia gracilis, Miq. PI. Hohen. Terr. Canar. Exs. n. 705 a. B. myriantha,
Miq. FL Ned. Ind. ii. 334.
Hongkong, Wright. A common weed throughout E. India and the Archipelago, and pro-
bably also in eastern tropical Africa, more doubtfully in South America. To the above sy-
nonyms should probably be added several others of which I have not seen authentic speci-
mens; also, as more or less marked varieties,—B. lavicaulis, Miq. FL Ned. Ind. ii. p. 335,
which has an almost perfectly smooth stem, and the corolla very small and cleft almost to
the base, but perhaps the few that I have seen are abnormal; B. Roxburghiana, W. and
Arn. Prod. i. p. 437, which has constantly smooth stems, with the corolla very hairy inside
at the throat, and Sp. Ifataleiuu, Hochst. in Flora 1844, p. 555 (Biodia elongata, E. Mey.
PL Drege Exs.), with precisely the characters of the narrow-leaved forms of B. Roxburghi-
ana. B. Kleinii, W. and Arn. Prod. i. p. 437, which occurs in herbaria also under the
name of Sp. ocymoidet, a small plant with all the leaves ovate, has a different look, but may
be again, as suggested, a variety of the above; and the narrow-leaved B. eryngioidet, Ch. and
SchL, from S. America, is very nearly allied to the commoner Indian forms of Hp. itricta.
2. S. semierecta, Roxb. Ft. Ind. i. 377, from his drawing, n. 1333. A
rather coarse annual of 1 or 2 ft., with long spreading 4-angled branches,
slightly rough on the angles but not hairy. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
acute, 1 to 1£ in. long; the lateral veins diverging from the midrib, very pro-
minent and very rough to the touch. Bristles of the stipules longer than
their sheaths. Flowers about 1 line long, in very dense, axillary, whorl-like,
almost globular clusters. Capsules obovoid-globular, about 1 line long,
crowned by the 4 teeth of the calyx; the 2 carpels separating in 2 valves,
leaving however more or less of the thin dissepiment free and persistent be-
tween them.—Borreria discolor, Bartl. in DC. Prod. iv. 545 ?; Benth. in Kew
Journ. Bot. iv. 199.
Hongkong, Champion; and, if the synonyms are correct, also Sumatra and the Philip-
pines. This is a much stiffer and coarser plant than S. itricta, with a yellowish tinge, and
all the leaves broad, stiff, and very rough. I can find no corolla remaining on my specimens.
The calycine teeth are very short. The dehiscence of the capsule is intermediate, as it were,
betwecu those of Borreria (Bigelotcid) and Spermacoce proper. In the former the whole
dissepiment splits asunder into the two cocci, each opening all the way up in a longitudinal
alit; in Spermacoce proper the whole dissepiment is simple, and when the cocci separate, re-
mains free or attached to one of the cocci; in the present species a portion of the dissepi-
ment in the centre, at the base, to about half-way up, is simple and free as in Spermacoce
proper, the remainder splits aud separates with the cocci as in Borreria; at least, so it is iu
a great majority of the capsules of my specimens; it may uot be constantly so iu the
species.
3. S. hispida, Linn.; DC. Prod. iv. 555. A coarse, diffuse, little-
branched herb, roughly pubescent or hispid, 1 to 2 ft. long. Leaves obovate
or the upper ones oblong, -J to 1 in. long or rarely more, obtuse, with few
veins, sessile or the lower ones narrowed into a petiole of 1 to 3 Hoes.
Bristles of the stipules rather longer than their sheath. Flowers usually about
3 lines long, sessile, 3 together, or rather more in each axil. Tube of the co-
rolla longer than the calyx-teeth and dilated at the top, but varying consi-
derably in size. Capsule ovoid, hispid, about 2 lines long, crowned by the 4
calyx-teeth, separating into the 2 carpels, 1 of which is always open on the


164
[Spermacoce.
RUBIACE.E.
inner face, whilst the other is usually closed by the thin dissepiment adhering
to it.—S. arlicularis, Linn. fiL; DC. 1. c. S. scabra, Willd., DC. L c.
In waste places, Champion, Wright. A common weed throughout India, varying much,
as observed by Wight and Arnott, in the length and thickness of the tube of the corolla, but
as far as can be judged from herbarium specimens, which are so often without good corollas,
these differences do not appear to correspond to any other characters.
20. KNOXIA, Linn.
Calyx-limb of 4 minute persistent teeth. Corolla-tube slender; lobes 4,
valvate in the bud. Anthers scarcely exserted. Style with 2 short stigmatic
lobes. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Fruit small and
dry; the 2 carpels either separating from the base upwards or falling off toge-
ther, leaving a persistent filiform axis.—Herbs or undershrubs. Stipules 1
on each side, usually fringed with bristle-like teeth. Flowers in terminal
cymes or corymbs; the branches often lengthened into one-sided spikes.
A small genus, limited to tropical Asia and Africa.
1. K. corymbosa, Willd.; W. and Am. Prod. i. 439; Wight, IUmtr.
I. 128. A perennial, 1 to 2 ft. high, often almost woody at the base, more
or less pubescent, and but little branched. Leaves oblong, lanceolate or
rarely nearly ovate, 2 to 3 in. long. Flowers about \ lines long, numerous,
in loose, terminal, dichotomous cymes. Capsule ovoid, about 1 line long,
usually falling off entire from the filiform persistent axis.
Hongkong, Champion, Wright. Extends over tropical Asia, from Ceylon and the Penin-
sula to the Archipelago.
21. GALIUM, Linn.
Calyx completely combined with the ovary, without any visible border.
Corolla rotate; the tube scarcely perceptible, with 4 spreading lobes, valvate
in the bud. Anthers exserted. Style short, deeply 2-cleft. Ovary 2-celled,
with 1 ascending or laterally attached ovule in each cell. Fruit small, dry,
2-lobed, indehiscent.—Herbs, with weak quadrangular stems. Leaves sessile,
in whorls of 4, 6, or 8, of which 2 are real leaves and the remainder stipules,
although precisely similar in shape and size. Flowers small, in axillary or
terminal trichotomous cymes or panicles.
An extensive genus, spread over the whole of the temperate regions of the globe, especially
abundant in Europe and northern Asia, with very few tropical species, and those chiefly
limited to mountain regions.
1. G. Aparine, Linn.; DC. Prod. iv. 608. A trailing or climbing an-
nual, often several feet long, clinging by the recurved asperities or small
prickles on the angles of the steins, and on the edges and midribs of the
leaves. Leaves 6 or 8 in a whorl, linear or linear-lanceolate, often above an
inch long. Peduncles axillary, rather longeT than the leaves, bearing a loose
cyme of from 3 to 8 or 10 small greenish-white flowers, with 3 or 4 leaves at
the base of the cyme. Pedicels 2 to 4 lines long, straight or but slightly
recurved. Fruits usually covered with hooked bristles, forming small very
adhesive burrs.—G. sororium, Hance in Walp. Ann. ii. 734.
In hedges, Hance, probably introduced from Europe, where, as well as in central and
northern Asia, it is very abundant, and from whence it has been carried with cultivation to
most parts of the globe.


Composite.]
165
COMPOSITE.
Order LIX. COMPOSITE.
Flowers or florets collected together into a head surrounded by an involucre
of several bracts, either in one row or imbricated in several rows, the whole
having the appearance of a single flower. Keceptacle on which the florets are
inserted either naked or bearing chaffy scales or hairs or bristles between the
florets. In each floret the calyx is wanting, or converted into a pappus or
ring of hairs or scales on the top of the ovary. Corollas either all herma-
phrodite tubular and 5- or rarely 4-toothed (heads discoid), or all hermaphro-
dite and ligulate, or those of the centre or disk tubular and hermaphrodite or
male, and those of the circumference ligulate, forming a ray (heads radiate),
or filiform and female. Stamens 5, inserted in the tube of the corolla; the
anthers linear and united in a sheath round the style (except in Xanthinm),
often sagittate at the base, the basal lobes sometimes prolonged into fine
points called tails. Ovary inferior, with a single erect ovule. Style filiform,
usually divided at the top into two short stigmatic branches. Fruit a small
dry nut or achene, crowned by the pappus or naked.—Herbs or shrubs, with al-
ternate or opposite leaves, without stipules.
The most extensive family among flowering plants, and represented in every quarter of the
globe, and in every variety of station. In the following table the genera are, for convenience of
reference, classed under artificial groups, not always corresponding with the tribes charac-
terized in the text.
( 1. Head* homogamous, the florets all tubular and Itermaphrodite.
Leaves alternate.
Heads many-flowered. Florets regular.
Involucre imbricate, in 2 or more rows.
Pappus of numerous plumose bristles.
Leaves and usually the outer involucral bracts prickly . 2. Cirsium.
Leaves not prickly 1. Saussurea.
Pappus of numerous capillary bristles 8. Vernonia.
Involucre of 10 to 15 equal bracts in oue row.
Involucre surrounded by smaller bracts at the base.
Leaves opposite.
Receptacle naked. Achenes short.
Pappus of 3 to 5 short bristles, each tipped by a gland , . 5. Adenostemma.
Pappus of 5 to 10 stiff bristles, chaffy or dilated at the base . 6. Agekatum.
Pappus of numerous capillary bristles 7. Eupatorium.
Receptacle bearing scales between the florets. Achenes long,
§ 2. Flotcer-heads discoid, but heterogamous. Florets of the circumference slender and
femate, those of the disk tubular and hermaphrodite or male. Leaves alternate.
Pappus of numerous capillary bristles.

with 2 to 6 stiff retrorsely hispid awns
24. Bidens.

numerous. Anthers with double tails
17. Inula.


166
[Comporita.
COMPOSITE.
Florets of the circumference very numerous. Disk-florets few.
Involucral bracts scarious, often coloured .31. Gnaphalilm.
Iuvolucral bracts herbaceous or subulate.
Anthers obtuse at tbe base (without tails).
Florets of the circumference ligulate, though slender,
short and erect 12. Erigeron.
Florets of the circumference all tubular and filiform . . 13. Convza.
Anthers with hair-like points (simple tails) at the base.
Flower-heads clustered or paniculate. Styles of the disk-
florets all bifid 14. Blumea.
Flower-heads corymbose. Styles of the disk-florets often
undivided 15. Pluchea.
Pappus none, or very short.
Florets of the circumference few. Achencs obovate or rounded
at the top. Erect herbs or uudershrnbs SO. Artemisia.
Florets of the circumference very numerous. Achenes flat or
concave at the top. Prostrate annuals.
Receptacle very convex.
Flower-heads racemose or paniculate. Style-branches in
the disk-florets acute 9. Dichrocephaiji.
Flower-heads solitary. Style-branches in the disk obtuse 27. Gkangea.
Receptacle flat or nearly so.
Florets of the circumference apetalous or nearly so.
Flower-heads terminal 28. Cotula.
Florets of the circumference with a corolla nearly as long
as the style. Flower-heads leaf-opposed 29. Myriogyne.
§ 3. Flower-heads monacious, the males globular, many-flowered, discoid; the females
2-flowered, with a prickly burr-like 2-celled involucre.
Single genus 19. Xanthium.
§ 4. Flower-heads heterogamous, radiating.
Leaves opposite. Receptacle paleaceous.
Pappus none.
External involucral bracts Linear-spathulate, spreading, glan-
dular 21. SlEOESBECKIA.
External involucral bracts ovate or oblong, not glandular.
Disk-florets 4-toothed 20. Eclipta.
Disk-florets 5-toothed 23. Wollastonia.
Pappus a little fringed cup 22. Wedelia.
Pappus of 1 to 3 slender deciduous awns 23. Woilastokia.
Pappus of 2 to 5 persistent retrorsely hispid stiff awns. Achenes
long 24. Bidens.
Leaves alternate. Receptacle paleaceous.
Pappus of 2 or 3 stiff persistent awns. Anthers without tails.
Achenes long 25. Glossogyne.
Pappus of several short pointed scales or awns. Anthers with
tails 18. Anisopappus.
Leaves alternate. Receptacle naked.
Pappus none or very short.
Achenes ending in a short beak. Flower-heads small... 8. Laoenophoea.
Achenes not beaked.
Receptacle very convex. Pappus of very short scales or
bristles 10. Boltoma.
Receptacle flat or slightly convex. Pappus none, or a short
ring or cup 26. Chrysanthemum.
Pappus of numerous long hairs or capillary bristles.
No bilabiate florets. Anthers obtuse at the base (stem leafy).
Ray white or purple 11. Aster.


Compoiila.] composite. J 67
Ray yellow.
Involucre imbricate in several rows ....... 16. Solidaqo.
Involucre of a single row of equal bracts, witb or with-
out a few small outer ones 33. Senecio.
Florets of the ray mostly with a small upper lip. Some of
the others also bilabiate. Anthers with fine points or tails
at the base (leaves all radical).
Involucral scales unequal, imbricate. Pappus reddish . . 35. Geebeka.
Involucre] scales nearly equal, with a few outer Bhorter ones.
Pappus white 34. Farfugium.
§ 5. Bead) homogamoue, the florets all Hgulate and hermaphrodite. Leaves alternate.
Achenes tapering into a filiform beak, bearing the pappus at the
top.
Involucre narrow, with few very unequal imbricated bracts . . 87. Lactuca.
Involucre many-flowered, of several nearly equal erect bracts,
and smaller imbricated outer ones usually recurved. Achenes
muricate 88. Taraxacum.
Involucre small, of one row of erect equal bracts, and a few small
outer appressed ones. Achenes ribbed, but not muricate . . 39. Ixeris.
Achenes not beaked. Pappus sessile.
Involucre of a single row of nearly equal bracts, with a few small
outer ones 40. Crepis.
Involucral bracts unequal, imbricated 41. Sonchus. ,
Tribe I. CYNAROCEPHALJE.
Leaves alternate, often prickly. Flower-heads discoid, the florets all tubu-
lar, hermaphrodite, and regular or nearly so, the lobes usually narrow. An-
thers usually fringed or tailed at the base. Style usually slightly swollen at
the base of the branches, which are narrow and obtuse, or slightly pointed.
1. SAUSSTJREA, DC.
Florets all tubular and equal. Involucre imbricate, not longer than the
florets, the bracts not prickly, the inner ones the longest. Eeceptacle bristly.
Corolla regular, with B narrow lobes. Achenes glabrous. Pappus of several
plumose bristles united in a ring at the base, with a few outer simple or short
scales.—Perennial herbs, not prickly. Leaves alternate.
A considerable genus, spread over the hilly regions of the northern hemisphere, chiefly in
the Old World.
Leaves green, upper ones entire. Flower-heads numerous, in a dense
corymb. Outer pappus of 2 to 5 deciduous bristles 1. S. japonica.
Leaves white underneath, all lyrate or pinnatifid. Flower-heads few.
Outer pappns of several minute scales 2. S. carthamoidet.
1. S. japonica, DC. Prod. vi. 636. Stock perennial. Stem erect,
nearly simple, 1 to 1J ft. high, sulcate, and slightly pubescent. Leaves green
and scabrous, or pubescent on both sides, linear or lanceolate, the lower ones
stalked and more or less pinnatifid, 3 to 4 in. long, the upper ones smaller,
harrow, and entire. Flower-heads in a dense flat terminal corymb, or, when the
stem is branched, dispersed in a number of smaller corymbs. Involucre ovoid,
about i in. long, the numerous imbricate bracts all terminating in a little or-
bicular scarious coloured appendage. Achenes striate, slightly curved. Outer


168
[Saussurea.
COMPOSITE.
pappus of 3 or 4 very deciduous slender awns, about half the length of the
inner plumose one.—S. linearis, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 236.
Victoria Peak, Champion, Hance, Wright. Ranges from S. China to Japan. The flower-
heads are rather larger, and the leaves usually more entire than in the Amoy specimens, and
in De Candolle's figure of the Japanese plant, but they all appear to be forms of one species.
2. S. carthamoides, Benth. Root annual. Stem firm, erect, nearly
simple, about 2 ft. high, sulcate and slightly cottony. Leaves deeply pin-
natifid or lyrate, the lower lobes narrow, the terminal one broad, thin, green
above, white and cottony underneath, 3 or 4 in. long; the upper ones few,
with narrower lobes. Flower-heads few, on long peduncles. Involucre cam-
panulate, 6 to 8 lines diameter, the numerous bracts linear-lanceolate, acute,
slightly scarious at the edge. Achenes striate, slightly curved. Outer pap-
pus of several very short scales, united in a minute oblique ring.—Aplotaxis
carthamoides, DC. Prod. vi. 540. Serratula carthamoides, Roxb. FL Ind. iii.
407.
Saywan, Harland, Hance, also Wright. Not [infrequent in the hilly districts of northern
and eastern India.
2. CIRSIUM, Tournef.
Florets all tubular and equal. Involucre imbricate, not longer than the
florets; the bracts, at least the outer ones, prickly-pointed. Receptacle bear-
ing bristles between the florets. Anthers with the basal lobes slightly fringed
or toothed. Achenes flattened, glabrous. Pappus of numerous plumose bris-
tles united in a ring at the base, without any outer ones.
A large genus, spread over a great part of the globe, but chiefly in the temperate regions
of the northern hemisphere. It is often considered as a section of Carduus, from which it
only differs in the plumose hairs of the pappus.
1. C. chinense, Gardn. and Champ, iti Kew Journ. Bot. i. 323. Root-
stock said to be creeping as in C. arvense. Stems erect, 1 to 2 ft. high, sim-
ple or scarcely branched. Leaves linear or lanceolate, not decurrent, 2 to 4
in. long, bordered with irregular very prickly teeth, glabrous or slightly pu-
bescent above, white-cottony underneath, or at length sometimes glabrous.
Flower-heads solitary, on long peduncles, near an inch in diameter. Involu-
cral bracts very numerous, the outer ones slightly prickly, the inner scarious
and recurved at the tips. Florets purple, very numerous. Filaments hispid.—
C. oreithales, Hance in Walp. Ann. ii. 944.
Victoria Peak and other hills, Champion and others. Has been found also in Khasia.
Thibe II. VERNONIACEjE.
Leaves alternate.* Flower-heads discoid; the florets all tubular, herma-
phrodite and regular or nearly so. Anthers obtuse at the base, without tails.
Style not swollen or bulb-shaped below the branches, which are subulate and
pointed.
3. VEBNONIA.
Florets all tubular and equal. Involucre imbricate, not longer than the
florets, the inner bracts the longest. Receptacle naked. Corolla regular, with
* The opposite-leaved Liabea and Pectidete are much better placed among Seneeionidea.


Vernonia.~\
169
COMPOSITE.
5 narrow lobes. Achenes mostly striate or angular, rarely cylindrical. Pappus
of numerous capillary bristles, usually surrounded by an outer row of very
short often scaly bristles, which are rarely entirely wanting.—Herbs, shrubs,
or climbers. Leaves alternate. Flower-heads terminal or in the upper axils,
in cymes or panicles or sometimes solitary.
A very numerous genus, widely spread over the warmer regions of the globe, but most
abundant in America, where it extends beyond the tropics both to the northward and south-
ward.
Annuals. Involucre] bracts very pointed.
Panicles cymose, leafless. Achenes cylindrical, hairy, with a very
short outer pappus 1. V. cinerea.
Panicles divaricate, leafy. Achenes angular, glabrous. Pappus very
deciduous, without any outer row 2. V. chinensu.
Tall perennials. Involucral bracts more or less obtuse.
Erect softly villous plant. Involucral bracts very obtuse and
cottony. Achenes glabrous, angular. Outer pappus very short. 3. V. solanifolia.
Tall climber, slightly pubescent or rough. Involucral bracts rather
obtuse. Achenes striate, pubescent. Outer pappus half as long
as the inner 4. V. Cumingiana.
1. V. cinerea, Leu.; DC. Prod. v. 24. An erect annual, 1 to 1 \ feet
high, usually of an ashy-grey colour, owing to a minute pubescence on the stem,
leaves, and involucres. Lower leaves stalked, ovate, oblong, or lanceolate,
often irregularly toothed or sinuate, the upper ones few and narrow. Flower-
heads small, on slender pedicels, forming a terminal, leafless, cymose panicle.
Involucral bracts very pointed. Achenes cylindrical, scarcely striate, hairy.
Pappus very white, the outer row very short, and sometimes reduced to very
few bristles.
Frequent in waste places near Victoria, Champion and others. A common weed all over
S. Asia, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, extending northwards to Loochoo
and Bonin, and eastwards to N. Australia.
2. V. chinensis, Less.; Miq. M. Ned. Ind. ii. 18. An annual, like
the last, but very spreading, and the ashy pubescence is often whiter and more
cottony, especially on the under side of the leaves. Leaves usually ovate, on
rather long stalks. Flower-heads at first ovoid, then globular, or nearly
hemispherical, on short pedicels, clustered 2 or 3 together at the ends of the
branches, forming a spreading leafy panicle. Florets numerous, purple. In-
volucral bracts finely pointed. Achenes short, 4- to 5-angled, glabrous.
Pappus of white, very deciduous, bristles, without any outer row.—Cyanopis
pubescent, Bl.; DC. Prod. v. 69.
In waste places, Champion, Hance, Wright. Common in S. Asia, from Ceylon and the
Peninsula to the Archipelago, and extending northwards to Khasia, S. China and the Phi-
lippines.
3. V. solanifolia, Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 486, and in Kew
Joum. Bot. iv. 232. Stem tall and erect, apparently woody at the base, the
branches and under side of the leaves thickly clothed with soft velvety or
almost woolly hairs, which are shorter and less dense on the upper surface.
Leaves stalked, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3 to 4 inches long, the lower ones
sometimes broad and cordate. Panicle large, terminal, leafy at the base,
crowded with numerous heads, containing each about 10 highly perfumed


170
\Vemonia.
COMPOSITE.
purple florets. Involucral bracts short, very obtuse and woolly or cottony.
Achenes 4- to 5-angled, glabrous, the basal callus very prominent. Pappus
of a dirty white, the outer row very short.
Abundant on the hills, Hindi, Champion, and others (Fortune, n. 175). Not known ont
of the island. It is however very near to the V. jatanica, DC, which extendi over the
Archipelago and Ceylon, bat that is generally much less hairy, and its achenes are distinctly
striate and hairy, besides other minor differences.
4. V. Ctuningiaiia, Benth. in Keic Journ. Bot. iv. 233. A tall climber*
shrubby at the base, sometimes nearly glabrous, but usually rough with a very
short rusty down, especially on the branches and under side of the leaves. Leaves
shortly stalked, ovate or oval-oblong, scarcely acuminate, obtuse at the base,
3 to 4 in. long. Flower-heads rather large, in short panicles, either terminal
or in the upper axils, each with about 20 purple florets. Involucral bracts
nearly glabrous, rather obtuse, bordered with a thin pale edge. Achenes striate,
slightly hairy. Pappus long and very prominent, of a rusty colour, the outer
row about half as long as the rest.
On Victoria Peak, Champion, at Little Hongkong, Wilford, also Harland and Wright.
Found also in the Philippine Islands, and is nearly allied to the E. Indian V. scandent, but
that has the leaves narrowed at the base, the flower-heads smaller, etc.
4. ELEPHANT OPUS, Linn.
Flower-heads of 2 to 5 florets, compressed, and collected together in clusters
or compound heads, surrounded by a few leafy bracts. Involucral bracts about
8, dry, stiff, alternately plane and conduplicate. Receptacle naked. Corolla
with 4 narrow equal lobes, but deeper cleft on one side, so as to be somewhat
palmate. Pappus of a few stiff bristles, somewhat dilated at the base.—Stiff
herbs, with alternate leaves.
A genus of about a dozen American species, one of which is also spread over tropical
Africa and Asia.
1. E. scaber, Linn.; DC. Prod. v. 86; Wight, Ic. t. 1086. Stock
perennial. Stems stiff, erect, about a foot high, with a few forked spreading
branches, more or less covered, as well as the leaves and involucres, with grey-
ish hairs. Radical leaves 2 to 4 inches long, obovate-oblong, more or less
crenate, and usually narrowed into a stalk at the base. Stem-leaves few and
more sessile. Flower-heads closely clustered into terminal hemispherical com-
pound heads, of near an inch diameter, surrounded by about 4 broadly cor-
date sessile leafy bracts. Involucral bracts narrow, very pointed, almost
prickly.—E. carolinianm, Willd.; E. nudicaulu, Ell.; E. mollis, H. B. K.;
and E. Martii, Grah.; DC. Prod. v. 86.
Waste places, Champion, Hance, Wright. Common in the warmer regions of America,
Africa, and Asia, extending in the Old World southward to North Australia, aud northward,
apparently not beyond South China. It varies everywhere, chiefly in the amount of hairi-
ness, but is scarcely separable into distinct varieties.
Tribe III. EUPATOR1ACEM.
Leaves opposite or rarely alternate. Flower-heads discoid; the florets all
tubular, hermaphrodite, and regular. Style not swollen or bulbous-shaped


Eupatoriacecc.]
171
COMPOSITE.
bejow the branches, which are elongated, obtuse, and usually thicker or dilated
upwards.
5. ADENOSTEMMA, Forst.
Flower-heads, florets, and style of Eiipatorium. Achenes obovate-oblong,
contracted at the base. Pappus of 3, 4, or 5 short stiff spreading bristles,
each tipped by a globular or club-shaped gland.
A genus of a very few American species, one of which spreads all round the warmer zone
of the globe.
1. A. viscosum, Ford.; DC. Prod. v. 111. Stem annual, erect or as-
cending, rooting at the base, and possibly renewed a second year by a creep-
ing rootstock or by stolones, glabrous or glandular-pubescent, 1 to 2 feet high.
Leaves few, opposite, stalked, from ovate to broadly triangular, usually coarsely
toothed, from barely an inch long and rather thick and rough, to 3 or 4 in.
long, thin and glabrous. Flower-heads hemispherical, 3 to 4 lines diameter,
in a loose, spreading terminal 2- or 3-chotomous panicle, with very small leaves
under the branches. In vomeral bracts oblong, in about 2 rows. Florets
numerous, often hairy outside. Achenes more or less muricate or rarely quite
smooth.
Little Hongkong, Wilford. A common weed in the warmer regions of the globe, espe-
cially in the Old World, where it extends northwards to Japan and southwards to North
Australia. The species should include all those published by De Candolle and others from
the Old World, and at least the A. brcmliense and A. triangulare among the American ones.
6. AGEBATUM, Linn.
Flower-heads, florets, and style of Eupatorium. Achenes angular. Pappus
of 5 or 10 chaffy scales or bristles dilated at the base.
A genus of a small number of American species, one of which is spread all over the
warmer regions of the globe.
1. A. conyzoides, Linn.; DC. Prod. v. 108; Hook. Ex. Flor. t. 15.
An erect branching annual, 1 to 2 feet high, more or less hirsute with spread-
ing hairs. Leaves opposite, stalked, ovate, crenate. Flower-heads rather
small, in dense terminal cymes. Involucral bracts striate, pointed, in about 2
rows. Florets numerous, pale blue or white. Achenes black, smooth. Pappus
of 5 lanceolate aristate chaffy scales, often serrate in the lower part.
Waste places, Hance, Seemann, Wright. A common weed, all over the warmer regions of
the globe.
7. EUPATORIUM, Linn.
Flower-heads cylindrical, campanulate or hemispherical, with several or many
florets. Involucral bracts imbricated, in 2 or more series. Beceptacle flat or
slightly convex, naked. Corolla tubular, with a campanulate 5-toothed limb.
Branches of the style elongated, obtuse. Achenes 5-angled, without inter-
mediate strise. Pappus of a single series of slender, capillary bristles.—Peren-
nial herbs or shrubs, or more rarely annuals. Leaves opposite or very rarely
alternate. Heads mostly corymbose. Green parts of the plant often sprinkled
with resinous glands.


172 composite. [Eupalorium.
A very large American genus, with a few Asiatic species, one of which eitends also over
Europe.
Leaves mostly ovate. Involucral bracts obtuse.
Stem flexuose. Leaves rounded at the base 1. E. Reevetii
Stem erect and strict. Leaves narrowed at the base 2. £. Wallichii.
Leaves mostly linear. Involucral bracts acute 3. E. Lindleyanum.
1. E. Reevesii, Wall.; DC. Prod. v. 179. Branches flexuose, slightly
pubescent. Leaves opposite, shortly stalked, ovate, more or less coarsely
toothed, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, glabrous or nearly so. Flower-
heads in compact terminal cymes, each head containing 5 or 6 florets. Invo-
lucral bracts about 10, very unequal, oblong, obtuse, thin and dry at the edges.
Achenes slightly hairy.—E. chinense, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 308, and Linn.?
Hongkong, Champion. This is undoubtedly the same as the Loochoo plant gathered by
Beechey and afterwards by Wright, and I agree with A. Gray that it answers to Thunberg's
description of his E. chinense, but De Candolle gives that name to a plant with acute invo-
lucral bracts. It is possible that the present species may prove to be a variety of the follow,
ing, E. Wallichii.
2. E. Wallichii, DC. Prod. v. 179. Boot-stock perennial. Stem erect,
strict, and slightly pubescent, usually 2 or 3 feet high. Leaves like those of
E. Reevesii, except that they are always narrowed or wedge-shaped at the base.
Flower-heads of E. Reevesii, but the involucral bracts are usually fewer, and
there are occasionally only 4 florets. Achenes usually glabrous.—E. Pundua-
num, Wall., and E. nodiflorum, Wall., DC. 1. c.
Hongkong, Harland. I saw a single specimen of what appeared to me to be this species
in his collection, but have not now an opportunity of comparing it jfith those from the adja-
cent continent which I now describe. It is common in the mountain districts of Nepal,
Khasia, and Sikkim, and is also Fortune's n. A. 30 and A. 41 from Amoy. It is very closely
allied to the undivided-leaved varieties of the widely spread E. cannabinum.
3. E. Lindleyanum, DC. Prod. v. 180. Stem erect, nearly simple,
1 to 1£ ft. high, more or less pubescent. Leaves nearly sessile, linear or
linear-oblong, obtuse, toothed, 1 to li in. long. Flower-heads with 5 or 6
florets in each, in a compact terminal cyme; the leaves at its base small and
few. Involucral bracts about 10, very unequal, as in E. Reevesii, but acute
or acuminate, especially the inner ones. Achenes slightly hairy.
Victoria Peak, Champion, Hance, Seemann, Wright. Also in the Philippine Islands,
Cuming; in E. Tartary, Harland; and A. Gray refers to it also the E. hyssopifolium,
Thunb. (not Linn.), from Japan.
Tbibb IV. ASTEROIDEM.
Leaves alternate or very rarely opposite. Flower-heads either heterogamous
or dioecious ; the female florets ligulate or filiform, the hermaphrodite or males
tubular and 4- or 5-toothed; or very rarely the heads are discoid, with all
the florets hermaphrodite. Style not swollen above; the branches in the her-
maphrodite florets flat or flattish; the stigmatic lines conspicuous and not
confluent.
8. LAGEXTOPHORA, Cass.
Flower-heads heterogamous. Bay-florets ligulate, in one or few series,
spreading, not yellow. Disk-florets numerous, hermaphrodite, tubular. In-


Lagenophora]
173
COMPOSITE.
vomeral bracts imbricate, in about 2 series. Receptacle convex or nearly flat,
naked. Achenes compressed, obovate-oblong, suddenly narrowed into a short
beak at the top. Pappus none.—Small herbs. Leaves radical or on very
short stems. Scapes single-headed.
A genus of about ten species, natives of the south temperate zone and chiefly Australia,
one only inhabiting also southern and eastern Asia.
1. L. Billardieri, Cass.; DC. Prod. v. 307. Root-stock emitting se-
veral thick, almost tuberous, cylindrical fibres. Leaves radical or on a very
short stem, oblong or obovate, sinuately toothed, pubescent, seldom above 1
in. long. Scape slender, 3 to 4 in. high, often with 1 or 2 minute scale-like
leaves. Flower-head scarcely 2 lines diameter. Involucral bracts linear.
Rays very small, in 2 or 3 rows. Achenes obovate-oblong; the beak slightly
glandular.—fiellis stipitata) Labill. PL Nov. Holl. t. 205. L. sundana, Jtfiq.
PL Ned. Ind. ii. 32. L. Uarveyi, Thw. Enum. Ceyl. PI. 162.
Hongkong, Champion, Wright. A native of south-east Australia, found also in Ceylon,
eastern Bengal, the Archipelago, and China. I have little doubt that this is Labillardiere's
plant, and it should therefore retain Cassini's name in preference to that of L. pachyrhiza,
given it by F. Miiller. The purely Australian form, with a much larger flower-head and
broad achenes, more particularly described by J. D. Hooker (Fl. Tasm. i. 188), may be a
distinct species.
9. DICHROCEFHAT.A, DC.
Flower-heads heterogamous. Florets all tubular, those of the circumference'
in many rows, female, small and slender, those of the disk hermaphrodite, with
campanulate corollas. Involucral bracts small, in 1 or 2 series. Receptacle
very convex, naked. Style-branches in the disk-florets lanceolate, pointed.
Achenes flattened, bordered with a callous margin. Pappus none, or in the
disk consisting of a few minute hairs.—Branching herbs. Leaves alternate.
A genns of a very few S. Asiatic, or African, or Australian species.
1. D. latifolia, DC. Prod. v. 372; Wight, Ic. t. 1096. An erect or
spreading annual, 1 to \ ft. high, pubescent or nearly glabrous. Leaves
stalked, undivided or lyrate; the terminal lobe broadly ovate, coarsely toothed.
Flower-heads few, very small, nearly globular, forming short terminal divari-
cate panicles. Florets very numerous and minute.—D. capensis, DC. 1. c. 371,
and D. sonchifolia, DC. L c. 372.
Hongkong, Hance. A common weed in the warmer parts of Asia and Africa, extending
northward to Loochoo, eastward to the Archipelago, and southward to Port Natal.
10. BOLTONIA, L'Her.
Flower-heads, involucres, and florets of Aster. Receptacle very convex or
conical. Style-branches flat; the appendages lanceolate or triangular. Achenes
of the disk very flat, with a prominent callous or wing-like margin, those of
the ray often 3-angled. Pappus of several minute setose or almost chaffy
bristles, 2 or 3 (seldom 4) of them elongated into short stiff awns, and all
often very deciduous.—Perennial, glabrous or scabrous, paniculately branched
herbs. Leaves alternate.
A small genus, chiefly N. American, with two or three E. Asiatic species, including
Calimeru incisa, DC. (Heteropappus, Zucc), but not the other species of CalimerU known to


174 composite. [Boltonia.
me. The latter (including C. ciliata, A. Gray) have the setose pappus of Aster, although
short, and should all perhaps be reunited with that genus.
1. B. indica, Benth. Root-stock slender and creeping, or perhaps an-
nually renewed by stolones. Stem 1 to 1J ft. high, divaricately branched,
somewhat scabrous. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly entire and small, the
lower ones often broader, with a few coarse or small and glandular teeth. Heads
terminating the slender leafy branches. Involucres about 3 lines diameter;
the bracts rather broad, in 2 or 3 rows, with slightly herbaceous tips. Pappus-
scales very minute, slightly connected at the base, all aristate; the 2 or 3
longest sometimes half the breadth of the achenes.—Asteromaa indica, Blume;
DC. Prod. v. 303; Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. ii. 29. Hisutsua cantoniensis, DC.
Prod. vi. 44. Hisutsua serrata, Hook, et Arn. Bot. Beech, p. 265.
Hongkong, llance. Apparently common abont Canton, and extending to Loochoo in the
north and Java in the south, but in some instances said to be introduced. I do not find,
even in the Java specimens, the achenes 4-angled as described by Miquel, nor the scales of
the pappus setaeeo-multifid as described by DC. and others. That can only be said of the
pappus taken as a whole.
11. ASTER, Linn.
Plower-heads heterogamous. Plorets of the ray ligulate, in a single series,
spreading, not yellow. Disk-flowers numerous, hermaphrodite. Involucral
bracts imbricated, in 2 or more series. Receptacle flat, usually honeycombed,
but not chaffy. Achenes usually compressed. Pappus of numerous, often
unequal, scabrous capillary bristles.—Herbs mostly perennial. Leaves alter-
nate or radical. Heads corymbose or paniculate, rarely racemose or solitary.
Ray white, purple, or blue.
A considerable genus, widely distributed over the northern hemisphere, especially abundant
in North America, and extending also into the hilly or temperate regions of the southern
hemisphere.
Flower-heads hemispherical, on peduncles as long or longer than them-
selves.
Heads simple, on long peduncles. Involucral bracts acute . . . 1. A. striatal.
Heads corymbose. Involucral bracts obtuse 2. A. trinervius.
Flower-heads turbinate-campauulate, nearly sessile.
Involucral bracts acute 8. A. hrevipes.
Involucral bracts obtuse 4. A. baccharoides.
1. A. striates, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 233. Stock perennial.
Radical leaves obovate or oblong, \ in. long, contracted into a stalk at
the base, sprinkled with a few long hairs. Stems divaricately branched,
scarcely a foot long, rough with short spreading hairs. Stem-leaves few,
narrow, and mostly stem-clasping and erect. Plower-heads hemispherical,
few, on long peduncles, forming an irregular spreading panicle. Involucral
bracts acute, thin on the edge, in about 2 or 3 series. Style-appendages rather
broad. Achenes hairy. Pappus-bristles nearly equal.—Dollingeria tric/to-
carpa, DC. Prod. v. 263.
Hongkong, Champion, Wright; and on the adjacent continent. Not known out of S. China.
Its nearest ally is perhaps A. altaicvs, Willi!., which has not been found nearer than Amoy.
2. A. trinervius, Roxb.; Bon, Prod. Fl. Nep. p. 177. Stock peren-
nial. Stems erect, 1 to 3 feet. Leaves ovate to obovate or oblong, acute,


Alter.]
175
COMPOSITE.
or in the Hongkong specimens mostly obtuse, coarsely toothed, narrowed at
the base, the lower ones stalked, all very scabrous, and occasionally pubescent
underneath, usually triplinerved. Panicle terminal, corymbose, rather loose,
the peduncles mostly about the length of the heads. Involucre hemispherical
or subcampanulate, the bracts all obtuse and thin on the edges, in 2 or 3 rows.
Style-appendages narrow. Achenes flat, hairy. Pappus rusty-colour, a few
of the bristles very much shorter than the others.—Biplopappus asperrimvs,
DC. Prod. v. 277, with the syn. B. laxus, Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 487,
and Kew Journ. iv. 233. Aster Benthami, Steetz, in Seem. Bot. Her. 885.
On rather barren hills, Champion; Mount Gough, Wilford; also Banee. Frequent in
N. India, from Nepal to Sikhim and Khasia, extending in China to Shanghai and Chusan.
3. A. brevipes,Benlk.,n.8j>. An erect branching perennial or undershrub.
Leaves oblong or obovate, more or less toothed, obscurely triplinerved and
scabrous, more like those of A. trinervius than of A. baccharoides. Flower-
heads as in the latter species, few, on short peduncles or nearly sessile at the
ends of the branches, and turbinate-campanulate; but the involucral bracts
differ from both species in being all acute. Pappus of A. baccharoides.
Hongkong, Wright; and a fragment in Champion's collection. It is possible that better
specimens may show it to be a remarkable variety of A. baccharoides.
4. A. baccharoides, Steetz in Seem. Bot. Her. 385. Stem shrubby
at the base and branching. Leaves rather crowded, oblong-lanceolate to
obovate-oblong, entire or slightly toothed, narrowed at the base, triplinerved,
very scabrous on the upper side. Flower-heads few, sessile or on very short
peduncles, crowded at the summit of the branches. Involucre turbinate-cam-
panulate; the bracts numerous, in several rows, obtuse, thin at the edges.
Style-appendages broadly lanceolate. Achenes flattened, hairy. Pappus dirty-
white, the short outer bristles very few or sometimes none.—Diplopappus
baccharoides, Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 487, and in Kew Journ. Bot. iv.
233.
Abundant on barren hills in the island. Also on the adjacent continent, but not known
out of S. China.
12. ERIGERON, Linn.
Flower-heads heterogamous. Florets of the ray ligulate, in several series,
not yellow, very narrow, either longer than the involucre and erect or spread-
ing, or shorter and filiform. Disk-florets numerous or few, hermaphrodite.
Involucral bracts numerous, narrow, in 1 or 2 nearly equal series, or rarely
imbricate, in several unequal series. Keceptacle flat or slightly convex, not
chaffy. Style-branches narrow, the appendages lanceolate. Achenes com-
pressed, usually pubescent. Pappus of copious capillary nearly equal bristles.
—Herbs. Leaves alternate or radical. Heads corymbose or paniculate,
rarely solitary, usually smaller than in Aster.
A large genns, ranging over the greater part of the globe, but chiefly in the temperate re-
gions of the northern hemisphere. The following species belong to a section {Canotut) in
which the very slender female florets are hid in the pappus, either all really ligulate or the
inner ones, intermediate between the outer ligulate florets and the disk, are tubular and fili-
form as in Conyza. This section includes some other weeds of warm countries which may
possibly introduce themselves into Hongkong, especially the E. canadente and E. bonariente.


176
[Erigeron.
COMPOSITE.
Annual. Leaves narrow, sessile 1. E. linifoliui.
Tall perennial, often seandent. Leaves stalked, ovate 2. E. pyrifolius.
1. E. linifolius, Willd. Spec. iii. 1955. An erect annual, \ ft. higb,
more or less clothed with soft spreading hairs. Radical leaves stalked, oblong,
often coarsely toothed or almost pinnatifid. Stem-leaves sessile, linear, entire
and pointed. Flower-heads small, hemispherical, peduncled, forming a short
oblong terminal panicle. Involucral bracts narrow-linear, acute, in about
2 or 3 nearly equal series. Female florets very numerous, not so long as the
pappus, filiform, but at least the external ones expanded at the top into a
minute narrow ligula. Achenes flat, pubescent. Pappus dirty-white or rust-
colour.—Conyza ambigua, DC. Prod. v. 381. Erigeron ambiguus, Sch. Bip.
in Phyt. Canar. ii. 208.
Common on roadsides and in the town of Victoria, Champion and others. Most abundant
in S. Europe and the Mediterranean region generally, but now naturalized in various parts of
the globe, where it has been probably carried out with Europeans. Less common, however,
within the tropics than the E. bonariense, which is a taller plant with smaller and more nu-
merous heads.
2. E. pyrifoliua, Benth. A perennial or undershrub, 3 to 6 ft. high,
the branches weak and often seandent, covered as well as the under side of
the leaves with a minute rusty pubescence or rarely nearly glabrous. Leaves
stalked, ovate, acuminate, entire or slightly toothed, 2 to 3 in. long. Flower-
heads numerous, in a broad terminal leafless panicle. Female florets as in
E. linifolius. Involucral bracts linear, nearly obtuse, in several unequal series.
Achenes slightly pubescent. Pappus soft and pale rust-colour.—Conyza py-
rifolia, Lam. Diet. ii. 89. Microglossa volubilis, DC. Prod. v. 320.
At the estuary at West Point, Wilford. Found usually near the seacoast at various
points from Eastern Africa and Madagascar to Ceylon and the Indian Archipelago.
13. CONYZA, Linn.
Flower-heads heterogamous. Florets all tubular, the outer ones very nu-
merous, in several rows, female and filiform, those of the disk usually few,
hermaphrodite and broader. Involucres, styles, achenes, and pappus as in
Erigeron.—Herbs, with the habit nearly of the section Camotus of Erigeron,
or of some Blumeas, differing from the former in the total absence of ligulate
florets, from the latter in the want of tails to the anthers.
The genus as above defined, and as understood by De Candolle, comprises a considerable
number of species dispersed over the warmer parts of the globe. Among them the C. irpyp-
tiaca, L., which extends to the adjacent continent; and perhaps some others may find their
way to Hongkong with other tropical weeds.
1. C. veronicsefolia, Wall.; DC. Prod. v. 382. Stems ascending
from a hard perhaps perennial base, nearly simple, about 1 ft. high, pubes-
cent with short spreading hairs. Lowest leaves stalked, obovate or oblong,
coarsely toothed, intermediate ones narrowed but stem-clasping at the base,
upper ones distant, lanceolate or ovate, all stem-clasping. Flower-heads not
numerous, in dense terminal corymbs or clusters. Involucral bracts narrow
and very pointed. Outer filiform florets very numerous, the slender corolla
not above half the length of the style, which attains the length of the pappus
and involucre. Disk-florets few.


Conyza.]
177
COMPOSITE.
About Victoria, Wilford. Extends in northern India from Kamaon and Nepal to Sikltim
and Khasia.
Flower-heads heterogamous. Florets all tubular, the outer ones very nu-
merous, in several rows,' female and filiform, those of the disk usually few,
hermaphrodite and broader. Involucres imbricate, the bracts in several rows,
the inner ones, linear and pointed. Anthers with short fine simple tails.
Style-branches filiform. Receptacle nearly flat, naked. Achenes usually
somewhat compressed, striate or ribbed. Pappus of numerous capillary
bristles, in a single series.—Annual or perennial herbs, sometimes half-
climbing. Leaves alternate. Flower-heads in terminal pyramidal or oblong
panicles, sometimes contracted, spike-like or clustered.
A considerable genus, confined to the wanner regions of the Old World, some of them
ubiquitous and variable weeds, upon which a large number of spurious species have becu
fabricated.
Flower-heads all distinctly pedunculate.
Stems not winged.
Half-trailing perennial. Leaves glabrous. Flower-heads few, 8-9
lines diameter 2. B. chinentii.
Erect annual. Leaves pubescent. Flower-heads numerous, about -
4 lines 3. B. glanduloia.
Flower-heads, at least the upper ones, sessile and clustered. Annuals.
Leaves oblong or obovate-obloug, the upper ones sessile. Involucre
about 4 lines long 4. B. hieracifolia.
Almost all the leaves stalked and broadly obovate. Involucre 2-3 lines.
Leaves rather firm. Panicle oblong, deuse 5. B. lacera.
Leaves thin and membranous. Panicle looser 6. B. Wightiana.
1. B. alata, DC. Prod. v. 448; Wight, Ic. t. 1101. A tall stiff erect
branching perennial, covered with a short rusty or dingy, often glandular,
pubescence. Leaves undivided, elliptical or oblong, toothed, forming wings
along the stem by their decurrent margins. Flower-heads on short peduncles,
nodding, forming a terminal oblong or pyramidal leafy panicle. Involucre
near 5 lines long, ovoid, the scales firmer and broader than in the following
species, and more like those of a Pluchea.
Hongkong, Seemann, Hance. Found in eastern Africa down to Port Natal, in Ceylon,
the Indian Peninsula, and the hilly districts of northern India.
2. B. chinensis, DC. Prod. v. 444. A tall weak or trailing branching
perennial, glabrous, except a minute rusty pubescence on the upper part of
the stem and on the panicle. Leaves shortly stalked, not decurrent, oblong,
acuminate, 3 to 4 in. long, with a few small callous teeth, green on both sides.
Flower-heads pedunculate, few, broad, erect, in a terminal leafless panicle.
Involucres 4 to 6 lines long, the outer bracts lanceolate, the inner linear.
Styles and anthers protruding much beyond the florets and the white pappus.
Style-branches filiform, acute, as in Vernonia.
Tolerably common, trailing in ravines, Champion, Hance, Wright, Wilford. Also in
Penang and Java.
3. B. glandulosa, DC. Prod. v. 438. An erect annual, often 2 or 3 ft.
high, and more or less covered with a glandular viscous pubescence. L»aves
14. BLUMEA, DC.

1. B. alata.
N


17.8
[Blumea.
COMPOSITE.
ovate or obovatc, coarsely toothed, rather thin, green on both skies, the lofrer
ones often 3 to 5 in. long and almost lobed at the base, with long stalks, the
upper ones smaller and narrower, but all stalked. Flower-heads about 4 lines
long, all pedunculate in the Hongkong specimens, the upper ones nearly sessile
and clustered in some S. Indian ones, forming a large pyramidal panicle often
a foot long. Style-branches in this and the three following species linear-
filiform, as in the two last, but somewhat obtuse.
Roadsides at Aberdeen, Wilford. A south Indian species, extending from Ceylon and the
Peninsula to Cbittagong and the Philippines, and probably spread over the Indian Archipelago.
The Hongkong specimens agree precisely with those of the var. 0, Thwaites (Enum. Ceyl. PI.
163), which is taller and less glaudular than usual, although evidently viscid when fresh.
4. B. hieracifolia, DC. Prod. v. 442; Wight, Jc. 1.1099 (a dwarfform).
An erect stiff almost simple annual, 1 to 2 ft. high, more or less toinentose
or villous, but not viscid. Leaves oblong, irregularly and rather shaqily
toothed, the lowest nearly obovate, 2 to 3 in. long and stalked, the others
sessile, though narrowed at the base, the uppermost almost lanceolate. Flower-
heads about 4 lines long, mostly sessile and clustered, the lower clusters dis-
tant, the upper ones forming a terminal leafy spike, or seldom branching into
an oblong terminal panicle. Involucres always tomentose, the bracts linear
and acute, but always broader than in the two following species.
Hougkoug, Champion, Ilaucc, Wright. Common all over southern Asia from Ceylon
and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, extending northwards to Assam, the Philippines, S.
China, and Formosa.
This as well as the two following are very variable species, and it is probaMe that the 55
species classed by De Condolle under the Paniculaia, Senecioniftora, and Fa»cicuUrjiora,
and among which they are included, might be reduced to about 10, whieh, from good speci-
mens, would be fairly distinguishable from each other. Of the B. hieracifolia there are
three principal forms-ainong the Hongkong specimens:-—
Var. a. glabrescens. Tall, stiff, slightly branched; leaves rather rigid and glabrous on both
sides.—B. crinila, Steetz iu Seem. Pot. Her. 387; but perhaps not of Aruott, for the Ceylon
plant of that name may be a distinct species.
Var. b. tomentvso-nllosa. The old icaves pubescent or nearly glabrous above, more densely
villous underneath.—B. Jamaica, Zoll. ex parte, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 234.
Var. c. /loloserjcca. Under side of the leaves and panicles thickly clothed with silky or
almost woolly white hairs.—B. holosericca, DC. Prod. v. 442.
5. B. lacera, DC. Prod. v. 436. An erect annual, 1 to 2 ft. high, simple
or slightly branched, but not so stiff as B. hieracifolia, more or less clothed
with soft whitish hairs or pubescence. Leaves all stalked, obovate, ovate, or
rarely oblong, coarsely toothed, the lower ones often somewhat lyrate. Flower-
heads seldom above 3 lines long, and often smaller, very numerous, in narrow
oblong dense panicles, leafy at the base, the upper ones of the short branches
sessile and clustered. Involucral bracts usually very narrow.
Common in paddy-fields and waste places, Wilford. One of the commonest weeds all
over East India, extending westward into tropical Africa and down to Port Natal, and east-
ward through the Archipelago to North Australia.
6. B. Wightiana, DC. Prod. v. 435. Closely allied to B. lacera, and
probably, as suggested by Thwaites, a mere variety. It is more slender and
more frequently branched, the leaves arc broader and thirujer, the inflorescence
looser, and the involucres still smaller, often not exceeding 2 lines.
Hongkong, Harland, Hance. Equally common with B. lacera, and as widely distributed


Blumea.]
179
COMPOSITE.
over tropical and subtropical Africa (B. Dregeana, DC, and B. Dregeanoides, Sch. Bip.)
and southern Asia to North Australia.
15. PLUCHEA, Leas.
All the characters of Blumea, except that the style of the disk-florets is
usually (not always) entire or minutely 2-toothed, the involucral bracts are
usually broader and more obtuse, and the habit is different, the flower-heads
always forming terminal, almost leafless corymbs. Styles of the female florets,
and occasionally but rarely in the disk also, with 2 subulate branches, as in
Blumea.
The genus comprises several N. and S. American species, a very few from Africa and S.
Asia, and some Australian ones.
1. P. indica, Less.; DC. Prod. v. 451; Wight, Illustr. 1.131. A branch-
ing shrub of about 3 ft., either glabrous or covered with a minute glandular
aromatic pubescence. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate or oblong, 1 to 2 in. long,
with a few distant pointed teeth. Flower-heads in dense sessile terminal
corymbs, seldom above 3 in. diameter. Involucre ovoid, about 3 lines long;
the outer bracts short and very obtuse, passing into the inner linear ones
which are almost acute. Female florets very numerous. Disk-florets seldom
above 6, often sterile.
Hongkong, Ilance, Wright. Extends from eastern Bengal and the Malayan Peninsula
over the Archipelago to N. Australia, and northward to the Philippines and S. China. In
some specimens I fiud the styles of all the disk-flowers entire, as in the American species, in
otners I find several of them branched, as described by Lessing. In the P. tomtktota and
P. Wallichiana, they are always branched, but these species have the pappus-bristles of the
disk-florets shortly plumose, and should be referred to Berthelotia. The original Berlhe-
loiia indica has the anthers as much tailed as Plucked indica.
16. SOLIDAGO, Linn.
Flower-heads heterogamous. Florets of the ray ligulate, spreading, yellow
like the disk, usually few. Disk-florets hermaphrodite, tubular, 5-toothed.
Involucres ovoid or narrow, the bracts imbricated, very unequal, in several
series. Beceptacle naked. Style-appendages lanceolate. Achenes terete or
slightly compressed, ribbed. Pappus of numerous capillary, nearly equal
bristles.—Perennial herbs. Flower-heads in terminal or axillary racemes,
clusters, or short panicles, rarely corymbose.
A large North American genus, of which a single species spreads across northern Asia
iuto Europe.
1. S. Virga-aurea, Linn.; DC. Prod. v. 338. Stock perennial. Stems
erect, strict, nearly simple, from a few inches to about 2 ft. high. Lower
leaves stalked, ovate or oblong, slightly toothed; upper ones narrower, smaller,
and more entire. Flower-heads solitary or 2 to 4 together on short axillary
peduncles, forming a terminal narrow oblong or elongated leafy panicle. In-
volucral bracts narrow and acute. Bay-florets about 8.—Amphirhapu leio-
carpa, Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 480, and in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 234.
Abundant in ravines, Champion and others, but only the variety with glabrous achenes.
The species extends from the western or mountainous portions of N. America across the
Asiatic continent, all over Europe. In Europe the achenes are almost always pubescent; in
N 2


130
[Solidago.
COMPOSITE.
N. India this variety (Ampkirhapu pubescent, DC.) is also common as well as a glabrous-
fruited one, which sometimes is precisely similar to the Chinese specimens, sometimes acquires
the luxuriant northern form described as S. Ikynoidea, E. Mey.
17. INULA, Linn.
Flower-heads heterogamous. Florets of the circumference female, yellow-
like the disk, either ligulate and radiating, or shorter than the involucre, and
tubular or irregular. Disk-florets hermaphrodite, tubular, 5-toothed. Invo-
lucral bracts imbricate, very unequal, in several series. Receptacle naked.
Anthers with double tails, often fringed. Style-branches linear, somewhat
flattened. Achenes nearly cylindrical or 4-angled. Pappus of copious capil-
lary bristles, in a single series.—Perennial stiff herbs, or rarely annuals.
Leaves alternate, often stem-clasping, undivided. Plower-heads terminal,
solitary or corymbose.
A considerable genus, spread over the northern hemisphere in the Old World, chiefly in
temperate Asia and Europe, with very few tropical species.
1. I. Cappa, DC. Prod. v. 469. A shrub or undershrub 3 to 4 ft. high.
Branches firm, hairy or woolly. Leaves sessile or very shortly stalked, from
narrow oblong to nearly obovate, 3 to 4 in. long, slightly toothed, gTeen and
glandular-scabrous above, thickly silky hairy or woolly underneath. Flower-
heads in dense corymbs, either terminal or in the upper axils. Involucres
ovoid, 3 to 3| lines long, the outer bracts short, obtuse, and tomentose.
Flowers yellow, sweetly perfumed. Florets of the circumference shorter than
the involucre, unequally 3-toothed.—/. oblonga and /. pseudocappa, DC. 1. c.
469. Duhaldea chinenm, .DC. 1. c. 366; Steetz in Seem. Bot. Her. 388.
Vernonia cong&ta, Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 487, and Kew Journ. Bot.
iv. 232. Moquinia eriosematoides, Walp. Bep. vi. 317.
Very abundant in Hongkong, Champion and others. Common in northern India, from
Deyra-Dhoun to Sikkim, Khasia, and the hills about Ava.
18. ANISOPAPPUS, Hook, and Am.
Flower-heads heterogamous. Florets of the circumference female, yellow
like the disk, ligulate, in a single series. Disk-florets tubular, hermaphrodite,
5-toothed. Involucral bracts imbricate, in few series. Receptacle chaffy.
Anthers with simple hair-like tails. Style-branches short, almost club-shaped,
obtuse. Achenes narrow, ribbed. Pappus of chaffy pointed scales, with 3
to 5 longer unequal stiff awns. Leaves alternate.
The genus consists of a single species.
1. A. chimensis, Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. 196. A stiff, erect, pu-
bescent herb, apparently perennial. Leaves shortly stalked, from ovate-lan-
ceolate to narrow-oblong, obtuse, coarsely toothed, \ to 2 in. long. Flower-
heads few, on short rigid peduncles, forming a terminal corymb. Involucre
hemispherical, about | in. diameter; the bracts linear, obtuse, pubescent. Ray
rather short, yellow.—Verbcmia chinenm, Linn.; DC. Prod. v. 618.
On Victoria Peak, Champion. Only known from S. China.
Tribe V. AMBROSIEM
Leaves alternate. Flower-heads unisexual. Anthers not united.


Ambrotieal]
181
COMPOSITE.
19. XANTHIUM, Linn.
Flower-heads monoecious. Males globular, many-flowered. Involucral
bracts small, in a single series. Receptacle cylindrical, chaffy. Florets tubu-
lar, 5-toothed. Females ovoid, 2-flowered. Involucral bracts short, in 2 or
3 rows, the 2 inner ones large, consolidated into a hard ovoid 2-celled mass,
very prickly outside and terminating in 2 conical points. Florets 1 in each
cell. Corolla 0. Style-branches filiform, protruding. Achene obovoid.
Pappus 0.
A genus of two or perhaps three species, from the Mediterranean region or the Levant, but
spread as weeds over a great part of the world.
1. X. strumarixun, Linn.; DC. Prod. v. 523. A coarse scabrous or
pubescent annual, I to 2 ft. high. Leaves on long stalks, rather large, broadly
cordate, coarsely toothed, angular or broadly 3-lobed. Flower-heads in axil-
lary or terminal clusters or short racemes, the upper ones male, the lower
female, sessile, forming, when in fruit, ovoid burra 6 to 8 lines long, covered
with hooked prickles, the stout short conical beaks erect or turned inwards.
—X. indicum, Roxb.; DC. L c.; Wight, Ic. t. 1104. X. inaquilaterum, DC.
1. c. X. discolor, X. Roxburghii, and X. brevirostris, Wallr.; Steetz in Seem.
Bot. Her. 390.
In waste places, Hance, Wright. A common weed, iu most temperate and warm regions
of the globe.
Tribe VI. HELTANTIIEJS.
Leaves opposite, or very rarely alternate. Flower-heads usually heteroga-
mous, the female florets ligulate, rarely irregular or wanting, the hermaphro-
dite or males tubular, 4- to 5-toothed. Receptacle chaffy. Anthers obtuse at
the base. Style of the Settecionidea or approaching that of Aateroidete. Pappus
of stiff awns, on short scales, or rarely none.
20. ECLIPTA, Linn.
Flower-heads heterogamous. Florets of the circumference female, shortly
ligulate, narrow, in few series. Disk-florets hermaphrodite, 4-toothed. Invo-
lucre of about 2 rows of broad almost leafy bracts. Scales of the receptacle
narrow-linear. Style-branches in the disk-florets linear, flattened, obtuse.
Achenes of the ray triangular, of the disk flattened. Pappus none, or reduced
to a border of minute teeth.—Leaves opposite.
Besides the subjoined species, some Brazilian perennials are included in the genus, but
perhaps not correctly so.
1. E. alba, Hank.; Miq. Ft. Ned. Jnd. ii. 65. A branching annual, usually
prostrate or creeping, sometimes ascending or erect, 1 ft. long or more,
sprinkled with closely appressed short stiff hairs. Leaves shortly stalked,
from nearly ovate to oblong-lanceolate or almost linear, 1 to 2 in. long,
coarsely toothed or nearly entire. Peduncles in the upper axils single or 2
together, very variable in length, bearing a single flower-head about 3 lines
diameter. Ray-florets small, white.—E. erecta and E. proUrata, Linn., and
the whole section Eueclipta, DC. Prod. v. 490.
Frequent in rice-fields, Wilford; also Wright and Seemaitn. A common weed throughout
the warmer regions of the globe.


182
[Siegesbeckia.
COMPOSITE.
21. SIEGESBECKIA, Linn.
Flower-heads heterogamous. Florets of the circumference female, in a
single series, shortly ligulate or irregularly 2- or 3-lobed. Disk-florets her-
maphrodite, 5-toothed. Involucral bracts in about 2 rows, the exterior linear-
spathulate, spreading, glandular-hispid, the inner ones, like the scales of the
receptacle, half-enclosing the achenes, glandular-hispid on the back. Style-
branches in the disk-florets short, somewhat flattened, very obtuse. Pappus
none.—Leaves opposite.
A genus of very few species, widely distributed over the wanner regions of the globe.
1. S. orientalis, Linn.; DC. Prod. v. 495; Wight, Ic. t. 1103. A
pubescent, branching, rather stiff annual, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves from broadly
ovate-triangular to lanceolate, \ to 2 in. long or the lower ones larger;
petioles variable in length, usually dilated upwards, but not at the base. Flower-
heads 3 to 6 lines broad, in a dichotomous leafy panicle. Outer involucral
bracts often 4 or 5 lines long, covered with gland-bearing hairs. Florets
small, the my very short. Achenes somewhat turgid and usually curved.—
S. iberica, Willd.; DC. L c. 49fi.
Waste places, Champion and others. Very common in S. Asia, extending over the Archi-
pelago to Australia and New Zealand, and northwards to Looohoo, but generally as a weed of
cultivation. In America this species is rare, but is represented by an allied one, with a
smaller ray and stem-clasping leaves.
22. WEDELIA, Jacq.
Flower-heads heterogamous. Florets of the circumference female, ligulate,
in a single series. Disk-florets hermaphrodite, 5-toothed. Involucral bracts
in about 2 rows, the outer ones leafy, the inner ones smaller, passing into the
scales of the receptacle. Style-branches in the disk-florets rather acute, hairy
in the upper part. Achenes narrow, obovoid or flattened. Pappus of very
short scales consolidated into a little fringed or toothed cup.—Leaves oppo-
site. Bay yellow.
A considerable American genus, with a very few Asiatic, African, or Australian species.
1. W. calendulacea, Less.; DC. Prod. v. 539; Wight, Ic. t. 1107.
A low, decumbent, prostrate or creeping perennial, sprinkled with short ap-
pressed hairs. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long, acute or obtuse,
coarsely toothed or nearly entire, narrowed at the base but scarcely stalked.
Flower-heads nearly \ in. diameter, solitary, on long axillary peduncles. Bay-
florets about 10 or 12, rather broad, bright yellow.
On the race-course, Happy Valley, Wilford, also Hance, Wright. Frequent in India,
from Ceylon and the Peninsula to Java, and northward to Assam, the Philippines, S. China,
and Loochoo.
23. WOLLASTONIA, DU.
All the characters of Wedelia, except that the pappus is either entirely
wanting, or consists but of 1 to 3 slender stiff deciduous awns. The outer
involucraljbracts are also usually less leafy.
A small genus, confined to the warmer regions of Africa, Asia, and Australia.


Wollantonia.]
183
composite:
1. W. biflora, DC. Prod. v. 546; Wight, Ic. t. 1108. A straggling
half-scandent brandling perennial, sometimes nearly glabrous, but more fre-
quently slightly hoary with closely appressed rigid hairs, especially on the
under side of the leaves. Leaves stalked, from broadly ovate to ovate-lanceo-
late, the lowest sometimes 3 to 4 inches long and very broadly cordate, the
others usually smaller and often cuneate at the base, all acute or acuminate,
slightly toothed, 3-nerved. Flower-heads 2, 3, or more, in loose terminal
corymbs. Hay-florets about 10 or 12, not so broad as in the Wedelia.—
W. scabriuscula, DC. I. c. 547; W. ttrigulota, DC. 1. c. 548; and probably
some others among the described Wollastonia*. Vvrbuuna scandeiis, Koxb.
PI. Ind. iii. 441.
About rocks and hedges close to the seaside, Champion; also Wright. Widely spread over
India, extending westward to E. tropical Africa, eastward over the Archipelago to N. Aus-
tralia, and northward to S. China and Loochoo.
24. BIDENS, Linn.
Flower-heads usually heterogarnous. Florets of the ray neuter, ligulate,
or sometimes wanting. Disk-florets hermaphrodite, 5-tootlted. Iuvolucral
bracts few, in about 2 or 3 rows, the inner usually bordered with a thin whitish
margin. Receptacle chaffy. Style-branches in the disk-florets with an acute
or subulate point. Achencs slender and 4-angled, or (in some species not in
Hongkong) broader and flattened, often shortly beaked. Pappus of 2 to 4
rigid retrorsely hispid persistent awns.—Leaves opposite.
The genns comprises 2 sections. The one, Platycarpcea, with flattened achencs, belongs
chiefly to the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, the other, Psilocarpaa, is en-
tirely American, with the exception of the two subjoined species, which are spread over all
warm countries.
Leaves mostly pinnate, with 3 or 5 segments. Ray white ...... 1. B. pilosa.
Leaves mostly bipinnate. Ray yellow 2. B. bipinnata.
1. B. pilosa, Linn.; DC. Prod. v. 597. An erect glabrous or slightly
hairy annual, 1 to 2 ft. high. Branches angular. Leaves thin, pinnately
divided, or the lower ones sometimes simple: segments 3 or sometimes 5,
stalked, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long, serrated or rarely lobed.
Flower-heads few, terminal, rather small, on slender peduncles. Involucral
bracts 2 to 3 lines long. Ray-flowers white, few and short, or sometimes
wholly wanting. Achencs slender, 4-angled, the central one often 6 or 7 lines
long, the outer ones shorter.—B. leucantha, Willd.; B. sundaica, Bl.; and
B. ITalUchii, DC. I.e. 598.
A common weed of cultivation in the island, as over most warm couutries both in the New
and the Old World. It varies much in the relative numbers of the bordered aud nnbordered
involucral bracts, in the length of the inner achenes, and in the number and size of the ray-
flowers when present. The Chinese specimcus are generally radiate, with the inner bracts
conspicuously bordered, the outer unbordered ones few, small, and narrow.
•2. B. bipinnata, Linn.; DC. Prod. v. 603. A glabrous annual, re-
sembling the last, but the leaf-segments are usually again divided into small
deeply toothed or lobed segments, the flower-heads are smaller, the involucral
bracts less bordered, and the ray-florets small and yellow.
A weed of cultivation like the last, and more common in some countries, but apparently
less so in Hongkong, where it has only been gathered by Champion. •


184
[Glossogyne.
COMPOSITE.
25. GLOSSOGYNE, Cass.
Flower-heads heterogamous. Florets of the circumference female, ligulate,
in a single series. Disk-flowers hermaphrodite, 4-toothed. Involucral bracts
in about 2 rows, narrow. Receptacle chaffy. Style-branches in the disk-
florets ending in long subulate points. Achenes as in Bultns, slender, I-angled.
Pappus of 2 stiff persistent awus.—Leaves radical or alternate.
A small genus, ranging from N. Australia to E. India, to which have also been referred
one or two Brazilian species.
1. G. tenuifolia, Cms.; DC. Prod. v. 632. Stock perennial, tufted.
Leaves mostly radical, pinnately divided into 5 or 7 stiff linear segments, either
all entire or the terminal one 3-lobed and the lower ones 2-lobed. Stems
dichotomous, erect, glabrous, 6 in. to 1 ft. high, almost leafless. Flower-
heads small, on slender terminal peduncles. Involucre campanulate, not 2
lines long. Ray-florets small, yellow, spreading. Achenes about 4 lines long,
with 2 erect or slightly diverging awns.—Bidens denitdata, Turczan. Bull.
Mosq. 1851, 183.
Hongkong, Ranee, Wright. The species extends from N. Australia to the Philippines
and S. China. The Indian G. pinnatifida is perhaps also a variety of the same, dis-
tinguished only by the longer, more rigid, and spreading awns of the pappus. The foliage,
habit, and flowers are the same.
Tribe VII. ANIHEMlDE^l.
Leaves alternate, often much cut. Flower-heads heterogamous or very
rarely homogamous. Florets of the circumference usually female, ligulate or
tubular. Disk-florets tubular, hermaphrodite or rarely male, 4- or 5-toothed.
Anthers obtuse or scarcely pointed at the base. Style of Senecionideee. Pap-
pus none or reduced to a small cup or ring or auricle.
26. CHBYSANTHEMUM, Linn.
Flower-heads heterogamous. Florets of the circumference female, ligulate,
in a single series. Disk-florets 5-toothed. Involucre hemispherical; the
bracts imbricate, in few rows, scarious on the margin. Receptacle flat or
slightly convex, naked. Style-branches of the disk-florets truncate. Achenes
angular or 3-winged. Pappus a small ring or none.—Leaves alternate, mostly
lobed or divided.
A large genus, widely distributed over the northern hemisphere in the Old World, with a
very few of the Arctic species extending into America.
1. C. indicum, Linn.; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1287. A shrub of 2 or 3
ft.; the upper branches and under side of the leaves usually cottony-pubescent.
Leaves stalked, ovate, toothed and lobed or sometimes deeply pinnatifid with
acute or mucronate teeth. Flower-heads few, in short terminal racemes. In-
volucre about 6 lines broad; the inner scales completely scarious, the outer
ones herbaceous and cottony or pubescent in the centre. Ray spreading, pale
yellow.—Pyrethrum indicum, Cass.; and Pyrethrum sinense, Sab.; DC. Prod,
vi. 62.
Ravines of Victoria Peak and other parts of the island, Champion and others. In a wild
state it appears to range from S. China to Japan. In this state the flower-heads are scarcely


Chrysanthemum.]
185
COMPOSITE.
above an inch in diameter, including the single scries of pale-yellow ray-florets. But from
long cultivation numerous varieties have arisen, mostly so-called double, in which all the
florets become ligulate or very much lengthened, and at the same time scarious paleec are de-
veloped on the receptacle between them. These varieties, independent of colour, may be
classed in two groups, considered by some as distinct species, the C. ittdieum, with the li-
gnite not much longer than in the wild plant, and the C. nneme, in which they are twice or
thrice as long. The foliage is the same in both; but from Loochoo (Wright) we have a re-
markable variety with broad obtuse lobes to the leaves and a much larger involucre.
27. GHANGEA, Adans.
Flower-heads heterogamous. Florets all tubular, those of the circumference
female, slender, broadly 3-toothed, in 2 or several rows. Disk-florets herma-
phrodite, 5-toothed. Involucre imbricate, in 2 or 3 nearly equal series. Re-
ceptacle hemispherical, naked. Style-branches with a very short obtuse cone,
or sometimes the style entire or scarcely notched. Achenes slightly com-
pressed, contracted towards the top and then expanded into a minute, cup-
shaped, fringed pappus.—Habit of Cotula.
A small genus, limited to the warmer regions of Asia, Africa, and America. It is usually
placed amongst Atteroidea neit to Dichrocephala, but it oppcors to me to have much more
the style as well as the habit of Cotula, under which the common species was first described.
1. G. maderaspatana, Poir.; DC. Prod. v. 373; Wight, Ic. t. 1097.
A hairy prostrate branching annual, spreading from a few inches to a foot or
more. Leaves 1 to 2 in. long, sinuately pinnatifid and toothed, with obtuse
lobes, the dilated petiole clasping the stem. Flower-heads solitary, terminal,
at first hemispherical, at length nearly globular, about 4 lines diameter. In-
volucre pubescent. Female florets very numerous, the length of the disk,
with protruding styles.
In rice-fields in the Happy-Valley, Champion, Wilford, Wright. A common Indian weed,
from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northwards to the Philippines and
S. China.
28. COTULA, Linn.
Flower-heads heterogamous. Florets of the circumference female, in one
or several rows, either apetalous or with a very minute corolla round the base
of the style. Disk-florets hermaphrodite or male, 4-toothed. Involucral
bracts nearly equal, in 1 or very few rows. Receptacle flat or slightly con-
vex, naked. Style of the disk-florets entire or with truncate or obtuse
branches. Achenes oblong or obovate, flattened. Pappus none.—Leaves
alternate, mostly pinnatifid.
A small genus, spread over the Old World, with a very few species from extratropical S.
America, Australia, or New Zealand. The Hongkong species belongs to the section Pleio-
ggne, distinguished by the more numerous female florets and the bordered or winged achenes.
1. C. anthemoides, Linn.; DC. Prod. vi. 78. A prostrate, branching,
loosely hairy or nearly glabrous annual, from 2 or 3 in. to near 1 foot long.
Leaves deeply pinnatifid, with linear lobes mostly toothed or again pinnatifid;
the lobes and teeth mucronate. Flower-heads solitary, terminal, hemispheri-
cal, scarcely above 2 lines diameter. Inner involucral bracts scarious on the
edges. Female florets very numerous: their styles the length of the disk,
either without any corolla or with a very minute irregular one at their base.


186
[Cotula,
COMPOSITE.
Achenes bordered with a narrow callous wing, especially towards the summit.
—Pleiogyne anthemoides, C. Koch, in Bot. Zeit. 1843, col. 40. P. cardio-
sperma, Edg. in Linn. Trans, xx. 71 ; Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 235.
MachlU hemispharica, DC. Prod. vi. 140.
In rice-fields, Champion, Wilford. Common in the plains of N. India, extending west-
ward to Egypt and northward to Sikkim and S. China.
29. MYBIOGYNE, Less.
All the characters of Cotula, except that the female florets, though very mi-
nute, have a tubular corolla nearly as long as the style, and the achenes are
4-angled and but slightly compressed.
A small genus, chiefly S. Asiatic and Australian, with one species from extratropical S.
America.
1. M. minuta. Leu.; DC. Prod. vi. 139. A prostrate branching annual;
the slender somewhat woolly steins 2 to 3 in. or seldom near 6 in. long.
Leaves alternate, oblong, 3 to 5 lines long, narrowed at the base or almost
stalked, toothed or almost pinnatifid. Flower-heads about 1£ lines diameter,
at first terminal, but soon becoming leaf-opposed and sessile. Involucral
bracts in about 2 rows, scarious at the edges. Florets very minute, the fe-
males very numerous; their corolla scarcely above a third the length of the
ovary. Achenes slightly hairy.—Cetilipeda orbicularis, Lour.; Miq. Fl. Ned.
Ind. ii. 89. Sphceromorphsa ceutipeda, DC. Prod. vi. 140.
In rice-fields, Wilford, Ilance, Wright. Very common throughout India, from Ceylon
aud the Peninsula to the Archipelago, extending also to Australia and northward to the
Philippines, China, and Japan.
30. ARTEMISIA, Linn.
Flower-heads hetcrogamous or rarely homogamous, usually few-flowered.
Florets all tubular; those of the circumference female, 3-toothed, in 1 or 2
rows or sometimes wanting. Disk-florets hermaphrodite, 5-toothed. Invo-
lucral bracts imbricate, unequal, scarious on the edges. Receptacle without
scales. Style-branches in the disk-florets truncate. Achenes obovoid, rounded
at the top. Pappus 0.—Erect herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Leaves alter-
nate, usually divided, with narrow segments. Flower-heads usually small,
numerous, nodding.
A large genus, widely spread over the temperate and cold regions of the northern hemi-
sphere, but scarcely penetrating into the tropics.
Perennials. Involucres ovoid. Leaves few-lobed.
Leaves glabrous, shortly lobed or toothed at the top. Female florets di-
lated at the base. Hermaphrodite florets sterile 1. A.japonica.
Leaves white underneath, with long lobes. Female florets slender. Her-
maphrodite florets fertile 2. A. vulgaris.
Annual. Involucres globular, very small. Leaves bipinnatifid . . . . 3. J. annua.
1. A.japonica, Thunb.; DC. Prod. vi. 100. A glabrous erect peren-
nial, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves mostly cuneate, 1 to 1^ in. long, lobed or
toothed at the tipper end, narrow and entire at the base; the upper ones
small, deeply 3-lobed or entire, and linear. Flower-heads ovoid, scarcely
■more than 1 lino long, in numerous short racemes forming a long dense


ArlemUiu.']
187
composite:
terminal kafy panicle. In each head are about 8 hermaphrodite but sterile
florets, and about as many females, their corolla dilated at the base.
At Saywan and some other places, bnt not common in the island, Champion. On the
adjacent continent and in Japan. It is nearly allied to, but I believe distinct from, the more
glabrous forms of A. parviflora, Roxb. (A. glairata, Watt.), a common N. Iudian species.
2. A. vulgaris, Linn.; DC. Prod. vi. 112. An erect herb, \ to near 3 ft.
high. Stem-leaves 2 or 3 in. long, deeply pinnatifid with 3, 5, or 7 linear-
lanceolate lobes, green on the upper side, white with a close tomentum under-
neath; the upper leaves often entire. Flower-heads ovoid, about 2 lines
long, in short spikes, forming a long terminal leafy panicle. In each head
are about 10 or 12 hermaplirodite and fertile florets and about as many fe-
males; their corollas slender from the base.—A. indica, Willd.; DC. 1. c.
114; Wight, Ic. t. 1112. A. leptostachya, DC. 1. c. 113.
Hongkong, Hance. The species ranges over nearly the whole area of the genns, and is in
many places very common, in others, as probably in Hongkong, only as an introduced plant,
along roadsides and near habitations.
3. A. annua, Linn.; DC. Prod. vi. 119. An erect, branching, glabrous
annual, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves small, bipinnately divided into short, narrow,
toothed or pinnatifid segments. Flower-heads globular, about a line in dia-
meter, very numerous, forming a pyramidal leafy panicle occupying nearly the
whole plant. In each head are about 20 hermaplirodite and fertile florets,
and nearly as many slender females.
Hongkong, Hance. Widely spread over temperate Asia, from Asia Minor to eastern Si-
beria, China, and Chnsan. Cultivated by the Chinese to mix with their tea.
Tbibe VIII. GNAPEALIMM
Leaves alternate. Flower-heads homogamous or hcterogamous; the florets
all tubidar. Anthers with simple fine points or tails at the base. Style-
branches in the disk-florets tnincate. Pappus of capillary bristles or very
seldom wanting. —Most of the species cottony or woolly, at least on the under
side of the leaves.
31. GNAPHALITJM, Linn.
Flower-heads heterogamous. Florets of the circumference numerous, fe-
male, filiform. Disk-florets few, hermaphrodite, 5-toothed. Involucre im-
bricate; the bracts scarious and coloured. Eeceptacle flat, without scales.
Achenes oblong, nearly cylindrical, often papillose. Pappus of a siugle series
of capillary bristles.—Herbs, more or less white-cottony or woolly. Leaves
alternate, mostly soft, narrow and entire. Flower-heads usually clustered,
either in the upper axils or in terminal spikes or corymbs.
A large genus, distributed over nearly the whole globe.
Flower-heads in terminal corymbs.
Leaves linear, glabrous above 1. G. hypoleucum.
Leaves liilear-spathulate, white on both sides 2. G. multicep*.
Tlower-heads in axillary clusters or a terminal spike.
Flower-heads about 2 lines long 3. G.purpureum.
Flower-heads about 1 line long 4. G. indicum.
1. G. hypoleacum, DC. I rod. vi. 422; Wight, Ic. t. 1114. An erect


Senecionidea.]
189
COMPOSITE.
Tribe IX. SENECIONIDEJS.
Leaves alternate. Flower-heads usually heterogamous with radiating female
florets, but sometimes homogamous with the florets all tubular and hermaphro-
dite. Receptacle without scales. Anthers obtuse or scarcely pointed at the base.
Style-branches truncate and penicillate, or ending in pubescent points. Pap-
pus of several capillary bristles.
82. GYNTTRA, Cass.
Florets all tubular. Involucre cylindrical, of a single series of nearly equal
bracts, with some smaller ones round their base. Corolla hardened at the
base. Style bulbous at the base, the branches ending in long linear hairy
points. Achenes striate.—Herbs, often somewhat succulent. Flower-beads
terminal, usually loosely corymbose.
A small tropical genus, confined to the Old World.
1. G. pseudochina, DC. Prod. vi. 299. Root-stock perennial, thick
and fleshy. Stems erect or ascending, 1 to 1 i ft. high, somewhat succulent,
leafy in the lower part only, ending in a long almost leafless peduncle, bearing
a loose corymb of 2 to 7 or 8 flower-heads, or sometimes a single head. Leaves
stalked, from oblong to oval, coarsely toothed, rather thick, glabrous or pu-
bescent, 2 to 3 or even 4 in. long, the petiole often expanded at the base into
2 auricles or lobes. Flower-heads about 7 lines long. Involucre shorter than
the florets, of about 12 linear-lanceolate nearly equal bracts, with several short
slender ones outside. Florets yellow, drying purplish.—G. ovalis and G.
auriculata, DC. Prod. vi. 300. G. bulbosa, Hook, and Arn.; DC. Prod. vi.
301. Porophyllum hieracioides, DC. Prod. v. 650.
Ravines of Victoria Peak, and other parts of the island, Champion, Hance, "Wright, Wil-
ford. Also on the adjacent continent; but not gathered certainly wild out of S. China. The
specimens sent from the Mauritius or from India are probably all from botanic or other g>vr-
dens. It is cultivated for its root even in China.
33. SENECIO, Linn.
Florets all tubular, or the outer row female and ligulate. Involucre of a
single row of nearly equal bracts, with or rarely without a few small ones
round their base.- Corollas not hardened at the base. Style-branches in the
disk-florets truncate and penicillate, or very rarely with a short obtuse appen-
dage. Achenes striate or angular. Pappus of numerous capiRary bristles.—
Herbs or very rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers terminal, solitary,
corymbose or paniculate. Florets usually yellow, rarely purple.
The largest genus among Composite, and ranging nearly over the whole world, although
the individual species are often very local.
Annual. Flower-heads discoid 1. S. tonchifolius.
Perennials. Flower-heads radiating.
Leaves stalked, ovate-lanceolate 2. S. chinenrit.
Leaves stem-clasping, lanceolate or linear 8. S. Stauntonii.
1. S. sonchifolius, McencA. An erect or ascending annual, about a foot
high, rather glaucous and glabrous, or with a few loose hairs near the base.
Lower leaves usually orbicular, scarcely an inch diameter, sinuately toothed,


190
[Senecio.
COMPOSITE.
on long petioles, the upper ones either lyrate or with a broad petiole expand-
ing into stem-clasping auricles, or entire, sessile, and sagittate. Flower-heads
few, on long leafless peduncles. Involucre cylindrical or ovoid, about 6 lines
long, of about 8 or 10 equal bracts, without any small outer ones. Florets
rather longer, all tubular, purple or orange.—Emilia tonchifolia, DC. Prod,
vi. 302.
On roadsides and waste places, Hindi, Wright, Wilford. A common weed iu tropica!
Asia and Africa, and some parts of America.
2. S. chinensis, DC. Prod. vi. 363. An erect or half-scandent peren-
nial, attaining 3 or 4 ft. in length, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Leaves on
petioles of \ in. or more, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, toothed, usually about
2, but sometimes 3 in. long. Flower-heads radiating, in a loose terminal
divaricate panicle. Involucre about 3 lines long, of about 12 nearly equal
bracts, with some outer ones very minute, and chiefly along the peduncle.
Ray-florets about 8 or 10, yellow. Disk-florets above 20, rather longer than
the involucre. Achenes scarcely pubescent.—S. campylodes, DC. Prod. vi.
370. S. liimhii, Benth. in Loud. Journ. Bot. i. 488.
Ravines of Mouuts Victoria and Gough, Champion and others. Extends over S. China
to Khasia and Sikkim. It is also very near to the S. Wightiana, DC, from the Indian
Peninsula.
3. S. Stauntonii, DC. Prod. vi. 363. An erect perennial, the branches
angular, flexuose, nearly glabrous. Leaves lanceolate, or the upper ones linear,
sinuately toothed, embracing the stem by their auriculate base, pubescent or
hairy on both sides, or glabrous above, 2 to 4 in. long, or even more. Flower-
heads in a loose corymbose panicle, the peduncles more erect than in the last,
and the heads rather larger. Involucral bracts about 3£ lines long, with a
very few small outer ones, chiefly on the peduncle. Bay yellow, of 8 or 10
florets.
With the last species, Champion, Wright, Wilford. It is also, as well as the last, among
Sir G. Staunton's specimens from China, but has not been received from elsewhere.
Tribe X. MUTISIEjE.
Leaves alternate. Flower-heads either heterogamous with radiating female
florets, or homogamous with tubular florets, some or all of the outer florets
more or less 2-lipped. Receptacle mostly without scales. Anthers pointed
or tailed at the base. Style usually tliickened under the branches, which are
erect and truncate, often short. Pappus bristly or chaffy.
34. FARFTTGITJM, Lindl.
Flower-heads heterogamous. Florets of the circumference female, ligulate,
jn a single row, often with a small upper lip. Disk-florets hermaphrodite,
tubular, 5-toothed, the outer ones often 2-lipped. Involucre of several nearly
equal bracts in a single -row, with a few outer smaller ones. Receptacle naked.
Anthers with fine points at the base. Style-branches elongated, obtuse, pu-
bescent. Achenes linear-oblong. Pappus of numerous stiff capillary bristles,
slightly dilated, and sometimes shortly connate at the base,
i An East Asiatic genus, of very few species, which it may be difficult to separate very pre-


Farfugiunt.]
191
COMPOSITE.
cisely from Ligularia, of which it has the involucre, style, and many other characters, for in
the latter genus the florets are sometimes slightly bilabiate, and in some species there are
minute points at the base of the anthers.
L F. Kaempferi, Benth. Root-stock perennial, thick, horizontal, woolly.
Leaves radical, on long stalks orbicular, angular, reniform, or deeply cordate
at the base, 3 or 4 in. diameter, or rarely 5 or rather more in the wild plant,
glabrous or bearing underneath a loose cotton, which soon wears off. Scapes
1 to 1| ft. high, leafless, excepting small bracts under the peduncles, bearing
1 to 5 rather large pedunculate flower-heads. Involucral bracts 12 to 15,
about -\ in. long. Ray-florets about as many. Achenes rather large, hairy.—
Liffularia Ktempferi, Sieb. and Zucc. Fl. Jap. i. 77, t. 35. Senecio Kampferi,
DC. Trod. vi. 363.
Hongkong, Hance; in a watercourse among rocks, near the top of Victoria Peak, Wilford.
A native also of Loochoo and Japan, where it is much cultivated, and where Dr. Sicbold
mentions a garden variety with blotched leaves, which may possibly be the F. grande, Lindl.,
introduced to our gardens from N. China.
35. GERBERA, Gron.
Flower-heads heterogamous. Florets of the circumference female, ligidate,
in a single row, with 1 or 2 short slender inner lobes. Disk-tlorets herma-
phrodite, tubular, 5-toothed, and more or less 2-lipped. Involucre imbricate,
in few rows. Receptacle naked. Anthers with long points or tails at the base.
Style-branches short and obtuse. Achenes usually ending in a beak. Pappus
of numerous capillary bristles.—Herbs more or less woolly or cottony. Leaves
radical. Scapes 1-headed.
A small African genus, of which one species ranges across south-central Asia.
1. G. piloselloides, Cam.; DC. iVorf. vii. 16. Root-stock thick, per-
ennial and woolly. Leaves more or less stalked, from oblong to oval, 2 to 8
in. long, entire, hairy above when young, but often becoming glabrous when
old, very woolly underneath. Scape 6 in. to 1 or even 1£ ft. high, very woolly,
especially towards the top, and thickened under the flower-head. Involucre
8 or 9 lines long, narrowed at the base, the bracts linear-lanceolate, pubes-
cent or woolly, rarely glabrous at the edges. Florets numerous and slender.
The beak of the achenes very short at the time of flowering, becomes nearly
as long as the achenes themselves when quite ripe. Pappus reddish.—G. ovali-
folia, DC. Prod. vii. 17. G. amabilis, Hance, in Walp. Ann. ii. 94 7. G. Schim-
peri, Sch. Bip.; Walp. Ann. ii. 947.
Victoria Peak and other hills, Champion and others. In East Africa, from Port Natal and
Madagascar to Abyssinia. In Asia, from Nepal, Khasia, and Sikkini to S. China, and aa
far north as Amoy.
36. AINSLLffiA, DC.
Flower-heads homogamous, with 3 or 4 hermaphrodite tubular florets; the
limb uuequally cleft into 5 narrow lobes, turned to the outer side or obscurely
2-lipped. Involucre cylindrical, with stiff very unequal imbricate bracts.
Receptacle naked. Anthers with long points or tails at the base. Style-
branches short and obtuse. Achenes striate. Pappus of numerous plumose
bristles.—Herbs. Leaves radical, except a few bracts on the stem. Flower-
heads in long one-sided spikes or a narrow panicle.


192
[Ainsliaa.
COMPOSITE.
A small genus, limited to the hilly districts of northern India and China. Its affinities
appear to be rather with Elephantopui (Elephantosis), than with the other Mutisieee with
which it is artificially classed.
1. A. fragrana, Champ, in Ketc Journ. Bot. iv. 236. Root-stock pro-
bably creeping. Leaves 2 or 3, almost radical, on long stalks, ovate, cordate
or broadly oblong, 2 or sometimes 3 in. long, in other specimens much smaller,
entire, bearing when young, as well as the stem, a little long loose wool, which
soon wears off. Flowering stems erect, stiff, simple, 1 to 1^ ft. long. Flower-
heads sessile or nearly so, along the upper half of the stem, and all turned to
one side. Involucre 5 or 6 lines long, the bracts few and very pointed.
Florets white, rather longer than the involucre, with a sweet smell of almonds.
Bare on Victoria Peak, Champion; who gathered several specimens, but it has not yet
been received from any other quarter.
Tribe XI. (or Suborder) CICHORACEJS.
Flower-heads homogamous, the florets all ligulate and hermaphrodite.
Leaves alternate.
37. LACTUCA, Linn.
Involucre narrow; the bracts few, very unequal, imbricated, mostly with a
scarious edge. Receptacle naked. Achenes ovate or oblong, flat, abruptly
contracted into a slender beak, with a pappus of numerous white and silky
soft hairs.—Stems erect and leafy. Panicle terminal.
A considerable genus, widely spread over the temperate regions of the Old World; more
scarce within the tropics.
1. L. breviroatria, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 237. A glabrous
and erect annual, full 3 ft. high, and usually simple. Leaves linear or Unear-
lanceolate, 6 to 8 in. long or even more, entire or rarely bordered by a few
small teeth, especially at the base, where they are sometimes expauded into
short half-stem-clasping auricles. Flower-heads in a long narrow pyramidal
panicle. Involucre about 6 lines long, the bracts obtuse. Achenes broad
and very flat, black, with a beak not half so long as the achene itself.
Hongkong, Champion. Also in Khasia and Formosa. Resembles, in many respects, the
N. Indian L. lonyifolia, Wall.; but the latter species has the leaves sagittate at the base,
the panicle much more spreading, and the beak as long or longer than the achene.
38. TARAXACUM, Juss.
Involucre of several nearly equal erect bracts, with some smaller imbricated
outer ones, often spreading or reflexed. Receptacle naked. Achenes scarcely
compressed, striated, muricate, tapering into a long slender beak, with a pappus
of copious simple hairs.—Leaves radical. Scape 1-headed.
A genus probably limited to a single species.
1. T. Dena-leonis, Detf.; DC. Prod. vii. 145. Root-stock perennial,
with a thick taproot, black on the outside, and very bitter. Leaves varying
from linear-lanceolate and almost entire, to deeply pinnatifid, with broad tri-
angular lobes, usually pointing downwards, the terminal ones larger. Scapes
from 2 to about 6 in. high. Flowers yellow, rather large. Involucral bracts
linear, often thickened at the top, or with a tooth on the back towards the
top. Beak of the achenes two or three times as long as the achene itself.


Taraxacum.]
198
COMPOSITE.
Among the ruins of an old house, Champion. Widely spread over the temperate end
colder regions of the northern hemisphere; and a troublesome weed in almost all cultivated
parts of the world.
39. IXERIS, Cass.
Involucre cylindrical, of a single row of nearly equal bracts, with a few
small outer ones. Receptacle naked. Achenes oblong, slightly flattened,
with prominent ribs, not muricate, tapering into a slender beak, with a pappus
of very soft usually white simple hairs.'—Flower-heads small, florets seldom
above 25, yellow in the Hongkong species.
A small Asiatic genus, scarcely differing from the beaked Crepiset (or Barkkatisiai), in the
rather more flattened and more prominently ribbed achenes.
Stem erect, paniculate. Flower-heads numerous, 3 or 4 lines long.
Leaves oblong, toothed, lyrate or pinnatifid I. I. ramosissima.
Leaves few, linear, mostly entire 2. I. versicolor.
Stem creeping. Flower-heads about 6 lines long.
Leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or slightly pinnatifid . . . . 3. /. debilis.
Leaves ovate, mostly 3-lobed or in 3 segments 4. I. repent.
1. I. ramosissima, A. Gray, in Mem. Acad. Amer. vi. 397. A glabrous
erect much-branched perennial, 1 to 2 ft. (or more ?) high. Leaves from
oval to oblong or lanceolate, sinuately toothed, lyrate or pinnatifid, 2 to 4 in.
long, the lower ones narrowed into a long petiole scarcely clasping the stem
with minute auricles, the upper ones sessile, embracing the stem with broad
rounded toothed auricles. Flower-heads in dense terminal corymbs, forming
a large leafy panicle. Involucre about 4 lines long, of 6 to 8 inner bracts
and a very few minute outer ones. Achenes scarcely compressed; the ribs
slightly prominent and minutely tuberculate.—Brachyramphu* ramosisshnus,
Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 489. Dubyeea ramosimma, Hance in Walp.
Ann. ii. 1028.
Hongkong, Hindi, Champion; near Saywan, Hance; in a ravine on Mount Parker, Wil-
ford; also Wright. Not known from elsewhere.
2. I. versicolor, DC. Prod. vii. 151. A glabrous perennial, 6 in. to
1 ft. high, with a slender, horizontal, perhaps creeping root-stock. Leaves
chiefly radical, stalked, linear or linear-oblong, 3 to 4 in. long, entire or rarely
remotely toothed; stem-leaves few and sessile, or sometimes stem-clasping.
Flower-heads small, in a loose slender corymbose leafless panicle. Involucre
about 3 lines long, of about 8 equal bracts, with a few minute external ones.
Achenes slightly compressed, with prominent nerves, slightly muricate, the
beak about their own length.—Barkhamia tenella, Benth. in Lond. Journ.
Bot. i. 483.
Hongkong, Hindi, Hance, Wilford. Also on the Chinese continent, and northwards to
Dahuria, where the florets are sometimes pink. In Hongkong they are always yellow.
The Lactuca gracilis, DC, which we have from various parts of the mountains of northern
India, appears to be a slight variety of the same species, with rather smaller flower-huads
and fewer florets.
3. I. debilis, A. Gray in Mem. Amer. Acad. vi. 397. A glabrous and
glaucous perennial, with shortly creeping leafy runners. Leaves mostly radical,
stalked, oblong-lanceolate when in open sandy places, sometimes almost obovate,
and only 1 to 2 in. long; when in grassy banks, 6 in. to 1 ft. long, very
o


194
[Ixerit.
COMPOSITE.
thin, entire or remotely toothed, or almost pinnatifid. Flowering stems
ascending, 4 in. to 1 ft. high, leafless or with a single narrow stem-clasping
leaf, bearing 1 to 5 flower-heads on long peduncles. Involucre about 6 lines
long; the bracts broader than in the two last, and slightly scarious on the
edge. Achencs very strongly ribbed, almost winged, and quite smooth; the
beak usually short, but variable.—Youngia? debilis, DC. Prod. vii. 194.
On the scacoast, Harland, Hance. A maritime plant, ranging from S. China to Japan.
4. I. repens, A. Gray in Mem.-Amer. Acad. vi. 397. A slender creeping
glabrous perennial. Leaves sometimes cordate-ovate and entire, more fre-
quently divided into 3 ovate obtuse lobes on distant segments, from ^ to near
1 in. long, on a petiole of near twice that length. Flower-heads 1 to 5, on
leafless scapes or at the ascending ends of the leafy creeping shoots. Invo-
lucre 6 lines long, like that of /. debilis. Achenes rather less prominently
ribbed, with a still shorter beak.—Ckorisis repens, DC. Prod. vii. 177.
On the seacoast, Harland, Hance, Wright. A maritime plant, ranging from S. China to
Japan and Kamtchatka.
40. CBEFIS, Linn.
Involucre of a single row of nearly equal bracts, with a few small outer
ones. Receptacle naked. Achenes oblong, cylindrical or scarcely flattened,
striate, tapering at the top, but without a distinct beak, with a pappus of
copious soft white hairs.
A large genus, widely distributed over the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere,
with a very few subtropical species.
1. C. japonica, Benth. An erect slender annual, 6 in. to near \ ft.
high, glabrous or slightly pubescent, or hairy near the base. Leaves mostly
radical, stalked, varying from obovate, nearly entire, and 1 to 2 in. long, to
lyrate or pinnatifid, 2 to 4 in. long, with a large terminal toothed lobe.
Stem-leaves few or none. Panicle loosely corymbose, slender. Flower-heads
numerous. Involucre about 2,^ lines long, containing 10 to 15 small yellow
florets.—Prenanlhes japonka, Linn. Youngia japonica, DC. Prod. vii. 194;
alsoy. mauriliana, Y. Thunbergiana, y. runcinata, and some others of DC. See
A. Gray in Mem. Amer. Acad. vi. 396.
Roadsides and waste places, Champion and others. Very common in India, extending to
Ceylon and the Mauritius; eastward to the Archipelago and N. Australia; and northward
to N. China and Japan. The characters by which A. Gray thinks the genus Youngia might
still be kept distinct from Crepis, occur nevertheless in the typical European C. virens.
A single specimen, from Champion, has the flowers larger and the whole plant stouter and
more luxuriant. It may prove a distinct species, but the achenes arc too little advanced to
determine the characters with precision.
41. SONCHUS, Linn.
Involucre ovoid, with imbricate bracts, and usually becoming conical after
flowering. Receptacle naked. Achencs flattened and striate, not beaked,
with a sessile pappus of copious simple hairs, usually soft and white.
A considerable genus, ranging like Crepis over the temperate regions of the northern
hemisphere.
I. S. oleraceus, Linn.; Spec. 1116. An erect annual, with a hollow
stem, 1 to 3 or even 4 ft. high. Leaves thin, bordered with irregular pointed


SoncAus.]
195
COMPOSITE.
or prickly teeth, otherwise either undivided or pinnatifid, with a broad fieart-
shaped or triangular terminal lobe; the upper ones narrow and clasping the
stem with short auricles. Flower-heads in a short corymbose terminal panicle,
sometimes almost umbellate. Florets of a pale vellow.—S. ciliaius, Lam.;
Wight, Ic. t. 1141.
In waste and cultivated places, Hindi and others. A weed of cultivation, probably indi-
genous to Europe or central Asia, but now distributed over the greater part of the globe.
Two marked varieties are generally found growing together; in the one (S. aaperd), the ribs
of the achencs are perfectly smooth; in the other, for which the name of S. oleracem is
more specially retained, they arc marked with transverse asperities. The Hongkong speci-
mens I have seen belong to the latter, the Indian ones chiefly to the former.
Order LX. STYLIDIE^).
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; the limb of 2 to 6, usually 5, persistent
divisions. Corolla usually irregular, deeply divided into 5 or 6 lobes. Sta-
mens 2; the filaments connate with the style, the anthers lying over the
stigma, which is entire or 2-lobed. Ovary 2-celled, with many ovules, or
sometimes 1-celled by the contraction of the dissepiment, often surmounted
by 1 or 2 glands. Capsule opening from the top downwards in 2 valves
parallel to the dissepiment. Seeds numerous, very small, with a minute em-
bryo in a fleshy albumen.—Herbs, with radical or scattered undivided leaves.
Flowers in terminal racemes, spikes, or corymbs.
A small Order, almost entirely Australian.
1. STYLIDIUM, Swartz.
Corolla irregular, 5-lobed, one of the lobes smaller than the others and
turned downwards; the other 4 ascending in pairs. Anthers 2-lobed. Stigma
undivided. The other characters those of the Order.
A genus comprising nearly the whole Order, and all Australian, except the following and
one other E. Indian species. The column into which the stamens and style are united is, in
this genus, curiously irritable.
1. S. uliginostun, Sic.; DC. Prod. vii. 336. A slender glabrous an-
nual. Leaves radical, rosulate, ovate or orbicular, 2 to 5 lines long, on petioles
varying from £ to 2 lines. Stems erect, filiform, 3 or 4 in. high, simple or
slightly branched, with a few minute oblong bracts seldom above | line long.
Flowers sessile, alternate, distant from each other, forming a broken terminal
spike. Ovary slender, about 2 lines long when the flower expands, but
lengthening to 3 lines. Calyx-lobes linear, scarcely 1 line long, slightly
united in 2 lips or free to the base. Corolla scarcely longer, the staminal
column protruding. Capsule linear, 2-celled, opening in 2 valves, leaving the
dissepiment free.—S. sinicum, Hance in Walp. Ann. ii. 1030.
In wet marshy places, Champion, Wright, Hance, Wilford. Also Ceylon, and if, as is
probable, the S. Kunthii is merely a robust variety, it is also in Silhet, Chittagong, and the
Malayan Peninsula.
Order LXI. CAMPANULACEiE.
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; the limb of 3 to 10, usually 5, persistent
lobes. Corolla regular or irregular, with 3 to 10, usually 5 lobes, valvate in
o 2


196
[Campanulacea.
CAMPANULACEiE.
the bud. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, alternate with them,
hypogynous and free from the corolla-tube, or very rarely united to it at the
base. Anthers opening longitudinally, free or united in a ring round the
style. Ovary inferior, 2- or more celled, usually 3- or 5-celled, with numerous
ovules in each cell. Style simple, entire or divided at the top into as many
stigmntic lobes as there are cells to the ovary. Fruit usually a capsule, open-
ing either in short valves at the top or in lateral pores or slits, rarely an in-
dehiscent berry. Seeds numerous, small. Embryo straight, in a fleshy al-
bumen.—Herbs or very rarely shrubs, with a juice usually milky. Leaves
alternate or very rarely opposite, undivided and usually toothed, without sti-
pules. Flowers axillary, solitary or clustered, or in terminal spikes, racemes,
or leafy panicles.
A considerable Order, most abundant in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere
or of southern Africa, with a few tropical or Australian species.
Corolla very irregular. Anthers united round the style.
Fruit an indchisrent berry. (Leaves orbicular, cordate.) .... 1. Piddinqtonia.
Fruit a capsule. (Leaves ovate, not cordate.) 2. Lobelia.
Corolla regular, carapauulate. Anthers free. Capsule 3-to 5-valved 3. Wahlenbergia.
1. PIDDINGTONIA, A. DC.
Habit and characters of lobelia and Pratia, only differing from the former
in the succulent indehiscent fruit, and from Pratia in the 2 upper lobes of the
corolla ascending and forming an upper lip, as in Lobelia.
A genus confined to a single species, which with Pratia might be better re-united with
Lobelia as a section.
1. P. nummularia, A. DC. Prod. vii. 341. A prostrate slender more
or less pubescent herb, creeping and rooting at the nodes. Leaves stalked,
nearly orbicular, cordate at the base, toothed, about £ in. diameter. Peduncles
axillary, 1-nowered, longer than the leaves. Flowers small, purplish-blue,
very much like those of Lobelia trigona. Anthers with one short bristle on
each of the two lower ones, instead of the little tuft of hairs in L. trigona.
Berry ovoid-globular, 4 or 5 lines long, with a thin skin and not much juice,
and innumerable small seeds.
Hongkong, Champion. A single specimen, mixed with the broad-leaved pubescent variety
of Lobelia trigona, which I had formerly confounded with it. Frequent in the mountains of
the central and eastern Himalaya and Khasia, also in Java and Formosa.
2. LOBELIA, Linn.
Calyx-tube short or ovoid, limb 5-lobed. Corolla slit open on the upper
side to the base, 5-lobed, the 2 upper lobes usually shorter and erect, forming
an upper lip; the 3 lower spreading in a lower 3-lobed or 3-toothed lip.
Anthers united in a ring round the style; the 2 lower ones, or all, bearded
at the top by a small tuft of stiff hairs. Ovary 2-celled. Capsule opening
at the top in 2 loculicidal valves.—Herbs or rarely undershrubs. Pedicels
1-flowered, axillary, or in terminal racemes or spikes.
A large genus, having the widest range in the Order, and although chiefly abundant in
temperate regions, it includes several tropical species.
1, I*, trigona, Roxb.; A. DC. Prod. vii. 359; Wight, Ic. t. 1170. A


Lobelia.']
197
CAMPANULACE^.
slender, decumbent or prostrate, much-branched annual, glabrous or slightly
pubescent, rooting at the lower nodes; the branches angular and sometimes
ascending or nearly erect. Lower leaves stalked, ovate, not cordate, more or
less toothed, about £ in. long or rather more; the upper ones, especially when
the flowering branches are more or less erect, smaller, narrower, and more en-
tire. Peduncles axillary, longer than the leaves. Calyx-tube obconical, about
1 line long when in flower; the lobes narrow, about ns long. Corolla blue,
rather longer than the calyx. Anthers all shortly bearded at the top. Capsule
obovoid, 2 or 3 lines long.—L. trialata, Ham.; A. DC. Prod. vii. 360.
Common in rice-fields, Champion; in ravines, Wilford; also IJance. There are two
varieties in the island, a creeping, slightly pubescent one, with broader leaves, which is the
more common state iu wet cultivated fields, and is the L. affinis, Wall.; A. DC. Prod. vii.
360; and a glabrous one, with ascending or erect flower-stems and smaller narrower leaves,
often entire, growing apparently in more open, waste places. This appears to be the L. chi-
nensit, Lour.; DC. Prod. vii. 300. But our very numerous Indian specimens show that
they pass so gradually one into the other, that they can by no means be distinguished as
species.
3. WAHLENBEBGIA, Schrad.
Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla regular, campanulate or more or less tubular at the
base, 5-lobed. Stamens free. Ovary 3- to 5-celled or rarely 2-eelled. Style
with as many spreading fetigmatic lobes. Capsule opening at the top loculi-
cidally in as many valves as cells.—Herbs. Leaves alternate, or very rarely
opposite or whorled. Peduncles terminal or in the upper axils, often forming
loose terminal dichotomous leafy panicles.
A considerable genns, dispersed over various parts of the world, most abundant in sonthern
Africa. It has all the habit and characters of Campanula, except the dehiscence of the
capsule.
Tall perennial, with large flowers. Capsule usually 5-valved ... 1. W. grandiflora.
Slender annual, with small flowers. Capsule 3-valved 2. W. agrestis.
1. "W. grandiflora, Schrad. A glabrous, somewhat glaucous perennial,
with a thick fleshy root-stock; the stems sometimes erect and simple, some-
times decumbent and branched at the base, 1 to 2, or even 3 ft. high. Leaves
nearly sessile; the lower ones almost opposite or in whorls of 3, from ovate
to oblong or lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long, usually acute and more or less toothed,
firm, of a deep green above and glaucous underneath; the upper ones often
alternate, and in some specimens almost all narrow-lanceolate. Flowers of a
deep blue, broadly bell-shaped, full 2 in. diameter, and lobed to about the
middle, sometimes solitary and terminal, more frequently 2 or 3 in a loose
raceme, and sometimes 8 or 10 in a branching raceme or leafy panicle. Cap-
sule usually 5-celled, opening in 5 valves opposite to the calyx-lobes and bear-
ing the dissepiment in their centre, but sometimes only 3-celled and 3-valved.
—Platycodon grandijtorum, A. DC. Prod. vii. 422; Sw. Brit. PI, Gard. ser.
2, iii. t. 208. P. chinense, Lindl. in Paxt. PI. Gard. ii. t. 61.
On the Chuckchew side of the island only, Champion. On hillsides at Little Hongkong,
Wilford. Common in Mantchnria. The character derived from the relative position of the
capsule-cells and calyx-lobes appears of too little consequence to separate this species from
other Wahlenbergiaa, being unaccompanied by any others, and failing when the cells are
reduced to three.
2. W. agrestis, A. DC. Prod. vii. 434; Wight, Ic. I. 1175 ; Hook, and


198
[Wahlenbergia.
CAMFANCLACE7E.
Thorns, in Journ. Linn. Soe. ii. 21, utith all the synonyms there adduced. An
erect or decumbent annual, branching from the base, from a few inches to 1
foot high, glabrous or pubescent at the base. Leaves alternate, mostly linear,
1 to near 2 in. long and slightly toothed; the lowest often much shorter,
oblong or even obovate, and narrowed into a petiole at the base; the upper-
most small and distant. Flowers few, small, on slender pedicels of \ to 1 in.,
forming a loose terminal dichotomous panicle. Calyx-tube about H hies
long; the lobes not so long. Corolla campanulate, about 5 lines diameter,
lobed to the middle. Capsule shortly 3-valved at the top.
In rice-fields, Champion and others. Very common in tropical and subtropical Asia, ex-
tending westward to tropical Africa, eastward to Australia, and northward to Loochoo.
Order LXII. GOODENLACEiE.
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; the limb 3- to 5-lobed or entire. Corolla
irregular, slit open on the upper side, B-lobed. Stamens 5, alternate with
the lobes of the corolla, and inserted at its base; anthers opening in longitu-
dinal slits, free or rarely united in a ring round the style. Ovary usually 2-
celled, with 1 or more ovules in each. Style simple; the stigma surrounded
by a cup-shaped or peltate indusium, usually ciliate on the margin. Fruit
either a capsule opening in 2 valves, or an indehiscent drupe or nut. Seeds
usually with a fleshy albumen and straight embryo.—Herbs or small shrubs,
the juice not milky. Leaves usually alternate, without stipules. Flowers
axillary, or in terminal spikes or racemes, rarely paniculate.
A small Order, almost entirely Australian, a few maritime species extending into tropical
Asia or South America.
1. SC-iEVOLA, Linn.
Corolla open on the upper side to the base, deeply 5-lobed. Anthers free. «
Ovary 1- to 4-celled, with 1 ovule in each. Fruit dry or succulent, indehis-
cent, 1- to 4-seedcd. The other characters, habit, and geographical range as
in the family, of which this is the largest and widest-spread genus.
1. S. Lobelia, Linn.; Vriese in Kruidk. Arch. ii. 20. An erect shrub,
with a thick, almost succulent stem; the branches, leaves, and inflorescence
either silky-pubescent or nearly glabrous, but always with a tuft of woolly or
long silky hairs in the axils. Leaves alternate, obovate-oblong, 3 to 5 in.
long, rounded and very obtuse at the top, quite entire, narrowed at the base
into a very short broad petiole. Cymes axillary, very much shorter than the
leaves. Calyx about 3 lines long, including the 5 oblong-linear lobes, rather
longer than the tube. Corolla more or less pubescent and always hairy in-
side; the tube 5 or 6 lines long; the lobes spreading, bordered on each side
with a narrow wing folded inwards in the bud. Drupe ovoid or nearly glo-
bular, hard, 2-celled, about 4 lines long.—S. Kamigii, Vahl; Bot. Mag. t.
2732, and the six following species in A. DC. Prod. vii. 505. S. latkaga, Hanee
in Walp. Ann. ii. 1055, and the synonyms adduced by Hook, and Thotns. in
Journ. Soc. Linn. ii. 8.
Sands and rocks of the seashore, chiefly near Saywan and on the south shore, Champion,
Wilford, Wright, Hance, Seemann. A common scacoast plant in the Old World within


Seavola.]
199
GOODENIACEiE.
tbe tropics, and occasionally in (he West Indies; but the commonest species there is the
S. Plumieri, differing in the calyx-limb entire or nearly so. Although occurring also on
several tropical Asiatic coasts, the latter species has not been fouud in Hongkong.
Ordku LXIII. EEICACEiE.
Calyx of 4 or B divisions, either free or with a tube adnate to the ovary.
Corolla inferior or superior, usually ovoid or globular, sometimes elongated or
campnnulatc, with 4 or 5 lobes, or very rarely 4 or 5 distinct petals, regular
or slightly irregular. Stamens twice as many, or rarely of the same number
as the lobes of the corolla, and inserted within the corolla but distinct from it.
Anthers 2-ccllcd, opening at the top in pores or short oblique slits, very rarely
extending to the base of the cells. Ovary having usually as many cells (rarely
apparently twice as many) as the lobes of the corolla, rarely reduced to 3 or
2, with one or several ovules in each. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds very
small, with a fleshy albumen.—Shrubs sometimes very low, creeping, and
almost herbaceous, or occasionally growing into small trees, very rarely true
herbs. Leaves entire or toothed, undivided, usually alternate. Flowers
either axillary and solitary, or in short clusters or racemes, or forming termi-
nal racemes, corymbs, clusters, or heads.
A large Order, widely spread over the whole world (if considered as including the Australian
Epacrida), especially in the temperate and colder regions, but not uncommon also in hilly
districts within the tropics. The four Hongkong genera belong to three distinct Tribes, often
considered as independent Orders.
Tribe 1. Vacciniese. Ovary inferior. Fruit a berry or drupe 1. Vaccinium.
Tbibe 2. Andromedese. Ovary superior. Fruit a capsule
opening in loculicidal values. (Corolla campanulate, drooping) . . 2. Enkyanthus.
Tribe 3. Rhodoreae. Ovary superior. Fruit a capsule open-
ing in sepiicidal valves. (Corolla slightly irregular.)
Stamens 5, rarely 8 to 10. Leaves small, deciduous .... 4. Azalea.
Stamens 10. Leaves evergreen 3. Rhododendron.
1. VACCINIUM, Lindl.
Calyx-tube adnate, the limb of 4 or 5 teeth. Corolla superior, ovate, cam-
panulate or shortly cylindrical; the limb of 4 or 5 short lobes or teeth. Stamens
8 or 10. Anther-cells opening in oblique pores at the top of their tubular
points. Ovary inferior, 4- or 5-celled, with several ovules in each cell. Fruit
a berry.—Shrubs or rarely small trees. Leaves alternate.
A numerous genns, widely distributed over mountainous or boggy regions, chiefly in the
northern hemisphere, but occurring also in southern as well as in tropical mountains.
1. V. chinense, Champ, in Keio Journ. Bot. iv. 297. A shrub or small
tree, very much branched. Leaves evergreen, ovate or oblong, rather acute,
and slightly toothed, 1 to \ in. long, or smaller in some specimens, glabrous
as well as the branches, narrowed into a petiole of 1 to 2 lines, ltacemes
terminal or in the upper axils, usually shorter than the leaves. Bracts some-
times leafy, and 3 or 4 lines long, sometimes small and linear. Flowers white,
nodding, scarcely 3 lines long, on very short pedicels. Calyx hairy. Corolla
ovoid or nearly cylindrical, pubescent outside, with short spreading teeth.


200
[faceiaium.
ERICACEAE.
Filaments hairy. Anthers nearly as long as the corolla, the tubular points
long, and with 2 very short awns on the back, turned upwards. Ovary 5-
celled. Capsule almost divided into 10 cells by false dissepiments. Seeds
few.
Happy Valley woods, Champion and others, but said not to be very common. Also on
the adjacent continent. It is doubtful also whether this may not be a variety only of a
species widely distributed over the mountainous districts of India, China, and perhaps Japan,
including V. Nilgherrente, V. affine, V. Donianum, and V. Griffithianum of Wight, and V.
bracteatum of Thunberg, in which case the latter name should be adopted for the whole; but
there are slight differences in the shape and pubescence of the corolla, in the awns of the
anthers, etc., which require further investigation.
2. ENKYANTHUS, Lour.
Calyx free, B-lobed. Corolla campanulate, shortly 5-lobed, and marked at
the base by 5 nectariferous almost pellucid pits. Stamens 10. Anther-cells
tipped with awn-like points, and opening longitudinally to the base. Ovary
6-celled. Capsule hard, B-angled, opening loculicidally in 5 valves.
A Chinese genus, of which only one species is known for certain.
1. E. quinquefloros, Jmut.; DC. Prod. vii. 732. A glabrous erect
shrub. Leaves deciduous, crowded at the ends of the branches, oblong or
obovate-oblong, acuminate, 2 to 4 in. long, entire, narrowed into a petiole of
3 to 4 lines, coriaceous and shining, strongly reticulate on both sides. Flowers
pedicellate, drooping, issuing several together from a bud enclosed in imbri-
cate scales, of which the inner ones are lengthened into petiolate oblong, spa-
thulate or linear, coloured bracts. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, varying much in
length and breadth, usually 1 to 2 lines long. Corolla about {■ in. long; the
tube broad, usually pink or deep red; the lobes obtuse, more or less recurved
or spreading, and often white. Stamens shorter than the corolla.—E. quin-
queflorus and E. reliculatus, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xi. t. 884 and 885.
Abundant on the hills, Champion aud others. Also on the adjacent continent, but not
known out of S. China. The E. uniforus, Benth. in Load. Journ. Bot. i. 489, originated
in a mistake.
3. RHODODENDRON, Linn.
Calyx free, 5-lobed or 5-toothed. Corolla obliquely campanulate, rarely con-
tracted into a narrow tube, or rotate with scarcely any tube, 5-lobed or very
rarely 10-lobed. Stamens 10 or rarely more, declinate. Anthers without
awns, the cells opening in terminal pores. Ovary 5- to 10-celled. Capsule
opening septicidally in 5 to 10 valves.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves evergreen,
entire, often with a mealy or scaly pubescence. Flowers in dense terminal
corymbs or heads, or rarely solitary, issuing with the young leaves from scaly
buds.
A large and beautiful genus, numerous in the mountains of tropical and subtropical Asia,
with a few N. Asiatic, European, or N. American species.
1. R. Championae, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4609. A shrub of 6 or 7 ft.,
the young leaves and branches more or less clothed or fringed with stiff
spreading hairs or bristles. Leaves chiefly at the ends of the branches, shortly
stalked, oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, 3 or 4 in. long, dark green above,
rather rusty-coloured underneath, with prominent veins. Flower-buds very


Rhododendron.']
EBICACEJE.
glutinous. Flowers 4 to 6 together on hispid pedicels of about $ in. Calyx-
lobes very hispid, unequal, 2 to 3 lines long. Corolla white or pink, tinged
with yellow at the base and dotted with ochre; the tube short; the limb cam-
panulate, about 4 in. across. Stamens 10. Capsule oblong-lanceolate, about
1 in. long.
Iu ravines of Mount Victoria, Champion; also Wright. Not known out of the island.
4. AZALEA, Linn.
Characters of Rhododendron, except that the stamens are usually 5 only
and the leaves deciduous. Two of the following species, however, and one or
two other east Asiatic ones, have usually 8 or 10 stamens, and are therefore
placed by some botanists in Rhododendron, but, on account of the deciduous
leaves and habit, they are more generally retained in Azalea.
The genus as generally limited is chiefly N. American, with a few species from temperate
or subtropical Asia.
Stamens 5. Calyx glabrous. Corolla nearly rotate 1. A. ovata.
Stamens 8 to 10. Calyi hairy. Corolla campanulate.
Leaves oval-oblong, hairy. Flowers about 3 from each bud . . . 2. A. indica.
Leaves ovate, glabrous when full-grown. Flowers 1 from each bud . 3. A. tquamata.
1. A. ovata, Lindl. in Journ. Hort. Soc. i. 149, and ii. t. 2; Hook. Bot.
Mag. t. 5064. A much-branched glabrous shrub. Leaves few, at the ends
of the branches, ovate or oval-oblong, seldom above an inch long, the
veins scarcely conspicuous. Flowers issuing singly from scaly buds of which
several are usually clustered at the ends of the branches. Pedicels short,
slightly glandular, hispid. Calyx-lobes' glabrous, ovate, obtuse, thin, about
3 lines long. Corolla nearly rotate, about 1^ in. across in the wild specimens,
white, with purple specks, cleft to near the base into 5 oblong lobes, the upper-
most the broadest. Stamens 5, with hairy filaments. Capsule ovate, 5-celled,
about 3 lines long.—A. myrtifolia, Champ, in Bot. Mag. under n. 4609.
On rocks of the Black Mountain, Champion. Also in Chusan, but not known from else-
where.
2. A. indica, Linn.; Bot. Mag. t. 1480 and 2667; Bot. Reg. t. 811,
1700, and 1716. A much-branched shrub, the young branches and leaves
more or less covered with stiff appressed rusty or almost silky hairs. Leaves
oblong or oval-oblong, acute, seldom above i£ in. long, and often under 1 in.
in the wild specimens, narrowed into a very short petiole, often becoming
glabrous above, but always retaining the hairs underneath. Flowers almost
sessile, usually 3 together from the same scaly bud; the inner scales very
hairy. Calyx also hairy; the lobes lanceolate or oblong, 2 or 3 lines long.
Corolla with a short tube, obliquely and broadly campanulate, full 2 in. across,
divided to about the middle into 5 broad rather unequal lobes. Stamens
usually 9 or 10, of which 1 much shorter than the others. Capsule ovate,
acuminate, very hairy, 4 or 5 lines long.—Rhododendron indicum, Sw.; DC.
Prod. vii. 726.
Abundant on the banks of streams and on the tops of hills, Champion and others; also
in S. China, and northward to Loochoo.
3. A. squamata, Lindl. in Journ. Hort. Soc. i. 152; and in Bot: Reg.
1847, t. 3. A shrub, usually bare of leaves, or nearly so at the time of flower-


202
[Azalea.
ERICACE.E.
ing. Leaves, when first appearing, covered with long rusty hairs, which soon
disappear, except on the petioles; when full-grown, ovate, seldom above 1 in.
long, dark green and smooth above, glaucous, with a network of rust-coloured
veins underneath. Flowers on very short pedicels, issuing singly from long
cylindrical scaly buds, more or less covered with rusty-brown hairs. Calyx-
teeth very short and hairy. Corolla obliquely campanulate, as in A. indica,
but smaller, and usually of a pale colour. Stamens 8 to 10.
Common on the hill-tops, Champion and others. Not known from elsewhere.
Order LXTV. PRIMULACEiE.
Calyx usually of 5, sometimes 4, 6, or 7 divisions or teeth, free or rarely
shortly adherent to the ovary. Corolla regular, more or less divided into as
many lobes or teeth as divisions of the calyx, or rarely wanting. Stamens as
many as lobes of the corolla, inserted in the tube opposite the lobes. Ovary
1-celled, with 1 or more ovules attached to or immersed in a free central pla-
centa, which is often thick and globular. Style single, with a capitate stigma.
Fruit a capsule, and usually dehiscent. Seeds albuminous.—Herbs or rarely
undershrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire or toothed, without stipules.
Flowers axillary or terminal.
A widely spread Order, inhabiting chiefly the northern hemisphere, and especially high
mountains, often at great elevations. A few species reappear in the Antarctic regions, and
but very few within the tropics.
1. LYSIMACHIA, Linn.
Calyx deeply B-cleft, free. Corolla rotate or campanulate, deeply 5-lobed.
Stamens 5. Capsule opening in 5 or 10 valves. Perennials, with erect or
trailing stems, and opposite or whorled, rarely alternate or tufted leaves.
Flowers usually yellow, solitary, on axillary pedicels, or collected in terminal
or rarely axillary racemes or clusters.
A considerable genus, having a wide range in the northern hemisphere.
1. L. alpestris, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 299. Stock perennial,
short, but emitting occasionally runners of 1 to 3 in. Leaves tufted on the
stock or at the ends of the runners, narrow-oblong, spathulate, or sometimes
almost obovate, 1 to 2 in. long, obtuse, entire, narrowed at the base into a
short petiole, stiffly hairy on both sides. Peduncles 1-flowered, axillary, and
about as long as the leaves. Sepals oblong, acuminate, 2 lines long. Corolla
rotate, yellow, 8 or 9 lines diameter, divided almost to the base into 5 obo-
vatc-oblong minutely fringed lobes. Filaments united in a cup at the base.
Anthers oblong. Capsule globular, shorter than the calyx, B-valved. Seeds
numerous.
In subalpine situations, Champion; always on the banks of streams, Eyre; on the top of
Victoria Peak, Wilford; also Wright. Not known from elsewhere.
Order (or Suborder) LXV. MYESINACE.ZE.
Flowers of Primulacea:, usually pentamerous or tetramerous. Fruit an in-
dehiscent berry or drupe, or very rarely splitting lengthwise on one side. Sceds


Mj/rsinacea.]
203
MYKSINACEJE.
albuminous, except in jEpiceras. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple,
entire or toothed, without stipules. Flowers small, in axillary clusters, ra-
cemes, or panicles, or rarely in terminal panicles.
A considerable Order, widely distributed over tbe tropical and subtropical regions of the
New and the Old World, and there replacing the Primulacea, of which it may be considered
as a Suborder, only differing in the woody habit and succulent fruit.
Ovary wholly or partially inferior 1. M.ESA.
Ovary superior.
Petals free to the base.
Petals and stamens usually 5. Racemes slender, forming a terminal
panicle 2. Embelia.
Petals and stamens 4. Racemes or clusters short, axillary .... 3. Samaka.
Petals united in a short tube, with a deeply lobed limb.
Flowers in axillary clusters or branching racemes.
Flowers clustered. No scales or appendages to the corolla between
the lobes 4. Myrsine.
Flowers in axillary branching racemes or short panicles. Small
appendages or scales alternating with the corolla-lobes between
the stamens 7. Reitonia.
Flowers in umbels usually pedunculate, and sometimes forming panicles.
Ovary and fruit obtuse, globular, or ovoid 5. Abdisia.
Ovary and fruit acuminate, becoming long and curved 6. JJoicebas.
1. MJESA, Forst.
Calyx-tube adherent, the limb 5-lobed. Corolla 6-lobed. Stamens 5,
filaments slender, anthers short. Ovary inferior or half-superior. Style
short. Berry Crowned by the calyx-lobes or teeth.—Trees or shrubs.
Flowers small, in simple or compound racemes, either axillary or very rarely
terminal. Bracts at the base of the pedicels, and 2 bracteelcs under the
flower, usually very small.
A genus limited to the tropical regions of the Old World.
Corolla-tube shorter than the very spreading lobes, and scarcely longer
than the calyx
Plant pubescent 1. M. sinensis.
Plant glabrous or the inflorescence scarcely pubescent.
Berry small, nearly dry 2. M. indica.
Berry white, succulent, 3 or 4 lines diameter 3. if. monlana.
Corolla-tube longer than its lobes, and twice as long as the calyx . . . 4. M. coriacea.
1. M. sinensis, DC. Prod. viii. 82. An erect shrub, the branches, the
veins, and sometimes the whole surface of the leaves, and the inflorescences
pubescent. Leaves oblong or elliptical, 2 to 4 in. long, irregularly toothed,
on petioles of 3 to 4 lines, rather thin, or scarcely coriaceous when old. Ra-
cemes usually branched, \ to near lj in. long. Pedicels very short, seldom
1 line long. Calyx-lobes ovate, rather obtuse, longer than the tube. Corolla
with a very short tube, the lobes spreading to 2£ lines in diameter. Berry
the size of a grain of pepper, not very succulent.
Common in the island, Champion and others, also on the adjacent coast, but not known
out of S. China.
2. M. indica, A. DC. Prod. viii. 80; Wight, Ic. t. 1206. A shrub, with
the foliage, flowers, and small fruits of M. sinensis, but quite glabrous, except
occasionally a minute pubescence thinly scattered on the racemes and calyxes.


MYRSIKACE.X.
[Masa.
Racemes usually more slender than in that species, the pedicels rather longer,
and the sepals rather less obtuse.
It is with some doubt that I refer one of Champion's specimens to this species, which has
a wide range over the sonthem districts of India, and over the Indian Archipelago.
3. M. montana, A. DC. Prod. viii. 79. An erect glabrous shrub,
usually more or less dioecious. Leaves oblong or elliptical, 3 or 4 in. long,
shortly acuminate, more or less toothed, on a petiole of 4 to 6 lines long, be-
coming coriaceous when old. Racemes and flowers in the male plant like
those of M. itidica and M. sinensis, but quite glabrous, the ovary small, and
the calyx-lobes very obtuse. In the female plant the racemes are more dense,
the pedicels shorter, the calyx-tube with the ovary nearly globular, with very
short calyx-lobes, the corolla much smaller, with abortive stamens. Berry
white, succulent, full 3 lines diameter.
Common in ravines, Champion and others. Widely spread over the hilly districts of India
and the Archipelago. It is possible that this and the two preceding species may prove to be
varieties of a single one. The toothing of the leaves chiefly relied on by De Candolle is
evidently variable, so also is in some instances the pubescence, and the more or less succulence
of the ripe fruit cannot be appreciated in our dried specimens.
4. M. coriacea, Cliamp. in Keto Journ. iv. 300. A perfectly glabrous
shrub. Leaves elliptical or oblong, 3 to 5 in. long, and very variable in
breadth, obtuse or acuminate, on a short stout petiole, more coriaceous than
in the preceding species, and either quite entire, or with a few small remote
teeth. Racemes either simple and clustered, or branched at the base, and
seldom above an inch long. Pedicels short. Calyx-lobes and bracts very
obtuse. Corolla different in shape from that of any other Masa known to me,
full \ lines long, with a broad tube twice as long as the calyx-lobes, and
considerably shorter, broad, slightly spreading lobes. Berries globular, about
2 lines diameter.
Common in the island, Champion and others. Not received as yet from elsewhere.
Var. gracilis. Leaves narrower, almost lanceolate, racemes and pedicels more slender and
longer, and corolla rather smaller.
Hongkong, Wilford; and some of Champion's early specimens in young bud appear to
be referable to this form.
All the above Masas are liable to a peculiar monstrosity, in which the racemes are con-
verted iuto dense panicles, every flower being also replaced by a dense spikelet of closely im-
bricate bracts.
2. EMBELIA, Burm.
Calyx free, deeply 5- (rarely 4-) lobed. Petals 5, rarely 4, distinct, spread-
ing. Stamens as many, inserted at the base of the petals, not longer than
them, with filiform filaments and short anthers. Ovary superior. Style short.
—Shrubs or woody climbers. Flowers small, in simple or branched slender
racemes, either axillary, or forming a terminal panicle.
A small genus, limited to tropical Asia or eastern Africa.
1. E. Ribes, Burnt.; DC. Prod. viii. 85 ; Wight, Ic. t. 1207. A pretty
bush of 3 or 4 ft., with weak slender glabrous branches, sometimes lengthened
out and climbing. Leaves ovate or oblong, shortly and obtusely acuminate,
2 to 3 in. long, on petioles of 2 or 3 lines, quite entire, coriaceous, and gla-
brous, usually glaucous underneath. Flowers very small, white, in elegant


Embelia.]
MYBSINACE.E.
minutely pubescent branching racemes, forming a terminal panicle. Sepals
minute, acute. Petals spreading, about 1 line long, pubescent on the edges.
Stamens rather shorter. Berries small, globular.
Common in ravines, Champion and others. Widely spread over southern India, from
Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago. Although the flowers are usually pentamerous,
some tetramerous ones may occasionally he met with.
3. SAMARA, Linn.
(Choripetalum, A. DC.)
Flowers of Embelia, except that they are constantly tetramerous, and the
stamens longer than the petals.—Shrubs often half-trailing. Flowers in short
axillary racemes.
A small genus, with the same Asiatic and African range as Embelia.
Leaves obtuse, not 2 in. long. Sepals ovate, obtuse 1. S. obovata.
Leaves 2 to 4 in. loug. Sepals lanceolate, acute 2. S. longifolia.
1. S. obovata, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 301. A glabrous shrub,
with straggling half-trailing branches. Leaves from obovate to narrow-ob-
long, always obtuse, 1 to 2 in. long, narrowed into a petiole of 2 or 3 lines,
coriaceous, quite entire, smooth above, veined, and somewhat glaucous under-
neath. Flowers 6 to 10 together, in axillary racemes, so short as to be almost
reduced to clusters. Pedicels seldom 1 line long. Calyx-lobes very short
and obtuse. Petals yellowish-white, about 1 line long. Stamens rather
longer. Fruit globular, 2 or 3 lines diameter.—Choripetalum obovatum, Benth.
in Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 490. C. Benthamianum, Hance in Walp. Ann. iii. 10.
Common in ravines iu the Happy Valley woods, and at West Point, Champion, Wilford;
also Hance and Wright. Not known from elsewhere.
2. S. longifolia, Benth. n. sp. Allied to the last species, but the leaves
much longer, although not broader, usually about 3 in., sometimes 4 in. long,
obtusely acuminate and narrowed into a petiole of 3 or 4 lines. Racemes
much looser, about £ in. long. Pedicels 1 to 1$ lines long. Flowers larger,
and the sepals lanceolate, very acute, full \ line long.
Hongkong, Harland and Hance. Not seen in any other collection.
4. MYBSINE, Linn.
Calyx 4- or 5-lobed. Corolla deeply 4- or 5-lobed. Stamens as many,
with very short filaments; the anthers much longer, erect and lanceolate.
Ovary free. Style short, with a capitate or fringed stigma.—Shrubs or small
trees. Leaves coriaceous, entire or rarely toothed. Flowers small, on short
pedicels, in dense axillary clusters.
A considerable genus, spread over the tropical and subtropical regions both of the New
and the Old World.
I. M. capitellata, Wall.; DC. Prod. viii. 94; Wight, Ic. I. 1211. A
glabrous shrub or small tree. Leaves varying from broadly elliptical or oblong
or almost obovate, to narrow-oblong, or almost lanceolate in the Hongkong
specimens, usually 3 to 4 in. long, and £ to 1 in. broad, obtuse or obtusely
acuminate, narrowed into a short stout petiole, coriaceous, quite entire, the
lateral veins usually inconspicuous. Flowers small, white. Pedicels 1 or


206
[Myrtine.
MYRSINACE*.
rarely 2 lines long. Corolla-lobes spreading to about 2 lines diameter.—
M. philippinensis, A. DC. Prod. viii. 94, and probably some other supposed
species enumerated in that work and in Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. M. neritfolia,
Sieb. and Zucc. Fam. Nat. Fl. Jap. fasc. ii. 18.
Mounts Victoria, Gough, and other hills, Champion and others. Common in India, from
Ceylon and the Peninsula to Java, and northward to the Himalaya, the Philippines, Loochoo,
and Japan.
5. ABDISIA, Linn.
Calyx free, 5- (or 4- ?) lobed. Corolla deeply 5- (or 4- ?) lobed, the lobes
usually very spreading or reflexed and convolute in the bud. Stamens as
many, filaments short, anthers lanceolate, erect, the slits of the cells often not
reaching the base. Ovary superior. Style subulate, usually long and persis-
tent, the stigma not enlarged. Berry or drupe globular.—Trees, shrubs, or
sometimes undershrubs, almost herbaceous. Flowers not so small as in most
other genera, usually in umbels or very short umbel-like racemes, axillary or
terminal, either solitary or several together in branching panicles. Corolla
white or pink, frequently spotted.
A large genus, widely spread over the tropical and subtropical regions of the New and the
Old World, chiefly in hilly districts.
Erect shrubs. Leaves oblong, usually narrow.
Umbels nearly sessile. Flowers full 4 lines across.
Corolla-lobes acute 1. A. crispa.
Corolla-lobes obtuse 8. A. punctata.
Umbels on slender branching peduncles. Flowers scarcely 3 lines
across 3. A. pauciflora.
Stem low, creeping or prostrate at the base. Leaves obovate.
Glabrous. Leaves stalked, about 2 in. long. Peduncles short . . 4. A. chinmsis.
Hairy. Leaves sessile, 4 to 6 in. long. Peduncles slender ... 5. A. primuUefolia.
1. A. crispa, A. DC. Prod. viii. 134. An erect, glabrous shrub. Leaves
oblong or elliptical, 3 to 5 in. long, usually $ to 1 in. broad, obtusely acumi-
nate, usually broadly crenate and crisped on the edges with glandular inden-
tures, narrowed into a short petiole, coriaceous, with few lateral veins. Um-
bels usually nearly sessile, solitary or terminal, but sometimes with 2 or 3
lateral branches, 1 to 4 in. long, each bearing a similar umbel. Flowers
white, more or less spotted with purple, from 6 to 10 or 12 in each umbel.
Pedicels full £ in. long. Corolla spreading to full 4 or even 5 lines diameter;
the lobes very pointed, often reflexed.—A. crenata, Bot. Mag. t. 1950.
On Victoria Peak and near the Buddhist Temple, Champion; also Hindi and Wright.
Known alio from the Malayan Peninsula, and the Indian Archipelago, as far as Borneo.
2. A. punctata, IAndl. Bot. Reg. t. 827; A. DC. Prod. viii. 135. An
erect glabrous shrub, very near the A. crispa, but the leaves are usually nar-
rower and more entire, and the corolla less spreading, with the lobes always
obtuse.
Abundant on Victoria Peak, Champion, on a ravine on Mount Gongh, Wilford; also
Wright. Only known from S. China.
3. A. pauciflora, Heyne; A. DC. Prod. viii. 127; Wight, Ic. t. 1214.
An erect glabrous shrub. Leaves narrow-oblong, obtusely acuminate, 3 to 4
in. long, quite entire, narrowed into a short petiole, coriaceous, the lateral


Ardisia.]
207
MYBS1NACE.E.
veins on the under side numerous and very divergent, but very fine and scarcely
prominent. Peduncles axillary or terminal, rather slender, \ to 1 in. long,
bearing sometimes 1 sometimes 3 or 4 umbels, each of 4 to 8 small white
flowers. Pedicels slender, 2 to 3 lines long or 4 lines when in fruit. Calyx-
lobes very small. Corolla-lobes scarcely above 1 line long, and very acute.
Drupes 3 or 4 lines in diameter.
Ia ravines, Champion and others. It has a wide range in southern Asia, as we have it
from the mountains of Ceylon and of the Indian Peninsula, from Khasia, from Java, and from
Loochoo, and it probably includes some species published in, the Prodromus or in Miquel's
Flora under other names.
4. A. chinensis, Btnlh., n. sp. A prostrate glabrous undershrub, the
leafy branches ascending to the height of a few inches, seldom above -J- ft.
Leaves obovate, obtuse, or obtusely acuminate, \ to 2£ in. long, entire or
with a few irregular obtuse teeth in the upper part, cuneate at the base, on a
petiole of 2 or 3 lines; the lateral veins numerous, diverging from the midrib
with but little reticulation. Fruiting peduncles slender, about \ in. long,
bearing an umbel of 3 pedicels of 3 or 4 lines. Calyx-lobes small, acute.
Berries globular, with the seed and persistent subulate style of Ardisia. I
have not seen the corolla or stamens.—A. japonka, Benth. in Kew Journ.
Bot. iv. 301, not of Blume.
In a ravine of Mount Victoria, Champion. Not received in any other collection. I had
nt first taken this for the A. japonica, which I only knew from Lamarck's figure, but having
now seen specimens of that plant from C. Wright's collection, I find that it differs in several
points, especially in the numerous fine scrratures, and much more reticulated veins of the
of the leaves, which are also differently shaped.
5. A. primulsefolia, Gardn. and Champ, in Kent Journ. Bot. i. 324.
A low hairy half-herbaceous plant. Stem simple, rooting at the base, ascend-
ing to the height of a few inches, covered with the knotty scars of old leaves.
Leaves in a spreading tuft at the top of the stem, sessile, obovate, 4 to 6 in.
long, 2 to 3 in. broad, broadly crenate or rarely entire, thin and membranous,
covered on the upper side as well as the inflorescences, with long reddish
jointed hairs. Peduncles 2 to 3 in. long, bearing at the top 1 to 3 or 4 um-
bels of pink spotted flowers, about the size of those of A. crispa. Calyx-divi-
sions narrow-lanceolate, acute, hairy. Corolla-lobes acute. Berry scarlet, 3
or 4 lines diameter.
In grassy places in ravines, Mounts Victoria, Gough, etc., Champion, Wilford; also
Wright. Not known out of the island.
6. ^GICERAS, Gsertn.
Calyx free, 5-cleft, convolute. Corolla with 5 very spreading lobes, convo-
lute in the bud. Stamens as many, filaments subulate, anthers lanceolate, the
cells divided transversely into numerous pits. Ovary superior. Style subulate,
acute. Fruit cylindrical, curved, openiug as the seed grows in one or two
longitudinal slits. Seed without albumen. Cotyledons thick and fleshy.—
Maritime shrubs or trees, with the habit of Rhizopliorm, and like them the
seed is said to germinate before the fruit falls off, but with the resinous dots
and other characters of Myrsineee. Flowers white, in umbels, or very short
umbel-like racemes.
A small genus, confined to the seacoast of tropical Asia and Australia.


208
MYE8INACE*.
1. JE. majus, Gcertn.; A. DC. Prod. viii. 142; Wightl Illuttr. t. 146.
A glabrous shrub or small tree. Leaves obovatc, very obtuse, 2 to 3 in. long,
quite entire, narrowed into a petiole at the base, coriaceous and evergreen.
Umbels axillary or terminal, nearly sessile. Pedicels stiff, 3 to 5 lines long.
Calyx near 3 lines long, with very obtuse stiff much-imbricated divisions,
closely covering the tube of the corolla, which is about their length. Corolla-
lobes about the same length, spreading or reflexed, stiff, and very acute.
Stamens shortly exserted. Ovary very pointed, growing out into a curved
horn-like fruit, about an in. long.
In salt-water marshes, Champion, Hance. Frequent on the shores of tropical Asia and
Australia.
7. REPTONIA, A. DC.
(Honotheca, A. DC.)
Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla with 5 spreading lobes, convolute in the bud, and
5 small scales or appendages (or sterile stamens ?) alternating with them, in-
serted in the mouth of the short tube. Stamens 5, inserted in the tube oppo-
site the lobes. Ovary superior, with 1 to 4 ovules erect from the base, with-
out any fleshy placenta. Drape globular. Seed albuminous.—Shrubs. Leaves
evergreen, entire. Flowers small, in axillary clusters or short branching
racemes or panicles.
A genus containing, besides the subjoined species, only one other thorny one from Arabia
and Western India.
1. R. laurina, Benth., n. sp. A glabrous unarmed shrub. Leaves narrow-
oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, 3 to 5 in. long, narrowed into a petiole, coria-
ceous, smooth, with a few raised veins underneath, diverging obliquely from
the midrib. Flowers very small, in axillary panicles of near 2 in. long, with
small scale-like bracts at the base of the branches, and short pedicels. Calyx-
lobes broad, much imbricated, about f line long. Corolla spreading to about
2 lines diameter. Anthers almost sessile. Ovary apparently with only 1
ovule, erect from the base. Berry ovoid-oblong, about ? in. long, with one
seed, not quite ripe in the specimens, but apparently with a thick fleshy
albumen.
Hongkong, Harland. I regret much that the only specimens I have seen of this very in-
teresting plant arc not in a better state, for although the two flowers I examined appear
perfect as to the corolla, stamens, and style, the ovule and most of the growiug ovaries were
more or less diseased. One only fruit appeared to be in a normal state, but that was not
ripe enough to see the embryo.
Order LXVI. SAPOTACE.E.
Calyx free, of 4 to 8, usually 5, divisions or teeth. Corolla regular, more
or less divided into as many or rarely twice as many lobes. Fertile stamens,
either equal in number to the lobes of the corolla and opposite to them, or
twice as many, besides which are often sterile stamens, either alternating with
the fertile ones or in the form of small scales, alternating with the lobes of the
corolla. Ovary superior, 2- or more celled, with one pendulous or erect ovule


Sapotacea?.] sapotace.*.
209
in each cell. Style simple, with an entire or slightly lobed stigma. Fruit a
berry or drupe, usually indehiscent. Seeds either with a fleshy albumen and
foliaceous cotyledons, or without albumen and with fleshy cotyledons.—Trees
or shrubs, with the juice frequently milky. Leaves alternate, entire, usually
coriaceous, without stipules. Flowers axillary, solitary or clustered.
An Order widely distributed over both the New and the Old World, within the tropics
or not spreading far beyond them.
1. SIDEEOXYLON, Linn.
Calyx and corolla 5-lobed. Stamens 5 fertile inserted in the tube of the
corolla opposite its lobes, and 5 small sterile scale-like ones alternating with
the corolla-lobes. Ovary 5-celled, or rarely 4- or 2-celled. Berry ovoid or
globular, with 1 to 3 seeds. Albumen fleshy. Embryo in the centre, almost
as long, with broad thin cotyledons.—Flowers small, usually white, in axillary
clusters.
A considerable genus, with nearly the range of the whole Order.
1. S. Wightianum, Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech, t. 41; A. DC. Prod.
viii. 178, not of Wall. An erect glabrous shrub. Leaves evergreen, from
broadly oblong or almost obovnte to narrow-oblong, obtusely acuminate,
2 to 4 in. long, quite entire, narrowed into a rather long petiole, pale under-
neath: the pinnate veins and transverse reticulations conspicuous on both
sides. Pedicels about 3 lines long. Flowers small, whitish, the lobes of the
corolla and sterile stamens usually rather broader than represented in the above
quoted plate. Ovary hairy. Fruit about \ in. long.
In the Happy Valley woods, Mount Victoria, and Little Hongkong, Champion, Wilford,
and others: also on the adjacent continent, but not known beyond S. China.
Order LXVII. EBENACE^J.
Flowers regular, usually dicecious. Calyx free, 3- to 5-lobed, or rarely
with 6 or 7 lobes. Corolla-lobes as many, imbricate in the bud. Stamens
inserted at the base of the corolla or on the torus within it, indefinite, usually
about 15 in the male flowers, much fewer and sterile in the females; anthers
erect, linear or lanceolate. Ovary free, 3- or more celled, with 1 or 2 pen-
dulous ovules in each cell. Styles as many or half as liiany as cells, distinct
or more or less united, simple or 2-cleft, with small terminal stigmas. Fruit
a berry, usually indehiscent. Seeds few, with albumen; radicle superior; co-
tyledons foliaceous.—Trees or shrubs ; the juice not milky. Leaves alternate,
entire, without stipules. Flowers axillary, the females often solitary, the males
usually clustered or in small cymes.
A rather small Order, spread over tropical aud subtropical Asia, Africa, America, and
southern Afiica, with a very few Australian species.
Ovary 3-celled 1. Rospidios.
Ovary 4-, 8-, or more celled 2. Diospyros.
1. EOSPIDIOS, A. DC.
Characters of Diospyros, except that the ovary is 3-celled with 3 styles.—
Shrubs with small leaves.
p


210
\Ro»pidio».
EBENACEjK.
A genus consisting of the following species only, and perhaps not separated from Diospy-
rot on adequate grounds.
1. R. vaccinioides, A. DC. Prod. viii. 220. A low much-branched
evergreen shrub, much resembling the common Box when growing. Branches
and young leaves covered with appressed rusty hairs. Leaves ovate, acute,
usually about £ in. long, coriaceous, glabrous when full grown, without any
prominent veins except the midrib. Flowers small, axillary, pendulous, nearly
sessile. Calyx-lobes 4, lanceolate-subulate, about \ lines long, hairy. Co-
rolla-tube about as long, glabrous except a few hairs on the angles; the 4
lobes short, spreading, and very acute. Berries globular.—Diuspyros vac-
cinioides, Lindl. in Hook. Exot. PI. t. 139.
Very abundant all over the island, Champion and others. Also on the hills of the Malayan
Peninsula. I have only seen male floweriug and female fruiting specimens.
2. DIOSPYKOS, Linn.
Flowers dioecious. Calyx and corolla-lobes 4, 5, or 6. Stamens usually
IB or 16 in the males, about 8 and sterile in the females. Ovary usually 4-
or 8-celled, rarely 10- or 12-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Styles 2 or 4,
more or less united at the base and usually 2-cleft at the top. Berry 4- or
8-celled, usually covered at the base by the somewhat enlarged calyx.—Trees or
rarely shrubs. Flowers axillary, the females solitary, the males usually several
together in little clusters, sometimes lengthening out into cymes or racemes.
A considerable genus, having nearly the same range as the Order, but rare in S. Africa.
Glabrous. Leaves petiolate 1. D. Morruuma.
Branches, young leaves, and calyxes hairy. Leaves almost sessile . . 2. D. eriantha.
1. D. Morrisiana, fiance in Walp. Ann. iii. 14. A shrub (or tree?),
with the young shoots very slightly pubescent, otherwise quite glabrous.
Leaves oblong or the lower ones ovate, obtuse or acuminate, 2 to 4 in. long,
coriaceous, shining above; the veins underneath few and slight, on petioles of
2 to 4 lines. Flowers white, the males 2 or 3 together, nodding, on pubes-
cent pedicels of about 1 line long. Calyx broadly campauulate, about 1 line
long, with 4 short triangular lobes. Corolla-tube nearly twice as long, with
4 short spreading lobes. Stamens 15 to 20, with hairy anthers. Female
flowers hitherto tindescribed, and I have not seen them. Fruit yellow, ob-
long or nearly globular, about 8 lines diameter, 4-celled. Seeds 1 in each
cell, chestnut-coloured, oblong, compressed.
On Mounts Victoria, Gough, and Parker, Champion, Hanee; also Wright. Not known
as yet out of the island.
2. D. eriantha, Champ, in Kew Jovrn. But. iv. 302. A small tree ; the
young branches and under side of the young leaves covered with stiff appressed
rusty hairs, which disappear on the old leaves except on the midrib or prin-
cipal veins. Leaves nearly sessile, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, spreading in
opposite rows, smooth and shining above, with prominent very oblique veins
underneath. Flowers nearly sessile; the females solitary, the males 2 or 3
together, not nodding. Calyx deeply lobed, very hairy, about 2 lines long
when in flower, twice as long in fruit, with ovate acute lobes, and surrounded
at the base by 2 or 3 imbricate obtuse deciduous scaly bracts. Corolla
white, very hairy outside; the tube about 3 lines long; the lobes about 2 lines,


Diospyro*]
211
EBBNACEiE.
and very acute. Ovary very hairy, 2-celled according to Champion, with 1
pendulous ovule in each; I found, however, in the only female flower I could
examine, 4 cells with 1 ovule in each. Styles 2, united to the middle and
apparently undivided, but the summits were injured. Berry oblong, above
i in. long) glabrous or hairy, with a single seed.
In the Happy Valley woods, Champion; also Wright. Not known ont of the island.
Order, LXVIII. STYRACACE^.
Calyx-tube usually more or less adherent; the limb 5- or rarely 4-lobed.
Corolla deeply divided into as many lobes or rarely into twice as many, the
additional lobes forming an inner smaller series alternating with the outer
ones. Stamens usually indefinite, sometimes only twice as many or equal in
number to the corolla-lobes, attached in one or more series to the base or
within the tube of the corolla. Ovary more or less inferior or very rarely
quite superior, 2- to 5-celled, with 2 or more ovules in each cell, either all
pendulous or the upper ones erect. Fruit more or less succulent and inde-
hiscent, or rarely opening in valves. Seed usually solitary, the embryo in the
axis of a fleshy albumen.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed,
without stipules. Flowers axillary, solitary or in simple or branched racemes.
A small Order, dispersed over the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and America,
with very few African species and one only extending into southern Europe.
Corolla-lobes much imbricate. Stamens indefinite. Anthers short. Ovules
2 in each cell. Fruit inferior ]. Symixocos.
Corolla-lobes imbricate or valvate. Stamens 10. Anthers linear. Ovules
several in each cell. Fruit superior 2. Stybax.
1. SYMPLOCOS, Linn.
Calyx 5-lobed, adherent. Corolla 5-lobed or in some American spe-
cies 6- to 10-lobed, the lobes much imbricate iu the bud. Stamens inde-
finite, usually more than 15; filaments filiform; anthers small, ovoid or glo-
bular. Ovary more or less inferior, 2- to 5-celled, with 2 or very rarely 3
ovules in each cell. Style filiform, entire or shortly lobed at the top. Berry
from globular to oblong, crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes, usually with
1 or 2 seeds only. Embryo with a long radicle and very short cotyledons.—
Trees or shrubs, the specimens almost always taking a yellow tinge in drying.
Flowers small, in axillary racemes or clusters, each one solitary in the axil of
a small bract, with 2 bracteoles under the calyx.
A considerable genus, common to the tropical and subtropical regions of ABia and America.
Flowers in dense clusters, or in racemes not longer than the petioles.
Fruit ovoid or oblong.
Clusters dense, quite sessile. Leaves veined. Ovary glabrous . . 1. 5. congesia.
Kaceines few-flowered, about as long as the petiole. Leaves very co-
riaceous, scarcely veined. Ovary hairy at the top ..... 2. 5. cramfolia.
Flowers in racemes (or loose spikes), longer than the petiole. Fruit
small, globular.
Racemes simple . . . 3. 5. microcarpa.
Racemes branched i. S. spicata.
1 S. congesta, Benth., n. sp. An evergreen shrub, glabrous except a
p 2


212
[Symploeos.
stykacace*.
slight pubescence on the young buds. Branches short, terete. Leaves ovate,
shortly acuminate, 2 or 3* in. long, entire or rarely bordered with small glan-
dular teeth, on a thick petiole of about 3 lines, coriaceous and shining above,
but less so than in the following species and the veins much more prominent
underneath. Flowers closely sessile, in very dense axillary clusters; the
bracts broad, short, and slightly hairy. Calyx near 1| lines long, divided to
below the middle into 5 broad obtuse brown lobes. Corolla-lobes obtuse,
about 2 lines long. Stamens numerous, inserted in the very short tube, anil
longer than the lobes. Ovary quite glabrous, 3-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules
in each cell. Fruit oblong, more than | in. long.
Hare iu the island, Champion. Received also in Fortune's Chinese collection, but in no
other one.
2. S. crassifolia, Benth., n. sp. A perfectly glabrous shrub, with an-
gular branches like those of S. japonica. Leaves oval-oblong, acuminate, 2
to 3 in. long, quite entire or with a few small teeth towards the top, nar-
rowed into a petiole of 4 to fi lines, more stiff and coriaceous than in any
other species known to me, and not unlike the large entire-leaved varieties of
a Holly. Flowers 3 or 4 together in racemes about the length of the petiole;
the lowest flower pedicellate, the others sessile. Bracts small, orbictdar.
Calyx-lobes orbicular, thin, about 1 line long. Corolla divided almost to the
base into obtuse lobes about 2 lines long. Ovary hairy at the top. Fruit
ovoid, not \ in. long.
On Victoria Peak, Champion. Not seen in any other collection. I had formerly thought
that this and the preceding species might be varieties of the S. japonica, but a careful com-
parison of more numerous specimens discloses too many points of difference to admit of their
being united.
3. S. microcarpa, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 303. A shrub or
small tree, glabrous except a slight pubescence on the racemes. Leaves
nearly sessile, oval or elliptical-oblong, with a long acumen, 2 to 3 in. long,
entire or more usually slightly crenated, not very coriaceous although shining
above, the reticulated veins more or less conspicuous underneath, llacemes
(or rather interrupted spikes) J to 1 in. long, simple. Flowers small, quite
sessile, each in the axil of a small broad minutely ciliate bract. Calyx not
1 line, with orbicular thin lobes. Corolla scarcely above 1 line long, divided
almost to the base. Stamens about 20. Ovary glabrous on the top. Fruit
nearly globular, crowned by the inflected lobes of the calyx, about 2 lines
diameter.
In the Happy Valley woods, Champion; in a ravine of Mount Gough, Wilford. We have
not precisely the same form from the coutinent, but in Hooker's Sikkim collection is one
which may be a variety of the same species, with more pubescent racemes.
4. S. spicata, Roxb.,- A. DC. Prod. viii. 254; Wight, Illustr. I. 150.
A shrub or small tree, glabrous except the inflorescence. Leaves elliptical-
oblong, shortly acuminate, crenatc or almost serrate, 3 to 4 in. long, nar-
rowed into a petiole of 4 to 5 lines, coriaceous and shining above; the veins
prominent underneath and sometimes on both sides. Racemes 2 to 3 in. long,
more or less branched, and usually minutely pubescent or tomentose. Flowers
sessile, each in the axil of a broad, short, pubescent bract. Calyx scarcely 1
line long, glabrous, with orbicular lobes. Corolla-lobes 2 lines long, with n


Symplocos.~]
213
8TYBACACE.S.
very short tube. Stamens numerous. Ovary glabrous on the top. Fruit
nearly globular, about 2 lines diameter, crowned by the persistent calyx-
lobes.
Hongkong, Ilarland. On the adjacent continent, and widely spread over E. India from
Ceylon and the Peninsula to Khasia, Silhet, and the Archipelago, varying considerably in
foliage. The Chinese specimens agree, however, precisely with the common Silhet form.
1. STYRAX, Linn.
Calyx campannlate, truncate or obscurely toothed, shortly adherent at the
base or free. Corolla deeply 5-lobed (rarely 4- or G-lobedj; the lobes imbri-
cate or valvate in the bud. Stamens twice as many as corolla-lobes, appa-
rently in a single series; filaments short; anthers linear, erect. Ovary half-
inferior or entirely superior, completely or incompletely 3-ccllod or almost 1-
celled. Ovules attached to the axis, several in each cell, all erect or the upper
ones erect and the lower pendulous. Style filiform, with an entire or 3-lobed
stigma. Fruit surrounded at the base by the persistent calyx, globular or
ovoid, either indehiscent or the rather thick pericarp opening more or less
into 3 valves. Seed solitary, erect, globular or ovoid. Albumen fleshy. Em-
bryo usually oblique.—Shrubs or small trees, usually more or less covered
with a close mealy or scaly pubescence. Flowers much larger than in Sym-
ptoms, usually drooping, either 1 or 2 in the upper axils or forming a short
loose terminal raceme.
A considerable genns, ranging over the tropical, subtropical, or even temperate regions of
the northern hemisphere, and esteuding also southward of the tropics in S. America.
Leaves green and glabrous on both sides. Corolla-lobes imbricate in
the bud I S. odoratissima.
Leaves scaly-pubescent, or tomentose underneath. Corolla-lobes val-
vate in the bud 2. 5. suberifolia.
1. S. odoratissima, Champ, in Kmc Jonrn. Bot. iv. 304. A beautiful
moderate-sized shrub, with very little of the scurfy pubescence of the genus,
except on the inflorescence and flowers. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong,
acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long, on a petiole of 2 to 4 lines, usually entire, thin,
green on both sides, and reticulately veined. Flowers white, sweetly scented.
Calyx near 3 lines long. Corolla white, near J in. long, the lobes thin and
much imbricated. Ovary completely 3-celled when young, with the ovules all
ascending, and adnate to the calyx to about one-half its length. Fruit to-
mentose, globular or slightly ovoid, obliquely acuminate by the persistent
style, by which it differs from that of most species, either indehiscent, or rarely
splitting into 3 valves from the base upwards, or from the apex downwards.
Ravines of Mount Victoria, Champion; also Wriyht. Not known out of the island.
2. S. suberifolia, Hook, and Am. Bot. heech. t. 40; DC. Prod. viii.
261. A shrub or small tree, the branches, under side of the leaves, and inflo-
rescence covered with a dense scaly pubescence or tomcntum, which often as-
sumes a reddish colour. Leaves from oval-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acu-
minate, 2 to 4 in. long, narrowed into a petiole of about ^ in., usually entire,
coriaceous, glabrous and reticulate on the upper side. Pedicels very short.
Calyx \ lines long. Corolla about 5 lines; the lobes narrow-oblong, valvate


214
[Styrax.
8TYBACACE.S.
in the bud. Ovary free, 1-celled from the base at the time of flowering, with
near 20 ovulea on an axile placenta, the upper ones ascending, the lower ones
pendulous. Fruit globular, obtuse, opening in 3 thick valves.—Cyrta suieri-
folia, Miers in Ann. Nat, Hist. ser. 3, iii. 279.
Rather common in the Happy Valley woods, Champion; and at Little Hongkong, Wil-
ford; also Wright; and on the adjacent continent, hut not known out of S China. The
three groups proposed hy Miers, under the names of Styrax, Cyrta, and Strigitia, although
they cannot perhaps be so strictly limited as laid down in the work above quoted, form very
good sections; but it appears to me that Styrax, as a whole, is far too natural to be thus
broken up into distinct genera. The degree of adherence of the ovary, and of the persistence
of its dissepiments is variable in species otherwise closely allied.
Order LXIX. JASMINACE-2E.
Calyx usually small, 4- or B-lobed, or rarely 6- to 8-lobed, or toothed, or
almost entire. Corolla 4- or 5-lobed, or rarely 6- to 8-lobed, with a long or
short tube, or sometimes divided to the base into 4 petals, or rarely 2-petaled
or entirely wanting. Stamens 2, adhering to the base of the corolla, on op-
posite sides of the ovary, or hypogynous in apetalous flowers. Ovary 2-cclled,
with 2, or rarely 1 or 3 ovules in each cell, ascending or pendulous, from the
inner angle. Fruit succulent or capsular, entire or 2-lobed, 2-celled, or re-
duced to a single cell and seed. Seeds with or without albumen. Embryo
straight.—Trees or shrubs, very rarely herbs. Leaves opposite, or very rarely
alternate, entire or pinnate. Flowers in axillary or terminal panicles, some-
times reduced to dense clusters.
A small Order, dispersed over the greater part of the warmer or temperate regions of the
globe. The two Suborders are sometimes considered as distinct Orders.
Suborder 1. Oleinese.—Corolla l-lobed or none. Chalet pendulous. Fruit entire.
Fruit dry, narrow, ending in a narrow wing. Trees with pinnate leaves . 1. Fraxinus.
Fruit succulent. Leaves simple, entire.
Fruit a drupe. Panicles or clusters axillary. Corolla-lobes imbricate . 2. Olf.a.
Fruit a berry. Panicles terminal. Corolla-lobes valvate 3. Lioustrum.
Suborder 2. Jasmines.—Corolla 5- or more loted. Ovulea ascending. Fruit (when
perfect) %-lobed. (Leaves in the Hongkong species compound with 3 leaflets) 4. Jashinum.
1. FRAXINUS, Linn.
Flowers usually polygamous. Corolla either none, or of 2 or 4 petals,
scarcely cohering at the base. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit dry, indehiscent, nar-
row, ending in an oblong or linear stiff wing. Seeds 1 or 2, pendulous, with
a thin fleshy albumen.—Trees. Leaves pinnate, the leaflets usually toothed.
Flowers in axillary or terminal panicles or racemes.
A rather considerable genus, dispersed over the temperate regions of the northern hemi-
sphere, penetrating into the tropics only in mountain districts.
1. P. retusa, Champ, in Kew Joum. Bot. iv. 330. A glabrous tree.
Leaflets usually 5, from ovate to ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acuminate, 2 to
3 in. long, on petiolules of 3 to 6 lines, slightly serrate, and much reticulated.
Panicles not so long as the leaves. Flowers numerous, white, on slender
pedicels 1 to \ lines long. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate, or very shortly and
obtusely 4 toothed, about \ line long. Petals 4, narrow-oblong, 1J lines


Fraxinus.] jasminacejs. 215
long, imbricate in the bud. Stamens longer. Fruit linear, about f in. long,
including the wing, about 1| lines broad in the broadest part, and always
emarginate at the top.
In woods in the Happy Valley, near the waterfall. Champion, Hattce; also near Amoy,
Fortune. I had formerly thought that this might be a variety of the widely spread F. flori-
bunda. Wall., but a closer examination shows that it differs in the calyx, which is twice as
large, and not deeply lobed as in that species, and in the reticulation of the leaflets, besides
the constantly notched fruit, which appears to be always acute iu F. floribunda.
2. OLEA, Linn.
Flowers often polygamous. Corolla 4-lobed, with a short tube, or rarely
none ; the lobes usually imbricate in the bud. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 pendu-
lous ovides iu each cell. Fruit a drupe. Seed usually I, pendulous, with a
fleshy albumen.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire, coriaceous. Flowers small,
in axillary racemes, panicles, or clusters, or, in some African species, in termi-
nal panicles.
A genus comprising several African and Asiatic or Mediterranean species, with one from
N. America, and another from New Zealand.
1. O. marginata, CJiamp. in Kern Jotirn. Bot. iv. 330. A holly-like
evergreen shrub, apparently dicecious. Leaves chiefly near the ends of the
branches, elliptical-oblong, obtuse or scarcely acuminate, 2^ to near 5 in.
long, narrowed into a stout petiole of £ to 1 in., thickly coriaceous, smooth,
and shining above, the midrib alone prominent on the under side. Panicles
dense, minutely pubescent, not longer than the petiole. Lower bracts linear,
the upper ones minute. Calyx obtusely 4-lobed, about \ line long. Corolla-
tube about 1 line; the lobes broad, obtuse, quite glabrous, and imbricate in
the bud. Stamens rather longer. Ovary, in the flowers examined, all small
and abortive. The female specimens are in fruit only. Drupes oblong, about
\ in. long, with a woody putamen.
Near the top of the waterfall in the Happy Valley, Chamjtion; also Bance. Not received
from elsewhere, nor yet is it at all like any other Asiatic species known to me. On the other
hand, it very closely resembles the N. American O. amerirana, Linn., from which our speci-
mens only show some slight differences iu the shape of the bracts, in the glabrous corolla-
lobes, and in the longer fruit.
The O. fragrant, Thunb., and 0. aquifolium, Sieb. and Zucc., are much cultivated iu gar-
dens, but arc not stated to have established themselves in the island in a wild state.
3. LIGUSTBUM, Linn.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Corolla 4-lobed with a long or short tube, the
lobes usually valvate in the bud. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules in
each cell. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a globular 2-celled berry. Seeds usually
solitary in each cell, pendulous, with a fleshy or cartilaginous albumen.—
Shrubs. Leaves entire, often coriaceous. Flowers rather small, white, in
terminal panicles.
A small genus, ranging over the mountains of Asia, from the Himalaya to Japan, with one
European species.
1. L. sinense, Lour.; DC. Prod. viii. 294. A shrub, with slender pu-
bescent spreading branches. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 1 to 2 in.


216
[Ligustrum.
jasminacEjE.
long, glabrous or nearly so, and shining above when full grown, but always
more or less pubescent underneath. Flowers in oblong pubescent panicles of
1 to 2 inches, much like those of the European Privet. Calyx cup-shaped,
truncate, entire. Corolla-tube exceedingly short; the lobes spreading, about
1£ lines long, valvate in the bud. Stamens rather longer. Berry globular
or nearly so, small.—Olea Walpernana and O. consanguinra, Hance in Walp.
Ann. iii. 17 and 18. *
Much cultivated in the gardens of the island, and found also frequently by roadsides, al-
though not perhaps truly indigenous, Champion; also Hance. It is believed to be of Chinese
origin, aud probably includes the L. Stavntoni, DC, with the characters of which some of
our Chinese continental specimens agree well. It is also very closely allied to, if not a
variety of L. nepalense, Wall., from the Himalaya.
4. JASMINTJM, Linn.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Corolla-tube usually cylindrical; the limb spread-
ing, 5 or sometimes 6- to 8-lobed; the lobes oblique, contorted in the bud.
Stamens included in the tube. Ovary 2-lobed, with usually 2 ascending
ovules in each cell. Style 2-lobed at the tip. Berry 2-lobed (or entire by
the failure of 1 carpel). Seed usually solitary in each lobe, without albumen,
erect.—Shrubs or climbers. Leaves opposite or rarely alternate, pinnate, with
3 or more entire leaflets, or apparently simple, being reduced to 1 leaflet, the
petiole being then articulate. Flowers white or yellow, in axillary or terminal
panicles, or rarely almost solitary.
A considerable genus, dispersed over the warmer regions of the Old World, with one or
two S. American species.
1. J. paniculatum, Roxb.; DC. Prod. viii. 310; Bot. Reg. t. 690. An
erect (or slightly climbing ?) glabrous shrub. Leaves opposite; leaflets 3 or
rarely only 1, oblong, 2 to 3 in. long, coriaceous, smooth and shining, on pe-
tiolules of \ to £ in., the common petiole about as long. Flowers white, in
loose terminal panicles. Calyx, about 1 line long, truncate, or very minutely
toothed. Corolla-tube near \ in. long; the lobes lanceolate, mucrouate, about
3 lines long. Berries ovoid, about \ in. long, double and divaricate, or single
and erect.
Common on Victoria Peak, and in ravines of other hills, Champion; also Hance. On the
adjacent continent, and in Khasia.
Order LXX. APOCYNACHE.
Sepals 5, or very rarely 4, free or slightly united at the base, imbricate in
the bud. Corolla with 5 or very rarely 4 lobes, contorted in the bud, and
usually oblique. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, alternate with
them, inserted in the tube, and seldom protruding from it; the anthers open-
ing inwards, free or cohering to the stigtna. Ovary either 2-celled, or rarely
1-celled with 2 parietal placentas, or more frequently the 2 carpels are dis-
tinct, but united at the top by a single style, usually thickened or expanded
in a ring under the stigma. Ovules usually several in each cell or carpel.
Fruit a berry, drupe, or more frequently consisting of 2 follicles opening in-
wardly. Seeds pendulous, or rarely ascending, usually with albumen.—Trees,
shrubs, woody climbers, or very rarely herbs, the sup mostly milky. Leaves


Apocynaceai]
217
APOCYHACE.E.
opposite or whorled, very rarely alternate, entire, usually without stipules, but
having frequently glands between the leaves, or in their axils, as also within
the calyx at its base. Flowers usually in axillary or terminal cymes or panicles.
A large Order, chiefly tropical, with a few specie9 from more temperate regions, both in
the northern and southern hemispheres.
Ovary single, the carpels completely united from the base.
Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placeutas. Flowers large, yellow.
Capsule prickly 1. Allamanda.
Ovary 2-celled. Flowers white, in close terminal cymes. Fruit
succulent, smooth 2. Mklodinus.
Ovary of 2 distinct carpels, united only by the simple style.
Corolla-lobes ending in a long linear point. Dichotoinous shrub,
with terminal cymes 6. Strophanthus.
Corolla-lobes shorter than, or about the length of the tube, obtuse
or acute.
Fruit of 1 or 2 drupes or berries.
Straggling or half-climbing shrub,' with small, very obtuse,
opposite leaves and small flowers. Berries or drupes
stalked 3. Alvxia.
Tall erect shrub, with long alternate crowded leaves, and
rather large flowers. Drupe sessile 4. Ckbbeka.
Fruits follicular. leaves opposite.
Small erect annual or perennial. Flowers 2 together, sessile
in the axils. Follicles small, erect 6. Vinca.
Woody climbers or shrubs. Rowers in terminal trichoto-
mous cymes or panicles.
Corolla-lobes narrow, very oblique, about the length of the
tube.
Anthers iu the middle of the corolla-tube, sagittate . 7. Riiyncuospkrmum.
Anthers small, at the base of the tube, obtuse at the
base 8. Aqanosma.
Corolla-lobes short, ovate, scarcely oblique. Flowers
small and numerous.
Corolla-tube cylindrical or ovoid; the lobes spreading,
about half as long 9. -Pottsia.
Corolla shortly campauulate 10. Ecdysantheka.
1. ALLAMANDA, Linn.
Corolla-tube cylindrical at the base, with a large campanulate throat, and
broad spreading lobes, with two erect scales at the base of each. Anthers
sagittate, within the tube. Disk annular, entire. Ovary 1-celled, with 2
parietal placentas. Style filiform, with a cylindrical 2-lobcd stigma. Fruit a
prickly ovoid capsule.—Erect shrubs or woody climbers. Leaves whorled, or
sometimes opposite. Flowers large, yellow.
A small genus, confined to tropical America, except where introduced.
1. A. cathartica, Linn.; DC. Prod. viii. 318; Bol. May. t. 338. A
tall woody climber. Leaves in whorls of 3 or 4, or rarely opposite, oblong,
acuminate, glabrous or slightly hairy on the midrib underneath, with small
glands in their axils. Flowers large, yellow, few together in terminal sessile
cymes. Sepals lanceolate, about 5 lines long. Corolla with the narrow part
of the tube about 1 in. long, the broad campanulate throat about as long, and
the broad oblique lobes also about 1 in. long.


218
[AUamanda.
APOCYNACEJE,
In the Happy Valley woods, Wilford; also Wright. A tropical American species, escaped
from gardens although apparently wild.
2. MELODINUS, Forst.
Calyx without glands. Corolla-tube cylindrical; limb spreading, with oblique
or falcate lobes, and B or 10 small erect scales at the mouth of the tube, either
free or united in a ring or cup. Anthers oblong, included in the tube. Ovary
single, 2-celled. Style filiform, with a thickened conical stigma. Fruit ovoid
or globular, succulent.—Woody climbers. Leaves opposite. Flowers in ter-
minal sessile trichotomous cymes.
k small genus, confined to tropical Asia and the islands of the South Sea.
Scales of the mouth of the corolla 1 to li lines long. Sepals very obtuse.
Scales of the corolla united to the middle. Lobes broader than long 1. lit. suaveolens.
Scales of the corolla free. Lobes longer than broad 2. M. monogynus.
Scales of the corolla exceedingly short. Sepals, at least the outer ones,
acute 3. M.fusifonnis.
1. M. suaveolens, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 333. A tall woody
climber, glabrous, except a slight pubescence on the inflorescence. Leaves
ovate, oblong, or almost lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 3 or rarely near 4 in.
long, smooth and shining on the upper side, but not so much so as in the two
following species, on petioles of 3 to 6 lines. Flowers white, sweet-scented,
in dense terminal trichotomous cymes, sessile above the last leaves, and shorter
than them. Pedicels short. Sepals orbicidar, very obtuse, about 1^ lines
long. Corolla-tube 4 to 5 lines long; the lobes shorter, narrow at the base,
suddenly expanded, chiefly on one side, into a very oblique or falcate lamina,
broader than long, with 2 irregular teeth on the inner or expanded edge.
Scales of the throat more than a line long, united to about the middle into a
5- or 10-lobed cup. Berry globular.—Lycimma suaveolens, Hance in Walp.
Ann. iii. 31.
In the Happy Valley woods, Champion, Hance, Wilford, Wright. Also on the adjacent
continent.
2. M. moaogyxras, Roxb.; A. DC. Prod. viii. 329; Bot. Reg. t. 834;
Bot. Mag. t. 2527. A tall woody climber resembling the last species in most
respects, but the leaves are usually longer and narrower in proportion, often
above 4 in. long, more coriaceous, smooth and shining, the sepals scarcely so
broad, the flowers largeT, the tube full 5 lines long, the lobes obovate or
broadly oblong, falcate with 1 or 2 teeth on the inner expanded edge, the
scales of the throat free, or scarcely connected at the very base, hairy inside.—
M. latus, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 332.
Hongkong, Champion, Wright, Wilford. Widely spread over northern and eastern India,
and probably also in the Archipelago. The Hongkong specimens have the scales of the
corolla longer and broader than most of the Indian ones, and sometimes slightly united at
the base, and I had therefore, in my former enumeration, adopted them as a distinct species,
but I now feel convinced, from the examination of more specimens, that whatever may be
thought of the two other Hongkong species, the present one is but a variety of the common
M. moiwgynus.
3. M. fusiformis, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. iv. 332. This species is
again very nearly allied to the M. monogynns, with the same general habit,
foliage and inflorescence, except that the leaves are usually smaller, and the
cymes fewer-flowered. Sepals ovate, the outer ones more or less acute. Co-


Melodinus.]
219
APOCYNACEjE.
rolla of the size of 11. monogyntis, but the lobes less oblique and less distinctly
toothed on the inner edge, and the scales of the throat very small and hairy.
The berry, according to Champion, is spindle-shaped or pear-shaped, the size of
a large apple. In a specimen of Wright's, if not mismatched, it is globular.
Hongkong, Champion, on Victoria Peak, Wilford; also Wright. Not known from elsewhere.
3. ALYXIA, R. Br.
Calyx without glands. Corolla-tube cylindrical or slightly contracted at
the top; the limb spreading, the lobes ovate or oblong, without scales at the
throat. Anthers enclosed in the tube. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels, united
by a single style, with a capitate or oblong stigma. Ovules several in each
carpel. Fruit a single-seeded ovoid or oblong drupe or berry, or sometimes
consisting of 2 one-seeded joints placed end to end, or rarely 2 from the same
flower, as only one of the carpels usually ripens.
A small genus, chiefly Australian or from the islands of the Pacific, with a very few S.
Asiatic species.
1. A. sinensis, Champ, in Keio Journ. Bot. iv. 334. A straggling,
prostrate, or somewhat climbing glabrous shrub. Leaves opposite or in whorls
of three, oval or obovate, obtuse, rarely more than 1 in. long, coriaceous,
smooth and shining, with a thick recurved edge, on short petioles. Flowers
in small sessile panicles or clusters, either terminal or in the forks of the upper
branches. Sepals little more than \ line long. Corolla-tube rather more than
1 line, cylindrical or slightly contracted at the top; the lobes small, ovate,
spreading. Berries ovoid, about \ in. long.
Ou rocky hills, in ravines and woods, very common, Champion; not common, Wilford;
also Wright. Not known out of the island.
4. CERBERA, Linn.
Calyx without glands. Corolla-tube cylindrical. The lobes ovate, spread-
ing, without scales at the throat. Anthers linear-lanceolate, included in the
tube. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels, united by a single style, with a conical
2-lobed stigma. Ovules 2 in each carpel. Fruit a nearly globular drupe,
flattened on one side, with a woody endocarp, usually one-seeded.—Shrubs or
small trees. Leaves alternate, crowded on the young branches. Flowers
white, in terminal cymes or panicles.
A genus of very few species, from the Pacific Islands and tropical Asia.
1. C. Odollam, Gartn.,- A. DO. Prod. viii. 353; Wight, le. t. 441. A
glabrous erect shrub, with thick herbaceous branches. Leaves oblong or lan-
ceolate, acuminate, 4 to 6 in. long, narrowed into a rather long petiole; the
lateral veins transverse. Flowers white, sweet-scented, in a dense terminal
pedunculate cyme. Sepals oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or acute, about \ in.
long. Gorolla-tube 1 in. long ; the lobes about half as long, obovate-oblong.
On low grounds, chiefly near the sea, Champion, at Aberdeen and Little Hongkong,
Wilford. Widely distributed over the maritime districts of India, the Archipelago, and the
Pacific islands.
5. VINCA, Linn.
Calyx without glands inside, but the sepals sometimes glandular-ciliate on
the edge. Corolla-tube slender, the lobes ovate or oblong, oblique, spreading.


220
[Vinca.
APOCYNACE*.
without scales at the throat. Anthers included in the tube. Disk of 2 oblong
glands, alternating with the carpels. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels united by a
single style, with several ovules in each carpel. Stigma conical or cylindrical.
Fruit of 2 cylindrical erect or spreading follicles. Seeds oblong-cylindrical,
without any coma.—Herbs or undershrubs, erect, or with long creeping
branches. Leaves opposite. Flowers axillary, solitary or 2 together.
A small genus, dispersed over various parts of the world.
1. V. rosea, Linn.; DC. Prod. viii. 382; Bot. Mag. I. 248. An erect
slightly pubescent perennial, 1 to 2 ft. high, branching at the base only, and
often flowering the first year. Leaves obovate or oblong, very obtuse, 1 to 2
in. long, narrowed into a very short petiole. Flowers pink or white, 2 to-
gether in the axils of the leaves, and almost sessile. Sepals short, subulate,
pubescent. Corolla-tube slender, about f in. long; the lobes broad, oblique,
not much shorter than the tube.
In waste places, apparently wild, Champion, also Wright. A tropical American species,
introduced into tropical Asia, where it is now a common weed, besides being much cultivated
in gardens for ornament.
6. STBOPHANTHTTS, DC.
Calyx with a few glands inside at the base of the sepals. Corolla-tube
cylindrical, usually enlarged at the top ; the lobes very long and linear, some-
what broader at the base, with 2 scales at the mouth ol the tube opposite
each lobe. Anthers sagittate, included in the tube, cohering to the stigma.
Disk none. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels, united by a single style, with several
ovules in each. Fruit of 2 thick follicles horizontally diverging. Seeds with
a terminal coma of long silky hairs.— Erect or climbing shrubs, the branches
usually dichotomous. Leaves opposite. Flowers rather large, in short ter-
minal cymes.
A small genus, dispersed over the tropical regions of the Old World.
1. S. divergens, Grah. in Maund. Bot. iii. t. 150; A. DC. Prod. viii.
417. An erect, dichotomous, glabrous shrub. Leaves elliptical-oblong,
shortly acuminate and mucronate, 2 to 3 in. long, narrowed into a petiole of
2 or 3 lines. Flowers terminal, solitary or few together in sessile triehoto-
mous cymes. Sepals narrow-lanceolate or linear, about 5 lines long. Corolla-
tube about \ in. long, with a short campanulate throat; the scales about 1^
lines long; the lobes lanceolate at the base, ending in narrow-linear points,
full 2 in. long when full-grown. Follicles hard and woody, very divergent,
4 to 6 in long and very thick. Seeds ending in a long point, with a beau-
tiful coma of very long silky hairs.
Abundant near the level of the sea, Champion. Low ground at Saywan, Wilford, also
Wright. Not known out of S. China.
7. RHYNCHOSPEEMUM, A. DC.
Calyx with a ring of glands inside at its base. Corolla-tube cylindrical;
the limb spreading, with oblique oblong or obovate lobes. Anthers sagittate,
included in the tube about the middle. Disk 5-lobed or of 5 distinct glands.
Ovary of 2 distinct carpels united by the single style, with several ovules in


Rhynchospermum..]
221
APOCYNACEjE.
each. Stigma oblong. Fruit of 2 long linear follicles. Seeds ending in a
narrow neck, with a coma of long silky hairs.—Woody climbers. Leaves op-
posite. Flowers in loose terminal trichotomons cymes, sometimes appearing
axillary by the growing out of a lateral bud.
A small genii9 from tropical or eastern Asia, not perhaps sufficiently distinct from
Aganoma.
1. R. jasminoides, Lindl. in Jonrn. Hort. Soc. i. 74, and in Paxt. Fl.
Gard. ii. 26, /. 147. A slender woody climber, glabrous, or the young
branches more or less pubescent. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute
or acuminate, 1 to 2 in. in the wild specimens, twice as long when cidtivated,
on a very short petiole. Flowers white, sweet-scented. Sepals about 1 line
long, narrow, with a ring of about 20 glands more or less united into 5 at
their base inside. Corolla-tube about 3 lines long; the lobes about as long,
oblong-cuneate and very oblique or falcate. Disk-glands distinct. Stigma
surrounded at its base by a prominent ring. Follicles 3 or 4 in. long. I
have not seen the seeds.—Malouetia asialica, Sieb. and Zucc. Fam. Nat. Fl.
Jap. fasc. ii. 39. Echites saligna, Delile, in several herbaria. Parechilts
Thunbergii, A. Gray in Mem. Amer. Acad. vi. 403.
Abundant on the top of Mount Gough, Champion. On the Chinese continent and in
Japan.
8. AOANOSMA, Don.
Calyx usually with a ring of glands inside at the base, occasionally with
few or none. Corolla-tube cylindrical; the limb spreading, with oblique nar-
row lobes about the length, of the tube. Anthers sessile near the base of
the tube, not sagittate. Disk annular or cup-shaped, shortly 5-lobed or
nearly entire. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels united by the single style, with
several ovules in each. Stigma spindle-shaped or cylindrical. Fruit of
2 long linear follicles. Seeds with a coma of long silky hairs.—Woody
climbers or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers white, in terminal trichoto-
mous cymes, often appearing axillary by the growing out of a lateral bud.
A small tropical Asiatic genu9.
1. A. lee vis, Champ, in Kcw Journ. But. iv. 335. An evergreen, gla-
brous straggling shrub or climber. Leaves narrow-oblong or lanceolate, acu-
minate, 2 to 4 in. long, smooth and shining, with few distant oblique lateral
veins, narrowed into a petiole of 3 to 5 lines. Flowers white, numerous, in
trichotomous cymes or dense panicles at the ends of the branches. Sepals
small, narrow-ovate, without glands. Corolla-tube 2 lines long, pubescent
inside; the lobes about as long, narrow, oblique, pubescent above. Anthers
short, obtuse at the base. Disk annular, minutely toothed. Fruit unknown.
—Holarrhena qffinit, Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. 198?
In a ravine, Champion ; at Little Hongkong and West Point, Wtiford; also Hinds and
Wright; and on the adjacent continent. This plant differs from the others of the genus in
the absence of the calycine glands. I have not been able positively to verify Hooker and
Anion's synonym, for the originnl specimen of Holarrhena affinu cannot now be found in
the Hookerian Herbarium.
9. POTTSIA, Hook, and Arn.
Calyx with a ring of glands on the inside at the base. Corolla-tube eylin-


222
[Pottaia.
A.POCYNACE.E.
drical; the limb spreading, with short, scarcely oblique lobes. Anthers pro-
jecting from the tube, sagittate; the 2 basal lobes ending in long points.
Disk annular, deeply 5-lobed. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels, connected by a
single style, with an ovoid stigma. Ovules several in each carpel.—Climbers.
Leaves opposite. Flowers small, paniculate.
A genus consisting of only one, or perhaps two, species from tropical Asia.
I. P. cantoniensis, Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. 198, t. 43. A slender
woody climber, glabrous, or the young branches sprinkled with a minute brown
pubescence. Leaves from cordate-ovate to oblong, obtusely acuminate, 2 to
3 in. long, on a slender petiole of \ to 1 in. long, smooth and shining on the
upper side. Flowers small, pink, in a large loose terminal trichotomous pa-
nicle, each pedicel about 3 lines long. Calyx scarcely $ line, and in the
Chinese as well as in the Indian specimens I always find about 20 glands.
Corolla-tube about 2 lines long; the lobes little more than half as long, ovate
and scarcely oblique, although convolute in the bud. Disk-lobes lanceolate,
longer than the carpels.—P. ovala, A. DC. Prod. viii. 442. P. Hookeriana,
Wight, Ic. t. 1306.
Hongkong, Champion, Wright. Also in Khasia, Silhet, Malacca, and Java.
10. ECDYSANTHERA, Hook, and Arn.
Calyx with 1 or 2 glands between each 2 lobes on the inside. Corolla
campanulate; the lobes ovate, scarcely obtuse, about as long as the tube.
Stamens inserted in the tube; the anthers scarcely protruding, sagittate, the
basal lobes short, sterile. Disk annular, entire or slightly crenate. Ovary of
2 distinct carpels, united by a short style with a conical stigma. Fruit of 2
diverging follicles. Seeds with a coma of long silky hairs.—Climbers. Leaves
opposite. Flowers small, numerous, in loose terminal or axillary panicles.
A genus of very few species, all from tropical Asia. It scarcely differs from Pottsia, to
which at any rale ought probably to be referred the E. glandulifera, DC, as well on ac-
count of the calycine glands and the disk, as the shape of the corolla.
Leaves glaucous underneath. Corolla 2 lines long 1. E. rosea.
Leaves green underneath. Corolla scarcely above 1 line long . . . 2. E. mierantha.
1. E. rosea, Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech, t. 42; A. DC. Prod. viii. 442.
A tall climber, with slender branches, glabrous, except a very slight glaucous
pubescence on the inflorescence. Leaves oval-oblong, shortly acuminate, \ to
2 in. long or seldom more, narrowed into a petiole of 4 to 6 lines, somewhat
shining above, glaucous underneath. Flowers small, pink, very numerous, in
an elegant terminal panicle. Calyx not \ line long. Corolla about 2 lines
long, rather broadly canipamdate; the lobes broad, obtuse, rather shorter than
the tube, scarcely oblique but. contorted in the bud, and from right to left (as
seen from the centre of the flower) in all the flowers I have examined of this
and the following species, not from left to right, as stated by De Candolle.
Disk annular, entire, shorter than the pubescent carpels.
Iu ravines at West Point, Champion; woods of the Happy Valley, Wilford; also Wright.
On the adjacent continent and in Java, and perhaps the Malayan Peninsula.
2. E. mierantha, A. DC. Prod. viii. 442. A tall climber like the last,
but not so slender, perfectly glabrous except the inflorescence, which is slightly
pubescent, but without the glaucous mealy look of E. rosea. Leaves more


Ecdyaanthera.]
223
APOCYNACEvE.
like those of Pottsia cantoniensis, ovate, obtusely acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long,
on petioles of £ in. or more, smooth and shining above and not glaucous un-
derneath. Panicles terminal or in the upper axils, trichotomous, broad and
loose. Flowers numerous, much smaller than in E. rosea, the corolla scarcely
above 1 line long and more broadly campanulate. Disk annular, shorter than
the carpels and slightly 5-crenate.
Hongkong, Wright. Also Khnsia, Assam, and Sikkim, the broader leaves of the Hongkong
specimens, and the flowers perhaps not quite so small, give them a rather different look from
the Indian ones; but on a careful comparative examination I can find nothing else to sepa-
rate them.
Oedbe LXXI. ASCLEPIADE-ffi.
Sepals 5, free or slightly united at the base, imbricate in the bud. Corolla
5-lobed, usually rotate or broadly campanulate, with a very short tube, more
mrely witli a lengthened tube and erect or spreading lobes, valvate or con-
torted in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted at the very base of the tube; the
short filaments connate in a tube (called the gynosiegium) enclosing the pistil.
Anthers erect, 2-celled or rarely almost 4-celled, opening inwards, each cell
containing usually a single globular oblong or linear pollen-mass; those of
the adjoining cells (of different anthers) attaching themselves in pairs, or in
fours, to 5 processes of the stigma; the anther usually terminating beyond
the cells in a small membrane or point. Outside the stamens is often a so-
called stantinal corona, consisting either of 5 scales alternating with the lobes
of the corolla, or of a ring at its base, or more frequently a 5-lobed wing at-
tached to the statmnal tube, each lobe at the back of an anther, and having
often an appendage inside it. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels with short styles
united at the top. Stigma usually a flat pentagonal disk, sometimes termi-
nating in a cone or long point, bearing at its angles the little processes to
which the pollen-masses are attached, and which fall off with them. Ovules
numerous. Fruit consisting of 2 follicles (or a single one by the abortion of
the other). Seeds several, terminating usually in a coma or tuft of silky hairs.
Albumen thin. Embryo straight.—Herbs, twiners, or rarely shrubs or even
trees; the juice frequently milky. Leaves opposite, very rarely whorled or
alternate, entire. Flowers usually small, in axillary or lateral, or more fre-
quently interpetiolar (i. e. on one side between the petioles) cymes, racemes or
umbels, rarely large and showy.
A large Order, chiefly tropical, with a few extratropical species as well in the New as the
Old World, and in both the northern and southern hemispheres.
Corolla with a cylindrical tube above J in. long and spreading lobes 6. Stephanotis.
Corolla rotate, or campanulate, or urceolatc.
C'orolla-lobrs narrow-linear.
Stem twining. Statninal crown of 5 scales at the back of the an-
thers with internal appenda^s. Pollen-masses 4 to each anther 1. Toxocabpus.
Stem erect. Scales 5, alternating with the corolla-lobes. Pollen-
inasscs 2 to each anther 8. Pf.ntasacmk.
Corolla-lobes ovate.
leaves thick and fleshy.
Corolla small, with a globular tube of 1 line, and very short
lobes 9. Dischidia.


224 ASCLEPIADE.E. [Atclepiadea.
Corolla broadly rotate, with scarcely any tube 10. Hota.
I-eavcs membranous or coriaceous.'
Stem erect. Corolla rotate 3. Asclepias.
Stem twining.
Corolla without appendages between the lobes. Staminal
corona of 5 lobes or scales on the gynostegium.
Corolla rotate, variegated, I in diameter or more. Pollen-
masses pendulous 2. Holostemma.
Corolla rotate, J in. diameter. Pollen-mas&es transverse . 4. Tylophora.
Corolla narrow-campanulatc, very hairy at the throat.
Pollen-masses erect 5. Marsdknia.
Corolla very small, nearly rotate, with scales between the
lobes. No staminal corona 7. Gtmnema.
1. TOXOCABPUS, Wight and Am.
Corolla rotate, with a very short tube; the lobes narrow-linear, slightly con-
torted in the bud. Staminal corona of 5 lobes or scales attached to the back
of the anthers, and each with an appendage inside. Pollen-masses very small,
attached in fours to the processes of the stigma. Stigma terminating in a long
point or beak.—Twiners. Cymes axillary.
A genus confined to tropical Asia.
1. T. Wightianus, Hook, and Am.; Dene, in DC. Prod. viii. 506. A
twiner, with the young branches pubescent. Leaves glabrous, elliptical or
oblong, acute or very shortly acuminate, 1 to 2 in. long, obtuse at the base,
on a petiole of 2 to 3 lines, which is often pubescent. Flowers in small sessile
forked cymes, seldom half as long as the leaves. Pedicels very short. Sepals
lanceolate, pubescent, about 1 line long. Corolla-tube not half so long; lobes
narrow-linear, near 3 lines long, glabrous. Staminal corona longer than the
anthers, the lobes ovate, with a flat lanceolate inner appendage fully as long.
Stigma ending in a thin linear appendage twice as long as the anthers. Folli-
cles thick, rusty-pubescent, about 2 in. long.—SchMocodon Meyeni, Schau. in
PI. Meyen. 363; Walp. Rep. vi. 479.
Hedges near West Point, Champion; also Wright. Not known out of S. China.
2. HOLOSTEMMA, R. Br.
Corolla rotate, with a very short tube; the lobes broadly ovate. Staminal
corona annular, inserted at the base of the gynostegium, with 5 erect lobes or
nearly entire. Pollen-masses pendulous, attached in pairs by their attenuated
end. Stigma not beaked. Follicles smooth.—Twiners. Flowers not small,
deeply coloured inside, in shortly pedunculate interpetiolar umbels or racemes.
A small tropical Asiatic Bpccies.
1. H. Dictum, Champ, in Kew Journ. Dot. v. 53. A glabrous twiner.
Leaves stalked, oblong, acuminate, 4 to 5 in. long, slightly cordate or rounded
at the base, smooth and shining above, pale underneath. Flowers at first in
an almost sessile umbel, which lengthens into a simple or forked raceme of
1 in. or more. Pedicels 3 to 5 Hues long. Corolla glabrous, the lobes ovate,
very obtuse, 4 to 5 lines long, elegantly variegated inside with purple and
yellow. Staminal corona shortly annular, with 5 erect lobes, equalling the
gynostegium, leaving broad intervals with a minute tooth in each. Follicles
2 to 3 in. long, very spreading, thick towards the base.


HoluttemraaJ]
ASCLEPIADEJE.
In ravines of Mount Victoria, Champion; in the Happy Valley woods, Wilford; also
Hance aud Wright. Not known out of the island.
3. ASCLEPIAS, Linn.
Corolla rotate; the lobes valvatc in the bud, at first spreading, then reflexed.
Staminal corona attached to the top »f the g\ nostegium, consisting of 5 erect
hood-shaped lobes or scales, each with a horizontal horn-shaped process project-
ing from the base inside, and curved over the stigma. Pollen masses pendu-
lous, affixed in pairs by their attenuated end. Stigma flattened at the top.
Follicles smooth or with soft prickles.—Herbs, usually erect and little branched.
Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate. Umbels interpetiolar.
A considerable genus, all North American eicept where introduced, if the African genus
Gomphocarpm be considered as really distinct.
1. A. curassavica, Linn.; Dene, in DC. Prod. viii. 566; Hot. Beg.
t. 81. An erect perennial, 2 or 3 feet high, sometimes slightly woody at the
base. Leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, about 4 in. long,
narrowed into a short petiole, glabrous on both sides. Umbels many-flowered,
on peduncles shorter than the leaves. Corolla orange-red, about \ in. dia-
meter, the lobes reflexed. Staminal body yellower, on a stalk of about a line.
Hood-shaped scales of the staminal corona ovate, shorter than the inner
curved horn. Follicles smooth aud glabrous, 2 to 3 in. long, acuminate and
narrowed into a stalk at the base.
Naturalized all over the island, Champion and others. A native of the West ludies, but
now spread in great abundance over most inhabited tropical regions.
4. TYLOPHOBA, R. Br.
Corolla rotate, with ovate or lanceolate lobes. Staminal corona of 5 entire
scales, more or less adnate to the gyuostegium at the back of the anthers, and
usually short, without inner appendages. Pollen-masses transverse or ascend-
ing, very small, attached in pairs. Stigma not pointed. Follicles smooth.—
Twiners. Flowers small, in one or in several umbels, alternately sessile along
an interpetiolar peduncle.
A considerable genus, spread over the tropical and southern regions of the Old World.
1. T. hispida, Dene, in DC. Prod. viii. 610. A softly hairy herbaceous
twiner. Leaves usually ovate, minutely acuminate, rounded or slightly cordate
at the base, 1 to 2 in. long, on a petiole of 2 to 3 lines ; rarely broadly oblong or
nearly orbicular. Peduncles 1 to 2 in. long or even more, usually bent in zigzag
at each node or sessile umbel. Pedicels slender, 3 to 5 lines long. Flowers 2£
to 3 lines diameter. Staminal corona of 5 short orbicular gland-like scales,
inserted near the base of the gyuostegium, and scarcely reaching the base of
the anthers.—Diplolepis apieidata, Lindl. in Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. vi. 68.
Common in Hongkong, Champion and others. Also on the adjacent contineut, but not
known out of S. China.
5. MARSDENIA, B. Br.
Corolla campanulate or almost urceolate, rarely nearly rotate ; the lobes
short ; the throat frequently closed by a tuft of hairs, but sometimes glabrous.


ASCLEPIADE-E.
[Murtdenia.
Staminal corona of 5 entire scales, inserted oil the gynostegium behind the
anthers, acute or acuminate, without inner appendages. Pollen-masses erect,
ovoid, attached in pairs. Stigma convex or beaked.—-Twiners. Flowers
usually small, in cymes or dense bunches, on interpetiolar peduncles.
A considerable genus, chiefly found in tropical Asia or in Australia, with a few species scat-
tered over tropical America, one Japanese and one S. European one.
Flowers scarcely \ lines long, turning a blue-black when dried, in
dense oblong bundles. Corolla-lobes glabrous, except the hairs
closing the throat 1. 3/. tinctoria.
Flowers 2 lines long, not turning blue, in a rather broad compact cyme.
Corolla-lobes toincutosc inside 2. M, tachnostoma.
1. M. tinctoria, R. Br.; Dene, in DC. Prod. viii. 615; Wight, Ic. t.
589. A twiner, with the young branches softly pubescent, but becoming
glabrous with age. Leaves stalked, ovate or oval-oblong, acuminate, cordate
at the base, 1 j to 3 in. long, more or less pubescent when young, but nearly
glabrous when full-grown. Peduncles about the length of the petioles, bear-
ing a dense ovoid or oblong bunch of small flowers, drying of a bluish-black
colour; in some continental specimens the bunch lengthens out into a clustered
raceme of several inches. Sepals about £ line long, obovate and very obtuse.
Corolla nearly 1J lines long, narrow-campanulatc; the lobes shorter than the
tube, and quite glabrous, except the ring of erect hairs which closes the throat.
Staminal corona of 5 narrow-lanceolate scales on the backs of the anthers and
nearly as long. Stigma not beaked. Follicles hairy, reflexed, about 2 in. long.
In ravines of Mount Victoria, Champion. Common iu Eastern Bengal and Assam, ex-
tending to Burmah anil Java, and northward to Formosa.
2. M. lachnostoma, Benth., n. up. A twiner, with the young branches
and inflorescence slightly pubescent, but otherwise quite glabrous. Leaves
oblong, obtuse or obtusely acuminate, 1 to 2 in. long, rounded or slightly cor-
date at the base, pale or glaucous underneath, on petioles of 3 to 6 lines.
Peduncles longer than the petioles, bearing a compact cyme or compound
umbel, much shorter than the leaf; the flowers larger than in M. tinctoria,
without any of the blue tint of that species. Pedicels about 1 line. Sepals
about as long, ovate, rather obtuse. Corolla about 2 lines long, narrow-cam-
panulatc ; the lobes rather shorter than the tube and tomentose inside, with a
very dense tuft of woolly hairs closing the orifice, and a few reflexed ones in
the upper part of the tube. Staminal corona of 5 thin ovate-lanceolate scales
on the backs of the anthers and shorter than them. Stigma not beaked.
Hongkong, Wright. Not in any other collection, except perhaps a specimen in fruit from
Canton in the Hookcrian Herbarium, which has the same foliage and infloresence. The
follicles arc narrow, very divaricate or almost reflexed, 3 to 4 in. long, and glabrous.
C. STEPHANOTIS, Thou.
Corolla-tube cylindrical or slightly swollen at the base; the lobes oblique,
spreading, contorted in the bud. Staininal-corona of 5 entire scales or lobes,
attached or adnate to the gynostegium behind the stamens, without inner
appendages. Pollen-masses erect, attached in pairs. Stigma conical or ovoid.
Follicles spreading.—Twiners. Leaves opposite. Flowers large, usually
sweet-scented, white, in pedunculate interpetiolar umbels.


Slep/utnotis.]
227
ASCLKPIADE.E.
A genu* of several species, from Madagascar or from the Indian Archipelago. The latter
belong, with the Hongkong one, to a section with the scales of the staminal corona almost en-
tirely adnate, the tips alone being free, and easily overlooked, constituting the genus Jasmi-
nantkes, Blame.
1. S. (Jasininanthes) chinensis, Champ. inKeic Journ. Bot. v. 53. A tall
twiner, the young branches softly pubescent. Leaves ovate or oval-oblong,
acuminate, cordate at the base, 2 to 4 in. long, minutely pubescent, especially
on the veins, but becoming nearly glabrous on the upper side, on petioles of
1 in. or more. Flowers white, sweet-scented at night, 2 to C together in irre-
gular pedunculate umbels, the pedicels often above 1 in. long. Sepals oblong,
4 to 5 lines long. Corolla-tube about \- in., rather swollen below, marked in-
side with oblique hairy lines attaining the height of the gynostegium. Lobes
lanceolate-falcate, 9 to 10 lines long. Staminal corona of 5 scales, almost en-
tirely adnate, black when dry, the tips alone shortly free. Anthers terminated
by a large oval-oblong concave membrane. Stigma ovoid at the top, as long
as the anther-membranes.
Rare in the Happy Valley, Champion; ou Mount Gougb, Wilford; also Wright. Not
known out of the island.
7. GYMNEMA, K. Br.
Corolla rotate; the lobes ovate, contorted in the bud, with small thick scales
alternating with them, and 2 decurrent hairy lines in the very short tube. No
staminal corona. Pollen-masses erect, ovoid, affixed in pairs. Follicles smooth.
—Twiners. Leaves opposite. Flowers small, in almost sessile small interpe-
tiolar umbels.
A small genus, confined to the tropical regions of the Old World.
1. G. affine, Dene, in DC. Prod. viii. 622. A twiner, with branches and
inflorescence softly pubescent. Leaves obovate, oval, or oblong, obtuse or
very shortly acuminate, 1 to 2 in. long, narrowed or rounded at the base, on a
petiole of 3 or 4 lines, glabrous on both sides, the veins regularly pinnate and
reticulate. Sepals very obtuse. Corolla about 2 lines diameter, with small
broad fleshy scales turned inwards, alternating with the lobes. Stigma broadly
and obtusely conical, projecting beyond the stamens. Follicles hard, about
2 in. long, broad and angular near the base.—O. sylvedre, var. chinensu,
Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 54.
Near the Hongkong Magazine Guard, Champion; aho Wright, and on the adjacent conti-
nent, but not known out of S. China. The Wallichiun specimens described by Decaisnc
were from the Hotanic Garden of Calcutta, introduced from China. The common Indian
(1. sylvestre, to which with Hooker and Arnott I had referred this species, is well distin-
guished by Dccaisuc, differing in the pubescence, form, and venation of the leaves, the more
dense inflorescence, the shape of the scales of the corolla, and the skudtr follicles.
8. PENTASACME, WalL
Corolla nearly rotate, with linear lobes much longer than the tube, and 5
scales alternating with them. No staminal corona. Pollen-masses pellucid
at the top, affixed near their base in pairs. Stigma conical or pointed. Folli-
cles slender.—Herbs, with a perennial rhizome, and erect, usually simple
stems. Peduncles short, axillary, bearing an umbel of 2 or very few flowers.
A genus containing besides the Chinese species only two from north-eastern India.
Q 2


228
[Pentasacme.
ASCLEPIADE.E.
1. P. Championi, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bol. v. 54. Stems simple,
1 to 1 \ ft. high, glabrous, as well as the whole plant. Leaves narrow-lanceo-
late, acuminate, acute, 2 to 3 in. long, 3 to 4 lines broad, without the very
long point of P. caudata, and not half so broad as in P. Wallichii. Flowers
much like those of P. caudata, but 6 to 8 together, in shortly pedunculate
umbels or very short racemes. Pedicels slender, 2 to 4 lines long. Sepals
lanceolate, acute, about 1 line. Corolla-lobes about 4 lines long, very narrow,
except at the base; the scales short, broad, truncate, and toothed at the top.
Follicles linear or oblong-Unear, broader near the base.
On rocks in waterfalls, Champion, Wilford; also Bonce and Wright. Not known from
elsewhere, unless it should prove to be a variety of the P. caudata from Silhet. Our spe-
cimens, however, appear to be constantly distinct in the shape of the leaves and some other
points.
9. DISCHIDIA, E. Br.
Corolla urceolate, with a globular or ovoid tube, and obtuse spreading lobes,
valvate in the bud. Staminal corona consisting of 5 scales inserted at the
base of the gynostegium, linear, bifid, and spreading or recurved at the top.
Pollen-masses erect, linear-oblong, attached in pairs. Stigma not beaked.
Follicles smooth.—Stems usually creeping on rocks or trees, and rooting at
the nodes. Leaves opposite, thick and fleshy, here and there in several species
converted into pitchers. Flowers small, in axillary clusters or umbels.
A south Asiatic genus, chiefly abundant in the Indian Archipelago.
1. D. chinensis, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 55. Stems succulent,
but slender. Leaves ovate, \ to f in. long, thick and fleshy, cuneate at the
base, with a very short petiole. None of the specimens show any of the
pitchers so frequent in the genus. Flowers in sessile axillary clusters. Sepals
minute. Corolla with a globular tube rather more than 1 line diameter; the
lobes ovate, obtuse, one half shorter with a few hairs in the throat.
In ravines on rocks, Mount Victoria, Champion; also Wright. Not known out of the
island.
10. HOYA, R. Br.
Corolla rotate; the lobes ovate, valvate in the bud. Staminal corona of
5 scales inserted on the gynostegium, and usually spreading horizontally, the
inner angle bearing a small tooth incumbent on the anther. Pollen-masses
erect, oblong, attached in pairs. Stigma not beaked. Follicles smooth or
with wing-like appendages.—Stems twining or creeping, and rooting at the
lower nodes. Leaves opposite, often, but not in all the species, thick and
fleshy. Flowers in lateral umbels.
A considerable genus, dispersed over tropical Asia, with one African species.
1. H. carnosa, R. Br.Bene, in DC. Prod. viii. 636. Stem succulent.
Leaves from broadly ovate-cordate to oval-oblong, shortly acuminate, 2 to 3
in. long, thick and fleshy, on short petioles. Flowers succident, in rather
large umbels, on short common peduncles. Pedicels 1 to 1 \ in. long, pubes-
cent. Corolla expanding to a diameter of 7 or 8 lines, of a dull white, with
a pink centre, the lobes broadly ovate, the gynostegium spreading like a star
in the centre. Follicles linear, 3 or 4 in. long, smooth.


Hoya.]
229
ASCLEPIADE*.
On" rocks, especially on Mount Victoria, Champion. Also on the adjoining continent.
Not known for certain out of South China, but probably extending to Sikkim, as one sj>e-
cimen was found, without any indication of the precise station, among the lloijas of Dr.
Hooker's collection from that country.
Order LXXII. LOGANIACEjE.
Calyx 4- or 5-lobed or -toothed, or the 5 sepals free. Corolla regular; the
limb with 4 or 5 or rarely more lobes, valvate, contorted or otherwise imbricate
in the bud. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes, alternate with them, inserted in
the tube or very rarely reduced to 1. Ovary free, 2-celLd or rarely 3- to 5-
celled, or very rarely incompletely divided, the dissepiments not reaching quite
to the centre. Style single, with an entire or lobed stigmatic summit. Ovules
1 or more in each cell of the ovary. Fruit a berry or capsule. Se#ds albu-
minous. Embryo straight, often oblique, with leafy cotyledons.—Trees,
shrubs, climbers, or rarely herbs. Leaves opposite, usually connected by inter-
petiolar stipules, or at any rate by a raised line.
A small Order, somewhat heterogeneous, and not very precisely defined, ranging over the
tropical regions of both the New and the Old World, with a few citratropical species, cither
from the southern hemisphere or from North America.
Ovules several in each cell.
Sepals 5, distinct. Corolla 5-lobed, imbricate. Fruit capsular. Seeds
winged. Woody twiner 1. Gelsemium.
Calyx 4- or 5-lobed.
Corolla valvate.
Slender erect annuals. Capsule 2-lobed at the top 2. Miteasacme.
Shrubs or climbers. Fruit a berry, with a hard rind .... 4. Strvchnos.
Corolla imbricate. Erect shrub 3. Buhdj.ku.
Ovules solitary in each cell. Erect shrub 5. Cekineka.
1. GELSEMIUM, Juss.
Sepals 5, free, imbricate. Corolla funnel-shaped or narrow-campanulate,
with 5 lobes, imbricate in the bud. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-celled, with several
ovules in each. Style bifid at the top, with notched or bifid lobes. Capsule
opening septicidally in 2 bifid valves, without leaving any central column.
Seeds numerous, surrounded by an irregularly toothed membranous wing.—
Woody twiners. Leaves opposite, entire, without distinct stipules. Flowers
in axillary clusters or terminal trichotomous cymes.
Besides the following, the genus comprises one other North American species.
1. G. elegans, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Sue. i. 90. A perfectly glabrous
twiner. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 4 in. long, rounded
or narrowed at the base, on a petiole of 3 or 4 lines. Flowers pale yellow,
in dense terminal cymes. Bracts small and narrow, and only at the ramifica-
tions. Sepals about 1 line long, acute. Corolla 7 to 8 lines long, slightly
spotted with red inside; the lobes ovate, acute, shorter than the tube. Stamens
exserted from the lube, but shorter than the lobes. Capsule somewhat in-
flated, ovoid, about 1£ in. long.—Medicia elegans, Gardn. in Kew Journ. Bot.
i. 325. Ijeplopteris tumatrana, Blume, Mus. Bot. i. 240, t. 34.
Scarce in Hongkong, Champion; in a ravine ascending from West Point, WUford; also


LOGANIACE<E.
[Gelseminm.
Wright. More abundant on the hills of the opposite China coast, Champion. Alio in
Sumatra, if I do not err in identifying Blume's Leptojiteris with this species.
2. MITBASACME, Labill.
Calyx 4-lobed or rarely 2-lobed. Corolla usually campanulate, 4-lobed,
valvatc in the bud. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled, with several ovules in each
cell. Style simple, but splitting at the base as the flowering advances.
Stigma entire or slightly 2-lobed. Capsule compressed, 2-lobed at the top,
surmounted usually by the split style, and opening along the inner edge of
the lobes. Seeds ovoid or globular.—Herbs, mostly annual. Leaves oppo-
site, without stipules. Flowers small.
The genus comprises a considerable number of Australian species, with three from tropical
Asia.
Leaves collected in distinct pairs along the lower part of the stem . . 1. M. capillarU.
leaves alltosulatc at the base of the stem 2. M. mtdicaulh.
1. M. capillaris, Wall.; Benlh. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 92. A slender
erect annual, 3 to 6 in. high or rarely drawn up to near a foot, more or less
hairy at the base. Leaves collected in the lower part of the stem, but in
distinct pairs, oblong or lanceolate, 3 to 6 lines long, more or less hairy, the
upper ones at the branching of the inflorescence very few, small and bract-
like. Flowers few, in an irregular terminal umbel. Calyx-lobes acute, from
half as long to nearly as long as the corolla-tube. Corolla usually about 2
lines long, but varying in size, narrow-campanulate. Style entire at the time
of flowering, but splitting at the base as the ovary enlarges.—M. malaccenms,
Wight, Ic. t. 1601.
On roadsides and in stony places, Champion, Wilford. Dispersed over various parts of
India from the Peninsula to Nepal and to Malacca.
2. M. xradicaulis, Beimc.; Benlh. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 92. This
may be only a variety of M. capillaris, although usually considered as distinct.
It is more slender, seldom above 4 in. high. Leaves all collected at the base
of the stem and rosulate, from obovate to oblong, 3 or 4 lines long; the
bracts at the base of the peduncles very minute. Flowers seldom above 1 \
lines long.—M. chiitensis, Griseb. in PI. Meyen. 61.
Hongkong, Wright. In S. China, Khasia, and Sikkim.
3. BUDDIiEIA, Linn.
Calyx 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla with a short or long tube, and spread-
ing or rarely erect limb of 4 short broad lobes, imbricate in fhe bud. Stamens
4, the anthers almost sessile. Ovary 2-celled, with several ovules in each cell.
Style entire. Capsule opening septicidally in 2 entire or bifid valves, leaving
the placenta free in the centre. Seeds numerous, small, more or less flattened,
or obscurely winged.—Shrubs or rarely trees, with more or less of a mealy or
woolly tomentum, rarely quite glabrous. Leaves opposite, entire or toothed.
Flowers in cymes or clusters, either axillary or in terminal racemes or panicles;
in some species occasionally, but rarely, pentamerous.
A large genus, chiefly tropical and American, with a few Asiatic or African species.
Corolia-tiibc curved, full i in. long 1. B. Linil/ryana.
Corolla-tube straight, 1 lo 2 lines long i. B. asialica.


LOGANIACEjE.
[Strychnos.
bract, whilst the opposite leaf remains normal. Flowers in axillary or ter-
minal cymes, clusters, or panicles.
A considerable genus, dispersed over the tropical regions of the New and the Old World.
Flowers in axillary pinicles, the parts in fonrs. Corolla divided almost
to the base. Fruit scarcely \ in. diameter 1. S. paniculate.
Flowers in small trichotomous terminal cymes, the parts in fives. Co-
rolla-tube as long as the lobes. Fruit full li in. diameter ... 2. S. angiutifiora.
1. S. paniculata, Champ, in Kew Juurn. But. v. 67. A shrub or tree,
glabrous except a slight pubescence on the inflorescence. None of the speci-
mens show any thorns or hooks. Leaves ovate, 1| to 2£ in. long, on very
short petioles, coriaceous and shining when full-grown, although thin at the
time of flowering. Flowers numerous, in axillary panicles, usually longer
than the leaves. Calyx minute. Corolla-tube exceedingly short; the lobes
usually 4, rotate, rather more than a line long, with a tuft of woolly hairs at
the base. Berry globular, nearly \ in. diameter, usually 1-sceded.
In woods in the Happy Valley, Champion. In the Happy Valley and on Victoria Peak,
Wilford; also Wright. On the adjacent continent, but not known out of S. China.
2. S. angustiflora, Benth. in Jonrn. Linn. Soc. i. 102. A woody
climber, glabrous except a slight pubescence on the inflorescence, with here
and there ;in axillary recurved hook 1 to 2 in. long, and sometimes the old
branches become thorny. Leaves from orbicular to ovate-acuminate, to 3
in. long, on petioles of 2 or 3 lines, coriaceous and shining when old. Flowers
in rather small trichotomous cymes, on short lateral leafy branches. Calyx
very small. Corolla-tube 1^ to near 2 lines long; the limb of 5 narrow lobes,
about the length of the tube, hairy at the base. Berry globular, red, full 1|
in. diameter.—S. colubrina, var. ?, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 56, not of
Linn.
Common in the island, Champion and others. Not as yet received from elsewhere.
5. GJERTNERA, Lam.
Calyx 5- or rarely 4-lobed or toothed. Corolla-tube cylindrical; the limb
of 5 or rarely 4 lobes, valvate in the bud. Stamens as many, included in the
tube. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 erect ovule in each cell. Fruit succulent, in-
dehiscent, but readily separating into 2 cocci.—Shrubs or small trees. Leaves
opposite, entire, with interpetiolar stipules often forming a short sheath within
the leaves. Cymes or panicles terminal, trichotomous.
A considerable genus, ranging over tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia.
1. G.? hongkongensis, Seem. Bot. Her. 384.
This spcrits is founded on some specimens of Champion's, evidently in a monstrous state,
which I thought might have been those of an Apocyneous plant. The additional specimen,
however, described by Seem/inn, has the lower perfect leaves with stipules like those of a
Randia, and the plant may therefore possibly belong to Gtrrlntra, to which Seemann refers
it: but the genus must remain very doubtful until the plant is again found. The lower per-
fret leaves arc broadly oblong, 2 or 3 in. loug, narrowed at the base but scarcely stalked;
the stipules shortly sheathing, with a long point or bristle on each side. Flowers tetramerous,
probably when perfect in a terminal cyme, which in these specimens grows out iuto leafy
branches, some proceeding from the centre of a diseased (lower.


Gentianocerr.]
GENTIANACE.E.
Order LXXIII. GENTIANACEiE.
Sepals 4 or 5, rarely more, usually more or less united in a lobed or toothed
calyx. Corolla usually regular, with as many lobes as sepals, contorted in
the bud. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes, and alternate with them, or very
rarely fewer, inserted in the tube. Ovary 1-celled, but with 2 parietal placentas
often projecting into the cavity so ns partially to divide it into 2 or 4 cells.
Ovules numerous. Style single, entire, or with 2 short stigmatic lobes. Fruit
a capsule, opening septicidally in two valves or very rarely an indehiscent
berry. Seeds small, with a fleshy albumen. Embryo small, straight, with
short fleshy cotyledons.—Herbs, or very rarely shrubs, usually glabrous and
bitter. Leaves almost always opposite and entire, often 3- or more nerved at
the base, without stipules. Flowers usually in cymes.
An Order chiefly abundant in the temperate or mountainous regions of the northern hemi-
sphere, with a lew tropical or southern species.
1. EXACTJM, Linn.
Calyx deeply 4- or 5-lobed; the sepals keeled or winged on the back.
Corolla rotate, persistent, with a short tube, becoming globose as the flower
fades. Anthers opening in terminal pores. Ovary almost completely 2-celled.
Style deciduous, with a capitate stigma. Capsule opening septicidally in 2
valves, usually leaving the placentas free.—Herbs, usually annual and quite
glabrous. Flowers blue, purple-pink, or white, in terminal cymes.
A small genus, limited to tropical Asia.
1. E. tetragonum, Roxb.; Wall. PL As. Bar. t. 276 ; Bot. Mag. I. 4340;
Qriseb. in DC. Prod. ix. 44. An erect stout glabrous annual, 1 to 2 feet
high, the stem usually simple and acutely 4-angled or almost winged. Leaves
sessile or stem-clasping, from broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 5-
nerved, the larger ones 2 to 4 in. long, the upper and lower ones much
smaller. Flowers showy, blue or purplish. Calyx more or less winged on
the angles; lobes 4, very pointed. Corolla varying much in size, but the
tube usually shorter than the sepals; the lobes ovate, acute, or scarcely ob-
tuse, full \ in. long. Capsule nearly globular.—E. helium, Hance in Walp.
Ann. iii. 77. E. Horsfieldiannm, Mi'q. PI. Ned. Ind. ii. 556.
On the top of Mounts Victoria and Gough, Champion, Hance, WHford, Wright. Com-
mon in northern and eastern India, and received also from Java, Sumatra, and the Philip-
pines.
Order LXXIV. BORAGINE-ffi.
Sepals 5 or rarely 4, usually more or less united in a lobed or tootheil
calyx. Corolla regular or nearly so, 5-lobed, usually imbricate in the bud.
Stamens 3, alternating with the lobes of the corolla and inserted in the tube.
Ovary 4-celled and often deeply 4-lobed (consisting of two 2-celled carpels),
with 1 ovule in each cell. Style inserted between the lobes of the ovary or
terminal where the ovary is entire, simple, entire or once or twice bifid at the
top. Fruit either a 4-seeded drupe or berry, or divisible into 2 or 4, or con-
sisting of 4 distinct small 1-seeded nuts, having the appearance of naked


234
\Boraginea.
BORAQINE*.
seeds. Albumen none or very thin. Embryo usually straight, with flat or
rarely folded cotyledons.—Herbs or rarely shrubs or small trees, often rough
with stiff hairs arising from little tubercles. Leaves alternate, entire or
toothed, without stipules. Flowers usually in one-sided simple or bifid spikes
or racemes, or on the one-sided branches of a dichotomous cyme, which arc
often rolled back before the flowers expand.
A considerable Order, dispersed over almost every part of the globe; tbe arborescent or
shrubby genera chiefly tropical, the herbaceous ones more common in the temperate regions,
especially of the northern hemisphere.
Tree. Ovary entire. Style 2-lobed. Fruit a drape, with four 1-
sceded stones 1. Ehretia.
Erect herb. Ovary entire. Style entire. Fruit dry, pyramidal,
and separating into two 2-seeded nuts (in the Hongkong species) 2. Heuotkopium.
Diffuse slender herb. Ovary 4-lobcd. Style entire. Fruit of 4
seed-like nuts 8. Bothriospf.kmum.
1. EHRETIA, Linn.
Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla with a long or short tube and spreading lobes.
Ovary entire, 4-celled, with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Style terminal,
2-lobed at the top, with truncate or capitate stigmas. Fruit a berry or drupe,
separable into 2 or 4.—Trees or shrubs, smooth or rough, but not hairy as
most Boraginea. Leaves entire or rarely serrate. Flowers usually in cymes or
panicles.
A considerable tropical genus, spread over both the New and the Old World.
1. E. longiflora, Champ, in Kmv Journ. Bot. v. 58. A glabrous tree.
Leaves elliptical or oblong, acuminate, 2^ to 4 in. long, on a petiole of 3 to
5 lines, entire, quite smooth, with few distant veins. Flowers white or pink,
in pedunculate cymes, shorter than the leaves. Calyx not a line long. Corolla-
tube near 5 lines long, enlarged upwards; the lobes ovate, spreading, about
2 lines long. Stamens considerably longer. Style-lobes dilated and truncate
at the top. Fruit nearly globular, 3 or 4 lines diameter, sulcate and angular
when dry; the bony putamen readily separating into 4, with 1 pendulous
seed in each quarter.
In the Happy Valley woods and on Victoria Peak, and is also the tree which gives its name
to One-tree Hill, Champion. In woods at Little Hongkong, Wilford; also Wright. Not
known out of the island.
The E. serrala, Roxb., planted for its shade, has not been seen wild in the island.
2. HELIOTBOPIUM, Linn.
Calyx usually deeply 5-cleft, rarely 5-toothed. Corolla-tube cylindrical;
the limb spreading, 5-lobed. Anthers included in the tube. Style short.,
sometimes scarcely any, with a capitate or conical stigma. Ovary entire, 4-
cellcd. Fruit dry, separable either into four 1-seedcd nuts or into 2, each one
2-eelled and 2-seeded, which in ripening often leave between them cavities,
sometimes called empty cells. Seeds without albumen.—Herbs or under-
shrubs, usually hairy. Leaves entire or rarely toothed. Flowers usually
small, in unilateral spikes or dichotomous cymes.
A considerable genus, chiefly tropical or subtropical, both in tlie New and the Old World,
with n lew species extending into Europe, temperate Asia, or south Africa.


Ildiolroj/ium.']
235
BOBAGINE.E.
1. H. indicum, Linn.; Bot. Mag. I. 1887. A coarse erect hairy an-
nual, 1 to 2 ft. high, with spreading branches. Leave stalked, ovate or ovate-
cordate, \ to 3 in. long, rough with stiff hairs. Flowers pale-blue or white,
in long terminal or leaf-opposed simple unilateral spikes. Cnlyx cleft to the
base. Corolla-tube about 1 line long. Fruit pyramidal or mitre-shaped; the
2 carpels distinct almost from the base when ripe, each one containing 2 cells
with 1 seed in each cell.—Heliophytum indicum, DC. Prod. ix. 556.
Waste places near the seashore, Champion. A species of uncertain origin, now a com-
mon weed throughout the tropics, both in the New and the Old World.
3. BOTHRIOSPERMUM, Fisch. and Mey.
Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla-tube cylindrical; the limb spreading, with
imbricate lobes; the mouth of the tube closed by 5 very obtuse scales. An-
thers included in the tube. Ovary 4-lobed. Style very short, in the centre
of the lobes, with a capitate stigma. Fruit of 4 distinct nuts, erect and at-
tached by the base, convex and muricate or warted on the back, marked with
a cavity on the inner side.—Herbs, with the habit of a Myosotis, and very small
white or blue flowers.
A genus of very few species, all natives of temperate or tropical Asia.
1. B. tenellum, Fisch. and Mey.; DC. Prod. x. 116. A slender diffuse
much-branched annual or biennial, usually 6 to 8 in. long, more or less clothed
with appressed or spreading hairs. Leaves ovate or oblong, shortly stalked,
usually about \ in. long, the upper floral leaves smaller. Flowers very small,
white or pale blue, on short recurved pedicels, in the axils of the leaves or a
little above. Corolla scarcely above 1 line long. Fruiting calyx growing
out to \% or even 2 lines long.
A weed in rice-ficlds, Champion; also Wright. Dispersed over various parts of India, ex-
tending southward to the Mauritius aud northward to China and Mantchuria.
Order LXXV. C0NV0LVULACK5J.
Sepals 5, persistent, distinct, and much imbricated or very rarely united in
a 5-toothed calyx. Corolla usually regular, campanulatc or funnel-shaped, or
rarely with a cylindrical tube or rotate; the limb 5-foldcd, 5-augled, or 5-
lobed. Stamens 5, alternate with the lobes or angles of the corolla and in-
serted in the tube, often of unequal length. Ovary usually free, entire, 2- to
4-cellcd, with 1 or 2 erect ovules in each cell, rarely divided into 2 or 4 dis-
tinct uniovulate carpels, or 1-celled, with 2 or 4 ovules. Style single or more
or less deeply divided into 2. Fruit either a capsule opening in 2 to 4 valves,
leaving the dissepiments attached to the axis, or opening transversely, or suc-
culent and indehiscent. Seeds with a small quantity of mucilaginous albumen
or without any. Cotyledons usually very much folded, rarely straight or im-
perceptible.—Herbs, often twining or parasitical, or rarely shrubs, woody
climbers or even trees. Inflorescence various, usually axillary and more or
less cymose.
A considerable Order, widely spread over almost every part of the globe, but most abun-
dant in warm countries.


236 convolvulace^e. [Convokulacece.
Stigma senile. Tall woody evergreen climbers. Fruit a berry . . 1. Euvcibe.
Style filiform, entire or bifid at the top.
Stigma capitate or with 2 short round lobes.
Fruit a berry. Tall woody twiners 2. Argyrkia.
Fruit a dry capside. Herbs prostrate or twining 3. Ipomau.
Stiginatic lobes flattened, oblong or linear 4. Jacqlkmontia.
Styles 2, distinct.
Stems leafy.
Styles bifid. Ovary 2-cellcd. Stems erect or diffuse .... 5. Evoi.vulus.
Styles entire. Carpels 2, distinct. Stems prostrate or creeping 6. Dichondra.
Leafless parasites, not green. Stems filiform 7. Cuscuta.
1. EBYCIBE, Roxb.
Corolla broadly campanulate or almost rotate, with a very short tube and
5 deeply bifid lobes. Ovary 1-celled, with 4 erect ovules. Stigma sessile,
thick, readily divisible into 2, but marked outside with 5 or 10 angles or fur-
rows (the result of the impression of the folds of the corolla or of the stamens
in the bud). Fruit an indehiscent berry, containing usually a single seed.
Cotyledons folded.—Tall woody climbers. Leaves entire, coriaceous, usually
glabrous. Flowers not large, in cymes or clusters, usually forming axillary or
terminal racemes or panicles.
A small genus, confined to tropical Asia.
1. E. obtusifolia, Benth., n. ip. Probably a tall woody climber like the
other species, although the specimens show no appearance of twining. Branches
glabrous. Leaves oblong, obtuse, 3 to 4 in. long, narrowed at the base, with
a petiole of 4 to 6 lines, coriaceous and shining, never acuminate as in E. pani-
culala and E. glaucescen*. Cymes few on short peduncles in the lower axils,
more numerous in the upper ones; but the racemes are in all the specimens
shorter than the leaves, not forming large terminal panicles as in E. pa-
niculate. Sepals orbicular, a little more than a line long, hairy outside.
Corolla about 3 lines long; the part exposed in the bud very hairy outside,
the rest glabrous. Berry ovoid, above £ in. long.—E. fflaucescms, Hook, and
Arn. Bot. Beech. 201; not of Wallich.
Hongkong, Champion. Also on the adjacent continent, but not known out of S. China.
The E. glaucescens, Wall., to which these specimens have been referred, docs not appear to
be specifically distinct from the common Indian E. paniculate.
2. ARGYBEIA, Lour.
Corolla either narrow-campanulate or almost funnel-shaped, and entire or
angular or else deeply lobed and almost rotate. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovules
in each cell, or 4-celled by the addition of a spurious partition between the
ovules. Style filiform. Stigma capitate, entire or with 2 short round lobes.
Fruit succulent and indehiscent. Seeds 4 or fewer; cotyledons folded.—
Tall, usually woody twiners. Leaves entire or rarely lobed, usually hairy or
silvery white underneath. Cymes in the upper axils, or forming terminal leafy
panicles. Flowers usually large and showy.
A tropical genus, chiefly Asiatic, but with a few African or Americau species. It only
differs from Tpomtea in the succulent fruit, for the habit, although general, is not constant.
1. A. Championi, Bealh., n. sp. Youug branches, aud underside of the


Jrgyreia]
237
CONVOLVTJLACEjE.
leaves covered with a close hoary or silky pubescence. Leaves on long stalks,
ovate, acute, 3 to 4 in. long, rounded at the base, quite entire; the upper
surface more or less pubescent with small appressed hairs, sometimes almost
silky. Cymes of 4 to 6 flowers, on peduncles seldom above an inch long.
Bracts either none or very deciduous. Sepals broad, concave and very ob-
tuse, very tomentose and 3 or 4 lines long at the time of flowering, enlarged
and more loosely hairy outside, red and glabrous inside when in fruit. Co-
rolla-tube glabrous, cylindrical, rather longer than the calyx, then enlarged
into a campanulate limb above an inch long, hairy on the outer folds, the edge
not lobed. Berry globular, crimson.—A. acuta, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot.
v. 57, but probably not of Loureiro.
Ravines of Mount Victoria, Champion. At Little Hongkong, Wilford; also Hanee. Not
known from elsewhere. It is, however, nearly allied to the north-east Indian A. iplendau.
Sweet. It diners in the leaves less silky underneath but always pubescent above; in the
larger sepals; and in the hairiness of the corolla as well as iu its shape, as far as cau be
judged of in the very few specimens we possess. I had thought it might have been the A.
acuta of Loureiro, as it agrees well with his specific description; but it has not the deeply
lobed corolla given by that author as one of the generic characters, and is certainly not the
A.fettita, Wall., referred by Choisy to Loureiro's plant.
3. IPOM2EA, Linn.
Corolla campanulate or tubular, with a spreading limb, entire or angular,
rarely deeply lobed. Ovary 2- or 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, or 4-
celled by the addition of a spurious partition between the ovules. Style
filiform. Stigma capitate, entire, or with 2 short round lobes. Fruit a dry
capsule.—Twining, prostrate, creeping, or rarely low and erect herbs, occa-
sionally woody at the base, or very rarely shrubby. Leaves entire, lobed,
or divided. Flowers often large aud showy, solitary or more frequently in
small cymes in the axils of the leaves.
A large genus, dispersed over all warm climates, with a very few species extending into
N. America, or into extratropical Africa or Australia.
Leaves digitate, with 5 segments 1. /. quinata.
Leaves entire, or slightly 3-lobed.
Leaves pctiolate, thick, broadly cmarginate or 2-lobed 2. 7. pes-capra.
Leaves nearly sessile, cordate-lanceolate or linear. Peduncles slender.
Seeds glabrous 3. I.filicaulw.
Leaves petiolate, oblong or cordate-lanceolate. Peduncles short. Seeds
very woolly 4. I. cymota.
Leaves cordate-ovate, acute or acuminate.
Corolla-tnbe 3 or 4 in. long. Limb flat, 4 or 5 in. diameter . . 5. I. bona-nox.
Corolla not i in. long.
Plant glabrous. Peduncles several-flowered. Sepals coriaceous,
obtuse, narrowed at the base 6. /. chryseidit.
Plant hairy. Peduncles 1-flowered. Sepals herbaceous, the outer
ones cordate at the base 7.1. sinensis.
(Dr. Hancc writes to me that several other species of Ipomtea grow in Hongkong, and
amongst them the I. pileata, Roxb., easily known by its flowers capitate within two connate
brads, but as I have seen no specimens, I have been unable to insert them.)
1. I. quinata, Br.; Chois. in DC. Prod. ix. 385. A rather slender
twiner, either glabrous or more frequently with a few spreading hairs on the
lower part of the stem and on the petioles. Leaves digitate, with 5 distinct


238
[Ipomtea.
CONVOLVILACEJS.
lanceolate or narrow-oblong obtuse entire segments, 1 to 1J in. long, con-
tracted at the base. Peduncles usually 1-flowered and shorter than the leaves.
Sepals ovate, the outermost about 3 lines long, the innermost twice as long.
Corolla near 2 inches long (pale pink ?), the tube dilated upwards into a broadly
campanulate shortly 5-lobed limb. Ovary 2-celled.—/. pentadactylis, Chois.
in DC. Prod. ix. 385.
Hongkong, Champion; also in Burmah, and in tropical Australia. Seemann (Bot. Her.
p. 401) by some mistake refers this to the /. luberculata, It. and S., of which there are some
specimens iu Hance's collection from Hongkong gardens. The latter species, probably the
same as /. palmata, Forst., is not uncommon iu tropical Africa and Asia, but I have seen no
wild specimens from Hongkong. It is readily distinguished in the dried state by the inner
sepals being about the length of the outer oucs, instead of twice as long, besides minor differ-
ences in the shape of the leaf-segments and of the corolla. It has also the seeds bordered at
least with long hairs, and they are said to be glabrous in /. quinata. Our specimens of the
latter are uot iu fruit.
2. I. pes-caprae, Swartz; Chois. in DC. Prod. ix. 349. A glabrous per-
ennial, with long prostrate or creeping stems. Leaves on long petioles, oval,
obovate, or orbicular, broadly emarginate or very obtusely 2-lobed at the top,
2 to 3 in. long, rather thick, with nearly parallel oblique veins, the lower ones
converging at the base of the leaf. Peduncles in the upper axils 1- or few-
tlowered. Sepals oval, obtuse, about 3 lines long, or the inner ones rather
longer. Corolla pink, campanulate, obscurely lobed, about 1| in. long. Ovary
4-celled, or at least partially so, at the time of flowering. Capsule 2-celled,
oblong or ovoid, about £ in. long. Seeds hairy.
On the seashore near Victoria, llance. A common seacoast plant in almost all tropical
countries, but more especially in the Old World.
3. I. filicaulis, Blume; Chois. in DC. Prod. ix. 353. A glabrous an-
nual, with slender prostrate or twining stems, and usually drying of a brown-
ish-black colour. Leaves on very short petioles, or almost sessile, liuear-lau-
ceolate or linear, cordate or hastate, and often toothed at the base, 1 to 1^ in.
long. Peduncles slender, longer than the leaves, 1- or 2-flowered. Sepals
ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate-acuminate, about 3 lines long. Corolla yellowish-
white, i to ■} in. long.
In sunny places, Hance. Frequent in tropical Asia and Africa, occurring also in tropical
Australia, and in some parts of tropical America.
4. I. cymosa, Rcem. and Schult.; Chois. in DC. Prod. ix. 371; Bot.
Reg. 1843, t. 24. A rather coarse twiner, glabrous or with the young shoots
more or less pubescent, usually turning dark brown in drying. Leaves stalked,
from narrow-ovate to oblong or almost lanceolate, shortly acuminate or obtuse,
2 to 3 in. long, the larger ones broadly cordate or almost sagittate at the base,
the narrow ones rounded at the base. Flowers pure white, or with a yellow
eye, in cymes of 6 to 12 or even more, rarely solitary or nearly so, on a short
rather thick common peduncle. Sepals 3 or 4 lines long, glabrous, coriaceous,
nearly equal in length. Corolla campanulate, above an inch long, scarcely
lobed, often hairy at the top. Ovary 2-cellcd. Seeds hairy.
On the seashore, Hance. A common species in the greater part of India and the Archi-
pelago.
5. I. bona-nox, Linn. A glabrous twiner often of great size. Leaves
on long petioles, broadly cordate-ovate, acuminate with a long point, 3 to


Ipotnrta."]
239
CONVOLVULA0E.B.
6 in. long. Peduncles 2 to 4 in. long, bearing 8 to 6 large white flowers,
usually forming a simple one-sided raceme. Sepals acuminate, $ in. long or
more. Corolla-tube near 4 in. long, slender, scarcely enlarged at the top; the
limb opening almost flat, near 5 in. diameter. Stamens and style projecting
from the tube.—CaUmyclion xpeciosum, var. vulgare, Chois. in DC. Prod. ix.
345; Wight, Ic. t. 1361.
On the outskirts of woods, Hanee. Widely spread over the tropical regions of the Old
and the New World, bnt perhaps introduced into the latter, being much cultivated in gar-
dens. The /. muricata referred here by Choisy as a variety, is a totally different species.
It has not the " stamina exsertn" of the true bona-nox, whilst the latter has not the "corolla
infundibuliformis" of /. muricata, although both of these characters are given as essential to
the genus Calonyction.
6. I. chryseidis, Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 270; Chois. in DC. Prod. ix. 382.
A slender glabrous twiner. Leaves on long petioles, broadly ovate-cordate or
almost hastate, acuminate, 1 to 2 in. long, entire or with 2 broad rounded and
sometimes toothed basal lobes. Peduncles as long as the leaves or nearly so,
with 2 spreading branches, each bearing 2 to 4 small flowers, with 1 in the
fork. Sepals glabrous, coriaceous, oblong or almost ovate, obtuse or truncate,
nearly equal, about 2 lines long. Corolla yellow, broadly cr.mpanulate, about
5 lines long. Capsule glabrous, usually marked with 4 raised angles.
In open places, Hanre. Common in tropical Asia.
7. I. sinensis, Chois.; DC. Prod. ix. 370. A herbaceous twiner, hoary
with rather long stiff hairs, reflexed on the stem, more or less spreading on
the leaves and calyxes. Leaves stalked, broadly heart-shaped, entire or ob-
scurely 3-lobed. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, rather shorter than the peti-
oles. Flowers about \ in. long. Sepals herbaceous, the outer ones 3 lines
long, broadly cordate-lanceolate, the inner ones narrower, lanceolate, and rather
shorter. Corolla narrow-campanulate, not lobed. Stigma, as in the rest of
the genus, of 2 rounded lobes. Ovary 2-celled. •
Hongkong, llance. Only known from S. China. This species has all the characters of
Aniseia, which however cau scarcely be considered otherwise than as a section of Ipomaa.
4. JACQUEMONTIA, Chois.
Corolla usually broadly campanulate, angular or broadly 5-lobed. Ovary
2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Style filiform, bifid at the the top, with
2 flattened usually oblong stigmatic lobes. Fruit a dry capsule.—Herbs,
mostly twining, and sometimes woody at the base. Leaves entire or slightly
lobed. Flowers rather small, in axillary pedunculate cymes.
A small tropical genus, chiefly American, with at least one Asiatic species. It is inter-
mediate, as it were, in the shape of the stigma between Ipomaa and Convolvulus.
1. J. violacea, Chois. in DC. Prod. ix. 397. A herbaceous twiner,
sometimes nearly glabrous, but usually more or less pubescent. Leaves
stalked, heart-shaped, acuminate, entire, 2 to 3 or even 4 in. long, usually-
more glabrous than the rest of the plant. Peduncles about as long as the
leaves, bearing a dense cyme of blue flowers. Sepals 2^ to 3 hues long, the
outer ones ovate-cordate, acuminate, and always softly pubescent, sometimes
enlarging when in fruit to 5 lines. Corolla broadly campanulate, about £
in. long. Stigmatic lobes broadly linear, obtuse, recurved.—Convolvulus


240
[Jacquemontia.
CONVOLVULACE./E.
ianthinm, Hance in Walp. Ann. iii. 13. C. pentanihu*, Jacq.; Bot. Reg. 489;
Bot. Mag. t. 2151.
Naturalized in ravines above Victoria, Champion; also Hance. It is a West Indian spe-
cies, frequently cultivated in tropical gardens. In the dried state it is scarcely to be distin-
guished from the Convohulut farvifloru), Vahl, which is common in tropical Asia, and is
also a Jacquemontia, but has rather smaller white flowers.
5. EVOLVTJLTTS, Linn.
Corolla campanulate or tubular at the ba9e, angular or lobed. Ovary 2-
celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Styles 2, filiform, distinct from the base,
and bifid at the top. Fruit a dry capsule.—Herbs, not twining, annual or
with a perennial sometimes woody stock. Leaves entire, usually small, and
nearly sessile. Flowers small, on axillary peduncles, or in terminal spikes or
racemes.
A considerable tropical American genus, of which one or two species are spread also over
the warmer regions of the Old World.
1. E. alsinoides, Linn.; Choi*, in DC. Prod. ix. 447. A perennial,
with a short almost woody stock, but often flowering the first year so as to
appear annual, with numerous slender stems 6 in. to 1 ft. long; the whole
plant more or less silky-hairy. Leaves usually oblong or lanceolate, sessile or
nearly so, 3 to 6 lines long, but varying from ovale to almost linear, obtuse or
acute. Flowers small, pale blue or white, 1 to 3 together on slender axillary
peduncles longer than the leaves, with a small bract at each pedicel. Sepals
narrow, acute. Corolla almost rotate, not 3 lines diameter.—E. linifoliut,
Linn.; Chois. I.e. 449, and probably some others enumerated by Choisy. E.
pudicut, Hance in Walp. Ann. iii. 115.
Roadsides and grassy places, Hance, also Wright. Common within the tropics both in
the New and the Old World.
6. DICHONDBA, Forst.
Corolla campanulate, deeply 5-lobed. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels, with 1
ovule in each. Styles 2, distinct from the base, with thickened stigmas.
Fruit of 1 or 2 membranous 1-seeded capsules.—Prostrate herbs, with small
flowers.
A genus containing only one other South American species, closely allied to the following.
1. D. repens, orst.; Chois. in DC. Prod. ix. 451. A slender creep-
ing perennial, rootin° at the nodes, usually hoary with a minute pubescence,
often silky. Leaves orbicular or reniform, 4 to 8 lines or rarely 1 in. diameter,
on long petioles, and quite entire. Flowers solitary, on axillary pedicels, 2 to
4 lines long. Sepals obovate, scarcely 1 line long. Corolla rather shorter,
yellow. Capsules also shorter than the calyx.
Hongkong, Hance. Widely diffused over the tropical and subtropical regions both of the
New and the Old World.
7. CUSCUTA, Linn.
Corolla campanulate, ovoid or globular, with a short 5-lobed or rarely 4-
lobed limb. Anthers usually nearly sessile, with a scale below each in the


Cuscuta.]
241
CoNVOLVULACE.E.
base of the tube of the corolla. Ovary completely or partially 2-celled, with
2 ovules in each. Styles 2, distinct, or more or less united. Fruit a dry or
scarcely succulent capsule, usually opening transversely. Embryo spiral or
curved round a fleshy albumen.—Stems leafless, thread-like, parasitical, usually
bearing sessile clusters of small white or pink flowers.
A considerable genus, dispersed over every part of the globe, except the extreme north and
south.
1. C. japonica, CAois.; Engelm. Spec. disc. 67 (Trans. Acad. 81. Louis,
i. 517). Stems not so slender as in most species. Flowers sessile or on very
short thick pedicels, solitary or more frequently clustered, with a broad scale-
like bract under each flower or pedicel. Sepals \ line long, ovate, obtuse.
Corolla broadly tubular, 2 to 3 lines long, with 5 short spreading or reflexed
lobes. Anthers oval, nearly sessile at the mouth of the tube; staminal scales
near the base, ovate or oblong, fringed. Ovary globular, with a central axis,
but not completely divided into 2 cells. Style nearly as long as the corolla-
tube, entire or shortly bifid, with thick oblong stigmas. Capsule thick, ovoid,
above 3 lines long.
In woods at Little Hongkong, Champion, Wilford; also Wright. In China, Mantchuria,
and Japan.
Order LXXVI. SOLANACEiE.
Flowers regular or nearly so. Calyx usually with 5, rarely with 4, 6, or 10
teeth, lobes, or segments. Corolla with 5 or rarely with 4 teeth or lobes,
folded or rarely imbricate in the bud. Stamens as many as the lobes of the
corolla, and alternating with them. Ovary superior, 2-celled, or rarely incom-
pletely 4-celled, with several ovules in each cell. Style simple, with an entire
or lobed stigma. Fruit an iudehiscent berry, or rarely a capsule, with several
seeds. Albumen copious, fleshy. Embryo usually curved or spiral surround-
ing the albumen, more rarely straight and central.—Herbs, shrubs, or soft-
wooded trees. Leaves alternate, without stipules.
A numerous Order, in the tropical and wanner regions of the globe, with a very few spe-
cies straying into more temperate climates. A large proportion of the species contain more
or less of a narcotic poisonous principle, although several are among the more important
articles of food.
Fruit a prickly capsule. Corolla large, with a long tube 5. Datura.
Fruit a berry. Corolla rotate, campanulate, or with a short tube.
Calyx inflated after flowering. Corolla campanulate.
Calyx deeply 5-lobcd, cordate at the base 3. Nicandra.
Calyx shortly 5-lobeil 2. PhtsaMS.
Calyx not inflated, though cftcn enlarged after flowering.
Corolla rotate. Anthers erect and conuivent, much longer than their
filaments 1. Solanum.
Corolla contracted into a tube at the base. Anthers shorter than
their filaments 4. LTCIUM.
1. SOLANUM, Linn.
Corolla rotate or slightly cup-shaped, 5-angled or 5-lobed, folded in the
bud. Anthers on very short filaments, oblong or linear, erect and connivent
B


242
[Solanum.
SOLA.NACEJE.
in a cone round the style, opening at the top in 1 or 2 pores, without any
prominent connectivum between the cells. Fruit a 2-celled berry.—Herbs,
shrubs, or low soft-wooded trees. Leaves entire or irregularly toothed, lobed,
or divided, often in pairs, a smaller one being developed in the axil of the
larger one. Flowers solitary, or more frequently in short racemes or cymes,
on lateral or terminal peduncles, sometimes paniculate.
A very large genus, with the general geographical range of the Order.
No prickles. Plant glabrous or softly pubescent.
Calyx 5-toothed 1. S. nigrum.
Calyx 10-toothcd 2. S.decemdenialum.
Branches aud often the veins of the leaves armed with prickles. Plant
more or less tomentose, with stellate hairs.
Anthers not above % lines long, and not acuminate.
Flowers all fertile, in short loose racemes. Berry 4 or 5 lines
diameter 3. 5. indicum.
Fertile flowers quite solitary, or single at the base of a 1-sided
raceme of sterile ones. Berry an inch diameter .... 4. 5. sanctum.
Anthers 5 to 7 lines long, narrowed upwards.
Calyx 3 lines long. Corolla-lobes lanceolate. Berry very hairy 6. S.ferox.
Calyx 7 to 8 lines long. Corolla-lobes very broad and short . 6. 5. Wrightii.
1. S. nigrum, Linn. An erect annual or biennial, with very spreading
branches, from 1 to near 2 ft. high, glabrous or nearly so in the Hongkong
specimens, in some others hairy or rough on the angles. Leaves stalked,
ovate, 1 to 2 in. long, with coarse irregular angular teeth or nearly entire.
Flowers small and white, in little cymes almost contracted into umbels, on
short lateral peduncles. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla deeply 5-lobed, 3 to near
4 lines diameter. Anthers not acuminate. Berries small, globular, usually
black, but sometimes green, yellow, or dingy-red.—Solanum "Morella vera,"
Dun. in DC. Prod. xiii. pars i. 45 to 59, as to the greater number of the
supposed species included in the group.
In waste places, Champion and others. A common weed in all the warmer and most of
the temperate parts of the globe.
2. S. decemdentatum, Roxb.; Dun. in DC. Prod. xiii. part i. 179.
An annual or biennial, like the last, but usually larger and coarser, and always
pubescent or hairy. Leaves stalked, ovate, acuminate, entire or slightly sinu-
ate, 2 to 4 in. long. Pedicels 1-flowered, axillary, sometimes solitary, but
usually 2 to 5 or 6 together, 2 to 4 lines long, more or less recurved and
hairy. Calyx short, truncate, with 10 linear lobes or teeth, sometimes very
short, sometimes 1^ lines long. Corolla (white?) cibeut 4 lines diameter, 5-
lobed to about the middle. Anthers not acuminate. Berries red, glabrous,
3 to 4 lines diameter.—S. mollissimum, Blume; S. biflorum, Lour.; S. Cal-
leryanum, Dun.'; and S. Osbeckii, Dun. in DC. Prod. xiii. pars i. 178, 179.
Hongkong, Champion. In Khasia, Mergui, the Archipelago, and northward to S. China,
Loochoo, and Bonin.
3. S. indicum, Linn, (partly); Dun. in DC. Prod. xiii. part i. 309;
Wight, Ic. t. 346. Stem shrubby at the base; the branches, leaves, and in-
florescence thickly covered with a hoary, close, but soft stellate tomentum.
Prickles stout, and mostly recurved on the branches, usually straight on the
petioles and nerves of the leaves. Leaves stalked, ovate, irregularly and ob-


Solatium.]
243
30LANACEJE.
tusely sinuate or lobed; the larger one of each pair 3 to 4 in. long. Flowers
3 to 6, in short loose lateral racemes, all fertile; the common peduncle seldom
above 1£ in. long, the pedicels full \ in. Calyx more or less prickly on the
back; the lobes lanceolate, about 2 lines long when in flower and not much
enlarged afterwards. Corolla tomentose outside, 8 or 9 lines diameter, divided
to about the middle into 5 ovate lobes. Anthers about 2 lines long, not acu-
minate. Berry globular, glabrous, 4 or 5 lines diameter.
In waste places, Hance, Wilford. Frequent in India and in the Archipelago.
4. S. sanctum, Linn. Stem shrubby at the base; the branches, leaves,
and inflorescence hoary with a soft stellate tomentum, as in S. indicum, and
the prickles and foliage are also much the same. Fertile flowers on a stout
lateral pedicel of ^ to 1 in. long, either quite solitary or more frequently at
the base of a one-sided raceme of sterile although apparently perfect flowers,
which soon fall away. Calyx very tomentose, campanulate, with 5 or 6 short
spreading teeth or lobes. Corolla about 1 in. diameter, tomentose outside,
with short broad lobes. Anthers of 8. indicum. Fruit globular, glabrous, at
least 1 in. diameter, surrounded at the base by the more or less enlarged calyx,
often prickly on the back.—5. Cumingii, S. schanbrunneme, S. hierochunti-
num, and some others of Dun. in DC. Prod. xiii. pars i. 363, 365, 369, etc.
In waste places, Wilford, Wright. A common roadside weed over a great part of India,
western Asia, and north-eastern Africa.
5. S. ferox, Linn.; Dun. in DC. Prod. xiii. part i. 255; Wight, Ic. t.
1399 and 1400. A coarse erect or spreading biennial, or perhaps with a
perennial stock; the stems hard and almost woody at the base, and the whole
plant thickly covered with a velvety or almost woolly down. Prickles straight,
sometimes small and very numerous, sometimes long and stout. Leaves ovate,
irregularly and obtusely sinuate, toothed or lobed, the larger one of each pair
often 8 to 10 in. long by 6 or more in. broad. Peduncles 1-flowered, axil-
lary, solitary or few together, short and very hairy. Calyx at the time of
flowering about 3 lines long, with 5 ovate-acute lobes, and very hairy. Corolla
hairy outside, near \ in. diameter, deeply divided into 5 lanceolate lobes.
Anthers 5 or 6 lines long, narrowed upwards. Berry about 1 in. diameter,
thickly covered with long yellowish hairs.—S. stramonifolium, Dun. (but not
of Jacq.), S. lasiocarpum, Dun., and S. involueratum, Blume; Dun. in DC. Prod,
xiii. pars i. 252 and 255. S. hirsulum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 571. S. imtnane,
Hance in Walp. Ann. iii. 165.
Ou roadsides, Champion and others. In eastern India mid the Archipelago, and north-
ward to the Philippines and S. China.
6. S. Wrightii, Benth., n. sp. Branches and petioles hispid with stiff
stellately branched hairs or bristles, and armed with a few straight stout
prickles. Larger leaves near 1 ft. long by 6 or 8 in. wide, almost pinnatifid,
with irregular ovate or lanceolate lobes, rough on the upper side with bristle-
like simple hairs, coarsely stellate-hairy underneath. Flowers very large, in
bifid lateral cymes. Pedicels above ^ in. long, very hispid. Calyx 7 or 8
lines long, very hispid, deeply divided into 5 lanceolate lobes with long su-
bulate points. Corolla full 2 J in. diameter, broadly 5-lobed, the lanceolate
centre of each lobe hairy outside, the intermediate portions broad and gla-
brous. Anthers about 7 lines long, nan-owed upwards and slightly curved.


SOLANACE.E.
[Solanum.
Hongkong, Wright. Not seen in any other collection. It is with much hesitation that I
publish a new species of so vast and confused a genus as Solanum. But I have endeavoured in
vain to match this fine plant either with any specimen in our herbaria, or with any of
Dimal's diagnoses. It appears to belong to his group of Melongenat.
2. PHYSALIS, Linn.
Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed, inflated after flowering. Corolla broadly cam-
panulate or nearly rotate, 5-angled, folded in the bud. Anthers short, open-
ing longitudinally. Ovary 2-celled. Berry globular, enclosed in the inflated
calyx.—Herbs either annual or with a perennial stock. Leaves often in pairs.
Flowers solitary, on axillary or lateral pedicels.
A genus rather numerous in America, one or two species extending over the warmer re-
gions of the Old World as well as the New.
L. P. angulata, Linn.; Bun. in DC. Prod. xiii. part i. 448. A gla-
brous annual, with very spreading branches, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves on long
petioles, ovate, oblong or almost lanceolate, usually acute, with a few coarse
irregular teeth. Flowering calyx about lines long, with 5 triangular acute
rather short lobes, truncate at the base. Corolla about twice as long, pale yel-
low, often marked with 5 purple spots. Fruiting calyx above 1 in. long, 5-
angled, with 5 short connivent teeth, enclosing a small globular berry.—P.
Linkiana, Nees, P. capsicifolia, Dun., and probably several other species enu-
merated in DC. Prod. xiii. pars i. p. 448, 449, etc.
Iu waste places, Champion. Frequent in tropical America and Africa, and very common
in India. The species should also perhaps iuclude as a pubescent variety the common
Indian P. minima, Linn.
3. NICANDBA, Gaertn.
Calyx of 5 distinct broadly-cordate sepals, becoming much enlarged and
inflated in fruit. Corolla campanulate, with 5 broad short lobes, folded (and
perhaps also slightly imbricated) in the bud. Anthers short, opening longi-
tudinally. Ovary 3- to 5-celled. Fruit a berry, enclosed in the enlarged
calyx.
A genus limited to a single species.
1. N. physalod.es, Oeertn. ; Dun. in DC. Prod. xiii. part i. 434; Bot.
Mag. t. 2458. An erect glabrous annual or biennial, attaining sometimes 5
or 6 feet. Leaves stalked, ovate, irregularly sinuate or coarsely toothed or
lobed, 3 or 4 in. long, or sometimes larger. Flowers pale-blue, solitary, on
short pedicels in the upper axils, forming a terminal leafy raceme. Sepals at
the time of flowering a little more than \ in. long, and herbaceous, when in
fruit above 1 in. long, thin and. much veined, and closely connivent, forming
a vesicidar calyx with very prominent angles. Corolla nearly 1 in. long. Berry
globular.
In waste places, escaped from gardens, Uance. A S. American species, which has esta-
blished itself as a weed in several parts of the warmer regions of the Old World.
4. LYCITTM, Linn.
Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed, persistent, but scarcely enlarged after flower-
ing. Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped, with a small or campanulate 5-lobed


Lycium.~\
245
SOLANACE.S.
or rarely 4-lobed limb; the lobes imbricate in the bud. Anthers short, open-
ing longitudinally. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a globular or ovoid berry.— Shrubs,
often thorny. Leaves usually small, entire. Flowers usually pedicellate, so-
litary or several together in the axils of the leaves or at the old nodes.
A considerable genus, chiefly American, with a few species dispersed over ihe warmer
regions of the Old World
1. Ii. chinense, Mill.; Dun. in DC. Prod. xiii. part i. 510. A tall
glabrous shrub, with long, weak, recurved, or pendulous branches, either un-
armed or the lateral shoots here and there converted into short spines. Leaves
lanceolate-oblong or obovate, acute or obtuse, \ to 1 in. long, or nearly twice
as long ou luxuriant shoots, narrowed into a slender petiole. Pedicels usually
2 to 6 together in the axils. Calyx about \ lines long. Corolla-tube rather
longer; the limb broadly campanulate, deeply 5-lobed; the lobes about 3
lints long. Stamens exserted. Berries ovoid or shortly oblong, orange-red.
—L. vulyare, L. meyislocarpum, and perhaps some others of Dun. 1. c.
Naturalized iu some parts of Hongkong, Hance. Hclicved to be a real native of China,
from whence specimens have been frequently scut, and now naturalized iu various parts of
Asia and Europe, where it is much planted iu cottage gardens, and spreads readily from
suckers.
5. DATURA, Linn.
Calyx tubular, breaking off transversely near the base after flowering. Co-
rolla funnel-shaped, with a long tube and a broad 5-angled or 5-toothed limb,
folded in the bud. Ovary 2-celled, each cell incompletely divided into two.
Fruit an ovoid or globular prickly capsule, opening in 4 short valves.—Tall
coarse herbs, shrubs, or small soft-wooded trees. Leaves alternate, often in
pairs. Flowers solitary, terminal or lateral, usually very large.
A small genus, chiefly American, with one or two species equally common in, and perhaps
indigenous to, the Old World.
1. D. alba, Nees; Dun. in DC. Prod. xiii. part i. 541; Wight, Ic. t.
852. A coarse, erect, glabrous annual, often 3 or 4 ft. high, with a hard,
almost woody stem. Leaves stalked, ovate, acute or shortly acuminate, entire
or irregularly sinuate, usually 3 or 4 in. long Flowers white, large, on very
short terminal or lateral pedicels. Calyx near 2 in. long. Corolla about 5
in. long; the angles produced into narrow points 2 or 3 lines long. Capsule
globular, above 1 in. diameter, resting on the somewhat enlarged, flat, persis-
tent base of the calyx.
In waste places, Hance, Wilford. Very abundant in similar situations all over India, and
probably of Asiatic origin.
Order LXXVII. SCROPHULABINE^].
Flowers irregular, or seldom nearly regular. Sepals 5, either free or more
frequently united in a lobed or toothed calyx, persistent. Corolla usually 2-
lipped, but sometimes nearly regular, with 4, 5, or rarely more lobes, imbri-
cate in the bud. Stamens usually 2 or 4, in pairs, inserted in the tube and
alternating with the lower lobes of the corolla; the fifth stamen, between the
two upper lobes, usually deficient, or rudimentary, or sterile. Ovary 2-celled,


246
SCROPHULARlNE.f:.
[Scropkufarinea.
with several ovules in each cell. Style simple, with a 2-lobed, or rarely en-
tire stigma. Fruit a 2-celled capsule, or very rarely an indehiscent berry.
Seeds with more or less of albumen. Embryo straight or rarely curved.—
Herbs, or rarely shrubs or small trees. Leaves usually opposite, or verticil-
late in the lower part of the plant, alternate higher up; but sometimes all op-
posite or all alternate, without stipules. Flowers in terminal racemes or cymes,
or more rarely axillary.
A large Order, widely dispersed over every part of the globe.
Corolla spurred, 2-lipped 1. Linaria.
Corolla rotate or minutely campanulate, nearly regular, 4-lobcd.
Stamens 4. Much-branched herb of 1 foot or more 11. ScorAEiA.
Stamens 2. Herb of about 1 in. Flowers very minute.... 12. Microcarp.ea.
Corolla with a distinct tube; the limb 2-lipped or spreading.
Upper lobes of the corolla outside in the bud.
Stamens all inserted within the tube of the corolla.
Calyx 5-lobed Jo about the middle 2. Mazus.
Sepals free to the base.
Stamens 4.
Lower sepal much larger than the others.
Anther-cells separate, one at least in the lower stamens
sterile. Plants hairy 8. Pterostioma.
Anther-cells contiguous, all fertile. Plant glabrous . 5. IIekpestis.
Sepals nearly equal 4. Limnopiiila.
Stamens 2 6. Dopatrium.
Loner stamens inserted at the base of the lower lip of the
corolla.
Lower stamens arched, bearing anthers under the upper lip.
Calyx tubular, with prominent or winged angles .... 7. Torenia.
Calyx short, not angular, or divided to the base .... 8. Vandf.llia.
Lower stamens club-shaped or 2-lobed, without anthers.
Capsule globular or ovoid 9. Iiasanthes.
Capsule linear 10. Bonnaya.
Upper lobes of the corolla inside in the bud.
Calyx 5-toothed. Authers 1-celled, obtuse.
Corolla-tube straight 13. Buchnera.
Corolla-tube bent above the middle 14. Striga.
Calyx oblique, split down the lower edge. Authers 2-celled,
with mucronate cells 15. Centranthera.
1. LIN ARIA, Juss.
Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla-tube broad, projecting into a spur at the
base; the limb 2-lipped, with a projecting palate, half-closing or completely
closing the. mouth of the tube. Capsule ovoid or oblong, 2-ccllcd, opening
either in 2 or 3 pores at the top, or by the fall of lateral valve-like lids.—
Herbs. Lower leaves usually opposite or whorled, the upper ones alternate.
Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves, or forming a terminal raceme or
spike.
A considerable genus, spread chiefly over the Old World; the greater number of species
about the Mediterranean region; one species only being American.
1. Im. elatine, Mill.; Benth. in DC. Prod. x. 268. A hairy annual, with
slender branching prostrate steins, from a few inches to above a foot long.
Leaves shortly stalked, broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, angular or hastate
at the base, the lower ones scarcely above { in. long, the tipper ones smaller.


Linaria.]
247
SCROPIIULAHINE*.
Peduncles axillary, slender, spreading, longer than the leaves. Flowers small,
yellowish. Sepals narrow-lanceolate, about 1 line long. Spur of the corolla
straight or slightly curved, full 2 lines long.
In rubbishy ground near the barracks at Stanley (Chuckchew), Hance. Probably intro-
duced with European seeds, for although widely spread over Europe and western Asia, espe-
cially as a weed of cultivation, it has not been found either in central or eastern Asia.
2. MAZTJS, Lour.
Calyx broadly campanulate, B-lobed. Corolla with the upper lip erect,
ovate, shortly 2-lobed, the lower one longer, spreading, 3-lobcd, with 2 slight
protuberances at the base. Stamens 4. Cells of the anthers contiguous,
divaricate. Style with 2 ovate stigmatic lobes. Capsule globular or com-
pressed, opening loculicidally in 2 entire valves.—Low herbs. Lower leaves
opposite, the upper ones alternate. Flowers in terminal one-sided racemes.
A small genus limited to tropical and eastern Asia and Australia.
1. M. rugosus, Lour.; Benth. in DC. Prod. x. 375; Sw. Brit. Fl.
Gard. t. 36. A low glabrous or slightly hairy annual, rarely if ever continued
through another year by means of creeping runners. Leaves mostly radical,
or nearly so, obovate or cuneate-oblong, 1 to 2 in. long, coarsely toothed,
narrowed into a broad petiole. Branches short, spreading, ending in a leafless
raceme of 2 or 3 in. or rarely more. Flowers blue, with a white or yellow
palate, on short peduncles. Calyx about 3 lines long, with foliaceous ovate
or lanceolate lobes, enlarged after flowering. Corolla scarcely twice as long.
Capsule shorter than the calyx.—M. vandellioides, Hance in Walp. Ann. iii.
198.
Hongkong, Champion. In rice-fields, at Little Hongkong, Wilford; also Wright. Com-
mon in India from Ceylon and Cabul to the Archipelago, extending northward to the Philip-
pines, China, Mantchuria, and Japan.
3. PTEKOSTIGMA, Benth.
Sepals 5, distinct, the lowest one larger than the others. Corolla with a
spreading slightly 2-lipped limb, the upper lobe or lip emarginate, the 3 lower
lobes entire. Stamens 4, the 2 cells of each anther separate, one or both cells
of the lower anthers and sometimes one cell of the upper anthers empty or
sterile. Style flattened at the top, entire or 2-lobed, stigmatic at the ex-
tremity, and usually 2-winged below the stigma. Capsule ovoid, almost
beaked, opening loculicidally in two valves, which are more or less bifid, leaving
a central placentiferous column. Seeds small, striate.—Herbs, usually aromatic
and drying black. Leaves opposite. Flowers axillary or in terminal spikes.
Pedicels short, usually with 2 bracteoles.
A small genus limited to tropical Asia and Australia.
Flowers axillary or in loose leafy racemes LP. t/randiflorum.
Flowers in dense terminal globular or oblong spikes 2. P. capitatum.
1. P. grandiflorom, Benth. in DC. Prod. x. 380; Hook, and Am. Bot.
Beech, t. 45. A rather coarse erect or spreading haiiy herb, of 1 or 2 ft.
Leaves stalked, ovate, crenate-serrate, 1 to 2 in. long, or the lower ones larger.
Lower flowers solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, upper ones forming
loose terminal racemes. Pedicels longer or rather shorter than the calyx.


248
[Plerostigr,ta.
SCROPHULARINEJE.
Lower sepal lanceolate, 4 lines long when in flower, 6 to 7 lines when in fruit,
the 4 upper sepals linear and rather shorter. Corolla 1 in. long. Cells of the
upper pair of anthers fertile and equal, those of the lower pair small and gland-
like.
Common on hillsides, Champion and others. Only known from S. China.
2. P. capitatum, Benth. in DC. Prod. x. 380. An erect stiff simple or
branching annual, usually about 1 ft. high. Leaves varying from ovate to
oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, crenate, the larger ones usually oblong, 1 to 2
in. long, but sometimes all small and ovate. Flowers about 3£ lines long, of
a bluish-purple, with a purple palate, in dense terminal clammy heads, globu-
lar or oblong, £ to 1£ in. long. Lower sepal lanceolate, the others linear, nearly
as long as the corolla. Anthers of the upper pair with one cell rather smaller
than the other, those of the lower pair with only one cell.
Along ditches, Champion; alio Ilance. Common in India from Ceylon and the Peninsula
to the Archipelago, and northwards to the Himalaya and S. China.
4. LIMNOPHILA, R. Br.
Calyx deeply 5-lobed or divided into 5 distinct sepals of equal size, or the
lowest rather larger. Corolla with a spreading more or less 2-lipped limb,
the upper lip emarginate or 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, shorter
than the corolla; the anther-cells all perfect and separate from each other,
usually stipilate. Style bent downwards at the top, dilated, entire or 2-lobed,
often winged at the bend. Capsule ovoid or globose, opening loculicidally in
2 valves, more or less bifid, leaving a broad free central placenta.—Herbs
usually aquatic or growing in marshes, more or less marked with pellucid
dots. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided in the Hongkong species, in
some other aquatic species the lower submerged ones divided into filiform
segments. Flowers solitary and axillary, or in terminal or axillary racemes,
usually with 2 bracteoles under the calyx.
A considerable genus, chiefly tropical and limited to the Old World.
Stem hairy 1. L.hirsuta.
Whole plant glabrous 2. L. punctata.
1. 1m. hirsuta, Benth. in DC. Prod. x. 388. Stems decumbent and root-
ing at the base, ascending to a foot or more in height, and more or less hairy.
Leaves sessile or nearly so, opposite, or in whorls of 3 or 4, oblong, and 1 to
2 in. long, or the lower ones obovate, narrowed or stem-clasping at the base,
glabrous or hairy, the upper ones small and narrow. Flowers 6 to 8 lines
long, in terminal racemes, the pedicels shorter than the floral leaves or bracts.
Calyx-segments lanceolate-subulate.
Hongkong, Hance. On the edge of a pond cast of the Hnppy Valley, Wilford. Spread
over India from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northward to the Himalaya
and S. China.
2. Zj. punctata, Bhtme; Benth. in DC. Prod. x. 388. An erect or
ascending glabrous annu;il (or sometimes perennial?) from 6 in. to 1 ft. or
more in height. Leaves sessile and stem-clasping, oblong-lanceolate, serrate,
1 to 1 ^ or even 2 in. long, the upper ones smaller. Flowers in the ordinary
form 7 to 8 lines long, all axillary, on pedicels scarcely shorter than the floral
leaves. Sepals lanceolate, acuminate, not half so long as the corolla.


(
Limnophila.] scrophdlakinEjE. 249
Hongkong, Hance, common in the Happy Valley, Wilford; frequent in India, from Ceylon
and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northward to the Himalaya, S. China, and the
Philippines.
Var. subracemosa, Benth. 1. c. Flowers smaller, in loose leafy racemes, cither terminal or
in the upper aiils.
Hongkong, Hance. Occurs here and there almost all over the area of the species.
5. HERPESTIS, Geertn. fil.
Sepals 5, distinct, the lower one much broader than the others. Corolla
with a spreading more or less 2-lipped limb, the upper lip emarginate or
2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed, or sometimes all 5 lobes nearly equal. Stamens
4, in pairs, the anthers all with 2 perfect contiguous cells. Style dilated at
the. top, concave or slightly 2-lobed. Capsule opening in 2 valves, which are
sometimes cleft to the base so as to appear 4-valved, leaving a free central
column.—Herbs, sometimes aquatic. Leaves opposite, entire, toothed or
in some aquatic species divided into filiform segments. Flowers axillary or
in terminal racemes, without or rarely with bracteoles under the calyx.
A considerable tropical and subtropical genus, chieflv American, with a few species natives
of the Old World.
1. H. Monnieri, H. B. andK.; Benth. in DC. Prod. x. 400 ; Bot. Mag.
I. 2557. A low creeping glabrous leafy annual. Leaves obovate or oblong,
seldom above 5 in. long, rather thick, entire or crenate, without prominent
veins, or obscurely 1- or 3-nerved. Flowers few, pale blue, rather small, on
pedicels usually rather longer than the leaves, with 2 small bracteoles under the
ralvx. Outer sepal ovate.—An'uocalyx limnanthijlorus, Hance in VValp. Ann.
iii.'l95.
Frequent in marshes, Champion and others. One of the commonest marsh plants through-
out the tropical regions of both the New and the Old World.
6. DOP ATRIUM, Ham.
Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla-tube dilated at the top, the limb 2-lipped,
the upper lip short, 2-lobed, the lower large, broadly 3-lobed. Stamens, 2
upper ones fertile, the anthers with 2 distinct parallel cells, 2 lower stamens
minute and sterile. Style short, with a 2-lobed flattened stigma. Capsule
4-valved, leaving a free, flat, 2-lobcd plaoentiferous dissepiment. Seeds
warted.—Slender glabrous annuals. Leaves opposite, entire, small, the upper
ones minute. Pedicels filiform, forming loose terminal racemes.
A small genus, limited to tropical Asia and Africa.
1. D. junceum, Ham. in DC. Prod. x. 407. Stem erect, very slender,
simple or slightly branched, usually 6 in. to 1 ft. high. Lower leaves few,
towards the base of the stem, but seldom rosulate as in D. tiudicaulis, oblong
or linear, seldom above J in. long, the upper floral ones remote and minute.
Pedicels filiform, seldom above 2 lines long. Flowers from 1 to 2 lines long.
Ovary in the upper part incompletely 2-celled, the placentas meeting at the
base only.
Hongkong, Wright. A marsh plant, widely distributed over India, from Ceylon and the
Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northward to the Himalaya, S. China, and the Philippines.


250
[Torenia.
SCROPHULARINE.B.
7. TORENIA, Linn.
Calyx tubular, with prominent or winged angles, obliquely 3- or 5-toothed,
or 2-lipped. Corolla with the upper lip erect or slightly spreading, emargi-
nate or 2-lobed, the lower lip larger, spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, their
anthers cohering or closely contiguous in pairs; upper stamens straight, the
lower pair arched under the upper lip, with a tooth-like or filiform appendage
near the base. Style filiform, with a dilated slightly 2-lobed stigma. Capsule
oblong, not longer than the calyx, opening in 2 entire valves parallel to the
thin flat dissepiment.—Herbs. Leaves opposite. Racemes terminal, short, or
reduced to clusters, or rarely to 1 or 2 flowers in the upper axils. Flowers
often large.
A tropical or subtropical genus, dispersed over the Old World, with one Bpecies occurring
also as a weed in tropical America.
Glabrous or slightly pubescent, decumbent at the base. Flowers purple . . 1. T. rubent.
Hairy and erect. Flowers yellow 2. T.fiava.
1. T. rubens, Benth. in DC. Prod. x. 410, var. grandifiora. A glabrous
or slightly pubescent annual, prostrate and rooting at the lower nodes; the
flowering branches ascending to 6 in. or a ft., acutely 4-angled. Leaves on
short petioles, ovate, serrate, seldom above 1 in. long, rounded or sbghtly cor-
date at the base. Peduncles in the upper axils, 1 to 2 in. long, scarcely
forming a raceme. Calyx oblong, with 3 narrow wings slightly decurrent on
the peduncle, 8 or 9 lines long in the Hongkong variety. Corolla dark purple,
scarcely twice as long. Appendage of the longer filaments short.—T. concolor,
Lindl.'Bot. Reg. 1846, t. 62.
Common on Victoria Peak and in other parts of the island, Champion and others. Also
on the adjacent continent in Assam and in Formosa. The specimens originally described from
Assam have much smaller flowers, but their size is variable in the Chinese ones.
2. T. flava, Ham.; Benth. in DC. Prod. x. 411, var. grandifiora. An
erect branching hairy annual, 6 in. to 1 ft. high, the branches acutely angled.
Leaves stalked, ovate or oblong, serrate, 1 to near 2 in. long, cuneate at the
base. Flowers few, in terminal racemes; the floral leaves small and bract-like,
except the lowest pair. Pedicels seldom \ in. long. Calyx 4 to 5 lines long,
5-angled, acute at the base. Corolla nearly twice as long in the Hongkong
specimens, much smaller in the Indian ones, pale yellow, with a purple spot
in the throat. Appendage of the longer filaments shortly subulate.
Hongkong, Harland. Also in the Himalaya and in Mergui.
8. VANDELLIA, Linn.
Calyx either shortly tubular and 5-toothcd, readily splitting after flowering,
or divided to the base into 5 segments. Corolla with the upper lip erect,
shortly 2-lobed, the lower larger, spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, their anthers
cohering in pairs under the upper lip; the upper stamens straight; the lower
arched, with a tooth-like or filiform appendage near the base. Style filiform,
with a dilated often 2-lobed stigma. Capsule globular, oblong or linear,
opening in 2 entire valves, parallel to the thin flat dissepiment.—Herbs.
Leaves opposite. Flowers usually small, axillary or in terminal racemes often
contracted into umbels.


Pandellia.]
251
SCROPHULARINE.I:.
A considerable genus, dispersed over the tropical regions of the Old World, with 2 or 3
species spreading as weeds into America. It closely connects Torenia with Ilysanthes and
Bonnaya, differing from the former in the calyx, from the latter in the stamens.
Calyx 5-toothcd at the time of flowering.
Leaves mostly oblong, rather thick. Calyx B-angled 1. V. oblonga.
Leaves broadly ovate, thin. Calyx membranous, scarcely angled, often
splitting after flowering 2. V. Crustacea.
Calyx 5-cleft to the base from the first 8. V. tcabra.
1. V. oblonga, Benlh. in DC. Prod. x. 413. A glabrous annual, de-
cumbent and rooting at the lower nodes, the flowering branches ascending to
5 or 6 in. or more. Leaves from ovate to oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, rather
thick, entire or scarcely crenate, narrowed at the base, but scarcely stalked, 4
to 6 or rarely 7 or 8 lines long. Pedicels few, 1 in. long or more, forming a
loose terminal raceme. Calyx about 2£ lines long, angular, 5-toothed or
shortly 5-lobed. Corolla more than twice as long. Appendage of the lower
filaments slightly clavate. Capsule ovoid, shorter than the calyx.
Hongkong, Champion, Harland, Wright. Also on the adjacent continent, but not known
out of S. China.
2. V. Crustacea, Benth. in DC. Prod. x. 413 ; Wight, 1c. t. 863. A diffuse
much branched annual, glabrous or with a very few scattered hairs, and usually
not exceeding 6 in. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate, broadly crenate, 4 to 9
lines long, broadly rounded or almost cordate at the base, much thinner than
in V. oblonga. Pedicels usually \ to near 1 in. long, axillary or forming loose
leafy racemes. Calyx about 2 lines long, membranous and 5-toothed, with 5
scarcely prominent nerves at the time of flowering, often splitting into 5 lobes
or segments after the flowering is over. Corolla scarcely twice as long. Capsule
ovoid or almost oblong, shorter than the calyx.
Frequent in rice-fields, etc., Champion and others. A very common weed throughout
tropical Asia, extending also into tropical Africa and Australia, and to some parts of America.
3. V. scabra, Benth. in DC. Prod. x. 414. A diffuse much-branched
annual, resembling V. Crustacea in many respects, but usually slightly hairy,
often assuming a blackish tint in drying, and readily known by the calyx,
which from the first consists of 5 distinct linear-lanceolate segments. The
leaves are also nearly or quite sessile, broadly ovate or orbicular, crenate and
scarcely i in. long. Calyx about 2 lines long. Flowers rather smaller than
in P. crustacea. Capsule nearly globular.
Hongkong, Wilford. Widely distributed over India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to
the Archipelago and the Philippines, but not nearly so common as the V. Crustacea.
9. ILYSANTHES, Rafin.
Sepals 5, distinct, narrow. Corolla with the upper lip erect, shortly 2-
lobed, the lower larger, spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens, 2 upper ones fertile
with 2-celled anthers, the lower pair rudimentary, usually 2-lobed, with 1 lobe
obtuse and glandular, the other acute, either reduced to a very short tooth, or
long and filiform, very rarely bearing a small sterile anther. Capside ovoid or
oblong, shorter than or little longer than the calyx, opening in two entire
valves parallel to the thin flat dissepiment.—Glabrous slender annual. Leaves
opposite. Plowers usually small, on slender pedicels, axillary or in terminal
leafy racemes.


252
[Ilysanthes-
SCnOPHCLARINE.*;.
A small genus, dispersed over America, Asia, and Africa, only differing from Vandellia
and Lindenia in the barren lower stamens, from Bonnaya in the short capsule.
1. I. hyssopioides, Beiilh. in DC. Prod. x. 419. Stem diffuse, as-
cending or erect, usually about 6 in. high. Leaves not numerous, oblong or
lanceolate, narrowed at the base, seldom above j in. long, and usually half
that size. Pedicels filiform, numerous. Calyx 1 to \ lines long. Corolla
from -1 to 6 lines long. Lower sterile stamens glandular, with a minute
glabrous tooth or lobe below the top. Capsule ovoid, longer than the calyx.
—Bonnaya hyssopioides, Benth.; Wight, lc. t. 857.
Hongkong, Haace, Wright, in a marsh in the Happy Valley, Wilford. Frequent in India,
from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago.
10. BONNAYA, Link and Otto.
Sepals 5, distinct, narrow. Corolla with the upper lip erect, shortly 2-
lohcd, the lower larger, spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens, 2 upper ones fertile,
with 2-celIed anthers, the lower pair rudimentary, entire, linear, obtuse, and
glandular. Style filiform, with the stigma dilated, and usually 2-lobed.
Capsule linear, longer than the calyx, opening in 2 entire valves, parallel to
the thin flat dissepiment.—Annuals, usually glabrous. Leaves opposite.
Flowers axillary or in terminal racemes.
A small genus, limited to tropical or subtropical Asia.
1. B. veronicsefolia, Spreng.; Benth. in DC. Prod. x. 421; Wight,
Ie. t. 1411. A glabrous annual, much-branched, diffuse, and rooting at the
base, the flowering branches often ascending to 6 in. or more. Leaves sessile
or narrowed into a short stem-clasping petiole, oblong-lanceolate or almost
linear, the lower ones 1 to 1£ in. long, entire or serrate and rather thick.
Flowers in terminal racemes, on spreading stiff pedicels, 3 to 6 lines long,
angular and thickened upwards. Calyx narrow, 1 to 1^ lines long. Corolla
about twice as long. Capsule near \ in. long.—B. verbeiiafolia, Spreng.;
Benth. in DC. 1. c. Gratiola veronica/olia, Roxb. PI. Corom. t. 154.
Hongkong, Hind's and others. A common weed throughout India, from Ceylon and the
Peninsula to the Archipelago, extending northwards to Looehoo.
11. SCOPABIA, Linn.
Sepals 4 or 5. Corolla rotate, 4-lobcd, hairy at the throat; the lobes im-
bricate in the bud. Stamens 4. Anthers sagittate. Style slightly club-
shaped at the top, truncate or emarginate. Capsule opening septicidally in 2
entire valves, leaving the central column free.—Much-branched herbs or low
undershrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled. Pedicels axillary, usually 2
together, 1-flowered, without bracteoles.
A small genus, all the species except the following limited to South America.
1. S. dulcis, Linn.; Benth. in DC. Prod. x. 431. A much-branched
glabrous annual (or sometimes perennial?), erect or decumbent at the base,
1 to 3 ft. high. Leaves usually in whorls of 3, ovate-lanceolate or oblong,
£ to 1A, in. long, toothed, narrowed at the base, the upper ones small and
narrow. Flowers numerous, small, white, on filiform pedicels, 2 to 4 lines
long. Sepals 4, ovate-oblong, about 1 line long. Corolla about 3 lines
diameter. Capsule rather longer than the calyx.


Scoparia.]
•253
SCROPnULAIUNE/E.
Hongkong, Wright. A species of American origin, now frequently occurring as a weed in
tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia.
12. MICROCABP-EA, K. Br.
Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla caropanulate, 4-lobed.
Stamens 2, short. Style short, with a capitate stigma. Capsule ovoid,
opening loculicidally in 2 entire valves.—Annual. Leaves opposite. Flowers
minute.
The genus consists of only one species
1. M. muscosa, R. Br.; Benth. in DC. Prod. x. 433. A glabrous much-
branched annual, scarcely 1 in. high. Leaves almost sessile, oblong or lanceo-
lnte-linear, 1 to 1£ lines long, entire. Flowers solitary and sessile in the
axils of the leaves. Calyx 1 line long, angular, the teeth spreading and
slightly ciliate. Corolla shorter the calyx.
Hongkong, Wright. Also in Ceylon and the Peninsula of India, in East Bengal, in Java,
and in tropical Australia.
13. BUCHNEBA, Linn.
Calyx tubular, obscurely nerved, shortly 5-toothed. Corolla-tube slender,
straight or slightly curved, the limb with 5 almost equal obovate or oblong
spreading lobes, the 2 uppermost iuuermost in the bud. Stamens 4, in pairs,
included in the tube. Anthers 1-celled. Style club-shaped at the top, en-
tire. Capsule straight, opening loculicidally in 2 entire valves.—Stiff, scarcely
branched herbs, usually drying black. Lower leaves opposite, the upper
alternate. Flowers in terminal spikes.
A considerable genus, dispersed over the tropical and subtropical regions of America, Asia,
Africa, and Australia.
1. B. cruciate) Hum.; Benth. in DC. Prod. x. 495. A simple or
scarcely branched, stiff, erect annual, f to \ ft. high, pubescent or nearly
glabrous. Kadical leaves ovate or obovate, spreading, about 1 in. long; stem-
leaves linear or the lower ones oblong, distant, the upper ones small. Flowers
closely imbricated in a conical or oblong terminal quadrangular spike, seldom
above 1 in. long, with bracts about as long as the calyx. Calyx about 2 lines
long. Corolla-tube usually twice as long. Capsule about as long as the calyx.
—D. striata, Benth. in DC. 1. c. B. densi/lora, Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech.
203.
West Point and Little Hongkong, Champion. Also in tho Himalaya and in Burmah.
14. STBIGA, Lour.
Calyx tubular, with prominent nerves, 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Corolla-tube
slender, abruptly bent at or above the middle; the limb spreading, somewhat
2- lipped, the upper lip emarginate or 2-lobed, innermost in the bud, the lower
3- lobed. Stamens 4, in pairs, included in the tube. Anthers 1-celled. Style
club-shaped at the top, entire. Capsule straight, opening loculicidally. Stiff
erect annuals, parasites on roots, and usually drying black. Lower leaves
opposite, the upper entire, sometimes all reduced to small scales. Flowers
sessile, usually forming terminal spikes.


254
[Slriga.
SCROPHCLARINEa;.
A genus of several species, natives of the tropical or subtropical regions of the Old World-
Calyx 10-nerved. Corolla-tube 4 or 5 lines long 1. A hirtuta.
Calyx 15-nerved. Corolla-tube 8 or 9 lines long 2. S. Maturia.
1. S. hirsute, Benth. in DC. Prod. x. 502. An erect, scabrous or
pubescent, simple or loosely branched annual, usually about 6 in. high, and
not always drying so black as the other species. Leaves linear or the lower
ones lanceolate. Flowers yellow, red, or white, in terminal interrupted spikes,
the lower ones distant. Calyx usually 10-nerved, one of the nerves very
rarely here and there divided. Corolla-tube glabrous, 4 to 5 lines long, bent
near the top; upper lip much shorter than the lower one.
Common with grass, on which it is believed to be parasitic, Champion and others. Fre-
quent in tropical Asia, extending westward into Africa, eastward to the Archipelago, and
northward to South China and the Philippines.
2. S. Masuria, Benth. in DC. Prod. x. 503. An erect, nearly simple,
scabrous annual, often a foot high. Leaves linear, erect. Flowers (blue ?) in
terminal interrupted spikes. Calyx with 15 prominent nerves. Corolla-tube
pubescent, 8 or 9 lines long, bent above the middle; lower lip about \ in.
long, the upper one shorter.
Near Dcepwater Bay, very rare, Hance, Harland. Also in the mountains of eastern India
in Burmah and the Philippines.
15. CENTRANTHERA, E. Br.
Calyx compressed, obliquely acute, split down the lower edge, entire, or
2- to 5-toothed at the top. Corolla with a curved tube dilated upwards;
the limb with 5 broad lobes, nearly equal or obscurely 2-lipped. Stamens 4,
in pairs, included in the tube. Anther-cells transverse, spurred, or with an
awn-like point, one cell usually smaller or empty. Style with a lanceolate
flattened end. Capsule obtuse, opening loculicidally in 2 entire valves.—
Scabrous herbs. Leaves opposite or the upper ones alternate. Flowers almost
sessile, axillary, or in interrupted terminal spikes.
A small genus, limited to tropical Asia and Australia.
L. C. hispida, R. Br.; Wall. PI. As. Bar. t. 45; Benth. in DC. Prod.
x. 525. A stitf erect annual, simple or with spreading branches, 6 in. to 1
ft. high, or rarely more, very rough with minute hairs or tubercle's. Leaves
mostly linear, the longer ones 1 to \ in. long, the upper ones much smaller.
Flowers nearly sessile in the upper axils, alternate*and distant. Calyx 3 to
4 lines long. Corolla purple (or yellow ?) 6 to 8 lines long. One cell of
each anther much narrower than the other, with a long point. Capsule ovoid-
globose.
Hongkong, Champion. Widely distributed over India from Ceylon and the Peninsula to
the Archipelago, extending to tropical Australia, and northward to the Himalaya, S. China
and the Philippines.
Oedee LXXVII1. LENTIBULACE^l.
Calyx with 2 to 5 teeth or lobes. Corolla irregular, the tube usually pro-
jecting into a spur or pouch at the base, the limb 2-lipped. Stamens 2, in-


Lentibulacete.]
255
LENTIBULACE.E.
eluded in the tube and inserted at its base. Anthers 1-celled. Ovary free,
1-celled, with several ovules inserted on a short free central placenta. Style
short, with a 2-lipped stigma. Fruit a capsule. Seeds minute, without albu-
men. Embryo with very short cotyledons, or apparently undivided.—Marsh
or aquatic plants, with radical or floating leaves (or sometimes none). Flowers
solitary or several in a raceme, on leafless radical or terminal peduncles or scapes.
A family of very few genera, dispersed over the greater part of the globe.
1. TTTRICTJLARIA, Linn.
Calyx deeply 2-lobed. Corolla spurred; the mouth of the tube closed or
nearly so by a convex palate; the upper lip short, broad, and 2-lobed; the
lower longer, broadly 3-lobed, all the lobes turned back. Capsule globular,
opening in 2 valves.—Marsh plants, either leafless or with entire radh-nl
leaves, or floating plants, with leaves divided into capillary segments, and
often interspersed with little bladders or vesicles full of air. Peduncles or
scapes radical or axillary, often with a few minute alternate scales. Flowers
in a terminal raceme, with a similar scale or bract under each pedicel.
A considerable genus, with the wide general range of the Order.
Floating plants. Leaves divided into capillary segments, mostly inter-
spersed with utricles.
Pedicels thickened after flowering. Corolla near i in. across. Style
elongated 1. U.Jleruosa.
Fruiting pedicels slender. Corolla not 3 lines across. Stigma sessile
or nearly so 2. V. diantha.
Marsh plants. Leaves radical, entire, or none.
Leaves linear or linear-spathulate, usually disappearing before the time
of flowering.
Scale9 and bracts fixed by the base.
Flowers blue or purple. Fruiting pedicels erect or spreading, 3
lines long. Calyx-lobes acute in fruit 3. V, caerulea.
Flowers yellow. Fruiting pedicels scarcely 2 lines long, recurved. f j
Calyx-lobes obtuse in fruit 4. ifi bifida.
Scales and bracts attached by the centre, free and pointed above and
below 5. XJ..racemosa.
Leaves orbicular, with slender petioles, present at the time of flower-*
ing. Calyx-lobes very unequal.
Spur of the corolla slender, about equalling the lower lip. . . . 6. V. orbicutata.
Spur of the corolla conical, much shorter than the lower lip . . . 7- U. Harlandi.
1. U. flexuosa, Vdhl; Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 175. Stems
floating, branched, extending to 1 or more feet. Leaves all submerged and
root-like, dichotomously divided into numerous capillary segments, inter-
spersed with little globular bladders or utricles. Peduncles usually 3 to 6
in. long, with few or no scales, bearing a raceme of 3 to 6 yellow flowers.
Pedicels erect and slender at the time of flowering, usually turned downwards
and thickened upwards when in fruit. Calyx-lobes usually unequal, enlarged
and spreading in fruit. Corolla full 5 lines across; the spur obtuse, about 2
lines long. Style above 1 line long. Capsule near 3 lines diameter.— V.
fasciculata, Roxb.; Wight, Ic. 1.1568. U. extensa, Hance in Walp. Ann. iii. 3.
In small streams, Hance. In a small pond at East Point, Wilford. Widely distributed
over India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northward to the Hima-
laya and S. China.


256
[Utricularia.
LENTIBULACE.S.
2. U. diantha, Ram. and Schult.; Wight, Ic. t. 1569; Oliv. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. iii. 176 {not of A. DC). Nearly allied to the last species, but a
smaller and more slender plant. Floating submerged stems seldom above 2
in. long; the filiform leaves short, and little divided, with few small utricles,
and in marshy places the leaves are linear-subulate and nearly entire. Scapes
or peduncles filiform, 2 to 4 in. long, usually 1- or 2-flowered, rarely 3-
flowered. Flowers yellow, not above 3 lines across. Calyx-lobes equal, not
enlarged after flowering. Spur as long as the under lip, or longer. Stigma
small, sessile or nearly so.
In small streams, Champion, Wilford; also Wright. In India, from the Peninsula lo
the Archipelago, and northward to the Himalaya and S. China.
3. U. ccerulea, Linn.; Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 179 (not of A. DC).
A slender, simple, or rarely branched annual, usually 6 to 8 in. high, without
any leaves at the time of flowering. Scales very few, ovate or lanceolate,
attached by their base. Flowers blue (or purple ?), about 3 lines long, iu a
loose raceme. Pedicels 2 to 3 lines long when in fruit, ascending or spread-
ing, (not turned down,) equal to or exceeding the length of the calyx. Calyx-
lobes ovate, near 3 lines long, and acute when in fruit, thin and membraneous,
enclosing the capsule. Corolla-spur conical; the upper lip entire, obovate,
about the length of the calyx.
In marshes, Champion; in a marsh on Victoria Peak, Wilford; elsoSance and Wright.
In Ceylon and the peninsula of India. The V. uliginosa, Vahl, for which I had formerly
taken these specimens, is referred by Oliver to the more common large-flowered V. reticulata,
Sin., which, however, does not appear to have been found in Hongkong.
4. U. bifida, Linn.; Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 162. A little annual,
much resembling U. ccerulea, but usually smaller and the flowers always yellow.
Fruiting pedicels recurved, 1 to near 2 lines long, and usually flat and dilated
under the calyx. Lobes of the calyx when in fruit about 2 lines long and
very obtuse.— U. humilis, Wight, 1c. 1572, f. 2, and probably also of Vahl.
Common in marshes, Champion and others. Frequent also in India from Ceylon and the
Peninsula to Malacca, and northwards to the Himalaya, S. China, and the Philippines.
5. 17. racemosa, Wall.; Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 186. A slender
but stiff annual, simple or seldom branched, usually 6 to 8 in. high, but some-
times above a foot, without any leaves at the time of flowering, turning black
in drying. Scales few, as well as the bracts under the pedicels, attached by
their centi'e, free and pointed both above and below. Flowers small, purple
(or blue ?) almost sessile, iu little terminal heads or compact racemes, with
occasionally a few distant flowers lower down. Corolla 3 to 4 lines long, the
spur as long or rather longer than the lower lip. Capsules small, globular.—
Wight Ic. t. 1573, 1575, 1578, f. 2, and 1579.
Common in marshes, Champion and others. Extends in India from Ceylon and the
Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northwards to Silhet and S. China.
6. U. orbicnlata, Wall.; Oliv. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 187. An elegant
delicate species, 1 to 2 in. high. Leaves radical, persistent to the time of
flowering, orbicular or spathulate, not 1 line diameter, on a slender petiole
often 2 or 3 times as long. Scapes filiform. Bracts very minute, attached
by the base. Flowers 2 to 4, (lilac with a yellow palate,) very small, on
capillary pedicels. Spur very slender, above a line long, and longer than the


258
[Gemeriaceee.
GESNERIACE*.
imbricate iu the bud. Stamens 2 or 4, in pairs, inserted in the tube, with the
addition sometimes of a fifth barren one. Anthers 2-celled, or 1-celled by the
confluence of the two. Ovary superior or more or less inferior, 1-celled, with
two parietal entire or lobed placentas protruding more or less into the cavity,
but not united in the axis. Ovules numerous. Style simple, with an entire
or lobed stigma. Fruit a berry or a capsule. Seeds small, numerous, with
or without albumen. Embryo straight.—Herbs, or rarely shrubs or dimbers.
Leaves opposite or whorled.
A considerable Order, chiefly tropical, with a very few species from more temperate climates.
The Hongkong species belong to the tribe of Cyrtandrea characterized by a superior ovary,
and by the seeds containing little or no albumen. This tribe is limited to the Old World,
with the exception of a very few American species, whilst the two other tribes, Gesneriea and
Beslerieee, are exclusively American.
Woody climber. Fertile stamens 4. Anther-cells parallel. Seeds
with an appendage at each end 1. j£schynanthi;s.
Herb. Fertile stamens 2. Anther-cells divaricate. Seeds without
any appendage 2. Chirita.
1. .ESCHYNANTHTJS, Jack.
Corolla very oblique or curved, the limb 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 4, ex-
serted. Anther-cells linear, parallel. Stigma undivided. Capsule linear;
the placentas meeting, but not united. Seeds pendulous, with hair-like ap-
pendages, 1 only at the lower end, 1 or move at the upper end.—Woody
climbers or rarely erect shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire, coriaceous, without
prominent veins except the midrib. Flowers usually red.
A considerable genus, limited to tropical Asia, and chiefly found in the Archipelago.
1. JE. bracteatus, Wall.; DC. Prod. ix. 261. A glabrous woody
climber. Leaves ovate, elliptical or oblong, acuminate, 2 to 3 or rarely 4 in.
long, narrowed into a short petiole, rather thick; the lateral veins sometimes
faintly visible. Peduncles usually 2 or 3 together in each axil of the ter-
minal pair of leaves, about 1 in. long, bearing 1 to 3 pedicels, with a pair of
broadly cordate bracts at their base. Flowers pendulous, green, yellowish
inside and reddish on the edges (Hance), appearing quite red when dry.
Calyx very spreading, deeply 5-lobed; the lobes oblong, obtuse, about 2 lines
long. Corolla about f in. long; the tube very oblique at the mouth, but not
curved, scarcely above 4 lines long under the lower lip; the 2 upper lobes
erect, the 3 lower spreading or reflexed. Stamens longer than the corolla,
the anthers cohering in pairs by their tips. Capsule 3 to 6 in. long. Seeds
very minute, with 1 long hair-like appendage at each end.—JE. acuminata,
Wall., DC. Prod. ix. 263 (partly at least). JE. chinensis, Gardn. and Champ,
in Kew Joum. Bot. i. 320.
Trailing on rocks, in ravines, Champion and others. Also in Khasia and Assam. There
has been much confusion in the description of this species, owing partly to some loose calyces
of JS. Peelii, Hook. 61., having been distributed w ith some of Wallich's specimens of J5. brae-
leata. De Candolle also describes the stamens of the latter as being included, owing to his
not having seen the flowers fully developed. The specimens I have seen of jE. acuminata,
Wall., certainly belong also to this species, though some may perhaps be the M. Peelii, which
bad got mixed with it.


Ckirila.]
259
GESNERIACEJ,.
2. CHIBITA, Ham.
Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla tubular, the limb more or less 2-lipped. Fertile
stamens 2; anther-cells divaricate, cohering laterally. Upper stamens small
and barren. Stigma flattened and emargiuate or 2-lobed; the lobes side by
side in the same plane. Capsule linear. Seeds numerous, minute, without
appendages.—Herbs, with a short stock or a simple leafy stem. Leaves
opposite. Flowers solitary or umbellate, on axillary or radical peduncles.
A small genus, limited to tropical Asia.
1. C. sinensis, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1844, t. 59. Stock short, thick, and
usually horizontal. Leaves radical, those of each pair equal, varying from
broadly ovate, almost cordate, and 2 to 3 in. long, to narrow-oblong 5-6 in.
long; narrowed at the base into a petiole varying also from 1 to 3 in.; all
more or less sprinkled or clothed with long hairs. Peduncles or scapes 6 to
10 in. high, hairy, bearing either 1, or more frequently an umbel of 3 to 6,
elegant lilac flowers about 11 in. long, on pedicels of to 1 in., with a pair
of ovate or lanceolate bracts under the umbel. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, scarcely
2 lines long. Anthers glabrous. Pod pubescent, 2 to 3 in. long.
Common in ravines, Champion and others. Not found as yet out of the island.
Order LXXXI. ACANTHACE.E.
Flowers usually irregular. Sepals 5, free or united, or the upper one rarely
wanting. Corolla with a long or short tube; the limb either 2-lipped or of
5 spreading lobes, imbricate or contorted in the bud, or expanded into a
single lower lip. Stamens 2 or 4 in pairs, inserted in the tube. Anthers
2-celled, or 1-celled by the abortion of the other. Ovary superior, 2-celled,
with 2 or more ovules or rarely a single ovule in each cell. Style simple,
with an entire or 2-lobed stigma. Capsule usually opening elastically in 2
loculicidal valves. Seeds usually flat, attached to placentary processes of the
dissepiment either in the shape of hooks called reiinacula, or of minute
papillae or cup-shaped dilatations. Albumen none. Embryo usually curved.
Herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees. Leaves opposite, entire or toothed, without
stipules. Flowers axillary or terminal, in spikes, racemes, or clusters, each
usually with 1 subtending bract and 2 bracteoles, which are sometimes
large and leafy, completely enclosing the calyx.
A large Order, diffused over both the New and the Old World, chiefly within the tropics,
a very few species occurring in more temperate regions either in the northern or the south-
ern hemisphere.
Suborder 1. Thunbergide.«. —Corolla-lobes contorted in the bud. Seeds inserted
on cup-shaped dilatations of the placentas.
Climber. Calyx small, concealed within 2 large bracts. . . . 1. Thunbergia.
Suborder 2. Ruellide.e.—Corolla-lobes contorted in the bud. Seeds inserted on
hooked retinacula (or on small papilla;).
Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip notched, lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4 2. Hygbophila.
Corolla-lobes 5, nearly equal, spreading.
Ovules 6 or more in each cell. Style usually 2-lobed. Stamens 4 3, Ruelma.
Ovules 2 in each cell. Style entire or with a minute tooth.
Stamens 4 or 2 4. Strobilanthes.
S 2


Hygrophila.~]
ACANTHACE.*.
1. H. irlicifolia, Nees in DC. Prod. xi. 92; Wight, Ic. t. 1490. A
slightly pubescent annual or biennial, 1 to 1 \ ft. high. Leaves from oblong-
lanceolate to linear, \ to 3 in. long, entire. Flowers light-blue, 2 to 6 or
more in each axil, surrounded by oblong leafy bracts of 3 or 4 lines. Calyx
oblong, more or less 5-cleft; the segments lanceolate-subulate, pubescent.
Corolla about 6 lines. Capsule about 5 lines long. Seeds small, 8 or more
in each cell.—H. quadrivalvis, Nees in DC. Prod. xi. 89.
Hongkong, Hance. Very common in wet swampy places throughout India and the Archi-
pelago, and northward to Japan; and probably the common American and Australian Jly-
grophilas are again the same species nuder other uames.
3. RUELLIA, Linn.
(Dipteracanthus, Nees.)
Calyx more or less 5-cleft. Corolla-lobes 5, nearly equal, spreading, con-
torted in the bud. Stamens 4; anther-cells parallel and equal. Stigma 2-
lobed; the upper lobe sometimes small and tooth-like. Ovules 6 or more in
each cell of the ovary. Capsule flattened and seedless at the base, seed-bear-
ing in the middle. Ketinacula hooked, usually denticulate at the top. —Herbs
or rarely shrubs. Flowers mostly axillary, solitary or clustered.
A considerable genus, distributed over the warmer regions of the New and the Old World.
1. R. repens, Linn. Stems decumbent or with divaricate branches.
Leaves shortly stalked, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, 1 in. long or rather
more, slightly hairy. Flowers solitary in the upper axils, blue, \ in. long or
rather more. Sepals lanceolate-subulate, about 3 lines long. Capsule near
\ in. long, with 4 to 6 seeds in each cell, clustered together above the middle.
—Dipteracanthus lanceolatus, Nees in DC. Prod. xi. 124.
Hongkong, Wright. In the Philippines, in Java, and various parts of India, but less
common there than the allied R. prostrala, which has the flowers considerably larger, besides
other characters.
4. STROBILANTHES, Blume.
(Endopogou, Goldfussia, and Phlebophyllum, Nees.)
Sepals 5, free or united. Corolla-lobes 5, nearly equal, spreading, contorted
in the bud. Stamens 4 or 2. Anther-cells parallel and equal. Ovules 2 in
each cell of the ovary. Style subulate and entire to the top, or with a very
minute upper tooth. Capsule often flattened and seedless at the base, but
the seeds distant in each cell. Ketinacula hooked, acute.—Herbs or shrubs.
Flowers in axillary or terminal, sessile or pedunculate, heads or spikes.
A considerable genus, ranging over tropical Asia and Africa.
Prostrate or decumbent herbs. Stamens 4.
Flowers (2 in. long) in interrupted spikes \. 8. Championi.
Flowers (\ in. long) in short heads 2. S. radicans.
Undershrubs, with stiff leaves, white underneath. Stamens 2 ... 3. S. apricus.
1. S. Championi, T. Anders. MSS. A glabrous herb. Stems pros-
trate or decumbent, 1 to 2 ft. long,' ascending to 6 in. or rather more. Leaves
ovate or oblong, usually acuminate and toothed; the larger ones above 4 in.
long. Flowers large, in 2 or 3 distant pairs, on axillary peduncles shorter
than the leiives. Sepals linear, herbaceous, 9 or 10 lines long when in fruit,


262
[Strobilanthes.
ACANTHACEJE.
or the upper one nearly 1 in. Corolla 2 in. long; the tube curved and dilated
at the top. Stamens 4 j the filaments shortly united. Style entire. Cap-
sule about as long as the calyx.—Dipleracanthus? calycinus, Champ, in Kew
Journ. Bot. v. 133.
Ou Mount Parker, Champion; also Harland. Not known out of the island.
2. S. radicans, T. Anders. MSS. Stems prostrate or creeping at the
base (6 in. long in our specimens), nearly glabrous. Leaves ovate, obtuse,
crenate, about 1 in. long, slightly hairy or pubescent. Flowers in axillary or
terminal heads, surrounded by herbaceous bracts. Bracteoles and sepals
linear, pubescent, 3 or 4 lines long. Corolla about { line long, the lobes
ciliate, the throat with 2 hairy lines. Stamens 4. Style with a small tooth
below the subulate summit.—Ruellia tetrasperma, Champ, in Kew Journ.
Bot. iv. 132.
Victoria Peak, Champion, Not seen in any other collection.
3. S. apricus, T. Anders. MSS. A hard undershrub about 1 foot high,
with diffuse or spreading pubescent branches. Leaves ovate-elliptical, acu-
minate, 1£ to 3 in. long, stiff and very rough, with short hairs above, white
with appressed hairs underneath; the veins very prominent. Flowers lilac,
in dense axillary almost sessile heads, with imbricate lanceolate-acuminate
bracts, 6 to 9 lines long. Sepals shorter and narrower. Corolla nearly 1$
in. long. Stamens 2, usually with rudiments of the 2 upper ones. Capsule
about £ in. long.—Gulzlaffia aprica, Hancein Kew Journ. Bot. i. 143. Phk-
bophyllum apricum, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 131.
Hongkong, Ilance; towards Tytain and Little Hougkong, Champion; on hills of the
south side of the island, U'ilford. Not known out of the island, but nearly allied to the
S. Kunthianus, T. Anders. (Fhlebophyl/um, Nees), from the Indian Peniusula.
5. BARLEBIA, Linn.
Sepals 4; the 2 outer larger than the others. Corolla tubular at the base;
lobes 5, nearly equal and spreading, imbricate (not contorted) in the bud. Sta-
mens 4, or the upper pair sometimes abortive. Anther-cells linear, parallel,
and equal. Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. Style entire, with a truncate
stigma. Capsule acuminate. Seeds inserted near the base. Retinacula
hooked.—Herbs or shrubs. Flowers axillary, or in terminal spikes or heads;
the bracts and bracteoles usually herbaceous or pungent.
A considerable tropical genus, both in the New and the Old World.
1. B. cristata, Linn.; Nees in DC. Prod. xi. 229; Bot. Mag. t. 1615.
A large branching shrub, more or less pubescent. Leaves from ovate-lanceo-
late to oblong-acuminate, 2 to 4 in. long, entire, on petioles usually short.
Flowers either solitary in the axils of the leaves, or in short heads or spikes
of 4 to 6. Bracts linear, almost pungent. Outer sepals ovate-lanceolate,
6 to 8 lines long, almost pungent and stiffly ciliate. Corolla lilac, purple,
or white, 1 j in. long or more. Capsule about \ in.—B. dkhotoma, Boxb.;
Nees, 1. c. 227, and other synonyms adduced by Anderson in Thwaites's
Enum. PI. Ceyl. 230.
Hongkong, Hinds. Indigenous in northern India; but so much cultivated in tropical
Asiatic gardens, that its precise native range is not satisfactorily ascertained.


Lepidagathis.~\
263
ACANTHACE.D.
6. LEPIDAGATHIS, Willd.
Sepals 5, the uppermost larger. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip entire
or 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4. Anther-cells parallel and equal.
Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell of the ovary. Capsule sessile, 2-celled from the
base. Retinacula hooked.—Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers usually in short
dense spikes or heads, with imbricate bracts, often mucronate or pungent.
A considerable genus, spread over tropical Asia and eastern Africa.
1. I>. hyalina, Nees in DC. Prod. xi. 252. An erect, divaricate or
procumbent, coarsely pubescent perennial, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves ovate to
ovate-lanceolate or oblong, usually 1^- to near 3 in. long, and more or less
decurrent on the petiole. Flowers in dense terminal oblong cylindrical or
somewhat one-sided spikes, which are \ to 1 in. long or rather more, solitary
or 3 together, and softly hairy. Bracts and sepals 3 to 4 in. long, very
pointed, stiff though thin, and almost transparent. Corolla 5 or 6 lines long;
the upper lip ovate, the lower broader. Anthers ciliate. Ovules 2 in each
cell.—Ruellia dependetis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 49.
Near the Buddhist Temple at East Point, Champion. On roadsides at Saywan, Wilford;
also Hance and Seemann, Common in India.
7. ACANTHUS, Linn.
Sepals 4. Corolla with a very short tube; the limb expanded into a large
entire or 3-lobed lower lip; the upper lip wanting, or scarcely prominent.
Stamens 4. Anthers 1-celled, hirsute or ciliate. Ovules 2 in each cell of the
ovary. Capsule 2-celled from the base. Seeds large,.flat. Retinacula thick.
—Herbs or shrubs. Leaves usually prickly. Flowers in bracteate spikes.
A small genus, extending over tropical Asia, northern Africa, and southern Europe.
1. A. ilicifolius, Linn. An erect glabrous shrub. Leaves sessile or
nearly so, oblong, 4 to 6 in, long, coriaceous and shining, bordered with un-
dulate prickly teeth or short lobes. Spikes terminal or in the upper axils, 6
in. to 1 ft. long. Bracts and bracteoles ovate acute. Sepals oblong, coria-
ceous; the 2 outer ones \ in. long; the 2 inner smaller. Corolla-limb
broadly ovate, blue, l\ m- l°ng- Capsule coriaceous, shining, 1 in. long.—
Dilivaria ilicifolia, Juss.; Nees in DC. Prod. xi. 268; Wight, Ic. t. 459.
Borders of salt-marshes, Champion and others. A common shrub in maritime or saline
swamps in tropical Asia, exteuding from eastern Africa to northern Australia.
8. JUSTICIA, Linn.
(Adhatoda and Gendarussa, Nees.)
Sepals 5. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip concave, entire or notched; the
lower 3-lobed, convex, and veined or rugose in the centre. Stamens 2. An-
ther-cells oblique, unequally attached; the lower one mucronate or spurred.
Style entire, obtuse at the top. Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. Capsule
laterally compressed below the seed-bearing part. Seeds tuberculate or muri-
cate. Retinacula obtuse.—Herbs or shrubs. Flowers solitary or in spikes.
A large genus, widely distributed over the tropical and subtropical regions of the globe,
with a few species in the more temperate parts of N. America or S. Africa.


264
[Justicia.
ACANTHACE.E.
Erect shrubs, glabrous or slightly pubescent.
Bracts broad and herbaceous.
Leaves acuminate. Spikes in the upper axils. Corolla above 1 iu.
long
Leaves obtuse or nearly so. Spikes terminal, solitary. Corolla
7 or 8 lines long
Bracts small, narrow
Prostrate or diffuse pubescent herb
2. /. ventricosa.
8. J. Gendaruua.
4. Championi.
1. J. Adhatoda.
1. J. Adhatoda, Linn.; Bot. Mag.t. 861. A large shrub or small tree;
the young parts slightly hoary or pubescent, otherwise usually glabrous.
Leaves stalked, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, 5 or 6 in. long. Bracts
herbaceous, broadly ovate, \ to | in. long; bracteoles smaller, oblong. Sepals
still narrower, 3 to 4 lines long. Corolla white, with coloured pinnate streaks
in the centre of the lower lip, above 1 in. long. Anther-cells less unequal
than in most species, and the lower one only slightly mucronate. Capsule
almost woody, above 1 in. long; the flattened base longer than the seed-
bearing portion.—Adhatoda Vasica, Nees in DC. Prod. xi. 387.
In ravines near Tytam, Eyre; also Wright. Common in most parts of India, but fre-
quently cultivated also, and thus introduced into other tropical countries.
2. J. ventricosa, Wall. PI. Js. Rar. i. 80, t. 93 j Bot. Mag. t. 2766.
A large evergreen shrub, glabrous except a slight pubescence on the spike.
Leaves oval-elliptical, rather obtuse, 3 to 5 in. long, narrowed into a short
stalk, entire and rather thick. Spikes terminal, nearly sessile, 3 to 5 in. long.
Bracts herbaceous, broadly ovate, obtuse, concave, 5 to 6 lines long, each en-
closing 3 or 4 flowers. Calyx scarcely 2 lines long. Corolla 7 or 8 lines,
white spotted with rod. Upper anther-cell almost hood-shaped; lower one
spurred.—Adhatoda ventricosa, Nees in DC. Prod. xi. 407.
Hongkong, Wright. In S. China, Chittagong, and Martaban.
3. J. Gendarossa, Linn.; Bot. Reg. t. 635. A glabrous shrub, erect,
with long straggling branches. Leaves lanceolate, stalked, entire, 3 to 5 in.
long. Spikes interrupted, terminal or axillary, forming a terminal, erect,
leafy panicle. Bracts small, narrow, and deciduous. Flowers iu sessile
clusters. Calyx small; the segments subulate. Corolla pink, about i in.
long, with a slender tube. Lower cell of the anthers with a short conical
spur.— Gendartma vulgaris, Nees in DC. Prod. xi. 410; Wight, Ic. t. 468.
Hongkong, Wright. In the hilly districts of India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to
Silhct and Assam, the Malayau Peninsula, the Archipelago, and Philippines, and frequently
cultivated in other localities.
4. J. Championi, T. Anders. MSS. A diffuse or prostrate pubescent or
nearly glabrous herb of \ to \ ft. Leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, shortly
stalked; the larger ones about \ in. long, but mostly under 1 in. Flowers
small, clustered in the upper axils, with small petiolate obovate or orbicular
leafy bracts. Sepals \ to 2 lines. Corolla about 4 lines long, with a short
tube. Lower cell of the anthers with a long spur. Capsule 3 lines long;
the flattened base very short.—Adhatoda chinensis, Champ, in Kew Joura.
Bot. v. 134.
Common ill m\ itirs of Mount Victoria, Champion; in a ravine of Mount Gongh, Wilford;
also Hanc? and Wright. Not known out of the island. This and a few allied species nearly
connect Botteftaria with Justicia.


Roslellaria.}
ACANTHACEjE.
9. ROSTELLAHIA, Nees.
(Rostelhdaria, Endl.)
Sepals 4, or with a minute fifth one. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip con-
cave, entire or notched, the lower shortly 3-lobed, convex, and veined in the
centre. Stamens 2. Anthers 2-celled, the lower cell spurred and sterile.
Style entire, obtuse at the top. Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. Capsule
(very shortly) laterally compressed below the seed-bearing part. Seeds tuber-
culate. Retinacula obtuse.—Herbs. Flowers small, in spikes, with narrow
sepal-like bracts.
A small genus, limited to the tropical or subtropical regions of the Old World, scarcely
differing from the smaller flowered Justiciar.
1. R. procumbens, Nees in Wall. PI. As. Ear. iii. 101; Wight, Ic. t.
1539. A procumbent or prostrate more or less pubescent annual, often above
a foot long. Leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, $ to 1 in. long. Spikes ter-
minal, cylindrical, i to 1 in. long. Bracts and sepals linear-lanceolate or
linear, acute, 3 to 4 lines long, hirsute with short stiff hairs. Corolla scarcely
longer. Capsule 2 or 3 lines, the compressed base very short.—R. Royeniana,
Nees, with the synonyms adduced by Anderson in Thwaites's Enum. PI. Ceyl.
234.
On roadsides and in waste places, Champion and others. Common in India, from Ceylon
and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northward to Loochoo and Japan.
10. HYPOESTES, Br.
Involucre calyx-like, of 4 more or less united bracts, enclosing 1 or rarely
2 or 3 flowers. Real calyx small, of 5 lobes or segments. Corolla 2-lipped,
the upper lip entire or notched, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 2; anthers 1-
celled. Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. Style bifid at the top. Capsule
laterally compressed below the seed-bearing portion. Retinacula subulate.—
Herbs, shrubs, or small trees. Flower-heads in axillary clusters or short
spikes, often numerous, and forming terminal leafy thyrsi.
A considerable genus, dispersed over Africa, tropical Asia, and Australia.
1. H. purpurea, Br.; Nees in DC. Prod. xi. 609. A shrub, the her-
baceous branches and foliage slightly pubescent or nearly glabrous. Leaves
from ovate-acuminate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire, about 2 in. long.
Spikes short and rather loose in the upper axils, with leafy bracts under the
heads. Involucres narrow, 1-flowered, about 3 lines long. Calyx much
shorter. Corolla about 11 lines long, narrow, reddish-purple. Capsule 4
lines long.
Near the Buddhist Temple at East Point, and at Little Hongkong, Champion; also Hance.
In S. China and the Philippines. The Assam station given in the Prodromus arose from a
mistake in the label: the specimens were from the Calcutta Botanic Garden, introduced
from Chiua.
11. BUNGIA, Nees.
Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip notched, the lower 3-lobed.
Stamens 2. Anthers 2-celled, the lower one spurred. Ovides 2 in each cell
of the ovary. Capsule short, the dissepiment separating from the valves and


266
[ltungia.
acanthacEjE.
turned upwards with the retinacula.—Herbs usually prostrate, or decumbent.
Flowers small, in terminal spikes. Bracts often broad and imbricate.
A small tropical Asiatic genus, with the habit and flowers of Rost ell aria, and the capsule
of Dicliplera.
1. R. cbinensis, Benth. n. sp. Stems decumbent, slightly pubescent.
Leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, 1 to 1£ in. long, on a petiole of 4 to 6 lines,
sprinkled with a few small hairs. Spikes 1 in. or rather longer. Outer bracts
ovate, obtuse, or scarcely acute, ciliate, but only slightly scarious at the edges.
Bracteoles similar but smaller. Sepals narrow. Capsules about 3 lines long,
shortly acuminate. Corolla not seen.
On Mount Parker, Champion. Not in any other collection. Allied to S. repent, but
with a very different foliage.
12. DICLIPTERA, Juss.
Flowers usually surrounded by 4 bracts, of which 2 larger. Sepals 5.
Corolla 2-lipped, the tube twisted so that the upper entire or 2-toothed lip
becomes the lowest, and the lower 3-lobed one is uppermost. Stamens 2.
Anther-cells 2, similar, but one inserted below the other. Ovules 2 in each
cell of the ovary. Capsule short, the dissepiment separating from the valves
and turned upwards with the retinacula. Seeds disk-shaped.—Herbs. Leaves
entire. Flowers in axillary clusters or short cymes.
A considerable genus, dispersed over the tropical and subtropical regions of the New and
the Old World.
1. D. chinensis, Nees in DC. Prod. xi. 477. A decumbent or ascend-
ing annual or biennial, usually minutely pubescent. Leaves stalked, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long. Flowers in rather loose axillary clusters or
shortly pedunculate cymes, the lowest pair of bracts usually (not always) very
narrow and pointed. Outer bracts of each flower from obovate to nearly or-
bicular, 3 or 4 lines long, shortly mucronate or very obtuse, ciliate on the
edge. Bracteoles and sepals very narrow. Corolla pale pink, 6 or 7 lines
long. Capsule small, orbicular, pubescent.—D. Roxburghiana, and D. Bur-
manni, Nees, I.e. 483.
On roadsides, Champion, Hance, Wright; at Little Hongkong, Wilford. In Java, on the
Chinese continent, and in Loochoo. The Assam locality given in the Prodromus is again a
mistake: the specimen was from the Calcutta Botanic Garden, introduced from China. The
precise shape of the bracts is very variable even on the same specimen; and the name of
Justicia chinemu has been misapplied to several Indian plants, the synonymy of which still
remains much confused. There is little doubt however that the Chinese plant originally de-
scribed by Linnajus (Z>. chinensis, Nees), the one figured by Burmann (D. Burmanni, Nees),
notwithstanding its more mucronate bracts, and Roxburgh's Calcutta garden plant, intro-
duced from China (D. Roxburghiana, Nees), all belong to one species.
18. CODONACANTHTJS, Nees.
Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla obliquely campanulate, with a very short tube, 5-
lobed, imbricate in the bud, with the lower lobe outermost. Stamens 2.
Anther-cells parallel, not spurred. Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. Stig-
ma minutely 2-lobed. Capsule laterally compressed below the seed-bearing
part. Retinacula hooked.
A genus limited to a single species.


Codonacanthiu.]
267
ACANTHACE*:.
1. C. pauciflorus, Nee* in DC. Prod. xi. 103. Rhizome creeping and
perennial. Steins erect, usually simple, and 6 in. to 1 ft. high, but twice as
much when very luxuriant. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate or elliptical-oblong,
obtuse or acuminate, 1^ to 3 in. long, usually glabrous. Flowers in distant
pairs, in slender terminal racemes of 3 or 4 in., often branching out into pa-
nicles. Bracts and bracteoles very small. Pedicels about 1 line. Calyx 1 \
to 2 liues. Corolla very spreading, about \ in. diameter. Capsule 6 or 7
lines long, the compressed base about as long as the seed-bearing portion.
In ravines of Victoria Peak, Champion; in a ravine of Mount Gougb, Wilford; also
Wright. In Silhet and Assam.
Oedee LXXXTI. VERBENACEiE.
Flowers irregular or rarely regular. Calyx persistent, truncate, toothed, or
lobed. Corolla with 4 or 5 or rarely more lobes, imbricate in the bud, nearly
equal, or more or less 2-lipped. Stamens usually 4, in pairs, inserted in the
tube of the corolla, and alternating with its lower lobes. Ovary not lobed,
usually 2- or 4-celled, with one ovule in each cell. Style terminal, simple,
entire or with 2 short stigmatic lobes. Fruit dry or succulent, indehiscent or
separating into 2 or 4 cocci. Seeds erect, without any or with a small quantity
of albumen. Embryo straight, with thick cotyledons.—Herbs, shrubs, trees,
or climbers. Leaves usually opposite or whorled, without stipules. Inflores-
cence various.
A large Order, ranging over both the New and the Old World, most abundant in the tro-
pics, but with a few estrntropical species, both in the northern and southern hemispheres.
Tribe I. Verbenese.—Inflorescence indeterminate, in racemes, spikes, or heads.
Ovules erect from the base of the cells.
Ovary 4-celled. Fruit dry, separating into small cocci. Flowers in
spikes 1. Verbena.
Ovary 2-cellcd. Fruit a drupe. Flowers in heads 2. Lantana.
Tribe II. Viticese.—Inflorescence determinate, in panicles, cymes, or heads. Ovules
pendulous or laterally attached.
Lower lobe of the corolla much longer than the 4 others. Tube short.
(Stamens included.)
Fruit dry, separating into 4 cocci, with acute or winged edges.
Lower lobe of the corolla fringed 8. Caryopteris.
Frnit a drupe. Lower lobe of the corolla entire 8. Vitex.
Corolla-lobes nearly equal.
Corolla small, usually 4-lobed, with a short tube.
Cymes or panicles terminal. Style acutely 2-lobcd .... 4. Pre'mna.
Cymes axillary. Style dilated and truncate at the top ... 5. Callicabpa.
Corolla 5-Iobed.
Corolla-tube slender, much longer than the calyx, except when the
latter is inflated. Stamens exscrted 6. Ci.erodendron.
Corolla rather large, obliquely campannlate, with a short tube.
Stamens shorter than the corolla 7. Gmelina.
1. VERBENA, Linn.
Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with a distinct tube, and a rather unequal spread-
ing 5-lobcd limb. Stamens 4 or rarely 2, included in the tube. Ovary 4-


VERBENACE.E.
[Ferbena.
celled. Ovules erect. Fruit dry, enclosed in the calyx, separating into 4
1-seeded nuts.—Herbs, or rarely shrubs. Flowers small, alternate, in termi-
nal spikes.
A genas comprising numerous American species, with only two natives of the warmer or
temperate regions of the Old World.
1. V. officinalis, Linn.; Schau. in DC. Prod. xi. 547. An erect per-
ennial, 1 to 2 ft. high, with long spreading wiry branches, nearly glabrous,
or pubescent, especially on the under side of the leaves. Lower leaves obovate
or oblong, stalked, and coarsely toothed or cut, upper ones either deeply pin-
natifid and lobed or toothed, or small and lanceolate. Flowers very small, in
long slender spikes, the lower ones becoming distant as the spike lengthens,
each one sessile in the axil of a small bract.
On roadsides and in waste places, Champion, Hance. Widely spread over Europe and
temperate Asia, and (perhaps introduced) in America and South Africa, more rare within the
tropics.
2. LANTANA, Linn.
Calyx small and thin, truncate or sinuately toothed. Corolla-tube slender;
the limb spreading, 4- or 5-lobed, nearly regular or slightly 2-lipped. Sta-
mens 4, included in the tube. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules erect. Fruit a drupe,
the kernel 2-celled or dividing into 2-seeded nuts.—Shrubs or rarely herbs.
Flowers in pedunculate axillary heads, rarely lengthening into spikes.
A considerable genus, chiefly from tropical or subtropical America, with 2 or 3 Asiatic or
African species.
1. Ii. Camara, Linn.; Schau. in DC. Prod. xi. 598. A tall shrub, with
long weak branches, often armed with short recurved prickles, and more or
less hairy. Leaves stalked, ovate or slightly cordate, crenate, 2 to 3 in. long,
wrinkled and very rough with short stiff hairs. Flowers yellow or orange,
turning to a deep red; the heads not lengthening into spikes. Bracts linear-
lanceolate, shorter than the corolla. Corolla-tube 3 to 4 lines long, lobes of
the limb short and broad.—L. crenulata, Otto and Dietr., and probably some
others enumerated by Schauer in DC. Prod. xi. 597 and 598.
A common species in tropical America, frequently cultivated for ornament, and, escaping
from gardens, now naturalized in the Happy Valley, Wilford, Wright.
3. CAR.YOPTERIS, Bunge.
Calyx 5-toothed or lobed. Corolla-tube short; the limb spreading, 5-lobed;
the 4 upper lobes nearly equal; the lowest large, concave, and usually fringed.
Stamens 4, exserted. Ovary 4-celled, ovules pendulous or laterally attached.
Style with 2 subulate stigmatic lobes. Fruit separating into 4 dry nuts, with
thin acute or winged edges.—Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in compact
opposite cymes; the upper ones forming a narrow terminal thyrsus.
A small genus, limited to ceutral and eastern Asia.
1. C. mast acanthus, Schau. in DC. Prod. xi. 625. An erect softly-
pubescent or tomentose perennial or undershrub, 1£ to 2 ft. high. Leaves
ovate or oblong, 1 to 2 or rarely 3 in. long, soft, coarsely toothed. Flowers
blue (or white according to Loureiro). Lower lobe of the corolla deeply


Caryopteru.] VERBF.NACE^:. 269
fringed. Nuts hispid outside.—Barbula sinensis, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 367.
Mastacantkus sinensis, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1846, t. 2.
In ravines of the Black Mountain, Champion, Hance. Also on the adjacent continent,
and northward to Chusan, but not known ont of China.
4. PBEMNA, Linn.
Calyx truncate or sinuately toothed. Corolla-tube short; the limb spread-
ing, of 4 or rarely 5 lobes, nearly equal or slightly 2-lipped. Stamens 4,
shorter than the corolla or rarely exserted. Ovary 4-celled, ovules pendulous
or laterally attached. Style with 2 acute stigmatic lobes. Fruit a drupe,
with a 4-celled kernel.—Shrubs or trees. Flowers small, in terminal trichoto-
mous panicles, or in opposite cymes or clusters, forming a spike-like thyrsus.
A genus rather numerous in species, limited to the tropical and subtropical regions of the
Old World, but extending to North Australia aud the Pacific Islands.
1. P. serratifolia, Linn.; Schau. in DO. Prod. xi. 632. A tree, either
quite glabrous or with a slight pubescence on the young shoots and inflo-
rescence; the old stems said to be thorny. Leaves ovate or oval-oblong, 2 to
4 in. long, obtuse or acuminate, entire or with a few coarse obtuse teeth,
rounded or cordate at the base. Flowers small, greenish-yellow, in dense ter-
minal trichotomous cymes or corymbose panicles. Calyx truncate. Stamens
slightly exserted.
Near the seacoast, Champion, Wright. Common on the seacoasts of tropical Asia.
5. CALI.ICARPA, Linn.
Calyx truncate or 4- (rarely 5-) toothed. Corolla with a short tube, the
limb 4-lobed (rarely 5-lobed), nearly regular. Stamens 4 (rarely 5), ex-
serted. Ovary 4-celled, ovules pendulous or laterally attached. Style dilated
and truncate at the top or rarely shortly and obtusely 2-lobed. Fruit a small
juicy berry or drupe, with 4 distinct seed-like nuts or kernels. —Shrubs, rarely
undershrubs, more or less cottony or woolly with stellate hairs, or rarely
glabrous, and often with numerous resinous glandular dots, especially on the
under side of the leaves. Flowers small, in axillary cymes.
A considerable tropical and subtropical genus, chiefly Asiatic, with a few African or
American species.
Calyi-teeth long, subulate. Flowers in small dense globular heads, on
the short branches of the cymes 1. C. iomentosa.
Calyx truncate, or the teeth shorter than the tube. Flowers loosely
cymose to the last.
Leaves very floecose or woolly underneath.
Calyx hairy or tomentose.
Leaves toothed 2. C. maerojihglla.
Leaves qnite entire 3. C. integerrima.
Calyx glabrous 4. C. Reevetii.
Leaves green on both sides or slightly floecose underneath.
Leaves glabrous above, narrowed or rarely rounded at the base . 5. C. longifoliu.
Leaves sprinkled with hairs on the upper side, cordate at the base 6. C. rubella.
1. C. tomentosa, Willd.; Schau. in DC. Prod. xi. 647. A tall shrub
or small tree; the brandies, petioles, and inflorescence thickly clothed with a


270
[Callicarpa.
VERBENACEjt.
tawny wool intermixed with copious spreading hairs. Leaves from oblong to
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 5 to 8 in. long, wrinkled and minutely hoary
above, floccose-cottony underneath. Cymes dichotomous; the short branches
terminating in dense globular hirsute heads. Bracts subulate, as long as the
calyx. Calyx-teeth subulate, much longer than the 4ube. Corolla hairy out-
side. Stamens much longer than the corolla, with small anthers.—0. Rox-
burghii, Schau. in DC. Prod. xi. 640, but not C. ineana, Roxb.
Common in ravines, Champion and others. Also about Canton, but not known out of
south China.
2. C. macrophylla, Vahl, Symb. iii. 13, t. 58; Schau. in DC. Prod. xi.
644. A tall shrub, with the foliage nearly of the last, but very different in
inflorescence and calyx. Branches and petioles thickly clothed with a floccose
wool, but without long hairs. Leaves oblong, lanceolate or rarely ovate-lan-
ceolate, acuminate, crenately toothed, 6 to 10 in. long, wrinkled and nearly
glabrous above, floccose-cottony or woolly underneath. Cymes much branched,
with very numerous small flowers, all distinct. Bracts small, linear. Calyx
hairy, truncate; the nerves protruding into minute or sometimes linear teeth,
but always much shorter than the tube. Corolla slightly pubescent. Stamens
much exserted.—P. incana, Boxb. Fl. Ind. i. 393.*
Hongkong, Seemann, Wright; also on the adjacent continent, and frequent in northern
and eastern India.
3. C. integerrima, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 135. A shrub of 8 or
10 ft., the branches petioles and inflorescence clothed with a dense floccose
yellowish tomentum or wool. Leaves from broadly ovate to nearly oblong,
shortly acuminate, 4 to 6 in. long, quite entire, glabrous or nearly so above,
densely tomentosc or woolly underneath. Cymes loose, with very numerous
small flowers. Calyx tomentosc, truncate or sinuately toothed. Corolla gla-
brous. Anthers small, the filaments much exserted.
Common in Hongkong, Champion, Hance, Wright. Also on the adjacent continent, but
not known out of S. China. It comes nearest to the C. Wallichiana from the Himalaya, but
that has mnch larger flowers, with large oblong anthers on short filaments.
4. C. Reevesii, Wall.; Schau. in DC. Prod. v. 641. A shrub, the
branches, petioles, and inflorescence covered with a short close mealy toinentum.
Leaves oval-oblong, acute or acuminate, 5 to 8 in. long, entire or irregularly
toothed, glabrous and nearly smooth above when full-grown, white-cottony
underneath. Cymes on rather long peduncles, very much branched. Flowers
very numerous, glabrous, and larger than in the foregoing species. Calyx
truncate or sinuately toothed. Anthers small, the filaments much exserted.
—C. nudiflora, Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. 206, t. 46.
Hongkong, Champion, Wright. Plentiful at East Point, Wilford. Also on the adjacent
continent, but not known out of S. China.
5. C. longifolia, Lam.; Schau. in DC. Prod. xi. 645, var. brevipes. A
shrub, sometimes glabrous, but more frequently more or less sprinkled with
• Specimens were distributed by Roxburgh under the name of C. cana; but the C. carta
of his Flora is the true C. cana, Linn., and was originally named C. dentata by Roxburgh.
Specimens of the C. maccophglla have been distributed by Wallich as C. llojclurghii, n. 1833,
ns well as under the n. 1832, which has occasioned much confusion between this species and
the preceding one.


CallicarpaJ]
271
VERBENACE^E.
a floccose stellate tomentum. Leaves shortly stalked, lanceolate or linear-lan-
ceolate, 3 to 6 in, long, acuminate, entire or irregularly sinuate, mostly acute
at the base, but occasionally rounded or the lower ones almost cordate, green
on both sides. Flowers glabrous or nearly so, in small nearly sessile cymes,
but each flower distinctly pedicellate. Calyx truncate or sinuately toothed.
Anthers oblong, about as long as the exserted part of the filament.
At Saywan, Champion; also Wright and Wilford. This is the variety figured in Hook.
Fl. Exot. ii. t. 183, and in Bot. Reg. t. 864. The only specimens I have seen are from
gardens or from Hongkong. The original fonn figured by Lamarck, with numerous small
flowers in loose cymes, smaller anthers on longer filaments, and long narrow almost entire
leaves, has been gathered by JIance near Cantou, and by Cuming in the Philippines (n. 1380).
A third variety, more common in India and the Archipelago, and found also in S. China by
Fortune, has the flowers and inflorescence of Lamarck's plant, but shorter and broader leaves,
always tapering at the base. This is the C. lauceolaria, Roxb., and is sometimes scarcely
to be distinguished from the American C. americana, Linn. One of Champion's Hong-
kong specimens is in some measure intermediate between the var. brevipet and Lamarck's
form.
6. C. rubella, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 883; Schau. in DC. Prod. xi. 645.
A shrub or undershrub of 2 or 3 ft.; the loose floccose tomentum not abun-
dant, and often mixed with a few simple hairs. Leaves shortly stalked,
obovate-oblong, acuminate, serrate, 3 to 5 in. long, narrowed below the middle,
but rounded-cordate at the base, green on both sides or slightly tomentose
underneath, with scattered single hairs on the upper surface. Cymes loose,
on slender peduncles. Calyx tomentose, truncate or sinuately toothed. Co-
rolla pink. Anthers oblong, on short filaments.—0. tenuiflora, Champ, in
Kew Journ. Bot. v. 135.
At Say wan, Champion; also Wright. On the continent of S. China, in Khasia and Assam.
6. CLERODENDRON, Linn.
Calyx campanulate or inflated, 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Corolla-tube slender,
much longer than the calyx, except when the latter is inflated; the limb
spreading, nearly equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, usually much exserted.
Ovary 4-celled; ovules pendulous or laterally attached. Style with 2 acute
stigmatic lobes. Fruit a drupe; the kernel usually large, separating into
2 two-celled or 4 one-celled nuts.—Shrubs, trees, or rarely herbs. Flowers
loosely cymose or capitate, in terminal panicles or thyrsi, or rarely axillary.
A considerable tropical genus, chiefly Asiatic, with a few African or American species.
Leaves glabrous. Flowers axillary.
Peduncles 3-flowercd. Calyx small. Corolla-tnbe long and slender . 1. C. inerme.
Peduncles 5-9-flowered. Calyx 5-angular, inflated, as long as the
corolla-tnbe 2. C. lividum.
Leaves softly pubescent. Flowers in compact heads, forming a terminal
corymb 3. C. canetceni.
1. C. inerme, Br.; Sc/iatt. in DC. Prod. xi. 660. A glabrous shrub,
or slightly pubescent when young. Leaves stalked, ovate, obtuse or shortly
acuminate, entire, 1 to 3 in. long. Peduncles axillary, often nearly as long
as the leaves, bearing 3 pedicellate flowers. Calyx truncate, not 2 lines long
when in flower, above 3 when in fruit. Corolla-tube slender, about 1 in. long;


272
[Cterodetidron.
VEBBENACEJ3.
lobes about 4 lines. Stamens much longer. Drupe ovoid, about twice as
long as the calyx.
Very common near the sea. Champion and others. Widely spread along the seacoasU of
tropical Asia, the Archipelago, and islands of the Pacific.
2. C. lividum, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 945. A low glabrous shrub. Leaves
varying from broadly oblong and about 3 in. long, to narrow oblong-lanceo-
late and 5 or 6 in. long, entire or coarsely and irregularly toothed. Cymes
axillary, 5- to 9-flowered, much shorter than the leaves. Calyx of a livid
purple, inflated, 5-angled, 5-lobed, about 5 lines long. Corolla nearly white;
the tube about as long as the calyx. Stamens shortly exserted.—C. pen-
tagonum, Hance in Walp. Ann. iii. 238.
Hongkong, Champion, Hance, Wright, Wilford. In the Happy Valley, Seemann. Also
on the adjacent continent, bat not known out of S. China.
3. C. canescena, Wall.; Schan. in DC. Prod. xi. 665. A small tree;
the branches, young leaves, and inflorescences softly pubescent. Leaves
broadly cordate-ovate, acuminate, coarsely toothed, 4 or 5 in. long. Flowers
in dense capitate pedunculate cymes, forming a short terminal corymb or flat
panicle, each head surrounded by ovate imbricate bracts as long as the calyx.
Calyx 5-lobed, about 3 lines long when in flower, becoming much enlarged,
spreading and red when in fruit. Corolla-tube slender, above £ in. long.
Stamens much exserted. Drupe globular, shorter than the calyx.—C. heema-
tocalyx, Hance in Walp. Ann. iii. 238.
Common near the level of the sea, Champion and others. Also on the adjoining conti-
nent, but not known out of S. China
7. GMELINA, Linn.
Calyx 4- or 5-toothed. Corolla obliquely campanulate or funnel-shaped,
narrowed into a short tube; the limb broadly 4- or 5-lobed. Stamens 4, in
pairs, shorter than the corolla. Ovary 2- or 4-celled. Ovules pendulous or
laterally attached. Style unequally 2-lobed at the top. Fruit a drupe with
a 2- or 4-celled kernel.—Trees or tall shrubs. Flowers large for the Order,
yellow or pale pink, in irregular terminal panicles, sometimes almost reduced
to simple racemes. Calyx often bearing a few scattered glands.
A small genus, extending over tropical Asia and the Archipelago to North Australia.
1. G. chinensis, Benth., n. sp. Leaves stalked, ovate, acute or acumi-
nate, entire, 3 or 4 in. long, cuneate and 3-nerved at the base, glabrous above,
hoary with a minute meal underneath, with occasionally 2 or 3 glands at the
base between the nerves. Panicle short and narrow, slightly tomentose or
pubescent. Bracts small, oblong. Calyx campanulate, about 4 lines long
when in flower, truncate at the top with 5 minute distant teeth, slightly hoary
outside with a few small glands. Corolla above an inch long, not downy,
but only whitish with a minute ineal, broader, less oblique, and with a shorter
tube than the other species known to me, usually 4-lobed, but one flower of
the specimen has 5. Ovary 4-celled. Smaller lobe of the style very minute.
Hongkong, Wright. I hove seen only one specimen, nnd it is not in any other collection.


Fitex.]
273
VERBENACE/t:.
8. VITEX, Linn.
Calyx 5-toothed orlobed. Corolla-tube short; the limb spreading, 5-lobed;
the lower lobe larger and longer than the others (as in Tencrium). Stamens 4,
in pairs, exserted. Ovary 4-celled, ovules pendulous. Style acutely 2-lobed
at the top. Fruit a 4-celled drupe.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves usually digi-
tately compound. Flowers in cymes, sometimes axillary, but u»ually in ler-
minal pauicles, either simple and spike-like or branched.
A considerable tropical or subtropical genus, chiefly Asiatic or African, with a few Americiu
or Australian species, and one extending into south Europe.
Stem decumbent. Leaves mostly simple, white underneath. Calyx 2
lines long , 1. V. trifolia, var.
Stem erect. Leaves digitate. Calyx about 1 line long.
Leaflets white underneath 2. V. Net/undo.
Leaflets green on both sides 3. V. Lourrh i.
1. V. trifolia, Linn.; Schau. in DC. Prod. xi. 633, var. unifulioUtlu.
A decumbent shrub; the branches, under side of the leaves, and inflorescence
mealy-white. Leaves simple, stalked, obovatc or rounded, 1 to 1J in. long,
glabrous or nearly so above, at least when old. Flowers few, in nearly sessile
opposite cymes, forming short simple terminal spike-like or narrow panicles.
Calyx about 2 lines long, very shortly 5-toothed, the corolla twice as long,
and both mealy-white outside. Drupe globular.— V. ovata, Thunb.; Hook,
and Aru. Bot. Beech. 206, t. 47.
Common in the maritime sands, Champion and others; the Hongkong specimens are
all simple-leaved. The species is widely spread along the seacoasts and great rivers of
eastern tropical Asia and the Pacific islands, and often has 3 leaflets longer and narrower
than in the simple variety, and the cymes more developed, but it has always the flowers nearly
twice as large as in V. Negundo.
2. V. Negundo, Linn.; Schau. in DC. Prod. xi. 684; Wight, Ic. t.
519. A shrub, usually erect; the branches, under side of the leaves, and in-
florescence mealy-white as in V. trifolia. Leuves all compound with 3 or 5
leaflets oblong or lanceolate, entire or deeply toothed or pinnatifid, glabrous
or nearly so above, the central one 2 to 4 in. long, the lateral ones usually
smaller. Flowers small, in close opposite cymes, forming simple or branched
spike-like panicles, or very rarely the cymes become loosely dichotomous.
Calyx tomentose, not above I line long. Corolla much longer, usually to-
mentose outside, and huiry at the base of the lower lobe.—V. bicolor, Willd.;
Schau. in DC. Prod. xi. 633 (when the cymes are looser). V. inctia, Lam.;
Schau. 1. c. 684 (the cut-leaved forms).
On the seacoast, Hance, both with entire aud cut leaflets. Common in tropical Asia,
and northwards to Chinese Mongolia. It is readily distinguished from the more western
V. Agnus-castus, by the flowers not half the size.
3. V. Loureiri, Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. 206, t. 48; Schau. in DC.
Prod. xi. 686. A shrub or small tree, minutely hoary, pubescent on the
branches under side of the leaves and inflorescence, not white as in V. Negundo
which it otherwise resembles. Leaflets 5 or rarely 3, oblong or lanceolate,
deeply toothed. Flowers small and inflorescence of V. Negundo. Calyx
tomentose. Corolla glabrous.
Hongkong, Wright; also on the adjoining continent, but not seen from elsewhere.
T


•in
[Labiatce.
LABlAT.t;.
Order LXXXII1. LABIATiE.
Flowers irregular or rarely nearly regular. Calyx persistent, usually
5-toothed. Corolla with a distinct tube and 4 or B lobes, usually forming 2
lips, rarely nearly equal. Stamens 2 or 4, in pairs, inserted in the tube of the
corolla, and alternating with its lower lobes. Ovary 4-lobed, with one erect
ovule in each lobe. Style single, arising from the centre, with 2 short stig-
matic lobes at the top. Fruit enclosed in the calyx, separating into 4 small
seed-like nuts.—Herbs, or rarely shrubs, frequently aromatic. Leaves oppo-
site or whorled. Flowers in opposite cymes or rarely solitary, either forming
axillary clusters, called false-whorh (verticillasters), or in terminal spikes, or
racemes, or spike-like panicles or thyrsi, or in loose panicles.
A large Order, distributed over every part of the globe.
Stamens 2; the filaments branched, one branch with a perfect cell, the
other with an imperfect or rudimentary one 6. Salvia.
Stamens 4.
Stamens nearly straight and equal, or bending downwards.
Calyx 2-lipped.
Stamens bending downwards, exserted. Anthers 1-celled . . 1. Mesona.
Stamens not longer than the corolla. Anthers 2-celled ... 4. Peiiilla.
Calyx nearly regular, 5-toothed.
Filaments woolly-hairy. Stamens much exserted.
Lower lobe of the corolla longest. Flowers in dense clusters,
forming interrupted spikes 2. Pogostkmon*
Corolla nearly regular. Flowers in close cylindrical spikes . 8. Dysophylla.
Filaments glabrous 5. Mentha.
Stamens ascending in pairs.
Stamens shorter than the upper lip of the corolla.
Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed.
Calyx tubular, 15-ncrved. Upper stamens longest .... 7. Nepeta.
Calyx 5-nerved. Lower stamens longest. Leaves deeply cut . 10. Leonurus.
Calyx nearly equally 10-toothed 11. Leucas.
Calyx with 2 entire lips, and an appendage on the back of the
upper one 8. Scutellaria.
Stamens projecting beyond the upper lip or lobes of the corolla.
Short upper lip of the corolla entire behind the stamens. Nuts
smooth 9. Anisomeles.
Short upper lip deeply cleft into 2 lobes, between which the
Btamens protrude. Nuts reticulate 12. Teucrium.
I. MESONA, Blume.
Calyx 2-lipped; the upper lip 3-toothed; the lower entire, truncate. Co-
rolla with a short tube; the limb campanulate; the upper lip broad, truncate
or 4-toothed; the lower longer, oblong, concave. Stamens 4, declining; upper
filaments with a tooth or appendage at the base.—Herbs. Flowers small,
the false-whorls in terminal racemes. Calyx-tube transversely wrinkled when
in fruit.
A small tropical Asiatic genus.
1. M. chinensis, Benth. Stems decumbent, scarcely a foot long, slightly
pubescent or hairy. Leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, 1 to 1J in. long, slightly
toothed, and narrowed into a rather long petiole. Floral leaves or bracts
ovate or lanceolate, scarcely longer than the flowers, mostly coloured at the


Mesona ]
275
LABIATJ3.
base. Calyx very small at first, about 2 lines long when in fruit. Lower
lobe of the corolla hairy outside.
At Say wan, Wilford. Not known from elsewhere, unless it be a variety of M. Wallichiana,
Benth., from Silhet and Assam. The latter is, however, a coarser and more hairy plant, and
the leaves are always acuminate, and have much shorter petioles.
2. POGOSTEMON, Desf.
Calyx equally 5-toothed. Corolla with a short tube; the limb somewhat
2-lipped, the upper lip 3-lobed, the lower Up entire and somewhat longer.
Stamens 4, nearly equal, exserted, the filaments often bearded. Anthers termi-
nal, 1-celled.—Herbs. Flowers in dense clusters or false-whorls, arranged in
terminal spikes or close panicles.
A rather considerable tropical Asiatic genus.
1. P. parviflorus, Benth. in DC. Prod. xii. 152. Stems decumbent at
the base, ascending to 2 ft. or more. Leaves ovate or oval-oblong, more or
less toothed, usually 2 to 4 in. long, on rather long petioles, thin and glabrous
or slightly pubescent. Flowers small, in dense globular clusters, surrounded
by ovate or oblong pubescent bracts nearly as long as themselves, and arranged
in somewhat broken and one-sided spikes forming terminal panicles. Calyx
pubescent, nearly 2 lines long. Hairs of the filaments purplish.
On Mount Parker, Champion. Common in the hilly districts of India, from the Nilgher-
ries to Upper Assam.
3. DYSOPHYLLA, Blume.
Characters of Pogoslemon, except that the corolla is more regular, the
lobes being equal or nearly so, and the false-whorls of small flowers are in a
single close cylindrical slender spike.
A small genus from tropical Asia, which ought perhaps to be united with Poyo»temon.
1. D. auricularia, Blume; Benth. in DC. Prod. xii. 156; Wight, 1c.
t. 1445. A procumbent perennial, hirsute in every part with spreading hairs,
usually of a yellowish-brown. Steins often 2 or 3 feet long. Leaves sessile
or very shortly stalked, \ to % in. long, ovate-oblong or almost lanceolate.
Spike dense, but narrow, 2 to 4 in. long, composed of very numerous false-
whorls of small flowers. Calyx less than a line long.
In ditches and moist places,Champion. Abundant in India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula
to the Archipelago, and northwards to the Himalaya and south China.
4. PEBILLA, Linn.
Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, becoming when in fruit 2-lipped, with an en-
larged tube, the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla wit h a short
tube, the limb shortly 5-cleft, the lowest lobe rather the longest. Stamens
4, not exserted, nearly straight. Anthers 2-celled. Nuts globular, reticulate.
—Annuals. Flowers solitary and pedicellate, in the axils of the opposite
bract-like floral leaves, forming terminal or axillary racemes.
A small tropical or subtropical Asiatic genus.
Plant hairy. Leaves about 2 in., deeply toothed, purple underneath . . 1. P. arguta.
Plant whitish-hoary or glabrous. Leaves not 1 in., slightly toothed . . 2. P. Unceolata.
T 2


Salvia.]
277
LABIATE.
mistaken for 4, for the anthers have a long slender connectivum (like branches
of the filament), with a perfect cell at the upper end, and at the lower end a
small empty cell, usually much deformed or quite rudimentary.
A very large genus, widely spread over the temperate and warmer regions of the globe,
although within the tropics the majority of species are mountain plants.
Leaves mostly with 3 ovate petiolulate segments. Corolla i in. long . . 1. S. Toriunei.
Leaves undivided. Flowers minute 2. S.pleieia.
1. S. Fortune!, Benth. in DC. Prod. xii. 354. An erect rather slender
and nearly glabrous herb, IJ to 2 ft. high. Leaves stalked, divided into 3
ovate petiolulate segments, the terminal one 1 to 1 \ in. long, the lateral ones
smaller, and the uppermost pair of leaves often undivided, Flowers about
\ in. long, in false-whorls of about 6, forming a long loose terminal raceme.
Upper lip of the calyx entire. Lower end of the connectivum of the anther
dilated or with a small empty cell.
In ravines, Champion, Hanee; also Fortune. Not known out of S. China.
2. S. plebeia, Br.; Benth. in DC. Prod. xii. 355. An erect branching
pubescent or hairy coarse annual, 1 to 2 or even 3 ft. high. Leaves stalked,
oblong, obtuse or acute, \ to 3 in. long, wrinkled. Flowers very small, in
false-whorls of 6, forming branching paniculate racemes. Calyx pubescent,
ovoid and 1 line long when in flower, campanulate and 2 lines long when in
fruit; the upper lip entire and obtuse. Corolla scarcely longer than the
calyx.
Hongkong, Wright. Common in India, from Ceylon and Afghanistan to the Archipelago,
extending into tropical Australia and northward as far as Pekin.
7. NEPETA, Linn.
Calyx tubular, 15-ribbed, its mouth oblique and 5-toothed, the upper teeth
usually the longest. Corolla with a rather long tube; the throat enlarged; the
upper lip erect, slightly concave, notched or 2-lobed; the lower lip spreading
and 3-lobed. Stamens 4, in pairs under the upper lip, the upper or inner
pair the longest. Anthers 2-celled.—Herbs. Flowers usually blue, in axil-
lary false-whorls or terminal spikes.
An extensive European and Asiatic genus, the great centre of which is western Asia.
I. N. glechoma, Benth. in DC. Prod. xii. 391. A more or less hairy
perennial, creeping and rooting at the base, often to a great extent; the
flowering stem shortly ascending. Leaves orbicular, crenate, deeply cordate
at the base; the lower ones on rather long stalks. Flowers blue, from J to
near 1 in. long, in axillary false-whorls of about 6; the tube of the corolla at
least twice as long as the calyx.
At Shcako, but rare in Hongkong, Nance. Common in Europe and temperate Asia,
extending eastward to Japan.
8. SCUTELLARIA, Linn.
Calyx divided into 2 entire lips; the upper one bearing on its back a hollow
scale-like protuberance. Corolla with a rather long tube and small nearly
closed lips, the upper one concave, the lower one 3-lobed. Stamens 4, in
pairs; the anthers of the lower pair 1-celled. Nuts raised on a short, oblique,


278
[Scutellaria.
LABIATE.
or curved stalk.—Herbs or rarely shrubs. Flowers solitary, either opposite
and axillary, or in terminal spikes or racemes.
A rather large genus, widely distributed over the temperate and some of the wanner re-
gions of the globe.
1. S. indica, Linn.; Betith. in DC. Prod. xii. 417. A procumbent,
pubescent, or hairy perennial, with shortly ascending flowering stems. Leaves
stalked, orbicular, crenate, cordate at the base, from less than \ to near 1 in.
long, seldom varying to broadly ovate. Flowers opposite, in a simple short
terminal 1-sided raceme. Appendage of the calyx broad and membranous.
Corolla blue, 6 or 7 lines long; the tube dilated upwards.
In ravines and to the tops of the hills, Champion and others. Apparently common in
S. China; also in Java, and northwards to Loochoo and Japan; indeed the larger-flowered &
japonica, Morr. and Bene., is probably only a variety of the same species. Notwithstanding
its name, it is not known from India.
9. ANISOMELES, Br.
Calyx 5-nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla-tube the length of the calyx, upper
lip erect and entire, lower lip longer, spreading, 3-lobed; the middle lobe 4-
notched or 2-cleft. Stamens 4, in pairs, projecting from the upper lip of the
corolla. Anthers of the upper stamens 1-celled, of the lower 2-celled, all the
cells parallel and transverse. Nuts smooth.—Coarse herbs. Flowers in loose
cymes or in dense false-whorls, axillary or in terminal racemes.
A small genus, limited to tropical Asia and Australia, or scarcely extending into East
Africa.
1. A. ovata, Br.; Btnih. in DC. Prod. xii. 455 ; Wight, lc. t. 865. An
erect, coarse, softly hairy or pubescent perennial, rarely nearly glabrous, 2 or
3 ft. high, with a strong unpleasant smell. Leaves usually ovate, crenate,
about 2 in. long. Flowers purplish, numerous, in dense false-whorls; the
lower ones axillary; the upper forming a long terminal raceme or spike.
Calyx 3 to 5 lines long, with lanceolate teeth.
In the Happy Valley, Champion, at Little Hongkong, Wilford; also Wright. Common
in India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northward to the Himalaya
and S. China.
10. LEONUBTJS, Linn.
Calyx 5-nerved, truncate at the top, with 5 subulate or prickly teeth. Co-
rolla-tube rarely exceeding the calyx; the upper lip erect or oblong or hooded,
the lower more or less spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe obcordate. Stamens
4, in pairs, ascending under the upper lip. Anthers 2-celled, with parallel
transverse cells. Nuts smooth, truncate at the top.—Herbs. Leaves often
deeply cut. Flowers in dense false-whorls.
A small European or Asiatic genus, of which one species is spread as a weed over many
other parts ol the world.
1. L. sibiricus, Linn.; Benih. in DC. Prod. xii. 501; -Sic. Brit. Fl.
Gard. t. 204. An erect branching glabrous or slightly pubescent annual or
biennial, 2 to 5 or 6 feet high. Leaves stalked, the lowest ovate, with a few
broad lobes, the others deeply divided into 3 or more deeply cut oblong-linear
lobes, or the uppermost sometimes narrow and entire. Flowers red, mi-


LeoHurut.]
279
LABIATE.
merous; the lower false-whorls axillary and distant, the upper forming a long
terminal spike. Bracts and calyx-teeth subulate, almost prickly. Corolla
about 5 lines long, pubescent outside.
On roadsides, Champion and others. Probably of Asiatic origin, now a very common
roadside weed over the greater part of tropical and temperate Asia, tropical Africa, and some
parts of tropical America.
11. LETJCAS, Br.
Calyx usually 10-ribbed, straight or oblique at the top, 10- or rarely 8-
toothed. Corolla-tube not exserted; the upper lip erect, concave, and verv
hairy, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, with a large often notched middle lobe.
Stamens 4, ascending in pail's under the upper Kp. Anther-cells divaricate,
confluent. Nuts obtuse at the top.—Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers usually
white, rarely purple, in axillary false-whorls or terminal spikes.
A considerable genus, confined to the tropical or subtropical regions of the Old World.
1. L. mollissimum, Wall.; Benth. in DC. Prod. xii. 525. A peren-
nial, with decumbent or ascending pubescent or hairy stems, 1 to 2 ft.
long. Leaves ovate, crcnate, £ to 1 in. long, softly hairy, pale or white un-
derneath. False-whorls all axillary and distant, 10- or more flowered. Bracts
minute. Calyx 3 lines long, straight, pubescent, with 10 very short erect
subulate teeth.
On roadsides, Little Hongkong, Champion; also Hance and Wright. On the adjacent
continent, and frequent in the mountains of northern India.
12. TEUCRITJM, Linn.
Calyx 5-toothed, either regular or the upper tooth much broader. Corolla-
tube short; 4 upper lobes short, erect, or turned forwards; the lowest lobe
much larger, spreading, often concave. Stamens 4, in pairs, exserted between
the 2 uppermost lobes of the corolla. Nuts attached laterally near the base,
more or less reticulate.—Herbs or shrubs, varying much in inflorescence.
A large genus, widely distributed over most parts of the globe.
False-whorls 6- to 10-flowered, in a simple terminal spike. Calyx in-
flated after flowering 1. T. infiatum.
Flowers in pairs, in one-sided terminal racemes or panicles.
Plant slightly hairy. Petioles rather long. Calyx inflated after
flowering 2. T. ttoloniferum.
Plant very hairy. Petioles short. Calyx not iuflated .... 8. 71 quadnfarium.
1. T. inflatum) Ste.; Benth. in DC. Prod. xii. 581. A pubescent or
hairy perennial, with a creeping rhizome and erect stems 1 to 2 ft. high.
Leaves shortly stalked, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 3 in. long, hoary un-
derneath. Flowers (pale purple?) in whorls of 6 to 10, collected into a sim-
ple terminal leafless spike of 3 or 4 in. Calyx much inflated after flowering,
contracted at the mouth; the teeth ovate and obtuse, the uppermost much
broader.
In waste places, Hance. A tropical American species, but abundant also in the Feejee
and Friendly Islands, in the Pacific, and in some islands of the eastern Archipelago.
2. T. stoloniferum, Ham.; Benth. in DC. Prod. xii. 583. Rhizome
perennial, with creeping stolones. Stems erect, 1 to 2 ft. high; the whole
plant glabrous or pubescent. Leaves on rather long petioles, broadly ovate,


280
[Teucrium.
LABIATE.
not so course and less wriukled than in T. qiiadrifarium, deeply crenate, 1 to
2 in. long. Flowers (pale yellow ?) pedicellate, in pairs, in loose branching
terminal one-sided racemes. Bract-like floral leaves shorter than the calyx.
Calyx more or less inflated after flowering; the upper tooth much broader
than the others.
In waste places, Hance. Also on the adjacent continent and eastern India, from Sikkim
and Khasia to the Archipelago.
3. T. qiiadrifarium, Ham,.; Benth. in DC. Prod. xii. 583. Rhizome
creeping, but perhaps less so than in the last species. Stems erect, 1 to 1 \ ft.
high in the Chinese specimens, often double that in India, densely hirsute
with spreading hairs, often assuming a golden hue. Leaves on short stalks
or nearly sessile, ovate or oblong, 1 to 2 in. long, serrulate, wrinkled and vil-
lous. Flowers (purple or whitish ?) pedicellate, in pairs, in loose branching
terminal one-sided racemes. Bract-like floral leaves ovate, often longer than
the calyx, but sometimes much smaller. Upper tooth of the calyx much
broader than the others; the tube scarcely inflated after flowering.—T. For-
tunei, Benth. in DC. Prod. xii. 583. T.fulvum, Hance inWalp. Ann. iii. 270.
Common in ravines, Champion and others. Frequent in the mountains of northern India.
Order LXXXIV. PLANTAGINEiE.
Flowers regular. Sepals 4. Corolla small, scarious, with an ovate or cy-
lindrical tube and 4 spreading lobes. Stamens 4, inserted in the tube and
alternating with the lobes of the corolla, usually very long. Ovary 1-, 2-, or
4-celled, with 1 or more ovules in each cell. Style terminal, simple. Cap-
sule opening transversely or indehiscent. Seeds peltate, albuminous. Em-
bryo parallel to the hiluni.— Herbs, vrith radical, tufted, or spreading leaves,
rarely branched and leafy. Flower-stalks leafless, bearing a simple spike or a
single terminal flower.
A small Order, widely spead over the globe, but most abundant in the temperate regions
of the Old World. . ■
1. PLANTAGO, Linn.
Flowers hermaphrodite, in heads or spikes on a leafless peduncle. Capsule
2- or 4-celled, with 2 or more seeds; the other characters and geographical
range those of the Order, of which this genus contains all the species but two.
1. P. major, Linn.; Dene, in DC. Prod. xiii.part i. 694. A perennial,
with a short thick root-stock. Leaves all radical, erect or spreading, broadly
ovate, often 4 or 5 in. long, entire or toothed, glabrous or pubescent, marked
with 7 (rarely 9 or 5) prominent ribs converging into a rather long petiole.
Peduncles usually longer than the leaves, bearing a long slender spike Of small
sessile flowers. Sepals about 1 line long, green, with a scarious edge. Cap-
side 2-celled, with 4 to 8 seeds in each cell.
In waste places, Champion and others. A common weed in Europe and temperate Asia,
ami spread ni'li cultivation over almost every part of the globe.


Plumbuginea:]
281
PLUMBAOINE*.
Ordek lxxxv. plumbagine^:.
Flowers regular. Calyx tubular, often enlarged and scarious or petal-like
at the top. Petals 5, often united at the base. Stamens 5, inserted at the
base of the corolla or between the petals. Ovary single, l-cclled, with 1 sus-
pended ovule. Styles 5, distinct or united at the base. Capsule l-seeded,
indehiscent or opening irregularly. Seed albuminous. Embryo axile, straight;
the radicle superior.—Herbs or rarely undershrubs, usually hard and stiff.
Leaves mostly radical. Flowers in terminal heads, spikes, or panicles.
A small family, extending over most parts of the world, but chiefly within the influence
of the sea air or occasionally on high mountains.
1. STATICE, Linn.
Calyx more or less expanded at the top into a dry membranous coloured
and slightly 5-lobed limb, each lobe traversed by a green or dark nerve.
Petals slightly united at the base. Styles glabrous.—Flowers solitary or 2
or 3 together in little spikelets forming one-sided spikes, arranged in dicho-
tomous or trichotomous panicles or rarely in simple spikes.
The principal genus of the family, ranging chiefly over maritime districts in the northern
hemisphere.
I. S. sinensis, Gir.; Bom. in DC. Prod. xii. 162. Stock short and
thick. Leaves all radical, obovate-oblong, 1£ to 3 in. long, quite entire, nar-
rowed into a petiole of variable length. Scape 9 to 18 in. high, repeatedly
forked so as to form a broad corymbose panicle, with a small green bract un-
der each branch, and in some specimens there are a few entire or forked
barren branches, \ to l\ in. long, at the base of the panicle. Flowers nu-
merous, in short dense unilateral spikes, scarcely distributed into spikelets,
with an obtuse broadly oblong bract under each flower. Calyx pale pink at
the top, with short obtuse teeth. Petals yellow, rather longer than the calyx
at first flowering.—S. Fortunei, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1845, t. 63.
In estuaries, salt-water pools, aud bogs, Champion. On the adjacent continental coasts,
and northward to Amoy and Loochoo. It is probably the same species as the 5. bicolor,
Bunge, from N. China; but not having seen specimens of the latter I have hesitated to adopt .
the name.
The Boerhaavia diffusa, Lino., belonging to the Order Nyctaginea, is in several of the
islands of the Canton river, but has not yet been received from Hongkong.
Order LXXXVI. CHENOPODIACEiE.
Perianth small; segments 5 or in some flowers fewer, herbaceous. Stamens
5, opposite the perianth-segments. Ovary free, with a single erect ovule.
Styles 2 or 3, either free or united at the base. Fruit consisting of a single
seed, in a very thin or sometimes succulent pericarp, and enclosed in the per-
sistent calyx, which is sometimes enlarged or altered in form. Seed usually
orbicular and flattened. Embryo coiled round a mealy albumen, or spirally
twisted, without or with scarcely any albumen.—-Herbs or undershrubs, often
succulent. Stipules none. Leaves alternate or very rarely opposite, some-
times none. Flowers in sessile clusters, either in axillary or terminal spikes


282
[ Clienopodiacea.
CHENOPODIACEJi.
or panicles, and often unisexual. Bracts inconspicuous or in a few genera 2
lateral ones (or bracteoles) to each flower, adhering to the perianth, and then
often described as an outer 2-lobed calyx.
A considerable Order, spread over the greater part of the world, but most abundant in
maritime or saliue situations.
Stems erect or procumbent, not twining. Bracteoles free or incon-
spicuous.
Leaves flat. Embryo coiled round a mealy albumen 1. Chenopodiuk.
Leaves semi-cylindrical, succulent. Embryo spiral, without albumen 2. Su<eda.
Stems twining. Bracteoles adhering to and enclosing the perianth . 3. Basella.
L CHENOPODIUM, Linn.
Perianth of 5 (rarely fewer in a few flowers) equal segments, which enclose
the ripe fruit, without appendages or alteration excepting a slight enlargement
or thickening. Stamens 5 (rarely fewer). Styles 2 or 3, often connected at the
base. Embryo curved or coiled round a mealy albumen.—Herbs, either gla-
brous or covered with a mealy dust. Leaves alternate, flat.
The species are rather numerous, widely distributed over the globe, with fewer strictly
maritime ones than in most other genera of the Order.
Lower leaves sinuatcly toothed or angular 1. C. album.
All the leaves quite entire 2. C. acuminatum.
1. C. album, Linn.; Moq. in DC. Prod. xiii. pari ii. 73. A tough an-
imal, usually erect, sometimes under 1 ft., sometimes 2 ft. high or more, of a
pale green or more or less mealy-white, especially the flowers and under side
of the leaves. Leaves stalked; the lower ones ovate or rhomboidal, more or
less sinuately toothed or angular, the upper ones usually narrow and entire.
Clusters of flowers in short axillary spikes, either dense or interrupted, the
upper ones forming a long panicle, leafy at the base. Seeds entirely enclosed
in the perianth and. all horizontal.
In waste places, Hance. A common European and Asiatic weed, carried out with culti-
vation to most parts of the world.
2. C. acuminatum, Willd.; Moq. in DC. Prod. xiii. part ii. 62. Stems
1 to 2 ft. high, usually decumbent at the base; the whole plant pale green or
mealy-white like the C. album, but the young shoots and spikes often assume
a reddish colour. Leaves from ovate to oblong or lanceolate, seldom above
1 in. long, all entire; the lower ones obtuse, the upper acute or with a minute
point. Clusters of flowers small, globi-lar, in interrupted slender spikes,
forming the branches of a terminal leafless panicle. Seeds of C. album.—C
Vachellii, Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. 269.
In waste places, Hance. On the adjacent continent, and northward to Loochoo and east-
ern Siberia.
2. STJ.EDA, Forsk.
Flowers and fruit of Chenopodium, except that the embryo is coiled
into a flat spire with little or no albumen.—Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves
small, linear, semi-cylindrical, and succulent. Clusters of flowers mostly ax-
illary.
A genus of very few species, ranging over the seacoasts of most parts of the globe.


Suada.} chenopodiace*. 283
1. S. auatralis, Moq. A glabrous annual or biennial, with simple and
erect or branched and spreading stems of 6 to 8 in., hard and apparently
woody at the base, succulent at the top. Leaves usually about \ in. long
and 1 line broad, thick and fleshy. Flowers very small, in axillary clusters
of 3 to 5 or rarely solitary. Seed entirely enclosed in the perianth and always
horizontal.—Chenopodium australis, Moq. in DC. Prod. xiii. part ii. 163.
Suada indica, Seem. Bot. Her. 406; but not of Moq.
Iu maritime marshes, Hance. Extends probably from Australia to eastern tropical Asia,
and northward to Loochoo. The Hongkong specimens appear identical with Australian ones
which J. D. Hooker refers to the cosomon European 5. maritima. It has, however, much
thicker leaves, more like those of & indica and S. nudiflora; but these arc much more
shrubby species, with vertical seeds.
3. BASELLA, Linn.
Bracteoles adhering to the perianth and united in a 2-lobed external calyx.
Perianth ovoid, shortly 5-lobed. Style single, with 3 oblong stigmatic lobes.
Fruit enclosed in the globular succulent perianth and bracts. Seed vertical.
Embryo spiral, with little or no albumen.—Stems twining. Leaves alternate,
flat, but succulent. Flowers sessile, in simple or branched spikes.
A small tropical or subtropical Asiatic genus
1. B. rubra, Linn.; Moq. in DC. Prod. xiii. part ii. 222. A glabrous her-
baceous twiner of considerable length. Leaves stalked, broadly ovate, succu-
lent, about 2 in. long. Spikes axillary, pedunculate, simple, 2 or 3 in. long.
Flowers about 1 line long, pale red, sessile, at first close together, but becom-
ing distant as the spike lengthens. Berries (or fruiting perianths) dark pur-
ple, about 3 lines diameter.
On the sides of a pond in the Happy Valley, Wilford. A species of uncertain origin, pro-
bably Asiatic, commonly cultivated in India, and readily establishing itself on roadsides and
in waste places.
Order LXXXVIT. AWARANTACEJE.
Herbs, with the characters of Chenopodium, except that the perianth is
usually more scarious, with the segments more distinct; the bracts and brac-
teoles more prominent and scarious, and in one tribe there are several ovules
in the ovary, attached to a free central placenta as in Caryophyllea. Leaves
alternate in a few genera, opposite in the others, without stipules, and not
succident.
A considerable Order, chiefly tropical and American, with a few species spread over the
Old World, and some, chiefly weeds, extending into more temperate regions.
Leaves alternate.
Ovules and seeds several 1. Celosia.
Ovules and seeds solitary 2. Amabantus.
Leaves opposite.
Flowers green and reflexed, in long terminal spikes. Anthers 2-
celled.
Flowers with 1 pungent bristle on each side 3. Achybantiies.
Flowers with a cluster of hooked bristles on each side ... 4. Ctathula.
Flowers white, in axillary clusters. Anthers 1-cellcd .... 5. Alteenantheba.


284
[Celosia.
AMAUANTACEvE.
1. CELOSIA, Linn.
Perianth of 5 nearly equal segments. Stamens 5, united at the base. An-
thers 2-cellcd. Ovary with several ovules. Style single, with a capitate or
minutely 2-lobed stigma. Capsule opening transversely. Embryo coiled
round the albumen.—Herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers white or coloured,
in terminal spikes.
A tropical genus, dispersed over the New as well the Old World.
L. C. argentea, Linn.; Moq. in DC. Prod. xiii. part ii. 242; Wight,
Ic. t. 1767. An erect glabrous annual, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves stalked, from
ovate to lanceolate or linear, .acuminate, 1 to 3 or 4 in. long, green on both
sides. Spike cylindrical, 1 to 4 or 5 in. long. Perianth-segments white and
scarious, lanceolate, about 4 lines long; the bracts similar but smaller.
In wa9te places, Champion, Hance. Common in tropical Asia and Africa, and introduced
into some parts of America.
Var. cristata. Spikes dilated at the top or variously branched, and usually on a shorter
peduncle. Flowers often smaller, and many of them barren.—C. crittata. Linn.; Moq. 1. c.
In waste places, Hance. A much cultivated variety, which is also frequently sent as wild,
but probably of garden origin.
2. AMARANTHS, Linn.
Flowers polygamous. Perianth of 5 equal segments. Stamens 5 or rarely
3, free and slightly peri^ynous. Anthers 2-cclled. Ovule solitary. Style
divided to the base into 2 or 3 stigmatic lobes. Utricle opening transversely
or indehiscent. Embryo coiled round the albumen.—Annuals. Leaves al-
ternate. Flowers small, green or reddish, clustered in axillary or terminal
spikes or panicles. Perianth thin, but less scarious than in most genera.
Bracts small.
A genus not uumerous in species, but widely diffused over the warmer regions of the
globe.
Spiues axillary. Stigmas usually 2. Utricle opening transversely . . . 1. A. spinotus.
Plant unarmed. Stigmas usually 3. Utricle indehiscent or bursting ir-
regularly 2. A. viridis.
1. A. spinosus, Linn.; Moq. in DC. Prod. xiii. part ii. 260; Wight,
Ic. t. 513. A branched, spreading, glabrous, hard-stemmed annual, extending
to 1 or 2 ft., armed with 1 or 2 straight spines in each axil. Leaves stalked,
from ovate to lanceolate, of a dull green, the pinnate veins prominent under-
neath. Flowers numerous, greenish, in dense axillary clusters, the upper
ones forming long dense terminal spikes, either simple or paniculately branched.
Stigmas usually 2. Utricle opening transversely.
In waste places all over the island, Hance, Seemann, Wilford. A common weed in tro-
pical and subtropical countries both in the New and the Old World.
2. A. viridis. Linn. A glabrous spreading annual like the last, but
without spines, the leaves usually rather broader and more obtuse, the clusters
of flowers looser, and the terminal spikes broader and shorter. Stigmas usually
3, and the utricle has a much thinner and closer pericarp, which either rots
awav or bursts irregularly.—Euxolus viridis, Moq. in DC. Prod. xiii. part ii.
273.


Amaranlm.']
•285
AMARANTACEjE.
Hongkong, Hance (a loose specimen with those of A. tpinoita). A common tropical and
subtropical weed both in the New and the Old World.
8. ACHYRANTHES, Linn.
Perianth usually glabrous, of 5 slightly unequal segments, hardened after
flowering, with 1 subulate almost spinous bracteole on each side. Stamens
5, united in a cup at the base, with as many small scales between them. An-
thers 2-celled. Ovule solitary. Style simple, with a capitate stigma. Em-
bryo coiled round the albumen.—Herbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers green,
or rarely scarious, reflexed, in terminal spikes or rarely heads.
A tropical or subtropical genus, widely spread over the Old World, or as introduced weeds
in America.
1. A. aspera, Linn.; Mog. in DC. Prod. xiii. part ii. 314, var. obtusi-
folia; Wight, 1c. t. 1777. An erect or spreading annual or biennial, with a
hard almost woody base, more or less hoary with a soft pubescence. Leaves
shortly stalked, ovate or orbicidar, 1 to 1^ in. long, usually in this variety
obtuse or very shortly pointed. Flowers of a shining almost silvery green, in
long slender terminal spikes. Perianth \ to near 2 lines long, closely re-
flexed after flowering; the 2 subulate rigid bracteoles nearly as long, and sca-
rious at the base only.
In waste places, Champion, Hance. A very common and troublesome weed in tropical
and subtropical Asia and Africa, and some parts of America. The variety with acuminate
leaves (A. argenlea. Lam.) correctly restored to the A. aspera by Grisebaeh, occurs on the
Chinese coast, but I have seen no specimens from Hongkong.
4. CYATHULA, Lour.
Habit, inflorescence, and flowers of Achyranthes, except that on each pe-
dicel, besides 1 or sometimes 2 perfect perianths, there is on each side a
cluster of stiff hooked bristles, slightly dilated at the base, consisting of bracts
and abortive perianth-segments.
A small tropical genus, common to the New and the Old World.
1. C. prostrata, Blume; Mog. in DC. Prod. xiii. part ii. 326. A slen-
der perennial, more or less hoary or softly pubescent, procumbent and rooting
at the lower nodes, ascending to a foot or more. Leaves very shortly stalked,
ovate, obtuse or shortly acuminate, 1 to 1^ in. long. Flowers small, green,
pubescent, reflexed, on very short pedicels, in long slender terminal racemes.
Perianth about 1^- lines long, the clusters of hooks rather shorter.—Desmo-
chata prostrata, DC; Wight, Ic. t. 733.
On roadsides, Ifance, Wilford, Wright. Dispersed over tropical America, Africa, Asia,
and the Pacific islands.
5. ALTERNANTHERA, Br.
Perianth of 5 nearly equal scariou3 segments, not enveloped in wooL Sta-
mens 5 or sometimes fewer, very shortly united at the base. Anthers 1-celled.
Ovule solitary. Style short or scarcely any, with a capitate stigma. Utricle
usually flattened, ovate or obcordate, indehiscent.—Herbs. Leaves opposite.
Flowers in sessile axillary or terminal clusters or heads.
A considerable genus, widely spread over the tropical and subtropical regions of the globe.


28fi
[AUarnanthera.
AMARANTACEiE.
1. A. sessilis, Br.; Moq. in DC. Prod. xiii. pari ii. 357; Wight, Ic.
t. 727. A prostrate branching glabrous or slightly pubescent annual, extend-
ing sometimes to 2 ft. or more. Leaves narrow, oblong-lanceolate, or rarely
nearly obovate, about 1 in. long, tapering at the base. Flowers white, scari-
ous and shining, in axillary clusters, surrounded by a few short woolly hairs.
Perianth-segments about 1 line long, rather acute, but not pungent, longer
than the otherwise similar bracts. Stamens very short, 3 only, without inter-
vening teeth or appendages.—Telanthera polygonoides, Seem. Bot. Her. 407,
not of Moq.
On roadsides and in waste places, Hance; also Wright. Common in tropical and sub-
tropical Asia, Africa, and America. In Hance's specimen the internodes are shorter than
usual, and the flower-clusters more abundant and conspicuous. It is not, however, the A.
polygonoidet, which has much longer sepals, the outer oues pungent, and 5 fertile stamens.
Okder LXXXV1II. POLYGONACKffi.
Perianth of 6, 5 or fewer segments, regular and equal, or the inner ones
enlarged. Stamens variable in number, usually 9, 8, or 6. Ovary free, with
a single erect ovule. Styles or stigmas 2, 3, or rarely more. Fruit a small
seed-like nut, usually with as many angles as styles, enclosed in or scarcely pro-
truding from the persistent perianth. Embryo straight or curved, in a mealy
albumen.—Herbs or rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate. Stipules usually thin
and scarious, rarely herbaceous, forming a sheath or ring round the stem within
the petiole. Flowers small, herbaceous or sometimes coloured, clustered in
the axils of the leaves, or in spikes or racemes forming terminal panicles.
A considerable Order, dispersed over every part of the globe.
Fruiting perianth of 6 segments, the 3 inner ones enlarged 1. Rumex.
Fruiting perianth of 5 nearly equal segments 2. Polygonum.
1. RUMEX, Linn.
Perianth-segments 6, the 3 inner ones enlarged after flowering, and closing
over the triangular nut. Stamens 6. Styles 3, very short, with fringed stig-
mas. Herbs or rarely shrubs. Flowers numerous, small, herbaceous, hut
often turning red, usually pedicellate, in whorl-like clusters, axillary, or in
terminal simple or paniculate racemes.
A considerable genus, widely distributed over most parts of the globe, but more especially
in temperate regions.
1. R. crispua, Linn.; Meisn. in DC. Prod.xix. 44. A perennial, with a
thick root-stock, and erect furrowed stems 2 to 3 ft. high; the branches few
and short. Radical leaves narrow, usually 6 to 8 in. long, much waved and
crisped at the edges, the upper ones smaller, passing gradually into bracts.
Stipules sheathing, ragged at the edges. Whorls of flowers numerous, and
when in fruit much crowded in a long narrow panicle. Inner segments of
the fruiting perianth broadly ovate, 2 to 3 lines long, with a coloured grain
or tubercle on the midrib.
Roadsides at Saywan, Champion; also Hance. Common in Europe and temperate Asia,
and now naturalized in many other parts of the globe. The Chinese specimens, like all those
grown iu warm or dry climates, have tubercles on all the inner perianth-segments. More
northern specimens have them frequently on one segment only of each perianth.


Polygonum.^
287
POLYGONACE^E.
2. POLYGONUM, Linn.
Perianth of 5, rarely fewer, segments, all equal, or the 2 or 3 outer ones en-
larged. Stamens 8 or sometimes fewer in the same species. Styles 3 or 2,
sometimes united at the base; the stigmas entire. Nut triangular or flattened,
enclosed in or surrounded by the persistent perianth.—Herbs varying much
in habit. Flowers small, pale green or red, or with white edges, clustered or
rarely solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, or in little clusters surrounded
by a sheathing bract, and collected in terminal spikes, heads, or panicles.
A large genus, with almost the ubiquitous range of the Order.
Flowers in axillary clusters. Stems prostrate 1. P.plebeium.
Flowers in terminal spikes. Stems erect, ascending, or climbing.
Stipules sheathing, wholly scariou9, truncate or ciliate.
Styles 3.
Stems very hispid. Peduncles glandular-hairy 2. P. vucosum.
Stems and peduuclca glabrous. Sheathing stipules hairy,
with long bristles at the top 8. P. barbatum.
Styles 2.
Spikes slender and interrupted. Perianth glandular-dotted.
Stipules shortly ciliate 4. P. Hydropiper.
Spike slender but continuous. Perianth not dotted. Stipules
not ciliate 5. P. ylabrum.
Spike short, oblong or cylindrical. Perianth slightly glandu-
lur-dotted. Stipules scarcely ciliate 6. P. lapathifolium.
Stipules green and spreading at least at the top.
Tall, erect, hairy plant. Stipules sheathing at the base. Leaves
ovate-cordate 7. P. orientate.
Glabrous prickly climber. Stipules spreading from the base.
Leaves triangular 9. P. perfoliatum.
Flowers in little heads, in dichotomous panicles. Stems erect or
climbing 8. P. chinense.
1. P. plebeium, Br.; Meisn.in DC. Prod. xiv. 94. A much branched
prostrate annual, 6 in. to 1 ft. long, glabrous, or the branches slightly hoary.
Sheathing stipules short and scarious, ragged at the edges, but not ciliate.
Leaves linear, narrow-oblong, or slightly spathulate, rarely above J in. long.
Flowers small, in clusters of 2 to 5 in the axils of most of the leaves. Styles
3. Fruiting perianth not a line long; the segments green, with a narrow
white edge. Nuts triangular, very smooth and shining.—P. herniarioit/es,
DC.; Meisn. in DC. Prod. xiv. 94. P. Miquelianum, P. effutum, P. Roxburghii,
P. Ulecebroides, P. cliffortioides, P. Perrottetii, and P. ciliosum, Meisn. I.e.
93, 94, and 95.
Iu cultivated and waste places, Champion and others. Exceedingly common all over tro-
pical Asia, extending into Africa and Australia. After a careful examination of very nume-
rous specimens, neither Dr. Hooker nor myself have been able to detect any tangible differ-
ences between the Egyptian, Indian, and Australian specimens. All come very near to the
common European P. avicttlare, but the nuts are always very smooth aud shining, besides
that the stems are shorter, more leafy and prostrate, and the flowers considerably smaller.
2. P. viscosxun, Ham.; Meisn. in DC. Prod. xiv. 102. An erect or
ascending annual, 1 to 2 ft. high, the stem hispid with long stiff spreading
hairs, intennixed with a glandular pubescence. Stipules loosely sheathing,
rather short, hispid and ciliate. Leaves lanceolate, glabrous or hairy. Spikes


288
[Polygonum.
POLYGONACEjE.
on long terminal glandular hairy peduncles, slender but continuous, about 1
line long. Style 3-cleft.
Hongkong, Hance. Also in Nepal, Assam, and Silhet.
3. P. barbatum, Linn.; Meisn. in DC. Prod, xiv. 104; fr'igktjc. t. 1798.
Stems ascending or erect, glabrous, 2 to 3 ft. high. Stipules sheathing,
hairy outside, fringed at the top with long fine bristles. Leaves lanceolate,
varying much in breadth and size, usually sprinkled with appressed hairs,
especially underneath. Spikes in the slender forms near 3 in. long, with the
lower flowers distant, as in P. Hydropiper, shorter and more continuous iu the
stouter specimens. Style 3-cleft. Nut triangular, smooth.
In swamps and wet places, Hance, Harland. Common in tropical Asia and Africa, ex-
tending northwards to Amoy and Shanghae.
4. P. Hydropiper, Linn.; Meim. in DC. Prod. xiv. 109. A slender
erect or decumbent glabrous annual, 1 to 2 ft. high. Stipules sheathing, but
rather short, ciliate at the top. Spikes slender and interrupted, the lower
clusters usually axillary. Perianth, and often the bracts also, dotted with
glands, and the whole plant more or less biting or acrid to the taste. Style
usually 2-cleft. Nuts flat.
In rice-fields, Wilford. Widely spread, and geuerally common in Europe, centitd Asia,
and North America.
5. P. glabrum, JFilld.; Meim. in DC. Prod. xiv. 114; Wight, Ic. I.
1799. An erect or ascending branching annual or perennial, 1 to 3 ft. high,
glabrous in every part, and the sheathing stipules truncate, without hairs or
bristles. Leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base. Spikes terminal, rather
slender, but nearly continuous, 1 to 2 in. long. Perianth small, not dotted.
Style usually 2-cleft. Nut flattened.
In ditches, Hance. Frequent in the tropical regions both of the New and the Old World.
6. P. lapathifolium, Linn.; Meim. in DC. Prod. xiv. 119. An erect
or ascending annual, 1 to 2 feet high; the branches glabrous or slightly
hoary. Leaves lanceolate, shortly stalked, either glabrous or nearly so on
both sides, or more or less hoary or cottony-white underneath. Stipules
sheathing, usually slightly hairy, and sometimes fringed with minute fine
bristles at the top. Peduncles always with a few glandular hairs. Spikes
oblong or cylindrical, thicker than in any of the above species, seldom above
an inch long, usually of a pale-green colour. Perianth slightly glandular-
dotted. Style 2-eleft. Nuts flat, but rather thick, concave on both sides.—
P. orientale, var. discolor, Benth. in Lond. Joum. Bot. i. 494.
Hongkong, Hindi. Widely diffused over the northern hemisphere, but most abundant in
N. America. The Hongkong specimens have the leaves cottony-white underneath, as is de-
scribed of the P.glutinosum, Wall. (Meisn. 1. c. 120), which I have not seen, but which is
probably the same species, as the same characters occur in some S. European specimens,
distinguished as P. incaniim. Some specimens from other islands of the Canton river are
glabrous, as in the more common varieties of the plant.
7. P. orientale, Linn.; Meisn. in DC. Prod. xiv. 123 ; Bot. Mag. I. 213.
An erect, softly pubescent or hairy annual, 2 to 4 ft. high. Stipules very
hairy, sheathing and scarious at the base, but all, except the uppermost, ex-
panded at the top into a green, spreading limb. Leaves stalked, ovate, or


Polygonum.']
289
POLYGONACE*.
cordate, acuminate, 4 to 6 in. long. Spikes continuous, rather slender,
2 in. long, paniculate. Stamens usually 7. Style 2-cleft. Nut flat. Em-
bryo curved, at right angles with the cotyledons, not parallel with them as in
all the preceding species.
Hongkong, Champion, Hance. Common in India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the
Archipelago, extending also into Africa and Australia, and northward to Japan, but in man;
places cultivated as an ornamental plant.
8. P. chinense, Linn.; Meim. in BO. Prod. xiv. 130; Wight, Ic. 1.1806.
A weak, erect or half-climbing, dichotomously branched perennial, glabrous or
nearly so. Stip\des sheathing and scarious, but with the addition of short,
reniform, green appendages at the base of the petiole. Leaves ovate or ob-
long, shortly acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long. Flowers in little globular heads,
forming dichotonious, corymbose panicles ; the branches and pedicels glandu-
lar-pubescent, with broad bracts at their base. Stamens usually 7. Styles
3-cleft. Nut triangular.
In ditches, Hinds and others. Very common in India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula
to the Archipelago.
9. P. perfoliatum, Linn.; Meisn. in DC. Prod. xiv. 132. A glabrous,
slender climber, armed with small recurved prickles on the young stems and
petioles. Stipules leafy, orbicular, and spreading. Leaves on long petioles,
nearly triangular or broadly hastate, more or less peltate, 1 \ to 2 in. broad.
Spikes solitary, on long peduncles, slender but continuous, about 1 in. long,
with an orbicular, leafy bract at their base.
Hongkong, Hance, Wright. Dispersed over various parts of India from Nepal to Java
and northwards to China, Mantchuria, and Japan.
Order LXXXIX. LAURINUffi.
Perianth herbaceous, with 6 or rarely fewer divisions, imbricate in the bud,
in 2 series or rarely wanting. Stamens usually as many or twice as many,
opposite the perianth-segments, either all fertile, or the 3 innermost reduced
to barren staminodia, or abortive. Anthers adnate, 2- or 4-celled; the cells
opening by persistent valves turned upwards. Ovary free, 1-celled, with 1 or
rarely 2 pendulous ovules. Style simple, with an entire, usually disk-shaped,
or shortly 2- or 3-lobed stigma. Fruit a 1-seeded berry or drupe; the per-
sistent perianth or part of it often enlarged under or round it. Seed without
albumen. Cotyledons large.—Trees or shrubs, with alternate or rarely irre-
gularly opposite leaves, usually entire or evergreen; or in one genus leafless
twiners. Stipules none. Flowers usually small, in panicles, umbels, or la-
teral clusters.
A considerable tropical Order, both in Asia and America, with a few African or Australian
species, and a very few penetrating into more temperate regions in the northern hemisphere.
Leafless twiner 9. Cassyta.
Trees or shrubs.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 9, with 4-celled anthers, of which
3 reversed, with 2 glands at the base. Staminodia 3.
Perianth-segments breaking off in the middle, leaving a persistent
6-lobed cup or disk under the fruit 1. Cinnamouum.
U


290 laueinEjB. [Laurinea.
Perianth-segments breaking off at the base, leaving a persistent
entire cap or disk under the fruit 2. Camphor*.
Perianth wholly persistent 3. Machilus.
Perianth wholly deciduous 4. Alseodaphne.
Flowers dioecious. No stamiuodia.
Flowers in pedicellate involucres. Stamens 9 or more. Anthers
4-celled 5. Tetkantheka.
Flowers in sessile clusters, with bracts at the base.
Stamens 9.
Anthers 4-cclled 6. Actinodaphne.
Anthers 2-celIed 7. Daphnidium.
Stamens 6. Anthers 4-celled 8. LiTS/EA.
1. CINNAMOMUM, Burrn.
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Perianth 6-cleft, the upper half of
each segment deciduous. Stamens 9, with 4-celled anthers, 6 (opposite the
perianth-segments) opening inwards, without glands, 3 (opposite 3 of the
above) opening outwards, and bearing a gland on each side at the base.
Staminodia 3 (opposite the 3 other outer stamens), with capitate or cordate
abortive anthers. Berry resting on the enlarged 6-lobed base of the perianth.
-—Trees. Leaves 3-ncrved, irregularly opposite.
A genus of several species, all from tropical Asia.
1. C. dulce, Nees, Syst. Law. 62; Wight, Ic. i. 138. A tall, slender,
glabrous tree. Leaves from ovate-acuminate and'2^ in. long by 1^-in. broad,
to oblong-acuminate and 4 in. long by 1£ in. broad, coriaceous and shining,
but not thick. Panicles terminal, usually much shorter than the leaves, and
seldom so much developed as represented in the above figure, slightly hoary.
Perianths pale-yellow, about 2 lines long, on pedicels of 2 to 4 lines, fertile
stamens not much shorter than the perianth, with oblong anthers as long as
the filaments. Staminodia short, with purple heart-shaped heads. Berry
small, ovoid.
In the woods, at East Point, near the Buddhist Temple, Champion; behind the Govern-
ment House, probably not wild, Wilford; cultivated in the island, Hance; also Wright. A
native of Chiua, but also frequently cultivated.
The C. zeylanica, Nees, or true Cinnamon, with much larger and more coriaceous leaves,
larger, loose panicles, etc., is also cultivated in Hongkong.
2. CAMPHORA, Nees.
Characters of Cinnamomum, except that the segments of the perianth fall
off entirely, the berry resting upon the somewhat enlarged cup-shaped or
disk-shaped, entire or slightly sinuate, base or tube.—Trees, with evergreen,
alternate leaves, either 3-nerved or penni-nerved. Flowers small, in short pe-
dunculate panicles, at first terminal, but becoming lateral by the elongation of
the shoot.
A small tropical Asiatic genus.
1. C. Parthenoxylon, Nees in Wall. PI. As. liar. ii. 72. A tall gla-
brous tree. Leaves scattered, ovate, shortly acuminate, the larger ones 3 to
4 in. long by 2 to 2-| wide, those on the flowering branches much smaller,
pinnately nerved. Panicles or cymes 5- to 10-flowered, on pedicels of about


Camphora.] lAUBlNBiB. 291
i in., lengthening to 1 in. when in fruit. Perianth about 1 line long, hairy
inside at the base. Staminodia hairy.—Saasafras Parthenoxylon, Nees, Syst.
Laur. 491. Parthenoxylon porrectum and P. Pseudosassafras, Blume, Mas.
Bot. i. 323. Phcebe latifolia, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 197.
In the Happy Valley woods, Champion and others: also in the Indian Archipelago. The
8 inner fertile stamens appear to me always to have their anthers opening outwards, as in
the allied genera, not inwards, as stated by Nees.
3. MACHILUS, Humph.
Characters of Cinnamomum and Camphora, except that the perianth-seg-
ments persist entirely around or under the berry without any enlargement or
thickening of the pedicel, and that the glands of the inner fertile stamens are
decidedly stipitate, one on each side of the base of the filament.—Trees, with
alternate pinnately veined leaves. Panicles terminal or becoming lateral by
the elongation of the shoot. Outer segments of the perianth usually equal
to or longer than the inner ones.
A small tropical Asiatic genus.
Leaves and branches glabrous. Panicles loose, pedunculate at the base of
the young Bhoots 1. M. rimota.
Leaves and branches softly hairy. Panicles dense, sessile, and terminal . 2. M. veluiina.
1. M. rimosa, Blume; Mus. Bot. i. 330? A tree, glabrous, except the
silky-hairy scales of the leaf-buds. Leaves from obovate-oblong to oblong-
lanceolate, shortly acuminate, 3 to 4 in. long, narrowed at the base into a pe-
tiole of £ to 1 in., more or less glaucous underneath. Panicles loosely oblong
or pyramidal, longer than the leaves. Pedicels about 3 lines. Perianth-seg-
ments 3 lines long when fully open, narrow-oblong, slightly hoary. Stamens
about as long, on slender filaments. Stigma scarcely dilated. Berries glo-
bular.—M. Thunbergii, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 198, but probably not
of Sieb. and Zucc.
Hongkong, Champion, Wright, also in Samtong Island, Wright. This is very near the
common Indian M. odoratitrima, but has larger and looser panicles and larger flowers, and
agrees very well with Blume's character of the Javanese tl. rimota, but I have no specimens
to compare. I had formerly referred it to the Japanese if. Thunbergii, but some specimens
of Wilford's from that country, which are probably the true plant, differ from ours in the
shape of the leaves as well as in the perianth.
2. M. velutina, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 198. Branches, under
side of the leaves, and inflorescence clothed with a soft yellowish velvety
pubescence. Leaves elliptical-oblong, obtusely acuminate, 3 to 5 in. long,
narrowed into a petiole of 4 to 9 lines, glabrous and shining above. Leaf-buds
softly hairy. Panicles contracted into a dense sessile terminal corymb. Peri-
anth velvety, about 3 lines long, persisting round the globular berry.
At the Buddhist Temple, on Victoria Peak, Mount Parker, etc., Champion, also Wright.
Not known out of the island. It is widely removed from Aetinodaphne angmtifolia, to
which Seemann has, by some mistake, referred it.
4. ALSEODAPHNE, Nees.
Characters of Cinnamomum and Camphora, except that the perianth falls
off entirely; the berrv resting on the unchanged or slightly thickened summit
v 2


292 LAUHINE.S. [AUeodaphne.
of the pedicel.—Trees, with alternate pinnately veined leaves. Inflorescence
of Cinnamomum. Outer segments of the perianth usually shorter than the
inner ones.
A small tropical Asiatic genus.
Leaves 2 or 3 in. long. Perianth-segments oblong-lanceolate, 2 lines
long . 1. A. Mneniit.
Leaves li to 2 in. long. Perianth-segments ovate, very obtuse, 1 to li
lines long 2. A. breviflora.
1. A. chinensis, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 198. A glabrous tree.
Leaves from obovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or shortly acuminate,
2 to 3, or rarely near 4 in. long, narrowed into a petiole of 3 to 6 lines, cori-
aceous, slightly glaucous or rust-coloured underneath when dry. Leaf-buds
very small, glabrous or pubescent. Peduncles terminal, 2 or 3 together, much
shorter than the leaves, each bearing a short panicle of 6 to 10 flowers. Pe-
rianth-segments oblong-lanceolate, hairy inside at the base; the inner ones 2
lines long, the outer shorter. Glands of the inner fertile stamens nearly
sessile. Staminodia hairy. Berry globular.
In the Happy Valley woods, Champion, Wilford. Not known from elsewhere.
2. A. breviflora, Bent/i., n. sp. Very near the last, but more glaucous.
Leaves narrower, scarcely 2 in. long, on very short petioles. Peduncles more
numerous, \ to 1 in. long; the panicles almost contracted to umbels. Flowers
much smaller; the perianth-segments broadly ovate, very obtuse; the inner
ones about 1£ bines, the outer 1 bine long.
Hongkong, Wright. I have seen no other specimen.
5. TETRANTHERA, Jacq.
Flowers usually dioecious. Perianth either of 6 deciduous segments, or
reduced to a few small petal-like scales, or none at all. Stamens 9, all fertile,
or sometimes, when the perianth is deficient, 12 to 15. Anthers 4-celled, all
opening inwards; the 3 inner stamens, or sometimes more, with 2 glands at
the base of the filaments. Staminodia none. Berry seated on the flat and
often somewhat enlarged base of the perianth.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves al-
ternate, evergreen or deciduous, pinnately veined. Flowers in little heads or
umbels, in a calyx-like involucre of 4 to 6 broad concave imbricate bracts; the
involucres umbellate, or in little racemes or clusters in the axils of the leaves,
or at the leafless nodes of the previous year's wood.
A large genus, chiefly Asiatic, tropical or subtropical, with a very few western American
species.
Young branches and under side of the leaves pubescent or hoary. Leaves
evergreen, obovate or broadly oblong.
Perianth-segments 6. Involucres in dense sessile clusters .... 1. T. monopelala.
Perianth none. Involucres umbellate, on a common peduncle . . 2. T. citrifolia.
Branches and leaves glabrous. Leaves deciduous, oblong-lanceolate. . 3. T. folyantha.
1. T. monopetala, Roxb.; PL Corom. t. 148; Nees, St/st. Jaur. 525.
A small tree; the young shoots, under side of the leaves, and inflorescence
softly pubescent. Leaves evergreen, from broadly-ovate or obovate to oval-
oblong, 3 to 5 in. long, very obtuse or rarely shortly acuminate. Involucres
scarcely above 2 lines diameter before opening, on pedicels of 2 to 4 lines, in


Tetranthera.']
293
LAUKINEjE.
dense axillary or lateral clusters, with scarcely any common peduncle. Flowers
5 or 6, sometimes more, in each involucre, on pedicels of scarcely 1 line. Peri-
anth-tube cup-shaped, with 6 small petal-like deciduous segments. Filaments
slender, very hairy. Berry ovoid; the disk-shaped base of the perianth en-
larged to about 8 lines diameter.
Hongkong, Hance, Harland, Wright. Frequent in India.
2. T. citrifolia, Juss. A small evergreen tree; the young branches,
petioles, and inflorescence softly pubescent or hoary. Leaves obovate or ob-
long, 3 to 4 in. long and very obtuse in the Chinese specimens as in some of
the Indian ones, slightly acuminate in others, more or less hoary or pubescent
underneath, glabrous above, except the midrib. Involucres full 3 lines dia-
meter before opening, in small umbels on a common axillary or lateral pe-
duncle of \ in. or more. Flowers numerous in each involucre, on short pu-
bescent pedicels, without any perianth. Stamens usually 9. Berries globular,
on the thickened but scarcely dilated summit of the pedicel.
In the Happy Valley woods, Champion and others. Frequent in India.
3. T. poly an tha, Wall.; Nees, Syst. Laur. 545. A handsome tree,
quite glabrous except a slight silky-hoariness on the young shoots. Leaves
deciduous, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 3 or 4 in. long, narrowed into a
petiole of \ in. Involucres on slender pedicels of 2 to 4 lines, in numerous
clusters or short racemes along the previous year's branches, usually appear-
ing before the young leaves. Flowers of a pure white, about 6 in each in-
volucre. Perianth-segments 6, obovate. Stigma very broad.
Common in the Happy Valley woods, Champion and others. Also on the mainland and
in northern India.
6. ACTINODAPHNE, Nees.
Characters of Tetranthera, except that the flowers are either in sessile clus-
ters, surrounded by imbricate scales, or in racemes or panicles without in-
volucres.
A small tropical Asiatic genua.
Leaves oval-oblong, 1 to 2 in. long 1. A. chinensit.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 4 or 5 in. long 2. A. angmtifolia.
1. A. chinensis, Nees, Syst. Laur. 600. A much-branched shrub or
small tree, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves oval-oblong, obtuse or very shortly
acuminate, 1 to 2 in. long, on very short petioles, usually glaucous under-
neath. Flowers small, in closely sessile axillary clusters, surrounded by de-
ciduous imbricated scales. Perianth-segments 6, about 1 line long. Stamens
9, with hairy filaments. Berry globular, on the unenlarged base of the peri-
anth.—Camellia integrifolia, Chois. Mem. Ternstr. et Camell. 60.
Very common on hills and in ravines, Champion and others. Not known out of S. China.
2. A. angustifolia, Nees, Syst. Laur. 594; Wight, Ic. 1.1841. A tree,
glabrous except a slight silky-hoariness on the young shoots. Leaves oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, 4 to 5 in. long, very coriaceous, contracted at the base
into a petiole of £ in. or more. Flowers in sessile axillary clusters. Berry
ovoid-oblong, 8 or 9 lines long, on a thickened pedicel of 2 or 3 lines, ter-
minated by the enlarged disk-shaped base of the perianth.


294
[Actinodaphne.
LAURINEiK.
Happy Valley woods, Wilford? The specimens are in fruit only; I am therefore not
certain of their identity with the species which is frequent in India and the Archipelago.
7. DAPHNIDIUM, Nees.
Flowers dioecious. Perianth-segments 6. Stamens 9, the inner ones with
2 glands at the base. Anthers 2-celled, all turned inwards. Staminodia none.
—Inflorescence in dense axillary sessile clusters, surrounded by imbricated
scales.
A small tropical Asiatic genus.
1. D. bifarium, Nees, Syst. Laur. 616. A tree. Branches and under
side of the leaves softly pubescent or hairy. Leaves from oval-oblong tq,ob-
long-lanceolate, acuminate, 3 to 4 in. long in the Chinese specimens, 5 to 6
in. in some Indian ones, glabrous and shining above, pinnately veined, on
very short petioles. Flowers on very short hairy pedicels, in 2 or 3 clus-
ters in each axil. Anthers in the male flowers all 2-celled, in the female
flowers either 1-celled or quite abortive.
In a ravine of Victoria Peak, Eyre, a single female specimen. Also in the Himalaya from
Nepal and Kumaou to Assam and Khasia.
8. LITS.2EA, Juss.
Flowers dioecious. Perianth-segments 4 to 6. Stamens 6, of which 2 to
4 with glands at the base. Anthers 4-celled, all opening inwards. Stami-
nodia none. Berry seated on the thickened summit of the pedicel.—Leaves
3-nerved. Inflorescence in axillary sessile clusters, surrounded by imbricated
scales.
A small tropical Asiatic genus.
1. Ii. ceylanica, Nees, Syst. Laur. 626; Wight, Ic. t. 1844. A tree,
the young branches covered with a minute hoary or rusty tomentum. Leaves
oval-oblong, acuminate, usually 1| to 3 in. long, but sometimes 4 in., nar-
rowed into a petiole of 3 to near 6 lines, glabrous and shining above, glaucous
or white underneath, with the veins silky-pubescent. Flowers rather small,
on short hairy pedicels, in a single, or in 2 or 3 clusters in each axil.
On Victoria Peak aud in woods at East Point, but rare, Champion; on Mount Gough,
Wilford; also Wright. In Ceylon and the Indian Peninsula, and if, as is probable, the L.
foliosa and L. conrimilu are not specifically distinct, it is widely diffused over India and the
Archipelago.
9. CASSYTA, Linn.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth ovoid or tubular, with 3 outer equal
lobes and 3 inner minute ones. Stamens 9, the 3 inner ones with 2 glands
at the base. Anthers 2-celled, those of the inner stamens turned outwards.
Staminodia 3, small. Fruit enclosed in the succulent tube of the perianth.—
Parasitical twiners, with the habit of Cuscuta. Leaves reduced to minute
scales. Flowers sessile, in axillary spikes.
A small genus, distributed over the tropical regions of the New and the Old World.
1. C. filiformis, Linn.; Nees, Syst. Laur. 642; Wight, Ic. t. 1847.
Stems filiform or wiry, glabrous or slightly pubescent when young, twining
round and attaching themselves to other plants by means of small protuber-


Cassyta.]
295
laukinea;.
ances or suckers. Flowers small, distant, in spikes of 1 to 2 in. Perianth
about 1^ lines long, the lobes about the length of the tube. Filaments of the
3 outer stamens broad and petal-like, of the 6 others filiform. Anthers all fer-
tile. Berry about 3 lines diameter, crowned by the persistent connivent
perianth-lobes.
Common all over the island, Champion and others. Widely distributed over tropical
Asia, extending into Africa and Australia.
Order XC. PROTEACEiE.
Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 4, usually valvate in
the bud. Stamens as many, opposite to and inserted on the segments. An-
thers 2-celled, opening longitudinally. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 1 or 2
collateral ovules. Style simple, with an entire or rarely 2-lobed stigma.
Fruit an indehiscent nut, or a follicular or 2-valved capsule. Seeds 1 or 2,
without albumen. Embryo straight, with an inferior radicle.—Trees, shrubs,
or rarely herbs. Leaves usually alternate, entire or divided, without stipules.
A large Order, chiefly abundant in Australia and S. Africa, with a few species dispersed
over S. America, or tropical Asia and Africa.
1. HELICIA, Lour.
Flowers regular. Perianth-segments linear, more or less dilated at the top.
Anthers sessile on the dilated portion. Hypogynous glands 4. Ovules 2,
ascending. Style club-shaped at the top. Fruit an indehiscent nut.—Trees
or shrubs. Leaves all entire or toothed. Flowers in axillary racemes. Peri-
anth-segments rolled back.
A genus of several species, but confined to tropical Asia.
1. H. cocbincbinensis, Lour.; Meisn. in DC. Prod. xiv. 442. A
perfectly glabrous tree. Leaves oval-elliptical or oblong, acuminate, entire or
coarsely serrate in the upper part, 3 to 5 in. long, narrowed into a petiole of
3 to 6 Knes. Eacemes 4 to 5 in. long, flowering from the base. Pedicels
about 2 lines long, usually in pairs and often united to the middle. Perianth
slender, about 6 lines long. Hypogynous scales not half so long as the ovary,
very obtuse, free or slightly united at the base.
Hongkong, Wright. S. China, Herb. Hook. I have not seen authentic specimens of
Loureiro's plant, which, according to Meisner, has shorter pedicels and the hypogynous scales
acute; but the specimens agree so well in other respects, that I have little doubt that they
belong to the same species. In that case it extends probably southward to the Archipelago.
Order XCI. THYMELEiE.
Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Perianth tubular or campanulate, 4- or
5-lobed; the lobes imbricate in the bud, with the addition, in many genera,
of 1 or 2 small scales alternating with the lobes at their base. Stamens either
as many or twice as many as lobes, or rarely 2 only, and if of the same num-
ber as the lobes, opposite to them. Anthers opening longitudinally. Ovary
free, 1 - or rarely 2-celled, with 1 or rarely 2 or 3 pendulous ovules. Fruit an


296
[Thymekee.
THYMELE.E.
indehiscent nut or berry, or very rarely a 2-valved capsule. Seed without or
rarely with albumen. Embryo straight, with a superior radicle.—Shrubs or
trees, with a stringy bark, or rarely herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite, always
simple and entire. Flowers in terminal or axillary clusters, heads, umbels,
racemes, or spikes.
A large Order, widely distributed over most parts of the globe.
Perianth 4-lobed. Ovary 1-celled.
Stamens 4, with slender filaments, inserted at the base of the tube . 1. Cansjera.
Anthers 8, nearly sessile, in 2 rows near the top of the tube.
Hypogynous scales none. Leaves alternate 2. Daphne.
Hypogynous scales 4. Leaves opposite 3. Wikstkojmia.
Perianth 5-lobed. Ovary 2-celled 4. Aquilakia.
1. CANSJERA, Gmel.
Perianth short, deciduous, with 4 small lobes spreading or recurved, without
scales at the throat. Stamens 4, with slender filaments, inserted at the base
of the perianth. Hypogynous scales 4, alternating with the stamens. Ovary
fleshy, with a minute cavity and 1 (or 2 or 3 when very young) pendulous
ovule. Fruit a berry, with a single erect seed. Embryo small, towards the
summit of a fleshy albumen.—Shrubby climbers. Leaves alternate. Flowers
small, in axillary spikes.
A small tropical Asiatic genus.
I. C. Rheedii, Gmel.; Meisn. in DC. Prod. xiv. 519; Wight, Ie. t.
1861. Young branches and inflorescence minutely pubescent or glabrous.
Leaves almost sessile, ovate-acuminate or broadly lanceolate, 1 \ to 8 in. long,
glabrous, evergreen, and rather thick. Spikes about 1 in. long. Flowers
yellow, sessile, distant. Perianth about \ lines long, with 2 minute bracteoles
at the base.—C. lanceolata, Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 491.
At East Point, in the Happy Valley and at Little Hongkong, Champion; also Wright.
In Ceylon and the Indian Peninsula, and in the Archipelago.
2. t)APHNE, Linn.
Perianth tubular, with a spreading 4-lobed limb, without scales at the
throat. Anthers 8, almost sessile, in 2 rows, near the top of the tube. Hypo-
gynous scales none. Ovary with 1 pendulous ovule. Fruit a berry. Seed
without albumen.—Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers in
terminal or lateral, sessile or rarely pedunculate heads or clusters.
A considerable genus, dispersed over Europe, Asia, and North Africa.
1. D. Championi, Benth., n. sp. A much branched shrub, more or less
silky-hairy. Leaves alternate, oval or oblong, rather acute, about 1 in. long,
on very short petioles, silky-hairy underneath, less so above. Flowers sessile,
usually about 3 together, in axillary or lateral clusters. Perianth densely
silky-pubescent, the tube 3 or 4 lines, the lobes ovate and obtuse, not 1 line
long. Ovary sessile or nearly so, hairy except at the base.—D. Fortunei,
Beuth. in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 196; not of Lindley.
Hongkong, Champion, Hanee; in a ravine among rocks at the back of Headquarter
House, Wilford. Champion's specimens were too young to ascertain the shape of the flower,


Daphne.] THYMELE.S. 297
but the fine specimens we have now received from Wilford show that it differs considerably
from the north Chinese JD. Qenkwa, Sieb. and Zucc., or D. Forlunei, Lindl., especially in the
lobes of the perianth, which are very small, and apparently of a pure white.
3. WIKSTR(EMIA, Endl.
Perianth tubular, with a spreading 4-lobed limb, without scales at the
throat. Anthers 8, sessile in 2 rows near the top of the tube. Hypogynous
scales 4, or 2. Ovary with 1 pendulous ovule. Fruit a berry. Seed without
albumen.—Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite or rarely alternate. Flowers
in short terminal or axillary racemes or spikes.
A small tropical Asiatic or Australian genus.
Leaves obovatc or oblong, mostly obtuse. Spikes sessile or nearly so . 1. W. viridiflora.
Leaves ovate or oblong, acuminate. Spikes pedunculate, nodding , . 2. W. nutans.
1. W. viridiflora, Meisn. in DC. Prod, xiv 546. A glabrous much
branched shrub. Leaves nearly sessile, from obovate and very obtuse to
oblong and almost acute, i to 1$ in. long. Spikes very short, terminal or
nearly so, usually quite glabrous, without bracts. Perianth greenish-yellow,
the tube about 3 lines, the lobes about half that length. Hypogynous scales
4, but usually united in pairs so as to appear 2. Stigma large, on a very
short style. Berry scarlet, ovoid, about 3 lines long. Seed without albu-
men.—W. alpina, var., Benth. in Kew Joura. Bot. v. 195.
Common on the hills, Hinds, Champion, and others. Also on the adjoining continent, in
Chittagong and Singapore.
2. W. nutans, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 195. A glabrous shrub
like the last. Leaves ovate or broadly oblong, 1 to 2 in. long, and always
acuminate. Spikes terminal, rather looser than in W. viridiflora, and always
nodding on a recurved peduncle of about \ in. Flowers and fruit of W. viri-
diflora, but larger, the perianth-tube full 4 lines long.
Hills about the Happy Valley, Champion, in the woods of the valley, Wilford; also
Wright. Not known from elsewhere.
4. AQUILABIA, Lam.
Perianth campanulate, 5-lobed, with 10 scales united in a ring at the
throat. Stamens 10, inserted at the throat within the ring. No hypogynous
disk. Ovary completely or partially 2-celled, with 1 pendulous ovule in each
cell. Stigma sessile. Capsule flat, almost woody, opening loculicidally in
2 flat valves, with the narrow dissepiment in their centre. Seed produced at
the base into a long horn-like appendage.—Trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers
in short terminal racemes.
A small tropical Asiatic genus.
1. A. grandiflora, Benth., n. sp. Young shoots and inflorescence slightly
hoary. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate, 2 to 4 in. long, glabrous,
on very short petioles. Flowers few, on pedicels of \ to near \ in. Perianth-
tube full 2 lines; the lobes rather longer, ovate, spreading. Ovary ovate, very
hairy, not so completely 2-celled as in A. agallochum. Fruit obovate, about
1 in. long, hoary or tomentose, 2-celled. Appendage of the seed twice as
long as the seed itself, dilated upwards, but suddenly contracted close under
the seed.—A. malaccentis, Benth. in Kew Journ. v. 195, but not of Lam.


298
[Aquilaria.
THYMELE.U.
Common in the Happy Valley, Champion; also Wright, and in S. China, Beeves. Be-
sides the much larger flowers and usually broader leaves, this appears to differ from the more
common A. agallochum in the shape of the ovary, in the less woody capsule, and in the form
of the appendage to the seed. I had considered that it might be the A. malaccemit. Lam.;
bnt I have since seen Malacca specimens of what is more probably that plant, and which
appears to be only a broad-leaved variety of A. agallochum.
Order XCII. EL.2EAGNACE.ffi.
Perianth tubular, free but persistent at the base, and contracted above the
ovary, the upper portion deciduous and 2- or 4-lobed. Stamens equal to
and alternate with the perianth-lobes or twice as many, inserted in the tube
or at its base. Anthers 2-ceOed, opening longitudinally. Ovary 1-celled,
with 1 erect ovule. Fruit indehiscent, usually succulent, enclosed in the
persistent base of the perianth. Seed with a very thin or without albumen.
Embryo straight, the radicle inferior.—Trees or shrubs, more or less covered
with scurfy stellate scales. Flowers in axillary clusters or cymes.
A small Order, chiefly Asiatic or European, with a very few American species.
1. -ElsMAGNUS, Linn.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth 4-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens
4, inserted in the tube. Style subulate, recurved, and stigmatic along one
side at the top.
An Asiatic or European genus, with one N. American species.
1. E. Loureiri, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. v. 196. A shrub, without
any of the thorns so common in the genus, the rusty-brown scurfy scales
abundant on the young branches, the under side of the leaves, and especially
on the flowers. Leaves ovate or oval-oblong, obtuse or acute, 1^ to 3 in.
long, glabrous above. Flowers usually 2 or 3 together, in lateral clusters or
short racemes. Lower portion of the perianth enclosing the ovary, ovoid, 1|
to 2 lines long when in flower, 7 or 8 lines long and 4-angled or winged
when in fruit, upper deciduous portion campanulate, 8 or 9 lines long, neither
angular nor constricted under the lobes, which are lanceolate, about 3 lines
long. Fruit slightly succulent; the endocarp very tough and filamentous.
Seed oblong, without albumen.
On Mounts Parker and Gough, Champion; in woods at Little Hongkong, Wilford; also
Wright. Not known out of the island.
Order XCIII. SANTALACE.ffi.
Perianth-tube wholly or partially adnate; the limb with 3 to 5 lobes or
segments, valvate in the bud. Stamens as many as the lobes and opposite to
them, inserted at their base or wit hin the free part of the tube. Anthers 2-
celled, opening longitudinally. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 3 to 5 ovules
suspended from a free erect placenta. Fruit an indehiscent nut or berry, with
a single seed. Albumen fleshy. Embryo straight, with a superior radicle.—
Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, entire,


Santalacea.]
299
SANTALACEJi.
without stipules. Flowers usually small and green, in terminal or lateral
heads, cymes, or spikes.
A considerable Order, widely Bpread over the temperate regions of the globe, with a few
tropical species.
1. HENSLOWIA, Blume.
Flowers unisexual. Perianth-lobes 5 or rarely 6, triangular. Stamens in-
serted near their base. Style short, stigma 3- to 5-lobed. Fruit a drupe.
Albumen deeply lobed.—Shrubs usually parasitical, with the habit of Fucum.
Leaves alternate, 3 to 7-nerved. Flowers small, axillary.
A small tropical Asiatic genus.
1. H. frutescens, C/iamp. in Kew Jonrn. Bot. v. 194. An erect or trail-
ing glabrous shrub, apparently terrestrial, but probably a parasite on under-
ground stems or roots. Leaves obovate, obtuse, 1 \ to 2 in. long, narrowed into
a short petiole. Peduncles axillary, clustered, 1 to 2 lines long. Male flowers
globular, not 1 line long, pedicellate, in little umbels or cymes. Female
flowers on a separate plant, solitary on each pedicel, and ovoid. Drupe ovoid,
about i in. long, crowned by the perianth-segments. Endocarp thin, but hard,
with numerous projecting plates penetrating between the lobes of the seed.
Albumen with numerous obovoid or oblong superposed lobes, radiating from
a narrow continuous axis in the centre of which lies the linear embryo.
Common on the hills, Champion; in the Happy Valley woods, Wilford; also Wright. The
H. heterantha, Hook, fil., from northern India, which I had thought might be the same
species, proves distinct in many points. It is easily known by the small flowers, sessile, in
little heads at the top of the peduncles.
Order XCIV. EUPHORBIACE^.
Flowers always unisexual, either without a perianth in one or both sexes,
or more frequently with a simple calyx-like perianth, or sometimes also with
4 or 5 petals alternating with the calyx-lobes. Stamens various. Ovary
consisting of 3 or sometimes 2 or more than 3 united 1-celled or rarely 2-
celled carpels, each with 1 or 2 pendulous ovules. Styles as many as carpels,
free or more or less united, ei.tire or divided, the stigmatic surface usually
lining their inner face. Fruit either capsular, separating into as many elasti-
cally 2-valved cocci as carpels, leaving a persistent axis, or succulent and in-
dehiscent, the endocarp consisting of as many indehiscent nuts or cocci as
carpels. Seed laterally attached at or above the middle, with or without an
arillus. Embryo straight, with flat cotyledons and a superior radicle, in a
fleshy albumen, or very rarely the cotyledons fleshy, and little or no albumen.
—Trees, shrubs, or herbs, often abounding in acrid milky juice. Leaves alter-
nate or opposite, rarely divided or compound, usually with stipules. In-
florescence very varied. Flowers usually small.
A very large Order, most abundant within the tropics both in the New and the Old World,
gradually diminishing in numbers in more temperate regions, and very few ascending into
alpine or cold climates. •
Tribe 1. Euphorbiese.—Involucre calyx-like, including several male flowers (tingle
stamen*), and 1 central female one (a single pedicellate pistilj, without any perianth,
forming a funcerhead resembling a single flower . 1. Euphorbia.


300
[Euphorbiacea.
EUPHORBIACE^.
Tribe 2. Crotoneae.—Male and female flowers within separate bracts in the same spite,
or in different spikes or plants, mostly with a perianth. Ooary-cells 1-ovulate.
Perianth calyx-like. Petals none.
Stamens 2 to 10, or rarely more.
Stamens 2 or 3. Anthers didymoos. Styles simple. Spikes
catkin-like. 2. Stillinqia.
Stamens abont 10. Anthers vermicular. Male spikes catkin-like.
Females in leafy bracts. Styles finely divided 8. Acalypha.
Stamens 4 to 10. Anthers didymons. Styles plumose. Spikes
panicled 4. Mappa.
Stamens on a central column. Anthers didymous. Stigma
sessile, disk-shaped. Spikes or racemes simple .... 5. Endosfermux.
Stamens 8, in a ring. Styles long, subulate. Flowers racemose 6. Stipellaria.
Stamens indefinite.
Anther-cells distinct, erect from the base. Glands alternating
with the female perianth-lobes. Leaves alternate ... 7. Claoxylon.
Anther-cells distinct, collaterally attached. No glands within
the perianth. Fruit usually echinate.
Filaments simple.
Leaves mostly opposite, or racemes and branches leaf-
opposed 8. Hancea.
Leaves alternate 9. Rottlera.
Filaments branched 10. Ricinus.
Petals within the calyx, at least in the male flower. Styles forked
or dichotomous
Stamens indefinite. Flowers racemose 11. Croton.
Stamens 8 or 10. Flowers corymbose 12. Jatropha.
Tribe 8. Phyllan these.—Male and female flowers separate. Ovary-eeUs 2-ovulale.
Flowers monoecious (or rarely dioecious), in axillary clusters.
Leaves on short petioles.
Leaves alternate, usually distichous. Styles united or approximate
at the base.
Calyx 5-lobed, valvate. Petals 5 13. Briedella.
Perianth-segments 4 to 6, imbricate, in 1 or 2 rows.
Disk entire, or of distinct glands, at least in the males.
Perianth-segments 6, rarely 5. Stamens 3 or 2. Capsule
dehiscent, usually 3-celled 14. Phyllanthus.
Perianth-segments 4 or 5. Stamens usually 5. Fruit
baccate, 2- to 5-celled 15. Cicca.
No prominent disk or gland within the perianth.
Perianth turbinate or campanulate at the base. Lobes 6,
inflected in the males, spreading in the females . . .16. Melanthesa.
Perianth-segments 6. Stamens 3 to 10. Styles short,
thick, and erect 17. Glochidion.
Leaves opposite. Styles distant at the base 18. Buxus.
Flowers dioecious, in panicles, racemes, or spikes.
Flowers all in lateral panicles or racemes. Petioles long.
Leaves compound. Ovary 3-celled 19. Bischoffia.
Leaves simple. Ovary 2-celled. Berry 1-seeded .... 20. Daphniphylluh.
Male flowers in catkins, females in racemes, spikes, or clusters.
Ovary 2-celled. Styles or stigmas 2 21. Aporosa.
Ovary 1-celled. Styles or stigmas 3 or 4 22. Antidesma.
1. EUPHORBIA, Linn.
Flower-heads resembling single flowers. Involucre calyx-like, cup-shaped,
with 4 or 5 minute teeth, alternating with as many horizontal glands, which


Euphorbia]
301
euphobbiacej:.
are sometimes expanded into petal-like appendages. Within are 10 to 15
male flowers, consisting each of a single stamen with an articulated filament,
and a single female flower in the centre, reduced to a stipitate 3-celled ovary
protruding from the involucre, with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Style
3-cleft, the branches (or distinct styles) entire or 2-lobed. Capsule separa-
ting into 3 2-valved cocci.—Herbs or shrubs, abounding in milky juice. Stem-
leaves alternate, without stipules, the flowering-branches, umbellate, dichoto-
mous, with usually opposite leaves; or all the leaves opposite and often stipu-
late ; or succulent leafless shrubs.
A very large genus, dispersed over nearly the whole world.
Succulent shrub, leafless, or with small scattered leaves \. E. Tirucalli.
Herbs. Leaves below the umbel alternate 2. E. helioscofia.
Herbs. Leaves all opposite and minutely stipulate.
Capsules glabrous.
Cymes (small) loosely dichotomous 8. E. kypericifolia.
Flower-heads 2 or 3 together, almost sessile in the upper axils . i. E. sanguinea.
Capsules covered with appressed hairs.
Leaves 1 to 1J in. Flower-heads very numerous, minute, in
very dense pedunculate heads or cymes 6. E. piluli/era.
Leaves 2 to 8 lines. Flower-heads few, in almost sessile cymes . 5. E. thymifolia.
1. E. Tirucalli, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 470. An erect unarmed
succulent shrub or small tree; the branches cylindrical, scattered or clustered,
very divergent; of a bright shining green. Leaves none, or very few and small,
linear-oblong. Flower-heads clustered on very short pedicels in the forks of
some of the smaller branches. Glands of the involucre peltate. Capsule hairy.
Styles 2-lobed.
Common in the island, llance. In hedges, etc., over a great part of India and the Archi-
pelago. It seldom produces flowers, and still more rarely fruits, we possess ueither in the
Kew herbaria, and I only know them from Roxburgh's description and drawing.
2. E. helioscopia, Linn.; Willd. Spec. ii. 914. An erect or ascend-
ing annual, 6 or 8 in. to 1 ft. high, simple or with a few branches ascending
from the base. Stem-leaves alternate, obovate or broadly oblong, narrowed
into a short stalk. Umbel of 5 rays, each ray once or twice forked; the
branches very short. Floral leaves opposite, broadly obovate or orbicular,
minutely toothed. Glands of the involucre entire and rounded. Capsules
glabrous and smooth. Seeds pitted, with raised reticulate veins.—E. Peplut,
Seem. Bot. Her. 409; not of Linn.
Cultivated and waste places, Hance. A common weed in Europe and temperate Asia,
appearing also here and there in northern India.
3. E. hypericifolia, Linn.; Willd. Sp. ii. 895; Hook. Exot. Fl. t. 36.
An ascending or erect annual, 6 in. to 1 or 2 ft. high, glabrous or minutely
hoary. Leaves all opposite, from ovate to narrow-oblong, \ to 1 in. long,
obtuse, serrulate, usually very oblique at the base. Cymes small, loosely dicho-
tomous, terminal or in the upper axils. Involucre about -J- line long; the
glands small and entire, with small orbicular white petal-Uke appendages,
sometimes scarcely perceptible, sometimes twice as broad as the gland. Cap-
sule about 1 line diameter, quite glabrous. Seeds with 4 prominent angles,
and slightly wrinkled between them.
In waste places, Havre and others. A common weed iu tropical countries, especially


302
[Euphorbia.
EUPHORBIACE.E.
America. In tropical Asia it is more commonly replaced by the nearly allied species (or
variety P) E. castioides, Presl, with broader leaves and hairy capsules.
4. E. sanguinea, Steud. and Hochst.; Boies, in Herb. Hook. A dicho-
tomous much-branclied prostrate annual, seldom above 6 in. long, glaucous
and glabrous, or with a few white hairs. Leaves from ovate to oblong, obtuse,
serrate, very oblique, 2 to 4 lines long. Flower-heads smaller than in E. hype-
ricifolia, and 2 or 3 together in almost sessile axillary cymes, as in E. thymi-
folia. Involucral glands without petaloid appendages. Capsule glabrous, and
seeds of E. hypericifolia.
Hongkong, Harland; on the continent of S. China, in the Punjab, and in Affghanistan.
Having long since returned the late Dr. Harland's specimens, I describe it from Shanghai
and Indian ones. It is perhaps a variety of the widely diffused E. Chamtesyce.
5. E. thymifolia, Linn.; JFilld.Sp.ri.S9S. A prostrate slender much
branched annual, seldom above 6 in. long, the stems slightly hairy. Leaves
all opposite, ovate, obtuse, serrulate, and very obliquely truncate at the base,
2 or 3, or very rarely 4 lines long. Flower-heads very small, few together in
compact almost sessile axillary cymes. Glands of the involucre, hairy cap-
sules, and seeds of E. pilulifera. •
Hongkong, Hance, Wright. A common weed in tropical Asia.
6. E. pilulifera, Linn.; Willd. Sp. ii. 897. A decumbent or prostrate
annual, more or less hirsute with spreading hairs, 6 in. to a foot long or more.
Leaves all opposite, from ovate to ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 1 to 1^ in. long,
very oblique and usually narrow at the base. Flower-heads minute and nu-
merous, crowded in head-like cymes, on short axillary peduncles. Involucre
about £ line long, the glands small and entire, without appendages. Capsule
f line diameter, more or less hairy with appressed hairs. Seeds ovoid, ob-
tusely 4-angled, slightly wrinkled.
Common in waste places, Hance, Wilford. A very common weed in tropical and sub-
'tropical countries, both in the New and the Old World.
2. STILLINGIA, Gard.
Flowers monoecious, in catkin-like spikes. Perianth small and calyx-like,
irregularly toothed or lobed. Male flowers pedicellate, in distinct sessile
clusters, occupying the greater part or the whole of the spike, with a small
bract under each cluster. Stamens 2 or 3, free or united at the base. An-
thers globose, didymous. Female flowers few at the base of some of the
spikes, and solitary under each bract. Ovary 3-celled, with 1 ovule in each
cell. Style 3-clcft, with linear or oblong entire lobes.—Trees or shrubs.
Leaves alternate, entire, undivided. Spikes terminal, solitary, or rarely pa-
niculate.
A considerable genus (if made to include Sapium), distributed over the tropical regions of
■ the New and the Old World.
Leaves rhomboidal, sharply acuminate, as broad as long 1. S. teiifera.
Leaves oval-oblong, at lea9t twice as long as broad.
Leaves whitish underneath. Primary veins numerous, almost transverse 2. S. discolor.
Leaves green on both sides. Primary veins few and oblique .... 8. 5. japonica.
1. S. sebifera, A. de Jim.; Mia. Fl. Ned. Ind. iii. 693. A glabrous
tree.. Leaves rhomboid, sharply acuminate, 1 to 2 in. long and broad, green


Stillinffia.]
303
EUPHOKBIACEjE.
on both sides, on slender petioles, with 2 prominent glands at the base of the
limb. Spikes solitary, 2 to 4 in. long, the first all male, the subsequent ones
with 1 to 4 female flowers at the base. Male flowers 6 or more in each clus-
ter, very small and yellow. Female pedicels 1 to 2 lines long. Style divided
to the middle. Capsule glaucous, nearly globular, but rather acute, about ^
in. diameter.
Common as a shrub, though seldom allowed to grow to a tree, Champion and others. A
native of China, and perhaps of the Philippines and the Archipelago, and has been introduced
into India and tropical America.
2. S. discolor, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 1. A glabrous, more or
less glaucous shrub. Leaves oblong or oval-oblong, shortly acuminate, 1^ to
2 in. long, glaucous or white underneath, the primary veins numerous and
almost transverse. Petioles slender, with 1 or 2 small glands at the summit.
Spikes about 2 in. long, dense like those of S. sebifera. Perianth usually 3-
lobed. Style as in S. sebifera. Capsule rather smaller and very obtuse.
Hongkong, Champion, Wright. Also in Malacca.
3. S. japonica, Sieb. and Zu.cc. Fam. Nat. Fl. Jap. i. 37. A glabrous
shrub, with slender branches. Leaves from ovate to oblong, 2 to 4 in. long,
acuminate or the lower ones obtuse, green on both sides, the primary veins
oblique and not numerous. Petioles rather shorter than in the two last, with 2
small glands at the base of the limb, sometimes wanting. Spikes slender,
about 1 in. long, the clusters rather distant. Male flowers as in the two last
species, but few in each cluster and smaller. Style of the females deeply cleft.
Capsule rather smaller, obtuse.
Hongkong, Eyre, Wright, Hance. Also in Japan.
3 ACALYPHA, Linn.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Perianth small and calyx-like. Male
flowers clustered in catkin-like spikes, with a small bract under each cluster.
Perianth 4-lobed. Stamens 8 to 16, the anthers distinct, linear, and wavy or
tortuous. Female flowers 1 to 4 together within a leafy bract. Perianth 3-
cleft. Styles 3, finely branched. Ovary 3-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell.—
Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate. Spikes unisexual or androgynous.
A large genus, widely spread over the warmer regions of the globe
1. A. indica, Linn.; Moxb. Fl. hid. iii. 675; Wight, Ic. t. 877. An
erect annual of 1 to 2 ft., glabrous, or the young leaves and branches slightly
hairy. Leaves ovate, toothed, 1 to 2 in. long, on slender stalks. Spikes
axillary, interrupted, with 1 to 8 distant orbicular leafy bracts, 3 or 4 lines
diameter, each containing 2 to 4 sessile female flowers, and ending in a small
slender male catkin, sometimes not longer than the last bract, sometimes twice
as long, and occasionally terminated by a single pedunculate 4-lobed flower,
often imperfectly female or hermaphrodite. Capsule hairy. Seed smooth.—
A. chinensis, Roxb. I.e. 677.
In waste places, Champion, Wilford. A common weed in tropical and subtropical Asia
and Africa.
4. MAPPA, Juss.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in racemes or panicles. Perianth small


304
[Mappa.
BUPHORBIACEiE.
and calyx-like, usually 2- or 3-lobed. Male flowers clustered. Stamens 3 to
10. Anthers globular, almost 4-lobed. Female flowers soUtary, within small
or leafy bracts. Ovary 2-celled (or rarely 3-celled), with 1 ovule in each cell.
Styles distinct, laciniate or plumose along the inner side. Capsule often bear-
ing soft prickles or subulate processes. Cocci 2-valved.—Trees. Leaves
alternate, usually peltate. Panicles or racemes axillary or lateral.
A tropical genus, limited to the Old World.
1. M. Tanaria, Spreng.; Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. i. pars ii. 401. A dioe-
cious tree, more or less glaucous. Leaves rather deeply peltate, broadly ovate,
with a long acumen, 6 in. to 1 ft. long, entire, angular or irregularly toothed,
minutely glandular-dotted and often glaucous, but not softly pubescent, as in
M. tomenlosa. Male panicles much branched, the peduncle minutely tomen-
tose. Bracts ovate, concave, 3 or 4 lines long, acuminate and toothed, em-
bracing the flowers. Female panicles less branched. Capsules about £ in.
broad, with a few long soft processes, sessile in a bract like those of the males
but larger.—M. glabra, A. Juss. in Dene. Herb. Tim. Descr. 139.
Hongkong, Hanee, Wright. In the Indian Archipelago, and northward to Loochoo.
5. ENDOSPERMTJM, Benth.
Flowers dioecious, in spikes or racemes. Perianth small and calyx-like,
toothed. Male flowers: Stamens 6 to 10, inserted along a central elongated
column. Anthers globular, 4-valved. Female flowers: Ovary 2-celled, very
rarely 3-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Style reduced to a sessile disk-
shaped stigma (or deciduous, having a disk-shaped persistent base?). Fruit
unarmed, with a slightly succulent epicarp, the endocarp of two indehiscent
cocci.—Trees or shrubs, more or less scaly-tomentose. Leaves alternate,
broad, entire. Spikes axillary.
A small genns, limited to eastern tropical Asia. The characters of the male flower are
taken solely from a Borneo species.
1. E. chinense, Benth. in Journ.Soc. Linn. Lond.ined. A tree. Young
branches thick, covered as well as the petioles and racemes with a minute
scaly tomentum. Stipules 1 line long. Leaves on long stout petioles, broadly
ovate, obtuse, 4 to 5 in. long, truncate at the base, nearly glabrous above,
hoary or almost silvery underneath, with 2 large convex glands at the base,
and here and there a similar one in the axils of the smaller veins. Fruiting
racemes not 2 in. long. Pedicels short or scarcely any. Fruits tomentose,
near £ in. diameter. The male plant is as yet unknown.
Hongkong, Champion, Sauce. Not known out of the island.
6. STIPELLABIA, Benth.
(Blockerin, Miq.)
Flowers dioecious, in racemes or spikes. Perianth calyx-like, without petals.
Male flowers: Calyx of 2 to 4 segments, valvate in the bud. Stamens 8, or
rarely fewer, the filaments united in a ring at the base. Anthers versatile, with
contiguous cells. Female flowers: Calyx of 5 to 8 narrow sepals. Ovary 3-
or 4-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Styles free almost to the base, linear-
subulate, not plumose. Capsule globular, dividing into 2-valved cocci.—


Slipellaria.]
305
EUPHORBIACEiti.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, broad. Eacemes terminal or from the old
nodes.
A small genus, confined to tropical Asia.
1. S. trewioides, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 3. A shrub or tree,
the young branches pubescent. Leaves broadly cordate, long-acuminate, irre-
gularly serrate, 4 to 6 in. long, glabrous when old, except on the veins, and
often turning red. Male racemes about 3 in. long, the flowers 4 to 8 toge-
ther in distant clusters. Sepals about 1 line long, concave. Female racemes
longer and stouter. Flowers solitary in the axil of a small bract. Sepals
5 or 6, lanceolate-subulate, \ to 2 fines long. Styles \ in. long. Capsule
hoary.
Common iu low grounds, Champion and others. Not known out of the island.
7. CLAOXYLON, A. Juss.
Flowers dioecious or rarely monoecious, in spikes or racemes. Perianth
calyx-like, without petals. Male flowers: Calyx of 3 or 4 segments, valvate
in the bud. Stamens indefinite. Anther-cells distinct, erect. Female flowers:
Calyx 3-lobed, with glands alternating with its lobes. Ovary 2- or 3-celled,
with 1 ovule in each cell. Styles free to the base, reflexed, plumose inside.
Capsule not muricate, divided into 2-valved cocci.—Trees or shrubs, glabrous
or tomentose. Leaves alternate, undivided. Spikes or racemes axillary,
loose.
A considerable genus, spread over the tropical regions of the Old World.
1. C. parviflorum, A. Jms. in Spreng. Syst. ill. 906; Hook, and Am.
Bot. Beech. 212. A shrub, softly tomentose in the young parts. Leaves
stalked, from broadly ovate-cordate to oval-oblong, with a cuneate base, 6 to
8 in. long, obtuse or acute, usually irregularly toothed, nearly glabrous and
green when full-grown. Spikes tomentose, the males slender, 4 in. to 1 ft.
long, the flowers small, several together in distant clusters. Female spikes 2
to 3 in. Capsules 3 lines diameter, softly tomentose, often reddish.—C. indi-
cum, Endl.; Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. i. pars ii. 385. C. apicifiorus, A. Juss. in
Baill. Euph. 493.
Hongkong, Hance, Wright; in woods at Little Hongkong, Wilford. Widely diffused
over eastern India, the Archipelago, and the Pacific isles.
8. HANCEA, Seem.
(Axcnfcldia, Baill. Echiuocroton, F. Muell.)
Flowers monoecious, in spikes or racemes. Perianth calyx-like, without
petals or glands. Male flowers: Calvx of 3 or 4 segments, valvate in the
bud. Stamens indefinite. Anther-cefis distinct, laterally attached above the
middle. F< male flowers: Calyx of 4 to 6 narrow segments. Ovary 3-celled,
with 1 ovule in each cell. Capsule muricate or echinate, dividing into 2-
valved cocci.—Shrubs or trees, glabrous or hairy. Leaves alternate, undi-
vided, all or the upper ones opposite, or opposed to the spikes or branches.
Spikes terminal or leaf-opposed.
A small tropical genus, limited to Asia and Australia. It is closely allied to Knttlera.
X


306 euphorbiacE/E. [Hancea.
Stems hispid with long hairs. Upper leaves opposed to a branch, a
spike, or a hnd 1. H. Hookeriana.
Glabrous or pubescent. Upper leaves opposite, in usually unequal pairs 2. H. muricata.
1. H. Hookeriana, Seem. Bot. Her. 409, t. 96. A shrub. Branches
rather slender, very hispid with stiff spreading hairs. Stipules lanceolate-
subulate, 4 to 6 lines long. Leaves oblong, acuminate, 3 to 5 in. long, ob-
tuse or oblique at the base, entire or remotely toothed, glabrous or nearly so,
the upper ones always opposed to a bud, a raceme, or a branch. Male ra-
cemes 1 to 2 in. long. Flowers about 4 lines diameter, on pedicels of 1 to
1£ lines, with a subulate bract under each. Female flowers usually solitary,
on a peduncle of 1 in. Calyx-segments lanceolate-subulate. Styles 8 or 9
lines long. Capsule £ in. diameter, glabrous, with numerous prickles.
Hongkong, Champion, Hance, Wright; in the ravines of the Happy Valley woods, Wil-
ford. Not known from elsewhere.
2. H. muricata, Benth. A shrub, glabrous or slightly pubescent.
Leaves mostly opposite, but of unequal size, stalked, oblong, acuminate, 3 to 6
in. long, entire or toothed, narrowed below the middle, but obtuse at the very
base. Male racemes 1 to 2 in. long, with small clustered flowers, usually
sprinkled with resinous dots. Female racemes longer, with few distant flowers.
Calyx 6-cleft. Styles much shorter than in the last species. Capsule inuri-
cate with soft and usually recurved points.— Claoxylon muricatum, Wight, Ic.
t. 1886. Axenfeldia intermedia, Baill. Euph. 419 (from the description).
Hongkong, Hance, llarland. Widely spread over India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula
to the Archipelago.
9. EOTTLEBA, Roxb.
Flowers dioecious or rarely monoecious, in terminal racemes or panicles.
Calyx 2- to 5-cleft, valvate in the bud, without petals or glands. Male flowers:
Stamens numerous, filaments free or shortly united at the base; anther-cells
distinct, laterally attached to a more or less enlarged connectivum. Female
flowers: Ovary 3- or 2-cclled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Styles simple, re-
curved, usually shortly plumose along the inner side. Capsule usually tomen-
tose or muricate, dividing into 2-valved cocci.—Trees. Leaves alternate (or
rarely opposite ?), entire, toothed, or lobed, 3- or 5-nerved at the base, usually
with 2 depressed glands at the base on the upper surface.
A considerable tropical Asiatic and African genus.
Leaves broad, very white underneath.
Capsule thickly covered with subulate plumose processes . . . . 1. It. chinensu.
Capsule bearing long stiff subulate processes 2. R. paaieiilaia.
Leaves green or pale underneath.
Leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate. Capsule tomentose, red . . . 3. R. tinctoria.
Leaves cordate-ovate 4. R. cordifolia.
1. R. chinensiB, A.deJuss.; Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. 212. A shrub
or tree. Leaves on rather long stalks, very broadly ovate, acuminate, 3 to 4
in. long, entire or irregularly 3-lobed and toothed, truncate at the base, gla-
brous above, very white with a stellate tomentum underneath, as well as the
branches and inflorescences. Male plant not seen. Female spike terminal,
simple, 4 to 8 or even 10 in. long. Styles short. Capsules very densely


308
[Ricinut.
EUPHORBIACEJE.
more broadly lanceolate serrate lobes. Racemes or panicles 3 to 6 in. long,
sometimes becoming leaf-opposed by the development of a terminal shoot.
Male sepals about 4 lines long. Capsule \ in. long or more.
In waste places, Seemann and others. A native probably of western Asia or Africa, but so
much cultivated and sowing itself so readily that it has become a common weed in many hot
countries. It supplies the castor oil.
11. CROTON, Linn.
Flowers monoecious or rarely dioecious, in racemes or spikes, or rarely pani-
culate. Male flowers: Calyx 5-cleft, valvate in the bud. Petals 5, convolute
in the bud. Glands 5, alternating with the petals. Stamens usually 10 to
20, free. Anthers 2-celled, adnate. Female flowers: Calyx 5-cleft, persistent.
Petals rudimentary or none. Glands 5. Styles 3, 2-cleft or branched.
Ovary 3-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Capsule dividing into 2-valved
cocci.—Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Leaves alternate, entire or divided. Racemes
or spikes terminal, or rarely axillary, usually androgynous.
A large genus, widely distributed over the warmer regions of the globe, both in the New
and the Old World.
Leaves and branches glabrous. Petioles very short 1. C. ffaneri.
Leaves, at least underneath, and branches tomentose or hairy. Petioles
usually 4 to 6 lines.
Bracts entire. Stamens 10 or 12. Styles 2-cleft 2. C. lachnocarpum.
Bracts divided. Stamens above 20. Styles 4-cleft 3. C. chineme.
1. C. Hancei, Benth.,n.sp. A shrub or tree, glabrous, except a minute
scaliness on the young branches and inflorescence. Leaves oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, 3 to 4 in. long or even more, entire or minutely serrate, narrowed
below the middle, but obtuse at the base, and there bearing sometimes 2 mi-
nute stipitate glands; the petiole very short. Spikes terminal, about 1 in.
long. Bracts minute. Pedicels very short. Female flowers single at the
base. Sepals green, about 3 lines long. Glands none. Ovary globular,
hairy. Style shortly columnar, with 3 short bifid lobes. Male flowers rather
crowded, globular, about 2 lines diameter. Petals narrow. Disk small.
Stamens about 16, intermixed with a few hairs.—Croton longifolium, Seem.
Bot. Her. 410; not of Wall.
Hongkong, Hance. Not seen from elsewhere. It is allied to Wallich's n. 8001, from
Silhet, but that has longer leaves decurrent on the petiole, looser racemes, larger female
flowers, a more deeply divided style, the ovary glabrous. It has no connection with C. longi-
folium, Wall., which is a Trigonostemon.
2. C. lachnocarpum, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 5. A shrub, more
or less pubescent with stellate hairs. Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, acute,
and mucronate, or rather obtuse, usually 2 to 3 in. but sometimes twice
as long, serrulate-crenate, with small stipitate glands at the serratures, be-
coming glabrous above when old, on petioles of 3 to 6 lines. Racemes ter-
minal, 3 to 4 in. long. Bracts minute, subulate. Pedicels about 1 line.
Male flowers clustered, about 1 line diameter. Petals oblong. Glands small.
Stamens 10 to 12. Female flowers few at the base of the raceme. Sepals
I to 1 j lines long. Petals minute, subulate. Glands small. Ovary villous.
Styles subulate, bifid.
Common in woods, Champion; also Wrighi und Hanct. Not known from elsewhere.


Crotun.]
30U
EUPHORBIACE.E.
3. C. chinenae, Benth., n. *p. A shrub? Branches, leaves, and in-
florescence rather densely stellate-tomentose. Leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse
or scarcely acute, serrate or nearly entire, 2 to 3 in. long, on stalks of about
\ in., usually wrinkled and becoming nearly glabrous above. Glands stipitate
as in the last, but smaller or fewer. Racemes 1 to 2 in. long. Bracts divided
into subulate lobes, often tipped with a gland. Male flowers small, clustered.
Petals oblong. Glands very minute or none. Stamens above 20, intermixed
with hairs. Female flowers usually several at the base of the raceme. Sepals
about 2 lines long. Petals none. Ovary very hairy. Styles deeply 4-cleft.
Capsule about 3 lines long, very rusty-hairy.
Hongkong, Hance; on slopes of hills at Aberdeen, 'Gilford. Putoy Island, Wright, and
Amor, Hance; bnt not known out of S. China.
12. JATROPHA, Linn.
Flowers monoecious in terminal cymose panicles. Calyx 5-cleft, imbricate
in the bud. Petals 5, free or united, convolute in the bud, or none. Disk
of 5 free or united glands. Male flowers: Stamens 8 or 10, shortly united at
the base; the 3 or 5 inner ones longer. Female flowers: Ovary 3-celled, with
1 ovule in each cell. Styles 2-lobed or dichotomous. Capsule dividing into
2- valved cocci.—Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Leaves alternate, entire or pal-
mately lobed.
A considerable tropical American genus, with a very few species either African or generally
naturalized in tropical Africa and Asia.
1. J. Curcas, Linn.; Boxb. 71. Ind. iii. 686. A shrub or small tree,
glabrous or nearly so, with a milky juice. Leaves on long stalks, very broadly
cordate or peltate, 3 to 5 in. long and broad, angular or obtusely lobed.
Cyme terminal, shorter than the leaves, with numerous small yellow flowers.
Calyx deeply 5-lobed. Petals united at the base. Stamens 10, the 5 inner
united in a column. Capside ovoid, above 1 in. long.
In hedges and near habitations, Hance, Seemann. An American species, naturalized and
now very common in various parts of India.
13. BEIEDELIA, Willd.
Flowers monoecious, in axillary clusters. Calyx 5-lobed, valvate in the bud.
Petals 5, small. Male flowers: Stamens 5, inserted on a central column,
placed on a flat sinuate disk. Female flowers: Ovary 2-celled (very rarely
3- celled ?), half-enclosed in a cupular disk, with 2 ovules in each cell. Styles
shortly bifid. Fruit globular or ovoid, succulent, enclosing 2 (or rarely 1) .in-
dehiscent cocci.—Trees, shrubs, or climbers. Leaves alternate, on very short
petioles, more or less distichous; the primary veins usually prominent and
parallel.
A genus of few species, all tropical Asiatic or African.
1. B. tomentosa, Blume; Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. i. pars ii. 364. A shrub,
with weak slender more or less tomentose branches. Leaves oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, 2 to 3 in. long, nearly glabrous above, glaucous and more or less
pubescent or tomentose underneath. Flowers very small, in globular sessile
clusters, 4 or 5 female, and at least as many males in each axil. Drupes nearly


310 EUPHORBiACEjE. [Brieddia.
globular, about 8 lines long, with 2 hemispherical cocci.—B. Loureiri, Hook,
and Arn. Bot. Beech. 211.
Id hedges, Champion. On the adjacent continent, in Sikkim, Assam, Silhet, the Malayan
Peninsula, and the Archipelago. Hooker and Arnott describe it with a 3-mcrous ovary,
but that must have been an exceptional case.
14. PHYLLANTHUS, Linn.
Flowers monoecious or rarely dioecious, in axillary clusters or solitary.
Perianth-segments 6, or rarely 5 or 4 in the males, imbricate in the bud, in
1 or 2 rows. Disk prominent and entire or lobed, or consisting of small dis-
tinct glands. Male flowers: Stamens 3, rarely 2 or 5, united in a central co-
lumn or free. Female flowers: Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell.
Styles free or united at the base, more or less 2-lobed. Capsule separating
into 2-valved cocci or loculicidally dehiscent.—Herbs, shrubs, or trees.
Leaves alternate, entire, usually small and distichous, giving the smaller
branches the appearance of pinnate leaves, in some American species wholly
wanting. Stipules small, usually persistent. Flowers small.
A large genus, copiously diffused over the tropical aud subtropical regions of both the
New and the Old World.
Herbs, either annual or of short duration.
Disk of male flowers broad, almost petaloid. Capsule ovoid-
globose 1. P. bacciformis.
Disk of male flowers of Bmall glands. Capsule depressed-globose.
Flowers nearly sessile.
Perianth-segments ovate-oblong. Capsule muricate . . 2. P. urinaria.
Perianth-segments broadly obovate. Capsule smooth . . 5. P. maderatpalemis.
Pedicels longer than the perianth. Capsules smooth.
Smaller branches almost filiform. Seeds striate .... 8. P. Niruri.
Smaller branches very flat. Seeds minutely tuberculate . 4. P. anceps.
Trees or shrubs.
Much branched low shrubs. Disk thick, annular, truncate.
Male perianth-segments 6.* Anthers 3. Styles united to the
middle 6. P. cinerascens.
Male perianth-segments 4. Anthers 2. Styles distinct . . 7. P- leptoclados.
Tree. Disk in the males of distinct glands, in the females cup-
shaped S. P. Emblica.
1. P. bacciformis, Linn.; Roxb. FL Ind. iii. 661. A glabrous glau-
cous annual, or a perennial of short duration. Branches diffuse, angular, 6
in. to 1 foot or longer. Leaves oblong, 4 to 6 lines long, somewhat fleshy.
Flowers nearly sessile; the males few, the females solitary. Perianth-seg-
ments broadly ovate, acute. Anthers 3, sessile on the top of the column.
Disk in the males almost petaloid, 6-lobed, lining the base of the calyx, none
in the females. Style spreading, 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid, globose, full 2
lines long, smooth.—Ayyneia bacciformis, A. de Juss.; "Wight, let. 1893.
Rocks on the seacoast, Jlauce. Common in pastures near the sea in the greater part of
India. The so-called arillus appears to be only a portion of, the endocarp which separates
readily from the rest and often falls off with the seed.
2. P. urinaria, Linn.; Roxb. FL Ind. iii. 660. A glabrous annual, of
6 in. to 1 ft., erect or decumbent at the base, the stems slightly compressed.
Leaves distichous, oblong, very obtuse, about \ in. long. Flowers minute.


Phyllanlhus.]
Sll
euphorbiace.i:.
almost sessile; the females solitary, the males 2 or 3 together. Perianth-
segments 6, ovate in the males, narrow in the females. Disk of 6 distinct
glands. Anthers 3, on a central column. Capsule depressed-globose, about
1 line diameter, muricate or tuberculate. Seeds angular, transversely wrin-
kled.—P. cantoniensis, Hornem.; Kl. PI. Meyen. 420. P. leprocarpus, Wight,
Ic. t. 1895, iv. P. lepidocarpus, Sieb. and Zucc. Fam. Nat. Fl. Jap. i. 35. .
In sunny places, Ranee. In various parts of India, but much less common than P. Niruri;
in Loochoo and Japan.
3. P. IMiruri, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 659; Wight, Ic. t. 1894. Habit
and foliage of P. urinaria, but usually taller and more branched. Leaves
seldom above 4 lines long. Pedicels J to 1 line long. Capsules quite smooth.
Seeds marked (under the microscope) with longitudinal stria?, without trans-
verse wrinkles.
Hongkong, Harland. A very common weed in tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa
and some parts of tropical America. I have not now the Hongkong specimens before me,
but describe it from Indian and Philippine Island ones.
4. P. anceps, Willd. Spec. iv. 514. An annual, or perennial of short du-
ration, decumbent and much-branched, 6 in. to 1 ft. long, glabrous and glau-
cous; the branches all very flat, though slender, with acute angles. Leaves
from oblong and 2 to 4 lines long to linear-oblong or lanceolate and near 1 in.
long, obtuse or acute. Female pedicels 1 to 3 lines long, the males shorter.
Perianth-segments small, oblong. Glands distinct. Stamens 3, distinct or
slightly united. Capsule smooth or glandular. Seeds elegantly and regu-
larly marked with microscopical tubercles.—P. simplex, Willd.?; Roxb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 654. P. ussuriensis, Euppr.; Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. 241.
Near the Happy Valley, Wilford; also Wright. Dispersed over India, from Ceylon and the
Peninsula to the Archipelago and Pacific Islands, and northward to China and Mantchuria.
5. P. maderaspatensis, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 654; Wight, Ic. t.
1895, iii. A glaucous rigid annual, often outliving a second year and then
appearing woody, 1 to 4 ft. high; the slender branches more or less flattened.
Leaves obovate or cuneate-oblong, 3 or 4 lines to 1 in. long. Flowers nearly
sessile; the females solitary, the males 2 or 3 together. Perianth-segments
broadly obovate. Glands distinct. Anthers 3, nearly sessile on an almost
globular column. Capsule quite smooth. Seeds very minutely tuberculate
or almost smooth.
Hongkong, Champion. In Ceylon and the Indian Peninsula. Some specimens of this
Species have got mixed, in Wall. Cat. n. 7906 b., with those of P. obcordatits, Roxb., a very
different species.
6. P. cinerascens, Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. 211; Seem. Bot. Her.
t. 97 (not Wall. Cat, 7915, which is Melanthesa rhamnoides, Blitme). A
glabrous, much branched, prostrate or divaricate shrub, apparently dioecious.
Leaves obovate or oblong, very obtuse, 3 to 5 lines long, almost coriaceous.
Stipules ciliate. Flowers 1 to 3 together. Female pedicels 2 to 3 lines
long, male ones shorter. Perianth-segments broadly ovate, very obtuse, 1 line
in the females, smaller in the males. Anthers 3, oblong, diverging from a
thick central column. Disk in the females thick, annular, truncate. Styles
united to the middle, each with 2 recurved lobes. Capsule above 2 lines dia-
meter. Seeds minutely tuberculate.


312
[Pkyllanlhus.
EUPHORBIACEjE.
Hongkong, Champion, Bance. In ravines of Mount Gough, Wilford; also on the ad-
jacent continent, but not known out of S. China.
7. P. (Keidia) leptoclados, Benth., n. sp. A slender divaricate or pros-
trate glabrous shrub, the smaller branches almost filiform. Leaves obliquely
ovate or oblong, 8 to 6 lines long, mostly raucronate, glaucous underneath.
Pedicels filiform; the females solitary, full \ in. long, the males 2 or 3 toge-
ther and shorter. Male flowers: Perianth-segments 4, acuminate and denti-
culate. Glands 4, broad and truncate. Anthers 2, on the top of a short
central column. Female flowers: Perianth-segments 6. Disk annular, trun-
cate, entire or lobed. Styles spreading, divided into 2 slender lobes. Cap-
sule depressed-globular, 2 lines diameter. Seeds minutely tuberculate.
Hongkong, Wright. Near Amoy, Manet.
8. P. Emblica, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 871. A tree, either wholly
glabrous or the smaller branches pubescent. Leaves linear-oblong, obtuse,
about \ in. long, remarkably distichous. Male flowers very numerous, on
pedicels of about 1 line. Perianth-segments 6, less than 1 line long. Glands
very small. Anthers 3 to 5, oblong, erect on a short column. Female
flowers mixed singly with the males in the upper axils. Perianth the same.
Ovary half-immersed in an annular disk. Style with 3 thick recurved 2-
lobed branches.—Emblica officinalis, Gwrtn.; Wight, Ic. t. 1896. Bichelac-
tina nodicaulis, Hance in Walp. Ann. iii. 376.
Hongkong, Champion, Hance, and others ; but perhaps only where planted. Frequent in
India, but there chiefly in gardens.
IB. CICCA.Linn.
Flowers monoecious, in axillary clusters or solitary. Perianth-segments 4
or 5, imbricate in the bud. Disk of small distinct glands. Male flowers:
Stamens 4 or 5, distinct. Female flowers: Ovary 2- to 5-celled, with 2
ovules in each cell. Styles bifid and spreading or short and erect. Fruit
a drupe or berry.—Trees or shrubs, with the foliage and inflorescence of Phyl-
lanthus. In some species the lateral short flowering branches are leafless and
assume the appearance of racemes.
A small tropical genus, common to the New and the Old World.
I. C. microcarpa, Benth., n. sp. A glabrous shrub P with slender
branches. Leaves obliquely ovate, entire, distichous, glaucous underneath,
about 2 in. long on the larger branches, scarcely 1 in. on the principal flower-
ing ones, and sometimes wanting on the smaller ones. Flowers usually 1
female and several male in the same axil, on pedicels of 1 to 2 lines, 5-merous
or rarely 4-merous, the males very minute. Stamens 5 or 4, with short free
filaments. Ovary 5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Styles very short and
erect, as in some Glochidions. Fruit globular, depressed, 1£ lines diameter,
apparently indehiscent, with a thin succulent epicarp.—Melanthesa, sp., Seem.
Bot. Her! 410.
Hongkong, Secmana. In a ravine on the south side of the island, Wilford. Not known
from elsewhere.
16. MELANTHESA, Blume.
Flowers monoecious, in axillary clusters or solitary. Perianth cainpanu-


Melantkesa.]
813
EUPHORBIACEJE.
late or urceolate at the base, with 6 teeth or lobes, connivent over the stamens
in the males, spreading and persistent in the females. Disk none. Stamens 3.
Anthers sessile at the top of the central column. Ovules 3-celled, with 2
ovules in each. Styles bifid. Fruit succulent, indehiscent.—Shrubs or herbs,
with the distichous leaves and habit of Phyllanthus, but almost always turn-
ing black in drying.
A small genus, spread over tropical Asia and Australia.
1. M. chinensis, Blume, Bijdr. 592. A glabrous somewhat glaucous
shrub. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or almost acute, 1 to \ in.
long, coriaceous when old. Flowers 2 to 4 in each axil. Males in the lower
clusters, on slender pedicels of 1 to 1 \ lines: Perianth 1 line long. Female
flowers in all the other clusters: Perianth turbinate at the base, the border
expanding to a diameter of 2 lines when in flower, twice that in fruit. Drupe
about 3 lines diameter, enclosing six 1-seeded cocci.—Melantkesa cernua,
Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 491; not of Dene. Pkyllanthus lucent, Poir.;
Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. 210. P. turbinate, Bot. Mag. t. 1862; not of
Keen. P. Simsiana, Wall. Cat. n. 7920.
In woods, Champion and others. On the adjacent continent, in Siam, and perhaps in
Java.
17. GLOCHIDION, Forst.
Flowers monoecious, in axillary clusters. Perianth-segments 6, free or shortly
united, imbricate in the bud. Glands none. Male flowers: Stamens 3 to 5
or rarely more. Anthers oblong, sessile on a central column, tipped by their
projecting connectivum. Females: Ovary 3-to 10-celled, with 2 ovules in
each cell. Styles short, erect and connivent in an oblong or globular mass or
in a short ring, or rarely spreading. Capsule globular or depressed, loculici-
dally dehiscent or separating into 2-valved cocci.—Shrubs. Leaves entire,
usually distichous on short petioles, but larger and coarser than in most
Phyllanthi.
A considerable genus, extending over tropical Asia and Australia.
Anthers 3. Leaves usually under 3 in. or thin.
Branches and leaves quite glabrous.
Leaves \ in. long. Ovary 3-celled 1.0. Wrightii.
Leaves about 3 in. Ovary 5-celled 2. G. philippineme.
Branches and leaves pubescent or hirsute.
Pubescent. Leaves oblong, glabrous above 8. 0. nnicum.
Hirsute. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pubescent above . 4. 0. mocarpvm.
Anthers 5 or more. Leaves coriaceous, mostly above 3 in.
Branches and leaves softly pubescent 6. G. molle.
Branches and leaves quite glabrous.
Capsule 4 lines diameter. Leaves 3 or 4 in 6. 67. littorale.
Capsule 6 lines diameter. Leaves 5 or 6 in 7- G. macrophyllum.
1. G. Wrightii, Benth., n. sp. A perfectly glabrous glaucous shrub,
with slender branches. Leaves oblong, shortly acuminate, about 1£ in. long,
very oblique at the base, on petioles of near 2 lines. Male flowers in small
clusters, on pedicels of 1 to 1£ lines. Perianth-segments less than 1 line.
Stamens 3. Female flowers 2 or 3 together, almost sessile. Perianth-seg-
ments $ line long in flower, \ line in fruit, the 3 inner smaller. Ovary 3-


814
[Glochidion.
EUPHOEBIACEX.
celled. Styles erect, oblong and connivent. Capsules scarcely 3 lines dia-
meter, very depressed in the centre.
Hongkong, Wright. Seen in no other collection. It resembles at first sight Fortnne's
n. 129, from continental China, but that has broader and more obtuse leaves, 5-merous
ovaries, with a much longer style, etc.
2. G. philippinense, Benth. Branches and leaves quite glabrous or
rarelv slightly pubescent when young. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong,
acuminate, 3 or 4 in. long, oblique at the base, on petioles of 2 or 3 lines.
Male flowers nearly of G. Wrightii. Female flowers on pedicels of 1 to 2 lines.
Ovary pubescent, 5-celled. Styles thick, connivent in a short almost globular
mass. Capsule about 4 lines diameter, pubescent, very much depressed in
the centre.—Bradleia pkilippica, Cav. Ic. iv. 48, t. 371.
Hongkong, Wright. In the Philippine Islands (Cuming, n. 459).
3. G. sinicum, Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. 210. An erect much-
branched shrub, densely but shortly pubescent. Leaves oblong, obtuse or
acute, 1-^ or rarely 2 in. long, glaucous and glabrous above except on tbe
midrib, pubescent underneath. Male flowers usually numerous, on pedicels
of 2 to 4 lines. Perianth-segments full 1 line long, narrow, erect at the base
and then spreading. Anthers 3. Female flowers clustered, the pedicels \
line long. Perianth small. Ovary tomentose, usually 5-celled. Styles form-
ing a short thick annular disk. Capsule pubescent, 4 or 5 lines diameter.—
Bradleia sinica, "VVilld. Spec. iv. 591.
Hongkong, Hance, Wright. Also in the adjacent continent and neighbouring islands,
but not known out of S. China.
4. G. eriocarptun, Champ, in Ketc Journ. Bot. vi. 6. A shrub, the
branches densely hirsute with short spreading often reddish hairs. Leaves
ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong-acuminate, 1£ to 2 or rarely 3 in. long,
wrinkled and hirsute on both sides. Male flowers as in G. sinicum. Female
flowers sessile and mostly solitary. Perianth small. Ovary usually 5-celled.
Styles shortly oblong, erect and connivent. Capsule very depressed in the
centre, hirsute.
In the Happy Valley woods, Champion. Common in ravines, Wilford; also Wright.
Not known out of the island.
5. G. molle, Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. 210. Branches softly pubes-
cent or hirsute. Leaves ovate, obtuse, or obtusely acuminate, usually above
3 in. long, coriaceous and pubescent on both sides or at length glabrous
above. Flower-clusters or cymes often shortly pedunculate. Males many-
flowered. Pedicels 3 to 5 lines long. Perianth 2 lines. Anthers 5 to 8.
Female flowers few, on thick pedicels of 1 line. Perianth-segments ovate,
hairy, above 1 line long. Ovary usually 5-celled. Style a short thick annu-
lar disk. Capsule pubescent, slightly depressed, about 4 lines diameter.
In a ravine at the foot of Mount Gough, Wilford; also Hance and Wright. On the ad-
jacent continent, but not known out of S. China.
6. G. littorale, Blume; Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. i. part ii. 377. In the size
and shape of the leaves, and in the structure of the flower and fruit, this re-
sembles the G. molle so closely that Dr. Hance believes it to be only a variety
of that species. It is however perfectly glabrous in every part; the male pe-


Glochidion.]
315
EUPHORBIACEjE.
rianth-segments appear to be broader, the female ones much shorter, and the
style much more prominent. Capsule 4 lines diameter, usually 5- or 6-celled.
Hongkong, Hance, Wright. In a ravine at the foot of Victoria Peak, Wilford. Also in
Java.
7. G. macropbylltim, Benth. in Load. Journ. Bot. i. 491. Near G.
lavigatum, but the capsules are fidl 6 lines diameter, 7- or 8-celled, with pro-
minent angles, scarcely depressed on the top, and slightly pubescent. Branches
stout, glabrous. Leaves oval-oblong, obtuse, 5 or 6 in. long, coriaceous and
quite glabrous. Fruiting-clusters quite sessile. Flowers not seen.
Hongkong, Hindi. I have seen no other specimen, and the species must therefore remain
at present doubtful. Some specimens from Assam have similar large fruits, but with differ-
Flowers monoecious, in axillary clusters. Perianth calyx-like, of 4 small
segments, imbricate in the bud. Male flowers: Stamens 4, opposite the seg-
ments, filaments free, anthers adnate. Female flowers: Ovary 3-celled, with
2 ovules in each cell. Styles 3, distant at the base, undivided, but splitting
with the capsule. Capsule coriaceous, loculicidally 3-valved, each valve bear-
ing the dissepiment in the centre, and crowned by 2 horns, being the halves
of 2 of the styles.—Evergreen shrubs or trees, with opposite entire coriaceous
leaves.
A small genus, ranging over the temperate or subtropical regions of the northern hemi-
sphere, but confined to the Old World, unless the W. Indian Triceras be admitted as congeners.
1. B. sempervirens, Linn.; Baill. Bux. 59. A glabrous much-branched
shrub or small tree. Leaves in the Hongkong variety narrow-oblong, obtuse
or emarginate, and nearly 1 in. long, in other Chinese specimens obovate or
ovate. Flowers small, sessile, usually several males and 1 female in each axil;
the small bracts and perianth-segments broadly ovate. Stamens much longer.
Capsule ovoid, 3 or 4 lines long, 3-horned till ripe, then 6-horued by the split-
ting of the valves. Seed shining black.—B. chinensis, Link; Baill. 1. c. 66
(from the diagnosis).
Near Taitamtuk, Hance and Harland. In Putoy island, Wright. Ranges over southern
Europe and western Asia, and again in China and Japan, and if, as believed by Hooker and
Thomson, the B. longifolia, Boiss., and 2?. Wallichiana, Baill., arc forms of the same species
it is also abundant in northern India.
Flowers dioecious, in axillary panicles. Perianth small, calyx-like; segments
5, valvate in the bud. Male flowers: Perianth-segments very concave, enclosing
the stamens at first, afterwards reflexed. Stamens 5, opposite the segments,
inserted round a raised central disk, filaments very short. Female flowers:
Perianth-segments lanceolate. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell.
Styles linear, entire. Fruit a globular drupe, enclosing 3 indehiscent cocci.—
Leaves alternate, compound.
The genus is limited to a single species.

18. BTXXTJS, Linn.
19. BISCHOFFIA, Blume.
(Stylodiscus, Benn. Microelus, Am.)


EUPHOKBIACKJE.
[Bischqffia.
I. B. javanica, Blume; Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. i. part ii. 863. A large gla-
brous tree. Leaflets 3 (or rarely 5), petiolulate, from broadly ovate to oval
oblong, coarsely crenate-serrate, 3 to 5 in. long, coriaceous when old, on a
common petiole of 3 or 4 in. Male flowers crowded in broad panicles, much-
branched, but shorter than the leaves. Female panicles looser and less branched,
sometimes reduced to simple racemes.—B. trifoliata, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 844,
with the synonyms adduced (Br. and Benn. PI. Jav. Rar. t. 29; Dene, in
Jacqemon. Voy. t. 154).
Hongkong, Harland, Wright; in a wood at Little Hongkong, Wilford. In the hilly dis-
tricts of India, from the Peninsula to Nepal, Burmah, and the Archipelago, aud northward to
the Philippines, S. China, and Loochoo.
20. DAPHNIPHYLLTTM, Blume.
(Goughia, Wight)
Flowers dioecious, in axillary or lateral racemes. Perianth calyx-like, small,
of 3 to 8 segments. Male flowers: Stamens 5 to 12. Anthers ovate, thick,
on very short filaments radiating from a central disk. Female flowers: Ovary
ovoid, incompletely 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Styles united at the
base, shortly recurved, undivided. Berry ovoid, indehiscent. Seed solitary.
Embryo minute, in a thick fleshy albumen.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves alter-
nate, on long petioles, entire, coriaceous.
A small tropical or subtropical Asiatic, chiefly eastern, genus.
Perianth not \ line long. Racemes axillary.
Styles spreading 1. D. Roxburgkii.
• Perianth 1 line long. Racemes mostly lateral.
Styles erect 2. B. calycinum.
1. D. Roxburgh!!, Baill. Euph. 565. A large glabrous tree. Speci-
mens turuing black in drying. Leaves oblong, obtuse, aciitP^or shortly acu-
minate, 3 or scarcely 4 in. long, very coriaceous, on petioles of I\jn. or rather
more. Racemes usually all axillary, scarcely longer than the petioles'sJ'erianth
minute, not exceeding the filaments in the males, and not half so long^fl3 the
ovary in the females. Styles short, spreading. Drupe ovoid-oblong, full%in-
long.— Goughia Nilgherrensis, Wight, Ic. t. 1879.
Hongkong, Champion, Wright. In Ceylon, the Nilghcrrics, Loochoo, Corea, and Japan.
2. D. calycinum, Benth., n. sp. A shrub. Leaves longer than in the last,
usually 4 to 6 in., not so coriaceous, and seldom turning black. Racemes axil-
lary in the very young state, but before they flower their leaves appear always
to have fallen, leaving them below the leafy part of the branch. Bracts 1
to 2 lines long, but very deciduous. Perianth-segments nearly 1 line long in
the males, and as long as the ovary in the females. Styles very short, thick,
erect, and truncate. Drupe ovoid, 4 or 5 lines long.
Hongkong, Champion, Hance, Seemann; in woods, at Little Hongkong, Wilford. Also
near Canton, Reeves.
21. APOROSA, Blume.
(Scepa, Lindl. Lepidostachys, Wall.)
Flowers dioecious, the males in catkins, the females in axillary clusters or
short spikes. Perianth small, calyx-like, of 4 segments. Male flowers clustered


Aporoaa.]
817
EUPH0RB1ACEJ2.
under small bracts. Stamens 2 to 5; filaments free; anther-cells distinct,
globular. Female flowers: Ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Styles
very shortly united, short, recurved, retuse, or 2-lobed. Drupes 2-celled, or
more frequently 1-celled and 1-seeded by abortion. Cotyledons broad.—
Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, coriaceous; petioles usually
short.
A small tropical Asiatic genus.
Female spikes very short, clustered, without anthers 1. A.frutescem.
Female spikes cylindrical, } in. long. Ovary surrounded by sterile
anthers 2. A. leptoitachya.
1. A. frutescens, Blume, Bijdr. 514. A shrub or tree, either wholly
glabrous or the branches and young parts pubescent. Leaves oblong or ovate-
oblong, shortly acuminate, 3 to 5 in. long, entire or with a few broad teeth.
Stipules very deciduous, 2 to 3 lines long. Male catkins solitary, or 2 to 4
together in the axils of the leaves, sessile or shortly pedunculate, \ to 1 in.
long. Bracts broad, ciliate. Stamens 2 or 3. Female spikes very short,
usually 2 or 3 together and quite sessile. Ovary quite glabrous or very hairy.
Drupe ovoid, 4 or 5 lines long.—Scepa chinenais, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi.
72, and probably several other supposed species of Scepa.
Common in the island, Champion and others. Widely distributed over a great part of
India and the Archipelago.
2. A. leptostachya, Benth., n. sp. A shrub, the young parts rusty-
pubescent. Leaves as in the last species, oblong, scarcely acuminate, entire or
with a few callous teeth, 2 in. long (or perhaps more). Stipules obliquely
ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 3 lines long. Male catkins 1 in. long; the flowers
densely clustered. Stamens 2 to 4. Female spikes cylindrical, nearly as
long as the males. Flowers clustered. Perianth-segments 4 to 6. Ovary
contracted at the base and usually surrounded by 3 or 4 sessile apparently
sterile anthers. Styles (or style-branches) short, recurved, retuse, but not
2-lobed.—Ainu*, sp. ?, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 115.
Hongkong, Champion. Not seen in any other collection, but a second fragment among
Champion's plants, with a female spike, has enabled me to ascertain that it belongs to Apo-
rosa, although still insufficient to say whether it be really distinct or an abnormal state of
A.fruteicens.
22. ANTIDESMA, Linn.
Flowers dioecious, the males in catkins; the females in racemes or spikes.
Perianth small and calyx-like, of 3 to 5 segments or lobes. Male flowers:
Stamens 2 to 5, filaments free. Female flowers: Ovary 1-celled, with 2 pen-
dulous ovules. Styles 3 or 4, very short and divergent, united at the base.
Fruit a drupe, usually somewhat flattened and oblique.—Trees or shrubs.
Leaves alternate, entire.
A considerable genus, spread over the tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World.
Leaves glabrous, oblong or ovate-lanceolate. Female flowers pedun-
culate.
Leaves 4 or 5 in. long. Male catkins long and slender . . . . 1. A. Buniut.
Leaves 1 to 3 in. long. Male catkins not 1 in 2. A.japonicum.
Leaves pubescent, obovate or orbicular. Female flowers sessile . . 3. A. panicvlaium.


EOPHOUBIACE*.
[Antidesma.
1. A. Bunius, Spreng.; Tul. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 3, xv. 186;
Wight, Ic. t. 819. A tree, usually quite glabrous, Leaves oblong, obtuse, acute,
or shortly acuminate, 4 to 5 in. long, or sometimes more, somewhat coria-
ceous and shining, on petioles of 3 or 4 lines. Male spikes slender, interrupted,
4 to 6 in. long. Stamens usually 3 or 4. Female raceme much shorter.
Flowers nearly sessile. Fruits about 3 lines long, on pedicels of 1 to 1^ lines.
Hongkong, Champion. In the Philippines and the Indian Archipelago.
2. A. japonicum, Sieb. and Zucc. Fam. Nat. Fl. Jap. ii. 88. A shrub or
small tree, glabrous, or the young parts very slightly pubescent. Leaves usually
ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acuminate, sinuate, lj to 2 in. long, but some-
times short and ovate, or linear or narrow-oblong, and 3 in. long, rather thin,
but shining, narrowed into a short petiole. Male spikes seldom 1 in. long,
several together in the upper axils, or in a short terminal panicle. Stamens 3.
Female racemes slender, solitary, about 1 in. long. Drupes small, on pedi-
cels of about 1 line.
In the Happy Valley, Champion; in low grounds, Wilford; also Hance and Wright. In
Japan.
2. A. paniculatom, Roxb., Tul. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 3, xv. 288;
Wight, Ic. t. 820. A shrub or small tree, the young branches, leaves, and
inflorescence softly pubescent or tomentose. Leaves obovate, broadly elliptical
or nearly orbicidar, very obtuse, 1J to 2^ or rarely 3 in. long. Male spikes
dense, 1 to 2 in long, females seldom 1 in., both in short terminal panicles and
very tomentose. Stamens usually 5. Female flowers sessile. Ovaries very
villous or glabrous. Drupes small, on short pedicels.
Near West Point, Champion. Widely diffused over the hilly districts of India, from Ceylon
and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, aud northward to the Philippines and S. China.
Oeder XCV. JUGLANDEiE.
Flowers unisexual. Mide flowers in spikes or catkins. Perianth irregularly
2- to 6-cleft, adnate to entire or divided scale-like bracts. Stamens indefinite,
sometimes very few. Female flowers solitary or in clusters or spikes. Perianth
with a small superior 3- to 5-lobed border. Ovary inferior, 1-celled (or 2- or
4-celled at the base), with 1 orthotropous ovule erect from the base of the cell,
or from the summit of the axis of the partial cells. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe,
with a hard endocarp. Albumen none.—Trees. Leaves pmnate.
A small Order, dispersed over the northern hemisphere, intermediate between Terebin-
thacea and Jmentacete, and referred by some, as a suborder, to the one or to the other.
1. ENGELHABDTIA, Lesch.
Flowers monoecious, in unisexual or androgynous spikes. Male flowers:
Perianth unequally 3- or 4-cleft, on a 3-lobed bract. Stamens 5 to 13. Fe-
male flowers adhering to the base of a large 3- or 5-lobed bract. Perianth
superior, of 4 or 5 teeth. Styles 2 to 4, unequal. Drupe small, seated on the
enlarged wing-like 3-lobed bract.
A small tropical Asiatic genus.
Of this genus I have a single specimen from Champion, unfortunately not in a siiflicicntly


Engelhardtia.]
JUGLANDE.E.
perfect state for identification as to species. It may possibly be a variety of E. WaUichiana,
Liudl., a Silhet species, with glabrous leaves and fruits, but in our specimen the leaflets are
more numerous and narrower, and the fruiting bracts smaller and thiner. The drupes have
fallen away.
Order XCVI. AMENTACE-ffi.
Flowers unisexual. Male flowers in catkins. Stamens 2 or more, either
within 1 or 3 scales, or surrounded by several scales, sometimes forming a pe-
rianth of 5 or 6 segments. Female flowers either solitary, or 2 or 3 together
within 1 or 3 scales, in catkins or heads, or surrounded by several empty
scales. Perianth none, or closely combined with the ovary, with a minute,
free, entire, or toothed border. Ovary 1-celled or several-celled, with 2 or
more styles, always resulting in a 1-celled fruit, which is either a 1-seeded nut,
or a several-seeded capsule opening in 2 valves. Seeds without albumen.—
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, usually with stipules. Flowers small.
Catkin-scales usually persistent under or round the fruit.
A considerable Order, widely distributed over the globe, but chiefly in the temperate re-
gions of both hemispheres, or in mountainous districts within the tropics.
Stamens 6 to 12, surrounded by an almost regular perianth of 5 or 6 scales.
Female flowers in an involucre of many imbricate scales.
Nut completely enclosed in a very prickly involucre or opening in valves 1. Castanea.
Nut either surrounded by a cup-shaped involucre, or enclosed iu an in-
volucre not prickly and bursting irregularly 2. Quercus.
Stamens 2 to 8, within 1 or few scales. Female flowers 1 or 2 under each
scale. Nut resinous or drupe-like 3. Mvrica.
1. CASTANEA, Tcum.
Flowers and-habit of Quercus. Fruiting involucre completely enclosing the
nut, covered with stout, often branched prickles, and opening in valves when
ripe.
A small genus, dispersed over eastern and central Asia, S. Europe, and N. W. America.
1. C. concinna, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 115; Seem. Bol. Her.
t. 86. A tree, the young branches softly tomentose. Leaves stalked, oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, about 3 in. long, quite entire, coriaceous, glabrous
above, tomentose underneath, with prominent parallel veins. Male spikes
rather lax, erect or spreading, 1£ to 3 in. long, solitary in the axils of the
young leaves, but forming with them a terminal panicle. Stamens about 10.
Female spikes shorter and solitary. Involucres 1-flowered. Styles 3, subu-
late, diverging. Fruiting involucre very densely crowded with stout clustered
branching prickles. Nut depressed-globular, £ in. diameter.
In the Happy Valley woods, but rare, Champion; also Hance and Seemann. Not known
from elsewhere.
2. QTJEHCTJS, Linn.
Flowers monoecious or rarely dioecious. Male flowers: Perianth of 5 or 6
scales. Stamens 6 to 12 or rarely more, inserted round a hairy centre; fila-
ments slender. Female flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together, within an involucre
of numerous small imbricated scales, sometimes united in a solid mass. Ovary


320
[Querctu.
AMENTACEJE.
8- rarely 4-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell. Styles (or style-
branches) as many as ovary-cells, entire. Nut 1-seeded, either protruding
from a cup formed of the enlarged scales, or enclosed in the enlarged involucre,
which is then not prickly, and bursts irregularly when ripe. Cotyledons thick and
fleshy, entire or sometimes much corrugated, lobed, or crumpled.—Trees or
shrubs. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. Male catkins slender and inter-
rupted. Female involucres solitary, clustered or in spikes.
A large genus, confined to the northern hemisphere both in the New and the Old World,
most abundant in temperate regions or in mountainous districts within the tropics.
Sect. 1. Castaneopsia.—Involucre entirely enclosing the young nut, sometimes split-
ting open ichen ripe. Spikes usually erect, paniculate, tcith a glabrous rachis.
Leaves 6 or 8 in. long, lepidote underneath 1. G.Jissa.
Leaves 2 to 4 in. long, green and glabrous on both sides 2. G. Eyrei.
Sect. 2. Gyrolecana,—Cup surrounding the nut, the scales forming entire concentric
rings. Male spikes usually tomentose, slender, pendulous.
Leaves lanceolate, glabrous 8. G. salicina.
leaves obovatc or oblong, obtuse, tomentose or lepidote underneath . . 4. G. Championi.
Sect. 3. Iiepidobalanna.—Cup surrounding the nut, the scales imbricate, the tips
more or less prominent or distinct. Male spikes (in the Hongkong species) tomentose, erect,
paniculate.
Leaves glaucous or lepidote underneath. Young branches tomentose . 5. G. thahssica.
Leaves green and glabrous on both sides. Branches glabrous.
Nut brown and shining, very prominent above the cup. Leaves entire
or scarcely sinuate.
Leaves usually oblong, 5 in. or more. Minor veins mostly trans-
verse. Flowers (always ?) dioecious 6. G. Harlandi.
Leaves rather broad, 4 in. or less. Minor veins much reticulate.
Flowers monoecious 1. G. Hancei.
Nut very broad, slightly convex on the top and scarcely prominent
above the cop. Leaves slightly ciliate-toothed 8. 0. cornea.
1. Q. fissa, Cliamp. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 114; Seem. Bot. Her. t. 92.
A tree, young branches tomentose. Leaves stalked, elliptical or oblong,
shortly acuminate, 6 to 8 in. long, entire or slightly serrate, coriaceous,
glabrous and shining above, glaucous, silvery, or yellowish underneath with a
minute tomentum. Spikes erect, 4 to 6 in. long, in a terminal panicle; the males
usually numerous, with 1 terminal female or androgynous one, and 1 or more
female spikes solitary in the lower axils. Rachis glabrous. Stamens 10 to 12.
Styles 3, very short. Involucre ovoid, 6 to 8 lines long, enclosing the nut
when young, afterwards bursting irregularly, slightly tomentose outside, silky
inside; the scales scarcely prominent and irregularly zoned. Nut ovoid.
Cotyledons intricately crumpled.
In the Happy Valley woods, Champion, and at Little Hongkong, Wilford; also Wright.
Not known out of the island.
2. Q. Eyrei, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 114. A glabrous tree.
Leaves stalked, ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, entire or with a few coarse
serratures, 2 to 3 or rarely 4 in. long, coriaceous, shining, green and glabrous
on both sides. Spikes 1| to 2 in. long, the males numerous in a terminal
panicle, the females simple and rather shorter, all quite glabrous except the
disk of the male flowers. Stamens 10 to 12. Styles 2 or 3, prominent,
obtuse, spreading.


Querent]
821
AMENTACE.B.
Abundant in Wangnachung wood, on the east side of the Happy Valley, Champion, but
not seen in any other collection. Although I hare not seen the fruit, I have little doubt that
this plant belongs to the section Castaneopsis. The inflorescence and flowers are precisely
those of Q. cuipiduta, Thunb., but in that species the leaves are always more or less glaucous
or lepidote underneath. I know not on what grounds Sceinann refers the Q. Eyrri to Ca»-
tanca chinensis, Spreug., with which it appears to me to have no connection iu foliage, in-
florescence, or flowers.
3. Q. salicina, Blume; Seem. Bot. Her. 415, t. 91. A tree of 40 ft.,
the very young shoots silky-hairy. Leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, obtuse, entire or rarely slightly toothed, 2 to 3 in. long and seldom
§ in. wide, glabrous and green on both sides. Male spikes axillary, very
slender and pendulous, 1 to 1| in. long, more or less msty-tomentose.
Stamens 6 to 8. Female spikes short and erect. Styles 3 or 4, very short,
divergent, with broad almost peltate stigmas. Fruiting involucre cup-shaped,
7 or S lines diameter, tomcntose, with 5 or 6 concentric entire zones outside,
velvety inside. Nut half-exserted, broadly ovoid, slightly tomentose. Coty-
ledons entire.
In the Happy Valley woods, Champion, Hance, Seemann, Wright. Not seen from else-
where.
4. Q. Championi, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 113; Seem. Bot. Her.
t. 90. A tree, with more or less of a brown, scurfy tomentum on the young
branches, under side of the leaves, and inflorescence. Leaves stalked, obovate
or oblong, obtuse, entire, 3 or 4 in. long, glabrous above when full-grown.
Male spikes clustered at the base of the young shoots, or solitary in the axils
of the nascent leaves, 2 or 3 in. long, pendulous when fully out. Stamens 8
to 8. Anthers hirsute. Female spikes short and erect. Styles 3, short, with
broad stigmas. Fruiting involucre cup-shaped, tomentose outside, with 3 to
5 concentric zones, silky inside.
In the Happy Valley woods, on Victoria Peak, etc., Champion and others. Not known
out of the island.
5. Q. thalassica, Hance in Kew Journ. Bot. i. 176 (1849). A tree of
20 to 30 ft. or more, the young branches tomentose. Leaves stalked, from
narrow-oblong to ovate-elliptical, acuminate, 3 to 5 in. long, entire or irregu-
larly toothed towards the top, glabrous and shining above, glaucous or lepi-
dote underneath, the primary veins alone prominent. Spikes stiff, erect, to-
mentose, 1-J-to 4 in. long, simple, and nearly solitary, or the males paniculate.
Stamens about 8. Fruiting spikes about 4 in. long, the fruits clustered in
the upper half. Cups short, 4 or 5 lines diameter. Nut ovoid, glabrous
and shining, about £ in. long.— Q. reversa, Liudl.? (1850); Benth. in Kew
Journ. Bot. vi. 112; Seem. Bot. Her. t. 88. Q. Sieboldiana, Blum. Mus.
Bot. 290.
In the Happy Valley woods, Champion, Hance, Setmann. On the Chinese continent
and in Japan. Hance's specimens agree perfectly with the Japanese ones distributed as
Q. acuta, and referred to by Blume under his Q. Sieboldiana. Champion's have the leaves
more acuminate aud whiter underneath, and the spikes shorter and more dense. Lindley's
plant diflcrs slightly in the obovoid acorns which suggested his name, but all these arc pro-
bably forms of one species. The Khasia plaut referred here by Seemann differs in several
respects, and especially in the much more prominent scales of the acorn-cups, which arc almost
muricate.
6. Q. Harlandi, Hance in Walp. Ann. iii. 382; Seem. Bot. Her. I. 89.
Y


322
[Querent.
AMENTACE.E.
A tree of about 20 ft., glabrous, except the inflorescence. Leaves long-stalked,
oblong, or elliptical, obtusely acuminate, 4 or 5 in. long, or in some speci-
mens 6 to 8 in., entire or slightly undulate, green and glabrous on both sides,
the primary veins prominent underneath, with very fine transverse reticulations.
Flowers apparently dioecious. Male spikes solitary in the upper axils, 1 to 1£
in. long, erect, tomenlose. Stamens about 10. Female spikes terminal,
rigid, flexuose, 2 to 8 in. long. Styles 3 to 5, stiffly subulate, divergent.
Fruit-cups hemispherical, about 8 lines diameter, the scales very obtuse and
not prominent. Nut much exserted, about 1 in. long and 11 lines broad,
brown and shining, marked when dry with longitudinal fissures.
In the Happy Valley woods, Hance, Champion, Seemann, Wright. Not known from
elsewhere.
7. Q. Hancei, Benth., n. sp. A tree?, glabrous like the last; the
flowering branches short and stout. Leaves long-stalked, obovate or oblong,
acuminate, 3 or 4 in. long, quite entire, green and shining on both sides as
in Q. Harlandi, but more coriaceous; the primary veins less prominent, but
the minor ones much more reticulate. Spikes tomentose, paniculate, erect,
and stiff either all males, and 2 or 3 in. long, or the terminal one or nearly
all female or androgynous and 3 to 6 in. long. Stamens 10 to 12. Styles
usually 3, stiff and divergent. Fruit not seen.
On Victoria Peak, Champion, in a ravine of Mount Gongh, Wilford; also Hance and
Wright. Not known from elsewhere.
8. Q. cornea, Lour.; Seem: Bot. Her. 413, t. 87. A tree, the young
shoots tomentose. Leaves stalked, oblong, acuminate, usually 2 or 3 in., but
sometimes 4 or 5 in. long, slightly ciliate-toothed below the point, green and
glabrous on both sides when full-grown, the primary veins very prominent, the
minor ones transverse. Spikes mostly androgynous, terminal, erect, stout, 1
to 1^ in. long, tomentose. Stamens 10 to 12. Styles 3, diverging, almost
acute. Cup broadly turbinate, tomentose, more than 1 in. diameter, muricate
with the shortly prominent scales, the upper ones turned inwards round the
acorn. Nut hemispherical and glabrous in the enclosed part, the exserted
Syntedrys ossea, Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. ii. 441.
Hongkong, Champion, Hance, Wright. Also S. China. This species furnishes the edible
Flowers dioecious or rarely monoecious. Male flowers in simple or branched
catkins. Perianth none. Stamens 2 to 8 within each primary scale, often
with 2 or more secondary scales under them or between the lower ones. Fe-
male flowers in short catkins or spikes, 1 or 2 within each scale. Perianth
adhering to the base of the ovary, with 2 or more projecting lobes. Ovary
1-cclled, with 1 ovule ascending from the base. Styles or stigmas 2, Unear.
Fruit a resinous nut or drupe. Seed erect, without albumen.—Shrubs or
small trees. Leaves alternate, usually resinous-dotted.
A genus of several species, dispersed over the temperate regions of the globe, or the great
mountain ranges within the tropics.
1. M. rubra, Sieb. and Zucc. Fam. Nat. Fl. Jap. ii. 106. A shrub or tree.

Cotyledons lobed and furrowed.—


324
[Celtis.
URTICEJE.
than the perianth. Ovary inserted on a hairy disk. Stigmas 2, oblong or
linear, recurved, not plumose. Drupe ovoid or globose. Cotyledons folded.—
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, usually 3-nerved. Cymes usually loose
and few-flowered.
A considerable genus, dispersed over the temperate and subtropical regions of the New and
the Old World, with a few tropical species limited to mountainous districts.
Leaves serrate in the upper half. Stigmas linear, acute 1. C. sinensis.
Leaves quite entire. Stigmas rather thick, obtuse or notched . . . 2. C. philippensis.
1. C. sinensis, Per*.; Planch, in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 3, x. 236.
A large tree, with slender much divided branches. Leaves obliquely ovate,
acuminate, 1| to 2 in. long, serrate in the upper half, glabrous or with a mi-
nute rusty pubescence underneath. Flowers in little almost sessile cymes on
the nascent branches, those at the base all males, the axillary ones mostly her-
maphrodite. Stigmas linear, entire. Fruits usually solitary, on axillary pe-
dicels shorter than the petioles in these and some Japanese specimens, much
longer in other Japanese and N. Chinese specimens.—C. Willdenotciana, Roam,
and Schult.; Planch. 1. c. 287?
About Victoria, but perhaps only where planted for shade, Bance, Wilford, Harland. A
native of China and Japan.
2. C. philippensis, Blanco; Planck, in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 8, x.
306. A tree, either quite glabrous or the young shoots and inflorescence
slightly pubescent. Leaves ovate or oval-oblong, acuminate, quite entire, 2
to 3 iu. long, 3-nerved, smooth and somewhat shining above, pale under-
neath, on petioles of 2 or 3 lines. Fruits 2 to 5, in loose irregular racemes
of about 1 in., on pedicels of very unequal length, nearly globular, about 3
lines diameter. Styles linear, thick, apparently obtuse.
Id the Happy Valley woods, Wilford, Bance. Common in the Philippine Islands. The
leaves in the Hongkong specimens are not so large nor so coriaceous as in Cuming's, de-
scribed by Flanchon, but the old ones are already fallen off.
2. SPONIA, Lam.
Flowers polygamous, in axillary cymes. Perianth persistent, of 5 segments,
nearly valvate in the bud. Stamens longer than the perianth. Stigmas 2,
short and plumose, the other characters as in Celtis.—Trees. Leaves alter-
nate. Flowers small, usually numerous.
A considerable genus, dispersed over the tropical regions of the New and the Old World.
1. S. velutina, Planch, in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 3, x. 327; Wight,
Ic. 1.1990. A tree, the young branches densely and softly pubescent. Leaves
ovate-oblong, long-acuminate, serrate, obliquely cordate at the base, 3 to 4
in. long, very rough above, very soft underneath with silky hairs, silvery when
young, velvety when full-grown. Cymes broad, usually rather longer than
the petioles, many-flowered. Drupes scarcely \ lines long, either glabrous
or very hairy.—S. argentea, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 75.
On the edges of woods, Hinds, Champion, and others. Common in India, from the Penin-
sula to the Archipelago, and northward to Sikkim, S. China, and the Philippines.
3. GIRONNIERA, Gaud.
(Hcliniuthospermum, Thaaites.)
Flowers small, dioecious, in axillary cymes or branched racemes. Perianth


Giron/tiera.]
S25
UETICEiE.
of 4 or 5 segments, imbricate in the bud. Stamens 4 or 5. Filaments slightly
incurved. Ovary with 1 pendulous ovule. Styles 2, long and filiform. Drupe
slightly compressed.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate.
A small tropical Asiatic genus, extending from E. Africa to N. Australia.
Young branches hairy. Leaves scabrous and prominently reticulate under-
neath 1. G. chinensis.
Branches and leaves quite glabrous. Leaves not reticulate 2. G. nitida.
1. G. chinensis, Benlh., n. sp. A shrub of 3 to 8 ft., with a few long
hairs on the young branches, petioles, and midribs of the young leaves. Leaves
from ovate to oblong, shortly acuminate, serrate towards the top or nearly
entire, 4 to 6 in. long, narrowed or rounded at the base, glabrous above, sca-
brous underneath. Male cymes loose, longer than the petioles, with few very
divaricate branches. Perianth-segments 5, broad, glabrous or strigose, and
thickened in the middle. Anthers tipped with a short conical connectivum.
Female fruiting peduncles \ to 1 in. long, solitary or 2 together, and very di-
verging, bearing each 1 to 5 nearly sessile fruits in a perianth of B segments.
Hongkong, Champion, Harland, Nance; in a ravine of Mount Gough, Wilford. Not
known from elsewhere. It is near to 6. nervosa, Planch., from Java, and to G. suiaqua/it,
Planch. (Helminthotpermutn scabridum, Thw.), from Java and Ceylon, but has not the soft
hairs of the former, and differs from both in the female perianth as well as the male being
constantly 5-merous.
2. G.? nitida, Benth., n. »p. A tree, the whole specimens perfectly
glabrous. Leaves on very short petioles, ovate, shortly acuminate, entire,
about 3 in. long, rounded or cordate at the base, coriaceous, smooth and
shining, with the primary veins only prominent underneath. Male flowers in
short sessile divaricately branched cymes, quite glabrous. Perianth-segments
5. Filaments short, inflected at the top as in other Gironnieras, inserted
round a hairy rudiment. Anthers without any prominent connectivum.
Hongkong, rare. Champion. Not seen in any other collection, and our specimens are all
male. The (lowers are, however, so exactly those of a Gironniera, that I have little hesita-
tion in placing the species in this genus.
4. ABTOCABPUS, Linn.
Flowers monoecious, minute, densely packed on the outside of a globose or
oblong succulent receptacle, the males and females in separate heads. Male
flowers: Perianth of 2 to 4 segments, imbricate in the bud. Stamens 1.
Female flowers: Perianth tubular, entire. Style usually simple and linear,
protruding from the perianth. Ovary usually 1-celled, with 1 pendulous
ovule. Fruit compound, consisting of the somewhat enlarged persistent and
consolidated perianths, each enclosing a minute nut. Seeds without albu-
men.—Trees or shrubs, with milky juice. Leaves alternate, entire or divided.
Flower-heads axillary, solitary or 2 together.
A small genus of several species, dispersed over tropical Asia or the Pacific islauds.
1. A. hypargyrea, Hance, n. sp. A tree, the young branches and
petioles rusty with a minute pubescence. Leaves oblong, narrow-acuminate,
3 to 5 in. long, entire or slightly sinuate-toothed, glabrous and shining above,
rough with a minute white tomentiun underneath; the primary veins and
numerous reticulations raised and pubescent. Flower-heads obovoid, solitary,


326
[Artocarpus.
URTICE.E.
on tomentose peduncles of 6 to 8 lines. Male heads 6 to 8 lines long. Perianth-
segments linear-spatliulate, plumose-hairy, so densely crowded with the cla-
vate or subpeltate bracts that it is difficult to distinguish those belonging to
each flower. Female flower-heads rather smaller. Perianths densely hairy.
Styles shortly protruding.
Hongkong, Hance. Not feen in any other collection. It is very near to the A. glau-
cescens. Tree., from Java; but that has not the same prominent veins on the under side of
the leaves, and the flower-heads are much smaller and nearly sessile.
5. FICUS, Linn.
Plowers unisexual, minute, enclosed in a hollow globular ovoid or pear-
shaped succulent receptacle called a fig or syncecium; the minute aperture
closed by bracts turned inwards. Male flowers usually near the mouth of the
fig. Perianth 3- to fi-lobed. Stamens usually 1 or 2, rarely more. Female
flowers usually lining the greater part of the cavity. Perianth entire, or of 2
or more lobes or segments. Ovary 1 -celled, with ] pendulous or laterally at-
tached ovule. Style usually lateral, with a more or less oblique, variously
shaped stigma. Fruiting fig usually enlarged, the enclosed seed-like nuts
surrounded each by its membranous or pulpy persistent perianth. Em-
bryo curved, in a fleshy albumen.—Trees or shrubs, with the juice usually
milky. Leaves alternate, or very rarely opposite, entire or divided. Figs
(receptacles) solitary, or in clusters of 2 or more, axillary or on the old wood
below the leaves, usually with 3 small bracts at their base, or at the base of
the pedicel.
A very large tropical or subtropical genus, ranging over both the New aud the Old World,
but most abundant in Asia.
Figs axillary, solitary or 2 or 3 together.
Leaves aud figs glabrous.
Figs sessile.
Petioles 1 to 2 in. long 1. F. Wightiana.
Petioles under i in. long 2. F. relusa.
Figs pedunculate.
Bracts none, or only at the base of the peduncle.
Leaves entire, abruptly acuminate 4. F. nervosa.
Leaves irregularly angular or dentate towards the top . . 8. F. diffbrmis.
Bracts at or near the top of the peduncle.
Erect shrubs.
Leaves (pale-green) coriaceous anil very shining; the
transverse veins very prominent 5. F. Championi.
Leaves green above, glaucous underneath ; the transverse
veins not prominent.
Fig pear-shaped, 1 in. long or more 6. F. piriformis.
Fig globular, i in. long or less 7. F. variolosa.
Stems prostrate or creeping.
Leaves rounded at the base. Figs small, globular . 8. F. impressa.
Leaves unequally cordate at the base. "Figs large, pear-
shaped" 9. F. stipulata.
Leaves and figs pubescent or hispid.
Leaves glabrous above, very reticulate underneath. Figs almost
sessile. (Stem prostrate?) 10. F. IVrightii.
Leaves pubescent on both sides, soft. Figs peduuculate . . .11. F. Beecheyana.
1.eaves and sessile figs very hispid or bristly 12. F. hirla.


Ficus.] uhxicejE. 327
Figs 2 or more, in clusters on the old wood below the leaves.
Figs sessile or nearly so. Stigma subulate. Leaves oblong, long-
stalked, glabrous 1. F. Wightiana.
Figs pedunculate. Stigma peltate, concave. (Covellia.)
Figs hispid. Leaves all or mostly opposite 13. F. hitpida.
Figs glabrous. Leaves all or mostly alternate.
Leaves with a short obt isc point, not cordate at the base.
Branches strigose 14. F. Harlandi.
Leaves mostly cordate, tapering to a point at the lop. Branches
glabrous 15. F. chlorocarpa.
1. F. Wightiana, Wall. Calal. n. 4540. A large tree, quite glabrous.
Leaves oblong, shortly acuminate, about 4 in. long and \ to 2 in. broad,
rather stiff; the primary veins arcuate and confluent at some distance from
the edge, 3-nerved at the base, on petioles from li to 2 in. long. Figs nearly
globular, about 4 lines diameter, on peduncles of about 1 line, solitary or in
clusters of 2 to 4 on the old wood below the leaves, with very small bracts
under the fig.—Urostigma Wightianum, Miq. in Loud. Journ. Bot. vi. 566.
Hongkong, Hance, Wright; at Little Hongkong, Wilford. This agrees well with indif-
ferent specimens we have of F. Wightiana from the Indian Peninsula, and it appears to have
been found also here and there in other parts of India. It may be a variety only of the
common Indian F. infectoria, Roxb., which has the same foliage, but the figs are all axillary
and closely sessile.
2. F. retusa, Linn. Mant. 129. A large tree, quite glabrous. Leaves
from broadly obovate or nearly orbicular to obovate-oblong, obtuse or ob-
tusely acuminate, 1£ to 2£ in. long, 3-nerved at the base; the primary veins
rather numerous, oblique, and joining in a continuous vein near the margin.
Petioles stout, 2 to 4 lines long. Figs globular, about 4 lines diameter,
closely sessile, solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves; the subtending
bracts rather large.—F. nitida, Thunb.; Wight, Ic. t. 642. Urostigma pisife-
rum, V. ovoidcum, U. nitidum, and U. relusum, Miq. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vi.
580, 581, and 582.
Hongkong, Champion, Wright; on roadsides and near habitations, perhaps cultivated,
Seemann, Hance. Dispersed over India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago,
and northward to the Himalaya, Assam, and Sikliim, and common in China.
3. F. difformis, Lam. Diet. ii. 500? Branches glabrous. Leaves
obovate-oblong, more or less oblique, acuminate or obtuse, usually irregularly
sinuate or angular, about 4 in. long, narrowed and 3-nerved at the base; the
lateral nerves short and almost marginal; the primary veins few, arcuate,
glabrous and almost shining, but rough to the touch. Petioles 2 to 3 lines.
Figs axillary, globular, 4 or 5 lines diameter, on a pedicel of 2 or 3 lines,
with small bracts at its base.
Hongkong, Wright. Also in the Philippine Islands if this be really Lamarck's plant. The
specimen is insufficient to describe the flowers.
4. F. nervosa, Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 388. A large glabrous shrub or tree.
Leaves oblong, acuminate, 4 or 5 in. long, smooth and shining above; the
primary arcuate veins very prominent underneath, slightly 3-nerved at the
base, on petioles of 3 to 6 or 8 lines. Figs axillary, solitary or in pairs, tur-
binate-globular, 4 or 5 lines diameter, on peduncles of 8 to 5 lines. Bracts
none, or very minute at the base of the peduncles.—F. angusttfolia, Itoxb.;
Wight, Ic. t. 660. Urostigma nervosum, Miq. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. 585,


328
[Ficu*.
URTICE.t:.
Iu the Happy Valley woods, Champion; also llance and Vright. In Silhet and Assam,
and perhaps iu the Indian Peninsula.
5. P. Championi, Benlh. in Kmc Journ. Bot. vi. 76. A tree, perfectly
glabrous, the foliage of a pale-green. Leaves elliptical or obovate-oblong,
obtuse or obtusely acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long, narrowed towards the base, on
petioles of 3 or 4 lines, coriaceous, smooth and shining; the primary veins
nearly transverse, connected within the margin, prominent on both sides,
especially underneath, as well as the smaller ones. Figs globular, 5 or 6 lines
diameter, on rather slender pedicels of 4 to 6 lines, with 3 minute bracts
about 1 line below the top.
In woods of the Happy Valley, Champion; also Wright. Not known out of the island,
but very near to the F. vasculosa. Wall., from Penang and the Malayan Peninsula.
6. P. pyriformis, Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. 216 {not of Miq.). A
shrub, the young branches pubescent. Leaves from oblong-lanceolate to nar-
row-lanceolate, 2 to 4 in. long, with an obtuse narrow point, quite glabrous,
pale or whitish underneath ; the primary veins transverse, connected very near
the margin, and, as well as the reticulate veins, darker-coloured but not pro-
minent. Petioles 1 to 2 lines, glabrous. Figs pear-shaped, 1 in. long or even
more when full-grown, much contracted at the base. Peduncles 3 to 4 lines
long, bracteate near the top.—F. Millettii, Miq. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vii. 438.
Common iu watercourses, Champion and others. Ou the Chinese continent, and a long-
lcavcd variety or closely allied species in Assam and Sikkim. Two distinct Chinese species
had been laid down in the llookerian Herbarium as the F.pyriformit; but Miquel, iu sepa-
rating them, had unfortunately omitted to compare them with the character given in the
Hotnny of Becchey's Voyage, and has given Hooker and Arnott's name to the hairy-leaved
instead of to the glabrous oue.
7. P. variolosa, Lindl.; Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 492. A gla-
brous shrub (or tree?). Leaves oblong or elliptical, obtuse or shortly and
obtusely acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long, with the venation of F. pyriformis. Pe-
tiole 3 to 5 lines long. Fruit nearly globular, 4 or 5 lines diameter (ovoid
when young), more or less umbonate at the top. Pedicel about 2 lines,
bracteate at the top. Stigma obliquely truncate or notched.
Common in ravines, Hinds, Champiou, and others. Not known out of S. China.
8. P. impressa, Champ, in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 76. A prostrate or
creeping much branched shrub, glabrous, except a slight pubescence on the
young branches. Leaves distichous, oblong or elliptical, obtuse, entire, 1 to
H or rarely 2 in. long, still' but not scabrous, 3-nerved with short lateral
nerves, and rounded at the base, the primary veins arcuate and prominent
underneath. Figs globular, 3 or 4 lines diameter, on pedicels of 1 or 2 lines,
bracteate at the top. Style short, with a dilated unilateral stigma.
In ravines, creeping over locks, Champion, Wright, Wilford. Not known out of the
island.
9. P. stipnlata, Thunb.; Miq. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vii. 439? A pros-
trate or creeping shrub like the last, with similar leaves, except that they are
deeply cordate at the base, either very unequally or nearly equally so. Fruits
said to be large, pear-shaped or turbinate, bristly when young, then glabrous.
Uungkuiig, Champion? A siniile barren specimen, is like the equally barren ones in the
lliwkirian Herbarium, from S. China, determined by Miquel to be the i\ ttipulata, Thunb.


Ficus.]
329
UHTICEjE.
Whether they be really that Bpecies, or only barren shoots of F. impretta, can only be deter-
mined wheu the plant shall have been seen in fruit.
10. P. Wrightii, Benth., n. sp. Branches (climbing or prostrate?)
emitting clusters of fibres, and pubescent when young. Leaves oval-oblong,
acuminate, entire, 3 to 4 in. long, cuneate and 3-nerved at the base, the lateral
nerves short and nearly marginal, the primary veins arcuate towards the margin,
and very prominent underneath, as well as the reticulate smaller ones, glabrous
and smooth above, pubescent but scarcely scabrous underneath, on petioles of
3 to 5 lines. Figs small (not yet full-grown ?), axillary, globose, slightly
pubescent, on petioles of 1 line, bracteate at the top. Female flowers shortly
stipitate. Perianth-segments brown. Stigma long and subulate.
Hongkong, Wright. This much resembles the F.foveolata, Wall. {Pogonotrophe, Miq.),
but the characters are those of a Urostigma.
11. F. Beecheyana, Book, and Am. Bot. Beech. 271; Miq. in Lund.
Journ. But. vii. 437. Branches pubescent. Leaves from broadly ovate or
obovate to oblong, always acuminate, 3 to 5 in. long, more or less cordate,
and 3-nerved at the base, on a petiole of | to 1 in., scabrous, hirsute above,
or nearly glabrous when old, softly pubescent underneath; the primary veins
few and arcuate. Figs pubescent, nearly globular, 7 or 8 lines diameter, on
pedicels of 4 or 5 lines, bracteate at the top.
Hongkong, Harland, Hance, Wright. Also Loochoo and Formosa.
12. P. hirta, Vahl, Etium. ii. 201; Miq. in Loud. Journ. Bot. vii. 456.
A tall shrub, tbe branches, petioles, and figs hirsute with stiff hairs or
bristles, often of a rusty or yellowish colour. Leaves very variable in shape,
usually 5 to 8 in. long, serrate-crenate, not coriaceous, but green and scabrous
ou both sides, hirsute on the principal veins, either entire from oblong-lance-
olate to broadly oblong-cordate, or shortly 8-lobed, or deeply 3- or 5-lobed,
with long lanceolate lobes, on the side branches often small and narrow.
Figs globular, from 4 or 5 lines diameter to twice that size, sessile or on very
short pedicels, bracteate at the top.—F. hiiiscifolia, Champ, in Kew. Journ.
Bot. vi. 77.
Common in ravines, Champion and others. In S. China and the Archipelago, and per-
haps in Assam and Silhet, but thr.re generally replaced by the closely allied broad-leaved
(species or variety ?) F. Roxburghii, Miq.
13. P. bispida, Linn. fil. Suppl. 442. A small tree, the young branches
hispid. Leaves mostly opposite, stalked, from ovate or obovate to oblong,
shortly acuminate, 6 or 6 in. long, eremite-serrate, very rough on both sides
with short stiff hairs. Figs mostly on the old wood, 2 or 3 together on old
spurs, which grow out into leafless branches of 1 to 2 in., nearly globose, full
if in. diameter, shortly but densely hirsute, on short peduncles, bracteate at the
top. Female perianth truncate, nearly as long as the ovary, but so thin and
transparent that it is easily overlooked. Style short, with a concave peltate
stigma.—/'. opposilifolia,'Roxb. PI. Corom.'t. 124; Wight, Ic. t. 638. Co-
vt'llia oppoiitifolia, Gasp.; Miq. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vii. 461, and C.hkpida,
Miq. 1. c. 462.
Hongkong, Uarland. Common in northern nnd eastern India, extending to the Archi-
pelago and to S. China. I can see no difference in the Javnnesc specimens named by Miqucl
C. hitpida, and if the two species arc identical, the younger Liuntcus's name is several years


330
[FtCKt.
URTICE.B.
older than Roxburgh's, though not so appropriate, the plant being much less hispid than
the F. hirta. This and the two following species belong to Covellia, the most marked
among the genera proposed by Gasparrini and Miquel for the dismemberment of Fiats, but
which it seems much better to consider as sections only, of one most natural and well-cha-
racterized genus.
14. F. Harlandi, Benth., n. sp. Branches glabrous or slightly strigose.
Stipules \ in. long, glabrous. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, oval-oblong
or obovate-oblong, shortly acuminate, 4 to 7 in. long, entire or slightly
sinuate-toothed, rounded at the base, glabrous or minutely punctate-scabrous,
on petioles of J to 1 in. Figs on the old wood as in F. hispida, globular,
glabrous, about \ in. diameter, very shortly contracted at the base, on pedicels
of 4 to 12 lines, bracteate at the top. Flowers of F. hispida, except that the
style is rather longer.
Hongkong, Wright, Harland. Not known out of the island. Allied to the N. Indian
F. cony fata, but differs in inflorescence, the shape of the fig, and the longer style.
15. F. chlorocarpa, Benth., n. sp. A large tree, entirely glabrous.
Stipules 3 to 4 lines long. Leaves from ovate-cordate or ovate-lanceolate to
oval-oblong, acuminate, 5 to 8 in. long, entire, cordate or rarely rounded at
the base, smooth and shining above, slightly punctate-scabrous underneath,
on petioles of 1 to 2 in. Figs in short clusters on the trunk and old branches,
globular, at least J in. diameter, glabrous and light-green, on pedicels of about
\ in., bracteate a little below the top. Flowers of F. hispida.
Hongkong, Champion, Wilford. Not known out of the island.
6. PELLIONIA, Gaud.
Flowers dioecious, in axillary cymes or clusters, without any dilated or suc-
culent receptacle. Male flowers: Perianth-segments 5 or sometimes 4, broad,
imbricate in the bud. Stamens as many, the filaments inflected in the bud.
Female flowers: Perianth-segments 4 or 5, narrow and unequal. Sterile
stamens usually as many. Ovary 1-celled, with 1 erect ovule. Stigma sessile,
small, tufted. Nut seed-like, surrounded by the persistent perianth. Albu-
men little or none.-—Herbs. Leaves distichous, alternate or unequally oppo-
site, usually very oblique.
A small tropical Asiatic genus.
Leaves obtuse, less than 1 in. long. Sterile stamens in the female flowers
lanceolate, iuflcxed 1. P. hrevifolia.
Leaves mostly acuminate, 14 to 3 in. long. Sterile stamens in the female
flowers miuute or none 2. P. seabra.
1. P. brevifolia, Benth., n. sp. A prostrate creeping herb, the leafy
branches 6 or 8 in. long, hispid. Leaves very obliquely obovate, obtuse,
crenate, £ to £ in. long, pubescent, very unequal at the base, on petioles
rarely 1 line long. Female cymes almost sessile or on peduncles of 1 to 3
lines, seldom above 3 lines diameter. Perianth-segments very unequal, linear-
lanceolate. Sterile stamens lanceolate, bent in at about the middle. Nut
tuberculate.
In ravines of Mounts Gough and Victoria, Wilford. Not seen in any other collection.
The specimens are all female.
2. P. scabra, Benth., u. sp. Stems prostrate, pubescent, 1 ft. long or


Pellionia.]
331
UUTICEjU.
more, hard at the base. Leaves alternate, oblique, narrow-elliptical or oblong
ucuminate, usually 1$ to 8 in. long, serrate above the middle, very unequal at
the base, very scabrous above, pubescent underneath. Male cymes loose, on
slender pedicels of 2 to 4 lines. Perianth-segments 1 line long, ovate, with
a green point below the top, usually 4 only. Female cymes very compact
and sessile. Bracts small. Perianth-segments usually 4, narrow, very un-
equal, the longest about \ line long. Sterile stamens very minute or none.
Nut tuberculate.
Hongkong, Harland, Hance,Wright; in ravines of Mounts Gongh and Victoria, Wilford.
Not known out of the island. It is allied to P. heterophylla, Wedd., from Sikkim; but
that is glabrous, or nearly so, besides differences in the flowers.
7. BCEHMERIA, Jacq.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in small dense clusters; the clusters iu uni-
sexual spikes or panicles. Male perianth usually of 4 segments, valvate in
the bud, with 4 stamens. Female perianth enclosing the ovary, 2- or
4-toothed. Ovary 1-celled, with 1 erect ovule. Stigma subulate, continuous
with the ovary and persistent. Fruit a seed-like nut, enclosed in the thin
perianth. Seed albuminous.—Under-shrubs, shrubs, or small trees. Leaves
alternate or opposite, usually toothed.
A large genus dispersed over the New and the Old World, chiefly within the tropics, with
a very few extra-tropical Asiatic or N. American species.
1. B. nivea, Hook, and Am.; Wedd. Man. Urt. 380; Kew Journ. Bot.
iii. t. 8. An erect brauching hirsute perennial or undershrub, 4 ft. high or
more. Leaves alternate, very broadly ovate, acuminate, toothed, 4 or 5 in.
long, cordate or cuneate at the base, green and roughly pubescent above, very
white underneath. Female clusters small, globular, very numerous, in axillary
panicles. Male panicles smaller, usually below the females. Fruiting peri-
anth very small, oblong, compressed.— Urlica tenaciuima, Roxb.; Wight, Ic.
t 688.
Common in ravines, Champion. Abundant, cither wild or in cultivation, in various parts
of China, eastern India, and the Archipelago, furnishing the Chinese Grass-cloth.
8. POUZOLSIA, Gaud.
Flowers monoecious, in axillary or spicate clusters. Male perianth of 3 to
5 segments, convex on the back, valvate in the bud. Stamens as many. Fe-
male perianth enclosing the ovary, 2- or 4-tootlied. Ovary 1-celled, with 1
erect ovule. Stigma subulate, articulate on the ovary, and deciduous. Nut
seed-like, enclosed in the persistent and occasionally 2-winged perianth.
Seed albuminous.—Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, usually
entire, 3-uerved, the lateral nerves branching, and never reaching the summit
of the leaf.
A tropical genus common to the New and the Old World.
1. P. indica, Gaud.; Wedd. Mon. Urt. 398. A diffusely branched pu-
bescent herb or undershrub, procumbent, ascending or rarely erect. Lower
leaves usually opposite, upper ones alternate, all entire, varying much in size
and shape, in the Hongkong specimens ovate or almost cordate, about 1 in.


332
[Pouzolsia.
UBTICE.E.
long. Flowers in small sessile clusters, the males and females mixed. Male
perianth 4-merous or rarely 5-merous. Female fruiting perianth about 1 line
long, 2 of the ribs often more raised than the others, but scarcely winged.
Nut ovoid, pointed, shining, black at the base or altogether when ripe.
Hongkong, Wright. Widely distributed over India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to
the Archipelago, and northward to the Philippines and S. China. A moat variable plant, as
will be seen by the numerous figures of Wight, Ic., referred here by Wcddell. The Hongkong
specimens, belonging to var. vulgarisprocumiem,dd., very much resemble the European
Parietaria officinalis in aspect.
9. MEMOEIALIS, Ham.
Inflorescence and flowers of Pouzolsia, except that the male perianth-seg-
ments have on the back a transverse angle or fold forming a ring round the
perianth.—Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves entire, opposite, or the uppermost
alternute, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves undivided and continuing to near the
summit of the leaf.
A tropical genus limited to the Old World, and might be well considered as a subgenus
of Pouzolsia.
1. M. bispida, Ham.; TFedd. Mon. Urt. 426. A decumbent or erect
usually pubescent herb, flowering the first year, but forming a perennial rhi-
zome. Stems 1 to 2 ft. Leaves all opposite, rarely in threes, nearly sessile,
lanceolate, acuminate, 1 to 2 in. long. Flower-clusters loose, axillary. Male
flowers usually numerous, 5-merous, nearly 1 line long. Females few, in the
same clusters. Fruiting perianth with the ribs all equal, or 2 or 4 expanded
into wings. Nut black.— Pouzolsia hispida, Benn.; Benth. in Kew. Journ.
Bot. vi. 73. See also the various forms figured in Wight, Ic, referred to this
species by Weddell.
In shady places, Champion, Hance, Wright. In the hilly districts of India, from Ceylon
and the Peninsula to the Himalaya, Khasia, Silhct, and the Archipelago.
10. VILLEBRTTNEA, Blume.
(Morocarpus, Sieb. and Zucc.)
Flowers diojeious, in little axillary or lateral capitate clusters, which are
either sessile or on clustered or solitary peduncles. Male perianth of 3 or 4
segments, valvate in the bud. Stamens as many. Female perianth adnate
to the ovary, 4- or 5-toothed. Ovary 1-celled, with 1 erect ovule. Stigma
disk-shaped, ciliate. Fruit small and seed-like, adhering to the somewhat
succulent perianth. Seed albuminous.—Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves al-
ternate.
A small genus confined to eastern tropical or subtropical Asia.
1. V. frutescens, Blume; Wvdd.Mon. Urt. 455. An erect undershrub,
pubescent or nearly glabrous. Leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acu-
minate, toothed, 2 to 3 or rarely 4 in. long, varying from nearly glabrous to
pubescent above, and ashy-white with soft hairs underneath. Male clusters
nearly sessile, the (lowers always 3-merous. Female heads very shortly pedi-
cellate, with 8 to 12 minute flowers the fruiting perianth not attaining \ line.
—Morocarpus mkrocephalus, Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 74.


334
yHouttuynia.
SAURURACEtf.
A genus limited to a single Asiatic species, unless it be extended to include the closely
allied Califomian AnemonopsU.
1. H. cordata, Thumb. Fl. Jap. 234, t. 26; Bot. Mag. t. 2731. Rhi-
zome creeping. Stems erect, glabrous, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves stalked,
heart-shaped, acuminate, entire, \ to 3 in. long, glandular-dotted, glabrous
or slightly pubescent on the nerves. Spikes pedunculate, \ to 1 in. long;
the outer bracts usually 4, obovate, white, 3 or 4 lines long. Stamens longer
than the ovary.
Hongkong, Wright. In the mountains of northern India, in Siam, China, Formosa, Loo-
choo, and Japan.
Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual. Perianth none. Stamens 1 or more,
epigynous in the hermaphrodite flowers. Ovary 1-celled, with 1 pendulous
ovule. Stigma sessile, thick, entire or notched. Fruit a small indehiscent
drupe. Embryo minute, within the top of a fleshy albumen.—Trees, shrubs,
or rarely herbs. Leaves opposite, connected by sheathing stipules. Flowers
in simple or branched often articulate spikes, terminal or in the upper, axils.
A small tropical or subtropical Order, with one American and oue Asiatic genus.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens consisting of a thick fleshy short filament,
inserted on (adnate to) one side of the ovary, with 1 adnate 2-celled anther,
sometimes accompanied by 2 smaller lateral 1-celled ones.
A small genns, comprising all the Asiatic species of the Order.
Anthers single, 2-cel)ed. (Spikes usually 1 or 2.) 1. C. braehyttaehys.
A single-celled anther on each side of the 2-celled one. (Spikes slen-
der, paniculate.) 2. C. inronspicuus.
1. C. brachystachys, Blume, Fl. Jav. Chlor. 13, t. 2. An erect
branching glabrous undershrub, of about 3 ft. Leaves stalked, from ovate to
oblong-elliptical, 2 to 4 in. long, serrate, shining above, pale underneath with
a few scattered glands. Spikes simple or once (rarely twice) forked, £ to near
1 in. long. Flowers green. Stamen ovoid, with a single 2-celled anther.
Drupe red, the size of a currant.— C. ceylanicus, Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. i. 802.
Sarcandra chloranthoides, Gardn.; Wight, Ic. t. 1946.
In ravines, Champion, ffance. In Ceylon, Penang, the Archipelago, and northward to
the Philippines and Loochoo.
2. C. inconspicrras, Sw.; Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. i. 802. A glabrous
shrub. Leaves usually smaller, less coriaceous, and less toothed than in C.
brachystachys. Spikes slender, to 1 in. long, in branched panicles. Stamens
thick, ovate, 3-lobed; the central lobe bearing a 2-celled anther, the 2 lateral
smaller ones each with a 1-celled anther.
Hongkong, Jinnee. A native of China, said to be often cultivated in Chinese and Japan-
Order C. CHL0RANTHACE£3.
1. CHLOBANTHUS, Sw.
rse

is.


Piperacets.']
335
PIPERACE*.
Order CI. PIPERACE^.
Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, in closely packed spikes or rarely in
racemes, each with a subtending bract. Perianth none. Stamens 2 to 10.
Ovary 1-celled, with 1 erect ovule. Stigmas 2 to 6, sessile or on a short
style. Fruit a 1-sceded berry. Embryo minute, in the top of a fleshy albu-
men.—Herbs, shrubs, or climbers, sometimes succulent, often articulate at
the nodes. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, entire, with or without sti-
pules.
A considerable Order, almost entirely tropical, ranging over the New and the Old World.
1. CHAVICA, Miq.
Flowers dioecious. Bracts stipitate, peltate. Stamens 2 to 4. Ovary ses-
sile, with 3 to 6 sessile stigmas. Berries closely packed, often uniting with
or half-immersed in the more or less succulent rhachis.— Shrubs or woody
climbers. Leaves alternate. Spikes solitary, pedunculate, leaf-opposed.
A considerable geuns, confined to tropical Asia.
Leaves broadly ovate, glabrous. Female spikes 3 or 4 lines long . . 1. C. tarmentota.
Leaves ovate or oblong, pubescent, at least underneath.
Leaves oblique at the base. Spikes erect or spreading 2. C. puberula.
Leaves deeply and equally cordate. Spikes reflexed 3. C. rineiuu.
1. C. sarmentosa, Miq. Syst. Pip. 242. A glabrous shrub or under-
shrub, creeping at the base; the flowering branches ascending or climbing.
Leaves broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, shortly acuminate, 2 to 3 in. long,
truncate or broadly cordate at the base, 5- to 7-nerved, the upper pair united
with the midrib higher up. Male spikes said to be near 1 in. long. Fe-
male spikes 3 to 4 lines long or 5 to 6 when in fruit, on pedicels of 4 to 6
lines. Bracts peltate, glabrous, ^ line diameter. Stigmas 3 to 5, at first
scarcely prominent, afterwards recurved.—Piper fragile, Benth. in Lond. Journ.
Bot. ii. 234. Chavica Benthamiana, Miq. Syst. Pip. 233. Chavica Betle,
Seem. Bot. Her. 415; not of Miq.
Hongkong, Hance. In Java, Borneo, and New Guinea. Besides the shape of the leaves,
this is at once known from the C. Betle by the remarkably short spikes.
2. C. puberula, Benth., n. up. Branches terete, slender, softly pubes-
cent when young. Leaves shortly stalked, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-acumi-
nate, 2 to 4 in. long, very oblique and half-cordate at the base, 5- to 7-nerved,
with the upper nerves united higher up, pubescent on both sides when young,
nearly glabrous above when old. Male spikes slender, 1 in. long or rather
more, on pedicels of 2 to 3 Unes. Bracts stipitate, peltate, glabrous. Sta-
mens usually 3.—Piper arcuatum, Seem. Bot. Her. 415; not of Miq.
Hongkong, Hance. Not seen in any other collection. It has the bracts of a Chavica,
not of a Piper, and differs in several essential points from Miquel's character and figure of
Piper arcuatum.
8. C. sinensis, Champ, in Keic Journ. Bot. vi. 116. Stems creeping;
the young branches softly pubescent. Leaves from ovate to oblong, obtuse or
nearly so, 3 to 5 in. long, deeply and almost equally cordate; the rounded
auricles almost overlapping, 5- or 7-nerved and reticulate, glabrous above,
softly pubescent underneath. Spikes reflexed, on short thick peduncles; the


336
[Chaeica.
PIPERACE>B.
males rather more than 1 in., the female shorter. Bracts peltate, glabrous.
Stamens 2. Stigmas usually 3. Berries nearly distinct, half-imbedded in
the rhachis.
Ia ravines of Victoria Peak, Champion: creeping over rocks in a ravine of Mount Davis,
Wilford; also Hartand. Not known out of the island.
Order CU. GNETACEiE.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in spikes or heads. Male flowers 1 or
more; stamens protruding from a split or 2-lobed bract (or perianth). An-
thers 2-celled. Female flowers a naked ovule (that is, without ovary or style),
enclosed in an entire, ovoid, or tubular bract (or perianth) open at the top.
Fmit a drupe or berry, consisting of the persistent succulent bract enclosing
a single seed. Embryo straight, in the axis of a copious albumen.—Trees,
shrubs, or undershrubs, the branches articulate at the nodes. Leaves oppo-
site, entire (in Ephedra small and scale-like).
A small Order, dispersed over the tropical and temperate regions of the New and the Old
World.
1. GNETTTM.
Flowers verticillate in articulated spikes, each whorl in a cup-shaped an-
nular bract. Stamen 1.—Leaves stalked, flat. Flowers small, intermixed
with articulated hairs.
A small tropical genus common to the New and the Old World.
1. G. scandens, Boxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 518. A stout climbing glabrous
shrub, the specimens usually turning black in drying. Leaves oblong or oval-
oblong, shortly acuminate, 4 to fi in. long, coriaceous. Peduncles terminal or
axillary, bearing 1 or 2 pair of opposite spikes, each about 1 or li in.
long when in flower; the annular bracts very close, each containing a large
number of clavate male flowers opening on one side, and a single row of minute
ovoid female ones. When in fruit the rhachis lengthens to several inches
and the bracts are distant. Drupes ovoid-oblong, f to near 1 in. long.—G.
Junwulare, Sin.?; Wight, Ic. t. 19o5.
Hongkong, Champion, Hance, Wright. In the hilly districts of India, from the Penin-
sula to the Archipelago. Miquel, after Blume, describes the G.funiculare as dioecious. The
Hongkong specimens I have examined have certaiuly the female flowers intermixed with the
males, as described by Roxburgh.
Order CIII. CONIFEEJE.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in cylindrical or short catkins, with closely
packed scales, or the females solitary. Stamens inserted either on the axis of
the catkin under the scales, or the anther-cells sessile on the inside of the
scales themselves, which then form part of the stamens. Ovules and seeds
naked, that is, without ovary, style, or pericarp, either inserted under the cat-
kin-scales or solitary and quite exposed. Seeds albuminous. Embryo axile,
usually with 3 or more cotyledons.—Trees or shrubs, mostly with resinous


Conifer<e.~[
337
CONIFERS.
secretions. Leaves stiff, in the Hongkong genera entire and subulate or linear,
in others sometimes short and scale-like or lobed or divided.
An extensive Order, spread over the whole globe, although within the tropics chiefly in
mountainous districts.
Anther-cells 2 to each scale in the males. Seeds 2 to each scale in the
female cone 1. Pinus.
Anther-cells 3 or 4 to each scale in the moles. Seeds 3 to each scale
in the female cone 2. Cunninghamia.
1. PINUS, Linn.
Male catkins closely imbricated, with 2 adnate anther-cells on the inside of
each scale, which is in fact the connectivum of the anther, and the catkin thus
really consists of imbricated sessile anthers. Female catkins short, consist-
ing of closely imbricated scales, with 2 ovules on the inside of each, the fora-
men turned downwards. Fruit a cone, consisting of more or less hardened
imbricated scales, each one covering 2 winged seeds.—Trees. Leaves linear
or subulate.
A large genus, constituting the great mass of the Conifera of the northern hemisphere,
only penetrating into the tropics in some mountain districts, and unknown in the southern
hemisphere.
1. P. sinensis, Lamb. Pin. iii. t. 2 ; Endl. Syn. Conif. 153. A tall ever-
green tree. Leaves subulate, 6 to 8 in. long, 2 or sometimes 3 together
in scarious sheaths of 3 to 4 lines. Male catkins short, in dense spikes of 2
to 3 in., with broadly lanceolate very pointed brown scales under each catkin
and protruding beyond them. Cones ovoid, \ to 3 in. long; the scales
thick, the summit broad, hexagonal or rhomboidal, flat, or with a transverse
obtuse protuberance.
The most common tree in the island, Champion and others. Abundant also on the Chinese
continent and in Loochoo.
2. CUNWTNGHAMIA, Br.
Characters of Pinus, except that there are 3 or 4 anther-cells to each scale
of the male catkins, and 3 ovules or seeds to each scale of the females.
A genus limited to a single species.
1. C. sinensis, Br.; Endl. Syn. Conif. 193. A lofty evergreen tree.
Leaves solitary, alternate, linear or linear-lanceolate, more or less falcate, very
pointed and usually pungent, about 2 in. long, coriaceous, smooth and shi-
ning, glaucous underneath on each side of the prominent midrib. Male catkins
erect in a small head, with a number of small imbricated scales or bracts at
its base. Cone ovoid-globose, 1 to 1J in. long; the scales concave, with a
thin edge, and rather spreading.—C. lanceolata, Bot. Mag. t. 2743.
In the Happy Valley, in isolated specimens, Hance, Seemann. In S. China and Loochoo.


MONOCOTYLEDONS.
339
CXXI. Restiace-e. Perianth wholly stiff and calyx-like or transparent. Flowers uni-
sexual.
****** Perianth rudimentary or 0. Flowers sessile, within imbricated glumes.
CXXII. Ctperace*. Leaf-shcaths entire. Each flower usually in the axil of one glume,
without a palea.
CXXIII. GkaminEiE. Leaf-sheaths split open opposite the blade. Flower usually in a
secondary bract (palea), within the glume.
Ouder CIV. PALliLffi.
Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Perianth dry and calyx-like, of 6 lobes
or segments, in 2 distinct series, contorted or valvate in the bud. Stamens
6, or rarely more, or 3 only. Anthers versatile, 2-celled. Pistil usually of
3 carpels, free or united in a 3-celled ovary. Ovules solitary or rarely 2 in
each cell, erect. Stigmas 3, usually sessile, undivided. Fruit either a 3-celled
or 1-celled drupe or berry, or of three distinct drupes or berries. Seed erect
or laterally attached. Embryo small, in a cavity near the outside of a hard
albumen.—Stems woody, usually simple, and often attaining a great height.
Leaves large, usually at the summit of the stem, folded in the bud, and pin-
nately or palmately divided. Flowers usually sessile, in simple or paniculate
spikes, enclosed when young in large sheathing bracts, called spathas, and
usually with 3 small bracts or bracteoles under each flower.
A large tropical Order, with a very few extratropical species in the warmer parts of the
northern or southern hemispheres.
Leaves pinnate. Ovary 3-cellcd.
Stems climbing. Ovary and frnit covered with imbricate scales ... 1. Calamus.
Stem erect. Ovary and fruit without scales 2. Phcsnix.
Leaves palmate. Ovaries 8, distinct 3. Rhapis.
1. CALAMUS, Linn.
Flowers dioecious. Outer perianth 3-lobed, inner of 3 segments. Stamens 6.
Ovary 3-celled, with erect ovules. Stigmas 3, sessile or on a short style. Fruit
closely covered with reflexed imbricated shining scales.—Stems weak, often
climbing to an immense height. Leaves pinnate, the rhachis and sheaths
usually armed with straight or hooked prickles, and often ending in a long
armed simple tendril. Flowers in long drooping panicles below or amongst
the leaves.
A considerable genua, chiefly Asiatic, extending also into tropical Africa and Australia,
and comprising the greater number of the Rattan Palms or Rollings.
Wright gathered one specimen of a species of this genus in the island, but I have not
seen it; it may be the same species as the one mentioned by Seemann (Bot. Her., 416),
doubtfully as a species of Zalacca. The leaf in Hance's collection appears to me to be that
of a Calamus rather than of a Zalacca, but it is insufficient to determine the species.
Dr. Hance writes to me that he believes there are three Calami in the island.
2. PHCENIX, Linn.
Flowers dicecious. Outer perianth cup-shaped, 3-toothed; inner one of
3 valvate segments. Stamens 6 or 3; filaments very short; anthers linear.
z 3


340
[Phanix.
PALMJE.
Ovary of 3 carpels, uniting in fruit into a 1-seeded drupe. Embryo on the
back of the albumen.—Stems erect. Leaves pinnate, with entire linear
segments. Spikes paniculate, issuing from coriaceous sheathing spathas
amongst the leaves. Flowers yellowish.
A small genus dispersed over N. Africa aud tropical Asia.
1. P. acaulis, Roxb.?; Griff. Palm. 137, t. 228 P Leaves glaucous;
the segments folded, solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3, about 6 to 8 in. long,
by 5 or 6 lines wide. Spathas about 6 to 8 in. long, brown, narrow, usually
splitting into two. Peduncle above 1 ft. long, with numerous spreading
spikes of 3 or 4 in. Flowers small, sessile, on alternate notches of the
flexuose rhachis.
In BUnny places, Haute; also Wright,- and Champion mentions a Phoenix growing near
the sea. From the specimens we possess, I cannot with certainty distinguish this from the
P. paludom, Roxb., and I have no information as to its size. If it be the true P. acaulis,
it should have a very short bulb-shaped stem. Both species are natives of the plains of
India.
3. BHAPIS, Linn.
Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Outer perianth cup-shaped, shortly
3-lobed; inner one longer, tubular or campanulate, also 3-lobed. Stamens 6;
filaments filiform; anthers ovate. Carpels 3, distinct. Drupes 3 or fewer
by abortion.—Small Palms, with thin stems and fan-shaped leaves.
A genus of 2 or 3 species, limited to E. Asia.
1. R. flabelliformis, Linn.; Kunth, Enum. iii. 251; Bot. Mag. 1.1371.
Stems usually 2 or 3 feet high, not much thicker than a finger. Sheaths
splitting into brown filaments. Leaves fan-shaped, dividing to near the base
into 4 to 10 lanceolate-linear segments, 8 to 10 in. long, minutely denticulate,
with twice as many folds at the base, on a petiole of \ to i\ ft. Panicle
divaricately branched, about 1 foot broad. Flowers pale-yellow, sessile, scat-
tered. Drupes obovoid-globular, 1, 2, or 3 ripening to each flower.—R. Kwan-
wortsik, Herm. Wendl.; Seem. Bot. Her. 416.
In the Happy Valley woods, Hance, Wilford. In S. China and I-oochoo. Cultivated in
Japan.
Ouder CV. PANDANACEiE.
Flowers unisexual, densely sessile, in simple or branched spikes or heads.
Perianth none, or rarely 3 or 4 valvate sepals. Male flowers: Stamens several;
filaments filiform. Anthers 2 or 4-celled. Female flowers: Ovaries 1-celled,
entire, with 1 laterally inserted ovule or with many ovules on parietal placentas.
Stigma usually sessile. Fruit a berry or drupe. Embryo small, in the base
of a fleshy or horny albumen.—Stems herbaceous, shrubby or arborescent,
often branched. Leaves entire or divided.
A small tropical Order, common to the New and the Old World.
1. PANDANTJtf, Linn.
Flowers dioecious. Males in small dense spikes, sessile in the axils of leafy
or coloured bracts, forming a terminal compound spike. Stamens indefinite.


Pandanm."]
341
PANDANACE.E.
Anthers 2-celled. Female flowers: Ovaries very numerous, densely packed in
a globular or oblong spike or head, with 1 ascending ovule in each. Stigmas
sessile on the flat tops. Drupes cohering in clusters in a large cone-like head.
—Stem arborescent, branching. Leaves long, linear-lanceolate, coriaceous,
prickly on the midrib and edges, spreading, and generally closely inserted
round the stem in 3 spiral series.
A considerable genus, limited to the Old World.
Two species of Pandanus, or Screw Pino, are stated to have been observed in the island
by Wright, and Champion meutions one, but no specimens were collected, liance bad sent
some leaves which Seemann has referred, I know not on what grounds, to P. faricularis.
Lam., for they are wholly insufficient for determining the species.
Order CVI. AROIDEjE.
Flowers monoecious, or rarely dioecious or hermaphrodite, closely packed in
a dense simple spike, called a spadix, with a convolute or rarely flat, coloured
or leaf-like bract, called a spatha, at its base. Stamens and ovaries either in
different parts of the spadix, without perianth or bracts; or stamens 6 or fewer
round each ovary, with or without a small scale or perianth-segment under
each stamen. Anthers usually 2-celled, sessile or on a short filament. Ovaries
1- to 3-celled, with 1 or more ovules in each cell. Stigma sessile or on a
simple style. Fruit a berry. Seeds in a pulpy testa, with or without albumen.
—Herbs, usually with a perennial rhizome or creeping rarely erect stem.
Leaves entire or divided, the veins usually pinnate or reticulate, as in Dicoty-
ledons, rarely parallel as in most Monocotyledons. Spadix often bearing
barren organs (abortive stamens or ovaries) above or below the stamens, or
ending in a thickened variously shaped barren portion, called the appendix.
A considerable Order, chiefly tropical, but dispersed also over several more temperate re-
gions, especially in the northern hemisphere.
Stamens and ovaries in separate parts of the spadix or in different
spadices. (Flowers unisexual.)
Anther-cells terminal.
Ovary 1-celled.
Spadix androgynous. Leaves entire or lobed 1. Arum.
Spadix unisexual. Leaves of 3 or more entire segments . 2. Ahib^ma.
Ovary 2-celled. Spadix androgynous. Leaves of 3 pinnately
divided segments 8. Amobphopiiau.us.
Stamens united, 2 or more together, in peltate or truncate masses,
with the anther-cells lateral. Leaves entire, large ... 4. Colocasia.
Stamens 6 or fewer round each ovary, (flowers hermaphrodite.)
Perianth none. (No scales or bracts under the stamens.) . . 5. Riiaphidopiioba.
Perianth-segments 6 or fewer. (A scale or bract under each stamen.)
Spatha concave or convolute. Leaf-veins pinnate and reticu-
late 6. Pothos.
Spatha linear and leaf-like. Leaf-veins parallel 7. Acorus.
1. ABUM, Linn.
Spatha convolute or tubular at the base. Spadix androgynous, the ovaries
at the base, the stamens higher up, with barren organs either between the
ovaries and stamens, or above the stamens, or both; the rhachis ending in a


342
[Arum.
AROIDE.E.
club-shaped or pointed appendix. Stamens distinct. Anthers 2-celled, sessile
or on short filaments. Ovaries 1-celled, with 1 or more ovules.—Bhizome
usually tuberous. Leaves entire or 3-lobed, on long radical petioles. Scapes
radical, without bracts under the spatha.
A considerable genus, spread over the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere in
the Old World, extending in Asia into the mountainous districts within the tropics; that is,
if taken in what appears to be the most natural limits of the genus. It has, however, been
very much split up by modern authors, and the following as well as most other Asiatic species
excluded from it.
1. A. divaricatum, Linn. Leaves cordate-hastate, acuminate, 2 to 4
in. long, the 2 basal lobes or auricles ovate-lanceolate or oblong and divergent.
Spatha tubular and green at the base for 3 to f in., then expanded into a deep
purple ovate lamina, near 2 in. broad, and tapering into a point of full 3 in.
Spadix deep purple. Ovaries at the base in several rows, with 1 or 2 erect
ovules in each; then follow several rows of short subulate erect barren organs,
and after an interval of 3 or 4 lines, several rows of sessile anthers, the rhachis
terminating in a slightly thickened appendix tapering to a point full 3 in.
long.—Typhonium divaricatum, Bluine, Humph, t. 36; Schott, Prod. Aroid.
106. Arum irilobatum, var., Bot. Mag. t. 2324.
Hongkong, Champion, Hance. Widely spread over India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula
to the Archipelago.
The A. iernutnm, Thunb. (Pinellia tuberifera, Ten.; Schott, Prod. Aroid. 20), a common
Chinese and Japanese plant, was gathered by Wright in Putoy Island, and will probably be
found in Hongkong. It is readily known by its narrow obtuse spatha, adhering at its base
to the spadix, the subulate point of which protrudes several iuches beyond it.
Characters of Arum, except that the spadices are unisexual, bearing the
flowers at or near the base, and usually ban-en organs below the point.
Arum, except that the leaves are usually divided into 3 or more distinct seg-
ments.
A genus of several species, dispersed over tropical and subtropical Asia and N. America.
1. A. laminatum, Blume, Humph, i. t. 27; Schott, Prod. Aroid. 33.
Leaf-segments 3, ovate-lanceolate or oval-oblong, acuminate and aristate,
3 or 4 in. long; the central one petiolulate, the lateral ones oblique at the base
and almost sessile. Spatha convolute at the base, the concave part 1-J in.
long, truncate at the top, with a broadly ovate lamina ending in a fine point
of \ to 1 in. Spadix ending in a subulate point, extending to 1 or 2 in. above
the flowers, and bearing near the top, or immediately above the flowers, or
both, a few scattered subulate barren organs. Stamens in the males loosely
scattered, occupying about f in. of the base. Ovaries in the females closely
packed for 5 or 6 lines. Ovules about 4. Stigma raised on a short style.
Hongkong, Harland, Wright. Also in Java.
3. AMORPHOPHALLUS, Blume.
Spatha of Arum. Spadix continuously androgynous, without barren organs,
fading in an appendix sometimes acquiring enormous dimensions. Anthers
2. ARIS.2EMA, Mart.
Anthers usually in distinct scattered


Amorphophallua.]
348
AK01DE.X.
sessile, 2-celled. Ovaries distinct, 2-, 3-, or rarely 4-celled, with 1 erect ovule
in each cell.—Habit of Arum, except that the leaves are divided into 3 seg-
ments, which are again once or twice pinnately divided. Spadix often livid-
purple and very fetid.
A small tropical Asiatic and perhaps African genus, lately split up almost to single species,
the following one being then excluded from it.
1. A. variabilis, Blume, Rumphia, t. 35, 37; Kunth, Enum. iii. 33.
Petiole divided at the top into 3 pinnce of 8 to 10 in., which are again once
or twice forked, bearing 8 to 12 or more segments of very unequal size, mostly
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, and sessile, or decurreut on the
rhachis, the longest about 3 in. Spatha 4 to 5 in. long, obtusely acuminate
or obtuse (variously coloured), with longitudinal streaks. Ovaries densely
imbricated for about % in. at the base of the spadix, then stamens for about
1 in.; the appendix rather thin, straight, about 3 in. long in the Hongkong
specimens (perhaps not full-grown), twice that as figured by Blume.—Brachy-
spatha variabilis, Schott, Prod. Aroid. 127.
Hongkong, Uarland. Also Java, and perhaps Ceylon.
4. COLOCASIA, Ray.
Spatha of Arum. Spadix androgynous, with ovaries at the base, stamens
higher up, and barren organs in the interval and sometimes above the stamens
also, the appendix club-shaped. Stamens united several together in short trun-
cate or peltate masses, with the anthers laterally adnate. Ovaries 1-celled
or partially 3-celled, with several ovules.—Herbs, with a tuberous and root-
like or caulescent stock. Leaves usually large and glaucous, cordate, and
sometimes peltate. Spadix usually sweet-scented.
A small genus limited to tropical Asia, unless where introduced by cultivation.
Appendix of the spadix as long or longer than the flowering part. Auricles of
the leaf divided to the petiole 1. C. indica.
Appendix much shorter than the rest of the spadix. Auricles shortly united
below the petiole 2. C. odora.
1. C. indica, Kunth, Enum. iii. 39; Wight, Ic. t. 794. Leaves ovate-
cordate, attaining 2 or 3 ft. in length, the broadly ovate basal lobes or auricles
distinct to the petiole. Spatha 6 to 8 in. long or more when full-grown, of a
pale greenish-yellow, convolute at the base, the lamina oblong, obtuse or with
a short point. Spadix rather shorter, the flowers densely packed, the ovaries
occupying about 1 in. of the base, then about 1 in. of barren organs, and \
or 2 in. of stamens; the appendix marked with reticulate furrows (indicating
abortive stamens ?), as long or longer than the rest of the spadix.—Alocasia
indica, Schott, Prod. Aroid. 144.
Hongkong, Harlaiul. A native of various parts of S. Asia, much cultivated for its suc-
culent stems and small tubers; it may be doubtful whether the specimen may not have been
an escape from cultivation.
2. C. odora, Brongn.; Kunth, Enum. iii. 39; Wight, Ic. t. 797. Very
nearly allied to C. indica, but the leaves are usually slightly peltate, the auri-
cles being shortly connate below the insertion of the petiole; the spadix is
shorter than the spatha, and the appendix very much shorter than the flower-
»


344
[Colocasia.
AROIDE.fi.
ingpart.—Alocaaia macrorrhUa, Schott, Prod. Aroid. 146, and A. commutata,
Schott, L c. 148.
Hongkong, Hance. In Khasia and Burmah. Cultivated, like the last, of which it may
be a variety.
5. BHAPHIDOPHOBA, Hassk.
Spatha sessile, deciduous, convolute or concave. Flowers hermaphrodite,
in a cylindrical spike, without scales or perianth. Stamens 4 round each
ovary. Filaments flat. Anthers terminal, 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled or in-
completely 2-celled, with several ovules. Stigma sessile on the truncate top.
Berry 1-seeded. Seed albuminous.—Climbers, or creeping herbs or shrubs.
Leaves stalked, entire or pinnately divided.
A small genus limited to tropical Asia, unless it be extended to include the whole or the
greater part of the American Momterina of Schott, in which case the genus would take the
name of Momlera.
1. R. Peepla, Schott, Prod. Aroid. 880. Stems rooting and attaching
themselves to trees or rocks. Leaves on long petioles, oblong, acuminate,
more or less falcate, 6 to 8 in. long, entire, coriaceous, with numerous parallel
veins diverging from the midrib. Peduncles inserted in long sheathing bracts.
Spatha convolute, .deciduous, scarcely longer than the spike. Spike about \
in. long.—Pothos Peepla, Roxb.; Wight, Ic. t. 780. Rhaphidophora hongkong-
ensis, Schott, Prod. Aroid. 378. R. lancifolia, Schott, 1. c. 380, and (a rather
broader-leaved form) R. calophylla, Schott, 1. c. 380.
Hongkong, Champion, a single leaf upon which Schott founded his R. hotigkongemU, but
which appears to me precisely similar to those of the Khasia specimens of S. Peepla, which
I here describe. The species appears to be common in Sikhim, Khasia, and Silhet.
6. POTHOS, Linn.
Flowers hermaphrodite, in a globular or cylindrical spike, usually stipitate
above the convolute or concave spatha. Perianth of 6 small concave scales or
segments. Stamens 6, opposite the perianth-scales. Filaments flat. Anthers
2-celled. Ovary 1-celled, with 1 to 3 erect ovules. Stigma sessile. Berries
1- or 2-seeded. Albumen none.—Stems usually creeping or climbing. Leaves
entire, coriaceous, usually articulate on the more or less dilated petioles. Pe-
duncles axillary, often bracteate below the spatha.
A tropical Asiatic genus, extending from E. Africa to N. Australia.
1. P. scandens, Linn.; Kunth, Enum. i. 65 ; Bot. Reg. 1.1337. Petioles
winged, varying from 2 or 3 lines to above 1 in. in length, or sometimes at
the base of the branches much longer with an abortive lamina; the lamina
usually oblong, acuminate, 2 to 4 in. long, coriaceous, but varying much in
breadth as well as length. Peduncles recurved (when the flowering branches
hang), seldom -J in. long, with 3 to B concave ovate bracts, the uppermost
(the spatha) rather larger and more spreading. Spike globular or slightly
ovoid, 3 or 4 lines diameter. Berry red.—P. Seemanni, Schott, Prod. Aroid.
5 64, and probably the whole of the first 19 species enumerated in that work.
Common in ravines, creeping over rocks, Champion and others. Frequent in India, from
Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northward to the Himalaya and S. China,


Potkoa.]
345
ahoide^e.
and exceedingly variable both in the absolute and relative size and breadth of the petiole and
lamina. The common Hongkong variety is precisely the Chinese one figured in the plate
above quoted.
7. ACOBUS, Linn.
"Flowers hermaphrodite, in a cylindrical spike, the spatha linear and continu-
ous with the scape. Perianth of 6 concave scales or segments. Stamens 6,
opposite the segments. Filaments linear, flat. Anthers terminal. Ovary 3-
celled, with several ovules in each cell. Stigma sessile on the obtuse top.
Seeds albuminous.
A genus probably limited to the following species, and to one other closely allied but
much smaller one, a native of China and Japan, but not found in Hongkong.
1. A. Calamus, Linn.; Kunth, Enum. iii. 87- A highly aromatic reed-
like perennial, with a thick shortly, creeping rhizome. Leaves linear, erect, in
some specimens only 1 ft., in others 2 to 3 ft. long, and from \ to \ in.
broad. Scape as variable iu length, the linear leaf-like spatha sometimes
scarcely exceeding the spike, in other specimens a foot long or more. Spike
H to 3 in. long, of a yellowish green.—A. Calamus, and probably the 6
following species in Schott, Prod. Aroid. 578.
Common in watercourses at Little Hongkong, Eyre; in a ravine of Mount Victoria, Wil-
ford; also Wright and Hance, both the large aud the small states. Extends over Europe,
central and temperate Asia, and N. America. Frequent in gardens in India, and wild in the
northern mountainous districts.
Obder CVII. NAIADES.
Flowers usually proceeding from a small sheathing bract. Perianth none,
or of 4 small scale-like segments. Stamens 1, 2, or 4. Ovaries either of 2
or 4 distinct carpels, each with a single ovule and a separate stigma, or single,
with 1 ovule and 2 to 4 stigmas. Fruit of 1, 2, or 4 seed-like nuts, each
with 1 seed, without albumen.—Aquatic floating or submerged herbs. Leaves
either sheathing at the base or accompanied by sheathing stipules, alternate or
rarely opposite. Flowers axillary, inconspicuous, solitary or spiked.
An Order not numerous in species, but abundantly diffused over all parts of the world, in
shallow seas as well as in fresh-waters.
1. HAIAS, Willd.
Flowers unisexual. Perianth none. Male flowers consisting of a single
nearly sessile anther, enclosed in a little tubular membranous bract. Female
flowers a single ovary, sessile in the sheathing base of the leaf, with 2 to 4
subulate stigmas or style-branches. Fruit a small seed-like nut. Embryo
straight.—Submerged plants. Leaves opposite or ternate, often crowded in
clusters, usually serrulate. Flowers axillary.
A genus of few species, widely dispersed over the greater part of the globe.
1. N. minor, All.; Kunth, Enum. iii. 113. Leaves narrow-linear, usually
opposite, i to 1 in. long, with minute serratures, the sheath short and toothed.
Flowers monoecious, solitary, or 2 or 3 together in the same axil, with 1 or


Blyxa.]
347
HYDROCHARIDEvE.
1. BLYXA, Thouars.
Flowers usually dioecious, in a long tubular spatha, 2-toothed at the top.
Male flowers several in the spatha, protruding from it as they expand. Perianth
of 3 outer herbaceous and 3 inner petal-like segments. Stamens 8 or 9.
Anthers linear. Female flowers solitary in the sheath, with a long filiform
perianth-tube, the segments as in the males. Ovary linear, with 3 parietal
placentas. Stigmas 3, entire. Capsule linear, with few seeds.
A genus limited to a single species.
1. B. Roxburghii, Rich.; Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. iii. 237. Leaves sub-
merged, sessile, in tufts at the bottom of the water, linear, pointed, 3 or 4 in.
long in shallow still water, but attaining sometimes a foot or more. Flowers
small, raised above the surface of the water on a lengthened peduncle. Outer
segments about %\ lines long, inner ones narrow-linear, twice as long.—
Diplotiphon oryzetorum, Dene, in Jacquem. Voy. 166, t. 167.
Hongkong, Wright, Hance; in watercourses near Little Hongkong, Wilford. Frequent
in India, from Ceylon/the Peninsula, and Cashmere, to the Archipelago and N. Australia. I
find the flowers almost always unisexual, even in Jacquemout's specimens, but I have seen a
few stamens in some fertile flowers, and it is probably the examination of one of these flowers
which induced Decaisue to distinguish a hermaphrodite genus.
Order CX. SCITAMINEiE.
Flowers usually hermaphrodite and irregular, rarely unisexual. Perianth
superior, in 2 series, both petal-like, or the outer one herbaceous or stiff, each
3-toothed, or 3-lobed, or of 3 segments. Stamens normally 3 or 6, but in
most genera only one bears an anther; the others are wanting or barren and
petal-like, and then often called the inner corolla; one of these, usually larger
and opposite the fertile stamen, is then called the labellum. Anthers 2- or 1-
eelled. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, with 1 or more ovules in each cell, or rarely
1-celled. Style single, with an entire or lobed stigma. Fruit a berry or cap-
sule. Seeds albuminous.—Herbs, usually with a perennial rhizome. Stem
usually short or formed of the convolute leaf-sheaths, and then attaining a
considerable height. Leaves entire, with long sheathing petioles; the limb
often very large, with numerous parallel veins diverging from the midrib.
Flowers often very showy, in racemes or panicles, on a radical or terminal
scape or peduncle.
A considerable tropical or subtropical Order, common to the New and the Old World.
Fertile stamens 5. Perianth of 1 outer and 1 inner segment. Leaves
very large, their sheaths forming a tall stem 1. Mt'SA.
Fertile stamen 1.
Barren stamens (or inner corolla) of one petal like labellum, with or
without a very small one on each side 2. Alpinia.
Barren stamens 3, all petal-like and as long or longer than the true perianth 3. Canna.
1. MTJSA, Linn.
Flowers usually unisexual. Perianth of 2 concave coloured entire or 8-
lobed segments; the outer erect, the inner shorter and recurved. Fertile
stamens 5. Anthers linear. Ovary 3-celled, with numerous ovules. Stigma


848
[Mma.
SCITAMINE.K.
concave.—Tall often tree-like herbs, the convolute sheaths of their large long
leaves forming a stem of considerable height. Scapes protruding from the
centre of the leaf-sheath. Flowers clustered in the axils of large coloured
bracts, and forming a long drooping terminal spike or raceme.
A tropical or subtropical Asiatic genus, only known in America where introduced.
Of this genus the common M. tapientum. Linn., is often cultivated, and Champion ob-
served a species wild in the ravines of Mount Parker, but did not bring any specimen.
2. ALPINIA, Linn.
Outer perianth tubular or campanulate, stiff, 3-toothed, and often splitting
to the base. Inner perianth petal-like, united at the base, with the stamens
in a tube; the limb of 3 usually unequal lobes. Stamiual whorl consisting
of one large petal-like labellum, opposite to a single fertile stamen, and in
some species a small linear lobe on each side between the labellum and sta-
men. Filament not dilated. Anther 2-celled. Style filiform, with a concave
terminal stigma. Ovary 3-celled, with many ovules. Fruit globular, scarcely
succulent, but not opening in valves. Seeds few, arillate.—Erect herbs, with
a tuberous rhizome. Panicles terminal, narrow and raceme-like.
A small tropical genus, limited to the Old World except where introduced from culti-
vation.
Panicle drooping, the rhachis downy. Labellum full \ in. long, with-
out lateral lobes 1. A. nutans.
Panicle erect. Flowers less than 1 in. long. A small lobe on each side
between the labellum and stamens.
Flowers near 1 in. long. Labellum on a long claw 2. J. galangat.
Flowers about 8 lines long. Labellum sessile 3. A. chinensu,
1. A. nutans, Rose, in Linn. Trans, viii. 346; Bot. Mag. 1.1903; Wight,
Ic. t. 2027. Stems 4 to 6 ft. high. Leaves bifarious, broadly lanceolate, 1
to 3 ft. long, glabrous. Panicle raceme-like, drooping ; the rhachis and ovaries
softly hairy. Bracts under each flower concave, splitting longitudinally, 1 in.
long, of a pure white tipped with pink. Outer perianth like the bracts but
smaller. Inner perianth lobes pale-pink, the largest 1J in. long; the 2 others
rather smaller. Labellum full \ in. long, sessile, ovate-cordate, obscurely
3-lobed, of a deep orange-yellow with a crimson ground, without any accessory
lobes at the base. Fruit globular, 1 in. diameter.
In ravines of Mount Victoria, Champion, Hance. In Ceylon, eastern India, the Archi-
pelago, and northward to the Philippines. Frequently received in tropical collections from
the New as well as the Old World; but in most cases either cultivated or escaped from cul-
tivation.
2. A. galangas, Sw.; Boxb. Fl. Ind. i. 59. Stems nearly erect, 6 to
7 ft. high according to Roxburgh. Leaves oblong or broadly lanceolate, 1 to
2 ft. long, with a short round ligula at the base of the blade. Panicle erect,
oblong, 8 to 12 in. long, slightly pubescent; the lower branches often bear-
ing 6 or 6 flowers. Oilter perianth tubular, 4 or 5 lines long. Inner perianth-
tube as long; the lobes narrow, nearly equal, about f in. long. Labellum
broadly ovate, 2-lobed, contracted into a long claw, with a short lanceolate
lobe oil each side at the base.—Galanga major, Rumph. Amb. v. 143, t. 63.
Languas vulgare,' Keen, in Rets. Obs. iii. 64. Alpinia alba, Rose, in Linn.
Trans, viii. 346.


Alpiniai]
349
SCITAMINEjE.
In ravines of Mount Victoria, Champion, Sauce. In Ceylon, the Malayan Peninsula,
and the Archipelago, and frequently cultivated for its aromatic rhizomes.
3. A. chinensis, Rose, in linn. Trans, viii. 346. Allied to the last
but of smaller stature, with smaller narrower leaves. Panicle narrower and
quite glabrous; the lower branches usually 3-flowered. Perianth nearly as in
A. galangas, but much smaller; the inner lobes scarcely exceeding 4 lines.
Labellum sessile, broadly ovate, slightly emarginate, and the small lateral
linear lobes at the base turned towards the stamen.—Galanga minor, Eumph.
Amb. v. 143. Hellenia chinensis, Willd. Spec. PI. i. 5.
In ravines of Mount Victoria, Champion; in shady woods of the Happy Valley, Wilford;
also Wright. Not known out of S. China. Fortune's plant from N. China, n. 65, and the
Bonin plant referred in the Botany of Beechcy's Voyage, with doubt, but erroneously to
Globba Sura, Roxb., arc closely allied to Alpinia chinensis, but in some measure inter-
mediate between that species and A. galangas. Both have a more campanulate outer peri-
anth. In Fortune's specimens the labellum is sessile as in A. chinensis; in the Bonin ones
it is stipitate, but much less so than in A. galangas. Whether these differences are specific,
or whether the labellum is variable, is a point which remains to be determined.
3. CANNA, Linn.
Outer perianth of 3 short stiff persistent segments. Inner perianth petal-
like, united at the base in a tube with the stamens, and deciduous with them;
the limb of 3 nearly equal segments. Staminal whorl consisting of 4 petal-
like segments, 3 barren (often called inner corolla); the fourth bearing a 1-
celled anther on one side. Ovary 3-celled, with several ovules. Style flat-
tened, with a terminal stigma. Capsule muricate, 3-valved.—Herbs with erect
stems. Flowers in a terminal interrupted simple or branched spike.
A tropical genus, chiefly American, but abundant also in the Old World, especially as es-
capes from cultivation, producing numerous varieties published as species; whilst it is pro-
bable that the permanent indigenous forms are but few.
1. C. indica, Linn.?; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 1. Stems 3 or 4 feet high.
Leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 6 to 8 in. long. Flowers
red or yellow. Outer perianth-segments ovate, obtuse, 3 or 4 lines long;
inner ones narrow, erect, acute, above 1 in. Petal-like stamens (or inner co-
rolla) longer, more highly coloured, spreading towards the top.
Introduced, on hill-sides near rivulets, Wright and others. A species probably native of
eastern India or the Archipelago, but now so abundantly dispersed over tropical Asia as an
escape from cultivation, that it is impossible to fix the limits of its really indigenous stations.
oedee cxi. oRCHimaj.
Perianth superior, irregular, of 6 usually petal-like segments; the 3 outer
ones called sepals, and 2 of the inner ones called petals, usually nearly similar;
the third inner one, called the labellum or lip, differing from the others in
shape, or direction, or insertion. Opposite to the labellum, in the axis of the
flower, is the column, consisting of 1 or rarely 2 stamens combined with the
style; the 2-celled anther or anthers being variously situated on the style it-
self, and each ceH of the anther sometimes spuriously or partially divided into
2 or 4 smaller cells. Pollen usually cohering into 1, 2, or 4 pairs of oblong or
globular pollen-masses, tapering at one end into a point, and in many genera


350
[OrcAidea.
ORCHIDE^.
attached in pairs to a stalk or caudicle, or all cohering by their points or
caudicles to a gland, detaching itself from the stigma. Ovary inferior, with
3 parietal placentas. Stigmas usually forming a hollow disk on the top of
the column, often with an erect projection in front of the anthers, called the
rotteUum. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds innumerable, minute, resembling fine saw-
dust. Embryo a solid apparently homogeneous mass.—Herbs (rarely shrubs),
always perennial, either by means of a continuous stem or rhizome, or by an-
nually renewed tubers; terrestrial or epiphytes; in the latter case the stems
or leaf-branches are often thickened at the base into fahe-bulbs. Leaves en-
tire, parallel-veined, usually sheathing at the base. Flowers usually in racemes
or spikes, sometimes solitary or panicled, with a bract under each flower.
A large Order distributed over all parts of the globe, but ino9t abundant within the
tropica.
Teibe I. Opercalatee.—Anther terminal and lid-like, not adnate, and usually decidu-
ous. Pollen-masses of a wary consistence. Rhizome or base of the stem usually continu-
ously perennial, often producing false-bulbs, or the stems thickened at the base. Flowers
usually pedicellate.
Racemes terminating the more or lest leafy item.
Leaves 1 to 3 at or near the base of the flowering stem.
Labellum inserted on a projection from the base of the column
and forming with it a pouch or short spur 4. EitM.
Labellum sessile at the base of the column.
Sepals and petals very spreading. Flowers small.
Column elongated. Labellum entire 1. Liparis.
Column short. Labellum 3-toothed or lobed .... 2. Dienia.
Sepals and petals erect.
Anther-cells opening transversely in 2 valves .... 5. Pholidota.
Anther-cells opening longitudinally 6. Coslogyne.
Leaves numerous, distant, distichous.
Labellum convolute round the column. Flowers large. Leaves
long and narrow 7. Arundina.
Labellum inserted on a projection from the base of the co-
lumn, and forming with it a spur or pouch. Flowers
scarcely 4 lines. Leaves short 17- Appendicula.
Racemes or flowers on leafless scapes proceeding from the rhizome
or creeping stem.
Labellum spurred at the base, convolute round the column . . 8. Phaius.
Labellum inserted on a projection from the base of the column,
and forming with it a short pouch.
Pollen-masses 2, fixed to gland9 at the base. Flowers large,
yellow. Labellum large, concave 12. Cyrtopera.
Pollen-masses 8, without glands. Sepals narrow. Labellum flat.
Scapes 1 ft. high or more, several-flowered.
Sepals and petals scarcely spreading, pubescent. Raceme
1-sidcd 10. Pachystoma.
Sepals and petals very spreading, glabrous. Raceme loose 11. Ania.
Minute plant, with short filiform peduncles 4. Eria.
Labellum sessile at the base of the column, not saccate.
Stems creeping and rooting. Peduncles at the base of 1-
leaved false-bulbs 3. Bolbophyliam.
Rhizome underground, shortly creeping or tuberous. No
false-bulbs. Leaves long.
Middle lobe of the labellum unguiculatc 9. Spathoolottis.
Labellum entire or with a sessile middle-lobe 13. Cyhdidiuii.


OrckiJea.]
351
ORCHIDEjE.
Racemes or flowers on peduncles or scapes inserted on (he leafy
shoots amongst or below the leaves.
Pollen-mosses 2 or 4. Leaves usually coriaceous or succulent.
Racemes leaf-opposed or axillary.
Leaves terete 16. Luisia.
Leaves flat.
Labcllum constricted in the middle, 2-lobed at the extremity 14. Cottonia.
Labellum undivided at the end 15. Acahpe.
Pollen-masses 8. Leaves thin, with prominent veins. Racemes
on long scapes from below the leaves 18. Limatodes.
Tkibe II. Neottiese.—Anther adnate on the back of the column. Pollen-masses granu-
lar. Flowering stems usually leafy, without false-bulbs. Flowers usually sessile.
Spikes very short, mostly lateral. Lower sepals connate under the
labcllum. Stem tall, leafy 19. Tropidia.
Spikes elongated, terminal. Stems leafy near the base. Rhizomes
shortly creeping or tuberous and annually renewed.
Sepals and petals erect or slightly spreading at the top, 2 lines
long or less.
Flowers in one spiral row. Labellum oblong, denticulate at the
end. Leaves linear 20. Spiranthes.
Flowers in a dense spike, not evidently spiral.
Labellum concave at the base, shortly recurved at the end.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate 22. Goodyera.
Labellum connate with the column at the base, the lower part
narrow, with a transverse folding dilatation at the end.
Leaves linear 21. Zeuxine.
Lower sepals very spreading, 3 lines long or more. Labellum
concave at the base, with a transverse dilatation at the end. . 23. H/EMAria.
Tribe III. Ophrydeee.—Anther terminal, but adnate on the face of the column.
Pollen-masses granular. Flowering stems usually leafy at the base, the rhizomes tuberous
or fasciculate, annually renewed. Flowers usually sessile.
Labcllum with a spur at the base.
Glands of the pollen-masses enclosed each in a pouch or cavity of
the stigma. (Lateral lobes of the labellum long, filiform.) . . 24. Glossaspis.
Glands of the pollen-masses naked 25. Habenaria.
Labellum without a spur. (Leaves small, radical.) 26. Aopla.
Tkibe IV. Cypripediese.—Anthers 2, one on each side of the base of a petal-like
appendage to the column.
Labellum large and inflated 27. Cypripedium.
1. LIPAEIS, Rich.
Sepals and petals free, spreading, all alike, or the petals narrower. Lip
erect or ascending, shortly united with the column at the base, entire. Column
elongated, incurved, winged at the top. Anther terminal, lid-like. Pollen-
masses waxy, in 2 pairs, attached by their summit, but spreading laterally
into the 2 anther-cells.—Terrestrial or epiphytes. Leaves at or near the base
of the stem, which is often thickened at the base. Flowers small, greenish-
yellow or white, in a terminal raceme.
A considerable genus, chiefly Asiatic and tropical, with a very few species from temperate
Asia, Europe, or N. America.
Leaves thin, 2 or 3 times as long as broad. Perianth of 3 or 4 lines. Labcllum with 2
tubercles at the base.


352
[Liparis.
OBCHIDEiE.
Perianth purple-white and green. Column-wings angular-toothed . . 1. L. nervosa.
Perianth all green. Column-wings not angular 2. L. odoraia.
Leaves rather thick, 8 or 10 times as long as broad. Perianth scarcely 1
line. Labellum without tubercles 8. L. longipes.
1. I>. nervosa, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 26. Stems short, slightly
thickened at the base. Leaves 2 or 3, rarely 4, thin, ovate or oblong, acumi-
nate, 2 to 4 in. long. Raceme 3 to 6 in., loose. Sepals and petals of a pale
purple, about 4 lines long, the 2 lower sepals narrow-oblong, the upper one
and the petals linear. Labellum greenish-purple, ovate or obovate, obtuse or
emarginate, with 2 often stipitate tubercles at the base. Column white, the
wings forming an acute angle or tooth on each side.
In clefts of rocks, Victoria Peak, Champion; in a ravine of Mount Parker, Wilford;
also Hance. In Japan.
2. Im. odorata, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 26. Very near the L. nervosa,
and perhaps a variety, but the column has an even not an acutely toothed
margin; the sepals are oblong and very fleshy; the flowers also appear to be
whole-coloured and green.
Hongkong, Champion. Also at Chekiou in China, and in the Indian Peninsula. The
species requires further investigation when more satisfactory specimens shall have been ob-
tained.
3. Im. longipes, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 30; Wall. PI. As. Ear. i. t. 35;
Wight, Ic. t. 906. Stems longer and more readily thickening at the base
than in the last. Leaves 2 or 3, rather thick, linear-oblong or lanceolate, 6
to 8 in. long, and $ to \ in. broad. Raceme 4 to 6 in. long, with numerous
small flowers, white, with a yellow labellum. Perianth not 1 line long. Column
narrowly winged at the top. Labellum ovate, fleshy, free from the column,
without tubercles at the base.
In clefts of rock, Champion. In India from Ceylon and the Peninsula to Nepal and
Khasia.
Champion's collection contains a single specimen of what appears to be a distinct species
of Liparis allied to L. nervosa, but without the tubercles at the base of the labellum. The
specimen is, however, not sufficient for accurate determination.
2. DIENIA, Lindl.
Character and habit of Liparis, except that the column is short and straight,
and the labellum is very concave, adnate to the column at its base, without
tubercles.
A small genus dispersed over tropical and central Asia, and Mexico.
1. D. congesta, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 22. Stem very shortly leafy,
scarcely thickened at the base, 1 ft. high or more, including the raceme and
long peduncle. Leaves (of Liparis nervosa) ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acu-
minate, 4 to 6 in. long. Raceme dense. Flowers small, (white, with a yellow
labellum ?). Sepals about lines long, linear-oblong. Petals as long, but
very narrow. Labellum shorter, very broad, concave or almost saccate, with
3 short thick lobes at the end. Column shorter, with 2 narrow wings at the
top.
Hongkong, Hance, Harland. In Nepal, Khasia, and S. China.


Bolbophyllum.']
353
OBCHIDE/E.
3. BOLBOPHYLLUM, Thouars.
Sepals acuminate, nearly equal; the lateral ones oblique and united with
the column at their base. Petals shorter, usually very short. Labellum arti-
culate on the base of the column, usually entire. Column very short, with 2
teeth or horus in front. Anther terminal, lid-like. Pollen-masses 4, waxy,
one of each pair often much smaller. Rhizome or stem creeping and often
epiphyte, with false-bulbs at the nodes, each usually bearing one leaf. Pe-
duncles 1- or several-flowered, arising by the side of the false-bulbs.
A considerable genii?, dispersed over tropical Asia and Africa.
1. B. radiatum, Lindl. Gen. el Sp. Orch. 55. Palse-bnlbs narrow-ovoid
or oblong. Leaves rather thick, oblong, obtuse or notched, J to 1 in. long.
Peduncles slender, about 2 in. long, with a small terminal umbel of 4 to 6
white flowers surrounded by a few lanceolate fine-pointed membranous bracts.
Sepals near 4 lines long; the short broad base tapering to a long fine point.
Petals about half as long. Labellum linear-lanceolate, rather thick, twice as
long as the column.
Abundant in a ravine on Victoria Peak, Champion; also Wright. In Tavoy and Khasia.
4. EBIA, Lindl.
Sepals unequal; the lateral ones very oblique at the base, and conuate
with a long projection from the base of the column into a short spur or pouch.
Petals equal to or smaller than the upper sepal. Labellum articulate at the
end of the projection from the column and folded over it and against the
column, 3-lobed or rarely entire. Anther terminal and lid-like. Pollen-
masses waxy, usually 8, free or cohering, 4 of them sometimes much smaller.
Stems usually succulent at the base, or forming false-bulbs, often epiphyte.
Leaves usually folded. Racemes simple, erect, 1- or many-flowered.
A considerable tropical Asiatic genus.
Minute tufted plant, with small false-bulbs aud leaves. Peduncles filiform,
1- or 2-flowercd 1. E. ptuilla.
Stems erect, 0 to 8 in. Leaves nearly as long 2. B. rosea.
1. E. pusilla, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 48. A dwaif plant, form-
ing close patches consisting of an intricate mass of rhizomes and minute false-
bulbs. Leaves 2 to 4 lines long, usually 2 on each false-bulb. Peduncles
filiform, 3 to 5 lines long, bearing 1 or 2 flowers of a dirty yellowish-green,
and slightly fetid. Sepals and petals about 2 lines long, all acuminate.
Labellum linear-lanceolate, folded, entire, or minutely serrulate.—Conchidium
puMlum, Griff. Notul. t. 310. Phreatia uniflora, Wight, Ic. t. 1734. Eria
tinica, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 48.
On bare rocks on the top of Victoria Peak, Champion. Also in Khasia.
2. E. rosea, Lindl. But. Reg. I. 978; Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 50. False-
bulbs ovoid, very thick, bearing usually a single leaf; flowering steins 6 to 8
in. high, with 1 or 2 leaves at the base. Leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate,
thick, nearly as long as the stem. Flowers 2 to 4, pink, distant. Bracts
linear, 1 to 1| in. long. Sepals and petals broadly oblong, obtuse, erect, 6 to
7 lines long. Labellum broadly obovate, 3-lobed; the 2 lateral lobes erect;


854 ohchide^. [Eria.
the middle one large, emarginate, with 1 raised crest along the centre, and 2
short lateral ones at its base.
On rocks on the top of Mount Gough, Champion, Wilford. Not known ont of S. China,
although certainly nearly allied to the S. carinata, Gibs., from Khasia, which Lindley had
formerly associated with it.
5. PHOLIDOTA, Lindl.
Sepals equal, distinct, erect. Petals smaller. Labellum concave, entire or
3-lobed, inserted at the base of the column, and parallel with it. Anther ter-
minal, lid-like, each cell opening transversely in 2 valves. Pollen-masses 4,
waxy, globular, distinct.—Stems succulent or producing false-bulbs. Flower-
ing branches leafy at the base, with a terminal spike usually distichous.
A small tropical Asiatic genus.
1. P. cbinengis, Lindl. in Journ. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 308. Rhizome
thick, shortly creeping. False-bulbs ovoid, bearing 1 or 2 leaves. Flowering
stems 4 to 6 in. long, with 1 or 2 leaves. Leaves oblong or oval-oblong,
acuminate, 2 to 4 in. long, stiff and folded. Racemes incurved, with 6 to 8
distant greenish-white flowers. Bracts lanceolate, concave. Sepals ovate,
about 5 lines long. Petals linear, rather shorter. Labellum broadly obovate,
very obtuse, with a small point in the centre, which is ultimately bent down
so as to make the labellum appear 2-lobed. .Column winged at the top.
Abundant on rocks, Victoria Peak, and other places, Champion; on mountain-sides, For-
tune; also Wright, Hance, Seemann. Not known out of S. China.
6. C(ELOGYNE, Lindl.
Sepals equal, distinct. Petals similar or narrower. Labellum concave, in-
serted at the base of the column, and parallel with it, 3-lobed or entire, with
longitudinal crests. Column winged. Anther lid-like, inserted below the top
of the column. Pollen-masses 4, waxy, free.—Rhizomes creeping, producing
false-bulbs. Flowering stems leafy at the base, 1- or several-flowered.
A considerable tropical Asiatic genus.
1. C. fimbriate, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 868. False-bulbs ovoid. Leaves
usually 2, oblong-lanceolate, thick, about 3 in. long. Peduncle on the false-
bulb between the leaves, and about their length, with several imbricate sheath-
ing scales at the base. Flowers 2 or 3, of a pale dirty-yellow ; the labellum
paler, crested with purple. Bracts deciduous. Sepals 10 or 11 lines long,
broadly oblong-lanceolate, acute. Petals narrow-linear. Labellum 3-lobed,
the middle lobe fringed on the edge, with 2 raised nearly parallel plaits on the
disk.
Common in ravines, Champion, Wilford. In S. China and Khasia.
7. ARTJNDINA, Blume.
Sepals lanceolate, equal. Petals usually broader. Labellum broad, con-
volute round the column, entire or 3-lobed, not spurred. Column club-shaped
at the top. Anther terminal, lid-like. Pollen-masses 4, waxy, equal.—Stems
erect, leafy, from a perennial rhizome, without false-bulbs. Leaves distichous.
Flowers few, large.
A small tropical and subtropical Asiatic genus.


Arundina.]
355
ORCHIDEjE.
1. A. chinensia, Blume; Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 125. Stems erect,
1 ft. high or more, leafy to near the top. Leaves stiff, linear, 4 to 7 in. long,
4 to 5 lines broad. Flowers (pink ?) 2 to 5, on short pedicels. Bracts short,
concave. Sepals and petals I in. long or more. Labellum rather longer,
loosely enveloping the column, spreading and broadly 3-lobed at the top, the
middle lobe larger, notched or 2-lobed, with 3 longitudinal veins more or less
prominent.—A. Phttippi, fieichb. fil. in Linnaea, xxv. 227.
Common in Hongkong, Champion and others. On the adjoining continent and northward
to Amoy.
8. PHAITJS, Lour.
Sepals and petals nearly equal, free. Labellum broad, convolute round the
column, entire or 3-lobed, spurred at the base. Column semi-cylindrical.
Anther terminal, lid-like. Pollen-masses 8, waxy, nearly equal.—Tall erect
herbs with large leaves. Scapes radical, leafless except sheathing scales.
Flowers large and showy.
A small tropical or subtropical Asiatic genus.
1. P. grandifolius, Lour.; Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 126. Stems
tufted, usually thickened into short tubers or false-bulbs at the base, bearing
2 or 3 ovate-lanceolate or oblong leaves, often above 1 ft. long, narrowed into
a long petiole. Scape 2 or 3 ft. high, bearing a raceme of showy flowers,
usually white outside and cinnamon-brown inside; the labellum white, shaded
and streaked with crimson. Sepals and petals near 2 in. long.—Blelia Tan-
kervilUe, Br. in Bot. Mag. t. 1924.
Common by the sides of streams, Champion and others. Also on the Chinese continent,
and frequently cultivated in gardens.
9. SPATHOGLOTTIS, Blume.
Sepals and petals nearly equal, free, spreading, the petals rather broader.
Labellum articulate at the base of the column, not spurred, but concave or
saccate, deeply 3-lobed, the middle lobe contracted into a claw, and tubercu-
late or cristate. Column winged or petal-like. Anther terminal, lid-like.
Pollen-masses 8, waxy.—Rhizomes underground. Leaves narrow. Scapes
radical, leafless.
A small tropical Asiatic genus.
1. S. Fortune!, Lindl. Bot. Beg. 1845, t. 19. Rhizome tuberous.
Leaves radical, usually 2 together, linear-lanceolate, 6 to 10 in. long. Scape
pubescent, 1 to 2 ft. high, leafless except a few sheathing scales. Flowers 3
to 8, yellow, distant. Bracts short, lanceolate. Perianth-segments ^ in. long
or rather more. Lateral lobes of the labellum broadly oblong-falcate, middle
lobe obovate, emarginate, the broad claw with 2 lateral angles at its base and
2 much raised longitudinal plaits above the middle.
Common in the island, Fortune, Champion, and others. Not known from elsewhere, un-
less it be but a slight variety of the S. pubescent, Lindl., from Khasia and Silhet.
10. PACHYSTOMA, Blume.
(Apaturia, Lindl.)
Sepals nnd petals erect or slightly spreading, nearly equal, or the petals
2 a 2


358 ORCHIDE.S. [Cottonia.
Collect, t. 39 B. In that state, however, he might easily have mistaken the Cottonia for a
Sarcanthiu.
15. ACAMPE, Lindl.
Sepals and petals nearly equal, spreading, fragile. Labcllum fleshy, adnate
to the unproduced base of the column, hollowed into a spur or pouch in the
lower part, the upper part undivided, Column short, thick, usually 2-pointed.
Anther ovate, terminal. Pollen-masses 2, waxy, with a subulate caudicle
longer than themselves.—Epiphytes, with coriaceous distichous leaves. Flow-
ers densely racemose, on short lateral peduncles.
A small tropical Asiatic genua.
1. A. multiflora, Lindl. Fol. Orchid, i. Leaves linear-oblong, 6 to 8
in. long by about 1£ in. broad, obliquely obtuse at the top, thickly coriaceous.
Peduncles branching, shorter than the leaves. Flowers small, in short racemes
or corymbs, yellow dotted with red. Labellum ovate, rather acute; the spur
short, with raised lines or folds.
Common in ravines, Champion, Seemann. Not known out of S. China.
16. LTTISIA, Gaudich.
Sepals herbaceous, the upper one smaller. Petals thinner, usually longer.
Labellum undivided, usually auriculate, continuous with the column, not ap-
pendiculate, convex or concave. Column very short, fleshy. Anther termi-
nal, lid-like. Pollen-masses 2, with a short broad caudicle.—Stems msh-like,
leafy. Leaves stiff, terete. Flowers small, dark green or purple, in lateral
racemes.
A small tropical Asiatic genua.
Champion found a species, apparently of this genus, on rocks in the island: but his spe-
cimens are not in flower, and cannot be identified. Lindlcy believes them to be the L. teret,
Blume, a Javanese plant.
17. APPENDICULA, Blume.
Sepals connivent, the lower ones connate with a projection from the base of
the cohunn into an obtuse spur. Petals smaller. Labellum connate with or
inserted on the projection of the column, sessile, concave, appendiculate at the
base or bordered by a raised margin; the lamina entire or 3-lobed. Column
short, tapering into an emarginate beak. Anther terminal. Pollen-masses 8,
rarely 6 or 4, waxy, attached by 2 membranous caudicles.—Epiphytes with
short distichous oblique leaves. Flowers small, in lateral or terminal racemes
or rarely solitary.
A small tropical Asiatic species.
1. A. bifaria, Lindl. in Keu> Journ. Bot. vii. 35. Leaves numerous, ob-
long, 1 in. long or rather more, obtuse and usually notched, with a minute
point in the notch. Spikes terminal, scarcely longer than the last leaves.
Flowers nearly 4 lines long, including the broad obtuse pouch or spur. Sepals
and petals nearly equal. Labellum " oblong, with a circular membranous ap-
pendage and an ovate tooth on the lamina."
In ravines of Mount Gough, Champion. Also iu Peuang, if the species be really the same.


Limatodes.]
359
ORCHIDEjE.
18. LIMATODES, Blurae.
Sepals anjl petals spreading, free, nearly equal. Labellum inserted at the
base of the very short column, concave or convolute, entire or lobed, with
folds or tubercles on the disk. Anther terminal. Pollen-masses 8, waxy, at-
tached in fours to a divisible gland. Stems leafy. Scapes or peduncles leaf-
less, erect, inserted at the base of the stem below the leaves.
A small tropical Asiatic genua.
1. I*, gracilis, Lindl. in Kew Journ. Bot. vii. 36. Stems 1 to 2 ft. high.
Leaves oblong, 6 to 8 in. long, tapering to a fine pomt, thin, with prominent
veins. Scapes 6 in. to 1 ft. long, with several obtuse sheathing scales and a
short loose raceme of yellow-green flowers, without bracts at the time of flower-
ing. Sepals and petals nearly \ in. long, recurved and wavy at the top. La-
bellum oblong, not spurred, convolute in the lower half, with 2 small lateral
lobes; the middle lobe large, very much waved on the edge, with 2 raised
lines on the disk.—Calanthe gracilis, Lindl. in Bot. Mag. t. 2714.
On Victoria Peak, Champion. Also in Khasia and Silhet.
19. TBOPIDIA, Lindl.
Sepals and petals connivent, the 2 lower connate at the base in a short
pouch. Labellum concave or saccate at the base within the lower sepals; the
limb erect or spreading, undivided. Column oblique, with an acute or 2-cleft
beak. Anther acuminate, adnate on the back of the column. Pollen-masses
2, glandular, affixed by the caudicle to a common gland.—Stems leafy, erect,
often branching. Spikes short, terminal or lateral.
A small tropical Asiatic genus.
1. T. curcnligoides, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 497. Stems tall, erect,
glabrous. Leaves distichous, oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, long-acu-
ninate, 6 to 8 in. long, sessile on a close striate sheath. Spikes very short
tnd few-flowered, terminal or leaf-opposed. Bracts small, herbaceous, striate.
Flowers greenish-white, about 5 lines long. Sepals and petals narrow, more
or less falcate.—Ptychochilus septemnervia, Schauer in PI. Meyen. 431, t. 12,
LB.
In a ravine of the Wangnachang woods in the Happy Valley, Champion. In Ceylon, the
Indian Archipelago, the Malayan Peninsula, Khasia, Sikkim, and the Philippines. The
Hongkong specimens come nearest to the variety described as T. sqnamata, Blame, with the
bracts ovate-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, but usually without the fine point of the Ceylon
and Malacca specimens originally described by Lindley.
20. SPIRANTHES, Rich.
Sepals and petals nearly equal, erect or spreading at the tips; the 2 lower
sepals oblique, covering the base of the labellum, the upper one cohering with
the petals. Labellum adhering to a projection from the base of the column,
with 2 tubercles or protuberances below the middle. Anther attached to the
back of the short column. Pollen-masses 2, granular, united at the top to a
single gland.—Terrestrial herbs. Leaves at the base of the stems or on the an-
nually renewed tuberous rhizome. Flowers small, usually in 1 or 2 spiral rows.
A conside ble genus, dispersed over the greater part of the world.


JTtemnria.]
361
OKCHIDE^.
Column narrow at the base, dilated at the top into a 2-lobed cup. Anther
adnate to the hinder lobe. Pollen-masses 2, granular, connected by a gland
at the top.
A genus limited to a single species.
1. H. discolor, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 490. Rhizome at the base of
the stem slightly succulent and creeping. Stem pubescent, ascending to G or
8 in. Leaves 2 or 3, near the base, stalked, ovate, 1 to 2 in. long, the up-
per ones reduced to sheaths. Flowers white, in a loose spike of 2 or 3 in.
Ovaries pubescent, near \ in. long. Sepals ovate-oblong, 4 to 5 lines long.
Petals narrow. Labellum full 4 tines long, wavy on the edge, with a terminal
transversely oblong dilatation.—Goodyera discolor, Bot. Keg. t. 271.
On rocks in ravines behind the town of Victoria, and in a ravine of the Happy Valley,
very rare, Champion; also Wright and Hance. Not known ont of S. China.
24. GLOSSASPIS, Spreng.
Habit and characters of the small-flowered Habenarias, except that the ter-
minal glands of the caudicles of the pollen-masses are received into distinct
cells of the stigma.
A genus limited to a Bingle species.
1. G. tentaculata, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 284 j Bot. Reg. t. 862.
Tuber ovoid. Leaves 2 to 4, at or near the base of the stem, ovate-oblong
or lanceolate, 2 to 3 in. long. Stem 8 in. to 1 ft. including the slender spike.
Bracts about the length of the ovary. Flowers green. Sepals and petals
scarcely 2 lines long, converging over the column. Labellum deeply 3-lobed,
with filiform lobes full \ in. long. Spur very short, vesicular.—G. antennifera,
Reichb. Fil. in Linnsea, xxv. 225.
Very common in moist situations, Champion and others. Also on the adjacent continent,
bnt not known out of S. China.
26. HABENAB.IA, Willd.
(Pcristylus, Blume, and Platanthera Rich.).
Sepals and petals nearly alike, or the petals narrow, all converging over the
column, or the lower sepals spreading. Labellum spreading, 3-lobed or rarely
entire, with a short or long spur at the base. Column short, with a short
beak erect under the anther. Anther terminal but adnate on the face of the
column; the cells parallel or diverging, and sometimes free at the tips. Pollen-
inasses 2, granular; the caudicles terminating in glands, distant from each
other, and not immersed in cells of the stigma.—Rhizome tuberous, but
annually renewed by the formation of a fresh tuber, when the previous one
decays. Stems also annually renewed, erect, usually leafy at the base; the
leaves passing into sheathing scales. Flowers sessile in a terminal spike, with
a bract under each.
A large genus, dispersed over the greater part of the world.
Spur much shorter than the ovary.
Labellum narrow, 3-lobed. Flowers small, greenish.
Spur very small, vesicular or ovoid.
Lateral lobes of the labellum short, linear-falcate .... 1. H. lacertifera.
Lobes of the labellum very long and filiform 24. Glossaspis.
Spur cylindrical, half as long as the ovary 2. H. ttenoitachya.


Habenaria.']
863
ORCHIDEjE.
yellow, afterwards brown. Sepals and petals broadly ovate, concave, near 3
lines long; the upper ones forming a helmet; the 2 lower more spreading.
Labellum 3-lobed, adhering at the base to 2 lateral processes of the column;
lateral lobes short, divaricate, close to the base, middle lobe narrow-linear,
longer than the sepals. Spur nearly 1 in. long, thickened towards the lower
end. Anther-cells very divergent.
In marshy spots on Victoria Peak, Champion. On the Chinese coast and in Ceylon.
5. H. Miersiana, Champ, in Keto Journ. Bot. vii. 37. Tuber ovoid.
Stem I ft. high or more. Leaves 2 or 3, oblong, scarcely pointed, the largest
4 in. long. Spike short. Flowers few, pure white. Sepals ovate, acute, about
4 lines long; the uppermost with the rather smaller petals connivent; the 2
lower more spreading. Labellum longer, 6 to 8 lines broad, with 3 lobes of
equal length, the 2 lateral broad and deeply fringed, the middle one narrow
and entire. Spur 1 j- in. long, slightly thickened towards the end.
In a ravine on Victoria Peak, Champion. Not seen in any other collection, bnt nearly
allied to the H. genicvJata, Don, from Nepal and Burmah.
6. H. Susannse, Br. Prod. 312. Stems leafy, attaining 3 or even 4 ft.
Lower leaves from ovate to oblong, 3 to 4 in. long; the upper ones passing
into lanceolate bracts of 2 in. Raceme of 3 or 4 large greenish-white fragrant
flowers. Sepals ovate, 1 to 1 \ in. long. Petals linear, about as long. La-
bellum 2 to 3 in. across, with 2 lateral broad deeply fringed lobes, the middle
one oblong-linear and entire. Spur 2| to 3 in. long.—Platanthera Susanna,
Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 295. Habenaria giganlea, Hook. Bot. Mag. t.
3374.
Common on the grassy slopes and summits of the hills, Champion and others. In the hilly
districts of India, from the Concan mountains to the Himalaya, Khasia, and the Archipelago.
7. H. galeandra, Benth. Tubers small, globular. Stem 6 to 8 in.
high. Leaves oval-oblong; the larger ones 1 to 2 in. long, passing into the
bracts, which are all oblong, leafy, and spreading, the lower ones as large as
the stem-leaves. Flowers distant, white variegated with lilac, mostly shorter
than the bracts. Sepals lanceolate, 3 lines long, the upper one arching over
the linear petals, the 2 lower spreading when fully open. Labellum clawed,
broadly obcordate or nearly orbicular, 5 lines long, waved on the margin.
Spur or pouch very broad at the base, short and obtuse. Anther-cells nearly
parallel.—Platanthera galeandra, Reichb. fil. in Linnaea, xxv. 226. P. Cliam-
pioni, Lindl. in Kew Journ. Bot. vii. 38.
Common on Victoria Peak, Champion; also Fortune, Hance, and Wright. Not known
out of the island, but nearly allied to the N. Indian Plat, obcordala, Lindl., which is chiefly
distinguished by a very much narrower spur.
26. AOPLA, Lindl.
Characters of Habenaria, except that the labellum is not spurred, and has
the margins connate with the very short column into a sort of cup, with a
curved process on each side.
A genus limited to a single species.
1. A. retdfonnis, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 304. Leaves 2 or 3,
radical, rosulate, ovate-cordate, about \ in. long. Stem slender, about 6 in.


364
\Aopla.
ORCHIDE*.
high, with a few sheathing scales. Flowers 3 to 6, distant. Bracts small.
Sepals oval-oblong, 1\ lines long, the upper one arched over the linear petals,
me 2 lower spreading. Labellum linear, entire, 3 lines long, the 2 processes
at its base almost hooked. Anther-cells very divergent. Pollen-masses with
long caudicles.
Hongkong, Harland and Hance. Also in Nepal.
27. CYPBIPEDIUM, Linn.
Sepals and petals spreading, the 2 lowest often united into one under the
abellum. Labellum large, inflated. Column very short, terminating in a
Hinted incurved petal-like lobe, with 2 distinct 2-celled anthers, one on each
side. Pollen granular.—Herbs with fibrous rhizomes. Leaves radical or on
the stems. Flowers large, solitary or few in a terminal raceme or panicle.
A considerable Asiatic and N. American genus, with one species extending into Europe.
1. C. purpuratum, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1991; Gen. et Sp. Orch. 530;
Bot. Mag. t. 4901. Rhizome shortly creeping, with thick succulent fibres.
Leaves radical, oblong, 4 to 5 in. long, marked with darker-coloured blotches.
Scape 8 in. to 1 ft. high, pubescent, bearing a single large flower with a
sheathing bract at the base. Upper sepal very broad, acuminate, about 1} in.
long, white, with purple veins. Lower ones united in a single oblong-lanceo-
late one. Petals oblong, If in. long, purple, fringed with a few small hairs,
without the tubercles of C. barbatum. Labellum also purple, full 1 j in. long,
broadly inflated.
In moist ravines, ou the hills, Champion and others; also in Khasia (and in the Malayan
Peninsula?).
Order CXTI. BUBMANNIACE.E.
Flowers hermaphrodite, regular. Perianth superior, persistent, tubular or
campanulate, usually 6-lobed, the 3 inner lobes often smaller or sometimes
wanting. Stamens 3 or 6, inserted in the tube and shorter than the perianth.
Anthers 2-celled. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, or with 3 parietal placentas and
numerous ovules. Style single, with 3 entire or 2-lobed usually radiating
stigmas. Fruit a capsule. Seeds minute. Embryo apparently homogeneous.
—Herbs. Leaves usually radical or nearly so, or reduced to scales. Flowers
terminal, solitary or several, in spikes, racemes, cymes, or umbels. •
A small tropical Order, common to the New and the Old World.
1. GONYANTHES, Miers.
Perianth tubular, 3-angled or winged, the 3 inner lobes minute (or want-
ing?). Anthers 3, nearly sessile below the inner lobes. Ovary 3-celled.
Capsule opening by transverse fissures opposite the cells.—Delicate leafless
herbs. Flowers terminal, solitary or cymose.
A small tropical Asiatic genus, differing from Burmannia only in the dehiscence of the
capsule.
1. G. Wallichii, Mien in Linn. Tram, xviii. 537, t. 38, /. 2. Stem
filiform, 1 to 3 in. high, either simple with a single terminal blue flower, or


Gotiyanthes.]
365
BURMANNIACEJE.
divided into 2 or 3 1-flowered branches. Leaves replaced by minute scales.
Perianth narrow-tubular, about 3 lines long, with 3 prominent angles, often
dilated into narrow sinuate wings. Outer lobes short, ovate; inner ones very
minute.
Among long grass, on the slope of Mount Gough, JFi/ford. In Bunnah and Tavoy.
Ordkb. CXIII. IRIDE2E.
Mowers hermaphrodite, regular or irregular. Perianth superior, with 6
petal-like segments. Stamens 3, inserted at the base of the segments. Anthers
erect, opening outwards. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, with several ovules in each
cell. Style single, with 3 stigmas, sometimes dilated and petal-like or fringed.
Capsule opening loculicidally in 3 valves. Seeds albuminous, with a small
embryo, the radicle next to the hilum.—Herbs with usually a tuberous, creep-
ing, or bulbous rhizome. Leaves usually either radical or equilant, that is,
alternately sheathing on opposite sides of the stem, and vertically, not hori-
zontally, flattened. Flowers usually terminal, solitary or in spikes, racemes,
or panicles.
A large Order, consisting chiefly of natives of the temperate regions of the northern he-
misphere, or of southern Africa, with a few tropical or Australian species.
1. PARDANTHUS, Ker.
Perianth of 6 equal spreading segments. Stamens nearly straight; stig-
matic lobes linear, dilated upwards and channelled. Seeds globular, succulent
and berry-like.
A genus limited to a single species.
1. P. chinensis, Ker. in Keen. Ann. Bot. i. 217. Ehizome thick and
fleshy. Stems erect, 3 to 6 ft. high, with equitant leaves, 8 in. to 1 ft. long
or more. Flowers orange-coloured, spotted with crimson, in a terminal pani-
cle, with clustered, stiff, divergent branches, of very unequal length. Bracts
sheathing, more or less scarious. Perianth-segments oblong, about 1 in. long.
—lxia chinensis, Bot. Mag. t. 171.
On the sandy sea-beach at Saywan, Champion. Iu similar situations in Formosa, and
said to be also wild iu the mountains of northern India; also much cultivated in gardens both
in India and China.
Order CXIV. AMAEYLLIDILffi.
Perianth superior, of 6 divisions, lobes, or teeth, all or the 3 inner ones
coloured and petal-like. Stamens 6, inserted on the perianth. Anthers opening
inwards. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, with several, or rarely 1 or 2 ovules in
each cell. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds albuminous. Embryo straight or
nearly so.—Herbs, usually perennial, either bulbous or with a tufted or tuber-
ous stock. Leaves entire, parallel-veined. Flowers solitary or in umbels,
clusters, or spikes, with sheathing membranous bracts.
A considerable Order, dispersed over the greater part of the world, but most numerous in
tropical America and S. Africa.


360
[Amaryllidea.
AMAEYLLIDE*.
Fruit succulent. Hairy plant, with a tufted or tuberous stock.
Flowers small, yellow, in an almost sessile spike 1. Curculiqo.
Fruit capsular. Glabrous bulbous plants. Flowers large, white, umbel-
late.
Stamens inserted at the base into a cup within the perianth-lobes . . 3. Pancratium.
Stamens separately inserted on the perianth, the filaments not dilated 2. Ckinum.
1. CTJRCULIGO, Guertn.
Perianth regular, the tube long, often filiform, the limb of 6 equal deciduous
segments. Ovules several in each cell of the ovary. Stigmas 3. Fruit ob-
long, succulent, crowned by the persistent perianth-tube. Seeds enveloped in
a fleshy pulp, with a lateral beak-shaped hilum.—Tufted plants, usually hairy.
Leaves long, mostly radical. Flowers sessile, in sheathing bracts, in a sessile
or pedunculate head or spike.
A tropical genus, limited to the Old World, with the exception of one S. American species.
1. C. orcbioides, Roxb. PI. Corom. i. 14, t. 13; Bot. Mag. t. 1076,
var. minor. Leaves radical, grass-like, and seldom above 6 in. long and 3
lines wide in the Hongkong specimens, sometimes in India twice as long and
broad. Spike nearly sessile, with narrow sheathing bracts. Perianth hairy;
the tube filiform, about \ in. long; the limb yellow, 5 or 6 lines long, with
lanceolate pointed segments. Ovary long and narrow, 3-celled. Capsule
succulent, usually 1-celled, with very few seeds separated by a spongy sub-
stance.—Hypoxia minor, 8eem. Bot. Her. 419; not of Don.
Common in spring, Champion, Seem/inn, Hance. Dispersed over India, from the Penin-
sula to Khasia and the Archipelago. It is also closely allied to the S. American Hypoxia
tcorzonerafolia, Lam., which is surely a Curculigo, and to the Australian C. enaifolia. It is
only at first sight that it resembles the Hypoxia minor, Don, which has no tube to the
perianth.
2. CBINTJM, Linn.
Perianth with a long tube and a regular 6-cleft limb, the segments spread-
ing or recurved. Stamens inserted at the summit of the tube ; filaments free,
filiform; authers linear, versatile. Ovules usually few in each cell. Style
filiform, with an entire or 3-lobed stigma. Capsule globular, depressed, burst-
ing irregularly. Seeds few, nearly globular, often converted into fleshy bulbs.
—Large bulbous glabrous herbs. Leaves radical. ' Flowers usually large,
white or tinged with purple, in an umbel or head proceeding from a 2- or 8-
leaved spatha.
A tropical or subtropical genus, dispersed over the New and the Old World.
1. C. asiaticum, Linn.; Kunth.Enum. v. 547; Bot. Mag. t. 1073. Bulb
large and long. Leaves 1 to 3 ft. long, 1 to 3 in. broad. Scape about 1 ft.
high. Spatha reflexed, membranous. Flowers numerous, sessile or shortly
pedunculate. Perianth-tube about 3 in. long; the segments linear, about 2
in. Ovules solitary in each cell of the ovary.
On the seashore at Saywan, Champion; at Shcko, Hance. Generally on the sandy sea-
coasts of tropical Asia.
3. PANCBATIUM, Linn.
Flowers of Crinum, except that the filaments are united at the base into a
petal-like cup, the margin of which is truncate, toothed or lobed between the


Pancratium.]
367
AMAKYLLIDEJ!.
filaments. Ovules several in each cell of the ovary. Capsule opening loculi-
cidally in 3 valves.—Bulbous herbs, with the habit of Critium, and flowers
usually large and white.
A small genus, the species chiefly maritime, and limited to the Old World if the American
Hymenocallis be really to be separated from it.
1. P. biflorum, Roxb. Ft. Ind. ii. 125. Leaves several, 1 to 1$ ft. long,
1 to 2 in. broad. Scape short, 2- or 3-flowered, with a spatha of 2 or 3
lanceolate bracts. Perianth-tube slender, 4 to B in. long. Segments narrow-
linear, nearly as long. Stamina! cup about \ as long, sinuately toothed be-
tween the filaments, which are at least as long as the cup.
On the seacoast, Champion, Hance. Scarce in India (Roxburgh). The Hongkong speci-
mens agree very well with Roxburgh's description and unpublished drawing of P. biflorum,
but not with the figure of P. verecundum, Bot. Reg. t. 413, to which Herbert refers it.
Order CXV. DIOSCOBIDEiE.
Flowers unisexual, usually dioecious. Perianth of 6 lobes or divisions.
Stamens 6 or 3, inserted on the perianth and shorter than its lobes. Anthers
2-celled. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell.
Stigmas 3, entire or 2-cleft, on a single or distinct styles or sessile. Fruit a
berry or 3-angled capsule. Seeds albuminous, with a minute embryo.—Herbs,
usually twining, sometimes woody at the base. Leaves with digitate or parallel
nerves and reticulate veins, sometimes compound. Flowers small, in axillary
spikes or racemes, simple or paniculate.
An Order of few genera, dispersed over the greater part of the globe.
1. DIOSCOREA, Linn.
(Helmia, Kunih)
Flowers dioecious. Capsule 3-angled or 3-lobed, opening loculicidally at
the angles, often leaving the nerve-like edge free. Seeds winged.—Stems
twining.
A large tropical or subtropical genus, common to the New and the Old World.
Perianth-segments orbicular. Capsule broader than long. Seeds winged
all round. (Leaves mostly opposite.)
Leaves oval-oblong or lanceolate 1.2). oppotitifolia.
Leaves broadly cordate 2. D. Batatas.
Perianth-segments narrow. Capsule longer than broad. Seeds winged
at the base 8. V. tativa.
1. D. oppositifolla, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. hi. 804; Wight, Ic. t. 813.
A glabrous twiner. Rhizome tuberous. Leaves stalked, mostly opposite,
from oval-oblong to lanceolate, 2 to 3 in. long, 3- to 7-nerved. Male spikes
when fully out 1 to 1\ in. long, in axillary clusters or panicles. Flowers
distant, sessile. Perianth-segments orbicular, about 1 line long, slightly im-
bricate in 2 series. Anthers 6, nearly sessile, on a somewhat thickened disk,
without any rudiment of the ovary. Female racemes simple, with few dis-
tant flowers. Capsule of 3 flat wing-like rounded lobes, each near \ in.
broad, the axis rather longer. Seeds flat, winged all round.
Hongkong, Hance, Wright. In Ceylon, the Indian Peninsula, Khasia, and Silhet.


TMiacea.]
369
LILIACE^E.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Leafy stem simple or none.
Stock not bulbous. Stem leafy at the base only.
Fruit a berry. (Flowers pale-blue or greenish.)
Flowers in a raceme. Filaments slender 3. Ophiopogon.
Flowers paniculate. Filaments thickened under the anther . . 4. Dianella.
Fruit a capsule.
Flowers blue, in a terminal umbel. Inner segments very thin
and involute ou the edges 5. Thtsanotus.
Flowers small, white, distant in a raceme or panicle. Capsule
acutely angled or 3-lobed 6. AliTnERicuji.
Stock bulbous.
leaves and scape radical. Flowers small, racemose 7. Scilla.
Stem leafy. Flowers 1 or few, very large 8. Lilium.
I. SMIT.AX, Linn.
(Coprosmanthus, Kunth.)
Flowers dioecious. Perianth of 6 spreading segments, all equal, or the
3 outer larger, or the 3 outer united, and the 3 inner wanting. Male flowers:
Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the segments, or rarely 3, free or monadel-
phous. Female flowers : Stamens rudimentary. Ovary 3-celled, with 1 or 2
erect ovules in each cell. Stigmas 3, sessile, distinct, or shortly united. Fruit
a globular berry. Embryo minute, remote from the hilum.—Clambers. Leaves
with digitate nerves and reticulate veins, usually coriaceous and shining; the
petioles usually bearing 2 simple tendrils, and often winged below the tendrils.
Flowers small, usually white, in sessile or pedunculate axillary umbels, often
forming terminal panicles.
A large genus, dispersed over the tropical and temperate regions of the globe.
Perianth-segments 6, in 2 series. Stamens 6, free.
Leaves glaucous or white underneath. Filaments shorter than
the anthers.
Outer perianth-segments broadly obcordate. Female umbels
many-flowered. Leaves acuminate 1. S. glabra.
Outer perianth-segments ovate. Female umbels few-flowered.
Leaves not acuminate . 2. S. hypoglavea.
Leaves green on both sides. Filaments longer than the anthers.
Umbels solitary, in the axils of full-grown leaves .... 8. 5. lanceafolia.
Umbels solitary, in the axil of the lowest leaf of the young
shoots 4. 5. fetox.
Umbels in axillary panicles. Leaves large 5. S. ovalifolia.
Perianth oblong, 3-toothed. Stamens 3, monadelphous.... 6. & Oaudichaudiana.
1. S. glabra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 792; Kunth, Enum. v. 162; Seem.
Bot. Her. t. 100. Unarmed. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 4 in. long,
coriaceous, green and shining above, 3- or 5-nerved, glaucous or white under-
neath, the old ones rarely green on both sides. Umbels axillary, solitary,
sessile or shortly pedunculate, without scales at the base of the peduncle.
Flowers numerous both in the males and females. Buds 3-lobed; the outer
segments being short, thick, fleshy, very broadly obcordate, concave in the
centre; the inner segments very much smaller, orbicular. Anthers short,
sessile or nearly so.
Hongkong, Hindu, Champion, fiance. Also in Rhasia.
2. S. hypoglauca, Benth., n. up. Unarmed. Leaves oblong or lan-
2 B


370
[Smilax.
LJLIACE.B.
ceolate, rarely almost ovate, green above and white underneath, as in S. glabra,
but obtuse or with a very short callous point. Male inflorescence as in S. glabra.
Flower-buds ovoid, about 1 line long; the outer segments ovate, concave,
rather obtuse; the inner shorter and lanceolate. Anthers shorter than the
perianth, on thick filaments almost as long as themselves. Female flowers
very few in the umbel, larger than the males; outer segments broadly ovate,
obtuse ; inner ones as large, with a minute point. Berry rather larger than in
S. glabra.
Abundant in the Happy Valley woods, Hance, Champion, Wright, Wilford. Not known
from elsewhere. It is allied to S. glycyphylla. Sin., from Australia, but distinct in inflo-
rescence and some other characters.
3. S. lancesefolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. in. 792; Seem. Bol. Her. t. 99.
Unarmed (or rarely with a few short recurved prickles). Leaves ovate-lan-
ceolate, lanceolate or oval-oblong, usually shortly acuminate with a callous tip,
3 or 4 in. long, 3- or 5-nerved, green and shining on both sides. Umbels
solitary in the axils of full-grown leaves, on short peduncles issuing from
2 or 3 thick concave often united scales. Perianth full 2 lines lon<r, cylin-
drical when in bud ; segments narrow-oblong, all six nearly equal. Filaments
as long as the perianth. Anthers small. Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary.
Hongkong, Seemann, Hance; common in ravines, Wilford. In the east frontier of India
{Roxburgh). The S. oxyphylla, Wall.; Kunth, Enum. v. 238, a common Sikkim and Khasia
plant, may be only a variety differing in its usually prickly stem, less coriaceous leaves, and
smaller flowers. Both belong to the biovulate group (Copromianthtu, Kunth).
4. S. ferox, Wall.; Kunth, Enum. v. 251. Stems prickly or rarely un-
armed. Leaves when full grown oval, obovate, or almost orbicular, about 2 in.
long, coriaceous and shining; when young often much narrower and more
acute at both ends. Umbels pedunculate, solitary in the lowest axil of each
young shoot, or rarely in the 2 lowest axils, without scales at the base of the
peduncle, although there is always one at the base of the shoot. Perianth,
stamens, and biovulate cells of the ovary as in S. lunte(tfolia.—Coprosmanlhus
japonicus, Kunth, Enum. v. 268?
Hongkong, Harland, Hance; in raviues, Wilford. In Nepal, Khasia, Sikkim, near
Amoy, and perhaps in Japan.
5. S. ovalifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 794; Wight, 1c. t. 809. Stems
stout, prickly, climbing to a great height. Leaves from nearly orbicular to
ovate-lanceolate, 5 to 8 in. long, 5- or 7-nerved. Umbels pedunculate,
several together in axillary racemes or panicles. Perianth about 2 lines long,
with narrow lobes. Filaments rather longer than the linear anthers. Ovary
globular, with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Styles shortly united at the
base.—S. macrophylla, Roxb., Fl. Ind. iii. 793, and S. prolifera, Roxb. 1. c.
795.
Hongkong, Hance, judging from a single specimen without flowers, which is probably
correctly ascribed to this species by Seemann. The specimens I describe are from India,
where it is widely diffused from Ceylon and the Peninsula to Kumaon, Sikkim, and Burnish.
6. S. Gaudichaudiana, Kunth, Enum. v. 252. Unarmed. Leaves
broadly ovate-cordate or almost orbicular, 5-, 7-, or 9-nerved, \ to 3 in. long,
green on both sides and rather thin. Umbels solitary, on simple axillary
somewhat flattened peduncles of -J to f in., without scales at the base.
Perianth about 2 lines long, oblong, minutely 3-toothed. Stamens shorter,


Smilax.']
371
MLIACE.E.
the filaments united in a column with 3 sessile anthers, the inner perianth-
segments anil inner stamens entirely deficient. Female flowers not seen.
Berry 1- or 2-seeded.—S. hongkongentis, Seem. Bot. Her. 420.
Hongkong, Hance, Wright, Seemann. S. China {Gaudichaud).
2. ASPARAGUS, Linn.
Flowers dioecious. Perianth of 6 distinct nearly equal spreading segments,
Stamens 6, free. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Style single,
with a 3-lobed stigma. Fruit a berry. Seeds albuminous, with a transverse
embryo. Rhizome creeping. Stems erect or with half-climbing branches.
Leaves usually clustered, subulate or laterally flattened (theoretically described
as abortive pedicels), surrounded by short scarious scales (theoretically consi-
dered to be leaves or bracts). Flowers small, axillary, solitary, clustered or
racemose.
A considerable genus extending over the tropical and temperate regions of the Old World.
1. A. lucidus, Lindl.; Kunth, Enum. v. 71. Stems straggling or half-
climbing, much branched, attaining 2 or even 3 ft., very smooth and shining,
with short frequently reflexed prickles under most of the branches. Leaves
usually in threes, flat, linear, much falcate, almost pungent, not \ in. long in
some specimens, above 1 in. in others. Flowers usually 2 or 3 together or
sometimes solitary, on pedicels of \ to 1-J lines. Perianth scarcely more than
1 line long.—A. falcalus, Benth. in Lond. Journ. i. 493; Seem. Bot. Her.
421; not of Linnaeus.
Common in the island, Hinds, Champion, and others. In S. China, Loochoo, and Japan.
Very near to the true A.falcaiut, Linn., a Ceylon species, represented by Burmann with
leaves twice as long and more numerous in the clusters, and pedicels 2 or 3 times as long as
in A. lucidus. Ilance suggests that onr plant may be the Mtlattthtum cochinchinme,
Lour. Fl. Coch. 216. The description agrees well, except that the fruit is stated to be cap-
sular. Our specimens are indeed not in fruit, but there is every reason to believe it to be a
berry, as in all other Asparagi.
3. OPHIOPOGON, Ker.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth of 6 equal spreading segments. Stamens
6, free, inserted at their base; filaments short. Ovary attached by a broad
base (or half-inferior), 3-celled, with 2 or few ovules in each cell. Fruit a
globular berry, 1- or few-seeded.—Rhizome creeping. Leaves radical, linear,
parallel-veined. Flowers small, usually blue, clustered, in a simple raceme
on a leafless scape.
A small tropical or subtropical Asiatic genus.
1. O. spicatus, Ker in Bot. Beg. t. 593 ; Kunth, Enum. v. 299. Leaves
tufted, on a short thick horizontal rhizome, 1 to 2 ft. long, grass-like, but
stiff. Scapes from 6 in. to 1 ft. high. Flowers blue, in clusters of 3 to 6 in
the axil of a scarious bract and surrounded by several smaller bracts, forming
a rather dense narrow raceme of 2 to 4 in. Pedicels 1 to 1J lines. Perianth-
segments usually about 2 lines long, but varying in size. Ovary inserted on
a broad base, but wholly superior. Style undivided. Berry blue, usually 1-
seeded.—O. graeilin, Kunth, Enum. v. 298.
2 b 2


Mottochoria.]
375
PONTEDERACE.tf.
Racemes appearing to proceed from the side of a petiole, 1 to 2 in. long, erect
at first, afterwards reflexed, bearing 6 to 12 blue flowers. Perianth-segments
about 5 lines long, the outer ones oblong, the inner obovate.—Pontederia va-
ginalis, Roxb. PI. Corom. t. 110.
In a ditch in the Happy Valley, Wilford. Common in India and the Archipelago.
2. M. plantaginsa, Kunth, Enum. iv. 135. An annual, much smaller
than the last. Leaves lanceolate, scarcely cordate, 1 to 1| in. long. Racemes
loosely 1- to 3-flowered or very rarely 4-flowered. Flowers deep blue, rather
smaller than in M. vaginalis, the inner segments rather narrower than the
outer.
Hongkong, Wright. Common in India and the Archipelago, extending northward to
Amoy.
Order CXVIII. COMMELYKACEJE.
Flowers hermaphrodite or rarely polygamous, usually slightly irregular.
Perianth of 3 outer (sepals) thin but calyx-like segments, rarely united at the
base, and 3 inner (petals) very delicate petal-like segments or lobes. Stamens
6, or fewer by abortion. Anthers 2-celled, or some deformed or barren. Ovary
3-celled or rarely 2-celled, with 1, 2, or more ovules in each cell. Style sim-
ple, with an entire or 3-lobed stigma. Fruit a capsule, or rarely indehiscent.
Seeds peltate or angular, the testa usually wrinkled. Embryo small, partly
sunk in a cavity in the apex or side of the fleshy albumen.—Herbs, often
creeping at the base. Leaves parallel-veined, with sheathing petioles. Flowers
usually blue, purple, or white, in panicles, umbels, or clusters, either terminal
or issuing from the leaf-sheaths.
A considerable Order, chiefly tropical or subtropical, common to the New and the Old
World.
Stamens 6 or 4, of which one half differently shaped and barren. Ovary
3-celled.
Flowers few, enclosed in a folded cordate or peltate-turbinatc oblique
bract or spatha. Capsule 2-valved t . . . . 1. Commelyna.
Flowers paniculate. Bracts small. Capsule 8-valved 2. Anellema.
Stamens 6. Anthers all with 2 parallel cells.
Perianth-segments free. Bracts small.
Ovary and capsule 2-celled, the cells 1-ovulate 8. Floscopa.
Ovary 3-celled. Ovules numerous. Fruit globular, indehiscent . 4. PoLLIA.
Perianth-segments united in 2 series. Bracts usually falcate, en-
closing the flower 5. Cyanotis.
1. COMMELYNA, Linn.
Perianth irregular, 2 sepals larger than the third, and one petal differently
shaped or more sessile than the 2 others. Stamens 6 or rarely fewer, of which
3 fertile, one of them larger than the others, 3 barren, with deformed anthers.
Ovary with 1 uniovulate and 2 biovulate cells. Capsule 2-valved.—Flowers
few, on 2 peduncles enclosed in a folded cordate or peltate-turbinate oblique
bract or spatha, which is usually pedunculate from a split leaf-sheath opposite
the blade.
A considerable genus, common to the New and the Old World.


376
[Cummelyua.
COMMELYNACE.t.
Spatha cordate, folded, falcate, glabious.
Spalha acuminate. Sessile petal very broad 1. C. talicifolia.
Spatha scarcely acuminate. Sessile petal ovate or lanceolate . 2. C. communis.
Spatha turbinate, peltate (a flattened inverted oblique or falcate cone,
opeu at the top only), pubescent 3. C. benghalenm.
1. C. salicifolia, Boxb. Fl. Ind. i. 172; Kunth, Enum. iv. 39. Stems
creeping at the base, branching and ascending to 1 ft. or more, the whole plaut
glabrous. Leaves usually lanceolate, 2 to 3 in. long, or the lower ones small
and ovate, the sheaths ciliate on the edge, liracts cordate, folded, much fal-
cate, usually acuminate. Lower peduncle usually 1-flowered, the upper one
short, about 3-flowered. Petals nearly orbicular, 2-chiwed, the third nearly
sessile. Sterile anthers with distinct orange-coloured cells spurred at the base;
fertile ones parallel-celled, one much larger.— C. cttspitosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i.
174? C. ochrtata, Schauer in PI. Meyen. 447.
Hongkong, Wright. Common in India and in the Archi]K'lago. Wilford gathered a
variety in which the lower peduncle in each spntha appear* to be constantly without flowers,
which would remove it to another section of Kunth's, but I can find uo other difference in
the specimens.
2. C. communis, Linn.; Kunth, Enum. iv. 36. Very near the last,
but the leaves are usually shorter and less acuminate, their sheaths shorter and
scarcely ciliate, the spathns also shorter and rather acute than acuminate, the
flowers rather smaller, 2 of the petals have longer claws, and the sessile one is
ovate or lanceolate, not nearly so broad as the others.
Hongkong, Hance t A common species in India and the Archipelago, to which I believe
Hauce's specimen has been correctly referred, although I have been unable to examine any
flower.
3. C. benghalensis, Linn.; Kunlh, Enum. iv. 50; lFiyht,Ic. t. 2065.
A creeping pale-green perennial, more or less hairy or pubescent, especially ou
the bracts. Leaves usually ovate, 1 to 'I in. long, inure rarely lanceolate and
longer, the sheaths and petioles ciliate. Spathas opposite the upper leaves,
or 2 to 4 together above them, with the subtending leaves reduced to short
sheaths, broadly turbinate and compressed, the margins united, so as to form
an inverted cone open at the top, and oblique or somewhat falcate. Lower
peduncle longer than the spatha, with 1 male flower, upper one shorter, with
2 or 3 hermaphrodite flowers.— C. canescens, Vahl; 0. Blumei, Dietr.; C. mol-
lis, Jacq., and perhaps some others of Kunth, Enum. iv. 49 to 52.
Hongkong, Hance, Wright. Widely spread over tropical Asia, Africa, and America,
although apparently not so common in India as the two last species.
2. ANEILEMA, Br.
Flowers nearly regular. Perianth-segments free. Stamens 6 or 4, of
which 3 or 2 have differently shaped barren anthers. Ovary 3-celled, with 2
to 5 ovules in each cell. Capsule 3-valved.—Flowers usually small, in ter-
minal panicles. Bracts small.
A considerable genus, dispersed over the tropical and subtropical regions of the New and
the Old World. 1 *
1. A. xradiflorum, Br.; Kunth, Enum. iv. 66. A slender diffuse or
creeping glabrous annual (perhaps occasionally forming biennial tufts) ascend-
ing to 6 in. or rather more. Leaves lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long, with short


378
[PoUia.
COMMELYNACE.B.
slightly pubescent. Leaves broadly ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acuminate, 4
to 6 in. long in the Hongkong specimens, 8 or 9 in. in some Javanese ones,
narrowed into a rather long petiole above the sheath. Panicle pedunculate,
ovate or oblong, 2 or 3 in. long, usually pubescent. Sepals nearly orbicular,
about li lilies long. Petals smaller. Fruit 3 or 4 lines diameter.—Acluia
torzoffonensis, E. Mey. in Rel. Ha;nk. i. 138, t. 24. Anilema didymum, Seem.
Bot. Her. 422, not of Hamilt.
Hongkong, Hance, Wright. Also in the Philippines and Java. The true A. didymum,
Ham., is an allied species of Pollia from Khasia, with the leaves sessile or nearly so, larger
more persistent sepals, etc.
5. CYANOTIS, Don.
Flowers regular. Sepals united at the base. Petals united more or less
by their claws in a 3-lobed corolla. Stamens 6; filaments bearded towards
the top; anthers uniform. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell attached to its
centre. Capsule.3-valved. Seeds, one erect, the other pendulous.—Creeping
or ascending herbs. Flowers iu short dense spikes or clusters, either within
the leaf-sheaths, or pedunculate and surrounded by imbricate falcate bracts.
A small Asiatic or African genos, chiefly tropical.
Leaves linear. Flowers few, within the leaf-sheaths 1. C. axillaris.
Leaves lanceolate, often white-woolly. Flower-spikes bracteate, in ter-
minal or lateral clusters 2. C.fasciculala.
1. C. axillaris, Ram. and Sch.; Kunth, Enum. iv. 105. A glabrous
annual with long creeping branches. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 2 to
4 in. long. Flowers 2 or 3 together, nearly sessile within the short loose leaf-
sheaths. Sepals about 2 lines long, divided nearly to the base. Corolla deep
blue, the tube longer than the sepals, the lobes ovate. Filaments thickened
above a dense tuft of articulate hairs.
Hongkong, Hance. Common iu wet fields in India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to
the Archipelago.
2. C. fascicolata, Ram. and Sch.; Kunth, Enum. iv. 104; Wight, Ic.
t. 2086. A perennial, ascending to about 1 ft., more or less clothed with a
white loose wool, which readily wears off. Leaves lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long.
Flowers blue, in little heads or short spikes, 2 or 3 together, unequally pe-
dunculate or nearly sessile, terminal or in the upper axils, and each head sur-
rounded by 8 to 10 lanceolate much falcate imbricate bracts, the lower 5 or
6 lines long, the others gradually smaller, filaments white-woolly below the
anthers.—C. lanata, Benth. in Hook. Nig. Fl. 542.
Hongkong, Harland. In Nepal, the Indian Peninsula, Ceylon, and tropical Africa.
Order CXIX. XYRlDACEiE.
Flowers hermaphrodite, usually irregular. Perianth of 3 outer segments,
one of which much larger, more petal-like, and within the others, or reduced
to that one only, and 3 or 2 inner petal-like segments sometimes united into
1. Stamens 3, either all bearing anthers or 2 barren and petal-like, inserted
.it the base of the inner perianth. Ovary with 3 parietal placentas, sometimes
meeting or even united in the centre. Ovules numerous. Capsule 8-valved.


Xi/ridacea.] xyridace^e. 379
Seeds numerous, very small, albuminous.—Erect stiff herbs. Leaves radical
or distichous and equitant, narrow and erect. Flowers yellow, in terminal
heads or in interrupted spikes.
A small tropical Order, common to the New and the Old World.
Flowers in short terminal heads. Perianth double, each of 3 segments
or lobes 1. Xybis.
Flowers in a long interrupted spike. Perianth of 2 broad petal-like seg-
ments 2. Philydrum.
1. XYEIS, Linn.
Perianth of 2 lateral outer segments (bracts ?) keeled and compressed, a
third broader and more petal-like, enveloping the 3 inner petal-like segments
or lobes. Stamens 3, fertile, opposite the inner segments, and sometimes 3
sterile penicillate filaments between them. Placentas parietal.—Rush-like
herbs. Leaves equitant, radical or nearly so, excepting one (sometimes re-
duced to a sheath) sheathing the base of the otherwise leafless scape. Flowers
vellow, in small dense terminal heads, with coriaceous imbricated glume-like
bracts or scales.
A genus of several species, distributed over the tropical and subtropical regions of the
New aud the Old World.
Scales of the flower-head very broad, with a lighter-coloured margin.
Leaves denticulate (under a lens) 1. X. paucijfora.
Scales of a uniform brown. Leaves quite entire 2. X. tcharnoides.
1. X. pauciflora, Willd.; Kunth, Eiium.iv. 11. Leaves narrow, grass-
like, acute, 2 to 4 in. long, minutely denticulate, when seen under a lens.
Scape 4 in. to 1 ft. long. Flower-head broadly ovoid-globular, about 4 lines
diameter. Scales very broad, dark and shining in the centre, with a broad
thinuer and lighter-coloured margin. Perianth-segments 2 outer narrow and
acute, the keel winged; the third broad, but with a rather stiff and prominent
midrib. Inner perianth 3-lobed, with an anther almost sessile at the base
of each. Sterile stamens none or very minute.
In marshes and swamps, Hance, Wright, Wilford. In India, from Ceylon and the Pcn-
insnla to Khasia, Sikkim, and the Malayan Peninsula. In Australia and the Philippines,
and probably all over the Archipelago.
2. X. schcenoides, Marl.; Kunt/i, Enum. iv. 16. Leaves narrow and
acute, usually 2 or 3 in. long, but without the minute denticulation of the last
species. Scapes usually above a foot long and slender. Flower-heads usually
smaller and more ovoid than in X. paucijiora, the scales of a more uniform
brown. Lateral outer perianth-segments more obtuse, the third very broad
and thin, completely enclosing the inner perianth. Anthers larger, and the
penicillate sterile stamens more conspicuous.
Hongkong, Hance, Wright. In various parts of India.
2. PHILYDRUM, Banks.
Perianth of 2 nearly equal petal-like segments (the 2 outer wanting, and
the 3 inner united into one). Stamens 3, inserted at the base of the inner
segment; filaments dilated, the middle one bearing an anther, the 2 lateral


380
\Philydrum.
XYRIDACE*.
broader and more petal-like, usually without anthers. Placentas parietal, but
projecting to the centre of the cavity and 2-lobed.
A genus now limited to a single species.
1. P. lanuginosum, Bank); Kunth, Enum. iii. 380; Guillem. Ic. PI.
Austral. I. 5; Bot. Mag. t. 783. Stems leafy, about 2 ft. high, with more
or less of a loose white wool, wearing away with age. Lower leaves nearly 1
ft. long, equitnnt at the base, upper ones passing into short lanceolate sheath-
ing bracts. Flowers yellow, sessile, and solitary or in pairs in the sheaths
of distant bracts. Perianth-segments hairy, about \ in. long. Capsule about
as long.
In marshes at Saywan, Champion, Bance, Wright. Also in Australia.
Order CXX. JUNCACE.2E.
Perianth regular, dry and calyx-like, of 6 free segments. Stamens 6 or
rarely 3 only, inserted at their base. Ovary 3-celled, with 1 or more ovules
in each cell, or 1-celled, with 3 or more ovules. Styles usually 3. Capsule
3-valved. Seeds albuminous, with a very small embryo.—Herbs usually stiff,
with narrow sometimes cylindrical and stem-like leaves, and small herbaceous
flowers in terminal or apparently lateral clusters or panicles.
A small family, abundantly spread over all parts of the globe.
1. JTJNCUS, Linn.
Ovary 3-celled, with numerous ovules. Leaves usually cylindrical, at least
in the upper portion; the other characters and geographical range those of
the Order.
1. J. Leschenaultii, •/. Gay; Kunth, Enum. iii. 336. A tufted annual,
from 2 or 3 in. to near 1 ft. high. Leaves sheathing below, cylindrical up-
wards, 1 to 3 in. long, slightly divided inside by cross partitions of pith, giv-
ing them a jointed appearance. Flowers in little clusters of fiom 3 or 4 to 8
or 10, in a more or less compound terminal panicle with a small leaf-like bract
at its base. Perianth-segments \ to 2 lines long, narrow, very acute. Stamens
usually 3. Capsule narrow, pointed, full 2 lines long.—/. sinensis, J. Gay;
Kuuth, Enum. iii. 336.
Hongkong, Wright; in a ditch in the Happy Valley, Wilford. Common in India. It
is chiefly distinguished from the European J. articulalus by the much longer perianth-seg-
ments and capsules. The smaller specimens have almost the habit of J. bufonias, a cosmo-
politan species, which I have reason to believe may also be found in Hongkong. It is a
small annual, readily known by the leaves not jointed and its flowers mostly solitary or rarely
2 together.
Order CXXI. RESTIACEiE.
Flowers unisexual. Perianth dry and glume-like or very thin and trans-
parent, of 6 or rarely 4 segments in 2 series, the inner ones sometimes united
at the base. Male flowers: Stamens 6, 4, 3, or 2, usually inserted on the
perianth-segments or at the summit of the tube. Female flowers: Ovary 1-


Reatiacetv.]
381
RESTIACEJS.
to 3-celled, with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Styles or stigmas 3, simple
or 2-lobed. Fruit a capsule or a 1-seeded nut. Embryo lenticular on the
outside of the albumen, remote from the hilum.—Herbs, usually stiff. Leaves
narrow, parallel-veined, the sheaths split lengthwise. Flowering scapes or
peduncles usually with 1 or more sheathing scales. Flowers in terminal heads
or spikes, rarely paniculate.
A considerable Order, widely distributed over a great part of the globe; most abundant in
S. Africa or Australia, and one genus within the tropics, but almost absent from Europe or
northern Asia.
1. EBIOCAULOH", Linn.
Flowers sessile, in androgynous or rarely dioecious heads, with imbricated
bracts 1 under each flower, and a few outer ones empty. Male flowers : Peri-
anth of 6 or 4 segments; the outer free or united, inner ones united at the
base into a solid stalk. Anthers 2-celled Female flowers: Perianth-segments
all distinct or the inner shortly united. Style single, with 3 or 2 stigmas.
Capsule 3- or 2-lobed, opening at the angles.—Aquatic or marsh plants.
Leaves all radical or crowded on a short stem. Scapes with 1 sheathing scale
or short leaf at the base and 1 terminal head. Male and female flowers irre-
gularly mixed in the Chinese species, the inner perianth-segments usually
bearing a small black gland.
A large genus chiefly tropical in the New and the Old World, extending also into the
cooler regions of N. America, and one species crossing over to N.W. Europe. The greater
namber of tropical American species have however been recently separated, by purely artifi-
cial characters, under the name of Papalanlhui.
Bracts coriaceous, more or less mealy-white at the tips. Flowers very
flat, the 2 outer segments winged (tall species).
Leaves linear-lanceolate, glabrous. Heads slightly mealy . . . 1. E.Wallichianum.
Leaves linear, hairy. Heads very mealy 2. E. auitrale.
Bracts thin, the floral ones transparent, glabrous or hairy. Perianth-
segments not winged (smaller species).
Heads above 2 lines diameter. Outer male perianth of 2 or 3 dis-
tinct segments.
Bracts shining. Outer male periauth of 2 segments; inner lobes
minute 3. B. truncatum.
Bracts not conspicuous. Outer male perianth of 3 segments; in-
ner lobes unequal, very plumose and exserted 4. E. crutatum.
Heads not 2 lines diameter. Outer male perianth spathaceous, 3-
toutlied (small slender species).
Outer female perianth of 2 slender segments, inner one wanting.
Leaves radical S. E.heteranthwn.
Outer female perianth of 3 obovate segments, inner of 3 spathu-
late ones. Stem leafy at the base 6. E. tetaceum.
1. E. Wamchiaxram, Mart.; WaU. PI. As. Rar. t. 249; Kmrn. in
Linnaa, xxvii. 687. Leaves radical, linear-lanceolate, very pointed, about
4 to 6 in. long and 2 to 3 lines broad. Scapes sometimes scarcely longer,
sometimes near 1 ft., scarcely angular. Flower-heads ovate-globose; the
scales very closely imbricated, coriaceous, broadly obovate, obtuse or with a
very short inflected point, and slightly mealy at the tip. Perianth very flat,
the 2 outer segments both in males and females boat-shaped with a winged
keel. Inner male perianth filiform, with 3 minute lobes and 6 stamens. In-


382
[Eriocaulon.
KESTIACE.f:.
ner female perianth of 3 narrow short segments, slightly plumose at the top.
Ovary 8-celled. Style long, with 3 short filiform stigmas.—E. canlonieme,
Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. 219.
Common in moist situations, Champion and others. In Ceylon and the Indian Peninsula,
in Tavoy and S. China. The E. longifolium, Nees, is probably the same species with the
flowers accidentally 8-androus; at least, in the Chinese specimen from Fortune, n. 120, re-
ferred to it by Kcernicke, I find the flowers usually 3-merous and 6-androus, even in my spe-
cimen from Fortune; although in one instance I found ouly 5 stamens, and occasionally only
2 seeds ripen.
2. E. australe, Br.; Koern. in Linntsa, xxvii. 686. Very near the last,
and with flowers of the same structure. Leaves narrower, more or less hairy.
exceedingly compact, much more mealy-white; the floral scales more turned
Hongkong, Hance, Wright. Also in tropical Australia.
3. E. trtmcatum, Ham.; Koern. in Linnaa, xxvii. 631. Leaves all ra-
dical, linear-lanceolate, acute, 1 to 2 in. long, 1 to near 2 lines broad. Scape
2 to 6 in. Head hemispherical or at length nearly globular, about 2^ lines
diameter. Outer scales as long as the disk, thin, rather scarious, yellowish
and shining; inner ones obovate-oblong, very thin and transparent, minutely
ciliate but glabrous. Outer perianths of 2 narrow falcate segments; inner
male with 3 minute black glandular lobes; inner female of 3 linear slightly
fringed segments. Style divided to nearly the middle into 3 filiform stigmas.
Hongkong, Hance, Wright, Wilford. Widely dispersed over India from Ceylon and the
Feniusula to the Archipelago, and northward to khnsia and Silhet, the Philippines, and S.
China.
4. E. cristatam, Mart.; Koern. in Linnaa, xxvii. 609. Leaves all ra-
dical, narrow-linear or almost subulate, usually 3 or 4 in. long. Scape usually
twice as long, stiff and angular. Heads hemispherical, full 3 lines diameter,
dark-coloured at first, then very white as the plumose perianths expand.
Outer scales broadly obovate, shorter than the disk; inner ones thin, narrow -
obovate or cuneate, dark at the top and fringed with short white hairs. Outer
perianth-segments 3, nearly equal, dark at the top and fringed like the bracts.
Inner segments of the females and lobes of the males very white, plumose, one
much longer, and all projecting beyond the scales. Style short, with 3 fili-
form stigmas.—E. miserum, Koern. 1. c. 607.
Hongkong, Hance. Common in Khasia.
B. E. heteranthum, Benth., n. *p. Leaves all radical, very narrow, 1
to \ \ in. long, ending in fine points. Stems slender, 3 to 4 in. high. Heads
at first hemispherical, ovbid-globose when full grown, nearly 2 lines diameter.
Outer bracts broad, obtuse, nearly as long as the disk; inner ones obovate-
oblong, rather acute, very thin and transparent, glabrous. Male outer peri-
anth spathaceous, 3-toothed, inner of 3 short plumose lobes. Stamens 6.
Female outer perianth of 2 linear-subulate acute segments, fringed with a
very few long hairs, inner perianth entirely deficient. Style long, with 8 su-
bulate lobes.
Hongkong, Hance, Wright; in paddy-fields at Little Hongkong, Wilford. Not known
from elsewhere. Allied to E. achiton, Kcern., by the absence of any inner perianth to tht

in and pointed.


Eriocaulon.']
383
RESTIACEJE.
female flowers, but in that species the outer male perianth has 2 narrow segments; the fe-
male segments are firmer and lcs9 pointed than in ours, and the mature heads arc broadly
obconical, not ovoid.
6. E. setaceum, Linn.; Kami, in Linntea, xxvii. 603. Stems, when
submerged, more or less elongated and leafy. Leaves filiform, £ to 1^ in.
long, slightly enlarged at the base. Scapes very slender, 2 to 4 in. long.
Flower-head ovoid-globose, about \ lines diameter. Outer bracts broad,
rather shorter than the disk; inner ones obovate-oblong, acute, thin and
transparent, with a few white hairs at the tip. Outer male perianth spa-
thaceous, 3-toothed, inner lobes minute. Female outer segments 3, obo-
vate, 3 inner ones spathulate, all narrowed at the base, thin and transparent,
slightly fringed at the top. Style deeply 3-cleft.
Hongkong, Wright. In Ceylon and Tavoy.
Order CXXII. CYPERACE2E.
Flowers in little green or brown spikes called spikelets, consisting of several
scale-like bracts called glumes, either distichous as in Graminea, or imbricated
all round with one sessile flower in the axil of each, or the lower ones empty.
Perianth either none or replaced by a few bristles or minute scales. Stamens
3, rarely 2 or 1 or more than 3. Ovary- (in the same or in a distinct glume)
simple, 1-ce.lled, with 1 erect ovule. Style more or less deeply divided into
2 or 3 branches or linear stigmas. Fruit a small seed-like nut, flattened
when the style is 2-cleft, triangular when it is 3-cleft. Seed albuminous,
with a small lens-shaped embryo in its base.—Herbs, resembling in aspect
the Juncea, or more frequently the Graminece; but usually stiffer than the
latter, with solid stems and the sheaths of the leaves closed all round. Spike-
lets terminal (or apparently lateral when a leafy bract appears to continue the
stem), solitary or several in a simple or compound cluster, spike, umbel, or
panicle. Inflorescence and its branches almost always subtended by bracts,
which are usually leaf-like under the general inflorescence, glume-like under
the spikelets. When the inflorescence is umbellate it is very irregularly so,
one spikelet, cluster, or partial umbel being always sessile, whilst the others
are supported on peduncles or rays of very unequal length.
A large Order, abundantly distributed all over the globe, but more especially in moist
situations or on the edges of waters,
flowers, at least the fertile ones, hermaphrodite.
Spikelets several-flowered, with only \or2 empty glumes below
the flowering ones.
Glumes distichous, at least in the young spikelet.
Style not thickened at the base. Spikelets in clusters or
spikes, on the scape or on the rays of a simple or com-
pound umbel 1. Ctperus.
Style thickened at the base and articulate on the nut. Spike-
lets single on the scape or the umbel-rays 5. Abildgaardta.
Glumes imbricate all round.
No hypogynous bristles or scales.
Style thickened at. the base and articulate on the nut . 6. Fimbkistylls.
Style falling off above the thickened base, which remains
as a beak or tnberclc on the nut 7- Isolepis.


384
\Oyperace/t.
CYPERACE.E.
Hypogynous bristles 4 or 6 8. Scirpus.
Hypogynous scales 8, flat 9. Fuirena.
Spikelets \-Jlowered (or with a second male flower), closely im-
bricate in small heads or spikes resembling spikelett.
Scales under tbe spikelets small or none 2. Kyllingia.
Scales under the spikelets as long as them, imbricate and glume-
like.
Spikes in a sessile head. Glumes concave (very thin) ... 3. Lipocarpha.
Spikes paniculate. Glnmes flat, keeled 4. Hypoelytkim.
Spikelets 1- or few-flowered, with several empty glumes below
them; in panicles, clusters, or spikes, but not imbricate.
Hypogynous bristles 6. Nut crowned by the base of the style 10. Rhynchospora.
No hypogynous bristles.
Nut thick, tapering at the top. Spikelets paniculate . . .11. Cladium.
Style articulate below the bulbous base. Spikelets in a ter-
minal head. No leaves 12. Akthbostylis.
Stamens 4 to 6, very long and persistent. Spikelets clus-
tered in spikes, forming a narrow panicle 13. Gahnia.
Nut seated on a thickened toothed disk. Spikelets clustered
in compound spikes 14. Lepidosperma.
Flowers unisexual, in unisexual or androgynous spikelets.
Nut very hard, seated on a thickened entire or lobed disk . . .15. Scleria.
Nut enclosed in a 2-toothed utricle 16. Carex.
1. CXTERITS, Linn.
Spikelets several-flowered (very rarely 2- or 3-flowered). Glumes disti-
chous, all nearly equal, with 1 flower in each, or 1 or 2 lowest rarely empty.
Flowers hermaphrodite, without hypogynous scales or bristles. Stamens 3
or fewer. Style continuous with the ovary, not bulbous at the base.—Spike-
lets in clusters, heads, or spikes, which are usually several together in a simple
or compound irregular umbel.
A very large tropical and subtropical genus, represented by a few species in more tempe-
rate regions, and quite disappearing in the extreme north and south.
Style 2-cleft. Nut flattened.
Spikelets obtuse. Nuts ovate or obovate.
Spikelets pale-coloured, rather narrow, shining. Glumes scarious
on the edge. Stamens 2 1. C. vulgaris.
Spikelets broad. Glumes edged with red-brown. Stamens 3 . . 2. C. Eragroslis.
Spikelets acute, densely clustered. Nuts narrow-oblong .... 8. C polgstachya.
Style 3-cleft. Nnts more or less 3-angled.
Spikelets obtuse. Nuts as long as the very obtuse glnmes.
Spikelets in dense globose beads. Glumes dark-brown, scarcely
one-third line long 4. C. difformit.
Spikelets in loose clusters or spikes. Glumes at least two-thirds of a
line long.
Spikelets very flat, yellowish-green . . . . * 5. C. Iria.
Spikelets narrow-linear, more or less brown 12. C. distant.
Spikelets acute or tapering to the end.
Spikelets 2 to 3 lines long.
Spikelets clustered at the ends of the rays.
Slender plant. Glumes scarcely pointed, not \ line long, all
flowering 6. C. Hatpan.
Low stiff plant. Glnmes above 1 line long, with prominent
points, the lower 2 smaller and empty 7. C. radians.


Cypertu.] cypeeace*. 385
Spikelets spicate along the rays.
Rhachis of the spikes glabrous. Glomes closely imbricate.
Spikelets 2- to 4-flowered, nearly cylindrical, densely imbricate
in cylindrical spikes 8. C. umbellattu.
Spikelets 6- to 10-tlowered, rather flattened, very spreading,
in rather dense spikes 9. C. pennatut.
Rhachis pubescent or hairy. Spikelets loosely 6- to 10-flowcred,
flat, in loose spikes 10. C. pilotut.
Spikelets 5 to 10 lines long.
Spikelets few, in short spikes on each ray. Glumes closely imbri-
cate 11. C. rotundui.
Spikelets very slender, in loose spikes. Glumes alternate, scarcely
imbricate 12. C. dutant.
1. C. vulgaris, Sieb.; Kunth, Euum. ii. 4. Stems tufted, rather slen-
der, f to 1 ft. high. Leaves narrow, shorter than the stem. Umbel of seve-
ral rays, the longest 1 to \ in., with 2 or 3 long leafy unequal bracts.
Spikelets 3 to 10 or more in each cluster, very spreading, $ to £ in. long,
flat but narrow. Glumes 20 to 30 or even more, obtuse, pale brown, with a
green keel and narrow scarious edges. Stamens usually 2. Style 2-cleft. Nut
obovate, dark brown.
Hongkong, Hance; a single specimen miied with other species. Widely spread over tro-
pical and subtropical Asia, extending from eastern Africa and some parts of the Mediterra-
nean region to the Indian Archipelago, and northward to Shanghai.
2. C. Eragrostia, Vahl; Kunth, Enum. ii. 7- Rhizome slender and
shortly creeping. Steins 8 to 10 in. or rarely 1 ft. high. Leaves much
shorter, grass-like. Umbel usually contracted into a single dense head or
cluster, or accompanied by 1 or 2 pedunculate ones. Outer bracts leafy, one
very long. Spikelets 4 to 10 or more in the cluster, obtuse and very flat,
seldom above 4 lines long. Glumes 10 to 20 or rather more, not £ line long,
very obtuse and broad, green on the keel, pale brown, with dark spots on the
side, but bordered with a rich red-brown, giving a dark or variegated colour to
the spikelet. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft. Nut ovate, dark-brown.
On the edges of paddy-fields, Wilford. In the Malayan Peninsula and Singapore.
3. C. polystachyus, Rottb.; Kunth, Enum. ii. 13. Stems tufted from
a short horizontal rhizome, £ to above 2 ft. high. Leaves much shorter.
Umbel usually contracted into a dense head, surrounded by 3 to 6 unequal
leafy bracts. Spikelets numerous, flat but very narrow, acute, about j in. long.
Glumes about 20, narrow, with short points, of a rather pale brown, with
lighter-coloured keel and edges. Stamens 1 or 2. Style 2-cleft. Nut
narrow-oblong.
Hongkong, Hance, Wright. Widely spread over the tropical and subtropical regions of
the New and the Old World.
C. compretsut, Linn.; Kunth, Enum. ii. 23. A widely diffused species, readily known
among the 3-gynous Cyperi by its very flat spikelets, with broad acutely keeled and pointed
glumes of a pale greenish colour. It appears to be common in S. China, and will probably
be found in Hongkong, although I have not as yet seen any specimens from thence.
4. C. difformis, Linn.; Kunth, Enum. ii. 23. A tufted annual, \ to 1
ft. or rarely higher. Leaves shorter than the stems. Umbel of several un-
equal rays, rarely contracted into a single head; the outer brncts long and
leafy. Clusters small, globular, consisting of very numerous obtuse spikelets
2 c


386
[Oyperus.
CYPEEACEj;.
about 2 lines long. Glumes 10 to 20, loosely imbricate, shortly obovate and
very obtuse, dark brown, with pale edges. Style short, 3-cleft. Nut about
as long as the glume.
Hongkong, Hanee, Harland, Wright. Common in the tropical and subtropical regions of
the Old World, extending northward into S. Europe in the west and to Amoy in the east.
5. C. Iria, Linn.; Kunth, Enum. ii. 38. Stems \ to \ ft. high or even
more. Leaves flaccid, often nearly as long. Umliel of several rays, the longer
ones often branched. Spikelets loosely and irregularly clustered or spicate, 2
to 4 lines long, obtuse, very flat. Glumes usually 8 to 12, but sometimes at
least 20, distant or very loosely imbricate, obovate, very obtuse, of a pale
yellow-brown colour. Style short, 3-cleft. Nut as long as the glumes.
Hongkong, Harland, Wright; in wet situations at East Point, Wilford. In India, from
Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northward to the Himalaya, Philippines,
and S. China. In some specimens the inflorescence is more contracted and the spikelets
longer, so as to give the plaut the aspect almost of the diandrous C.flavetcent.
6. C. Haspan, Linn.; Kunth, Enum. ii. 34. Stems slender, tufted,
acutely triangular, from a few inches to l£ ft. high. Leaves short, sometimes
all reduced to sheaths. Umbel-rays often numerous, the longer ones com-
pound, the outer leafy bracts seldom as long as the rays. Spikelets 3 or more
together in terminal clusters, lanceolate, acute, 2 to 3 lines long. Glumes 10
to 20 or sometimes more, not -J- line long, scarcely pointed, reddish-brown on
the sides, with a broad green keel. Styles long, 3-cleft. Nut not half the
length of the glumes.
Hongkong, Hanee, Harland, Wright; in marshes in the Happy Valley, Wilford. Common
in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World, and also not nnfrequent in America.
7. C. radians, Nees in Lintuea, ix. 285, and in PL Meyen. 63. Stems
short, densely tufted. Leaves rigid with broad sheaths. Umbel simple or
compound, each ray terminating in a dense cluster or head, with leafy bracts
at its base, a long pointed bract usually under each spikelet, and several long
leafy bracts under the general umbel. Spikelets lanceolate, 2 to 3 lines long.
Flowering glumes 3 to 8, broad, strongly veined, with a prominent point, green
on the back, more or less red-brown on the sides, and there are usually 2 or
3 shorter glumes at the base of the spike, either empty or with a male flower.
Style long, 3-cleft. Nut much shorter than the glumes.—O. radkan*, Kunth,
Enum. ii. 95.
Hongkong, Wright. In Sikkim, Malacca, Singapore, and Borneo.
8. C. umbellatus, Benth. Stems 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves narrow, pale-
green, often as long or longer. Umbel of many rays but very dense, often
contracted into a head, and seldom above 2 in. diameter. Spikelets 2 or 3
lines long, linear, acute, only slightly compressed, erect or spreading, and
very densely crowded in cylindrical spikes, \ to £ in. long, occupying often
the whole length of the rays. Glumes 4 to 6, the lowest 1 or 2 usually
empty, the others narrow, green, several-nerved, above 1 line long. Style 3-
cleft. Nut narrow, not much shorter than the glume.—Marisciu umbellatus,
Vahl; Kunth, Enum. ii. 118. if. cyperinus, Vahl; Seem. Bot. Her. 422.
Hongkong, Hanee, Wright. Widely distributed over the tropical and subtropical regions
of the Old World. A. Gray has already adopted, what many botanists had suggested, the re-


Cyperus.]
387
CYPERACE.E.
union of Maritcui with Cypervs, no character existing to separate them, and the habit being
nearly identical in tome species of each.
9. C. pennatns, Lam.; Kunth, Enum. ii. 80. A coarse species, of a
glaucous or pale green colour. Stem 2 ft. high or more. Leaves often longer,
rather stiff, with very rough serrulate edges. Umbel compound, often with
numerous rays, but very compact, seldom above 4 in. diameter; the leafy bracts
very long. Spikelets lanceolate, not much flattened, about 3 lines long, very
spreading, in dense spikes occupying the whole length of the partial umbels.
Glumes 6 to 10, closely imbricate, many-nerved, not keeled, of a pale whity-
brown colour. Styles 3-cleft. Nuts about half as long as the glume.—
C. canescens, Vahl; Nees in PI. Meyen. 61.
Hongkong, Bance, Harland, Wright. In Ceylon and the Indian Peninsula, the Malayan
Peninsula, the Archipelago, Pacific islands, and S. China.
10. C. pilosus, Vahl; Kunth, Enum. ii. 80. A coarse species, much
resembling the last in habit, but greener, the leaves and leafy bracts not quite
so long nor so rough at the edges. Umbels similarly compounded but larger
and looser, some of the rays often 4 in. long. Spikelets 2 to 3 lines long, very
spreading, in loose spikes occupying the whole length of the partial rays; the
rhachis always hairy on the edges, whilst in all the allied species it is glabrous.
Glumes 6 to 10, loosely imbricate and more or less spreading at the tips, pale
brown, with scarious edges. Style 3-eleft. Nut about \ as long as the glume.
—C. obliquus, Nees; Kunth, Enum. ii. 69.
Hongkong, Wright. In northern and eastern India and the Archipelago.
C. marginellut, Nees in Hook, and Arn. Bot. Beech. 22?-, apparently common in S. China
as well as in northern and eastern India, but not yet received from Hongkong, is perhaps a
variety only of C. pilom, differing in the longer spikelets (about 4 lines), and more numer-
ous glumes usually of a darker reddish-brown.
11. C. rotnndus, Linn.; Kunth, Enum. ii. 58. Stems \ to \ ft. high,
from a short sometimes slightly creeping rhizome, the fibrous roots occasion-
ally forming small tubers. Leav%s flaccid, much shorter than the stems.
Umbel-rays not numerous, the outer leafy bracts seldom so long as the longest
rays. Spikelets linear, acute, usually about 6 lines, but sometimes 10 or 11
lines long, 3 to 8 together, in short spikes at the ends of the rays. Glumea
numerous, imbricate, narrow-ovate, scarcely pointed, red-brown, with a green
keel and light-coloured edge. Style long, 3-cleft. Nut much shorter than
the glume.
Hongkong, Hance and others. Widely diffused over the tropical and temperate regions of
the New and the Old World.
12. C. distans, Linn.; Kunth, Enum. ii. 93. A coarse species, with a
horizontal or slightly creeping rhizome. Stems 1 to 2 ft. high or even more.
Leaves often as long or longer. Umbel more or less compound, with numer-
ous slender rays, and 1 or 2 of the outer leafy bracts much longer than the
rays. Spikelets slender, \ in. long or more, in loose spikes along the rays of
the partial umbels. Glumes narrow, rather distant, so as scarcely to overlap
each other, red-brown on the sides, more or less green on the keel. Style rather
short, 3-cleft. Nut narrow, nearly as long as the glume.
Hongkong, Wright. Diffused over the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa,
and Australia, occurring also in some parts of tropical America.
2 c 2


388
[Kyllinffia.
CYPF.RACE*:.
2. KYLLINGIA, Linn.
Spikelets 1-flowered or with a second male flower, closely imbricate in
globular or oblong heads or short spikes resembling spikelets; the bracts
under each spikelet very small or altogether wanting in the interior of the
spike. Glumes distichous, 1, 2, or 3 empty ones below the flowering one.
Flowers hermaphrodite, without hypogynous bristles or scales. Stamens 3 or
fewer. Style 2-cleft. Nut flattened. Spikes usually solitary or few together,
sessile or shortly pedunculate within 2 or 3 long leafy bracts.
A small genus, chiefly tropical, but extending also iuto N. America and S. Africa.
1. K. monocephala, Linn.; Kunth, Enum. ii. 129. A small tufted
plant with a creeping rhizome; the stem usually 4 to 8 in. rarely 1 ft. high.
Leaves flaccid, shorter than the stem. Spikelets very numerous, in a single
sessile head of about 3 lines diameter, between 2 or 3 very long leafy bracts.
Glumes usually 3, the lowest very small, transparent, obtuse and empty; the
next also empty, pointed, with a green filiate keel; the third flowering one
similar, but rather longer. Nut obovate, about half as long as the glume,
and falling away from it when ripe.
Hongkong, Ranee, Wright. Widely diffused over tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia,
and probably the tropical American R. ceetpitota, Nees, may not be distinct. It varies with
the head of spikelets quite simple or with 2 short lateral branches.
Spikelets 1-flowered, closely imbricate in globular or oblong heads or short
spikes resembling spikelets; the glume-like bracts under each spikelet as long
as the spikelets themselves. Glumes 2, very thin and transparent, concave
and scarcely keeled, one or both falling off with the nut when ripe. Flowers
hermaphrodite, without hypogynous bristles or scales. Stamens 3 or fewer.
Style 2- or 3-cleft. Nut slightly compressed or obtusely 3-angled.—Herbs
with the habit of Kyllingia. Spikes usually 3 or 5, rarely solitary, sessile
between leafy bracts.
A small tropical genus, common to the New and the Old World. The spikes are usually
described as spikelets, the subtending bracts as glumes, and the glumes as inner scales, bnt
the view above taken of the nature of the different parts appears to me to be more correct,
especially when they are compared to those of the closely allied genus Kyllingia.
Leaves and bracts linear. Glume-like scales with very short erect
points 1. i, argentea.
Leaves and bracts subulate. Spikes squarrose with the spreading or
1. Is. argentea, Br.; Kunth, Enum. ii. 266. A tufted plant, with
rather stiff. Spikes 3 to 7, ovoid-globose, about 3 lines diameter, closely
sessile within 2 or 3 spreading stiff leafy bracts. Glume-like scales spathu-
late, closely imbricate, thin and scarious, with short erect points. Spikelets
rather shorter. Glumes very thin, the inner one slightly keeled. Style 2-cleft.
Nut obovoid-oblong, about half as long as the glumes.
Hongkong, Hance, Wright; in wet places in the Happy Valley, Wilford. Extends over
the greater part of tropical Asia, Africa, and America, and northward to Amoy.
2. I*, microcephala, Br.; Kunth, Enum. ii. 268. A slender annual,
3. LIPOCAEPHA, Br.

2. L. microcephala.

Leaves much shorter, narrow-linear,


Lipocarpha.]
38y
CYPEBACEJE.
with almost filiform stems, 3 to 6 in. high. Leaves short, subulate. Spikes
3 or 1, ovoid or nearly globular, about 2 lines diameter, with 1 or 2 long
subulate leafy bracts. Glume-like scales linear-cuneate, with long spreading
or recurved subulate points, giving the spikes a squarrose appearance, Glumes
narrow and exceedingly delicate, 3-nerved. Style short (2-cleft?). Nut
oblong, nearly as long as the glumes.
Hongkong, Wilford. In Java and Australia, and apparently a larger variety in tropical
Africa. This species so closely resembles in aspect the Itolepi* tquarrosa, Roem. and Sch. (an
Indian plant, not found in Hongkong) as scarcely to be distinguished except by the presence
of the inner scales or glumes, and by the differently shaped not.
4. HYPOELYTBUM, Eich.
Spikelets 1 -flowered, densely crowded in ovoid or cylindrical spikes resem-
bling spikelets, the imbricated glume-like bracts under each spikelet as long as
the spikelets themselves. Glumes 2, very flat, acutely keeled. Flowers her-
maphrodite without hypogynous scales or bristles. Stamens 3 or fewer.
Style 2- or 3-cleft. Nut slightly compressed or obtusely 3-angled, falling
away from the glumes when ripe.—Herbs usually coarse. Spikes brown, re-
sembling the spikelets of Scirpus, pedicellate in corymbose panicles like those
of Rhynchotpora.
A small tropical and subtropical genus, common to the New and the Old World.
1. H. latifolinm, Rich.; Kunlh, Enum. ii. 271. Stems acutely triangular,
2 to 4 ft. high. Leaves usually longer, \ to 1 in. broad, with 3 prominent
nerves, and more or less rough on the edges and midrib. Panicles 2 to 4 in.
diameter, with 2 or 3 long leafy bracts. Spikes oblong-cylindrical when in
flower, ovoid when in fruit, 2 to 3 lines long. Glume-like bracts brown,
mostly obtuse, or the lower ones acute. Spikelets shorter, very flat. Glumes
pointed, ciliate on the keel. Stamens 2. Style 2-cleft. Nut nearly globular,
scarcely beaked, more or less reticulate with raised veins.—H. trinervium,
Kunth, Enum. ii. 272. Albikkia scirpoidet, Presl, Bel. Heenk. i. 35, and A.
schcenoides, t. 34.
Hongkong, Barland, Hance, Wright. Widely diffused over tropical Asia and Africa.
5. AB1XDGAABDIA, Yahl.
Spikelets several-flowered, flattened, often becoming spiral when old. Glumes
distichous; the lower 2 or rarely 3 empty. Flowers hermaphrodite, without
hypogynous scales or bristles. Stamens 3 or fewer. Style 3-cleft, often
thickened at the base and articulate on the nut, below the bulb.—Habit of
Fimbristylet, from which it only differs in the distichous glumes.
A small tropical and subtropical genus, common to the New and the Old World.
Spikelets solitary \. A monostachya.
Spikelets several in an irregularly compound umbel.
Leaves glabrous, 1 line broad. Glumes pale brown, scarcely pointed 2. A. Eragrottit.
Leaves pubescent, i line broad. Glumes rich-brown narrow-pointed 3. A.futca.
1. A. monostachya, Vahl; Kunth, Enum. ii. 247. A densely tufted
almost bulbous perennial. Leaves linear-subulate, stiff, 4 to 8 in. long.
Stems slender, stiff, 8 in. to 1 ft. long, bearing a single flat ovate-lanceolate


390
[Abildgaardia.
CYPERACE.E.
spikelet about \ in. long. Glumes pale straw-colour, very pointed, acutely
keeled. Style hairy, with a thickly conical base. Nut obovoid-triangular,
minutely tuberculate.
Hongkong, Harland, Wright. Widely distributed over tropical Asia, tropical and southern
Africa, and tropical America.
2. A. Eragrostis, Valil; Kuntk, Enum. ii. 249. Densely tufted, stiff,
and glaucous. Leaves linear, obtuse, 4 to 8 in. long, about 1 line broad.
Stems 1 to 1J ft. high, angular. Umbel irregularly compound. Spikelets 3
to 4 lines long, often early becoming spiral, so as to lose the distichous appear-
ance. Glumes pale brown, broad, shortly pointed, or the lower ones obtuse.
Nut obovoid, minutely tuberculate.—Fimbrtitylea quinquangularis, Munro in
Seem. Bot. Her. 422; not of Kunth.
Hongkong, Banee, Wright. Also in Khasia.
3. A. fusca, Nets; Kunth, Enum. ii. 249. Habit and inflorescence of
A. Eragrostti, but a rather smaller and more slender plant, with much narrower
leaves more or less pubescent. Spikelets narrower, of a rich uniform brown,
8 to 4 lines long. Glumes lanceolate, very pointed, regularly distichous.
Stamens 3. Style glabrous. Nut obovoid, with 3 prominent angles; the
sides tuberculate, almost muricate.
Hongkong, Hance, Wright. In Nepal, Java, and Borneo.
6. PIMBBISTYLES, Vahl.
Spikelets several-flowered, the glumes imbricate all round, only 1 or 2 of
the lowest empty. Flowers hermaphrodite, without hypogynous scales or
bristles. Stamens 3 or fewer. Style 2- or 3-cleft, usually thickened at the
base and articulate on the nut below the bulb.—Leaves usually radical or
sheathing the stem at its base, sometimes all reduced to sheaths. Spikelets
solitary on the scape, or more frequently on the rays of a simple or compound
umbel, one always sessile, or rarely clustered in a single head or on the rays
of the umbel.
A large genus, widely distributed over the tropical and subtropical regions of the globe,
extending also sparingly into the warmer temperate zones.
Spikelets 1 or few, rarely 5 or 6, 1 sessile, the others pedunculate.
Spikelets solitary (about 4 lines long). Nuts with deep transverse furrows.
Spikelets ovoid-oblong, brown, more or less nodding . . . . 1. F. nutans.
Spikelet narrow, pale straw-colour, erect 2. F. acuminata.
Spikelets 1 to 3, pale straw-colour, very obtuse. Nuts smooth or
nearly so, sessile 3. F. schanoidtt.
Spikelets 1 to 6. Nuts smooth or nearly so, stipitate.
Spikelets 7 to 10 lines long, usually solitary 4. F. tubbispicata.
Spikelets about 5 lines long, usually 3 to 6 5. F. podocarpa.
Spikelets several, often numerous, in a more or less compound irregu-
lar umbel. Nuts sessile.
Styles 2-cleft (occasionally 3-cleft, with 1 branch smaller).
Stems i to 1 \ ft. high. Leaves stiff. Spikelets brown. Nuts
more or less conspicuously striate.
Umbel scarcely compound. Leaves very short. Glumes hoary
at the top 6. F. ferruginea.
Umbel usually compound. Leaves 3 to 6 in. long. Glumes
perfectly glabrous 7. F. diphylia.


392
[FimbristyUs.
CYPERACKJi.
slightly compressed or 8-angled nt the top. Leaves very short, narrow-linear
and stiff. Spikelets oblong, 4 to 6 lines long, usually 5 to 7 in a simple or
slightly compound umbel, with 1 to 3 narrow leafy bracts, seldom exceeding
the longest peduncle. Glumes broad, rounded at the top, with a minute
point, brown, but more or less hoary in the upper part. Style 2-cleft, flat-
tened, ciliate. Nut sessile, brown, smooth and shining.—F. arvensis, Vahl;
Kunth, Enum. ii. 237.
Hongkong, Hancc, Harland. Dispersed over the tropical and subtropical regions of the
New and the Old World, but evidently not so common as some other species.
7. F. diphylla, VaKl, Enum. ii. 289. Stems slender, f to 1^ ft. high.
Leaves tufted, narrow-linear, glaucous, glabrous or pubescent, much shorter
than, or sometimes nearly as long as, the stem. Spikelets ovoid-oblong,
scarcely acute, 3 to 6 lines long, more or less numerous in a compound umbel.
Glumes broad, shortly mucronate, quite glabrous, brown, with a pale or green
keel or centre. Style 2-cleft, flat, ciliate on the edges. Nut sessile, obovate,
white or pale brown, with minute longitudinal striae.—F. communis, Kunth,
Enum. ii. 234.
Hongkong, Wright; at Little Hongkong, Wilford. Common in tropical and subtropical
Asia and Africa; also in tropical America, if the F. brizoidcs, Nees, is not really distinct.
Var. tomentosa. Leaves, especially their sheaths, softly hairy.—F. tomenlota, Vahl,
Enum. ii. 290.
Hongkong, Wright. Occurs here and there in tropical Asia with the glabrous form.
Var. P leptophylla. Leaves narrow, almost subulate, like those of F. hupidula, Kunth,
but perfectly glabrous. Spikelets and nuts entirely as in the common form.
Hongkong, Hance, Harland, Wright. I do not find precisely the same form in any of
our Indian collections, although some of the narrower-leaved ones come very near to it.
8. F. squarrosa, Vahl; Kunth, Enum. ii. 224. A small densely-tufted
pale-green species, seldom attaining 6 in. Leaves narrow-linear or subulate,
flaccid, shorter than the stem. Umbel compound, with 3 or 4 narrow leafy
bracts seldom exceeding the rays. Spikelets oblong, 2 to 3 lines long, green
or pale brown. Glumes ovate, glabrous or pubescent; the green keel pro-
jecting into a point, often spreading and sometimes very long. Style 2-cleft,
scarcely ciliate, but the bulb of the base fringed with a few long hairs, which
are closely reflexed on the ovary and- fruit. Nut obovate, sessile, smooth or
minutely punctate.
Hongkong, Harland, Wright; in paddy-fields, Wilford. Very common in tropical and
subtropical Asia and Africa.
9. F. aestivalis, Vahl; Kunth, Enum. ii. 226. A small, densely tufted
plant, like F. squarrosa, and not always easily distinguished from it except by
the constant absence of the reflexed hairs at the base of the style. Leaves
usually very few, the leafy bracts longer than the umbel. Spikelets usually
rather smaller than in F. squarrosa, and the glumes less mucronate.
Hongkong, Wright, Wilford. Gathered with the last and dispersed with it over tropical
Asia.
10. F. Wightiana, Nee*; Kunth, Enum. ii. 241. Bhizome creeping.
Leaves densely tufted, short, stiff, narrow-linear, rather obtuse, falcate or
spreading. Steins 3 or 4 in. to near 1 ft. high. Umbel compound, but very
compact; the leafy bracts very short. Spikelets ovate, obtuse, about 2 lines
long. Glumes brown, broad, obtuse, with a scarious margin. Style deeply


Fimbrvstyles.']
393
CYPERACE*.
2-cleft, glabrous or the branches slightly ciliate. Nut sessile, dark-coloured,
smooth or minutely tuberculate.—F. junciformis, Munro in Seem. Bot. Her.
422, not of Nees.
Hongkong, Hanee. In the neighbouring Samtong Island, Wright. In the Indian Penin-
sula, in Bengal, and some other parts of India. The spikelets although crowded are distinct,
not in detached clusters as in the true F.juncifoliut.
11. F. complanata, Link; Kunth, Enum. ii. 228. Stems 1 to \ ft.
high, stiff and distinctly flattened. Leaves glaucous, firm, obtuse, 1 to \
lines broad, usually much shorter than the stem. Umbel compound, like that
of F. diphylla, with 1 to 3 short stiff erect leafy bracts. Spikelets usually
numerous, 3 to 4 lines long. Glumes brown, pointed, usually with narrow
scarious edges. Style 3-cleft, glabrous. Nut sessile, minutely tuberculate.
Hongkong, Har/and, Wright. Widely spread over tropical Asia, occurring also in Africa
nd in tropical Brazil.
12. P. miliacea, Vdhl; Kunth, Enum. ii. 230. Stems slender, attain-
ing 1 to 2 ft. in height, more or less flattened and acutely 4-angled. Leaves
distichous at the base, narrow-linear, shorter than the stem, ending in long
fine points. Umbel compound, with 1 to 3 short fine leafy bracts. Spikelets
numerous, ovoid-globular, seldom above 1 line long. Style 3-cleft, ciliate to-
wards the top. Nut sessile, slightly striate and tuberculate.
Hongkong, Hance, Wright. Widely spread over tropical Asia and Africa. In Wright't
and Wilfnrd's collections are a few dwarf specimens scarcely 3 in. high.
13. P. leptoclada, Benih., n. sp. A densely tufted slender species,
apparently annual. Stems filiform, 6 to 8 in. high. Leaves filiform, rather
shorter. Spikelets about 1 line long, obtuse, in clusters of 4 to 8, of which
there are in our specimens always 2, 1 sessile, with a leafy bract of 4 to 6
6 lines, the other pedunculate. Glumes brown, very obtuse and emarginate,
strongly keeled, slightly scarious and minutely ciliate on the edge. Stamen 1.
Style 3-cleft, glabrous or nearly so, bulbous at the base. Nut sessile, but
only seen in a very young state.
Hongkong, Wright. Not seen in any other collection. From the remarkable glumes it
must be very uear to the F. ciliolala, Steud., from Java; but Steudel's character differs in
too many other points for me to venture on referring our species to his without actual com-
parison.
7. ISOLEPIS, Br.
Characters and habits of Scirpus, except that there are no hypogynous scales.
A considerable genus, having the same wide range as Scirpus, and might more naturally
be re-amalgamated with some of the sections of that genus.
Spikelets about 2 lines long, in a dense terminal globular head. Stem and
leaves subulate 1. I. barbata.
Spikelets 3 to 4 lines long, few together in an apparently lateral cluster.
Leaves very short or none 2. I. tupina.
1. I. barbata, Br.; Kunth, Enum. ii. 208. Stems tufted, very slender,
6 to 10 in. high. Leaves shorter, subulate. Spikelets narrow, acute, about
2 lines long, in a dense terminal globular head, with 2 to 4 subulate leafy
bracts longer than the head. Glumes acute, with a strong green keel, brown


394
[Itolepu.
CYPERACEiE.
on the sides, scarious on the edges. Style 3-cleft. Nut pale-coloured,
crowned by the minute persistent bulbous base of the style.
Hongkong, Harland, Wright. Widely spread over tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia.
2. I. supina, Br.; Kunth, Enum. ii. 196. Stems cylindrical, tufted,
3 in. to near 1 ft. long, erect or decumbent, with a single short leaf often re-
duced to the sheath. Spikelets oblong, 3 to 4 lines long, 2 to 10 together
in an apparently lateral cluster, the leafy bract continuing the stem. Glumes
acute or mucronate, with a strong green keel, brown on the sides with scarious
edges. Style 3-cleft. Nut dark-coloured, transversely wrinkled and almost
muricate, crowned by the very short slightly thickened persistent base of the
style.
Hongkong, Wright; common in paddy-fields, Wilford. Frequent in the tropical and sub-
tropical regions of the Old World, extending into S. Europe.
8. SCIRPTJS, Linn.
(Eleocharis, Br.)
Spikelets several-flowered; the glumes imbricate all round, only 1 or 2 of
the lowest empty. Flowers hermaphrodite. Hypogynous bristles usually 6,
sometimes fewer or more. Stamens 3 or fewer. Style 2- or 3-cleft, either
not thickened at the base or breaking off above a small bulbous thickening
which remains attached to the nut.—Stem leafy or leaves all radical, or re-
duced to a sheath at the base of the stem. Spikelets solitary or clustered, in
terminal or apparently lateral heads, or simple or compound umbels.
A large genus, distributed over every part of the globe.
Stems leafless, except a short sheath at the base.
Spikelets solitary, terminal.
Spikelet very obtuse. Glumes closely imbricate. Style 2-cleft . . 1. S. capitalm.
Spikelets rather acute. Glumes looser. Style 3-cleft 2. S. afflatus.
Spikelets 1 to 3, in an apparently lateral cluster 3. S. juncoidet.
Stem tall, leafy. Spikelets numerous, in an irregularly compound umbel 4. 5. chinetuis.
1. S. capitatus, WUld. Stems tufted, 3 to 6 in. high, leafless except
a short sheath at the base. Spikelets terminal, soUtary, erect, ovoid or oblong,
very obtuse, 2 to 3 lines long; the subtending bract not differing from the
glumes. Glumes very closely imbricate, pale straw-coloured, broad, very
obtuse, scarious on the edges. Hypogynous bristles 4 to 8, rather longer
than the nut. Style 2-cleft. Nut obovate, smooth, dark-coloured, crowned
with the white flattened bulbous base of the style.—Eleocharis capitata, Br.;
Kunth, Enum. ii. 150.
Hongkong, Wright. Widely diffused over the tropical and subtropical regions of the New
and the Old World.
2. S. afflatus, Benth. Apparently an annual, tufted and slender, 3 to 6
in. high. Leaves none, except a short sheath at the base of the stem. Spike-
let solitary, erect, ovoid-oblong, 1£ to 3 hnes long, rather acute, with 1 or 2
broad transparent very obtuse deciduous glume-like bracts at the base.
Glumes obtuse or the upper ones rather acute, of a reddish-brown, with a
green or brown keel, and often scarious at the edges. Hypogynous bristles
about 6, rather longer than the nut. Style 3-cleft. Nut crowned by the


Scirpua.]
895
CYPEBACEiE.
beak-like persistent bulbous base of the style.—EkocharU afflata, Steud. Syn.
Cyper. 76.
Hongkong, Champion, Harland, Wright. In Nepal, Khasia, and the Archipelago. I refer
this to E. afflata from Steudel's character. It is very near the European S. mullicaulu, Sm.,
lot there is no creeping rhizome, the spikeleta are smaller, the glumes more numerous,
smaller, and perhaps broader.
3. S. juncoides, Roxb.; Kunth, Enum. ii. 160. Stems tufted, leaf-
less, except a very short sheath at the base, as in the two last species, but
much firmer, % to lj- ft. high. Spikelets ovoid or oblong, 3 to 6 lines long,
usually 3 together, sessile in an apparently lateral cluster; the outer leafy
bract continuing the stem to the length of 1 or 2 in. Glumes loosely im-
bricate, very broad and concave, obtuse, or very shortly pointed, of a greenish
straw-colour or pale brown. Hypogynous bristles 4 to 6. Style 2-cleft or
with a third smaller branch. Nut crowned by the short slightly thickened
persistent base of the style.
Hongkong, Harland; common in paddy-fields, Wilford. Widely diffused over India, from
Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago.
4. S. chinensis, Munro in Seem. Bot. Her. 422. A coarse leafy species,
2 ft. high or more. Leaves glaucous, as long as the stem or longer, ^ to £ in.
wide, rough on the midrib and edges. Spikelets numerous, ovoid, about 2
lines long, either closely sessile in clusters of 3 to 8, or rarely solitary on the
unequal rays of a compound umbel. Leafy bracts few, very long. Glumes
brown, thin, very broad and concave, and very closely imbricate. Hypogy-
nous bristles 2 or 3, with the teeth pointed upwards, not downwards as in the
3 preceding species. Style deeply 2-cleft. Nut flat, shining, crowned by the
short slightly thickened persistent base of the style.
Hongkong, Wright. In Assam, Khasia, and Bonin.
9. FUIB.ENA, Linn.
Characters of Scirpus, except that there are 3 obovate or obcordate hypogy-
nous scales, and, in some species, 3 bristles alternating with them.—Stems
usually leafy. Spikelets green, often hairy and squarrose with the spreading
tips of the glumes, usually in dense clusters forming an irregular terminal
narrow panicle.
A tropical and subtropical genus, common to the New and the Old World, extending also
more sparingly into the more temperate regions of N. America and S. Europe.
Stem 1J to 3 ft. Leaves not ciliate. Hypogynous scales narrowed at
the base I. F. umbellata.
Stems under 1 ft. Leaves ciliate. Hypogynous scales cordate at the
base and stipitate 2. F. glomerata.
1. F. umbellata, Roth; Kunth, Enum. ii. 185. A perennial \ to 3 ft.
high. Stem and leaf-sheaths 4- or 5-angled, glabrous. Leaves also glabrous,
the larger ones usually 4 to 6 in. long, 4 to 5 lines broad, the lower ones with
long sheaths and very short blades, the uppermost passing into small floral
leaves. Spikelets brown-green, usually 3 to 4 lines long, rather acute, in
very dense clusters, of which 1 or 2 terminal, the others more or less pedun-
culate, 1 or 2 together in the axils of the uppermost leaves. Hypogynous
scales brown, obovate, near \ line long, truncate and raucronate at the top,


396
[Fuirena.
CYPEHACEjE.
narrowed at the base, but nearly sessile. Nut mucronate with the slightly
thickened persistent base of the style.—F. pentagona, W. and Am.; Kunth,
Enum. ii. 185.
Hongkong, Bance, Wright, Wilford. Widely diffused over the tropical regions of the
New and the Old World.
2. F. glomerata, Lam.; Kunth, Enum. ii. 184. A much smaller plant
than the last, and apparently annual, seldom 1 ft. high. Leaves more or less
pubescent, or at least ciliate on the edges. Spikelets rather longer than in
F. umbellata, with longer and finer points to the glumes, either in a single
terminal head with a leafy bract at the base, or more frequently with the addi-
tion of 1 or 2 almost sessile clusters in the axils of the upper leaves. Hypo-
gynous scales distinctly stipitate, broadly cordate at the base.—F. Rott-
bmllii, Nees in Wight, Contrib. Bot. Ind. 94.
Hongkong, Wright, Wilford. Widely distributed over tropical Africa, Asia, and Australia.
Spikelets 1- or 2- (rarely 3-) flowered, oblong, more or less pointed.
Glumes imbricate all round, several outer ones shorter and empty. Hypogy-
nous bristles 6 or sometimes more. Stamens 3 or fewer. Style 2-cleft.
Nut globular or rarely flattened, crowned by the persistent continuous base
of the style.—Stems usually leafy. Spikelets usually clustered and of a rich
brown, in terminal or axillary heads or corymbs, sometimes forming large
terminal leafy panicles.
A considerable genus, nearly as widely distributed as Scirput over the surface of the globe.
Spikelets in a single dense terminal head 1. ii. WaUichiana.
1. R. Wallichiaria, Kunth, Enum. ii. 289. A densely tufted peren-
nial, the stems slender, 3-angled at the top, \ to 1| ft. high. Leaves much
shorter, narrow, stiff and pointed. Spikelets 3 to 4 lines long, acute, densely
crowded in a terminal head, surrounded by several leafy bracts, dilated and
ciliate at the base, the longest much longer than the head. Glumes of a rich
brown, the 3 lowest short and empty, the fourth longer, with a hermaphrodite
flower, the next still longer, with a male flower, and enclosing a terminal linear
empty glume. Hypogynous bristles minute. Style long, 2-cleft at the top.
Nut laterally flattened, crowned by the bulbous base of the style.—R. Hcenkei,
Presl; Kunth, Enum. ii. 290. Sphceroicluenus Wallichii.'Nees.'Pl. Meyen. 97.
Hongkong, Champion, Bar/and, Wright. In various parts of India and the Archipelago.
2. R. aurea, Vahl; Kunth, Enum. ii. 293. A. coarse glabrous perennial,
2 to 3 ft. high or even more. Leaves long, pointed, very scabrous on the
edges. Spikelets very pointed, full 4 lines long, in clusters arranged in com-
pound corymbs, forming an irregular terminal panicle, with smaller corymbs in
the axils of the upper leaves. Glumes of a rich brown, the lower ones short,
pointed, and empty, one much larger with a hermaphrodite flower, and 1, 2
10. RHYNCHOSPOBA, Br.

Spikelets full i lines long, in dense clusters. Beak of the nut long
and thick, deeply furrowed on each side
Spikelets about 3 lines long, in loose clusters. Beak not longer nor
thicker than the nut and not furrowed
2. R. aurea.
8. R. laxa.


Rhynchospora.]
397
CYPEBACE*.
or rarely 3 narrow ones with male flowers. Hypogynous bristles 6 or 7,
longer than the nut. Nut obovate, thickened at the top, and crowned by a
thick conical beak, furrowed on each side and longer than the nut itself.
Hongkong, Harland. Widely distributed over the tropical regions of the New and the
Old World.
3. R. laxa, Br.,- Kunth, Enum. ii. 298. Like the last, but much more
slender, although 2 ft. high or more. Leaves narrow. Spikelets about 3
lines long, in clusters forming small loose corymbs, of which 1 terminal and
2 or 3 axillary and remote. Glumes as in R. aurea, but shorter, and there
are usually 2 hermaphrodite flowers. Hypogynous bristles 6 or 7. Style
long, 2-cleft at the top. Nut not thickened at the top, marked with minute
transverse wrinkles, the conical beak not longer than the nut nor so thick,
and not furrowed.
Hongkong, Hance, Wright; at Little Hongkong, Wilford. Widely distributed over the
tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World. The R. chineniu, Nees, PI. Meyen. 108,
is a more slender variety, with rather smaller spikelets.
11. CLADITJM, Br.
Characters of RJiynchospora, except that the nut has a thick almost fleshy
outer coating, tapering at the top into the style, but without any distinct beak.
—Habit of the larger paniculate Rhynchospora*.
A small but widely dispersed genus, common to the New and the Old World, sometimes
extended to include several Australian species with a somewhat different habit.
1. C. Mariscus, Br.,- Kunth, Enum. ii. 303. Rhizome creeping. Stems
3 to 6 ft. high. Leaves nearly erect, the lowest nearly as long as the stem,
with smooth sheaths, the keel and edges very rough and cutting. Spikelets
about 2 lines long in the Chinese specimens, from that to 3 lines in others,
rather pointed, in small but numerous clusters arranged in corymbose panicles
in the upper axils, the whole forming an oblong leafy panicle, often above a
foot long. Glumes brown, the 4 or 5 outer ones shorter and empty, one with a
hermaphrodite and one with a male flower. Stamens usually 2. Style 2-cleft.
—C. chinense, Nees, PI. Meyen. 116.
Hongkong, Hance. Widely spread over the tropical and temperate regious of the Old
World, occurring also, but more sparingly, in America. I can perceive no difference what-
ever between the Chinese and the European specimens, except that the spikelets are rather
smaller than they are usually with us; but this is a variable character in Europe, and in
several African and Asiatic specimens they are quite as small as in China.
12. ABTHBOSTYLES, Br.
Characters of Rhynchospora except that there are no hypogynous bristles,
and the style (usually 3-cleft) is articulate upou the ovary and nut below the
dilated base, as in Abildgaardia and Fimbristyles.—Stems tufted, leafless, ex-
cept a sheath at the base. Spikelets in a terminal head.
Besides our specie;, the genus comprises one from Australia and another from the Mauritius.
1. A. chinensis, Benth., n. sp. Stems slender, almost subulate, 3-angled,
1 to 1\ ft. high, with a short sheath at the base. Spikelets narrow, pointed,
near 3 lines long, 3 to 6 together in an oblique terminal head, the longest
leafy bract about the length of the head and appearing sometimes to continue


Scltria.]
399
CYPEHACE.'E.
15. SCLEHIA, Linn.
Flowers unisexual, in unisexual or androgynous spikelets, with several empty
glumes below the flowering ones. Male spikelets several-flowered. Stamens
3 or rarely fewer. Females 1-flowered. Style S-cleft. Androgynous spike-
lets with the lowest flower female, the others male. Nut bony or brittle,
seated on a thickened entire or 3-lobed disk.—Grass-like herbs with leafy
stems. Ligula or projection of the leaf-sheath opposite the blade often very
conspicuous. Spikelets in clusters or small corymbose or oblong panicles,
terminal and in the upper axils, forming either an oblong leafy panicle or an
interrupted spike.
A considerable genus, widely spread over the tropical and subtropical regions of the New
and the Old World, extending also into the temperate regions of N. America. The species
can scarcely be determined unless the nuts are folly formed.
Peduncles scarcely branched, bearing few rather distant small clusters.
Nut smooth and shining. Disk entire 1. A lithotperma.
Nut reticulate and pitted. Disk with 3 lanceolate lobes .... 2. 5. teuellata.
Peduncles bearing more or less branched panicles.
Nuts smooth and shining. Panicle spreading 5. 5. Unit.
Nuts tuberculate or irregularly reticulate.
Leaves pubescent or hairy. Panicle little branched, not spreading.
Disk-lobes lanceolate, entire 8. 5. pubescent.
Leaves glabrous, distant. Panicle rather spreading. Disk-lobes
very short and broad 4. S. chinentu.
Leaves long and numerous, the sheaths often pubescent. Panicles
long and spreading (disk-lobes obtuse P) 6. S. purpurtucenr.
1. S. lithosperma, Willd.; Kunth, Enum. ii. 349. Stems slender, 3-
angled, 1 to \ ft. high. Leaves narrow-linear, seldom 1 line broad, in the
Hongkong specimens the upper ones passing into subulate bracts. Peduncles
axillary and terminal, bearing each 1 to 4 distant clusters of 2 or 3 spikelets
each, 1 or rarely 2 female, the other male. Inner glumes very pointed, about
2 lines long. Nut ovoid, white, very smooth and shining, seated on a short
broad entire disk.
Hongkong, Harland. Spread over India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archi-
pelago, and northward to the Philippines and S. China. This is certainly the plant described
by Kunth, who had seen Willdenow's specimen. Nees however describes a 3-lobed disk,
which I have never found.
A specimen from Wright, in young flower, has much the aspect of the above species, but
the spikelets are all androgynous, about 3 lines long, with 1 female flower and 5 or 6 males
above it. The disk is entire, but the nnt is too young to characterize the species or even to
determine with certainty that it belongs to the genus.
2. S. teuellata, Willd.; Kunth, Enum. ii. 343. Stems slender. Leaves
narrow-linear, glabrous or nearly so, smooth or rough on the edges. Pedun-
cles short, axillary and terminal, bearing 1 to 4 not very distant clusters of
2 or 3 spikelets as in the last species. Glumes of the female pale-coloured,
rather broad, the longest scarcely 2 lines, and 1 or 2 inner ones much smaller.
Nut globular, obtuse, white, tipped with the small black persistent base of
the style, elegantly and regularly pitted, slightly pubescent on the raised
netted lines. Disk with 3 lanceolate lobes.—S. Steudeliana, Miq. Fl. Ned.
Ind. hi. 344.


400
[Seleria.
CYPEBACEjE.
Hongkong, Hance. Spread over India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipe-
lago. Like the last, it appears to vary in India with much broader leaves than in Hong-
kong.
3. S. pubescens, Stead. Syn. Gyp. 168. Stems stiff, 3-angled, 1 to 2
ft. high. Leaves rigid, linear, 3 to 4 lines broad, pubescent, the sheaths acutely
3-angled, but rarely winged. Peduncles usually 1 terminal and 1 axillary,
each branching into a small pyramidal panicle. Spikelets not numerous,
solitary, or 2 or 3 together. Nut white, ovoid, triangular, slightly tubercu-
late and pubescent. Bisk with 3 lanceolate lobes.
Hongkong, Hance, Harland, Wright. Also in Java. This plant is certainly very near
the 5. heiecarpa, Nees, to which Munro (in Seem. Hot. Her. 423) referred it, bat in that
species the nuts, although pubescent, are smooth and shining as in 5. lilhosperma, and the
leaves are glabrous or nearly so The & pubetcent has the disk of £ tcssellata, with the
nuts and inflorescence more like those of S. chinema.
4. S. chinensis, Kunth, Enum. ii. 357- Stem acutely 3-angled, 1} to
8 ft. high. Leaves linear, rather obtuse, 3 to 4 lines broad, the sheaths 3-
winged, the ligula often 4 to 5 lines long. Peduncles several, axillary and
terminal, each bearing numerous spikelets in a narrow somewhat pyramidal
close panicle, 1 to 2 in. long. Bracts subulate, with a broad and usually ciliate
base. Spikelets usually in pairs, 1 female, the other male. Nut white,
nearly glabrous, marked with irregularly reticulate raised transverse tubercles.
Disk with 3 short broad obtuse lobes.—S. ciliaris, Nees in Wight, Contrib.
117; not of Mich.
Abundant in ravines, Hindi, Champion, and others. In Bengal, Silhet, and S. China. Munro
(in Seem. Bot. Her. 423) refers Hance's specimens to the S. tcrobiculata, Nees, but in that
species the panicle is more spreading and pyramidal, and the leaf-sheaths are not winged.
The limits however of the different species of Seleria are often very difficult to fix.
5. S. lseyis, Relz; Kunth, Enum. ii. 342. A coarse species, 3 or 4 ft.
high, the stems acutely 3-angled. Leaves long, J to \ in. broad, acute, often
very rough, the sheaths acutely 3-angled or with very narrow wings, the ligula
very short. Peduncles axillary and terminal, bearing short pyramidal pani-
cles with spreading branches. Bracts subulate. Nuts ovoid or nearly glo-
bular, very smooth and shining, of a dark or leaden colour. Disk with 3 short
obtuse entire lobes.
Hongkong, Hance. In Ceylon, the Malayan Peninsula, and the Archipelago.
Var. tcaberrima. Leaves i to i in. broad, exceedingly rough, the sheaths more evidently
winged. Panicles rather looser. Nut often white.
Hongkong, Harland. This may be the Chinese plant which Nees refers as a variety to
the S. American S. communis, Kunth, but my Brazilian specimens of that species have always
a small much depressed nut.
6. S. purpnrascens, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 169 P A stout species, several
feet high, often acquiring a purple tint, especially the panicle and leaf-sheaths.
Leaves numerous, often above 1 ft. long, the lower sheaths usually pubescent,
angled, but not winged. Ligula rounded, often ciliate. General panicle
narrow-pyramidal, 8 in. to 1 ft. long, the partial ones much branched with
subulate bracts mostly short except a leafy one at the base of each panicle.
Spikelets numerous, of a deep reddish-purple. "Disk with 3 entire obtuse
lobes."
Hongkong, Harland. The specimens are only in very young flower, and I am therefore


Scleria.]
401
CYPERACE*.
unable to identify them with certainty. They agree exceedingly well, as far as they go, with
the descriptions given of Stcudel's plant. They may possibly however belong to the S. suma-
trensis, Retz, a common species in southern India and the Archipelago, but in that species
the upper leaves are almost always clustered in twos or threes, whilst in ours they are nearly
equidistant, although mostly so near together that the sheaths overlap each other. In the
true S. siimalrentis the 3 disk-lobes are 3-toothcd at the top.
16. CABEX, Linn.
Flowers unisexual, the males and females in distinct spikclets or in differ-
ent parts of androgynous spikeluts. Glumes imbricated all round the axis.
Stamens in the males 3 or rarely fewer, without scales or bristles. Ovary in
the females enclosed in a bottle-shaped or inflated utricle, contracted at the
top, with a small oblique or 2-toothed opening, through which protrudes the
style, which is 3-cleft in the Hongkong species, 2-cleft in a few others. Nut
enclosed in the persistent utricle.—Leaves grass-like, mostly radical, or on the
lower part of the stem. Spikelets either solitary or few, one terminal, the
others mostly distant or stalked, or forming a terminal compound spike or
panicle. Within the utricle there is occasionally a small bristle, but never
hooked nor so strong as in Uucinia.
A very large and well-defined genus, widely spread over Europe, northern and central
Asia, and N. America, extending also into mountain ranges within the tropics, and into the
extratropical regions of the southern hemisphere.
Spikelets numerous, small, sessile in a compound panicle . . . . 1.0. benghalensis.
Spikclets few in a simple raceme.
Spikelets 2 or 3 terminal male, 2 to 4 lower female. Dwarf plant 2. C. pumila.
Spikelets 1 terminal male, 2 to 4 lower female (rarely with a few
male flowers at their base).
Glumes scarcely pointed.
Glumes obtuse, with a broad scarious margin 3. C. ligata.
Glumes acute, not margined. Utricle glabrous. Nut stipitate 4. C. ftexa.
Glumes keeled, shortly pointed. Utricle pubescent . . . 6. C. manca.
Glumes with long subulate points 6. C. chinensis.
Spikelets 1 terminal male, 2 or more androgynous, male at the top.
Utricles long-beaked.
Stems elongated. Leaves narrow. Androgynous spikes all re-
mote I.C. tenehroia.
Stems short. Leaves long and very broad. Upper androgynous
spike close to the male 8. O. Harlandi.
Spikelets several, all short, androgynous and remote. Utricles
short 9. C. cryi>tostachja.
1. C. benghalensis, Roxb.; Boott, Illuslr. Car. 85, It. 240 to 243.
Au erect leafy perennial, 1% to 3 ft. high, resembling at first sight the Scleria
scrobiculala and its allies. Leaves 1 to 2 ft. long, 3 to 5 lines broad at the
base, tapering into long fine points, nearly smooth. Spikelets 3 to 5 lines
long, androgynous, female at the base, very numerous, sessile, and spreading
in dense compound oval or oblong panicles. Glumes closely imbricate, brown,
pointed. Utricles small, ovoid-triangular, with several very prominent veins
on each face, and a rather long slender beak.
Hongkong, Champion and others. Common in India, and considered by Munro (in Seem.
Bot. Her. 423) to be a form of the true C. indica, Linn.; Boott, however, retains the latter as
a distinct species, with a more simple inflorescence, besides minor differences in the glnmcs
and utricles.
2 D


402
[Carex.
CYPERACEjE.
2. C. pumila, Thunb,; Kunlh, Enum. ii. 517- Stems about 6 in. high
from a creeping rhizome. Leaves narrow, 8 to 10 in. long, stiff but spread-
ing. Male spikelets 2 or 3, the terminal one 1 to ly in. long, the lower 1 or
2 sessile immediately under it, and much shorter; female spikelets 2 to 4,
sessile or shortly pedicellate, about % in. long. Bracts leafy, scarcely sheath-
ing except the lowest. Glumes lanceolate, with short points. Utricles longer
than the glumes, brown, triangular, turgid, with a rather long beak, glabrous,
thick and coriaceous, without prominent nerves.—C. littorea, Labill. PI. Nov.
Holl. ii. 69, t. 219.
Hongkong, Wright. In maritime sands, Japan, Loochoo, and N. Australia.
3. C. ligata, Boott, n. sp. Stems slender, tufted with the leaves, 6 to
10 in. high. Leaves narrow, rough, I to H ft- l°ng- Terminal spikelet male,
slender, 1 to \ in. long. Females usually 2, distant, pedunculate, \ to \ in.
long, rather loose. Bracts with brown sheaths and green subulate leafy points.
Glumes very obtuse, broadly scarious on the margin, with 1 to 3 green central
nerves about 1J Hues long. Utricle rather longer than the glume, with a
short beak. Nut triangular, obconical at the base but sessile, tapering up-
wards to a truncate almost concave apex.
Hongkong, Harland, Hanee, Wright; in ravines of Mounts Gough and Parker, Wil/ord.
Not known from elsewhere.
4. C. nexa, Boott, n. sp. Leaves long and narrow, and stems slender,
with the inflorescence of C. ligata, but the stems are often above a foot high,
and the spikelets longer and more numerous. Terminal male spikelets usually
2 to 25 in. long; the glumes lanceolate, acute or nearly so, pale brown, and
almost scarious throughout, or rarely with a green nerve, and often 3 lines
long. Female spikelets usually 3 or 4, very loose, and often above 1 in. long.
Utricle somewhat curved, acuminate, narrowed at the base, many-nerved,
glabrous. Nut narrowed into a distinct stalk at the base.
Hongkong, Hanee, Harland, Wright. Not known from elsewhere.
5. C. manca, Boott, n. sp. Very nearly allied to C. nexa, but the glumes
are distinctly keeled, the keel projecting into a short point, and the utricles are
pubescent.
Hongkong, Harland. The nuts are not fully formed in the only specimens I have seen,
and the plant may not improbably, when better known, prove to be a variety of C. nexa.
6. C. chinensis, Retz; Boott, Illustr. Car. 74, t. 36. A rather coarser
species than the last' 3; the radical leaves often 2 ft. long and 3 lines broad;
the inner ones smaller. Stems 6 in. to 1 ft. high. Bracts with loose sheaths
and leafy tips. Terminal spikelet male, 1 to 1| or rarely 2 in. long, dense.
Lower spikes 2 to 5, distant, either all female or with a very few male flowers
at their base, and very rarely male at the top, all usually as long as the male
spikelet and rather dense. Glumes scarious on the margin; the keel produced
into a long subulate point. Utricle somewhat incurved or oblique, acuminate,
tapering at the base, many-nerved, pubescent. Nut obconical at the base but
sessile, very obtuse at the top.
Hongkong, Hance, Harland, Wright. Only known from S. China.
7. C. tenebrosa, Boott, Illustr. Car. 88, t. 256. Stem stiff though
slender, ly to 2 ft. high. Leaves rigid, 1 to 1$ ft. long, 2 or rarely 3 lines


Carex.]
403
CYPERACE.E.
broad. Spikelets 3 to 5, each about 2 in. long, the terminal one male, the
others distant, androgynous, male in the upper half. Bracts sheathing, with
subulate leafy points. Utricles triangular, glabrous, many-nerved, narrowed
at the base, and tapering upwards into a long slender beak, the whole utricle
above 3 lines long.
In the Happy Valley woods, Champion, Harland, Wilford. Not known out of the
island. The specimens appear always to dry almost black.
8. C. Harlandi, Boott, Illustr. Car. 87, t. 255. Radical leaves l£to 2
ft. long, and mostly 1 in. broad. Stems 6 in. to 1 ft. high; the central ones
with long broad leaves, 1 or 2 lateral ones with only a few short leaves.
Spikelets \ to 2 in. long, usually 3 close together at the summit; the ter-
minal one male, often rather shorter than the 2 next, which as well as a fourth
lower down are usually androgynous, shortly male at the top, the remainder
female. Glumes mostly rounded at the top, the keel projecting into a short
point. Utricles 4 to 5 lines long, narrowed into a stalk at the base, tapering
upwards into a long beak.
Hongkong, Harland; in the woods behind the Buddhist Temple and in a ravine at West
Point, Wilford. Not known from elsewhere.
9. C. cryptoatachya, Brongn.; Boott, Muslr. Car. 103, t. 310. Leaves
\ ft. long or more, very stiff, rough, and glaucous, keeled, and full 3 lines
broad at the base, tapering upwards to long subulate points. Stems 6 in. to
1 ft. high, flowering almost from the base. Spikelets 6 to 10 or more, rarely
\ in. long and often much shorter, all distant, nearly sessile, androgynous,
male at the top. Bracts sheathing, with short leafy points. Glumes ovate,
acute or shortly pointed. Utricles about 2 lines long, 3-angled, many-nerved,
slightly pubescent, contracted at the base, the beak short.
Hongkong, Harland, Wright, Wilford. In Penang and the Archipelago.
Order CXXIII. GRAMINEiE.
Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, in spikelets, without any perianth. Each
spikelet consists of 3 or more (very rarely 2 or 1) chaff-like concave glumes
(scales or bracts) arranged alternately on opposite sides of the spikelet, their
concave face towards the axis. Two (sometimes 1 or 3) lowest glumes empty
and often differently shaped from the others, the succeeding or flowering glumes
{lower paled of most authors), each enclosing a smaller scale or palea {upper
palea of most authors), placed either between the glume and the axis of the
spikelet, with its back to the axis, or nearly opposite the glume at the end of
the axis. Within the palea, or apparently between the flowering glume and
palea, is the real flower, consisting usually of 2 lodicules or minute microsco-
pical scales besides the stamens and pistil. The flowering glume and palea
are however generally included in the term flower. Stamens usually 3, occa-
sionally reduced to 2 or 1, or in some genera 6 or more; anthers versatile,
2-celled. Ovary 1-celled, with 1 ovule. Style 2- or 3-lobed, or more frequently
divided to the base into 2 or 3 more or less feathery styles. Fruit 1-seeded
and seed-like, called a grain or caryopsis, free or adhering to the persistent
palea, or enclosed in the hardened palea and flowering glume. Pericarp very
2 D 2


Graminete.']
graminea:.
Axis bearing several empty shortly awnetl glumes
above the fertile flower.
Spikes digitate .... 89. Chlobis.
Spikes distant, in a long panicle 44. Lophatherum.
Flowering glumes and palea small, very thin and trans-
parent. ...
Spikelets singly sessile or indented.
Spikelets scarcely indented in the axis; 2 stiff
outer glumes 85. Microchloa.
Spikelets indented in the axis; 1 hard outer glume 13. Ophiurus.
Spikelets indented iu the axis in pairs, 1 sessile, the
other pedicellate.
Both spikelets 1-flowered, fertile ..... .14. Hemakturia.
Sessile spikelet with a second male flower; pedi-
cellate one reduced to a rudimentary glume . 28. Iscuxmum.
Spikelets mostly unisexual.
Spikelets in a simple spike, the upper ones male, the
lower fertile 9. Tiiouarea.
Spikelets dioecious, the males in clustered spikes, the
females solitary amidst clustered bracts 8. Spinipkx.
Spikelets with a twisted awn proceeding from the flowering
glume.
Spikelets singly sessile or accompanied by a rudimentary
]>edicel.
Glumes acute 17. Dimekia.
Outer glumes broad and truncate'. ... . . .23. Arocopis.
Spikelets in pairs, 1 sessile, the other pedicellate.
Both spikelets fertile and aWncd.
Fertile flower solitary in each spikelet 21. Pollinia.
One fertile and 1 male flower in each spikelet . . 29. Spodiopogon.
Sessile Spikelet fertile and awned; pedicellate one male
and awnless or rudimentary.
Fertile flower alone in the sessile spikelet. . . . 25. Andropooon (n. 1 and
One fertile and 1 male flower in the sessile spikelet 28. Iscii f.mum.
Sessile spikelets female, cylindrical, awned; pedicellate
ones larger, flat, and awnless. (Pedicel very short) 26. IIetekopogon.
3. SpikeleU or spikes more or less pedicellate in an irregular or spreading panicle.
Spikelets singly pedicellate, awnless or with a straight or
rarely twisted awn.
Two empty glumes besides the flowering one.
Flowering glume aud palea hardened over the grain aud
not longer than the second outer one.
Spikelets awnless, ovoid-oblong, resting on a callous
base . 3. Erioculoa.
Spikelets awnless or with a fine awn, narrow, with-
out a callous base ....... . . . 11. Garnotia.
Flowering glume convolute, with 3 awns. Spikelet
narrow 32. Aristida.
Flowering glume awnless, longer than the outer glumes.
Grain uncovered 30. Spobobolus.
Three glumes besides the flowering one, all empty or the
third with a male flower.
Two flowers fertile (or at least with hardened glumes)
in most spikelets . • 7. Isachne.
One flower in each spikelet fertile, with a coriaceous
glume and palea.
Palea ciliatc, with long spreading hairs. Spikelets
minute 12. Thysanol.ena.


6
[Graminets.
GBAMINEJE.
Palca scarcely ciliate.
Flowering glume nwnless, with a small scale or
oblong scar on each side at the base .... 6. Ichnanthus.
Flowering glome without appendages at the base,
awnless or with a straight awn 4. Panici'M (9 to 10).
Flowering glume with a twisted awn .... 10. Abundineiaa.
Spikelets either in pairs, 1 sessile the other pedicellate, form-
ing pedicellate spikes, or 1 sessile between 2 pedicel-
late, on a common pedicel. Flowering glumes very
thin, transparent, with a twisted awu or rarely awnless.
Panicle with sheathing braeU at its ramifications.
One sessile and 2 pedicellate spikelets in each bract . 24. Apluda.
Two short spikes in each bract 25. Andropogon (6).
Panicle without bracts.
Outer glumes thin, enveloped in long silky hairs. Pa-
nicle large.
Rhachis articulate. Spikelets awnless 19. Sacchakum .
Rhachis continuous. Flowering glume awned . . 20. Eulalia.
Outer glumes stiff, usually longer than the outer hairs.
Spikelets in pedicellate spikes 25. Andropogon (3 to 5).
Spikelets in threes, 1 sessile between 2 pedicellate . 27. Chrysopogon.
B. Spikelets with 2 or more hermaphrodite or fertile flowers, or the uppermost unisexual.
1. Spikelets all pedicellate and panicled.
Awns long and twisted. (Spikelets large) 41. AveKa.
Awns none or short and straight.
Flowering glumes surrounded by long dense silky hairs.
Tall Reeds with large panicles.
Lowest flowers all fertile 38. Arundo.
Lowest flower male 84. Pueagmites.
Hairs few or short or none in the spikelets.
Spikelets small, with 2 flowers.
Glumes of similar consistence, the outer ones shorter
and unequal. Panicle narrow 42. Ccelachne.
Flowering glumes firmer than the 2 outer equal ones.
Panicle short, spreading 7. Isachne.
Spikelets flat, with 3 or usually many more flowers . 43. Ebagrostis.
2. Spikelets sessile, in 1 or 2 rows along one side of the spike-lite branches of a simple
panicle.
Spikes digitate.
Spikelets awnless or with short points.
Spikelets very flat, closely imbricate. Glumes shortly
pointed 37. Dactyloctenium.
Spikelets narrow. Glumes obtuse 38. Eleusine.
Awns longer than the glumes 39. Chloris.
Spikes alternate or clustered in a long panicle 40. Leptochloa.
3. Spikelets (awnless) sessile, irregularly clustered or solitary, in simple or branched
panicles.
Herbs with small flat spikelets 43. Eeagbostis.
Tall shrubby or tree-like Bamboo6, with large spikelets.
Stamens 3 45. AbunDinabia.
Stamens 6.
Several fertile flowers in each spikelet 40. Bambusa.
One fertile flower in each spikelet 47. Sciiizostachyum.
Among the Tribes adopted by Colonel Munro for the distribution of the numerous genera
Of Gramineie, the following 11 are represented in our Flora:—


QramineeeJ]
407
GRA>IINE,£.
* Spikelets with 1 fertile terminal flower, with or without a male or imperfect flower
below it (Panicace.*).
1. Phalarideae. Flowering glome and palca becoming hardened and enclosing the
grain after flowering. Two outer empty glumes nearly equal, compressed, keeled and longer
than the flowering one. Genus ;—1. Alopecurus.
2. Paniceae. Flowering glume and palca becoming hardened and enclosing the grain
after flowering. Outer empty glumes usually unequal and smaller. Genera:—2. Paspa-
LUH; 3. ERIOCHLOA; 4. PaNICVH; 5. GfMNOTHRlX J 6. ICHNANTHUS; 7. ISACHNE;
8. Spinipex; 9. Thouarea.
3. Tristeginese. Spikelets nearly as in Panicea, but usually with a twisted awn as in
Andropogoneee. Panicles loose. Genera:—10. Arunbinella; 11. Garnotia; 12. Tuy-
SANOL/ENA.
4. Andropogonese. Flowering glume small, exceedingly thin and transparent, with a
twisted awn rarely entirely wanting. Genera:—13. Ophiurus; 14. Hemakthria; 15.
Perotis; 16. Zoysia; 17. Diueria; 18. Imperata; 19. Saccharum; 20. Eulalia;
21. pollinia; 22. pooonatherum; 23. apocopis; 24. apj.uba; 25. anbropooon;
26. Heteropogon; 27. Chrysopogon; 28. Iscii.emum; 29. Spobiopogon.
** Spikelets with one or more perfect flowers; the male or rudimentary flowers, if any,
above the perfect ones, or the axis ending in a minute point (POjEACEJi).
5. Agroatidece. Spikelets 1-flowered, usually pedicellate and small. Flowering glume
thin, awnless or with a simple awn. Grain free.—30. Spokobolus; 31. Polypogon.
6. Stipacese. Spikelets 1-flowered, usually pedicellate, and often rather large. Flower-
ing glume firm, with a simple or 3-cleft awn, articulate on the glume or with 3 or more awns,
and closely enveloping the grain. Genus:—32. Aeustida.
7- Arundinese. Spikelets 1- or several-flowered, pedicellate, the rhachis with long hairs
between the glumes. Flowering glumes like the empty ones or thinner. Grain free. Genera:
—88. Arunbo; 34. Phragmites.
8. Chloridese. Spikelets 1- or several-flowered, sessile along one side of the simple
linear branches of a panicle (or of a simple spike). Genera:—35. Microciiloa; 86. Cy-
nobon; 87. Dactyloctenium; 38. Eleusink , 39. Chlokis; 40. Leptochloa.
9. Avenaceae. Spikelets 2- or few-flowered, pedicellate. Flowering glumes usually
shorter than the outer ones, their awns often bent or twisted. Genus:—41. Avena.
10. Festncacese. Spikelets several-flowered, pedicellate, glabrous between the glumes
or shortly hairy. Genera:—42. Coilachne; 43. Eragrostis; 44. Lophathekum.
11. Bambnsese. Spikelets 1- or several-flowered, usually sessile and clustered. Tall
shrubby or tree-like Grasses. Genera:—46. Abunbinaria; 46. Bambusa; 47. Scmzo-
STACHTUM.
1. ALOPECUEUS, Linn.
Spikelets 1-flowercd, flat, and densely crowded into a cylindrical spike or
spike-like panicle. Outer glumes boat-shaped, with a prominent keel, but
not awned. Flowering glume shorter, with a very slender awn inserted on the
back (sometimes concealed under the outer glumes). Palea entirely wanting.
A small genus, widely spread over the temperate and colder regions of both the northern
and southern hemispheres, only penetrating into the tropics among occasional weeds.
Outer glumes 3 lines long, united to the middle, glabrous or nearly so 1. A. agrestis.
Outer glumes not \ lines long, free or scarcely united at the base,
hairy on the keel 2. A. geniculatus.
1. A. agrestis, Linn.; Kunth, Enum. i. 23. An annual, 1 to 2 ft.
high, erect or slightly decumbent at the base. Leaves rather short, with long,
not very loose sheaths. Spike 2 to 3 in. long, the spikelets not so closely


Eriochloa.]
409
OttAMINEJJ.
1. E. anntilata, Kunth, Enum. i. 73. A perennial grass, 1 to 2 or 3
ft. high, tufted and erect, or decumbent at the lower nodes, usually glabrous.
Leaves narrow. Panicle oblong) 3' to 5 in. long; the branches slender, simple
or scarcely branched, and somewhat 1-sided; the rhachis glabrous or nearly
so. Pedicels £ to 1 line long, often bearing at the top a few long hairs for-
merly mistaken for an involucre. Spikelets about 15 lines long. Outer glumes
hairy, narrowed into a point full | line long. Flowering glume glabrous,
faintly 3-nerved, obtuse,,with a short fine point. Palea rather smaller, 2-
nerved, without any point.
Hongkong, Wright-; also on the adjoining continent. Frequent in tropical and subtro-
pical Asia and Africa, and closely allied to the S. American E. punctata.
4. PANICUM, Linn.
(Digitaria, Juts.; Oplisraenus, Beauv.; Setaria, Beauv.)
Spikelets usually small, 1-flowered, or with a second male flower below it,
awnless or rarely awned, either along one side of the simple branches of a pa-
nicle, or in a loose brandling or close and spike-like panicle. Glumes always
4, the lowest small, sometimes very minute and empty, the next usually larger
and always empty, the third empty or with an imperfect or male flower in its
axis, the innermost or flowering glume of a firmer texture, smoother, and more
faintly 3-nerved. Palea like the flowering glume, but smaller and more or
less 2-nerved. Grain enclosed in the hardened flowering glume and palea.
A vast genus, chiefly tropical or N. American, with a very few 9pccies spreading into
Europe and temperate Asia.
Panicle simple, with sessile one-sided spike-like branches.
Spikelets not awned, in pairs, one or both pedicellate. Spikes digi-
tate or crowded at the summit of the stem. (Digitaria.)
Spikes 2, long and stiff. Pedicellate flower covered with long
hairs I. .P. barbatum.
Spikes several, clustered. Pedicellate flower glabrous or hairy.
Stem decumbent, ascending. One spikelet of each pair usually
sessile; second glume much smaller than the third ... 2. P. sangitinale.
Stems tufted at the base, eject. Spikelets all pedicellate; se-
cond glume nearly as long as the third 3. P. commutaium.
Spikelets not awned, sessile, alternating in 2 rows. Spikes distant 4. P. distachyum.
Spikelets often awned, sessile and crowded or clustered.
Spikelets crowded in 4 or more close rows, in dense spikes.
Spikes nearly equal, distant, forming a long slender panicle.
Spikelets 1 line long, not awned 5. P. colonum.
Lower spikes longer than the upper, in a close pyramidal pa-
nicle. Spikelets li lines long, often awned 6. P. Crus-galli.
Spikelets awned, in distinct clusters, forming interrupted spikes. 7. P. compositum.
Panicle contracted into a cylindrical spike.
Spikelets intermixed with long awn-like bristles 8. P. glaucum.
Spikes without awns or bristles 16. P. indicum.
(See also Qf/achne.)
Panicle compound, with slender branches, more or less spreading.
Spikelets interspersed with a few long awn-like bristles.
Panicle loose or spreading, the lower branches 4 to 8 in. long.
Leaves 1 in. broad or more . . 9. P. plicatum.
Pauielc narrow, the lower brauches 1 to 2 in. long. Leaves not


410 GRAMINEjE. [Panictttn.
Panicle without awns or bristles.
Spikelets clustered or in short spikes along the branches . . .11. P. nodotum.
Spikelets not clustered, 2 lines long Icbnanthus.
Spikelets distinct, all pedicellate, \ to \ lines long.
Leaves rather narrow, tapering or rounded at the base.
Stem creeping at the base, then simple and ascending.
Panicle little branched. Outer glume short and round . 12. P. repms.
Stem scrambling, branched. Panicle much branched.
Outer glume } as long as the others 13. P. tarmentosum.
(See also hachne australis.)
Leaves broad, cordate at the base.
Leaves lanceolate, 4 to 10 in. long 14. P. monlanum.
Leaves ovatc-lauceolate, 2 in. long 15. P. malifalium.
Leaves ovate, \ to near 1 in. long. Spikelets minute . . hachne pulchella.
1. P. barbattun, Kunth, Enum. i. 84. Stems decumbent, habit and
foliage of P. sanguinale. Spikes 2 only, or very rarely 3, more rigid than in
that species, and often 3 to 5 in. long. Spikelets 1£ to 2 lines long, in pairs,
one sessile, the other on a pedicel as long as the spikelct. Lowest glume
very minute and thin, the 2 next nearly equal, both empty and prominently
B-, 7-, or even 9-nervcd, thickly covered with long spreading hairs in the
pedicellate spikelet, much less hairy in the sessile one.—P. heteranlhum, Nees,
PI. Meyen. 174.
In the sand3 of the Happy Valley, Wright; also on the continent near Amoj, Ranee.
Only seen besides from the Indian Peninsula.
2. P. sanguinale, Linn.; Kunth, Enum. i. 82. An annual with stems
1 to 2 ft. long, more or less spreading or creeping at the base, then ascending
or erect. Leaves flat, narrow, more or less hairy. Panicle consisting of 3 to
10 or 12 simple slender branches, 2 to 4 in. long, and all usually spreading
from nearly the same point so as to appear digitate. Spikelets in pairs along
one side of these branches, one sessile, the other pedicellate, each about 1 line
long. Lowest glume very minute, almost microscopic, the second concave,
about half the length of the third, which is nearly flat and 5-nerved, both
glabrous, or more or less ciliate on the edges, and empty.
Rice-fields, very abundant, Hance and others. One of the commonest weeds in all tropical
and warm regions.
3. P. commutatum, Nee» in Linnaa, vii. 274. Very near the P. san-
guinale, of which it may be only a variety. Stems less creeping, usually
forming a perennial stock, with a dense tuft of the remains of old leaves, and
frequently woolly-hairy. Leaves narrow. Spikes slender and less spreading
than in P. sanguinale. Spikelets all pedicellate, the second glume but little
shorter than the third, the latter prominently 5-nerved, and both usually
ciliate or hairy.
On hills on the south of the island, Wilford. Occurs in various parts of India, in South
Africa, and in Brazil.
4. P. distachyum, Linn.; Kunth, Enum. i. 91. Stems decumbent or
creeping and rooting at the lower nodes, ascending to a foot or rather more.
Leaves flat, often hairy. Spikes 2 or 3, sessile, distant and alternate, in a
simple panicle, each one 1 to near 2 in. long. Spikelets sessile and alternate,
in 2 rows merging into 1, all on one side, each one \ to 2 lines long. Outer


Panicum.]
411
GHAMINE.E.
glumes glabrous, 3-nerved, the lowest from | to | as long as the second and
third, which are nearly equal.
Hongkong, Hance. Widely distributed over tropical Asia and Africa.
5. P. colonum, Linn. Stems erect or decumbent at the base, 2 ft.
high or more. Leaves flat, glabrous. Spikes about 8 or 10, sessile, one-
sided, distant and usually erect, in a long narrow simple panicle, each one J
to i in. long, and not diminishing much upwards. Spikelets about 1 line
long, sessile, and densely crowded in about 4 rows. Outer glumes coarsely
pubescent, the lowest nearly J as long as the second and third, which are
nearly equal, often ending in short points; the third with a palea in its axil.
—Oplumenm colonum, Kunth, Enum. i. 142.
Hongkong, Seemann, Wright. Common in the tropical and subtropical regions of the
Old World, and occurring occasionally also in tropical America.
G. P. Crus-galli, Linn. A coarse decumbent rather broad-leaved an-
nual. Panicle 4 to 6 in. long, irregularly pyramidal and rather one-sided.
Spikelets pubescent, as in P. colonum, but rather larger, crowded and clus-
tered along the spike-like branches, the lowest of which are 1 to 2 in. long,
diminishing gradually to the top. Lowest glume very short and broad, the
second and third about equal; the one empty and awnless, the other ending
in either a short point or a long coarse awn, and has often a thin palea in its
axil. Flowering-glume awnless, smooth and shining.—Oplitmenut Crus-galli,
Kunth, Enum. i. 143.
Hongkong, Wright. A common weed in most hot and some temperate countries.
7. P. compo«itum, Linn. Stems decumbent at the base, 1 or rarely
2 ft. high, rather slender but stiff. Leaves broadly lanceolate, sprinkled with
a few long hairs. Spikes few, slender, one-sided, and distant, the lower ones
1 to 2 in. long, the upper shorter. Spikelets above a line long, glabrous or
slightly pubescent, in distant clusters of 2 or 3, usually surrounded by a few
bristly hairs. Lowest glume shorter than the flower, with a rather long awn,
the second scarcely longer, with a small point or short awn, the third longer,
awnless, with a rudimentary flower in its axil.—Oplismenua cotnpositus, Bcem.
and Schult.; Kunth, Enum. i. 141.
Hongkong, Hance, Harland. Frequent in most tropical and subtropical countries, espe-
cially in the Old World, and extending northwards to Amoy, Loochoo, and Boniu.
8. P. glaucum, Linn. An erect annual, of a pale green, 1 to 2 ft. high,
with flat leaves, rough on the edges. Spikelets small, crowded into a com-
pact cylindrical spike (or spike-like panicle) 1 to \ in. long, interspersed with
very numerous awn-like bristles, inserted under the spikelets, but projecting
beyond them; these are rough with minute erect teeth, felt only when the
spike is pushed upwards through the fingers. Lowest glume very small, the
second not quite so long as the third, the flowering glume marked with nu-
merous minute transverse wrinkles, visible especially as the seed ripens.—
Setaria glauca, Beauv.; Kunth, Enum. i. 149.
Common on the lower hills, Seemann, Hance, Wilford. Very frequent in tropical and
subtropical countries, extending more sparingly into temperate Asia and Europe.
9. P. plicatum, Lam.; Kunth, Enum. i. 94. A stout erect grass, 3 to 4
or 5 ft. high, glabrous or with hairy sheaths. Leaves long, the larger ones


GRAM1NEJE.
[Panwum.
1 to 1$ or even 2 in. broad, with numerous longitudinal folds. Panicle oblong,
loose, above a foot long, composed of long slender branches at first erect
but afterwards. often drooping. Spikelets mostly sessile or nearly so, but
scattered,- interspersed with a few fine awn-like bristles much longer than
^ themselves. Outer glumes 5 -nerved, the lowest about i, the next | as long
as the third, which has often a short point and contains a small palea. Flower-
ing glume rather shorter, with a minute point.—P. nervosum and P. plicalum,
Roxb. FL Ind. i. 311. P. nepalense, Spreng.; Kunth, Enum. i. 94.
Hongkong, Harland (a single specimen seen in his herbarium, but not now before mc to
compare with the following species). Widely spread over tropical Asia and Africa, extend-
ing northwards to the Himalaya, S. China, and the Philippines
10. P. excurrens, Trin.; Kunth, Enum. i. 94. Very near the P. plica-
lum, but more slender, the leaves much narrower, and not so much folded,
the panicle narrow, 8 to 10 in. long, with short erect branches, the spikelets
rather larger, the second and third glumes have often 7 nerves, and the latter
has in its axil a more developed palea and often a male flower.—P. Forbesia-
num, Nees in Steud. Syu. Gram. 98.
Hongkong, Hance; also Shanghai and in the Himalaya.
11. P. nodosum, Kunth, Enum. i. 97. A rather slender brandling grass,
decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes, ascending to 1 or 2 ft. Leaves
.rather narrow, rounded at the base, glabrous or hairy. Panicle 6 to 10 in.
long, the spikelets in clusters or short spikes along its long slender branches.
Each.spikelet narrow-elliptical, but scarcely acute, about l.line long. Glumes
faintly nerved, the 2 outer scarcely unequal, and not half so long as the third,
which is usually empty.—P. Arnoltmnum, Nees in Steud. Syu. Gram. 59.
In the Happy Valley woods, Wilford. Dispersed over India, from Ceylon and the Penin-
sula to the Archipelago, and northwards to the Himalaya and S. China.
12. P. repens, Linn.; Kunth, Enum. i. 103. Stems creeping and root-
ing at the base, the flowering branches ascending to 1 or rarely 2 feet, simple
and rather stiff. Leaves narrow, more or less pubescent or hairy at the base.
.Panicle slender, not much branched, erect or at length spreading. Spikelets
all pedicellate and distant, about \ lines long. Outer glume very short and
.rounded, the second and third nearly equal, pointed, the latter often with a
nude flower in its axil.—P. isc/uemoides, Itetz; Steud. Syu. Gram. 98.
Hongkong, Hance. Common in the maritime regions of S. Asia, N. Africa, and S. Europe;
also ou the coasts of Brazil.
13. P. sarmentosum, Roxb.; Kunth, Enum.i. 126. A tall scrambling
branching grass, more or less covered with a minute soft pubescence. Leaves
rather broad, rounded at the base. Panicle very much branched, sometimes
4 or 5 in., sometimes near a foot long, with filiform spreading branches.
-Spikelets all pedicellate, ovoid, obtuse, less than a line long, pubescent, the
-lowest glume full J as long as the second and third.—P. incomptum, Trin.;
Kunth, Enum. i. 112. P. concinnum, Nees in Kew Joum. Bot. ii. 97.
• In the wood behind the Buddhist Temple, Wilford; also Harland. Extends over eastern
tropical Asia, from Assam and Khasia to the Archipelago, the Philippines, and S. China.
14. P. montanum, Roxb.; Kunth, Enum. i. 126. Stems firm, erect,
3 to 4 ft. high. Leaves broad, cordate at llic base, somewhat hairy and eiliate


414
[Ichnmthus.
GRAMINE*.
1. I. pallens, Munro. A weak decumbent branching grass, creeping
and rooting at the lower nodes, 1 to 2 ft. long, and usually more or less pubes-
cent. Leaves rather broadly lanceolate, 2 to 3 in. long, rounded or cordate
at the base. Panicle 3 or 4 in. long, the branches slender, but not very
spreading. Spikelets scattered, pedicellate or nearly sessile, full 2 lines long.
Outer glumes lanceolate, the lowest about \ shorter than the second, and both
empty, the third rather shorter, usually with a male flower. Terminal flower-
ing glume about half as long, shortly stipitate, obtuse and coriaceous, with a
small scar or depression on each side at the base, indicating the scales of the
other species.—Panicum pallens, Sw.; Kunth, Enum. i. 89.
Hongkong, Wright. A common weed in tropical America, occurring also in many parts
of tropical Africa and Asia.
7. ISACHNB, Br.
Spikelets 2-flowered, the upper flower female or rarely hermaphrodite, the
lower male or sometimes hermaphrodite, and both articulate on the rhachis.
Outer empty glumes 2, nearly equal, and often very deciduous. Both the
flowering glumes, as well as the paleae, of a firmer consistence than the outer
ones, all awnless. Grain enclosed in the glumes and palea as in Panicum,
but very frequently those of both flowers attain maturity. Inflorescence of the
small-flowered paniculate Panicum), except that the articulation of the spike-
let is.usually above, not below the insertion of the outer glumes.
A small tropical genus, common to both the New and the Old World.
Panicle with very numerous short capillary branches. Spikelets- about
i line long 1.7. pulchella.
Panicle loose. Spikelets j to 1 in. long.
Leaves narrow-lanceolate, very rough. Outer glumes glabrous . . . 2. I. australti.
Leaves ovate, not 1 in. long. Outer glumes pubescent 3. I. jnyototit.
1. I. pulchella, Roth, Nov. PI. Spec. 58. Stems slender, creeping,
branching, ascending sometimes to near 1 ft. Leaves ovate, seldom 1 inch
long, deeply cordate, rough, elegantly marked with numerous parallel veins,
the edges bordered by long hairs or bristles, the sheaths very hairy. Panicles
ovate, 1 to \ in. long, with numerous capillary but stiff spreading branches.
Spikelets about i line long, the 2 outer glumes falling off very early. Flower-
ing glumes pubescent, the lower flower usually male, but sometimes both
flowers are fertile.—Panicum miliaceum, Trin.; Kunth, Enum. i. 113. Grayia
elegans, Nees in Steud. Syn. Gram. 119.
Hongkong, Wright, Harhind. In Ceylon, the Indian Peninsula, Malacca, and Silhet.
2. I. australis, Br. Prod. 196. Stems rather slender, decumbent,
creeping and rooting at the lower nodes, ascending to 1 ft. or more. Leaves
lanceolate, very rough with a minute pubescence. Panicle ovoid, spreading,
1 to 2 in. long, rather loose. Spikelets all pedicellate, obtuse, nearly 1 line
long. Outer glumes glabrous. Lower flower usually male, with a glabrous
glume, the upper one stipitate, female, and pubescent. Pedicels mostly marked
with a pellucid discoloration or gland.—lmchne miliacea of most modem au-
thors, but probably not of Both. Panicum atrovirens, Trin.; Kunth, Enum.
i. 127. P. batavicum, and P. Benjamini, Steud. Syn. Gram. 96.


Imchne.]
GHAMINEiE.
Hongkong, Hance, Wright. Widely spread over India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to
the Archipelago, and northward to Amoy.
8. I. myosotis, Nees in Keto Journ. Bot. ii. 98. Stems slender, de-
cumbent, often branched, from a few inches to 1J ft. long. Leaves ovate-
lanceolate, \ to near 1 in. long, with hairy sheaths and filiate edges, and rough
on the surface. Panicle ovate, very spreading, few-flowered, about \ in.
long. Spikelets pedicellate, very obtuse, about 1 line long. -Outer glumes
strongly nerved and shortly hirsute. Flowering glumes rather longer, gla-
brous or nearly so, the upper one female, the lower usually hermaphrodite.—
Panicum myosotis, Steud. Syn. Gram. 96.
In damp situations, about Victoria, Wilford; also Wright. And in the Philippine Islands.
8. SPINIFEX, Linn.
Spikelets dioecious, sessile, awnless. Barren ones in spikes, each one with
2 male flowers, and 2 outer empty glumes. Fertile spikelets solitary, with
2 outer empty glumes, the third empty or with a male flower, the terminal
one with a hermaphrodite flower. Spikes in the male plants, and single flow-
ers in the fertile ones, collected in dense globular clusters intermixed with
long stiff often prickly bracts.
A genus of very few species, confined to the seacoasts of tropical Asia and Australia.
1. S. squarrosng, Linn.; Kunth, Enum. i. 175. A glabrous glaucous
hard perennial, creeping and much branched. Leaves clustered, narrow,- and
very rigid, often pungent, 4 to 6 in. long, the broad short sheaths often im-
bricate. Male spikes 2 or 3 in. long, the bracts mostly shorter, the rhachis
often pungent. Spikelets alternate and distant, each 4 or 5 lines long, the
outer empty glumes unequal and both shorter than the flowering ones. Fer-
tile spikelets almost concealed by the long rigid bracts, the glumes rather
longer than in the males, and the outer ones usually the longest.
On the sands of the seabeach, Hance. Frequent in the maritime sands of tropical Asia.
9. THOUAREA, Pers.
Spikelets in short one-sided androgynous spikes, in the axil of a sheathing
bract. Upper spikelets with 2 male flowers, lower ones with a terminal her-
maphrodite and lower male flower, and all with only one outer empty glume.
The genus is apparently limited to a single species.
1. T. sarmentosa, Pers.; Kunth. Enum. i. 174. A glabrous or pu-
bescent perennial, creeping to a great extent with short leafy flowering branches.
Leaves short and flat, with broad sheaths often almost covering the stems.
Spikes £ to \ in. long; the sheathing bract about as long, and as the seed
ripens turning down over it like a hood. Spikelets about 2 lines long, the
outer empty glume rather shorter than the flowering ones.
On the sands of the seabeach, Hance. In similar situations in Ceylon, the Archipelago,
North Australia, and the Pacific islands.
10. ARUNDINELLA, Eaddi.
Spikelets 1-flowered or with a second male flower below it in a loose ter-
minal panicle. Glumes 4; the 2 lowest empty, pointed but not awned j the


ORAMINE*.
[Arundinella.
third similar but often with a male flower in its axil; the terminal flowering
one smaller, thinner, with an awn twisted- at the base, and bent back at or
below the middle. Palea smaller, .awnless. Grain enclosed in the slightly
stiffened glume and palea.
A tropical or subtropical genus, chiefly Asiatic, with a few African or S. American species.
Flowering glume ending in 2 fine bristles between which arises the awn. ■ 1. A. setosa.
Flowering glume -slightly pointed on each side of the awn 2. A. nepalensis.
1. A. setosa, Trin.; Steud. Syn. Gram. 114. A rather slender crert
perennial, 2 ft. high or more. Leaves narrow. Panicle slender, 6 to 8 in.
long; the branches erect or slightly spreading. Spikelcts numerous, solitary,
or 2 together on pedicels of unequal length. Lowest glume usually about 2
lines long, shortly pointed ; the second tapering into a longer point; the third
thinner, smaller, and scarcely pointed, with a male flower; flowering glume
ending in 2 very fine bristles nearly as long as itself, between which arises
the awn.—A. striata, Nees in Kew Journ. Bot. ii. 102.
Hongkong, Wright. On the mainland and northward to Amoy, in the Philippines, and
more rarely in the mountains of northern India and the Peninsula.
2. A. nepalensis, Trin. Tc. t. 268; Steud. Syn. Gram. 115. An erect
perennial, with narrow leaves, like the last but often taller. Panicle narrow, a
foot long or more. Spikelets nearly as in A..setosa, but the flowering glume
is only slightly notched at the top; the min^Umoints on each side of the awn
not produced into bristles.—Acratherum m^^mim, Link, Enum. Hort. Bcrol.
i. 230. Arundinella milmcea, Nees in Kew^ourn. Bot. ii. 102. A. Eckloni,
Nees, PI. Afr. Austr. Gram. 80. *'.
Hongkong, Hmice. Widely distributed over the hilly districts of tropical Asia, extending
also to S. Africa and N. Australia.
11. GARNOTIA, Brongn.
(Miquelia, Nees; Berghausia, Endl.)
Spikelets 1-flowered, in a loose terminal panicle. Outer empty glumes 2.
pointed but not awned. Flowering glume smaller, thinner, usually with an
awn twisted at the base, and bent back in the middle, but sometimes straight
or reduced to a minute point. Palea awnless, usually with 2 auricles at the
base. Grain enclosed in the sUghtly stifl'ened glume and palea.
A small tropical Asiatic genus.
Awn of the flowering glume longer than itself, straight 1. O. palula.
Awu reduced to a minute point 2. G. slricla.
1. G. patula, Munro. An erect somewhat glaucous perennial, 2 to 4 ft .
high, with a short creeping rootstock. Leaves rather narrow, the lowest with
loose distichous sheaths. Panicle 8 in. to 1 ft. long; the slender branches
not above 2 in. long, but very spreading. Spikelets about 2 lines long,
narrow, minutely hairy. Outer glumes ending in fine points sometimes length-
ened into a bristle or short awu in the second. Flowering glume smaller,
notched, with a fine straight awn of 4 or 5 lines.—Berghausia patula, Munro
in Proc. Amer. Acad. iv. 362.
Hongkong, Wright, Hance. Not known from elsewhere.
2. G. stricta, Brongn. in Duperr. Voy. 133, t. 21. An erect grass, \


Garnotia.]
417
GKAMJNE/E.
to 3 ft. high, usually not so stiff as the last. Leaves narrow, scarcely dis-
tichous. Panicle narrow, often a foot long; the branches short, erect or
slightly spreading. Spikelets like those of G. patula, but nearly glabrous;
the points of the empty glumes much shorter, and the awn of the flowering
glume reduced to a minute often microscopical point.—Berghausia mutica,
Munro in Proceed. Amer. Acad. iv. 862. Miquelia barbulata, Nees in PI.
Meyen. 178?
On rocky cliffs, Hongkong, Wright. Also in Ceylon. As far as Nees's description goes,
of the plant gathered by Mcyen on the Syngraoon channel (probably in Lantao), it agrees
perfectly with this species.
12. THYSANOL-ffiNA, Nees.
Spikelets 1-flowered, minute, awidess, crowded along the slender branches
of a large panicle. Glumes 4; the 2 outer empty and very short; the third
also empty but much longer and more pointed; the flowering glume rather
smaller and thinner, with a very small point, and edged with long spreading
hairs.
The genus is limited to a single species, placed by Nees among Tritteginea, but scarcely
distinct from Panicea proper.
1. T. acarifera, Nees, PI. Meyen. 181. Stems stout, erect, 4 to 12 ft.
high. Leaves 1 to 2 ft. long, and 1 to 2 in. broad at the base. Panicle 1 to
2 ft. long, the numerous slender branches drooping or spreading. Spikelets
when fully expanded about f- line long, the long spreading hairs of the flower-
ing glume very conspicuous.—Melica latifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 328. Panicum
acariferum, Trin. Ic. t. 87. Jgrostis maxima, Roxb. I.e. 317. Thymnolana
Agroslu, Nees, PI. Meyen. 182.
Frequent in ravines, Hance, Wright, Wilford. Widely distributed over the hilly districts
of northern and eastern India, but apparently not in the Peninsula as stated by Nees, through
a mistaken quotation from Roxburgh.
13. OPHITJRTJS, Br.
Spikelets 1-flowered, awnlcss, singly sessile in notches on alternate sides of
a simple spike; the axis articulate at each notch. Lowest empty glume hard;
the 2 next empty ones, the flowering glume, and the palea all very thin and
transparent, and completely enclosed under the outer one.
A small genus, limited to tropical Asia and Australia.
1. O. monostachyus, Presl; Kunth, Enum. i. 464. Stems ascending,
rather slender, J to 1 ft. high, simple or slightly branched. Leaves narrow.
Spike terminal, pedunculate, slender, cylindrical, \ io % in. long, straight or
slightly curved. Outer glume about \ lines long, ovate, thick and hard,
slightly convex, the veins scarcely conspicuous.—0. uudatus, Nees in Kew
Journ. Bot. ii. 102.
Hongkong, Hance, Harland. Also in the Philippine Islands.
14. HEMARTHRIA, Br.
Spikelets 1-flowered, usually awnless, inserted in pairs, one sessile, the other
pedicellate in notches on alternate sides of a simple spike, the axis not arti-
2 E


Dimeria.]
419
GRAMINE.E.
17. DIMERIA, Br.
Spikelets 1-flowered, almost sessile, inserted singly on the alternate notches
of slender unilateral spikes, which are either solitary or more frequently 2 or
3 together on a terminal peduncle; the rhachis not articulate, and a tuft of
short hairs under each spikelet. Outer empty glumes 2, linear, stiff, keeled,
not awned; third empty glume smaller, thin and transparent, not awncd;
flowering glume thin and transparent, notched or 2-lobed with an interme-
diate awn, twisted at the base, and bent back at or below the middle. Palea
minute or none. Seed free, but enclosed in the outer glumes.
A small tropical Asiatic or Australian genua.
1. D. fascescens, Trim.; Stead. Syn. Gram. 418. Stems erect, rather
slender, 1 to \ ft. high. Leaves narrow, erect, very pointed, fringed with
long hairs, the sheaths somewhat flattened and distichous. Spikes 2 or rarely
3 together, digitate at the summit of a slender peduncle, each \ to 2 in.
long. Pedicels short and flat. Outer glumes fringed with hairs on the keel
and edges. Inner glumes also ciliate. Awn about 4 lines long. Palea
usually deficient.
Hongkong, Bance. On the Chinese continent to Amoy, in Nepal and in Ceylon.
18. IMPERATA, Cyr.
8pikelets 1-flowered, awnless, mostly pedicellate, in a dense cylindrical
spike-like panicle, the rhachis not articulate. Glumes all thin and transpa-
rent, 2 outer empty ones keeled, covered with very long silky hairs, third also
empty, smaller, without hairs, flowering glume and palea still shorter, often
jagged at the top. Grain free, enclosed in the outer glumes.
A very small genus, widely diffused over the warmer regions of the globe.
1. I. arundinacea, Cyr.; Kunth, Enum. i. 477, var. Kcenigii. A stiff
erect perennial, 1 to 2 ft. high, glabrous except a tuft of hairs at the nodes.
Leaves erect, narrow, often longer than the stem. Spike-like panicle 3 to 5
in. long, silvery-white with the long silky hairs of the glumes, concealing the
spikelets. Spikelets in this variety usually all pedicellate, the outer glumes
about 1\ lines long, and often slightly coloured.—/. Kcenigii, Beauv.
Common in Hongkong, Champion and others. Frequent in tropical Asia and Africa. The
form originally described with glabrous nodes and rather larger spikelets, many of them
sessile, is equally abundant in the Mediterranean region and in some ports of tropical and
northern America. The two varieties run too much into each other to be separable as
species.
19. SACCHAEUM, Linn.
Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, surrounded by long silky hairs, in pairs, both
sessile or 1 pedicellate along the branches of a large panicle, the rhachis arti-
culate at each pair. Two outer empty glumes keeled, thin but rather stiff,
third empty glume, flowering-glume, and palea, all smaller and very thin and
transparent.
A small Asiatic or African tropical or subtropical genus.
1. S. officinarmn, Linn.; Kunth, Enum. i. 474. Stems firm, erect, 6
to 12 ft. high. Leaves long, flat, 1 in. broad or more, very rough at the
2 e 2


420
[Saccharum.
GRAMINE.X.
edges. Panicle terminal, compound, spreading, 1 to 3 ft. long, of a grey
silvery colour from the long hairs surrounding the spikelets. Spikelets all
sessile or one of each pair slightly pedicellate, the outer glumes about 2 lines
long, pointed.
Hongkong, Harland, probably cultivated here aa in India and other hot countries. We
have no authentic record of any really wild station of this the common Sugar-tone.
20. EULALIA, Trin. (not of Kunth).
Spikelets 1-flowered, in pairs, along the slender inarticulate branches of a
compound panicle, each spikelet surrounded by long silky hairs. Outer empty
glumes 2, rather stiff, awnless, the lowest 3- or 5-nerved, the second keeled;
third empty glume smaller, very thin and transparent or deficient; flowering-
glume very thin and transparent, notched, with a fine awn twisted at the base.
Palea small or none.
A small tropical or subtropical Asiatic genus, differing from Erianthus in the inarticulate
branches of the panicle, from Polliaia in the branched inflorescence.
1. IS. japonica, Trin.; Sleud. Syn. Gram. 412. An erect perennial, 3
to 6 ft. high. Leaves narrow. Panicle \ to \ ft. long, spreading and much
branched, the silky hairs usually assuming a brown or purplish hue. Spikelets
both shortly but unequally pedicellate. Outer glumes about 1^ lines long,
with short points. Awn of the flowering glume very fine, 3 to 4 lines long.
—Erianthus japonicu*, Beauv.; Kunth, Enum. i. 479. Saccharum densum,
Nces in Kew Joum. Bot. ii. 100. Eulalia densa, Munro in Seem. Bot. Her.
424. Saccharum prcegrande, Steud. Syn. Gram. 408.
Hongkong, Hindi, Champion, and others. Eitends to the Philippines and Borneo, and
northward to Japan.
21. POLLINIA, Trin.
(Eulalia, Kunth.)
Spikelets 1-flowered, in pairs, one sessile, the other pedicellate along the
spike-like branches of a simple panicle, the rhachis articulate at each pair,
each spikelet surrounded by silky hairs. Outer empty glumes 2, stiff, awn-
less or with a hair-like point, the lowest with 2 of the lateral nerves promi-
nent, the central one faint or wanting; second glume keeled, third smaller,
very thin and transparent; flowering glume small and thin, with a fine awn,
twisted at the base.
A small tropical and subtropical genus, chiefly Asiatic and African, with a few American
or Australian species.
Spikes (3 or 4) dense, 3 to 4 in. long, very hairy. Outer glumea 2 lines
long, the second pointed 1. P. vil/ota.
Spikes (3 to 5) slender, li to 3 in. long, shortly hairy. Outer glumes H
lines long, the second with a long hair-like point 2. P. tenuis.
1. P. villosa, Munro, MSS. An erect glabrous perennial, about 2 ft.
hi^h. Leaves narrow, usually pubescent. Spikes cylindrical, dense, 3 to 4
in. long, 3 or 4 together at the summit of the peduncle. Spikelets closely
erect along the rhachis, with silky hairs shorter than the glumes at their base,
on the pedicels, and on the back of the outer glumes. Lowest glume about 2
lines long, usually 4-nerved, with 2 of the lateral nerves very prominent;


Pollinia.]
421
ORAMINEdi.
second glume keeled, scarcely pointed. Awn of the flowering glume J to f
in. long.—Erianthus tristachyus, Nees, PI. Meyen. 184 (but not Andropogon
tristachyus, Eoxb.). Eulalia viUom, Nees, PL Afr. Austr. Gram. 91.
Hongkong, Hance. Also on the adjacent continent, and northward to Amoy, and in
S. Africa.
2. P. tennis, Trin.; Steud. Syn. Gram. 409. Stems slender, creeping
and branched at the base, ascending to 1 or 2 ft. Leaves flat, spreading,
narrowed at the base. Spikes slender, lj- to 8 in. long, usually 3 to 5 at the
summit of the peduncle, the hairs of the pedicels much shorter than the
glumes. Spikelets about 1J lines long. Lowest glume 4-ncrved, strongly
ciliate; second glume keeled, slightly ciliate, with a hair-like point full half
as long as the glume in the sessile spikelet, usually very short in the pedicel-
late one. Awn of the minute flowering glume very fine, about \ in. long.
Hongkong, Hance; common about Victoria, Wilford. Also in northern India and in the
Philippines.
22. POGONATHEBTJM, Beauv.
Spikelets in pairs, 1 sessile, the other pedicellate in a simple spike, the
rhachis articulate, each spikelet surrounded by long silky hairs. Pedicellate
spikelet with 1 female flower; sessile one with 1 hermaphrodite and 1 male
flower below it. Glumes all thin and transparent, the lowest 3-nerved, awn-
less, the second keeled, with a long awn, the third smaller and awnless, empty
or with the male flower, the terminal flowering one very small with a long
awn, the awns twisted.
A genus limited to a single species.
1. P. saccb.aroid.eum, Beauv. A slender, branching, often tufted grass,
6 in. to 1 ft. high. Leaves narrow, spreading, 1 to \ in- l°ng- Spike \ to
1 in., on a slender terminal peduncle, the silky hairs and awns often assuming
a golden hue. Spikelets less than 1 line long, the 5 spreading hair-like awns
| to | in. long.—P. crinitum, Trin.; Kunth, Enum. i. 478. P. refraclum,
Nees, PI. Meyen. 182.
Common in the island, Hance and others. Widely diffused in India, from Ceylon and the
Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northward to the Philippines, S. China, and Loochoo.
23. APOCOPIS, Nees.
(Amblyachyrum, Hochst)
Spikelets 1-flowered or with a second male flower, solitary or accompanied
by a rudimentary pedicel of a second spikelet, in a dense simple or double
spike, the rhachis articulate. Outer empty glume stiff, broad and truncate,
second similar but smaller, third smaller, very thin and transparent, awnless,
terminal flowering glume narrow, emarginate, with a twisted awn, or awnless
in the lower spikelets.
A small tropical Asiatic genus.
1. A. Wrightii, Munto in Proceed. Amer. Acad. iv. 363. Stems slender,
slightly branched, ascending to 1 or 2 ft. Leaves rather short, narrow, usually
hairy. Spikes 1 in. or rather longer, erect, simple or divided into 2 closely
erect branches. Outer glumes full 2 lines long, broad and very obtuse at


GRAM1NE.E.
[Apocopis.
the top, with a narrow reddish ciliate margin, closely imbricate and usually
concealing the remainder of the spikelet as well as the hairs at its base, and the
rudimentary hairy pedicel. Awns protruding to B or 6 lines in the upper spike-
lets, but very deciduous, and often deficient in the lower part of the spike.
Hongkong, on the Syngmoon channel, Wright; also in Borneo.
24. APLT7DA, Linn.
Spikelets with 1 fertile and 1 male flower, sessile between 2 flattened
pedicels, bearing each a rudimentary glume or one of them a perfect spikelet,
the whole embraced by a sheathing bract, the bracts clustered on the branches
of a leafy panicle. Lowest glume of the sessile spikelet concave and striate,
the second keeled, transparent, but stiff; flowering glumes very thin and trans-
parent, the terminal one often awned. In the pedicellate flower both the
glumes concave and striate.
A genus of 2 or 3 species from tropical Asia or Africa.
1. A. mutica, Linn.; Kunth, Enum. i. 516. Stem creeping or climbing,
several feet long, with erect branching flowering shoots. Leaves long, some-
what distichous. Panicles loose and leafy, 1 to 2 ft. long. Flowering bracts
3 or 4 lines long, very concave, with short sometimes awn-like points, in
clusters of 5 or 6. Sessile spikelet shorter than the bract; pedicellate spike-
lets, when present, protruding beyond it. Awns of the flowering glume very
minute or entirely deficient.
Hongkong, Hance, Wright. Common in the Indian Archipelago, extending northward
to Amoy, and to the eastern districts of India, but less common there than the A. ariitata.
25. ANDROPOGON, Linn.
Spikelets 1-flowered, in pairs, 1 sessile, the other pedicellate, in a simple
spike or along the spike-like branches of a simple or compound panicle, the
rhachis articulate at each pair, and at the terminal article 2 pedicellate spike-
lets, one on each side of the sessile one. Sessile spikelet hermaphrodite, the
lowest glume stiff, with 2 of the lateral nerves most prominent, the second
keeled, third empty glume very thin and transparent; flowering glume small
and transparent, with a long twisted awn. Palea very small and thin or none.
Pedicellate spikelet smaller, male only, or reduced to a single glume. Grain
free, enclosed in the outer glumes.
A large genus, widely distributed over the globe within the tropics, with a few species ex-
tending into more temperate regions, both in the northern and the southern hemispheres.
Spikes single and solitary (SchizacAyrium).
Spike full 2 in. long. Rudimentary spikelet on a flat pedicel, with a
point shorter than itself 1. A. zeylanieu*.
Spike not 1 iu. long. Rudimentary spikelet on a narrow pedicel, with
an awn longer than itself . .' 2. A. brenfolita.
Spikes pedunculate, in a loose or compound panicle.
Panicle without bracts (Amphilophu).
Outer glumes narrow-oblong, rather thiu. Hairs of the pedicels
short and pale.
Spikes not i in. long, with 2 or 3 articulations 3. A. montanm.
Spikes 1 to near 2 in. loiif?, with numerous articulations . . . i. A. Vachellii.
Outer glumes ovate-oblong, hard. Hairs of the pedicels very con-
spicuous, of a rich brown 5. A. tropiem.
Panicle with a leafy bract at most of the ramifications (Cymbopogo*) 6. A. Martini.


Andropogon.]
423
(iRAMINEj*.
f
1. A. zeylanlcua, Arn.; not of Nees. Stems rather slentler, ascending
or erect, slightly branched, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves narrow, obtuse or scarcely
pointed. Spikes simple and solitary on short terminal peduncles or in the
upper axils, 2 to 24, in. long, slender. Sessile spikelets about 3 lines long,
narrow, the outer glumes very pointed, the awn of the flowering glume pro-
truding to about | in. Pedicel of the barren spikelet flat, ciliate on both
edges, the spikelet usually reduced to a single very pointed almost awned
glume.—A. pseudograya, Steud. Syn. Gram. 366.
Hongkong, Wright; at Amoy, aud a var. with very hairy spikes at Whampoa, Hanee;
also in Ceylon.
2. A. brevifolius, Sw.; Kunth, Enum. i. 488. Stems slender, decum-
bent, much branched, $ to 1£ ft. long. Leaves narrow, 1 to 2 in. long, ob-
tuse or with a very short oblique point. Spikes solitary, very slender and
seldom above 1 in. long. Sessile spikelet not 2 lines long, the outer glume
not pointed, the awn of the flowering glume protruding about 4 lines. Barren
pedicel slender, not ciliate except at the base, bearing a small rudimentary
glume with a long awn-like point.
Hongkong, Hance, Wright. On the adjacent continent, in Silhet, the Indian Archipe-
lago, and tropical America.
3. A. montanus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 267. Stems decumbent at the base,
branching and ascending to 3 or 4 ft. Leaves narrow, rather long. Panicles
terminal, very loose, about 4 in. long, with slender almost filiform clustered
branches of unequal length and little branched. Spikes not A, in. long, all
pedicellate, consisting usually of 2 or 3 articulations, with a tuft of hairs at
each articulation and at the branches of the panicle. Sessile spikelet 1£ in.
long. Outer glumes shortly ciliate. Flowering glume reduced to a fine
twisted awn 8 or 9 lines long. Pedicellate spikelet male and awnless, with
a few long hairs on the pedicel.—A. (Rhaphis) villosulus, Nees in Steud. Syn.
Gram. 397. A. parvispica {Rhaphis microstachya, Nees), Steud. I.e. Rha-
phis strieta, Nees in Kew Journ. Bot. ii. 99.
Hongkong, Hance. Common in the hilly districts of northern India; also in S. China
and in the Philippines.
4. A. Vachellii, Nees, PI. Meyen. 188. Stems and foliage of A. monta-
nus, but the panicle is longer, closer, and less branched, and the spikes, on
pedicels of \ to 1 in., are from I to 2 in. long, with numerous articulations.
Spikelets as in A. montanus, except that the pedicellate barren ones appear to
be always without stamens.—Chrysopogon strictus, Nees in Kew Journ. Bot.
ii. 95.
Hongkong, Hance, Harland; on roadsides at Aberdeen, Wilford. On the adjacent con-
tinent, and very nearly allied to the north Indian A. puttctatus, Roxb.
5. A. tropicus, Spreng.; Kunth, Enum. i. 503. Stems rather slender,
2 ft. or more, with a dense tuft of short hairs at the nodes. Leaves narrow,
rough at the edges. Panicle loose, 4 to 6 in. long, conspicuous for the rich
brown colour of the hairs of the glumes and pedicels; the capillary branches
of unequal length, clustered and each bearing a single spike or the lower ones
slightly branched. Spikes usually about $ in. long, consisting of from 2 to 5
articulations, not so readily separable as in most species. Spikelets 1£ to 2


424
[Andropogon.
GRAMINE.E.
lines long, the sessile ones nearly ovoid, the twisted awn usually protruding
to \ or i in., but sometimes wanting, the pedicellate one narrower, male or
neuter and awnless.
Hongkong, Hance. In Ceylon and the plains of India, in the Archipelago, extending to
N. Australia, and northward to the Philippines and S. China. Allied to A. halepensit, Linn.,
but readily known by the much smaller spikelets and the brown hairs.
6. A. Martini, Roxb.; Nees, PI. Meyen. 189. Stems erect, often
branching, 3 to 6 ft. high. Leaves long and narrow. Panicle narrow, 4 to
6 in. long, with a leafy or sheathing bract at each ramification, the last sheaths
about £ in. long, each containing usually 2 spikes of about \ in., on a short
common pedicel. Rhachis and pedicels silky-hairy. Sessile spikelets about
2 lines, 2 nerves of the lowest glume and keel of the second bordered by a
narrow wing. Flowering glume with 2 almost filiform points between which
arises a very slender twisted awn of about £ in.
Hongkong, Hance. On the adjacent continent and in the hilly districts of N. India, the
Peninsula, and Ceylon.
26. HETEBOPOGON, Pers.
Spikelets monoecious, 1-flowered, in pairs, in a simple 1-sided spike, the
rhachis articulate, at least towards the top. Female spikelets sessile, cylin-
drical, turned to one side of the spike, the outer glume hard and convolute,
the second keeled, the third very thin and transparent, the flowering glume
reduced to a long stiff twisted awn; palea small or none. Male spikelets
lanceolate, herbaceous, awnless, imbricate on the other side of the spike on
short pedicels. At the base of the spike the spikelets are often all male or
neuter.
A genus of several species, chiefly tropical, both in the New and the Old World.
1. H. hirtus, Pers. Syn. ii. 353. Stems ascending, slightly branched, 1
to 2 ft. high. Leaves narrow, ciliate with a few long hairs, the sheaths flat-
tened. Spikes pedunculate, 1 to 2 in. long without the awns. Male or barren
spikelets about 4 lines long, green, ciliate, closely imbricate in 2 rows along
the back of the spike, almost concealing the females, which are brown, narrow,
very stiff, rough with short hairs, and surrounded by brown silky hairs at the
base, the stout twisted brown awns protruding to above 2 in.—Andropogon
contortus, Linn.; Kunth, Enum. i. 486.
On roadsides, Hance and others. Common in tropical Asia and Africa, and in some parts
of tropical America.
27. CHBYSOPOGON, Trin.
Spikelets 1 -flowered, narrow-lanceolate, 3 together, terminating the branches
of nn erect panicle, the central one sessile and hermaphrodite, the 2 lateral
ones pedicellate and male. Glumes and flowers of Andropogon, sect. Amphi-
lojihu from which this genus differs in all the spikes being reduced to the ter-
minal article.
A small genus, dispersed over tropical and subtropical Asia, Africa, and Australia, with
one species extending into southern Europe.
I. C. aciculatus, Trin. Stems tufted or creeping and rooting at the
base, then erect and stiff, about a foot high. Leaves short, the lower ones


Ckrysopogon.]
GRAMINE.D.
crowded, the upper ones few, with long sheaths. Panicle narrow, 2 to 3 in.
long, glabrous except a short tuft of hairs under the spikelets. Outer glumes
of the sessile spikclet about 1^ lines long, with short points, the awn of the
flowering glume protruding to 3 or 4 lines. Male spikelets full 2 lines long,
with longer points to the glumes, and no awns.—Rhaphis trivialis, Lour. Fl.
Coch. 553. Andropogon acicularis, Retz ; Kunth, Enum. i. 505. A. (Rhaphis)
javanicus, Nees in Steud. Syn. Gram. 396.
On roadsides, Wilford, Wright. Dispersed over India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to
the Archipelago, extending to Australia and the Pacific islands, and northward to the Philip-
pines and China.
28. ISCH.33MTJM, Linn.
Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, 2-flowered, the lowest flower male, the other
pedicellate, usually male or rudimentary, in a simple spike or in the spike-like
sessile branches of a simple panicle, the rhachis articulate, at least towards the
top. Outer glumes 2, stiff and awnless, the lowest with 2 prominent lateral
nerves, the second keeled. Flowering glumes and paleas smaller, thin and
transparent, all awnless or the glume of the terminal flower with a twisted
awn.
A tropical or subtropical Asiatic and Australian genus.
Spikes simple, slender, unilateral, unawned.
Outer glumes not winged, fringed with long bristles 1. /. leersioides.
Outer glumes entire or minutely toothed, winged at the top . . . 2. /. ophiuroides.
Spikes rather thick, divided into 2 erect branches, with twisted awus . 8. /. barbatum.
1. I. leersioides, Munro in Proc. Amer. Acad. iv. 363. Stems tufted
and leafy at the base, ascending to 6 in. or 1 ft., rarely branched. Leaves
narrow, rather pointed. Spike solitary on a long peduncle, simple, slender, 1
to 1^ in. long and often curved. Outer glumes of the sessile spikelets ovate
and loosely imbricate on one side of the rhachis, \ to 2 lines long, slightly
pubescent, scarcely obtuse, not winged but elegantly bordered by long spread-
ing bristles. Awns none. Pedicellate spikelet reduced to a short point on a
somewhat dilated pedicel.
Hongkong, Hance; in open places ou the hills, Wilford. Also on the adjacent continent,
but not known out of S. China, unless it prove to be a variety of the Indian /. pectinaium,
which has the outer glume winged as well as fringed.
2. I. ophiuroides, Munro in Proc. Amer. Acad. iv. 363. A small
tufted grass like the last, but the leaves usually shorter and more obtuse.
Spikes 1^ to 2 in. long, rather firmer than in /. leersioides, the outer glumes
of the sessile spikelets more closely imbricated, broader and more obtuse,
bordered at the top by a scarious wing, with a few minute tooth-like cilia
towards the base. Pedicellate spikelet reduced to an abortive glume on a flat
stiff green striated pedicel, as long as the fertile spikelet.
Hongkong, Hance; and in some other islands of the Canton river, but n°t known out of
S. China.
3. I. barbatum, Retz; Kunth, Enum. i. 513. Stems ascending or erect,
branched, 1 to 2 ft. high, usually with tufts of short hairs at the nodes.
Leaves very pointed, the lower ones long. Spikes divided to the base into
2 erect branches 1J to 2 in. lonir, the outer glumes, pedicels, and rhachis very


GRAMINE£.
[Isckeemitm.
hairy. Sessile spikelets 8 lines long, the outer glume pointed and marked at
the base with a few transverse wrinkles, the twisted awn of the upper flower-
ing-glume protruding to about £ in. Pedicellate spikelet not much smaller,
male, on a very short flat pedicel.—Meoschium lodiculare, Neea, PI. Meyen.
195, and M. Meyenianum, Nees, I.e. 197.
Common in the island, Hindi, Champion, and others. Also in the Indian Archipelago.
29. SPODIOPOGON, Trin.
Spikelets in pairs, 1 sessile, the other pedicellate, in simple, branched,
or paniculate spikes, both 2-flowered, the lower flower male; the rhachis an-
gular and articulate, at least at the top. Outer glumes stiff, the lowest con-
vex, the second keeled. Flowering glumes and palea very thin and transpa-
rent, the glume of the fertile flower with a twisted awn.
A small genns dispersed over the tropical and subtropical regions both of the New and the
Old World.
1. S. obliqtdvalvis, Nees, PI. Meyen. 185. Stems tufted or creeping
and rooting at the base, ascending or erect, 1 to 2 ft. high, with tufts of hairs
at the nodes. Leaves acute, more or less hairy. Spikes 1 to 1^ in. long,
divided into 2 erect branches, the rhachis and pedicels more or less ciliate.
Spikelets about 2 lines long, the outer glume wrinkled on the back, the awn
of the fertile flower slender, 4 to 6 lines long. Pedicel of the upper spikelet
and rhachis, both angular, separated by an obtuse sinus giving the appear-
ance of a little circular perforation.—Andropogon malacophyllus, Steud. Syn.
Gram. 372.
Hongkong, Hance. Common in India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archipelago,
and northward to Amoy.
Var. villonu. Sheaths of the leaves with long spreading hairs.—Andropogon patmtivillo-
ttts, Steud. Syn. Gram. 873.
Hongkong, Wright. Also on the continent of S. China.
30. SPOROBOLUS, Br.
Spikelets small, 1-flowered, awnless, in a loose spreading or rarely spike-
like panicle. Outer glumes 2, keeled, one or both usually shorter and never
longer than the acute flowering glume. Palea nearly as long, usually 2-nerved.
Grain free, short, deciduous, the seed separating from the thin pericarp.
A considerable tropical and subtropical genus, both in the New and the Old World, dif-
fering but little from Tilfa and AgrostU.
1. S. indicus, Br.; Kunth, Enum. i. 211. Stems tufted at the base,
erect, simple, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves narrow, pointed, convolute when dry.
Panicle contracted, linear, 6 to 8 in. long, interrupted at the base, the short
more or less compound branches all erect. Spikelets nearly 1 line long,
pointed, shining. Outer glumes usually unequal, obtuse or the second acute,
about half as long as the flowering glume. Seed brown, obovate-truncate.
Common on roadsides, Hance and others. Widely diffused over the warmer regions of
the globe.
31. POLYPOGON, Desf.
Spikelets small, 1-flowered, iu a dense spike-like or slightly spreading pani-
cle. Outer glumes 2, narrow, keeled, ending in a fine straight awn, some-


428 CRAMINE.*. [Phragmites.
A small genus (or subgenus of Jrundo), with a still wider geographical range, extending
into the temperate regions both of the New and the Old World.
1. P. Roxburghii, Kunth; Nees, PL Meyen. 178. Stem stout and
erect, 8 to 12 ft. high, covered with the leaf-sheaths. Leaves flat, 1 to 1 \
in. broad. Panicle erect or slightly drooping, often ft. long or more.
Spikelets numerous and crowded, with 3 to 5 distant flowers. Lowest glume
about 2 lines long, the next 3 or. 4 lines, the third or lowest flowering glume
6 lines long, tapering into a long point but not awned, and usually male, the
others rather smaller and more pointed, the terminal pedicel small, with a mi-
nute rudimentary glume.
Hongkong, Hance. Widely dispersed over India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the
Archipelago, and northward to the Himalaya, China, the Philippines, and Japan.
35. MICBOCHLOA, Br.
Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, singly sessile on one side of a slender simple
spike. Outer glumes 2, nearly equal; the lowest with a double nerve, the
second keeled. Flowering glume and palea small, very thin and transparent.
A genus of very few tropical or subtropical species, dispersed over the New and the Old
World. Although placed by most botanists next to Cynodon among Chloridea, it appears to
me to have more affinity with the Androjsogonea.
1. M. setacea, Br.; Kunth, Enum. i. 258. Stems slender, tufted, from
3 or 4 to 8 or 9 in. high. Leaves fine, convolute when dry, acute. Spike 1
to 3 in. long, very slender and curved. Spikelets rather more than 1 line
long, the outer glumes very pointed. Flowering glume hairy outside, but very
transparent.
Hongkong, Wright. Scattered over the tropical and subtropical regions of both the New
aud the Old World.
36. CYNODON, Pers.
Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, singly sessile in 2 rows on one side of the
slender spike-like almost digitate branches of a simple panicle. Outer empty
glumes 2, keeled. Flowering glume thinner and broader. Palea narrower,
folded, with a small bristle at its base, being the prolongation of the axis, and
sometimes bearing a rudimentary glume.
A genus of very few species, all perhaps varieties of a single one.
1. C. dactylon, Pers.; Kunth, Enum. i. 259. Stems prostrate, often
creeping and rooting to a great extent, the flowering branches shortly ascend-
ing. Leaves short, of a glaucous green. Spikes 3 to 5, each 1 to \ in.
long. Spikelets less than 1 line long; the outer glumes nearly equal, open,
narrow, pointed. Flowering glume rather longer and much broader, becom-
ing hardened when in fruit.
Hongkong, Hance. A common and troublesome weed in all hot countries, extending also
into some of the more temperate regions of the northern hemisphere.
37. DACTYLOCTENIUM, Willd.
Spikelets 2- or more-flowered, very flat and closely imbricated along one
side of the spike-like digitate branches of a simple panicle. Glumes spread-
ing, keeled and compressed, transparent but stiff, the lowest smaller, the


Dactyloctenium.]
429
GRAMINE^.
second shortly awned, the flowering ones gradually smaller and less pointed,
the terminal one usually barren or rudimentary. Palea smaller, folded.
A single species, perhaps not sufficiently distinct as a genus from Elcusine.
1. D. segyptiacum, Willd.; Kunth, Enum. i. 261. Stems tufted or
creeping and rooting or shortly ascending, or rarely 1 ft. high or more.
Leaves flat, ciliate, flaccid, with long points. Spikes usually 3 to 6, 1 to 1£
in. long; the angular rhachis very prominent on the upper or inner side, and
the spikelets regularly and very closely packed at right angles to it on the
opposite side; the largest glumes about 1^ lines long, their short fine stiff
points very prominent.
Hongkong, Ilance. A very common weed in all warm countries.
38. ELETJSINE, Grertn.
Spikelets 2- or more-flowered, awnless, sessile in 2 rows along one side of
the spike-like almost digitate branches of a simple panicle. Glumes keeled,
usually obtuse, the 2 outer empty ones unequal and shorter than the flowering
ones. Paleas rather smaller, folded, the axis usually slightly continued beyond
the last one. Seed transversely wrinkled.
A small, widely spread, tropical genus.
1. E. indica, Gtertn.; Kunth, Enum. i. 272. A coarse erect tufted grass,
1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves narrow, the sheaths flattened and distichous, ciliate
with a few long hairs. Spikes 5 to 7, 2 to 3 in. long, digitate, with usually
one inserted rather lower down. Rhachis prominent on the upper or inner
side; the spikelets loosely imbricate on the opposite side. Each spikelet 1J
to 2 lines long, containing 3 to 5 flowers. Glumes obtuse, the lowest small
and 1-nerved, the second empty one and the lower flowering ones usually
3-nerved.
Hongkong, Ilance. A common weed in tropical countries.
39. CHLOBIS, Linn.
Spikelets with 1 or rarely 2 fertile flowers, and 1 or more empty or rudi-
mentary glumes above it, singly sessile on one side of the spike-like digitate
branches of a simple panicle. Glumes keeled, 2 outer empty ones pointed
or shortly awned, the. others usually awned or the upper empty ones awnless.
Grain free.
A tropical or subtropical genus, common to the New and the Old World.
1. C. barbata, Sxo.; Kunth, Enum. i. 264. Stems creeping at the base
and branched, in large tufts, ascending to 1 or 2 ft. Leaves narrow, very pointed,
glaucous, the lower sheaths much flattened and distichous. Spikes 5 to 10,
closely digitate, 1| to 2 in. long. Outer glumes very unequal, persistent,
pointed, the longest about 1 line. Flowering glume about as long, ciliate
with long hairs on the inner edges, notched at the top with a fine straight
awn of about 2 lines. Upper empty glumes usually 2, truncate, with short
awns.
On the seabeach at Saywan, Wilford. Very common in pastures in India as in most hot
countries.


Caelachne.]
431
gram in e*.
In a ditch at Littlo Hongkong, Wilford. Also in Ceylon, the Indian Peninsula, Nepal,
Tavoy, and Australia.
43. EBAGROSTIS, Beauv.
Spikelets several-flowered, flattened, awnless, numerous in a spreading or
compact panicle. Glumes keeled, very regularly distichous, obtuse or pointed,
but not awned, the 2 outer empty ones not longer, and often one or both
smaller than the others. Paleas prominently 2-ribbcd, often persistent after
the glumes have fallen. Axis of the spikelet not hairy, and very rarely arti-
culate.
A considerable genus, or subgenus of Poa, widely diffused over the tropical and subtropical
regions of the globe, a few species spreading into more temperate climates, but neither so
far north or south, nor to so great elevations as Poa proper. The latter genus differs chiefly
in the less flattened spikelets, with fewer flowers, the axis always articulate, and often (but
not always) bearing a tuft of hairs under each flower. One species extends to the adjoining
Chinese continent, but has not yet been found in Hongkong.
Spikelets not 1 line long, very numerous in a narrow but spreading pa-
nicle. Axis of the spikelet articulate.
Paleas glabrous 1. E. tenella.
Paleas ciliate with long spreading hairs 2. E. plumota.
Spikelets 2 to 4 lines long, the axis not articulate.
SpikeleU all pedicellate.
Spikelets linear, very loose, not i line broad 8. E. pilosa.
Spikelets ovate or ovate-oblong, 1} lines broad, very closely im-
bricate 4. E. vnioloides.
Spikelets linear-oblong, imbricate, i to 1 line broad.
Leaves very hairy 6. E. pilosusima.
Leaves glabrous.
Spikelets loosely pedicellate, f line broad. Flowering glumes
obtuse 6. E. orientals.
Spikelets shortly pedicellate, 1 line broad. Flowering glumes
tapering almost to a point I.E. Brownei.
SpikeleU lesrile or nearly to.
Spikelets solitary or in distinct clusters along the branches of a
narrow or spreading panicle 8. E. zeylamca.
Spikelets crowded in a short spikc-like panicle 9. E. geniculate.
1. E. tenella, Beauv. An erect annual, 1 to 2 ft. high. Leaves long
and narrow. Panicle narrow and slender, occupying the greater part of the
plant, with very numerous short capillary branches. Spikelets shortly pedi-
cellate, ovate, about £ line long, usually 3- or 4-flowered; the axis articulate
as in Poa. Flowering glumes obtuse, spreading. Palea not ciliate.—Poa
tenella, Linn. Spec. PI. 101 (except the reference to Plukenet). E. tenuis-
rima, Schrad.; Nees, Fl. Afr. Aust. 410, with the synonyms there given.
E. aurea, Steud. Syn. Gram. 267. Sporobolus verticillatus, Nees in Kew
Journ. Bot. ii. 101.
Hongkong, Hance; also on the adjacent continent, in northern and eastern India, in the
Philippines, and northward to Amoy. Nees appears to have mistaken Cuming's Philippine
Island specimen, n. 545, for a Sporoiolus. Onr specimens of that n. are certainly the E.
tenella, but the upper flowers of each spikelet fall readily off, leaving very often only a sin-
gle one with the outer glumes, so as to appear 1-flowered.
2. E. plnmosa, lAnk; Steud. Syn. Gram. 266. Steins slender, tufted
or decumbent at the base, ascending to 6 in. or 1 ft. Leaves very pointed,


432
[Erayrostis.
0RAM1NE*.
narrow, but flat. Panicle oblong, usually 2 or 3 in., but sometimes twice as
long, with numerous short slender branches. Spikelets all pedicellate, usually
drooping, ovate, about 1 line long, 4- to 6-flowered, the axis more or less ar-
ticulate. Glumes rather pointed, especially the lower ones. Paleas ciliate on
the ribs, with rather long spreading hairs, often persistent in the lower part
of the spikelet.—Poa plumosa, Betz; Kunth, Enum. i. 838. Poa amabitit,
Linn. Spec. 100 (and Herbarium).
Hongkong, Nance, Ear land, Wright. Common in tropical Asia.
3. E. pilosa, Beauv.; Steud. Syn. Gram. 263. A tufted erect or ascend-
ing annual, 1 to near 2 ft. high. Leaves narrow. Panicles 6 in. to 1 ft.
long, narrow at first, spreading when in fruit, compound, with numerous fili-
form branches alternate or clustered, and generally with a few long hairs in
their axils. Spikelets linear, about 2 lines long, with 6 to 10 flowers loosely
alternate on a zigzag inarticulate axis. Glumes thin, keeled, rather pointed,
the 2 outer empty ones unequal, but both smaller than the flowering ones.
Paleas often persistent, slightly ciliate on the ribs.—Poa pilosa, Linn.; Kunth,
Enum. i. 329. P. verticillata, Cav.; Kunth, L c.
Hongkong, Hance. A common weed in southern Europe, northern Africa, central Asia,
and some parts of north and south America.
4. E. unioloides, Nees; Steud. Syn. Gram. 264. Stems tufted and
erect, 6 in. to 1 ft. high or more. Leaves rather narrow. Panicle 3 to 6 in.
long, more or less spreading; the branches slender, but short and little divided.
Spikelets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, very flat, with 16 to 20 or even more
flowering glumes very regularly and closely distichous. Outer empty glumes
narrower, but fully as long and more pointed.—E. amabilis, W. and Am.;
Nees, PI. Meyen. 205. Poa unioloides, Betz; Kunth, Enum. i. 335.
Hongkong, Hance, Harland. Common in dry situations in India, from Ceylon and the
Peninsula to the Archipelago, and northward to the Philippines and S. China.
5. E. pilosissima, Link; Steud. Syn. Gram. 280. Very near the E.
orientalis, but the panicle is more spreading, the pedicels longer and more
slender, and the leaves flatter, and covered as well as their sheaths with long
soft hairs.—Poa pilosissima, Kunth, Enum. i. 330. Eragr. Millettii, Nees,
PI. Meyen. 206.
Hongkong, Harland. Also on the adjacent continent, but not known for certain out of
S. China.
6. E. orientalis, Trin.Nees, PI. Meyen. 205. Stems rather slender,
erect, £ to \ ft. high. Leaves very narrow, glabrous, convolute when dry,
rather short. Panicle spreading, 3 or 4 in. long, but little branched. Spike-
lets pedicellate, oblong-linear, 2 to 3 lines long, about $ line broad, with 8 to
20 or even more flowers, not very closely imbricated, on a zigzag continuous
axis. Glumes firm, the flowering ones very obtuse, the outer empty ones
rather shorter and scarcely more pointed.
Hongkong, Wright, Hance. Also on the adjacent continent and in northern India. It
is very nearly allied to the S. poaoidet, 13eanv., a common species in southern Europe and
central Asia.
7. E. Brownei, Nees; Steud. Syn. Gram. 279. Closely allied to the
E. orientalis, and perhaps a variety. The panicle is not so loose, the pedicels
shorter, the spikelets flatter and broader, usually about 3 lines long and 1 line


Ernyroslis.]
433
ORAMINE.E.
broad, the flowering glumes taper almost to a point, and the seeds are much
narrower.—Poa polymorpha, Br.; Kunth, Enum. i. 333.
Very common throughout the island, Wilford, Hance, and others. Widely spread over
tropical Asia and Australia.
8. E. zeylanica, Nees in PI. Meyen. 204. This species is again very
nearly allied to the two last, and has the same narrow leaves, but it appears
to be more rigid and probably perennial. The panicle is stiff and less spread-
ing, with few branches, and sometimes reduced to an interrupted spike.
Spikelets as in E. Brownei, about 1 line broad, with almost pointed flowering
glumes, but sessile or nearly so, in clusters of 2 or 3, or sometimes solitary
along the branches of the panicle.
Hongkong, with the last, Uance; at Little Hongkong and Aberdeen, Wilford. Widely
spread over India and the Archipelago, probably iu drier and hotter localities than the E.
Brownei,
9. E. geniculate, Nees in PI. Meyen. 203. Stems rather stiff, branch-
ing or decumbent at the base, ascending to 6 or 8 in. or rarely 1 ft. Leaves
narrow and very pointed. Spikelets mostly sessile, in a dense spike-like pa-
nicle of 1 to 1$ in., the short branches usually hairy in the axils. Each
spikelet oblong, very flat, 6- to 10-flowered, about 3 lines long and near 1
line broad, much like those of E. zeylanica. Glumes all pointed.
Hongkong, Wright; Cum Syng Moon, Meyen; Amoy, Hance. Not known out of S.
China.
44. LOPHATHERUM, Brongn.
Spikelets 1 -flowered, sessile on alternate sides of the simple branches of a
panicle. Glumes keeled, green, with scarious edges, 2 outer empty ones ob-
tuse or slightly pointed, the third or flowering one similar, but with a short stiff
awn, and several smaller empty ones with short awns terminating the axis.
Palea transparent, folded, with 2 prominent green ribs. Grain free.
A genus limited probably to a single species.
1. L. gracile, Brongn.; Kunth, Enum. i. 391. Stems ascending to 2 or
3 ft. Leaves £ to 1 in. broad, very pointed, and often stalked above the
sheath as in Bambusa. Panicle consisting of a few distant stiff branches 3
or 4 in. long. Spikelets distant, lanceolate, 4 to 6 lines long, the short awns
of the terminal empty glumes forming a little tuft. Glumes often ciliate on
the edges. Awns of the flowering one always shorter than the glume itself.—
L. Lehmanni, Nees in Stcud. Syn. Gram. 300.
Hongkong, Wright, Hance. Dispersed over India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the
Archipelago, and northward to the Himalaya, Philippines, and S. China.
45. ARUNDINARIA, Rich.
Habit of a Bambusa. Spikelets several-flowered, awnless, compressed, not
clustered, in simple racemes or branched panicles. Glumes stiff, distichous,
often distant, concave, smooth or ribbed, pointed, the 2 outer empty ones
smaller and unequal, 1 or 2 upper ones empty or rudimentary. Stamens and
styles 3.
A small tropical genus, common to the New and the Old World.


434
\Arundinaria.
GRAMINE/K.
1. A. Wightii, Nees; Rupr. Bamb. 26. Flowering stems not above 3
lines diameter, sometimes shortly spinous at the nodes. Upper leaves broadly
lanceolate, about \ in. broad, the midrib and principal veins prominent un-
derneath. Panicles short, loose, and more slender than in most Bamboos.
Spikelets about J in. long, all pedicellate, 3- or 4-flowered, the rhachis shortly
silky-hairy. Glumes ribbed, the flowering ones 3 or 4 lines long, the outer
empty ones rather shorter.
Hongkong, Wright. In the Indian Peninsula and Silhet. Inserted ou the authority of
Col. Munro. I have not seen Chinese specimens, and can only describe it from imperfect
Indian ones.
46. BAMBTTSA, Linn.
Spikelets several-flowered, awnless, sessile, and clustered along the branches
of a panicle which is also usually clustered. Lower flowers of each spikelet
usually male, and sometimes the uppermost also. Glumes concave, stiff, the
2 or 3 outer empty ones smaller. Paleas narrow, about as long as the glumes,
enclosing the flower. Stamens 6. Stems shrubby or arborescent. Leaves
broad, often stalked above their sheath.
A tropical genus, common to the New and the Old World. Although called shrubby or
arborescent from their great height and hard branching stems, the Bamboos bear little re-
semblance to ordinary trees, and in many species the stems attain their full height of CO
or 70 feet in the course of a few weeks.
Spikelets dense, ovate or ovate-oblong. Glumes very broad . ... 1. 2?. verlieillata.
Spikelets loose, lanceolate or linear. Glumes narrow.
Glumes rather obtuse, \ iu. long 2. B. Tulda.
Glumes very pointed, 4 or 5 lines long 3. B. Arundo.
1. B. verticillata, mild.; Kunth, Enum. i. 432. Stems 6 or 7 ft.
high or more. Leaves 2 or 3 in. broad, the midrib prominent. Inflorescence
simple or slightly branched, often 2 ft. long or more, the rhachis pubescent,
the spikelets in clusters of 3 to 6, at regular intervals of 1 to \ in. Each
spikelet ovate or ovate-oblong, slightly compressed, f in. long. Glumes very
broad, stiff and shining, shortly ciliate and often pubescent on the edges, the
lowest flower usually male, the others all fertile. Palca hairy. Style very
long, with short stigmatic lobes.
Hongkong, Hance. Possibly planted by the Chinese, as it is in other parts of China, in
eastern India, and the Archipelago.
2. B. Tulda, Roxb. Fl. Ltd. ii. 193. A very- tall species; the stems
according to Roxburgh attaining 20 to 70 ft., and 6 to 12 in. in diameter, in
the course of about thirty days. Leaves £ to 1 in. broad; the midrib pu-
bescent and prominent underneath. Flowering shoots leafless, forming one
long waving compound panicle, with deciduous sheathing bracts at the rami-
fications. Spikelets solitary or 2 or 3 together along the last ramifications,
1 in. long or more, with 4 to 8 alternate distant flowers, often all hermaphro-
dite. Outer empty glumes very short, flowering ones about £ in. long, lan-
ceolate, mostly obtuse. Ovary obovate, lmiry. Style very short, with 3
plumose stigmas.
Hongkong, Ranee. Also near Canton, common in Bengal and other parts of India.
3. B. Arundo, Klein; Rupr. Bamb. 63. Steins tall. Leaves broad.


436
[Lycojiodiacea.
LYCOPODJACEjE.
Ordkr CXXIV. LYCOPODIACEiE.
Leaves distinct, radical or alternate, usually small or reduced to minute
scales. Spores enclosed in capsules, sessile or nearly so, cither at the base or
in the axils of the leaves or bracts, or forming a terminal spike interspersed
with bracts.
An Order which, besides the two following, comprises but very few genera and species,
dispersed over various parts of the globe.
Capsules in the axils of crowded leaves or in terminal spikes .... 1. Ltcopodium.
Capsules distant, on minute bind scale-like bracts 2. Psilotuk.
1. LYCOPODITJM, Linn.
Capsules sessile in the axils of the upper stem-leaves or of bracts usually
thinner and broader than the stem-leaves and forming a terminal spike; the
capsules either all opening transversely in 2 valves and filled with minute
powdery granules or spores, or some of them 3- or 4-valved, and containing
a very few much larger granules.—Perennial herbs, usually much branched
and creeping, crowded with small moss-like entire or minutely serrated leaves..
A large genu9 widely spread over every part of the globe, and readily divisible into two
sections, the true Lycopodia, to which belongs the first of the following species, with all the
capsules tilled with minute powdery grannies, and the Selatjinellas, comprising the four re-
maining Hongkong species, which have capsules of both kinds.
Leaves subulate, scattered all ronnd the elongated much branched stem.
Spikes terminal, nodding 1. L. centuitm.
Leaves distichous, in two rows, with two inner longitudinal rows of smaller
leaves on one side.
Stems very short, thick and erect, with short crowded dichotomous
branches erect or curved inwards when dry 2. L. involtrns.
Rhizomes or steins decumbent or creeping.
Leafy branches dichotomous throughout. Inner leaves parallel and
closely appresscd to the rhachis 3. L. atrovir'ule.
I.eafy blanches mostly pinnate. Inner leaves curved over the
rhachis.
Leafy steins proeunibent or trailing and rooting 4. X. caudalum.
Leafy stems erect from a creeping rhizome^ simple at the base,
(the branching part about 6 in. long) 5. L. flabellatum.
1. L. cerntrnm, Linn.; Spring, Monogr. Lycop.\.1$,and'n. 37. Steins
hard, rising to 2 ft., or when very luxuriant to 5 or 6 ft. in height, with
numerous spreading flexuose repeatedly forked branches. Leaves fine, subu-
late, spreading all round the stem, incurved, 1 to 2 lines long. Spikes ter-
minal, nodding, sessile above the last leaves, 2 to 3 lines long. Bracts ovate-
lanceolate, ciliate, imbricate in 8 rows, longer than the capsules.—L. amenli-
gerum, Goldin. in PI. Meyen. 468.
In woods, Champion and others. Common throughout the tropics, in the New as well as
the Old World.
2. L. involvens, Sw. Stems very short and thick, when old erect and
simple, attaining 2 in. or rather more in height, with numerous dichotomous
leafy branches 1 to 3 in. long, erect or turned inwards when dry, spreading
with moisture. Leaves in 4 rows; the outer distichous ones about 1 line
long, obliquely ovate-falcate, acute with a short fine point; the midrib cx-


Lycopodiumi] lycopodiace.*. 487
centric and indented on the bnck; the inner leaves rather smaller, with more
prominent points. Spikes very short; the bracts nearly similar to the inner
stem-leaves.—Selayinella ineolvens, Spring, Monogr. Lycop. ii. 63.
Hongkong, Champion, Wright. In the Indinn Peninsula, the Archipelago, the Philip-
pines, China, and Japan.
3. L. atroviride, Wall.; Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 117 B. Stems trailing
and rooting among the leafy branches, dichotomous from the first or the
primary branches irregularly pinnate. Leaves usually dark-green and shining,
in four rows; the outer distichous ones very regularly spreading, \ to 3 lines
long, obliquely oblong-falcate, scarcely pointed, often minutely punctate on
the upper side, pale underneath, often but not always with a lateral nerve on
each side of the midrib. Inner leaves from \ to \ as long, fine-pointed, semi-
cordate at the base, closely appressed to the rhachis and parallel or slightly
diverging. Spikes | to 1 in. long; the bracts ovate-lanceolate, fine-pointed,
imbricate in 4 rows.—Selayinella alroviridis, Spring, Monogr. Lycop. ii. 124,
and S. mmwspora, Spring. I.e. 135.
In ravines, Ilarland, Urquhart, Wright, Wilford. In India from Ceylon and the Pen-
insula to the Archipelago, and northward to the Himalaya, Foochowfoo, and Chusan. The
specimen of I lance's, referred by J. Sm. (in Seem. Bot. Her. 431) to Selagiuella cuncinna.
Spring, appears to me rather to belong to the present species.
4. L. caudatrum, Desv. Stems trailing to a considerable length and
rooting among the leafy branches which are loosely pinnate from the base.
Leaves in 4 rows, the outer distichous ones obliquely ovate or oval-oblong, 1
to 2 lines long; inner ones $ to $ as long, semicorclate at the base, falcate,
fine-pointed and converging over the rhachis. Spikes 3 to 9 lines long; the
bracts keeled, fine-pointed, imbricate in 4 rows.—Selayinella caudala, Spring,
Monogr. Lycop. ii. 139. S. aryentea, Spring?; Sm. in Seem. Bot. Her. 431.
Abundant in ravines, Urquhart, Wilford, Wright, frequent in India and the Archipelago.
This species appears to me to include a considerable number of forms described by Spring as
distinct species.
5. L. flabellatum, Linn. Ehizome creeping and rooting to a great
extent, emitting erect leafy branches, simple for 2 to 4 in., then expanding
into an ovate-triangular form about 6 in. long; the branches about twice
pinnate. Foliage nearly of L. caudatum, or the outer leaves more distinctly
falcate. Spikes precisely as in L. caudatum.—Selayinella Jlal/ellifera, Spring,
Monogr. Lycop. ii. 174? S. aryentea, Spring, I.e. 154?
Hongkong, Ilarland, Wright. In the Philippines, the Indian Archipelago, and in tropi-
cal America. Sir W. Hooker considers this to be the true L. flabellatum, the specimens
agree well with Spring's character of L. argeutea, and probably S. caulescent, Wall., and
several others are mere forms of it. The species of the Selaginella section have been im-
mensely multiplied upon characters extremely dillicult to appreciate, especially in dried speci-
mens, and apparently very variable in nature.
2. FSILOTUM, Sw.
Stems dichotomous, with few very minute distant scale-like leaves. Cap-
sules distant, sessile upon minute bifid bracts, 3-lobed, 3-celled, opening locu-
licidally in 3 valves, containing numerous minute spores.
A small tropical and subtropical genus, common to the New and the Old World.
1. P. triquetrum, Sw.; Hook. Gen. Fil. i. t. 87; IB. Exot. t. 63.


433
[FsUotum.
LYCOPODIACE-E.
Rhizome short, thick, and intricately branched. Stems erect (or pendulous
when the plant is epiphytal), from 3 or 4 in. to a ft. high, repeatedly diehoto-
mous, the fertile branches 3-angled, the barren ones flattened. Leaves few,
distant, very minute, scale-like, subulate, and entire, those which subtend the
fruits also small and distant, but forked, bearing each at the base of their
fork a single globular capsule of about 1 line diameter.
Hongkong, DM; on a rock in a ravine of Mount Gough, Wilfard. In most tropical or
subtropical moist regions, both in the New and the Old World, although apparently rare in
Africa.
Oader CXXV. FILICES.
No true leaves, but the fruiting branches expanded into leaf-like fronds.
Spores enclosed in minute capsules or spore-cases, sessile or pedicellate, and
collected together in clusters or patches called tori, on the under surface or
on the margin of fronds, which are either similar to the barren ones or more
contracted, sometimes resembling simple or branched spikes; the sori either
naked or accompanied by an involucre or indusium, either cup-shaped or
covering the sorus when young, and opening on the side or at the top, or in
2 valves.—Main stem usually perennial, either erect and woody, or more fre-
quently reduced to a short stock, or to a creeping rhizome, very rarely annual.
Fronds radical or alternate, simple or variously lobed or compound; the stalk,
called a stipes, and the rhachis frequently bearing narrow brown glossy scales,
always more numerous at the base of the stipes and on the rhizome. In the
majority of genera, including all those found in Hongkong, the frond is
when young rolled inwards at the top.
A very large Order, abundantly diffused over the whole surface of the globe, especially in
moist climates; more rare, but seldom entirely absent, in the driest countries. The genera
have of late years been multiplied to an extraordinary degree, founded chiefly upon charac-
ters derived from the venation, which however useful, in Ferns as in Phanerogams, for the
distribution of species into sectional groups, and however constant they may prove occa-
sionally in both classes in large genera or groups of genera, are often far too vague and un-
certain to be relied on implicitly for the formation even of purely artificial genera. To mc
it appears that by maintaining the large genera Acrostiehum, Adiantum, Pterin, Asjileniitm,
Aspidium, Polypodiinn, etc., nearly ns proposed by Swnrtz and his immediate followers, they
are at once better defined, more easily understood by the general botanist, and therefore
more practically useful, and not more artificial than the innumerable small genera upon
which modern Ptcridologists have expended so much ingenuity. And in these views I be-
lieve I am doing no more than following the example of Sir W. J. Hooker, than whom no one
has had more experience nor more ample materials to work upon in this beautiful Order,
nor shown more ability and tact in the use he has made of them.
Spore-cases globular or ovoid, opening by a longitudinal slit or in
2 valves (as readily seen with an ordinary lens).
Spore-cases (not numerous), arranged in 2 rows in oblong or shortly
linear sori. •
Sori without indusin, raised and placed side by side in a conti-
nuous row on the under surface of the frond-segments. Large
erect Ferns 1 Angioptkris.
Sori, with scale-like indusia projecting from the margin of the
segments. Climbing Kerns 3. Lvgodium.
Spore-case* numerous, covering the contracted fertile segments of
the frond.


Filices.]
■I-3D
FILICES.
No indusium. Spore-cases very crowded 2. Osiiunda.
Indusium of the recurved margins of the segment. Spore-
cases loosely scattered 5. Ceratopteris.
Spore-cases very small, dotted, few together over the under surface
of the pinnate-segments of dichotomously-branched fronds . . 4. Gleiciienia.
Spore-eases (helmet-shaped, with a vertical or oblique ring, and usually
pcdieellate) very small aud numerous, iu sori with or without an
indusium or involucre.
Sori longitudinal (elongated and parallel to the midrib), or cover-
ing the whole under surface of the fertile segments.
Sori continuous along the whole, or nearly the whole, length of
the segment.
Sori occupying the whole under surface.
No indusium. Spore-cases densely crowded 6. Ackostiohum.
Indusium of the'recurved margins of the frond. Spore- x
cases loosely scattered 5. Ceratotteris.
Sori in two distinct lities, at least when young.
Sori between the midrib and margin (covering the surface
when old). No'indusium 7. Drymogixjssuu.
Sori next the midrib, with an iudusium 8. Blkciinum.
Sori interrupted (at least when young) along the midrib.
Indusium longitudinal 9. Woodwariiia.
No indusium 20. Brainea.
■Son marginal, more or less continuous along the margin or ends
of the segments or their lobes.
Indusium longitudinal, parallel to the margin or formed by
the margin.
Indusium opening along the outer edge 10. Linds<ea.
Indusium opening along the inner edge.
Spore-eases fixed to the inside of the indusium. Frond-
segments usually renifonn or fan-shaped .... 11. Adiantum.
Spore-eases fixed to the froud under the indusium. Seg-
ments lanceolate-oblong or obovate.
Sori continuous along the margin 12. Pteris.
Sori short, terminating the lobes 13. Cheilanthes.
Indusium cup-shaped.
Small creeping Ferns, with half-pellucid fronds . . . .24. Trichomanes.
Fronds erect, firm, pinnate or decumbent 23. Davalma.
Indusium coriaceous, 2-valved 22. Cibotium.
No iudusium (see below, Polypodies).
Sori globular or oblong, variously arranged over the surface or, if
linear, not parallel to the margin or midrib.
Sori indusiate.
Indusium straight or slightly curved. Sori linear or ob-
long, oblique 15. Aspi.enium.
Indusium peltate or renifonn. Sori circular 16. AsPiDtUM.
Indusium cup-shaped or 2-valved. (See above, Sori mar-
ginal.)
No indusium (Polypodiea).
Sori along the margin 14. Notiiol*na.
Sori linear, oblique 17. Grammitis.
Sori short, parallel to the midrib.
Sori in several rows 18. Meniscium.
Sori in a single row near the midrib 20. Brainea.
Sori round, or rarely slightly oval.
Herbaceous Ferns. Sori circular or slightly oval, on a
Hat or slightly convex receptacle 10. POLTPODIDM.
Tree-ferns. Sori globular on a raised receptacle .... 21. Alsopuila.


4-40
[Angiopteris.
FILICES.
SERIES I. SPURIOUS FERNS.
Spore-cases sessile or shortly pedicellate, opening at the top or obliquely by a longitudinal
fissure in 2 calves, without any or with an incomplete or transverse ring.
1. ANGIOPTEBIS, Hoffm.
Sori oblong, raised, placed side by side in a continuous row near the mar-
gin on the under surface of the frond-segments; each sorus consisting of a
small number of spore-cases arranged in two rows, at first connate, at length
distinct, and all opening inwards in 2 short valves. Indusium none. Fronds
large and decompound.
A genus consisting of a single species.
1. A. evecta, Hoffm.; Hook. Fil. Exot. t. 75. Stem forming an erect
thick trunk, sometimes attaining 2 or 3 ft. in height, and even more in diameter.
Fronds twice pinnate, spreading very broad, and sometimes 12 to 15 ft. long,
on a more or less downy stipes, but otherwise quite glabrous, dark-green,
and shining. Segments linear-oblong, 3 to 8 in. long, abruptly acuminate,
crenate-serrate or rarely entire. Veins simple, forked, nearly parallel. Sori
usually consisting of 8 to 12 spore-cases.
Hongkong, Bowman, Wilford. In S. Asm, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archi-
pelago, in the Pacific islands, Boniu and Japan, and in Madagascar. It varies in the form
and venation of the frond-segments, but not nearly to the extent one might suppose from
its having been proposed to subdivide it into Cft species, very judiciously re-uuitcd with the
original one by Hooker in the above-quoted work.
2. OSMUND A, Linn.
Spore-cases stipitate, globular, without any ring, opening in 2 valves,
densely clustered and covering the contracted segments of a portion of the
frond or rarely of separate fronds. Indusium none.—Herbaceous Ferns, with
a thick rhizome. Fronds erect, once or twice pinnate.
A small genus, spread over the greater portion of the globe.
Fronds twice pinnate, the fertile branches forming a terminal panicle or
a separate frond 1.0. regalis.
Fronds twice pinnate, the fertile branches lateral 2. 0. Upinnata.
Fronds once pinnate, the fertile branches lateral 3. 0. javanica.
1. O. regalis, Linn.; Hook, in Keio Jonrn. Bot. ix. 360, var. biformis.
Fronds twice pinnate, 1£ to 2 ft. high in our Hongkong specimens, but often
very much taller in other countries, quite glabrous. Barren segments oblong-
lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long, serrulate or nearly entire, very oblique at the base.
Fertile segments linear, \ to 1 in. long, on separate fronds from the barren
ones in our Hongkong specimens as in many Indian ones, forming in the
more common variety a terminal panicle above the barren branches.—
0. japonica, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 330.
In ravines, Harland, Urquhart, Wilford. Widely distributed over Asia, Europe, North
America and South Africa; the variety biformis, chiefly in India, China, and Japan.
2. O. bipinnata, Hook. Fil. Exot. i. 9. Fronds 1$ to 2 ft. high or
more, glabrous, bipinnate. Larger barren primary pinnse attaining 4 in. in
length, with about 10 pair of oblong-ovate segments, each about £ in. long,
with a terminal oblong or lanceolate one full twice as long, the upper pinnae


Osmunda.]
441
FILICES.
passing into the segments of the simply pinnate summit of the frond. Fertile
pinnae below the barren ones with linear segments seldom above 4 or 5 lines
long.
Hongkong, Ilarland; Tank Ravine, Urquhart. Not known out of the island.
3. O. javanica, Blame; Hook, in Keie Journ. Bot. ix. 360. Fronds 1
to 2 ft. high or more, glabrous, simply pinnate. Barren segments linear or
linear-lanceolate, 3 to 6 in. long, entire or more or less deeply serrate. Fer-
tile pinnae occupying the centre, or rarely the base or summit of the frond,
each pinna pinnatifid or almost pinnate, with numerous globular or oblong
segments (or clusters of spore-cases).—0. Vachellii, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 15.
In ravines, Hinds, Champion, and others. Widely spread over India and the Archipelago,
extending northwards to Mautchuria and Japan.
3. LYGODIUM, 8w.
Sori oblong or linear, covering the under side of small lobes which either
protrude from the margin of the frond-segments or form distinct parts of the
frond, each sorus divided into 2 rows of compartments containing each a
single spore-case and covered by a bract-like indusium. Spore-cases trans-
versely oblong, opening by a longitudinal slit, the upper end turned downwards
and marked with longitudinal striae.—Climbing Ferns. Fronds pinnately or
dichotomously divided, inserted on the main stem or branches, in divaricate
pairs, usually on a very short common petiole.
A small tropical and subtropical genus, common to the New and the Old World, one spe-
cies extending into temperate N. America.
Fronds in each pair dichotomously divided 1. L. circinalum.
Fronds in each pair pinnately divided.
Segments articulate on the thickened end of the petiolule .... 2. Z. scandens.
Segments continuous with aud decurrent on the petiolule .... 3. L.japotiicum.
1. It. circinattun, Sw.; Presl, Tent. Pterid. Suppl. 100. Stems climb-
ing to a great height, and as well as the fronds perfectly glabrous. Fronds
of each pair stipitate, either deeply pedately lobed, or divided into 2 deeply
2- or 3-lobed segments; lobes linear-oblong, from a few inches to above a
foot long, J to 1 in. broad when barren, narrower in the fruiting part, continu-
ous with and slightly decurrent on the petiolule. Sori 1 to 2 lines long, pro-
jecting from the margin, usually in the lower half of the lobes.—L. dichoto-
mum, Sw.; Presl, 1. c.; Hook, and Grev. Ic. Fl. t. 55.
Hongkong, Dill, Wright; in the Happy Valley, Urquhart; in a ravine of Mount Gough,
and plentiful behind the Buddhist Temple, Wilford. In the Malayan Peninsula, the Archi-
pelago, and the Philippines.
2. L. scandens, Sw.; Presl, Tent. Pterid. Suppl. 102. Stems rather
slender but climbing to a considerable extent, glabrous or slightly pubescent.
Pairs of fronds usually petiolate. Each frond pinnate. Segments 5 to 10 or
more, from cordate-ovate to oblong-lanceolate or hastate, varying in the Hong-
kong specimens from \ to 1^ in. long, but much longer in some Indian ones,
often shortly lobed at the base, and always articulate on a slight thickening of
the apex of the petiolule, which persists on the common rhachis after the
segments have fallen off. Sori short, protruding from the margin of segments


442
[Lygodium.
FILICES.
usually shorter and broader than the barren ones.—L. salici/ulium, Presl, 1. c.
L. microphyllum, Br. Prod. i. 162.
Hongkong, Hinds, Champion, Wright. In India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the
Archipelago, extending eastward to N. Australia, and northward to the Himalaya and
S. China. Very closely allied also to the tropical American L. volubilt, Sw.
3. Ia« japonicum, Sid.; Presl, Tent. Pterid. Suppl. 109. A rather
slender tall climber like the last, but usually pubescent, at least on the petioles
and rhachis. Fronds once or twice pinnate, the segments always continuous
with and more or less decurrent on the petiolule, but otherwise exceedingly
variable in shape, the barren ones usually palmately lobed, with one long lan-
ceolate lobe and 1 or 2 small ones on each side, the fertile ones usually at
least twice pinnate, with small ovate or lanceolate lobes. Sori either protru-
ding from the margin or occupying the whole under surface, the segment being
thus divided to the base into small narrow lobes.
In ravines, Champion and others. In India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Archi-
pelago, and northward to the Himalaya, China, and Japan.
4. GLEICHENIA, Sm.
(Mcrtensia, Willd.)
Son small, globular or dot-like, scattered on the under surface of the frond-
segments without any indusium, each sorus consisting of 2 to 5 small sessile
globular spore-cases with a transverse ring and opening at the top in 2 valves.
—Procumbent or straggling Ferns, with a dichotomous stipes, the ultimate
branches bearing 2 pinnae, either deeply pinnatifid, or pinnate with deeply
pinnatifid pinnules.
A considerable tropical genus, common to the New and the Old World, extending also
into extratropical Australia and S. Africa.
Pinna; deeply pinnatifid (almost pinnate) 1.6. dichotoma.
Pinna; pinnate, with deeply pinnatifid pinnules (almost bipinnate) . . 2. G. cxcelsa.
1. G. dichotoma, Willd.; Hook. Spec. Fil. i. 12. Stipes terete, dicho-
tomous, bearing a pair of sessile pinnae at the end of each ultimate branch
and an opposite pair also under the last or under each of the two last forks.
Pinnae lanceolate, more or less falcate, often 8 or 10 in. long, pinnatifid
almost to the midrib. Segments or lobes numerous, linear, obtuse or emar-
ginate, often 1 in. long, rigid, glabrous or nearly so, but glaucous underneath,
the lowest pair often longer and pinnatifid.—PoVypodium dichotomum, Thunb.
Fl. Jap. t. 37.
Hongkong, Hinds, Champion, and others. Abundant in most tropical countries in the
New and the Old World.
2. G. excelsa, J. Sm.; Hook. Spec. Fil. i. 5, t. 4 B. Rhizome long and
creeping. Fronds several feet high, the stipes forked, the ultimate branches
bearing 2 pinnate pinnae, the pinnules numerous, distinct, deeply pinnatifid or
almost pinnate, very similar to the pinnae of O. dichotoma. Segments linear-
oblong, obtuse, glaucous underneath. Rhachis of the pinnae very smooth and
brown, with an acute elevated line on the upper side.—Mertenaia glauca, J.
Sm. in Seem. Bot. Her. 480; but not of Swartz.
Hongkong, Seemann. At Foochowfoo and in the Philippines. Very closely allied to the
G. glauca, Sw., from Japan and the Pacific islands.


Ceratojileris.]
443
FILICES.
5. CERATOPTERIS, Brongn.
Spore-cases globular, opening in 2 valves with an incomplete or rudimen-
tary ring, arranged along the longitudinal veins of the narrow segments of
the fertile fronds, and loosely covering their under surface. Indusium con-
tinuous and membranous, formed of the revolutc margins of the segments.
Spores marked with 3 series of concentric rings.—An aquatic annual, the
barren and fertile fronds distinct.
A genus limited to a single species.
1. C. thalictroides, Brongn.,- Hook. Spec. Fil. ii. 235; Gen. Fil.
t. 12. Fronds bipinnate, the fertile ones erect, 6 in. to 1 ft. high, with linear
acute segments f to 1 in. long; the margins revolute and covering the fruc-
tification their whole length. Barren fronds shorter and more spreading,
the segments cuneate, with 2 or 3 oblong or lanceolate lobes, of a soft half-
succulent texture. Veins reticulate.—Parieria pteridioides, Hook. Exot. Fl.
t. 147 and 231; Hook, and Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 97.
Hongkong, Seemann; in the Happy Valley, at the water's edge, Wilford. Widely distri-
buted over tropical Asia, Africa, America, and Australia.
SERIES n. TRUE FERNS.
Spore-cases erect, helmet-shaped, with a vertical ring opening by a transverse fissure, usually
slipilale, very small and crowded in the sori.
6. ACEOSTICHUM, Linn.
Spore-cases not distributed in distinct sori, but densely crowded and cover-
ing the whole under surface of the fertile segments, which are either on the
same or on distinct fronds from the barren ones, and usually narrower. In-
dusium none.—Herbaceous Ferns. Fronds in the Hongkong species all
simply pinnate, simple or variously divided in others.
A large genus, chiefly tropical, common to the New and the Old World.
Barren segments coriaceous, the veins all equally reticulate, the fertile on
the same frond I. A. aureum.
Barren fronds membranous, the primary veins pinnate, fertile fronds distinct.
Segments 3 to 5 (rarely 1), broadly oblong, 6 to 10 in. long, deenrrent
at the base 2. A. decurrens.
Segments numerous, lanceolate, usually petiolulate, 3 to 5 in. long . 3. A. repandum.
1. A. aureum, Linn. ; Moore, Ind. Fil. 5. Fronds firm, 1 to 3 or 4 ft.
high, pinnate. Barren segments linear-oblong, about 4 to 8 in. long, very
obtuse, oblique at the base and petiolulate, the midrib prominent, the very
numerous equally reticulate veinlets covering the under surface. Fertile seg-
ments usually occupying the upper part of the frond and rather smaller than
the barren ones, the fructification of a rich golden colour when fresh.
Hongkong, Wright; at Tytamtook, Urquhart. Common in most tropical and subtro-
pical countries.
2. A. (Gymnopteris) decurrens, Hook. Fil. Exot. t. 94. Fronds \
to 2 ft. high, pinnate or the outer barren ones rarely simple; the stipes rich
brown, with subulate scales at the base. Segments of the barren fronds
usually 3 or 5, oblong, acuminate, the lateral ones 5 to 9 in. long, the terminal


JPooJicardia.]
445
FILICES.
9. WOODWAEDIA.
Sori oblong or shortly linear, more or less immersed in the Bub stance of the
frond, near and parallel to the midrib of the pinna or of its segments, and
sometimes confluent when old, with a stiff longitudinal indusium.—Stem or
rhizome decumbent or creeping. Fronds pinnate or bipinnate; the stipes
scaly at the base.
A small genus, dispersed over the temperate regious of the northern hemisphere, more
rarely penetrating within the tropics.
Pinnse of the fertile fronds 3 to 7, entire 1. W. Harlandi.
Piume more than 7, pinnatifid 2. V.japonica.
1. W. Harlandi, Hook. Spec. Fil. iii. 70; Fil. Uxot. t. 7. Khizome
creeping, with small subulate scales. Fronds \ to \ ft. high, including the
long stipes. Fertile pinnae 3 to 5, lanceolate, 4 to 8 in. long, more or less
decurrent or confluent at the base, rather rigid, entire or serrulate. Veins re-
ticulate. Sori at first distinct, at length confluent along both sides of the
midrib, and sometimes with short lateral sori diverging from it. Barren
fronds usually cordate at the base, simple or deeply 3-lobed, the segments
shorter and broader than in the fertile ones.
Hongkong, Ilm land, Iiorrain; among long grass and low bushes on the 6rst hill going
to Victoria l'eak, Wilford. Not known from elsewhere.
2. W. japonica, Sv>.; Hook. Spec. Fil. iii. 69. Ehizomc creeping, with
copious linear-lanceolate acuminate scales. Fronds 1 to 1£ ft. high, pinnate.
Pinnae about 6 to 8 pair, all distinct, or the upper pair confluent with the
terminal one, pinnatifid with short obtuse lobes, all ending in a lanceolate en-
tire point. Veins reticulate, with a principal vein corresponding to each lobe.
Sori linear, distinct or confluent along the midrib of each lobe, more rare
along the midrib of the pinna, and only in its upper portion. Barren fronds
smaller, with fewer and broader pinnae than the fertile ones.—Blechnum ja-
ponicum, Linn.; Thunb. Fl. Jap. t. 35.
On hills and in the Happy Valley, Urquhart, Harland. On the Chinese continent and
in Japan.
10. LINDS-ZEA, Dryand.
Sori linear, continuous or interrupted along the margin of the frond-seg-
ments, with a longitudinal indusium opening along the outer edge (next the
margin).—Rhizome usually creeping. Fronds pinnate or bipinnate very rarely
(in species not Chinese) simple. Veins forked or reticulate.
A considerable tropical and subtropical genus, common to the New and the Old World.
Segments short, obliquely fan-shaped, the dichotomous veins proceeding
from the base of the segment 1. L. fiabellulata.
Segments mostly lanceolate, the veins anastomosiug, proceeding from a
midrib.
Primary pinnse undivided, 4 to 8 in. long 2. Z. etisifolia.
Primary pinna; pinnate, pinnatifid or under 2 in. long 3. L. heterophylla.
1. 1m. fiabellulata, Dryand.; Hook. Spec. Fil. i. 211. Fronds usually
simply pinnate, tufted, the outer barren ones spreading, 2 to 3 in. long; the
inner fertile and erect, J to 1£ ft. high, occasionally bipinnate in the lower


446
[Lindt&a.
PILICES.
portion; the stipes slender, without scales. Segments numerous, nearly ses-
sile, obliquely fan-shaped, seldom above $ in. broad; the dichotomous veins
starting from the base without a midrib. Sori continuous all round the outer
margin. Barren segments acutely denticulate.—L. polymorpha, Hook, and
Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 75.
In raviues and in the Happy Valley woods, Vrquhart, Lorrain, Wilford, Wright. In
tropical Asia from Assam and Khasia to the Archipelago, in N. Australia, and northwards to
S. China.
2. Ii. ensifolia, Ste.; Hook. Spec. Fit. i. 220; Hook, and Grev. Ic.
Fil. I. 111. llhizome rather thick, shortly creeping. Fronds erect, firm, 1
to 1J ft. high, simply pinnate. Segments usually 5 to 9, rarely 12 or 13, or
in the outer fronds 3 only, oblong-linear or lanceolate, acute, acuminate, or
obtuse, 4 to 8 in. long, very shortly petiolulate, or the upper ones confluent,
all undivided. Veins starting from a midrib, forked and mostly anastomosing.
Sori usually continuous a great part of the length of the segment.
In ravines and in the Happy Valley woods, Champion and others. Dispersed over the
tropical regions of the Oid World.
3. Ij. heterophylla, Dryand.; Hook. Spec. Fil. i. 223. Rhizome short,
thick, horizontal. Fronds erect, slender but stiff, f to 1-J ft. high, usually
bipinnate in the lower portion. Primary pinnae numerous; the lower ones
when pinnate often 3 to 4 in. long, with the lower segments short and rhom-
boidal, and ending in a lanceolate one; the upper pinnae passing into shorter
lanceolate undivided ones, or sometimes all the pinna? lanceolate and undi-
vided, but then never more than 2 in. long, and usually much less. Veins
proceeding from a midrib, forking and anastomosing almost as in L. ensifolia,
excepting in the shortened lower segments of the pinna? where they are often
dichotomous from the base as in L.fiabellulata.—L. variabilis, Hook, and
Am. Bot. Beech. 257, t. 52.
In woods and shady places, Champion and others. In S. China, the Philippine Islands,
and the Malayan Peninsula, and northward to Loochoo.
11. ADIANTTJM, Linn.
Sori continuous or interrupted along the margin of the frond-segments,
with an indusium proceeding from the margin and opening along the inner
edge. Spore-cases inserted on the inside of the indusium. Fronds usually
tufted or sometimes with a creeping rhizome, simple, pinnate, or decompound;
the stipes usually slender, black, and shining, with subulate scales or hairs at
their base; the segments oblique, and often fan-shaped or reniform. Veins
forked or anastomosing.
A considerable genus, common to the New and the Old World, chiefly tropical or sub-
tropical, with a few species extending into more temperate regions, both in the northern and
southern hemispheres.
Fronds simply pinnate.
Segments articulate on a slender petiolule :1. J. lunulatum.
Segments nearly sessile, lobed, hairy 2. A. eaudatum.
Stipes forked or pedate. Pinna; pinnate 3. A.fiabelluialum.
1. A. lunulatum, Burm.; Hook. Spec. Fil. ii. 11; Hook, and Grev.
Ic. Fil. t. 104. Fronds tufted, 6 to 10 in. long, simply pinnate. Segments


448
[Pteru.
FILICE9.
Fronds 1 to 2 ft. long, simply pinnate. Pinna? numerous, linear-lanceolate,
entire, sessile and cordate at the base, but not decurrcnt or adnate, mostly
about 4 in. long, the lowest shorter. Sori along the greater part of the
margin, the barren portion minutely serrulate.—R. costata, Bory; Hook, and
Arn. Bot. Beech, t. 51.
Hongkong, Lorrain, Wright; on dry banks about Victoria, Wilford. Widely dispersed
over the tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World, extending northward to south
Europe; more rare in America, and chiefly in the West Indies.
2. P. semipinnata, Linn.; Hook. Spec. Fil. 169. Rhizome thick,
shortly creeping. Fronds 1 to 3 ft. high, pinnate, the upper pinna? undi-
vided and more or less confluent, passing into the pinnatitid apex, the lower
3 to 6 pairs all distinct, quite entire on the upper side, deeply cut on the lower
side into 2 or more very unequal oblong or lanceolate lobes, and all ending
in a long lanceolate lobe; occasionally the lowest pinna of all is again semi-
pinnate. Sori usually occupying nearly the whole margin of the fertile seg-
ments, the barren ones serrulate.
Common in ravines and ditches, Hindi and others. In the hilly regions of India, from
Ceylon and the Peninsula to Silhet and Khasia; in the Archipelago, and northward to China
and Japan.
3. P. crenata, Sic.; Hook. Spec. FU. ii. 163. Bhizome creeping. Fronds
1 to 2 ft. high, pinnate, with few distant pinna;, the lower ones or nearly all
again pinnate, with few usually confluent or decurrent segments, the fertile
ones linear or linear-lanceolate, entire, 2 to 3 in. long, or the terminal one
much longer; the sterile pinna? or segments much shorter and usually broader
and more or less serrulate. Occasionally the whole frond reduced to 5 or 3
segments.
Frequent in ravines, Champion and others. Widely dispersed over tropical Asia, Australia,
and the Pacific islands, extending northward to Loochoo and Chusan.
4. P. serrulata, Linn. fil.; Hook. Spec. FU. ii. 167. Fronds rather
slender, 14; to 2 ft. high, pinnate. Pinna? few, distant, linear or linear-lan-
ceolate, 3 to 6 in. long, the upper ones entire and decurrent along the rhachis
nearly or quite to the next pair, the lower ones more or quite distinct, and
either the lowest pair or the greater number deeply pinnatifid, with few long
segments or at least deeply 2-lobed. Sori along the greater part of the margin
of the fertile segments; the barren segments usually serrulate.
Hongkong, Champion. On the adjacent continent, and perhaps in Japan. Not kuown
from elsewhere, but very closely allied to the widely diffused P. cretica, Linn., of which it
may possibly prove to be a variety.
5. P. nemoralis, WUld.; Hook. Spec. Fil. ii. 203. Trunk short, erect.
Fronds large (usually above 2 ft. long), pinnate, with numerous pinna?, the
lowest often divided or again pinnate; all distinct, regularly and deeply pin-
natifid; the segments numerous, oblong or lanceolate, more or less falcate and
obtuse, the lowest often above 1 inch long, the upper ones tapering to the
end. Sori occupying the whole or the greater portion of the margin. Barren
segments scarcely broader.—P. quadriaurila, Retz; Hook. Spec. Fil. ii. 179,
t. 134 B.
Common in the island, Champion, Wright, Wilford. Widely distributed over the tro-
pical regions of the New and the Old World. The ouly character by which the P. quadri-


Pteru.]
F1LICES.
aurita and P. nemoralis are distinguished by modern Pteridologists is, that in the former
the lowest lateral veins of 2 adjoining segments never meet before they reach the sinus, and
that they do so occasionally in P. nemoralis. In the Chinese specimens by far the greater
number reach the sinus without meeting each other, but there is scarcely a specimen in
which the junction will never occur. In the original P. biaurita, Linn., the complete junc-
tion of the two lower veins and the emission of several branches towards the sinus, appears
more constant; but yet it is not improbable that all the above forms may be mere varieties
of the old Linnamn species.
6. P. aquilina, Linn.; Hook. Spec. Fit. ii. 196. Rhizome thick and
creeping. Fronds from 1 or 2 to 8 or 10 ft. high, usually thrice pinnate.
Primary pinnae distant, the lowest pair much larger and more compound, the
upper gradually decreasing, giving the whole frond a broad triangular outline.
Secondary pinnae numerous, linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid or pinnate,
always ending in an undivided more or less elongated obtuse segment; the
lateral segments ovate or oblong, obtuse, entire, all of a firm consistence,
glabrous above, often pubescent underneath. Sori continuous along the mar-
gins of the fertile segments, the barren ones seldom broader.
On the hills and in ravines about Victoria, Urquhart, Wilford; also Wright. In almost
all tropical and temperate regions of the globe.
13. CHEILANTHES, Sw.
Sori globular and distinct, or oblong by-the confluence of 2 or more, all
marginal, with an indusium proceeding from the margin and turned over
them. Spore-cases, as in Pteris, inserted on the frond under the indusium.
—Small usually slender Ferns, either tufted or with a creeping rhizome.
Fronds usually twice or thrice pinnate, with small lobed segments, the stipes
black and slender.
A considerable genus, widely distributed over a great portion of the globe. It differs
from Pteris chiefly in habit, and in the sori, or at least the receptacles, short and distinct.
1. C. tenuifolia, Sic.; Hook. Spec. Fil. ii. 82. Rhizome rather slender,
creeping. Fronds glabrous, oblong, lanceolate or ovate-triangular in outline,
3 to 6 in. long, on a slender stipes as long or longer, twice or thrice pinnate,
with small oblong crenate or lobed segments. Sori along the margin often
confluent, with a more or less continuous indusium which, as the fructification
advances, opens out flat, and can scarcely be distinguished from the margin
of the frond.
In ravines, Champion, Urquhart, Wright, Wilford. In India, chiefly in hilly districts,
from Ceylon to the Himalaya and the Archipelago; also in Australia.
14. NOTHOL-SINA, Br.
Sori small, contiguous and becoming confluent in a line usually marginal,
without any indusium. Small tufted Ferns. Fronds pinnate or decompound,
with small-lobed segments, usually covered underneath with hairs, scales, or
a waxy meal.
A small genus, chiefly tropical, with the habit of Cheilanthei, from which it only differs
iu the absence of any indusium.
1. N. *ulca.ta.,Link,Enum. Eorl.Berol. ii. 3&l,andFil. Cult. 146. Fronds
tufted, 6 to 8 in. high, twice pinnate, ovate or triangular in outline, more or
2 o


450
[Notholana.
FILICES.
less densely covered underneath with rust-coloured hairs, more loosely scat-
tered on the upper side. Larger pinnae about 1 in. long; segments 1 to 3
lines, lobed or pinnatifid, ovate-oblong or obovate. Sori marginal when
young, with the edge of the segment slightly turned down over them; when
old often occupying the greater portion of the under surface.—N. pilota,
Hook, and Am. Bot. Beech. 74 and 255.
Hongkong, Dill, Wright, Wilford. Also on the adjacent continent and in the Pacific
islands.
15. ASPLENITJM, Linn.
(Diplasinm, Stc.)
Sori linear or oblong, scattered on the under surface of the frond-segments,
more or less oblique (with reference to the midrib), along one or both sides of
a vein, with a longitudinal indusium, straight or slightly curved, proceeding
from the vein and opening along the opposite edge.—Rhizome short, with
tufted fronds, or creeping. Fronds very various.
A large genus, distributed over nearly the whole globe.
Fronds simple.
Fronds 2 ft. long or more, sessile or nearly ao I. A. nidiu.
Fronds less than 1 ft., on a long stipes 2. A. lanceum.
Fronds divided.
Fronds limply pinnate. Segment* lanceolate, euneate or acute
at the biise Crarely obtuse). Veins forked.
Segments rigid, lanceolate-falcate, serrate. Sori much raised,
very oblique, all single 6. A. macrophyllum.
Segments few, oblong-lanceolate, entire or scarcely crcnate.
Sori rather oblique, often double 6. A.fraxinifolium.
Fronds twice or thrice pinnate. Segments small, euneate. Feins
forked.
Segments or lobes 3 to 6 lines long, with 2 or more sori in each 4. A. cunealum.
Segments or lobes 1 to 1| lines long, with a single sorns on each S. A. dacallioides.
Fronds once to thrice pinnate, with long crenate or pinnatifid
segments, truncate or cordate at the base. Veins pinnate.
Vein-branches of each set free from those of the adjoining set.
Fronds once, rarely twice pinnate, with crenate or scarcely
lobed pinnae. . 7. A. sghaticum.
Fronds once pinnate, with deeply pinnatifid pinnse . . . 8. A. Schkuhrii.
Fronds twice or thrice pinnate 9. A. dilatatum.
Onter vein-branches of each set anastomosing with those of the
adjoining set. Fronds mostly thrice pinnate 10. A. esculentum.
(The insertion of A. fontanum, Bernh., in the Enumeration of Hongkong Ferns in Seem.
Bot. Her. 428, appears to have originated in a mistake.)
1. A. nidufl, Linn.; Hook. Spec. Fil. iii. 77 ; Bot. Mag. t. 3101. Fronds
simple, entire, lanceolate, sessile or nearly so, in large regular tufts, hollowed
in the centre, the larger ones 2 to 6 ft. long, and 3 to 5 in. broad. Veins
numerous, nearly transverse, parallel, simple or forked. Sori along the upper
or inner side of nearly all the veins, mostly reaching from the midrib to \ or
nearly \ of their length.—Neotlopteris nidus, J. Sm. in Seem. Bot. Her. 427.
In the Happy Valley, Vrquhart; behind the Buddhist Temple, Wilford; also Hance and
Seemann. Common in tropical Asia, extending to Australia, and northward to Bonin and
Chilian.


Aaplenium.]
451
FILICES.
2. A. lanceom, Thunb.; Hook. Spec. Fil. iii. 285. Rhizome slender,
creeping, with subulate scales. Fronds simple, entire or slightly crenate,
lanceolate, 4 to 9 in. long, and \ to 1 in. broad, narrowed into a stipes of 2
to 4 in. Veins nearly transverse, mostly twice forked, and not very close.
Sori along their upper or both sides, linear, but usually commencing at some
distance from the midrib, and not reaching the margin.—A. tubtinuatum,
Hook, and Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 27.
Hongkong, Harland, Lorrain, Hance, Seemann. In Ceylon, the Himalaya, China, and
Japan.
3. A. davallioides, Hook. Spec. Fil. iii. 212; Cent. Ferns, ii. t. 40.—
Fronds tufted, 6 to 8 in. high, including a stipes of 2 to 3 in., twice or thrice
pinnate at the base, passing upwards into simply pinnate ends, the rhachis
flat and almost winged; the segments cuneate at the base, entire or divided
into entire oblong divaricate almost recurved lobes, 1 to 1| lines long. Each
lobe bears a single sorus occupying almost the whole of its under surface.
Hongkong, Dill. On the adjoining continent, in Loochoo and Japan.
4. A. ctuaeatnm, Lam.; Hook. Spec. Fil. iii. 168. Rhizome thick,
shortly creeping, with subulate scales. Fronds 1 to near 2 ft. high, including
a rather long stipes, twice or thrice pinnate. Segments rigid, cuneate, obo-
vate, or the end ones lanceolate, 3 to 6 lines long, more or less toothed or
lobed at the top, narrowed at the base, and mostly petiolulate. Sori 2 to 5
on each lobe or segment, linear, very oblique, along the upper or inner side
of the vein (that next the centre of the lobe or segment).—A. laserpitiifolium.
Lam.; Hook. Spec. Fil. iii. 171, t. 203.
In the Happy Valley, Urquharl; also Hance and Wright. Spread over the tropical and
subtropical regions of the New and the Old World; extends northward to Bonin and
Chusan.
5. A. macrophyllnm, Ste.; Hook. Spec. Fil. iii. 158. Rhizome thick,
shortly creeping. Fronds tufted, 8 in. to 1£ ft. high, simply pinnate. Pinnae
usually 11 to 21, obliquely falcate-lanceolate, acuminate, irregularly sinuate,
cuneate at the base, and shortly petiolulate, 2 to 3 in. long in the Hongkong
specimens, but much longer in some others; the terminal larger pinna often
shortly lobed at the base. Sori linear, very oblique, extending from near the
midrib almost to the margin, along the upper or inner side of the veins, or
here and there in the lower part of the pinna, on the outer or lower side.—
A. oxyphyllum, J. Sm.; Hook, in Kew Journ. Bot. ix. 342.
Hongkong, Be/wring, Wright. In the Mauritius, Ceylon, the Malayan Peninsula, the
Archipelago, and Pacific islands, extending northward to Assam, S. China, and Bonin.
6. A. fraxixufoliam, Wall.; Hook. Spec. Fil. iii. t. 40; Cent. Ferns,
ii. t. 19. Rhizome short and thick. Fronds 1 to 2 ft. high, simply pinnate.
Pinnae 3 to 11, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 4 to 6 in. long, or the terminal
one longer, entire or very slightly serrulate, cuneate or very rarely almost
rounded at the base, on a short petiolule. Veins slender, once or twice
forked, almost always free (not anastomosing). Sori linear, along one or both
sides of every second or third vein, sometimes extending almost from the
midrib to the margin, but often much shorter.—Diplasiwn elegans, Hook, in
Kew Journ. Bot. ix. 843.
2 o 2


452
[Asplemum.
FILICES.
In ravines, Urquhart, Wilford; also Hanee and Wright. In Khasia, Assam, Penang,
and Singapore.
* 7. A. sylvaticum, Hook. Spec. Fil. iii. 248. Bhizome ascending, with
a short stem. Fronds from 1 ft. high, simply pinnate, with about 9 pinnae,
to twice that height, with numerous pinna?, the lower ones sometimes agaiu
pinnate, passing into a pinnatifid apex. Pinnae usually 3 or 4 in. long, lan-
ceolate, slightly crenate or with very short broad lobes, obliquely truncate or
slightly cordate at the base. Veins pinnate, in transverse sets, proceeding
from the midrib, the branches few, those of each set distinct, not anastomosing
with the adjoining ones. Sori usually few and simple, and often along the
outer or lower side of the lowest branch of the set of veins, so as to be slightly
curved, occasionally on the upper or inner side, rarely on both.—Biplasium
sylvaticum, Sw.
In ravines, Urquhart, Wilford; also Hance. In the Mauritius, Ceylon, the Malayan
Peninsula, and the Archipelago. Some of the Hongkong specimens are of a firmer texture
than the southern ones, and the pinna; broader, but others are precisely similar, and all ap-
pear to me to agree much better with the character and specimens of A. syhaticum than of
A. dilatatum, of which Hooker thinks they may be a simply-pinnate variety.
8. A. Scbkuhrii, Metten.; Book. Spec. Fil. iii. 251. Rhizome (at
least in the smaller varieties) slender and creeping, fronds | to 2 ft. high, always
simply pinnate, the young stipes and rhachis bearing a few pale brown
scales. Pinnae in the larger specimens attaining 6 in., diminishing gradually
to the pinnatifid apex, and the lower rather shorter, all lanceolate, deeply pin-
natifid, with a broad usually truncate base; the lobes numerous, oblong or
ovate, obtuse or almost acute, serrulate or entire. Veins pinnate in each lobe,
with 4 to 8 branches on each side, not anastomosing with the adjoining ones.
Sori usually on all the veins, and thus regularly pinnate as in A. esculentum,
simple or the lower ones double.
Hongkong, Hance. In northern India, the Malayan Peninsula, the Fecjee Islands, China,
Loochoo, Corea, and perhaps Japan.
9. A. dilatatum, Hook. Spec. Fil. iii. 258. Fronds 2 ft. high or more,
twice (or thrice ?) pinnate, passing into a pinnatifid apex. Stipes with black
subulate scales at the base. Pinnules about 2 in. long and pinnatifid at the
base, but passing on the one hand into longer ones pinnate at the base, on
the other into shorter more entire ones. Veins pinnate, with few branches,
not anastomosing with adjouiing sets. Sori usually short, not on all the vein-
branches in the Hongkong specimens, more numerous on others, simple or
double.—Biplasium dilatatum, Blume.
In ravines, Urquhart, Wilford. In Ceylon, northern and eastern India, the Archipelago,
and Pacific islands.
10. A. esculentum, Presl; Hook. Spec. Fil. iii. 268. Stem stout, erect.
Fronds large, twice or thrice pinnate, passing into a pinnatifid apex. Ulti-
mate pinnules lanceolate, acuminate, usually broadly truncate at the base
and shortly petiolulate, the longer ones 6 in. long and deeply pinnatifid, pass-
ing into snorter broadly crenate ones. Veins pinnate, each set with 5 to 10
branches on each side; the outer ones more or less anastomosing with those of
the adjoining ones, thus at once distinguishing this species from A. dilatatum,
which the specimens sometimes resemble. Sori usually on almost all the vein-


Aspleninm.]
453
FILICES.
branches so as to appear regularly pinnate ; the lower ones of each set usually
double, the upper ones simple on the inner side of the vein-branches.—Dipla-
sium esculentum, Sw.; Willd. Spec. v. 354.
In ravines, Urquhart; also Banee and Lorrain. In India, from Ceylon and the Peninsula
to the Himalaya, in Moulmein, Java, the Feejee Islands, and S. China.
16. ASPIDIUM, Sw.
Sori circular, variously dispersed over the under surface of the frond-seg-
ments, covered when young by an indusium attached by the centre or by a
point near one side, so that when raised all round by the growth of the spore-
cases it becomes peltate or more or less reniform.—Rhizome short and thick
or creeping. Fronds once, twice, or thrice pinnate, rarely simple.
A large genus, distributed over almost every part of the globe. It is now usually divided
at least into two genera {Jipidium and Nephrodium), according to whether the indusium is
peltate or reniform; but in several of the Hongkong species both forms occur in the same
fronds, and generally the adoption of that character does not appear to me to constitute better
defined nor more natural genera than Aspidium retained as a whole, and the very, numerous
smaller genera into which many pteridologists break it up arc perhaps still more vague unless
wheu reduced to single species.
Fronds once pinnate.
Pinna: 3 or 5, the lower pair and often the terminal one deeply and
irregularly lobed 3. A. Irifoliatum.
Pinna; entire or crenate.
Pinna; large or few. Sori dispersed over the surface.
Pinna; oblong, 9 to 13 4. A. podophyllum.
Pinna; ovate-falcate, numerous 5. A. falcatum.
Pinna; very numerous, articulate on the petiolule. Sori in a sin-
gle row near the margin.
Pinna; 1 to 3 in. long, mostly obtuse 1. A. exallalum.
Pinna; 6 in. long, acuminate 2. A. bUerratum.
Pinna; regularly pinnatifid, with numerous lobes.
Veins of adjoining lobes free from each other.
Pinna; deeply pinnatifid.
Lobes oblong, straight or nearly so 7. A. Thelyptcrit.
Lobes lanceolate, very falcate 8. A.falcilobum.
Pinna; semi-pinuntifid 6. A. ciliatum.
Lower veins of adjoining lobes anastomosing.
Sori distinct, either near the midrib or scattered 9. A. molle.
Sori in a close row near the margin of the lobes 10. A. unitum.
Fronds bipiunate.
Lowest primary pinna; largest and most compound. Segments
truncate or adnate at the base \. A. opacum.
Lowest primary piunse not larger than the next. Segments obtuse
or recurved at the base 12. A. Championi.
Lowest primary pinna; largest and most compound. Segments
obliquely cuneate or narrowed at the base 13. A. arista turn.
1. A. exaltatum, Sw.; Willd. Spec. v. 229. Rhizome short and thick,
the fibrous roots forming here and there globular tubers. Fronds 1 to 3 ft.
long, weak, simply pinnate. Pinna? numerous, regidarly approximate and
distichous, oblong-lincar or lanceolate, 1 to -2 or rarely 3 in. long, serrate,
sessile, truncate at the base, with a protruding angle on the inner side. Stipes
with subulate scales, which pass into short woolly hairs on the rhachis or un-
der side of the segments. Veins forked, proceeding from the midrib. Sori


454
[Aspidium.
FILICES.
in a single row very near the margin. Indusium reniform, fixed at the deep
sinus or sometimes becoming regularly peltate.—A. hirsutulum, Sw.; Willd.
Spec. v. 232. Nephrolepis tuberosa, Presl; Hook, in Kew Joum. Bot. ix.
339; J. Sm. in Seem. Bot. Her. 429, but not Asp. tuberosum, Willd. Ne-
phrolepis hirsutula, J. Sm. 1. c.
In ravines, Hindi, Champion, Urquhart. Common in the tropical regions of the New
and the Old World; the American specimens usually more glabrous than the Asiatic ones.
The tubers, which are said always to be present in the Indian variety at least, are often
eaten.
2. A. biserratom, Sw.; Willd. Spec. v. 231. Nearly allied to the last,
but glabrous or nearly so; the pinna? lanceolate, acuminate, about 6 in. long,
the auricle on the inner side of the base more obtuse than in A. exallatum,
the sori not so near the margin, and the indusium more frequently peltate.
Among rocks on the hillside near the Happy Valley, Wilford. In the Mauritius, in tro-
pical Africa, and in tropical America.
3. A. trifoliatam, She.; Willd. Spec. v. 213. Bhizome thick, hori-
zontal; fronds erect, from a few inches to 1| ft. high including the slender
stipes, the smaller ones cordate, oblong, and 3-lobed, more commonly with a
broader outline, pinnate with 3 or 5 pinna;, the lower pair and the terminal
one 3-lobed, the middle lobe and intermediate pinna; (when present) broadly
lanceolate and irregularly pinnatifid, 4 to 6 in. long, pubescent or glabrous.
Veins pinnate, the smaller ones anastomosing. Sori rather large, dispersed
over the frond, but usually at some distance from the midrib. Indusium
usually peltate.—A. variolosum, Wall. Catal. n. 379. A. intermedium, J. Sm.
in Seem. Bot. Her. 428 (a very luxuriant specimen).
Hongkong, Champion; in ravines, Urquhart; on rocks in the Happy Valley, Wilford.
In southern India, Ceylon, Chittagong, Silhet, the Malayan Peninsula, the Archipelago, and
S. China; also in tropical America. The American specimens have most frequently 3 pinnae,
the Asiatic 5, but both forms are met with in both districts. Many of the Hongkong speci-
mens pass from the one to the other.
4. A. podophyllum, Hook, in Kew Joum. Bot. v. 236, t. 1. Bhizome
thick, horizontal, with dark brown or black subulate scales. Fronds 1 to 2 ft.
high, including a rather long stipes, glabrous, simply pinnate. Pinna? usually
9 to 13, lanceolate, often slightly falcate, obtuse or acuminate, 3 to 5 in. long,
entire or crenate, lobed, rounded or truncate at the base, and very shortly pe-
tiolulate, of a firm consistence; the pinnate veins rarely conspicuous. Sori 2
to 5 to each set of veins, rather large, distant both from the margin and the
midrib. Indusium peltate, with a central or slightly eccentric attachment.
Common in ravines, Champion and others. Also Foochowfoo and Chusan. It is referred
by J. Smith to the Japanese A. Sieboldi, Mett.; but I cannot but agree with Hooker (Fil.
Exot. t. 31) in considering that species as quite distinct.
5. A. falcatum, Sw.; Hook. Fil. Exot. t. 92. Fronds tufted, stout, 1
to 3 ft. long, simply pinnate, with large brown scales at the base of the stipes.
Pinna; numerous, ovate, falcate-acuminate, 2 to 4 in. long, entire or slightly
crenate, firm and rather thick, with a prominent midrib and irregularly forked
and anastomosing veins. Sori .rather large and numerous, scattered over the
surface. Indusium peltate.—Polypodium falcatum, Linn.; Thunb. Fl. Jap.
t. 36. Cyrtomium falcatum, Presl; Hook, in Kew Journ. Bot. ix. 340.
Near Tytam Bay, Hinds. On the Chinese continent and in Japan.


Aspidium.]
FILICES.
6. A. ciliatom, Wall. Catal.n. 351. Stems short, ascending. Fronds
simply pinnate, £ to 1 ft. high, with a few short brown scales on the stipes,
and more or less hispid or downy especially on the rhachis and principal veins.
Pinnse numerous, sessile, linear-lanceolate, acuminate or obtuse, regularly
pinnatifid, the longer ones 1 to 2 in. long, passing into a pinnatifid apex, and
the lowest 1 or 2 pair much shorter; the lobes ovate-falcate, reaching about
halfway to the midrib. Veins pinnate, those of adjoining lobes free. Son
few to each lobe, usually near the midrib. Indusium reniform or sometimes
peltate, ciliate.—Lastrea ciliata, Hook, in Kew Journ. Bot. ix. 338.
Common in ravines, Bowman; in a ravine near the top of Mount Gough, Wilford. In
the Indian Peninsula and in Khasia. Nearly allied to and perhaps a variety of the Javanese
A. calcaralum, Blame, bat that appears always to have much longer, narrower, and more
acute lobes to the pinuic.
7. A. Thelypteris, Sw.; JFilld.Spec.\.2i9. Rhizome creeping. Pronds
$ to 2 ft. high, slender, glabrous or slightly pubescent, simply pinnate, with-
out scales to the stipes. Pinna? numerous, sessile, lanceolate or linear-oblong,
deeply pinnatifid, the longest If in. to 2i long, passing into the pinnatifid apex,
the lowest pair smaller. Lobes numerous, usually oblong and obtuse. Veins
pinnate, those of adjoining lobes free. Sori in 2 rows not far from the margin
of the lobes, often covering the whole surface when old. Indusium usually
reniform but soon disappearing.—Lastrea graciletcens, Hook, in Kew Journ.
Bot. ix. 338.
Hongkong, Harland; on the banks of a ditch at Pockfoolan, Wilford. Widely distributed
over Europe, temperate Asia, and N. America; also in northern India and in Java and New
Zealand, if the A. gracileseem, Blume, and A. tquamulotum, Kaulf., be really specifically
identical, as they appear to be.
8. A. falcilobum, Hook. Very near the last, but taller and firmer, the
rhachis much more pubescent and often the pinnse also; the pinna; falcate,
more acuminate, attaining 4 in. in length, and their lobes lanceolate-falcate
and acute.—Lastrea falciloba, Hook, in Kew Journ. Bot. ix. 338.
Hongkong, Harland. Also in Eastern Bengal.
9. A. molle, Sio.; Willd. Spec. v. 246. Rhizome horizontal or shortly
creeping. Fronds 1 to 2 or sometimes 3 feet high, simply pinnate, more or
less pubescent, and rather slender, usually of a light green. Pinnae lanceo-
late, acuminate, the longest 2 to 4 in. long, pinnatifid, truncate at the base;
lobes ovate or oblong, obtuse, sometimes very short, sometimes reaching half-
way to the midrib, the lowest inner one often longer. Veins pinnate, the
lowest of adjoining lobes anastomosing. Sori distinct, only near the midrib
or in 2 rows, but not close to the margin. Indusium reniform, usually ciliate
and soon disappearing.—Nephrodium molle, Schott; Hook, in Kew Journ.
Bot. ix. 340.
Common in ravines, Hindi and others. Abundant in most tropical countries in the New
and the Old World, and everywhere variable in size, pubescence, and arrangement of the sori.
Var. latipinna. Seldom above 1 ft. high and often much smaller, the pubescence usually
minute. Pinnse few, thin, of a light green, 1 to 2 in. long, broader and less deeply lobed
than in the common varieties, the apex of the frond long-lauceolate, broad and deeply pinna-
tifid.
Hongkong, Champion, Harland, Hance; among rocks, in damp situations, at Little Hong-
kong, Wilford.


456
\_Atpidium.
FILICES.
10. A.nnitum, Sw.; Willd. Spec. v. 241. Fronds 1 to 3 ft. high,
pubescent and simply pinnate, with semipinnatifid pinna? as in the last, but
the pubescence, although more rigid, is much less conspicuous, and the whole
frond is firmer and usually larger. Pinna? often 5 in. long or more; the lobes
very regularly ovate, the lowest of each pinna usually smaller, giving its base
a rounded appearance. Pinnate veins very conspicuous, the lowest of adjoin-
ing lobes anastomosing as in A. moUe. Sori usually in a close row along the
margin of the lobes.
Hongkong, Dill, Urquhart, Wright. Widely spread over tropical Asia, and closely allied
to (if really distinct from) the common tropical American A. terra, Sw.
11. A. opacnm, Hook. Fronds broad, twice pinnate or the lower pin-
nules again pinnate at the base, often 6 to 8 in. long, all tapering rapidly to
the pinnatifid apex; the stipes and rhachis with subulate black scales. Seg-
ments somewhat coriaceous but not glossy, lanceolate-falcate, with a broad
truncate or adnate base, often 1 to 2 in. long, pinnatifid or crenate. Veins,
scarcely conspicuous. Sori large, in 2 rows. Indusium peltate, but often
excentrically so, with a more or less indented sinus.—Laslrea opaca, Hook,
in Kew Journ. Bot. ix. 339.
Hongkong, Botoritig; in the Tank Ravine, Urquhart. On the China coast and in Japan.
12. A. (Lastrea) Championi, Benth., ft. sp. Fronds broadly lanceo-
late, twice pinnate, the stipes and rhachis covered with brown lanceolate scales.
Lowest pinna? 4 or 5 in. long, not longer nor more compound than the 2 or
3 next pairs, which afterwards pass gradually into the short pinnatifid apex.
Segments lanceolate-falcate, distinct, sessile and broadly rounded at the base,
but not adnate, seldom 1 in. long, serrate-crenate or the lowest pinnatifid, the
inner lowest lobe rather larger. Veins scarcely conspicuous, pinnate with
forked vcinlets. Sori rather large, in 2 rows in each segment. Indusium
peltate, or rarely reniform.—Polyatichum vestitum ?, Hook, in Kew Journ.
Bot. ix. 339.
Hongkong, Champion, Urquhart. Not known out of the island. Col. Urquhart's speci-
mens arc old and Col. Champion's too young, but on carefully examining them with Sir W.
Hooker, we have been unable to match them with any known species. They evidently belong
to Lastrea and are allied to the A. opacum, but differ in the scales and iu'the general shape
of the frond as well as in that of the segments.
13. A. aristatum, Sw.; Willd. Spec. v. 264. Fronds 1 to 2 ft. high,
broadly ovate-triangular in. outline, twice pinnate or the lower pinna? again
pinnate at the base, firm but thin, light-green and glossy; the stipes slender,
with a few black scales. Segments very obliquely oblong or lanceolate, ^ to
1 in. long, narrowed or cuneate and acute at the base, bordered at the end
with a few teeth often ending in short stiff bristle-like points. Sori small, not
numerous, loosely arranged in 2 rows. Indusium small, reniform.—Polytli-
chum arittatum, Presl; Hook, in Kew Journ. Bot. ix. 340.
Among rocks, in ravines, Urquhart, Bowring, Lorrain, Wilford. In New Zealand, the
Pacific islands, China, and Japan, and closely allied to some Indian forms as well as to
A. drepanum from Madeira.
17. GRAMMITIS, Sw.
Sori oblong or linear, straight, more or less oblique with reference to the
midrib, proceeding from a branch of the forked or anastomosing veins. In-
dusium none.—Rhizome usually creeping. Fronds simple or pinnate.


Grammilu.]
MLICES.
A considerable genus, chiefly tropical, common to the New and the Old World, differing
from Atplenium in the absence of any indusium, and from the closely allied Gymnogramme,
chiefly in habit, and in the sori always simple and straight, not forked.
1. G. decurrens, Wall.; Hook, and Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 6. Rhizome
rather thick, creeping, with black or brown scales. Fronds erect, 1 to 2 ft.
high, quite glabrous, deeply pinnatifid or pinnate. Segments 3 to 17, lan-
ceolate, 3 to 5 in. long, acuminate, narrowed at the base, rather distant, but
usually connected by a decurrent wing, or the lower ones quite free, all rather
thick. Veins proceeding from the midrib and immediately forked, in the fer-
tile segments one branch bears a straight linear sorus, the other, like both
branches in the barren segments, is flexuose and anastomosing, and from both
are emitted a few short free branches.—Selliguea decurrens, Presl; Hook, in
Kew Journ. Bot. ix. 358.
In ravines, Champion and others. In the Indian Peninsula, the Himalaya, Khasio, the
Philippines, Loochoo, and Corca.
18. MENISCIUM, Schreb.
Sori oblong, transverse, (parallel to the midrib) and arranged in parallel
rows between the primary pinnate veins. Indusium none.
A small tropical genus, common to the New and the Old World, only differing from
Polypodium iu the shape of the sori.
1. M. simplex, Hook, in Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 294, t. 11, and Fil. Exot.
t. 83. Rhizome creeping. Frond simple or 3-lobed at the base, lanceolate,
acuminate, 3 to 8 in. long on a stipes of 3 to 6 in., cordate at the base, £ to 2£
in. broad, pubescent. Veins numerous and parallel, diverging from the
midrib, and connected by numerous transverse veinlets which, in the fertile
fronds, bear the sori.
Common on hillsides, Hinds, Champion and others. Also in Chusan.
19. POLYPODIUM, Linn.
Sori circular or rarely somewhat oval, variously arranged on the under sur-
face of the frond. Indusium none. Receptacle not raised.—Herbaceous
Ferns. Fronds simple or once, twice, or thrice pinnate.
A large genus, as widely dispersed over the surface of the globe as Asplenium and
Aspidium.
Fronds all simple, thick, the veins inconspicuous or the primary ones
scarcely prominent.
Sori in a single row on each side of the midrib 1. P. Wightianum.
Sori scattered in several rows 2. P. hymenodes.
Sori very closely packed in numerous series occupying the whole
breadth of the fertile fronds.
Fertile fronds linear, always barren at the base 3. P. adnatceiu.
Fertile fronds oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, mostly covered
with sori from the base 4. P. Lingua.
Fronds 3-lobed, or sometimes simple, thin, with prominent veins . . 5. P. tridactylon.
Fronds simply pinnate. Veins parallel, prominent. Sori on transverse
veinlets between them.
Pinnie few, distinct 6. P. granulotum.
Pimue numerous, confluent, the sessile base of the frond dilated and
shortly lobed 7. P. coronam.
Fronds thrice pinnate 8. P. tenericaule.


458
[Polypodium.
FILICES.
1. P. Wightianum, Wall. Calal. n. 2222. Rhizome shortly creeping.
Fronds linear-lanceolate and acuminate, or rarely linear and obtuse, from 1
to 2 in. long in some specimens, near 8 in. in others, narrowed into a short
stipes, thick, with immersed inconspicuous reticulate veins. Sori in a single
row on each side of the midrib, large and sometimes occupying nearly the
whole breadth from the margin to the midrib; in other specimens the frond
is thinner and broader in proportion to the sori. When young the spore-cases
are concealed under several peltate scales, which soon disappear.—Pleopeltit
nuda, Hook. Exot. Fl. t. 63; Gen. Fil. 1.18. Di-ynaria subspathulata, Hook,
in Kew Journ. Bot. ix. 356.
Hongkong, Harland. Common on the Chinese coast and extends all over India, and
northward to Japan.
2. P. hymenodes, Wall. Catal. n. 283. Rhizome creeping. Fronds
simple, lanceolate, 5 to 9 in. long in the Hongkong specimens, narrowing into
a stipes of 1 to 3 in., obtuse or acuminate, f to 1J in. broad, glabrous, rather
thick; the pinnate and reticulate veins immersed and inconspicuous. Sori
rather large, distinct, in 3, 4, or rarely 5 longitudinal rows on each side of the
midrib, (3, 4, or 5 in each obliquely transverse row).
On rocks in a ravine, Wilford. In northern and eastern India, in China, and northward
to Corea. It is not unlikely that this and the preceding species may be both referable to
some older published Indian or Javanese ones, but the genus Polypodium is at present in too
great confusion to ascertain the synonymy without a general revision.
3. P. adnascens, Sic.; Willd. Spec. v. 145. Rhizome slender, creep-
ing, with lanceolate, ciliate, or fringed scales. Fronds simple, entire, thick
and coriaceous, more or less covered, especially on the under side, with mi-
nute stellate scales or hairs. Barren ones oblong, very obtuse, f to 1-} in.
long, on a stipes sometimes very short, rarely \ in. long. Fertile fronds linear,
obtuse, 3 to 5 in. long, covered from about the middle or from rather lower
down to the apex with numerous closely packed small sori, arranged in oblique
rows, occupying the whole interval from the midrib to the margin, and sepa-
rated from each other by dense stellate hairs or scales.—Niphobolus adnascens,
Kaulf.; Sm. in Seem. Bot. Her. 425. Polypodium pertusum, Roxb.; Hook.
Exot. Fl. t. 162. Niphoboliu carnosus, Blume; and iV. pertusus, Spreng.;
Hook, in Kew Journ. Bot. ix. 355.
Common in ravines, Hindi, Champion, and others. In Ceylon, the Indian Peninsula, aud
Bengal.
4. P. Lingua. Sw.; Willd. Spec. v. 162. Very near the last, with the
same habit and indumentum, but the fronds are usually larger, oblong or ob-
long-lanceolate, more or less narrowed towards the apex, the fertile ones fully
as broad as the barren and usually longer, covered from the base with closely
serried sori, except in a few imperfectly fruiting fronds, where they generally
fail at the top as well as the base. The fronds vary from 1 to 5 in. in length.
—Acrostichum Lingua, Thunb. Fl. Jap. t. 33.
Appears to be equally common with the last, being sent with it in most collections from,
the island. Also on the Chinese continent and in Japau.
6. P. tridactylon, Wall.; Hook, and Orev. Tc. Fil. t. 209. Rhizome
creeping. Fronds 3 to 8 in. long, narrowed into a stipes of 1 to 3 in., some-
times lanceolate and entire, but more frequently divided into 3 lanceolate lobes,


Poli/podium.]
FIL1CES.
the lateral ones diverging and half as long as the central one, all acuminate,
entire, thin and glabrous. Veins reticulate, the primary branches diverging
from the midrib halfway to the margin. Sori rather small, on the anastomo-
sing veinlets, 1 to 3 between each 2 primary veins.
Hongkong, Champion, Harland; in a wet shady situation at Little Hongkong, Wilford.
In Ceylon, Khasia, Assam, and the Philippines.
6. P. granulosum, Presl, Rel. Hcenk. 24, t. 4,/. 2. Fronds 1 ft. high or
more, pubescent at least on the rhachis and principal veins, simply pinnate.
Pinnae 5 to 7 or sometimes more, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly fal-
cate, 4 to 5 in. long, entire, rounded at the base and shortly petiolulate. Veins
very prominent, the primary ones numerous, parallel, with regularly pinnate
transverse veinlets meeting in an intermediate line as in Meniscium. Sori at
the junction of the veinlets, in a single row between each 2 primary veins in
the Hongkong specimens, more frequently (but not always) in a double row in
the Indian ones.—P. urophyllum, Wall. Catal. n. 299. Nephrodium glandu-
losum, J. Sm. in Seem. Bot. Her. 428.
Hongkong, Hance; in Water Ravine, Urquhari. In Ceylon, Khasia, Sikkim, the Malayan
Peninsula, the Archipelago, and northward to Chusan. One or two of the peltate scales in-
termixed with the sori occasionally persist a long time, so as to hayc been mistaken for the
indusium of an Aspidium.
7. P. coronans, Wall.; Hook. Fil. Exot. t. 91. Rhizome stout, elon-
gated. Fronds densely tufted, sessile, 2 to 3 ft. high or more, stiffly coria-
ceous, glabrous and shining, deeply pinnatifid or almost pinnate. Lobes nu-
merous, the longer ones lanceolate, acuminate, from 3 or 4 in. to twice that
length, divided almost to the rhachis in the centre of the frond, becoming
gradually shorter and more obtuse below the middle, until the frond again
expands into a cordate base often 6 to 8 in. broad, with short rounded lobes.
Veins prominent and parallel, starting from the midrib, and connected by
transverse reticulations. Sori in 1 row between each 2 primary veins.
Near Victoria Peak, Witford. In the mountains of northern and eastern India.
8. P. tenericaule, Wall.; Hook, in Keic Journ. Bot. ix. 353. Fronds
1£ to 2 ft. high, twice pinnate, with deeply pinnatifid pinnules; the stipes
glabrous, not muricate, with a few brown scales at the base. Lower primary
pinna? 6 to 8 in. long, the upper ones passing into the pinnatifid apex. Pinnas
lanceolate, the longer ones 2 in. long, the principal veins bearing a few stiff
hairs. Segments oblong-linear; the lower ones deeply serrate, the upper
short and entire. Sori 1 to 4 on each side of the midrib of the segment.
Near the church of Victoria, Wilford; in Tank Ravine and Washerman's Ravine, Vrquhart.
In India, from Concan to Assam, in Singapore and the Archipelago, and northward to the
Philippines and S. China.
20. BRAINEA, Hook.
(Bowringia, Hook; not Champ.)
Sori at first short and distinct, parallel to and near the midrib, at length
usually confluent along the midrib and covering nearly the whole surface of
the fertile segments. Indusium none.
A genus limited to a single species.


FILICE3.
[BavaUia.
scaly and woolly. Fronds 2 ft. high or more, very broad, glabrous, firm,
smooth and shining, 3 or 4 times pinnate. Pinnae and pinnules all acuminate,
passing into a pinnatifid apex. Segments lanceolate or oblong, acute at the
base, but only slightly decurrent on the rhachis, the larger ones serrate. Veins
few, diverging from a raised midrib. Sori usually oblong, partially sunk in
the under surface of the lobes or smaller segments, with a narrow cup-shaped
indusium.
Hongkong, Champion. In Madagascar, Ceylon, the Indian Peninsula, the Archipelago,
Australia, and the Pacific islands. The Hongkong specimens belong to Hooker's var. 5
coniifolia.
5. D. Griffithiana, Hook. Spec. Fil. i. 168. Habit of D. elegant, but
not so large. Fronds usually twice or tlirice pinnate, 1£ to 2 ft. high, the
segments shorter and broader than in D. elegant, and more confluent at the
base. Sori shorter, and inserted on the under side at a considerable distance
from the margin or apex of the lobes.
Hongkong, Wright. In Khasia, Assam, S. China, and northward to Chusan.
6. D. texraifolia, Sv>.; Hook. Spec. Fil. i. 186. Rhizome thick, shortly
creeping, covered with thick brown scales. Fronds 1 to 2 ft. high, glabrous,
firm, smooth, and often shining, twice to four times pinnate, the primary
pinna? more or less acuminate. Ultimate segments or lobes small, linear-
cuneate in the typical form, but in other varieties passing to broadly cuneate
or obovate, the fertile ones terminating in 1 or 2 short broad sori, the edge of
the indusium usually on a level with the margin of the lobe. In the barren
fronds the segments are usually broader and denticulate.—D. chineruis, Sw.;
Hook. l.c. 187.
Abundant in the island, Hindi, Champion, and others. Generally distributed over India,
the Archipelago, and Pacific isles, and northward to S. China and Bonin. The majority of
the Hongkong specimens are intermediate between the narrow-lobed Indian varieties, and
the broad-lobed small forms considered as representing D. chinentit, of which a very well-
marked specimen is among Hinds's, from Hongkong.
24. TRICHOMANES, Sm.
Sori inserted at the end of a vein, and contained in a tubular indusium at
or near the margin of the frond, and usually projecting beyond it. Recep-
tacle filiform, often bristle-like, protruding from the indusium, with the spore-
cases at its base within the indusium.—Herbaceous Ferns, often very small,
the half-pellucid fronds variously divided, and inserted on a creeping often
densely matted rhizome.
A large genus, chiefly tropical, common to the New and the Old World, with 1 species
extending northward into western Europe.
Fronds fan-shaped, 3 to 6 lines diameter 1. T. partulum.
Fronds pinnatifid, i to 1 in. long 2. T. intramarginale.
1. T. parvnlTun, Poir.; Hook. Spec. Fil. i. 118, t. 89 A. Rhizome
slender, tomentose, and densely matted. Fronds orbicular-fan-shaped, 3 to 6
lines diameter, on a filiform stipes about as long, deeply and unequally divided
into linear-obtuse or obtusely toothed lobes or segments. Sori rare, sunk as
it were into the ends of teeth or lobes, which are usually shorter than the
barren ones.


465
INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
The synonyms are printed in italics.
Page
Abelmosrhus
moschalus, Mocnch . 34
Abildunardia .... 389
Eragrostis, Fail . . 390
fiisca, Nees . . .390
monostachya, Vahl . 389
Abrns 91
precatorius, Linn. . 92
Abutilon 83
indicum, Don ... 83
Acacia 101
eoncinna, DC.. . . 101
farnesiana, Willd. . 101
Acalypha 303
chinensis, Roxb. . . 303
indica, Zt'nn. . . . 808
Acampc 858
multiflora, Lindl.. . 858
Acanthaccte .... 259
Acanthus 263
ilicifolius, Linn. . . 263
Acer 47
oblongum, Wall. . . 47
reticolatura, Champ. 47
Achyranthes .... 285
nspera, Linn. . . . 285
Aclisia
sorzogonensis^Mey. 878
Acmeua 119
Chompioni, Benih. . 119
Acorus 315
Calamus, Linn. . . 345
Acratherum
miliaceum, Link . . 416
Acrostichum .... 443
anreum, Linn. . . 443
decurrcns, Hoot. . 443
heteroclitum, Presl . 444
lingua, Thunb. . .458
rcpandum, B/ume . 444
Actinidia 26
Championi, Benlh. . 26
. 293
. 293
. 293
Actinwlaphnc
angustifolin, Nees
chincnsis, Nees
Adamia
chinensis, Gardn. . 128
cyanea, Wall. . . .128
versicolor, Fort. . .128
Adcnostcmma . . .171
viscosum, Forst. . . 171
Adhatoda
chinensis, Champ. . 264
Fasictz.Nees . . .264
ventricosa, Nees . . 264
Adiantum .... 446
caudatum, Hoot. . 447
flabellulatnm, Linn. . 447
lunulatum, Burnt. . 446
Adina 146
globiflora, Salisb. . 146
pedunculala, DC. . 146
iEchrnandra . . . .124
odorata, Hoot.
Thorns 124
^giceras 207
majus, Gartn. . . 208
iEginctia 257
indica, Rozb. . . . 257
iEschynanthus . . . 268
aeuminalus, Wall. . 258
bracteatus, Wall. . 258
chinensis, Gardn. . 258
jEschynomcne ... 79
indica, Linn. ... 79
Aganosma .... 221
lrevis, Champ.. . . 221
Agcratum 171
conyzoides, Linn. . 171
Agrostis
maxima, Roxb. . .417
Agyneia
bacciformis, Jii3». . 310
Ainsliea 191
Page
frnprniis, Champ. . . 192
A/biltia
schcenoides, Presl . 389
srirpoides, Presl . . 389
Albizzia 101
Championi, Benth. . 102
Millctti, Benlh. . . 102
stipulnta, Benth. . . 102
Alismaceo: .... 846
Allamnnda .... 217
cathortica, Linn. . . 217
Altomorphia
paucijftora, Benth. . 116
Alocasia
commutata, Schott . 344
indica, Scbott . . 843
macrorrhiza, Sehott . 344
Alopccurus .... 407
agrestis, Linn. . . 407
geniculate, Linn. . 408
Alpinia 348
alba, Rose. . . . 348
chinensis, Iiosc. . . 349
galangaB, Sw. . . . 848
nutans, Rose. . . . 848
Alscodnphne .... 291
brevitlora, Benlh. . 292
chinensis, Champ. . 292
Alsophila 400
podophylla, Hoot. . 460
Altcrnnnthera . . . 285
sessilis, Br. . . . 286
Alysicarpus .... 80
buplcvrifolins, DC. . 81
nummMlarurfoliut, DC. 81
vaginalis, DC. . . 80
Alyxia 219
sinensis, Champ. . . 219
Ainarantaeeni . . . 283
Amnrantus .... 284
spinosus, Linn. . . 284
viridis, Linn. . . . 284
2 B


46G
INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
Araaryllidcic .... 305
Amb/yachynim . . . 421
Ameletia
rotundifolia, Wight. 112
subspicata, Bcuth. . 112
Amentacese .... 319
Ammannia . . . .111
rotundifolia, Roxb. . Ill
subspicata, Benth. . 112
Amorphophallus. . . 342
variabilis, Blume . . 343
Ampelidcre .... 52
Ampelopsis
heterophylla, Sicb. . 53
Amphirhapis
hiocarpa, Benth. . 179
Ancistrolobus
brecipes, Turcz. . . 24
ligustrinus, Spnch . 24
Androglossnm
reticulatum, Benth. . 70
Andropogon .... 422
acicularis, Retz . . 425
brcvifolius, Sw. . . 423
contortns, Linn. ■. . 424
javaniciut, Nccs . . 425
malacophyllits, Slcud. 426
-Martini, Roxb. . . 424
montauus, Roxb. . . 423
parvispica, Steud. . 423
pateniivillosus, Steud. 426
pseudograya, Steud. . 423
tropicus, Spreng. . . 423
Vachellii, Nees . . 423
vil/osulus, Nees . . 423
zeylanicus, Am. . . 423
Angiopteris .... 440
cvecta, Hoffm. . . 440
Ania 356
angustifolia, Lindl. . 356
Anilcma 376
compressum, Dalz. . 377
debile, Wall. . . .377
diandnim, Hancc . 377
didymum, Seem. . . 878
hispidum, Don . 377
nudiflorum.... 376
Anisocalyx
limnanthiflorus,
Hance .... 249
Auisomeles .... 278
ovata, Br 278
Anisopappus . . . .180
chincnsis, Hook.
Arn 180
Anonacefc 9
Anplcctrum . . . .110
Page
parviflorom, Benth. . 110
Anthericum .... 373
parnflorum, Benth. . 373
Antidesma . . . .317
Bunius, Spreng. . . 818
japonicum, Sieb.
Zucc 218
paniculatum, Boxb. . 818
Aopla 363
reriiformis, Lindl. . 3G3
Apaturia
chinentit, Lindl. . . 356
Aplecirum . . . .116
Aplotaxu
carthamoides, DC. . 168
Apluda 422
mutica, Linn. . . 422
Apocopis 421
Wrightii, Munr. . . 421
Apocjnacete . . .216
Aporosa 316
frutescens, Blume . 817
leptostachya, Benth. 317
Appendicula .... 358
bifaria, Lindl. . . 358
Aquifoliacere .... 64
Aquilaria 297
grandiflora, Benth. . 297
malaecensis, Benth. . 297
Aralia 135
chineusis. Linn. . .135
Araliacca; 135
Aidisia 206
chincnsis, Benth. . 207
crenata, Bot. Mag. . 206
crispa, A. DC. . . 206
japoniea, Benth. . . 207
pauciflora, Heyne. . 206
primulrefolia, Gardn. 207
punctata, Lindl. . . 206
Argemone . . . . 16
mexieana, Linn. . . 15
Argyreia 230
acuta, Beuth.. . .237
Championi, Benth. . 236
Arisfcma 342
laminatum, Blume . 342
Aristida 427
chincnsis, Mnnr. . . 427
Aristolochia .... 333
longifolia, Champ. . 333
Aristolochiacea? . . . 333
Aroidefc 341
Artabotrys .... 10
Blumei, Hook.
Thorns 10
odoratissirua, Br. 10
P«B<-
Artemisia 186
annua, Linn. . . . 187
indica, Willi . .187
japoniea, Thunb. . .186
leptoatachys, DC. . 187
vulgaris, Linn. . . 187
Arthrotprion
itipulatum, Hassk. . 101
Arthrostyles .... 397
chincnsis, Benth. . 397
Artocarpus . . . .325
hypargyrea, Hance . 325
Arum 341
divaricatum, Linn. . 342
tcrnatum, Thunb. . 342
Irilobatum, Bot. Mag. 342
Arundina 355
chincnsis, Blume. . 355
Philippi, Reichb. fil. 355
Arundiuaria .... 433
Wightii, Neet. . .434
Arundinclla . ... . 415
Eckloni, Nees . . 416
miliacea, Nees . .416
ncpalcusis, Trin. . . 416
setosa, Trin. . . . 41S
strict a, Nees . .416
Antudo 427
niadagascariensis,
Kiinth . . . .427
Reguaiuliana, Kunth 427
Asclepiadeie .... 223
Asclcpias 225
curassavica, Linn. . 225
Asparagus 371
falcatus, Benth. . . 371
lucidus, Lindl. . . 371
Aspidium 453
aristatum, Sw. . . 456
biscrratum, Sw. . . 454
Championi, Benth. . 456
cilintum, Wall. . . 455
exaltatuni, Sic. . . 453
faleatum, Sic 454
falcilobiun, Hook. . 455
yracilescem, Blume . 455
hirsutulum, Sw. . . 454
intennedium, J. Sm. 454
molle, Sw. . . . 455
opacum, Hook. . . 456
podophyllum, Hook. 454
Sieboldi, Mett. . . 454
squamulosttm, Kaulf. 455
Thelypteris, Sw. . . 455
trifoliatum, Sw. . . 454
tuberosum, Willd. . 454
unitum, Sw. . . 466


INDEX OF UEHEKA AM) SPECIES.
4<>7
Page
variolosum, Wall. . 454
Aspleuium .... 450
cuncatum, Lam. . . 451
davallioidcs, Hook. . 451
dilatatum, Hook. . 452
csculentum, l'resl . 452
fraxinifolium, Wall.. 451
lanccum, T/iunb. . . 451
laserpitiifolium, Lam. 451
mncrophyllum, Sic. . 451
nidus, Linn. . . . 450
oxyjthyllum, J. Sni. . 451
Schkuhrii, Mett. . . 452
sitbsimialum, Hook. &
Grcv 451
srlvaticum, Book. . 452
Aster 174
baocharoides, Steetz . 175
Bcnthami, Stcctz . 175
brcvipes, Benth. . . 175
striatals, Champ. , .174
trincrvius, Roxb. . . 174
Asfero/naa
indica, Blume . .174
Atalantia ..... 51
buxifolia, Olic. . . 51
Iliudsii, O/iv. . 51
monophylla, Benth. . 51
Atjloeia 90
scarabacoides, Benth. 90
Aucuba 138
chinensis, Benth. . 138
Aurantiacea: .... 49
Aveua 430
fatna, Linn. . . . 430
Avcrrhoa 56
Carambola, Linn. 56
tinica, Hauce ... 71
Axenfeldia
intermedia, Bail]. . 306
Azalea 201
indica, Linn. . . . 201
nnjrtifolia, Champ. . 201
ovata, Lindl. . . .201
squaiuata, Lindl. . . 201
Breckea 118
Cumingiana, Schau. 118
frutcscens, Linn. . 118
Babnophora .... 140
llarlandi, Hook: . . 140
Balanophorea: . . .140
Balsamincie . . . . 55
Bambusa 434
Arundo, Klein . . 434
dumetorum, Haucc . 435
Tulda, Boxb. . . . 434
Pbro
verticillata, Willd. . 434
Barbula
sinensis, Lour. . 269
Barkhausia
tenella, Benth. . .193
Barleria 262
cristata, Linn. . 262
dichotoma, Roxb. . 202
Barnardia
tciiloides, Lindl. . . 373
liosella 283
rubra, Linn. . . .283
Bnuhinia 9'J
Championi, Benth. . 99
plauca, Wall. ... 99
Begonia 126
Bowringiana, Champ. 126
laciniata, Roxb. . .126
Bcgoniaccffi . . . .125
Bellit
slipitata, Labill. . . 173
Bcnthamia .... 137
)«fomca,Sieb.^r Zucc. 138
Berberidea! .... 14
Berchemia .... 67
lincata, DC. ... 67
lineala, Benth. . . 67
raocmosa, Sieb.Sj'Zucc. 67
sessiliflora, Benth. . 68
Berghaiuia
mutica, Munr. . .417
patula, Munr. . .416
Bidens 183
bipinnatn, Linn. . . 183
denudata, Turcz.. . 184
leucantha, Willd. . 183
pilosa, Linn. . . . 183
tundaica, Bl. . . . 183
Wallichii, DC. . . 183
Bigelowia
gracilis, Miq. . .163
Kleinii, W. & Am. . 163
lavicaulis, Miq. . . 163
lasiocarpa,\S. & Arn. 163
myriantha.Vl.lk. Aru. 163
Roxburg/iiana, W. &
Arn 168
Bischoffia 315
javanica, Blume . .816
tri/oliala, Hook.. . 316
Bixacca: 19
Blackwellia
fagifolia, Lindl. . .122
Loureiri, Benth. . .122
padijlora, Lindl. . . 122
Blechuum 444
japtinicum, Thunb. . 445
Piigf
orientate, Linn. . . 444
Bleekeria, Miq. . . .304
Bletia
Tankervilla, lir. . . 355
Blumca 177
elata, DC. . . .177
chinensis, DC. . . 177
crinila, Stcctz .178
Dregeana, DC. . . 179
ulandulosa, DC. . . 177
hicracifolia, DC. . . 178
holosericea, DC. . .178
javanica, Zoll. . .178
laccra, DC. . . .178
Wightiana, DC. . .178
Blyxa 347
Roxburghii, Rich. . 347
Bochmeria . . . .331
nivea, Hook. Arn. 331
Bolbophyllum ... 353
radiatum, Lindl. . . 353
Boltonia 173
indica, Benth. . . 174
Bonnaya 252
hyssopioides, Benth. 252
verbentrfolia, Spreng. 252
vcronica;folia, Spreng. 252
Boraginea; .... 233
Borreria
discolor, Bartl. . . 163
eryngioides,C}i.&Schi. 163
Bothriospermum . . 235
tenellum, Fisch.
Meg 235
Bowringia .... 95
callicarpa, Champ. . 95
insignis, Hook. . . 460
Boymia
glabrifolia. Champ. . 59
Brachgramphus
ramosissimtu, Benth. 193
Brachyspatha
variabilis, Schott . 343
Bratlleia
philippica, Cav. . . 314
siuica, Willd. . . .314
Brainea 459
insignis, Hook. . . 460
Bricdelia 309
Loureiri, Hook.& Arn. 310
tomcntosa, Blume . 309
Brucca 60
sumatrana, Roxb. 60
Bryonia
odorata, Hain. . . 124
umbellata. Ham. . 124
Brjophylluin .... 127


468
INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
Page
calycinnm, Salitb. . 127
Buchncra 253
cruciata, Ham. . . 253
densiflora, Hook. &
Am 253
ttricta, Bcnth. . . 253
Buddleia 230
asiatica, Lour. . .231
Lindleyana, Tort. . 231
Buettncria .... 39
aapcra, Colebr. . . 39
Bucttncriacece ... 38
Burmanuiacete . . 364
Burns 315
chinentit. Link . .315
scmpcnirens, Linn. . 315
Cicsalpinia .... 97
chinentit, Koib. . . 97
Nuga, Jit 97
paniculata. Deaf. . 97
vcrnalis, C/iamp. . . 97
Cajanus 89
bicolor, DC. . . . 89
indicus, Spreng. . . 89
Calamus 339
Cilia nl he
gracilit, Lindl. . . 859
Callicarpa 269
incana, Roxb. . . 270
intcgerrima. Champ. 270
longifolia, Lam. . . 270
macrophylla, Vahl . 270
nudiflora, Hook. &
Am 270
Reevesii, Wall. . . 270
Roxburghii, Schau. . 270
rubella, Lindl. . .271
tenuiflora, Champ. . 271
tomentosa, Willd. . 269
Calonyclion
tpeciosum, Chois. . 239
Calophylluin .... 25
membranaceum,
Gardn 25
tpectabile, Hook. . 25
Calyptranihet
mangiferifolia, Hance 119
Camellia 29
assimilis, Champ. . 30
axillaris, Bot. Mag.. 29
hoagkongensis, Seem. 30
inltgrifolia, Chois. . 293
reticulata, Lindl.. . 30
salicifolia, Champ. 30
ipeclabilu, Champ. . 30
Campamihcete . . . 195
Face
Camphors 290
Parthcnoxylon, Nea. 290
Canavalia 88
gladiata, DC. . . . 88
Canna 349
iudica, Linn. . . . 349
Cansjera 296
lanceolata, Beuth. . 296
Rhcedii, Gmel. . . 296
Canthium 158
didymum, Garrln. . 159
horridum, Blume . 159
undulatum. Champ.. 159
Capparidea: .... 17
Capparis 18
membrauacea, Gardn.
Sf Champ. ... 18
putnila, Gardn. . . 18
Caprifoliaceee . . . 142
Capsella 16
Bursa-pastoris, DC. . 16
Carallia 110
integerrima, DC. . Ill
tinentit, Am. . .111
zeglanica, Am. . .111
Cardamine .... 16
hirsuta, Linn.... 16
Cardiospermum ... 46
Halicacabum, Linn. . 46
Carex 401
bcnghalcnsis, Roxb. . 401
chineusis, Reti . . 402
cryptostachya, Boolt 403
Harlandi, Boolt . . 403
indica, Munr. . . 401
ligata, Boott . . .402
littorea, Labill. . . 402
manca, Boott. . . 402
ncxa, Boott . . .402
pumila, Thunb. . . 402
teuebrosa, Boolt . . 402
Caryophyllcse ... 21
Caryopteris .... 268
mastacanlhus, Schau. 268
Cnscaria 121
glomerata, Roxb. . 122
Cassia 98
angustUaima, Lam. . 98
mimosoides, Linn. . 98
obtutifolia, Linn. . 98
occidentals, Linn. . 98
tore, Linn. ... 98
Cassyta 294
filiformis, Linn. . . 294
Castanca 319
chinemit, Seem. . . 321
couciuua, Champ. . 319
Page
Catha
Benthami, Gardn. . 64
monotperma, Bcnth. 63
CclastraceiG . . . . 61
Cclastrus 63
Championi, Benlh. . 64
Ilindtii, Bcnth. . . 63
monospermy Roxb. . 63
Celosia 284
argentea. Linn. . . 284
erutata, Linn. . 284
Celtis 323
philippcnsis, Blanco 324
sinensis, Pert. . . 324
WUldenoioiana, Kicin.
& Schult. . . .324
Cenlipeda
orbicularis, Lour. . 186
Ccntranthera. . . . 254
hispida, Br. . . . 254
Cerastium
peliolare, Hance. . 21
Ccratopteris .... 443
thalictroides, Brongn. 443
Cerbcra 219
Odollam, Ganrtn.. . 219
Chavica 335
Benthamiana, Miq. . 335
Betle, Seem. . . .835
puberula, Benth. . . 335
sinensis, Champ.. . 335
sarmeutosa, Miq. . 335
Chcilauthcs .... 449
tcnuilblia, Sw. . . 449
Chenopodiaccac . . .281
Chenopodina
autlralit, Moq. . . 283
Chcnopodium . . . 282
acuminatum, WUld., 282
album, Linn. . . . 282
Vachellii, Hook. &
Am 283
Chirita 259
sinensis, Lindl. . . 259
Chloranthaceoe ... 834
Chloranthns . . . .334
brachystachys, Blume 334
ceylanicut, Miq. . . 334
inconspicuus, Sw. . 834
Chloris 429
barbata, Stt>. . . . 429
Choripetalum
Benthamianum,
Hance . . . .205
obovatum, Benth. . 205
ChorisU
repent, DC. . . .194


INDEX OF OENEHA AND SPECIES.
469
P»ge
Chrysanthemum. . .184
indicum, Linn. . . 184
Chrysopogon .... 424
acicuhtus, Trin. . . 424
slrictus, Nees. . . 423
Cibotium 460
Assamicum, Hook. . 460
glaucescens, Kunze . 460
gluucum, Hook. Sr
Am 46"0
Cicca 812
microcarpa, lienth. . 312
Cinnamomuin . . . 290
dulce, iV>« . . .290
Cirsium 168
chinensc, Gardn. . 168
oreilhales, Ilance . 168
Cissus
angusti/olia, Roxb. . 54
canloniensis, Hook.
& Am 54
eordata, Roxb. . . 54
diversi/olia, Walp. . 54
Citrullus 125
vulgaris, Schrad.. . 125
Cladium 397
chineuse, Nees . . 897
Mariscus, Br. . . 897
Claoxylon 805
indicum, Endl. . . 305
muricatum, Wight . 306
parviflorum, Juss. . 305
spiciflorum, Juss. . 305
Clanscna 50
Wampi, Oliv.... 50
Clematis 6
crassifolia, Benih. . 7
hedysarifolia, Bot.
Keg 6
Meyeniaaa, Walp. . 6
oreophila, Hance . 6
parviloba, Gardn. 8f
Champ 6
uncinata, Champ. . 6
C'lerodendron . . . 271
cancscens, Wall.. . 272
hamtatoca/yx, Hance 272
incrme, Br. . . . 271
lividum, Lindl. . . 272
pcntagonum, Hance . 272
Cteyera
dubia. Champ. . . 27
fragrant, Champ. . 27
Coccidus . . . .12
macrocarpus, W. 8f
Am 12
ovalifolius, DC. . . 13
Page
266
26?
430
430
3(12
302
Codonacanthus .
pauci Horns, Nees
Coelachue . . .
pulchella, Br..
Cosloglotsum. .
cernuum, Reichb. fil.
lacertiferum, Lindl.. 362
perUtyloidet, Wight 362
Coclogync 354
thnbriata, Lindl.
Colocasia . . .
indica, Kunth
odora, Brongn.
Commelyna . .
benghalensis, Lin
Blumei, Dietr.
Cttspiiosa, Roxb.
canescent, Vahl
communis, Linn,
mollis, Jacq. .
ochreata, Schau.
salicifolia, Roxb.
Commelynacea: .
Composite . .
Conchidium
pusillum, Griff.
Conifere . . .
Connants
juglandifolius, Hook.
& Am
microphylliu, Hook.
& Am 71
Roxburghii, Hook. &
Arn 71
331
343
343
343
875
37fi
37(1
876
37fi
3?C
3?C
370
37(1
375
165
353
330
0'J
Connaraceas . . .
Convolvulacese . .
Convolvulus
ianthinus, Hance
pentanlhus, Jacq.
70
235
239
240
^ , —3.
Conysa 176
a'mbigva, DC. . .176
pyrifolia, Lam. . . 176
vcrouicicfolia, Wall. 176
Cookia
punctata, Retz . . 50
Wampi, Blanco . . 50
Coprosmanthus
japonicus, Kunth . 370
Coi chorus .... 40
acutangulus, Lam. . 40
capsularis. Linn.. . 40
Coriandrum . . . .134
sativum, Linn. . . 135
Cornacete 137
Cottonia 357
Championi, Lindl. . 357
Cotula 185
Page
anthemoides, Linn. . 185
Covellia
hispida, Miq.. . . 329
oppositifolia, Miq. . 329
Crassulaceee .... 127
Cratoxylon .... 24
polyanthum, Korth.. 24
Crepis
japonica, Benih. . 194
Crinum 366
asiaticnm, Linn. . . 866
Crotalaria 73
albida, Heyne... 74
brevipes, Champ. . 74
calycina, Schranck . 74
elliptica, Roxb. . . 75
leiocarpa, Vog. . . 75
retusa, Linn. ... 74
Croton 808
chinense, Benth.. . 309
Hancei, Benth. . . 308
lachnocarpon, Benth. 308
longifolium, Seem. . 308
Crncifera? 15
Cucurbitaccte. . . .123
Cunningbamia . . . 837
lanceolaia, Bot. Mag. 337
sinensis, Br. . . .387
Cupia
densifiora, DC. . .156
mollissima, Hook. &
Arn 157
Curculigo 866
orchioides, Roxb. . 366
Cuscuta 240
japonica, Ckois. . . 241
Cyan Ms
sylvatica, BL . . .128
Cyanopis
pubescens, Bl. . . 169
Cyanotia 878
axillaris, Rcem. Sch. 378
fasciculata, Harm. 8f
Sch 878
lanata, Benth. . . 878
Cyathula 285
prostrata, Blume . 285
Cyclea, Am 13
dcltoidea, Mitrs . .14
Cymbidium .... 857
ensifolinm, Lindl. . 857
xiphiifolitm, Lindl. . 857
Cyminosma .... 69
pedunculata, DC. . 60
resinosa, DC.... 60
Cynodou 428
dactylou, Pers. . . 428


INDEX OF OENERA AND SPECIES.
471
Page
auricula™, Blume . 275
Ebcuacea; 209
Ecdysanthera . . .222
micrantha, A. DC. . 222
rosea, Hook. Arn. 222
Echinocroton, F. Muell. 306
Echiies
saligna, Delile . .221
Eclipta 181
alba, Hanke . . .181
erecta, Linn. . . . 181
prostrala, Linn. . . 181
Ehrctia 234
longiflora, Champ. . 234
Elicagnacere .... 298
Elicagnns 298
Loureiri, Champ.. . 298
Ela;ocarpns .... 42
chincnsis, Hook.fil.. 43
lanccarfolius, Roxb. . 42
terrains, Bcnth. . . 43
Eleocharis
afflala, Stcud. . . 395
capilata, Br. . . . 391
Elephantopus . . . 170
scaber, Linn. . . . 170
Ekusine 429
indica, Ga>rtn. . . 429
Elodea
chinensis, Haucc. . 24
Embelia 204
Ribes, Bnrm. . . .204
Emblica
officinalis, Gcertn. . 312
Endospermum . . . 304
chinense, Benlh. . . 304
Engelhardtia . . . .318
Enkyanthus .... 200
quinqueflorus, Lour.. 200
reticulatus, Lindl. . 200
uniflorus, Benth. . 200
Eragroslis 431
amabilis, W. & Arn. 432
aurea, Stcud. . . . 431
Brownei, Bees . . 432
geniculate, Nees . . 433
MilleUii, Nccs . . 432
oricntaliB, Trin. . . 432
pilosa, Beauv. . . 432
pilosissima, Link. . 432
plumosa, Link . .431
tcnella, Beauv. . . 431
tenuissima, Schrad. . 431
uuioloides, Nees . . 432
zcylanica, Nees . . 433
Eria 353
Page
pnsilla, Lindl. .353
rosea, Lindl. . . . 353
sinica, Lindl. . . . 853
Erianthus
japonicus, Beauv. . 420
tristachyus, Nees. . 421
Erieacea; 199
Erigeron 175
ambiffuus, Sch. Bip.. 176
linifolius, Willd. . . 176
pyrifolius, Benlh. . 176
Eriobotrya .... 108
fragrans, Champ.. . 108
Eriocaulon .... 381
australe, Br. . . . 382
cantoniense, Hook. &
Arn 382
cristatum, Mart. . . 382
hetcranthum, Benlh. 382
miserum, Kccrn. . . 382
setaraim, Linn. . . 383
truncatum, Ham. . 382
Wallichianuin, Mart. 381
Eriochloa 408
aniuilata, Kunlh . . 409
Eriostma 91
chinense, Yog. . 91
Erycibe 236
glaucescens, Hook. &
Arn 236
obtusifolia, Benth. . 236
Eugenia
cerasoides, Roxb. . 119
ojierailaia, lioxb. . 119
Paniala, Roxb. . .119
Eulalia 420
densa, Munr. . . . 420
japonica, Trin. . . 420
villosa, Nees . . . 421
Eupatorium . . . .171
chinense, Thunb. . 172
Lindleyanum, DC. . 172
nodiffiorum, Wall. . 172
Punduanum, Wall. . 172
Reevesii, Wall. . . 172
Wallichii, DC. . . 172
Euphoi binceic . . . 299
Euphorbia . . . .300
hclioscopia, Linn. . 301
hypericifolia, Linn. . 301
Pep/us, Seem. . . 301
pilulifera, Linn. . . 302
sauguinea, Steud.
Hochst 302
thvmifolia, Linn.. . 302
Tirucalli, Linn. . . 301
Eurva 27
Pago
chinensis, Champ. . 28
japonica, Thunb. . . 28
Macartncyi, Champ.. 28
Eustigma 132
oblongifolium, Gard. 132
Euxolus
viridis, Moq. . . . 284
Evodia 58
Lamarckiana, Benth. 59
mcluctolia, Benth. . 58
Evolvulus 240
alsinoides, Linn. . . 240
linifolius, Linn. . . 240
pudicus, Hance . . 240
Evonymus .... 62
hedcracens, Champ. . 63
laxiflorus, Champ. . 63
longifolius, Champ. . 62
uitidus, Benlh. . . 62
Eiacuin 233
be/lum, Hance . . 233
Horsfie/dianutn.Miq- 233
tetragonum, Boxb. . 233
Eyrea
verna/is, Champ.. . 48
Fagara
triphylla, Lam. . . 59
l'arfugium . . . .191
Ktcmpferi, Benlh. . 191
Ficus 326
angusti/olia, Roxb. . 327
Beecheyana, Hook.
Arn 329
Championi, Benth. . 828
chlorocarpa, Benth. . 330
diflbrmis, Lam. . . 327
Harlandi, Benth. . 330
hibiscifolia, Champ.. 329
hirta, Vahl . . .329
hispida, Linn.fil. . 329
iniprcssa, Champ. . 828
MilleUii, Miq. . . 328
nervosa, Roth. . . 327
nitida, Thunb. . . 327
opposilifolia, Roxb. . 329
piriformis, Hook. 8f
Arn.. . . . .328
rctusa, Linn. . . . 327
stipulata, Thunb.. . 328
variolosa, Lindl. . . 328
Wightiana, Wall. . 827
Wrightii, Benth.. . 329
Filices 438
Fimbristyles ... .390
acuminata, Vahl . .391
aestivalis, Vahl . . 392


472
INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
Pago
arvensis, Vahl . . 392
brizoides, Nees . . 892
communis, Kunth . 392
coinplanata, Link. . 393
diphylla, Vahl . . 392
ferruginea, Vahl . . 391
junaformis, Munr. . 393
lcptoclada, Benth. . 398
miliacea, Vahl . . 393
nutans, Vahl ... 891
podocarpa, Nees . . 391
quinquangularis,
Munr 390
schocnoidea, Vahl .391
squarrosa, Vahl . . 392
subspicata, Nees . . 891
tomculosa, Vahl . . 392
Wightiana, Nees . . 892
Firmiana
plalanifolia, Br. . . 86
Floscopa 877
paniculata, Hassle. .377
rufa, Hassk. . . .877
scandens, Lour. . . 377
Fraxinus 214
retusa, Champ. . . 214
Friesia
chinentis, Gardn.. . 43
Fuirr.na 395
glomerata, Lam. . . 396
penlagona, \V. &Arn. 396
Rottballii, Nees . . 396
umbellata, Both . . 395
Gartncra 282
hongkongensis. Seem. 232
Gahnia 398
tristis, Nees . . .898
Qalanga
major, Rumph. . . 848
minor, Rumph. . . 349
Galium 164
Aparine, Linn. . .164
sororium, Hance . .164
Garcinia 24
multiflora, Champ. . 25
oblongifolia, Champ.. 25
Gardenia 153
daphnoides, Hance . 157
florida, Linn. . . .153
- Garnotia 4] 6
patula, Mimro . .416
stricta, Brongn. . .416
Gelsemium . . . .229
elegans, Benth. . . 229
Gendartissa
vulgaris, Noes . . 264
P»Ke
. 283
. 191
. 191
. 191
. 191
191
Gcntianacere . .
Gcrbera
amabilis, Hance .
ovalifolia, DC. . .
piloselloides, Cass. ,
Schimperi, Sch. Bip.
Germaria
latifolia, Presl . .104
Geencriacea; .... 257
Gironniera . . . .324
chinensis, Benth.. . 325
nitida, Benth.. . . 325
Gleditschia .... 100
sinensis, Linn. . . 100
Gleichcnia .... 442
dichotoma, Willd. . 442
excelsa, /. Sm. . . 442
Glochidiou .... 313
criocarpum, Champ.. 314
littorale, Blume . . 314
macrophjllum,
Benth 315
molle, Hook. $■ Arn. 814
philippinense, Benth. 314
mmevm,Hook.^Arn. 314
Wrightii, Benth.. . 813
361
801
361
184
184
50
51
272
272
187
188
188
187
188
188
188
188
1S8
188
Glossaspis.
anlennifera, Hance
tentaculata, Lindl.
Gloasogync . .
teuuifolia, Cass.
Glycosmis. . .
citrifolia, Lindl.
Gmelina . . .
chinensis, Benth.
Gnaphalium
confertum, Benth.
confusum, DC.
hypoleucum, DC.
javanum, DC
indicum, Linn.
multiceps, Wall.
niliacum, Raddi
pur])uremn, Linn.
ramigerum, DC.
Beinieardtianum,
Miq.. . .
Gnetacese . . .
Gnetum : . .
funiculare, Sm.
scandens, Roxb.
Ooniocarpus
scaber, Keen. .
Gonyanthes . .
Wallichii, Miers
Goodcniacese . .
Goodyera . . .
188
330
336
330
330
189
364
30 1
1US
300
Page
discolor, Bot. Reg. .801
proccra, Hook. . . 860
Gordonia 29
anomala, Spreng.. . 29
javanica, Hook. . . 29
Goughia
Nilgherrensis, Wight 31C
Grammes; .... 403
Grammitis .... 456
decurrens, Wall.. . 457
Grangca 185
maderaspatana, Pair. 185
Qratiola
neronicafolia, Roxb. 252
Qrayia
elegans, Nees. . . 414
Grewia 41
glabrcscens, Benth. . 42
microcos, Linn. . . 42
Grumilus
Reevesii, IIook.&Arn. 161
Guettardella . . . .158
chinensis, Champ. . 158
Guilandina .... 96
Bonducella, Linn. . 96
Guttifero 24
Gutzlaffia
aprica, Hance . . 262
Gymncma .... 227
affine, Dene. . . .227
sylvestre, Benth.. . 227
Qymnopteris
decurrens, Hook. . 443
Gymnothrix . . . .413
japonica, Kunth . . 413
Qynopachgs
attenuata, Korth. . 156
oblongata, Miq. . .156
Gynura 189
'aurieulata, DC. . . 189
butbosa,Uook.& Am. 189
ovalis, DC. . . . 189
pscudochina, DC. . 189
Habesaria .... 361
galeandra, Benth. . 863
gigantea, Hook. . . 363
laccrtifera, Benth. . 862
leploloba, Benth. . 362
linguella, Lindl. . . 862
Miersiana, Champ. . 363
stcnostachya, Benth. 362
Susanna;, Br.. . . 868
Htcraaria 360
discolor, Lindl. . . 361
llaloragece . . . .139
Haloragis 139


INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
475
P«ge
Lycium 244
chinense, Mill. . . 245
megistocarpum, Dun. 245
vulgare. Dun. . . 245
Lycopodiacete . . . 436
Lycopodium .... 436
amentigerum, Ooldm. 436
atroviride, Watt. . . 487
caudatum, Desv. . . 437
cernuum, Linn. . . 436
flabellatum, Linn. . 437
involveus, Su>. . . 436
Lygodium 441
circinatam, Sw. . .441
dicholomum, Sw.. . 441
japonicura, Sw. . . 442
microphyllum, Br. . 442
salicifolium, Presl . 442
scandens, Sw.. . . 441
Lvsimachia .... 202
alpestris, Champ. . 202
Lythrariese .... Ill
Machilus 291
rimosa, Blume . . 201
Thunbergii, Benth. . 291
velutina, Champ.. . 291
Machlis
hemispharica, DO. . 186
Maaa 203
coriacea, Champ.. . 204
iudica, A. DC. . . 203
montana, A. DC. . 204
sinensis, A. DC. . . 203
Magnolia 8
Championi, Benth. . 8
pumila, Blume . . 8
Magnoliacefe .... 7
Malachium
aquatieum, Fries. . 21
Malonetia.
anatica, Sieb. & Zucc. 221
Malpighiacea: ... 48
Malvaceee 81
Malvastrum .... 81
ruderale, Hance . . 82
tricuspidatum, A. Or. 32
Mappa 803
glabra, A. Juss. . . 304
Taaaria, Spreng. . . 804
Maructu
eyperimu, Vahl . . 886
umbellatm, Vahl. . 886
Marlea. ..... 188
bcgoniiefolin, Roxb. . 138
Marquarlia
lotnentosa, Vog. . . 78
Pago
Marsdenia . . . .225
lachnostoma, Benth.. 226
tinctoria, Br. . . . 226
Meutacanthm
sinensis, Lindl. . . 269
Mazus 247
rugosus, Lour. . . 247
vandellioides, Hance 247
Medicago 75
lupulina, Linn. . . 75
Medicia
elegans, Gardn. . . 229
Megabotrya
melitrfolia, Hance . 59
Melanthesa . . . .312
cei-nua, Benth. . . 313
chinensis, Blume. . 813
Mekstoma . . . .113
calycitium, Benth. . 114
candidum, Don . . 114
decemiiduni, Roxb. . 114
homoslegium, Nand. 114
macrocarpon, Don . 113
repens, Lam. . . .113
sanguineum, Lindl. . 114
Melastouiacete . . .112
Melica
lati/olia, Roxb. . .417
Melodinus .... 218
fusiformis, Champ. . 218
Mas, Champ. . .218
monogynus, Roxb. . 218
suaveolens, Champ. . 218
Memecylon . . . .117
liimstrifol mill, Cha nip. 117
scutellatum. Hook. &
Am 117
Memorials .... 332
hi-pida, limn. . . 382
Meniscium . . . .457
simplex, Hook. . .457
Menispcnnaccte ... 11
Mentha 276
arvensis, Linn. . . 276
Jamaica, Blame . . 276
reticulata, Benth. . 276
Meoschium
lodiculare, Nees . . 426
Meyenianum, Nees . 426
Mephilidia
chinensis, Champ. . 160
Mertensia
glauca, J. Sm. . . 442
Mesona 274
chinensis, Benth. . 274
Microcarpsea .... 253
muscosa, Br. . . 253
Page
Microchloa . . . .428
setacea, Br. . . . 428
Microelus, Aid.: . .315
Microglossa
volubilis, DC.. . . 176
MiUcttia 78
Championi, Benth. . 79
nitida, Benth. . . 78
speciosa. Champ.. . 78
Miquelia
barbulata, Nees . .417
Mitrasacme .... 230
capillaris, Watt. . . 230
chinensis, Griseb. . 230
malaccensis, Wight . 230
nudicaulis, Reinw. . 230
Mollugo 28
etricta, Linn. ... 23
Moinordica .... 125
charantia, Linn. . .125
Monochoria . . . .374
plantaginea, Kunth . 375
vaginalis, Presl . .374
Monocotyledons . . . 338
Moquinia
eriosematoides.Yfdlp. 180
Morinda 159
nmbellata, Linn.. . 159
Morocarpus
pticrocephalus,hentix. 332
Mucuua 87
Championi, Benth. . 87
macrobotrya, Bancs 87
Murray a 50
exotica, Linn.... 50
Musa 847
Mussu;nda .... 152
erosa, Champ. . . 153
frondosa, Linn. . .153
pubescens, Ait. . .153
Myrica 322
rubra, Sieb. Zucc. 822
Myriogyne .... 186
minnta, Less.. . .186
Myrsinacete .... 202
Myrsine 205
capitellata, Wall. . 205
neriifolia, Sieb. &
Zucc 206
philippinensit,A..DC. 206
Myrtacece 117
Myrtus
tomentosa, DC. . . 121
Naiadcce 345
Naias 345
iudica, Champ. . . 846


476
INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
I nee
minor, All. . . . 343
tenuifolia, Br. . . 340
Nasturtium .... 10
lnonlanum, Wall. . Hi
Nauclea
adina, Sm. . . .146
adinoides, Lindl.. . 14G
Neottia
procera, Bot. Reg. . 300
Neottopteris
nidus, J. Sm. . . 450
Nepeta 277
glechoma, Benth. . 277
Nepheliuui .... 46
Litschi, Camb. . . 47
Nephrodium
g/andulosum, J. Sm. 45'J
molle, Scbott . . . 455
Hephrolepit
hirsulula, J. Sm. . 454
tuberosa, Presl . . 454
Nephroica
cynanchoides, Miers. 13
ovalifolius, Miers . 13
pubinervis, Miers . 13
Neustanthus .... 86
chinensis, Benlh. . 86
phascoloides, Benlh. 80
Nicandra 244
physalodes, Oartn. . 244
Niphobolus
adnascens, Kaulf. . 458
carnosus, Bluiue . . 45S
pertusus, Sprcng. . 458
Nolholieua .... 449
pilosa, Hook. & Am. 450
sulcata, Link . . . 449
Ochranlhe
arguta, Iiindl. . . 48
Olacaccw 52
Oldeulaudia .... 150
angustil'min, Btmth. . 151
bijtora, J .inn. . 151, 152
brachiata, Wight. . 151
brachyjtoda, 1)C.. .151
dichotoma. Keen. . 151
herbacea, DC. . . 161
hispida, Poir.. . .160
paniculnta, Linn.. .162
plerita, Miq. . . . 152
Olea 215
consanguinea, Haucc 210
marginata, Champ. . 215
Waipersiana, Hance 210
Onagraceee . . . . 10«
Ophiopoiiun . .371
gracilis, Kunth . .371
spicatus, Krr . . . 371
Opliiorihiza .... 147
F.yrei, Champ. . . 147
puiuila, damp. . . 147
Ophinrus 417
niouostachyus, Presl 417
undatus, N'ees . . 417
Opliemenue
colonum, Kunth . .411
compositus, R.&Sch. 411
Crus-galli, Kunth . 411
Orchidea? 349
Orinosia 95
emarginata, Btmth. . 90
pachycarpa, Champ. . 96
Orobanchaccte . . . 257
Osbeckia 114
angnrtifolia, Don . 115
chinensis, Linn. . .114
decora. Wall. . . . 115
glabrata, Wall. . .115
linearis, Blume . .115
Osmunda 44'i
bipinnata, Hook. . 440
japonica, Thunb. . 440
javanica, Blume . . 441
regalis, Linn. . . . 440
Fachel/ii, Hook. . 441
Oudemansia
integerrima, Miq. . 88
Oialidca; 55
Oxalis 56
coruiculata, Linn. . 56
corymbosa, DC. . . 56
Martiana, Zucc. . . 56
Oxyceros
sinensis. Lour. . .155
Oxyspora 115
paucitlora, Benlh. . 116
Pachystoma . . , . 355
chiuense, Beichb.fil. 356
Picderia 161
fcetida, Linn. . . .162
Pnliurua 66
Aubletii, Schult. . . 60
Palms; 339
Pancratium .... 300
biflorum, Rorb. . . 800
Paudanaceee .... 340
Paudanus 340
Pauicum 409
acariferum, Trin. . 417
angustum, Trin. . . 413
Arnottianum, Nccs . 412
afrovirens. Trin. . . 414
Page
barbatum, Kunth . 410
batavicum, Steud. . 414
Benjamini, Steud. . 414
colonum, Linn. . .411
commutation, Nees . 410
compositam, Linn. . 411
concinnum, Nees . 412
contract urn, Nees .413
Crus-galli, Lin*.. .411
distachyum, Linn. . 410
excurreus, Trin. . .412
Forbesianum, Nees . 412
glaucum, Linn. . .411
heteranthum, Nees . 410
incomptum, Trin. .412
iudicum, Linn. . .413
ischamoides, Retz . 412
miliaceum, Trin. . 414
inontanum, Bjoxb. . 412
myosotis, Nees . . 415
nepalense, Spreng. . 412
nervosum, Roxb. . 412
nodosum, Kunth. . 412
ovalifolium, Poir. . 413
pollens, Sw. . . . 414
plicatum, Lam. . . 411
repens, Linn. . . .412
sanguinale. Linn. . 410
sarmentosum, Roxb. 412
simpliciusculum,
Steud 480
Papaveraeete. . . . 15
Paratropia . . . .136
cantoniensis, Hook. <f'
Jm 136
Pardanthus . . . .365
chinensis, Ker. . . 865
Parechites
Thunbergii, A. Gr. . 221
Paritium
tiliaceum, St. Hil. . 35
Parkeria
pteridioides, Hook. . 443
Parthcnoxylon
porrectum, Blume . 291
pseudo-sassafras.
Blume .' . . .291
Paspalum 408
brcvifolium, Flugge . 408
chinense, Nees . . 408
scrobiculatum, Linn. 408
Passiflora 123
fcetida, Linn. . . • 123
Passillorea? . . . .122
Pavctta 157
indira, Linn. . . . 157
Pellionia 330


INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
477
brevifolia, Benlh. . 330
scabra, Benth. . . 330
Pentaphylax .... 28
curyoides, Gardn. . 28
Fentasacme .... 227
Championi, Benth. . 228
Pericampylus ... 13
incnnus, titers . . 13
Perilla 275
arguta, Benth. . . 276
lanceolata, Benth. . 276
Perittylut
chtorantka, Lindl. . 862
Perotia 418
latifolia, Ail. . . .418
Phaiua 855
grandifolias. Lour. . 855
Pha/angium
falcatum, Wall. . . 873
parviflorum, Wight . 373
Phanera
Championi, Benth. . 99
corymbosa, Benth. . 09
Phaseolus 88
minimus, Roxb. . . 88
Philydrum .... 878
lanuginosum, Banit 380
Phlebophyllum
ttpricum, Benth. . . 262
Phoberot
chinentit. Lour. . . 19
savus, llance . . 19
Phabe
latifolia. Champ. . 291
Phoenir 889
acaulis, Roxb. . . 340
Pholidota 854
chinensis, Lindl. . . 354
Photinia 107
prunifolia, Lindl. . 107
Phragmitea .... 427
Roiburghii, Kunth . 428
Phreatia
uniflora, Wight . . 353
Phyllanthus .... 310
anccps, Willd. . .811
bacciformis, Linn. . 310
cantonientis,Hornem. 311
cinerascens, Hoot. Ijr
Am 311
Emblica, Linn. . . 312
lepidocarput, Sieb. &
Zucc 811
leprocarput, Wight . 311
leptoclados, Benth. . 312
lucent, Poir. . . .813
P»ce
maderaapatensis.Ztnn. 311
Nirnri, Linn. . . .811
timpIex.Wm. . . 811
Simsiana, Wall. . .313
turbinatus.Bot. Mag. 813
urinaria, Linn. . .310
uteurieniii, Ruppr. . 311
Phyllodium
elegant, Desv. . . 88
pulchellum, Desv. . 83
Physalis 244
angulata, Linn. . . 244
captici/olia, Dun. . 244
IAnkiana, Neea . . 244
Picrasma 61
qnassioidcs, Benn. . 61
Piddingtonia .... 196
nummularia, A. DC. 196
Pinellia
tuberifera. Ten. . . 842
Pinus 337
sinensis, Lamb. . . 337
Piper
areuatum, Seem. . 335
fragile, Benth. . . 885
Pipcracea; .... 335
Pithecolobium . . .102
clypearia, Benth. . 103
lucidum, Benth. . . 102
Pittosporaceas ... 18
Pittosporum .... 19
glabra turn, Lindl. . 19
Plautagineae .... 280
Plantago 280
major, Linn. . . . 280
Platanthera
Championi, Lindl. . 363
galeandra, Reiehb. fil. 363
ttenostachya, Lindl.. 862
Susanna, Lindl. . . 862
Platyeodon
chinense, Lindl. . . 197
grandiflorum, A. DC. 197
Pleioyyne
anthemoidet, C. Koch 186
cardiotperma, Edg. . 186
, Pleopeltit
nuda, Hook. . . . 458
Pluchea 179
indica, Less. . . . 179
Plnmbaginete . . . 281
Poa
amabilit, Linn. . . 432
pilosa, Linn. . . . 432
pilosistima, Kunth . 432
plumosa, Kctz . . 432
Page
polymorphs, Br. . . 483
tenella, Linn. . . 431
unioloidet, Retz . . 432
verticillata, Car. . 482
Pucilopterit
heteroclita, Presl . 444
repanda, J. Sm. . . 444
Pogonathcrum . . . 421
crinitum, Trin. . . 421
refractum, Neea . .421
saccharoideum, Beauv. 421
Pogostemon . . . .275
parviflorus, Benth. . 275
Polanisia 17
viscosa, SC. ... 18
Pollia 877
sorzogouensis, Endl. 877
Pollinia 420
tenuis, Trin. . . .421
villosa, Jdunro . . 420
Polycarptca .... 22
corymbosa, Lam. . 22
Polygala 44
arillata, Ham. , . 45
elegans. Wall. . . 44
glomerata, Lour 44
Loureiri, Gardn. . . 45
Polygalacere .... 43
Polygonaceas . . . 286
Polygonum .... 287
barbatum, Linn. . . 288
chinense, Linn. . . 289
ciliotum, Meisn. . . 287
clifforlioidet, Meisn. 287
effusion, Meian. . . 287
glabrum, Willd. . . 288
herniarioidet, DC. . 287
Hydropiper, Linn. . 288
illecebroidtt, Meisn. 287
lapathifolium, Linn.. 288
Miquelianum, Meisn. 287
orientale, Linn. . . 288
perfoliatum, Linn. . 289
Perrottetii, Meisn. . 287
plcbeium, Br. . . 287
Boxburghii, Meisn. . 287
viscosum, Sam. . . 287
Polypodium .... 457
aduascens, Su>. . . 458
coronans, Wall. . . 459
dichotomum, Thunb. 442
falcatum, linn. . . 454
granulosum, Pretl . 459
hymenodes, Wall. . 458
Lingua, Sic. . . . 458
pertusum, Roxb. . . 458


478
INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
Page
tenericaule, Wall. . 459
tridactylon, Wall. . 458
urophyllum, Wall . 459
Wightianum, Watt.. 458
Polvpogou .... 426
littoralis, Sm.. . . 427
Polyspora
axillaris, Don . . 29
Po/ystichum
aristatum, Presl . .456
vesiitum. Hook. . . 456
Pongamia .... 94
glabra, Vent. ... 94
Pontedcracea: . . .117
Pontedeiia
vagina/it, Roxb. . . 875
Porophyltum
hieracioides, DC. . 189
Portulaca . .' . . .127
olcracea, Linn. . .127
Portiilacea . . . .126
Pothos 844
Peepla, Roxb. . . 844
scandens, Linn. . . 844
Seemanni, Schott . 844
Pottsia 221
cautoniensis, Hook. Sf
Am 222
Hookeriana, Wight. 222
ovata, A. DC. . . 222
Pouzolsia 331
hispida, Benn. . . 332
indica, Oaud. . . .331
Premaa 269
serratifolia, Linn. . 269
Prenanthes
japoniea, Linn. . . 194
Primulacese .... 202
Prinos
asprella,Hook.&Ara. 65
Proteacese .... 295
Psidium 120
Guyava, Linn. . . 120
pomiferum, Linn. . 120
pyri/erum, Linn. . 120
Psilotum 437
triquetrum, Sw. . . 437
Psychotria .... 161
elliptica, Ker. . .161
Reeoesii, Wall. . . 161
scandens, Hook. &
Am 161
serpens, Linn. . . 161
Pteris 447
aquilina, Linn. . . 449
costata, Bory . . 448
Page
crenata, Sw. . . . 448
longifolia, Linn. . . 447
nemoralis, Wil/d. . 448
quadriaurita, Retz . 448
semininnata, Linn. . 448
semuata, Linn./. . 448
Pteroloma
triquetrum, Desv. 83
Pterospermnm, Schreb. 89
acerifolium, Willd. . 39
Pterostigma .... 247
capitatum, Benth. . 248
grandiflorum, Bent A. 247
Ptychochilus
teptemnervu, Schau. 359
Pycnospora .... 91
hedysaroides, Br. . 91
nervosa, W. & Am. . 91
Pygeum 103
latifolium, Miq. . . 104
Pyrethrum
indicum, Casa. . .184
sinense, Sab. . . . 184
Pyrrhotrichia
tuberosa, W. & A. . 91
Qnercus 319
Cbampioni, Benth. . 321
cornea, Lour.. . . 822
Eyrei, Benth.. . .819
fissa, Champ. . . . 319
Hancci, Benth. . . 822
Harlandi, Hance . 321
reversa, Lindl. . . 321
salicina, Blame . . 821
Sieboldiana, Blame . 321
thalassica, Uance . 321
Randia 154
canthioides, Champ.. 155
densiflora, Benth. . 155
dnmetorom, Lam. . 154
leucocarpa, Champ. . 154
sinensis, Bam. ^*
Schult. . . . '. 155
Rammculame ... 5
Ranunculus
sceleratus, Linn.. . 6
Kapha mis 17
sativus, Linn.... 17
Reevesia 87
thyrsoidea, Linn. . 87
Rcptonia 208
lauriua, Benth. . . 208
Restiacese 381
Rhamnacea; .... 66
Pago
Rhamnus 68
virgatus, Roxb. . . 68
Rhaphidophora . . . S44
calophylla, Schott . 344
hongkongensis, Schott 344
lancifolia, Schott . 344
Peepla, Schott . . 844
Rhaphiolepis . . . .107
indica, Lindl.. . .107
ph/eostemon, Lindl. . 108
rubra, Lindl. . . .108
salicifolia, Lindl. . 108
Rhaphis
trivialis, Lour. . . 425
stricta, Nees . . . 423
Rhapis 840
flabelliformis, tin*. . 340
KuanwortsikyienAi. 340
Rhizophorea .... 109
Rhododendron ... 200
Champions;, Hook. . 200
indicum, Sweet . . 201
Rhodoleia. . . . .131
Cbampioni, Hook. . 181
Rhodomyrtaa . . .120
tomentosa, DC. . . 121
Rhus 69
hypolenca, Champ. . 69
succcdaueuin, Linn. . 69
Rhynchosia .... 90
volubilis, Lour. . 90
Rhynchospermum . . 220
jasmiuoides, Lindl. . 221
Rhynchospora . . . 390
aurea, Vahl . . .896
chinensis, Nces . . 397
Hankei, Presl . . 396
laxa, Br 397
Wallichiana, Kunih 396
Ricinus 807
communis, Linn.. . 307
Rosa 106
Brunonis, Lindl.. . 106
moschata, Mill. . . 106
multiflora, Thunb. . 107
nivea, DC. . . .106
sinica, Ait. . . . 106
Rosacese 103
Rospidios 209
vaccinioides, A. DC. 210
Rostellaria .... 265
procombens, Nees . 265
Royeniana, Nees. . 265
Rottlera 306
aurantiaca, Hook. &
Am 807


INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
479
Page
chinensis, Jutt. . . 306
cordifolia, Benth. . 307
paniculata, Jutt. . . 307
tinctoria, Roxb. . . 807
Rourea 71
microphylla, Planch. 71
santaloides.JT.^.im. 71
Rubiaccie 144
Rubus 104
glaherrimut, Champ. 105
leucnuthus, Hance . 105
parvifolius. Linn. . 105
reflexus, Bot. Beg. . 104
Ruellia 261
dependent, Roxb. . 263
repens, Linn. . . .261
teirasperma, Champ. 262
Rumex 286
ctispus, Linn. . . 286
Rungia 265
chinensis, Benth. . 266
Rutaeete 57
Sabia 70
limoniacea, Wall. . 70
Saccharuin .... 419
dentum, Nees. . . 420
officinarum, Linn. . 419
pragrande, Steud. . 420
Sageretia 68
theesans, Brongn. . 68
Sagittaria 846
cordifolia, Roxb. . . 346
SalomoDia .... 43
cantouiensis, Lour. . 44
oblongifolia, DC. . 44
obovata, Wight . . 44
Salvia 276
Fortunci, Benth.. . 277
plebeia, .Br. . . .277
Samara . . . . 205
longifolia, Benth. . 205
obovata, Benth. . . 205
Saiuydacea; . . . .121
Santalaceas . . . .298
Sapindacese .... 45
Sapotacea .... 208
Sarcandra
chloranthoidet,Garia. 334
Sarcanthut
rottratut, Reichb. til. 857
Sattafrat
Parthenojyton, Nees 291
Saurauja 26
triatjla, DC. . . . 27
Saururacca: .... 333
Page
Sauasurea 167
cartharaoides, Benth. 168
jnponica, DC. . . .167
linearis, Champ.. . 168
Saxifragaceee .... 127
Scscvola 198
Kcenigii, Vahl . . 198
lativaga, Hance . . 198
Lobelia, Linn. . .198
Scepa
chinentit, Benth. . 317
Schima 28
Noronhee, Reintc. . 29
tnperba, Gardn. . . 29
Schittocodon
Meyeni, Schau. . . 224
Schizostachyum . . . 435
dumetorum, Munro . 435
Schcepfia...... 52
chinensis, Gardn. 52
Scilla 373
chinensis, Benth. . 373
Scirpus 894
afflatus, Benth. . . 894
capitatus, Willd. . 394
chinensis, Munr.. .395
inncoides, Roxb. . . 396
Scitamineffi .... 347
Selena 399
chinensis, Kunth . 400
ci/iaru, Nees . . . 400
communis, Kunth . 400
hebecarpa, Munr. . 400
ueris, Ret* . . .400
lithosperma, Willd. . 399
]iubc>ccu>, $lei"l. . 400
purpurascens, Steud. 400
eerobiculata, Nees . 400
Steudeliana, Miq. . 399
tessellata, Willd.. . 399
Scleromitrion
anguslifiilium, Benth. 151
hiepidum, Korth. . 151
tctraqueirmn, Miq. . 151
Sclerostglet
alalantioidet, W. &
Arn 51
buxifolia, Benth. 51
Hindrii, Champ.. . 61
venota, Champ. . . 51
Scolopia 19
chinensis, Clot . . 19
Scoparia 252
dulcis, Linn. . . . 252
I Scrophularinea: . . . 245
j Scutellaria .... 277
Page
indica, Linn. . . . 278
Securidaca .... 45
scandens, Ham. . . 45
Selaginel/a
argenlea, Spring. . 437
atroviridit. Spring . 437
caudata, Spring . . 437
concinna, Spring . 437
flabellifera, Spring . 437
inrohent. Spring . 437
monotpora, Spring . 437
Selliguea
decurrent, Presl . . 457
Senccio 189
campylodet, DC.. . 190
chinensis, DC. . . 190
Hindsii, Benth. . .190
sonchifolius, ilanch 189
Kampferi, DC. . .191
Stanntonii, DC. . .190
Serratula
carthamoidet, Roxb. 168
Setaria
glauca, Beauv. . .411
Severinia
buxifolia, Ten. , . 61
Sida 82
acuta, Burm. ... 82
cordifolia, Linn. . . 88
fallax, Walp. ... 88
humilis, Willd. . . 32
rhombifolia, Linn. . 32
Sideroxylou .... 209
Wightiauum, Hook.
%-Arn 209
Siegesbeckia . . . .182
iberica, Willd. . .182
oricntalis, linn. . .182
Simarubacete.... 60
Smilax 369
fcrox, Wall. . . .870
Gaudichaudiana, Klh. 370
glabra, Roxb.. . .369
hongkongentit. Seem. 371
hypoglauca, Benth. . 369
lanceicfolia, Roxb. . 370
macrophylla, Roxb. . 370
ovalifolia, Roxb. . . 370
prolifera, Roxb. . . 870
Solanaccte . . . .241
Solanum 241
bijtorum, Lour. . . 242
Ca/leryanum, Dun. . 242
Cumingii, Dun. . . 243
deceindentatnm.itoxj. 242
ferox, Linn. ... 243


482
INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
Avicennee, DC. . . 58
cuspidatum, Champ. 58
Lamarckianumfiham. 59
lentiacifolium, Champ. 58
nitidum, DC. ... 58
pteletefolium, Champ. 59
triphyllum, Wight . 69
Xyridaceiu .... 378
Xyris 379
Page
pauciflora, Willd. . 379
schcenoides, Mart. . 379
Youngia
debilii, DC. . . .194
japunica, DC. . .194
manritiana, DC. . . 194
Thunbergiana, DC. . 194
Zalacca 339
Zehneria
mysorensis,
Zeuxine
Page
Seem.
sulcata, Lindl.
Zornia ....
diphylla, Pen.
Zoysia ....
pungens, Willd.

JOHN EDWJLHD TAYLOR, l'BINTKB,
LITTLE QUKFN STRBKT, LIKCOLli'S IKK PlhLDS.


s
DB. H. F. HANCE's SUPPLEMENT TO
him clear of extreme opinions, the excellent plan adopted, of
indicating the geographical range of each species, interests him in
those problems of plant-distribution which are so intimately con-
nected with the great and contested questions of the origin, dis-
persion, and variation of living organisms.
During the ten years that have passed by since its appearance,
a number of species (representing rather more than 7 per cent.,
or one fourteenth of the actual number hitherto recorded) have
been added to the flora; and the writer believes that he is per-
forming a useful task in bringing these together in the form of a
supplement, indicating, so far as he is able, their geographical
distribution, noting at the same time such rectifications or
changes of nomenclature in previously known species as subse-
quent researches have rendered necessary or desirable, and adding
here and there critical or other observations of his own. In some
instances he has ventured to express dissent from Mr. Bentham's
views, assuredly not in any spirit of presumption, but because it
is not always possible to relinquish one's own opinions in defer-
ence to any authority however high. Had the distinguished
author himself had leisure to undertake this task, the writer
would never have ventured on it; but the enormous labour in-
volved in the preparation of the 'Genera Plantarum' and the
'Flora Australiensis' has for some years past entirely diverted
Mr. Bentham's attention from Chinese botany. More than
twenty years' constant study of the flora of the island and adja-
cent continent on the part of the writer may be held to confer
on him some qualification; and the circumstance that almost
every new plant detected in Southern China within the past ten
years has been described by himself, rendering the citation of his
own name frequently necessary, has given an unavoidably egotis-
tical appearance to the following pages. Besiding at a distance
from any large centre of civilization, and deprived of the opportu-
nity of consulting extensive libraries or obtaining the advice of
more experienced botanists, he has necessarily laboured under
many disadvantages; but he can conscientiously state that lie
has spared no pains to render the following enumeration as com-
plete and trustworthy as possible; and he desires particularly to
say that in no single instance has he quoted a botanical work on
the authority of others, every reference, whether to text or plates,
having been personally verified.
The species new to the flora of Hongkong enumerated in the


THE FLOttA HONOKONOENSIS.
9
following pages amount to 75, distributed under 59 genera, 24 of
which were hitherto unrepresented. These Bpecies belong to 30
natural orders, as shown hereunder:—
2 to Ranunculaces.
1 „
Anonaceae.
1 „
Brassicacese.
1 „
CapparidaceaB.
2 „
BixaceaB.
1 „
TiliaceaB.
2 „
Anacardiacea).
5 „
Lathyraceaj.
1 „
BosaceaB.
1 „
CucurbitaceaB.
1 „
OpuntiacesB.
1 „
Araliaceae.
1
PlumbaginaceaB.
1 „
Apocynacea).
5 „
Convolvulaceffl.
1 to Scrofulariacea).
1 „ BignoniaceaB.
2 „ Polygonaceae.
1 „ Euphorbiacea).
1 „ CorylaceaB.
1 „ Hydrocharidacea).
1 „ ZingiberaceaB.
5 „ Orchidaceaa.
1 „ Naiadaceaa.
1 „ LemnaceaB.
1 „ BeBtiaceaB.
6 „ Cyperacea).
12 „ Agrostidacese.
14 „ Polypodiaceaj.
1 „ Lycopodiacea?.
OpuntiacesB, Bignoniaceao, and Lemnaceas are the only three
orders now added to the flora. Convolvulaceaa are the family
which, iu proportion to extent, have received the greatest acces-
sion of species, 5 being added to the 13 recorded by Mr. Bentham;
whilst the 75 ferns have been augmented by 14. It is, however,
probable that the number of Polygouaceaa, here increased by 2
only, will be at least doubled. Something yet remains to be
done for the perfect exploration of the island, the indigenous ve-
getation of which is unfortunately suffering greatly from the
unchecked operations of woodcutters; and there is perhaps at
present not one resident who takes any interest in botany. There
is little doubt that with a few active and observant amateurs at
work the number of grasses and CyperaceaB (plants so generally
overlooked by collectors) would be somewhat added to, though
both Mr. Sampson and the writer have purposely paid much at-
tention to these. Amongst Palms, there are at least three per-
fectly distinct Calami, which require to be studied when in fruit.
On the whole, the additions now made do not affect the conclu-
sions arrived at by Mr. Bentham or alter the statistical relations
of the flora as stated by him. There is, however, good reason to
believe that the affinity of the South-Chinese and Japanese floras
is greater than he supposed. The writer has already stated else-


10
DE. H. F. HAITOB'S SUPPLEMENT TO
where* his conviction that the indigenous vegetation of Hong-
kong, which owed its immunity from destruction to the former
sparse population of the island, is identical with that once exist-
ing throughout the whole south of the empire, but of which, with
the exception of herbaceous plants, only scanty vestiges now re-
main, owing to the avidity with which every woody plant is sought
after and cut down for fuel. He hopes shortly to be able to give
a list, with their respective habitats, of all the plants not included
in the ' Flora Hongkongensis ' or the present supplement, which,
though not heretofore recorded as natives of China, have been
met with by Mr. Sampson or others on the mainland in the pro-
vince of Kwangtung, and which he has himself had occasion to
examine and verify. With the data thus furnished, and the
various contributions of the writer during the past nine years to
the Paris ' Annales des Sciences Naturelles ' and Dr. Seemann's
'Journal of Botany,' he believes it may be said that our know-
ledge of the South-Chinese flora and of its geographical relations
will be scarcely, if at all, less complete than that which we possess
of many parts of our East-Indian territories.
In the following pages those species actually added to the flora
are numbered consecutively; the remainder, including those
which, regarded as varieties by Mr. Bentham, are here assigned
specific rank (e. g. Scleria radula) are here marked with an
asterisk.
British Vioe-Consulote,
Whampoa, 22 June, 1871.
1. Ranunculus holophyllus,ZTnnce in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 4, xv. 220.
Scarce, in moist cultivated ground. Allied to S. sceleratus
Linn., and S. micranthus, Nutt.; agreeing with the former in its
elongated heads of fruit, with the latter in its pubescence and
slender pedicels. Not known from elsewhere.
2. Ranunculus sceleratus, Linn.; Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. 6. 9.
Though I do not happen to have a Hongkong specimen of this
by me at present, there is no doubt it is a native; and it is a com-
mon spring weed on the neighbouring continent in paddy-fields
and kitchen-gardens. Spread over the whole of Europe, most
parts of Temperate and some of Tropical Asia, Northern Africa,
and North America; but not occurring in either Australia or New
Zealand.
* Seem. Journ. Bot. viii. 274.


TIIE FLOBA UONGKOlfaENSIS.
11
♦Tetracera sarmentosa, mild. (=Dclima sarmentosa, Linn.; Ben/h.
Fl. Hongk. 7).
There is not a single character to separate Delima from Tetra-
cera, the Hongkong plant usually having several seeds, not one
only. (Cfr. Planch, and Triana in 'Ann. Sc. Nat. Par.' ser. 4,
xvii. 20. Hance in Seem. 'Journ. Bot.' vii. 115.)
♦Artabotrys hongkongensis, Hance in Seem. Journ. Bot. viii. 71. (=
A. Blumei, Hook. f. and Thorns. Fl. Ind. i. 128, part.; Benth. Fl.
Hongk. 10; but not A. odoratissima, Bl.)
Not hitherto found elsewhere.
3. Melodori ip.?
In the month of August 1861 I met in the woods at Hong-
kong with a small erect Anonaceous tree in fruit, about 15 feet
high, with penninerved oblong leaves, densely clothed with stel-
late tomentum beneath, and also stellately pubescent above when
young, but almost smooth at full maturity. The not ripe berries
were ovoid, about an inch long, densely muricated with flattened
tomentose cinnamon-coloured scales 3-4 lines long, dilated at
the base, and not very unlike the cup-scales of Quercus vallonea,
Kty.: one fruit which I dissected contained six oblong seeds.
Mr. Bentham (who received a specimen) suggested, with all re-
serve, that it might prove to be a Melodorum; but until the
flowers are discovered, its place in the order must remain quite
uncertain, though there is little doubt it is new. M. Baillon
(Monogr. des Anon. 211) makes Melodorum a section of Unona.
♦Cocculus Thunbergii, DC. Prod. i. 98.
Both C. ovalifolius, DC, and O. trilobus, DC, are reducible to
this: Drs. Hooker and Thomson had already combined the two
latter (Fl. Ind. i. 190), whilst Prof. Zuccarini (Fl. Jap. Fam.
Nat. i. 189) regarded 0. trilobus as a variety of C. Thunbergii. As
there is a considerable amount of variation in form of leaf, the
latter name is by far the most eligible.
♦Cocculus incanus, Colebr.; Benth. and Hook. f. Gen. Plant, i. 961.
(= Pericampylus incanus, Mitrs; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 13.)
4. Nasturtium benghalense, DC. Prod. i. 139; Hook. f. and Thorns,
in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 139.
A weed in cultivated fields and fallows, flowering and fruiting
at the close of the year. Widely diffused over India, and through-
out the Indo-Chinese territories.
*Caxdamine silvatica, Link; Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. ed. 3, i. 39.
B 2


12
DB, H. F. HANCE'S SUPPLEMENT TO
All the specimens from Hongkong and Southern China I have
examined belong to this, variously regarded as a species, or as a
subspecies of the old C. hirsuta, Linn., by modern writers. I should
judge them distinct; but I speak with the greatest diffidence, and
Mr. H. C. Watson (Compend. Cyb. Brit. 483) appears to think
differently.
5. Capparis sciaphila, Hance in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 5, v. 206.
In a shady wood at Hongkong; gathered by me in August
1861. Found, as I learn from Mr. Bentham, in South China by
Millett, but not known from elsewhere.
f>. Scolopia acuminata, Clos in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 4, viii.
251. ( = Phoberos Nevus, Hance in Walp. Ann. Bot. Syst. iii. 825.)
This species, which occurs also in Ceylon, and probably in the
Indian peninsula, is confounded in- the ' Flora Hongkongensis'
with S. chinensis, Clos, from which, however, it is most unques-
tionably quite distinct, as I believe Mr. Bentham now fully
acknowledges. Cfr. my 'Note sur deux especes du genre Sco-
lopia' (Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 4, xviii. 214). Though scevus is
the oldest specific name (and my own), I do not take it up,
because I think it a duty to protest against Art. 57 of the 'Lois
de la nomenclature botanique' adopted by the Paris International
Botanical Congress of 1867, as unreasonable, arbitrary, and pro-
ductive of a wholly uncalled-for addition to the already over-
whelming synonymy of the science.
7. Xylosma senticosum, Hance in Seem. Journ. Bot. vi. 328.
Once only gathered by me, in August 1861, by the side of the
road leading up to Victoria Peak; and not hitherto found else-
where.
*Waltheria indica, Linn ; W. and Arn. Prod. Fl. Penins. i. 67. ( =
W. americana, Linn.; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 38.)
The word India being applied in Linnams's time not only to the
Caribbean islands, but to the continent of South America, the
name I adopt is preferable for so widely diffused a plant; neither
has priority.
8. Grewia.
About seventeen years ago I found, in the neighbourhood of
Tai tarn tuk, a small white-flowered species of this genus, very
different from any known to me. Unfortunately it was mislaid
after collection, and I never had any opportunity to examine it
and determine its affinities.
"Triumfetta rhomboidea, Jacq.; Masters in Oliv. Fi. Trop. Afr. i.
257- (=Tangulata, Benth.Fl. Hongk. 41, but not of Lam.)


THE FLOEA IIONOK.ONGEN81S.
13
According to Dr. Masters, Lamarck's plant is the same as
T. semitriloba, L.
*Acronychia Cyminosma, Ferd. Mull. Fragm. Phytogr. Austr. I 27,
not. (=Cyminosma pedunculate, DC; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 60.)
*Vitis flexuosa, Thunb.; Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. i. 92. ( = V.
parvifolia, Roxb., Benth. Fl. Hongk. 53.)
Thunberg's name has many years' priority, and must be
adopted.
*Cardiospermum microcarpum, H., B., K.; DC. Prod. i. 601;
Baker in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 418. (=C. halicacabum, Benth. Fl.
Hongk. 46, but not of Linn.)
This seems constant in the characters derived from the size
and form of the capsule, and is apparently a good species. Mr.
Baker refers to it the O. halicacabum of Harvey and Sonder's
'Flora Capensisbut a Natal specimen in my herbarium, from
Mr. MacOwan, belongs to the Linnrean species.
9. Rhus semialata, Murr.; DC. Prod. ii. 67-
On hill-sides, but not common. Flowers about October. A
native of Japan, Formosa, and Eastern China, and recorded also
from the Indian archipelago; but probably not really wild there.
Though typical specimens of each look very different indeed, I am
not satisfied of the distinctness of JR. hypoleuca, Champ. The entire
leaves, very hoary beneath, and dense ample panicles of the latter
are the main points of distinction; but I have met with speci-
mens which I felt had about equal claims to be referred to either
species.
10. Spondias mangifera, Pers.; W. and Am. Prod. Fl. Penins. i. 173;
Wight, lllustr. i. t. 76. (=Evia amara, Comm.; Blume, Mus. Bot.
Lugd.-Bat. i. 234, t. 41.)
In the thick woods at Hongkong; first gathered by me in
fruit in November 1862, and again by Mr. Sampson in Novem-
ber 1868. Found also in the Indian peninsula, Ceylon, and the
islands of the Malay archipelago.
11. Millettia reticulata, Benth. in Plant. Jungh. i. 249.
In the rocky bed of the stream near Tai tarn tuk: gathered by
the late Dr. Harland and myself, in June 1859. Found on the
adjacent mainland by Millett, in the neighbourhood of Amoy by
Fortune and myself, and in the island of Formosa by Swinhoe
and Oldham, but not known from elsewhere.


DB. H. V. HANCE18 SUPPLEMENT TO
12. Smithia salsuginea, Hance in Seem. Journ. Bot. vii. 164.
In a brackish swamp near the sea, on the peninsula of Kau-
lung, opposite Hongkong: discovered by Mr. Sampson in October
1868. Not known from elsewhere.
13. Smithia conferta, Sm.; Benth. Fl. Austr. ii. 223.
With the foregoing species. Occurs throughout the whole of
continental India, in Ceylon, Java, the Moluccas, and Eastern
tropical Australia.
14. Geissaspis cristata, W. and Arn. Prod. Fl. Penins. i. 218.
"With the two preceding. Hitherto found only in Malabar.
*Pueraria Thunbergiana, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 122. (=Neu-
stanthus chincnsis, Benth. Fl. Hongh. 86.)
Found also in Japan.
*Pueraria phaseoloides, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 125. ( = Neu-
stanthus phaseoloides, Benth. Fl. Hongh. 86.)
15. Adenanthera pavonina, Linn.; W. and Arn. Prod. Fl. Penins. i.
271; Wight, Illustr. i. t. 80.
Not very uncommon in the Happy Valley and Hongkong
woods, flowering in July. It also occurs on the adjacent conti-
nent, throughout the whole of tropical India, in Ceylon, and all
the Malayan islands, and has become naturalized in the West
Indies, where it wqb introduced.
•Albizzia Milletti, Benth.
In the 'Genera Plantarum' (i. 596) " stipules setacess v. ob-
solete, y. rarius majores membranace»" are assigned to this
genus; and in the ' Flora Hongkongensis' they are described as
small and deciduous in the present species. My specimens,
however, both from Hongkong and the neighbourhood of Canton,
have stout stipular prickles.
16. Fygeum phaeostictum, Hance in Seem. Journ. Bot. viii. 72.
Gathered in Hongkong by Mr. J. C. Bowring, but without any
special record of locality. Occurs also in the neighbourhood of
Canton, but is not at present known from elsewhere.
*Rosa microcarpa, Lindl.; DC. Prod. ii. 601?
Though my specimen is only in fruit, I believe the Rose re-
ferred in the 'Flora Hongkongensis' to B. multiflora, Thunb.,
is this species. I have seen no rose at all like B. multiflora from
this neighbourhood.


1C
DB. H. F. HANCE's SUPPLEMENT TO
blossoms disposed in small axillary 3-6-flowered clusters, the
adoption of Mr. Bentham's specific name would involve an ab-
surd contradiction of fact. I therefore propose to call the species
after its discoverer, the late Mr. E. B. Hinds, surgeon of H.M.S.
'Sulphur,' the first collector of plants in the island. The cha-
racter assigned by Dr. Hooker in the 'Genera Plantarum1 to
the inflorescence of this genus requires amendment, in order to
include the present species.
♦Zehneria umbellata, Thw. Enum. PL Zeyl. 125; Benth. and Hook.f.
Gen.Plant.i. 830. ( = Kariviaumbellata, Arn., Benth. Fl. Hongk. 124.)
17. Melothria indica, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. ed. Willd. i. 43; Naud. in
Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 4, xvi. 169, t. 2. (=J2chmandra indica,
Arn.; M. J. Roem. Syn. Peponif. 32.)
On hill-sides, scrambling amongst grass, and in waste places,
climbing over thickets. Found also on the Indian continent,
in Ceylon, Cochinchina, the Chinese mainland, and the Moluccas.
♦Rhynchocarpa odorata, Hook.f. in Benth. and Hook. f. Gen. Plant.
i. 831. ( = JEchmandra odorata, Hook. f. and Thorns.; Benth. Fl.
Hongk. 124.)
18. Opuntia Dillenii, Haw.; W. and Ann. Prod. Fl. Penins. i. 363;
Pfeiff. Enum. Cact. 162; Wight, Illustr. ii. t. 114.
In thickets, among rocks by the Bea, at Sheko; flowering in
December. Found by the late Dr. Harland and myself. Spread
over many parts of Southern Asia; but no doubt a native ori-
ginally of tropical America.
19. Acanthopanax aculeata f, Seem. Journ. Bot. v. 238; Benth. and
Hook.f. Gen. Plant, i. 939.
t Miquel and Seemann make Panax neuter; Mr. Bent ham made it feminine
in the 'Flora Hongkongensis,' but in the 'Genera' and the 'Flora Austra-
KensiB' masculine; and Dr. F. v. Mueller observes (Fragm. Phytogr. Auatr. iv.
122), " Panaris genus apud Plinium est generis masculini." It would perhaps
be difficult to prove this. Panacea is certainly neuter in Pliny. "Panacea ....
diis inventoribus adscriptum " (Hist. Nat. xxv. 11); and, unless I am mistaken,
Panax nowhere occurs in Pliny in such a connexion as to show its gender. He
in ono place (xxvi. 58) has the words "panace poto;" but the first may just as
well be the ablative of panacea as of panax, and it is impossible to tell whether
the adjective be masculine or neuter. On the other hand, both the names of
plants, and substantives of the third declension ending in ax are, as a rule, fe-
minine. Forcellini, however, makes the word masculine; but Liddell and
Scott mark iravaZ as doubtfully so.
[Panax is feminine in Pliny: "Aliqui et hano panacem hcracleon, alii side-
ritiin et spud nos millefolium vocant, cubitali scapo, ramosam, minuticribus
quam fceniculi foliis vestitam ab imo."—Hitt. Nat. xxv. cap. v. b. 19. Vol. iv. p.
117, Sillig's edition.—Sec. L. S.]


THE FLORA UONGKONOENSI9.
19
distinguished (Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 5, v. 219):—" a. collina;
branching; stem downy; leaves small, rigid, roughly hairy and
downy; flowering branches several; ligules scarcely longer than
than the disk. Asteromaea indica, Blume; DC. Prod. v. 303.
On hill-sides, grassy hillocks, graves, Ac. (3. rivularis; simpler;
Btem smoothish; leaves larger, flaccid, downy or nearly smooth;
flowering branches few; ligules frequently one and a half times as
long as the diameter of the disk; scales of the pappus less deve-
loped than in the last variety. Hisutsua cantoniensis, DO, Prod,
vi. 44. On the banks of rivers and streams, along canals, in
ditches, invariably growing in mud." I have always found the
pappus-scales laciniate in this plant.
♦Aster striatus, Champ.
According to Miquel (Ann. Mus. Bot. Ludg.-Bat. iii. 197),
the Japanese Calimeris ciliata, A. Or., mentioned by Bentham
as a spurious Calimeris is identical with this. If so, it is cer-
tainly no Calimeris as that group (which I concur with Mr.
Bentham in regarding as identical with Boltonia f) was defined
by Cassini, and by Torrey and Gray in the 'Flora of North
America,' but a true Aster, belonging to the section named Aste-
romeris by Turczaninow, and Orthomeris by Torrey and Gray.
The allied genus, BZeteropappus, Less., intermediate between Bol-
tonia and Aster, reduced to Calimeris by Asa Gray, but which is
quite as well characterized as the majority of Astereous genera,
is represented on the adjacent mainland by JET. Sampsoni, Hance,
which may possibly occur in Hongkong.
•Aster trinervius, Roxb.
In the living plant the pappus is either pure white or dull
grey; but in the herbarium it turns of a salmon-colour, like that
of Pyrrliopappus or Gerbera.
♦Conyza japonica, Less.; DC. Prod. v. 382. (=C. veronicifolia, Wall.;
Benth. Fl. Hongk. 176.)
*Blumea.
I am distinctly of opinion that there are more than six species
of this genus in Hongkong; and, as I have before observed
(Seem. Journ. Bot. vi. 174), many forms seem to hold to their
characters of aspect, stature, shape of leaves, and odour (which
t C. integrifolia, Turcz., implicitly excluded by Mr. ilenthnm, indubitably
belongs here.


THE FLOBA HONGKONGENSIS.
21
Zuccarini expressly says of his plant (PI. Jap. Fam. Nat. ii.
194), "Exemplare aus der Gegend von Ochozk t und aus dem
ostlichen Sibirien waren mit den japanischen vollkommen iiber-
einstimmend." Moreover I have received from M. Maximo-
wicz, under the name of Yowngia pggmcea, Zucc., a plant gathered
in fallow ricefields at Nagasaki (and not enumerated in Miquel's
'Prolusio PloraB Japonicaawhich I refer, without the slightest
hesitation, to Youngia pygnuea, I. lyrata, of Ledebour's 'Plora
Rossica.' It has 10-striate linear-lanceolate achenes, completely
erostrate, and scarcely even narrowed at the apex, which is
crowned by a thickened disk; the dried flowers are of a pale and
dirty purplish hue. This is no doubt identical with Orepia nana,
Richards.; but, as remarked by Torrey and Gray (PI. N. Amer. ii.
488), it has nothing to do with Barkhautia, to which it was referred
by DeCandolle and Turczaninow. Lveris stolonifera, A. Gr.,
has an exceedingly long, delicate, thread-like beak to the fruit.
♦Scasvola Koenigii, Vahl; Benth. Fl. Austr. iv. 86. ( = S. Lobelia, De
Vr.; Benth. Fl Hongk. 198.)
Mr. Bentham has shown that Linmeus never called this species
8. Lobelia; the name now adopted is the oldest.
* Lobelia.
I believe L. trigona, Eoxb., and L. affinis, Wall., to be distinct
species; and they are so regarded by Drs. Hooker and Thomson,
in the 'Praacursores ad Ploram Indicam' (Journ. Linn. Soc. ii.
27). The former is, as described by Roxburgh, an erect branch-
ing plant, sometimes slightly creeping at the base, and with
broad, ovate, subsessile or sessile leaves, and glabrous pedicels
and calyx-tube; it grows always, I believe, in moist grassy places,
and is not, that I am aware, a native of Hongkong or Southern
China. L. affinis has a quite different habit; it shows no dis-
position whatever to grow upright, but creeps extensively, throw-
ing out rootlets at intervals ; the leaves are conspicuously stalked,
usually larger and wider than those of the last, somewhat deltoid
in outline, and more or less pubescent; the pedicels and calyx-
tube are pilose, the latter in fruit somewhat less distinctly ribbed.
This I have found always in sheltered places, often growing on
Bteep sides of ravines, or in small glens. The two species are, as
stated by Drs. Hooker and Thomson, often confounded; and my
t I do not find tho species recorded in Trautvetter and Meyer's 'Florida
Ocbotengis,' nor yet in Begel and Tiling's ' Florula Ajanensis.'


THE FLOBA HONGKONGENSIS.
23
•Statice.
S. bicolor, Bunge, to which Mr. Bentham suspected S. sinensis
to be referable, seems to me to differ in many respects. A plant
also from Loochoo, gathered by Mr. Charles Wright, is, I think,
a distinct species, intermediate between S. sinensis, Gir., and S.
japonica f, 8. & Z., which I have described (Ann. Sc. Nat. Par.
ser. 5, v. 236) under the name of 8. Wrightii.
20. Plumbago zeylanica, Linn.; Boiss. in DC. Prod. xii. 692.
Not uncommon, in waste places and hedges, on the south side
of the island, and abundant in the neighbourhood of Stanley.
A common weed in many places on the mainland, extending
throughout the tropical regions of Asia and Africa, the Cape-
Verdes, Northern and Eastern Australia, and several of the Po-
lynesian islands.
*Maesa Doraena, Blume, 0. coriacea, Hance in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par, ser.
5, v. 225. (= Ma;sa coriacea, Champ.; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 204.)
Not in any way distinguishable as a species from the Japanese
type, which is found in Fokien province.
♦Ardisia punctata, Lindl.,
though not differing from A. crispa, A. DC, as stated in the
'Flora Hongkongensis,' by obtuse calyx-lobes (for they are often
quite acute), is very different in habit and especially in inflores-
cence. I believe the Hongkong plant named A. crispa to belong
to A. DeCandolle's variety /3. elegant; and I do not think A.
divergens, Roxb., is specifically different. CJr. 'Ann. Sc. Nat.
Par.' ser. 5, v. 226.
*Symplocos microcarpa, Champ.
I have little doubt that this, of which I have only seen a single
specimen, is referable to S. lancifolia, S. & Z. Beyond leaves
neither the Azaleas of modern writers, Bhodora, nor Osmothamnus, can be
maintained as genera,'but he still retains the namo of Loiseleuria for the Euro-
pean plant. The identification of Azalea aquamata with Rhododendron Farrerir,
which I have taken from this memoir, I had myself arrived at, from the cha-
racters given in the 'Frodromus,' as far back as 1845, and written on my own
herbarium ticket; but I subsequently supposed it impossible that Prof. Lindley,
who was so intimately connected with horticulture, could have described as
new a species which he must have seen in cultivation years before, and which
had been figured by Sweet.
t This, Mr. Bentham (Fl. Austr. iv. 2C7) reduces to 8. australis, Spr., and
he does not think S. sinensis will prove distinct.


THE FLOBA HONGKONOENSIS.
25
23. Ipomoea tuberculata, Room, and Schult.; Choisy in DC. Prod,
ix. 386.
Now spread more or less over the island, flowering during the
whole year. Scattered throughout all the warmer regions of the
globe. Seeds with a close cinereous pubescence, and besides with
long brownish-white wool, forming a beard along the two lateral
angles. I am very doubtful whether this is really indigenous ; for I
know of no plant which grows so rapidly and spreads over such
an enormous space. When once it has obtained a footing in a
garden it is almost impossible to eradicate it; and its embraces
are fatal to many trees and shrubs. The old stems are wonder-
fully tenacious, and would make admirable ropes for packing
cotton and other merchandise. Mr. Bentham (PI. Austr. iv. 415)
refers this to I. pahnata, Forsk.; but I do not adopt the name, be-
cause there is a good deal of obscurity about this and allied spe-
cies. Moreover Mr. Bentham includes under this name I. puU
chella, Both, which, to judge from Kotschy's Kordofan specimens
(Iter Nub. n. 177), is surely, as remarked by Grisebach (PL Br.
W. Ind. 470), quite distinct.
24. Ipomoea obscura, Ker; Choisy in DC. Prod. ix. 370.
On grassy hill-sides near the sea in the neighbourhood of
Aberdeen; first gathered by me in May 1858. Occurs through-
out Tropical Asia, continental and insular, in Abyssinia, and in
Queensland.
•Ipomoea angustifolia, Jacq. i Benth. in Fl. Austr. iv. 425. ( = 1. fili-
caulis, Blume; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 238.)
Dr. Thwaites (Enum. PI. Zeyl. 211) refers this to I. tridentata,
Roth.
25. Ipomoea sirmata, Ortega; Choisy in DC. Prod. ix. 362.
Amongst grass and in hedges. Extends from the Southern
United States, throughout the whole of Tropical South America,
and the "West-India Islands—and is also found in various parts
of the Old World, though perhaps not really wild there.
26. Ipomoea involucrata, Beauv.; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 609. (= I.
leata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 504.)
On the grassy hill-side about halfway up to Victoria Peak;
fouud only once, by Mr. C. Alabaster in October 1856. Common
on the west coast of Africa, and occurs also in Madagascar, Java,
aud India; but Eoxburgh says it was introduced into Calcutta
from China.


2G
DB. n. f. hance's supplement to
•Solanum biflorum, Lour.; Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd-Bat. iii. 118.
(=S. decemdcntatum, Roxb.; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 242.)
Though Loureiro's name is not a very good one, the rules of
botanical nomenclature imperatively require its retention f.
•Solanum Wrightii, Benth.
This very fine species, which forms an erect tree about 15 feet
high, is certainly not a native of Hongkong. I remember being
told many years ago that it was introduced from New Zealand
under the name of " Potato tree." If so, it must have been from
some garden, as no such species is known from the Pacific isles.
It is curious that the native country of one of the handsomest
species of the genus should be quite unknown.
•Adenosma grandiflora, Benth. msc. ( = Pterostigma grandiflorum,
Benth. Fl. Hongk. 247.)
•Adenosma capitata, Benth. msc. (= Pterostigma capitatum, Benth.
Fl. Hongk. 248.)
Mr. Bentham has shown (Fl. Austr. iv. 486) that B,. Brown's
genus Adenosma is the same as Pterostigma, and that it was owing
to an error of A. Cunningham's that he had supposed it to bo
reducible to Stemodia. Nees von Esenbeck's homonymous acan-
thaceous genus will have to be called by Hamilton's name of
Cardanthera, or, as it would more properly be written, Cardianthera.
'Herpestis Monnieria, H., B., K.
The flowers of this are always described as pale blue, verging
on white. As the plant occurs here, the corolla-tube is always
yellow within and marked with a deep rose-coloured incomplete
ring at the throat, and the limb is quite white. I have never
seen the slightest tinge of blue in any living specimen.
•Vandellia Crustacea, Benth.,
has the calyx (I write this with the living plant under my
eyes) quite as much folded and angular as in any genuine Torenia.
Either it and V. oblonga, Benth., must therefore be transferred to
Torenia, or the two genera, as suggested by me five years ago
(Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. scr. 5, v. 232), must be combined. As T.
parviflora, Ham., and others are in habit and size of flowers quite
like Vandelliee, and there is no character at all but the plication
t "Ut Mcdorum et Persarum, ita Botanicorum leges stabiles firma?que ser-
vanda:; hoc tantum modo inextricabilis fugionda oonfusio.''—P. B. Webb,
Spirit. Gorgon 153.


THE FLORA HOHGKONGETTSIS.
27
and generally rather more distinct obliquity of the calyx in the
former to distinguish the two, I do not think they can be kept
separate, not being, in fact, natural genera.
*Centranthera hispida, R. Br.
In every fresh specimen I have examined from Hongkong, the
neighbourhood of Canton, or Amoy, in all which localities I have
myself gathered it, I have found the corolla of a dull ochreoua
yellow with reddish-brown blotches inside.
27. Siphonostegja chinensis, Benth. in DC. Prod. \. 638; Hook, and
Am. Bot. Beech, t. 44.
Found by the late Dr. Harland and myself in July 1856, grow-
ing abundantly on moist grassy slopes by the sea near "West
Point; but I am not aware that it has been collected by others,
and I have not myself met with it since in the island. Extends
into Northern China, the Amur territory, and Japan.
•TJtricularia exoleta, R. Br.; Benth. Ft. Austr. iv. 526. (= U.
diantha, Roem. and Schult.; Benth. Fl. Jlongk. 256.)
28. Calosanthes indica, Blume; DC. Prod. ix. 177-
In ravines on the northern side of the island, above Head-
Quarter House. Occurs in India, chiefly near the coast,, the
Malayan islands, and Cochinchina. I have no specimens of this
in my herbarium; but have seen fresh flowering ones and copious
fruits gathered by Captain Maclean, formerly Military Secretary
in Hongkong.
•Barleria cristate, linn.
The late Dr. Thomas Anderson, in his " Enumeration of Indian
Acanthaceffi" (Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 491), gives Hongkong and
Canton as localities, with the remark "certissime ex hortis!"
There is no reason offered for this very decided opinion; and the
plant is not by any means common in Hongkong, occurring, for
the most part, on the south side of the island: but I see no ground
for doubting its being a genuine native. As to "Whampoa and
Canton, I can speak with greater confidence. It there occurs,
in Danes' Island and in the low undulating hills to the north of
the city, mingled with Symplocos sinica, Ait., Bambusa flexuosa,
Munro, Scolopia chinensis, Clos, Sageretia tlieezans, Brongn., Rosa
Brunonis, Lindl., Bercliemia Kneata, DC, and other ordinary
plants, and has indubitably an equally good claim to be regarded
as indigenous. I may add that I have never, during my long re-
sidence in China, seen the plant cultivated in a Chinese garden.
c2


32
DB. H. F. HANOE'S SUPPLEMENT TO
views as to their position and limits. I do not presume to offer
any opinion on the merits of this arrangement; but the extent of
the changes effected is in itself a sufficient proof of the great
care with which the recension has been conducted. It is a matter
of regret that the ordinary rules for indicating the authorities
for generic and specific names have been so extensively departed
from as to have called forth reasonable protests from many
botanists. I subjoin the nomenclature adopted by Herr Miiller
for the Hongkong plants, when it differs from that of Mr.
Bentham.
♦Daphniphyllum glaucescens, Blum?; J. Mull, in DC. Prod. xvi. 3.
(=D. Roxburghii, Baill.; Benth: Fl. Hongk. 316.)
This genus is regarded by J. Miiller as the type of a distinct,
order.
*Agyneia bacciformis, A. Juss.; J. Mull, in DC. Prod. xv. 238. (= Phyl-
lauthus bacciformis, Linn.; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 310.)
*Antidesma Ohaesembilla, Gaertn.; J. Mill, in DC. Prod. xv. 251.
( = A. paniculatum, Roxb.; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 318.)
*Phyllanthus t . Euglochidion) Arnottianus, J. Mull, in DC. Prod.
xv. 279. (= Glochidion molle, Hook, and Arn.; Benth. Fl. Hongk.
314.)
♦Phyllanthus (Euglochidion) hongkongensis, J. Mull, in DC. Prod.
xv. 282. ( = Glochidion litorale, Benth. Fl. Hongk. 31-1, but not of
Blume, according to J. Miiller.)
♦Phyllanthus (Euglochidion) Benthamianus, J. Mill, in DC. Prodr.
xv. 282. (=Glochidion macrophyllum, Benth. Fl. Hongk. 315.)
♦Phyllanthus (Hemiglochidion) philippinensis, J. Mill, in DC.
Prod. xv. 295. (=Glochidion philippinensis, Benth. Fl. Hongk. 314.)
♦Phyllanthus (Hemiglochidion) Wrightii, J. Mull, in DC. Prod.
xv. 298. ( = Glochidion Wrightii, Benth. Fl. Hongk. 213.)
♦Phyllanthus (Hemiglochidion) eriocarpus, J. Mull, in DC. Prod.
xv. 306. ( = Glochidion eriocarpum, Champ.; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 314.)
♦Phyllanthus (Hemiglochidion) puberus, S. sinicus, J. Mull, in
DC. Prod. xv. 30/. ( = Glochidion sinicum, Hook, and Arn.; Benth.
Fl Hongk. 314.)
t I have enumerated all the Hongkong species of this largo genus, as limited
by J. Miiller, e?cn whore there is no change of name, for the purpose of show-
ing the section in which he places each.


THE FLORA HONOKONGENSIS.
33
•Phyllanthus (Kirganelia) microcarpus, J. Mull, in DC. Prod. xv.
343/ (=Cicca microcarpa, Benth. Fl. Hongk. 312.)
•Phyllanthus (Cathetus) fasciculatus, J. Mull, in DC. Prod. xv.
350. (= Phyllanthus cinerascens, Hook, and Am.; Benth. Fl. Hongk.
311.)
J. Miiller, acting on the objectionable Rule 57 of the Paris
Congress International, has rebaptized this, because it is Lou-
reiro's Cathetus fasciculaiaf. According to my ideas of pre-
cedence in nomenclature, it should have retained SprengePs
name of Phyllanthus cochinchinensis, which is its oldest specific
one in the genus; but, as Miiller describes Loureiro's Tricaryum
cochinchmense as P. cochinchinensis, to insist on this would
involve the creation of another new name, which is a greater evil
than the acquiescence in a false canon of nomenclature.
•Phyllanthus (Emblica) Emblica, Linn.; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 312;
J. Mull, in DC. Prod. xv. 352.
•Phyllanthus (Paraphyllanthus) maderaspatensis, Linn.; Benth.
Fl. Hongk. 311; J. Mull, in DC. Prod. xv. 362.
•Phyllanthus (Paraphyllanthus) urinaria, Linn.; Benth. Fl. Hongk.
310; J. Mull, in DC. Prod. xv. 364.
•Phyllanthus (Euphyllanthus) simplex, Retz.; J. Mull, in DC.
Prod. xv. 391. ( = P. anceps, Vahl; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 311.)
•Phyllanthus (Euphyllanthus) Niruri, Linn.; Benth. FL Hongk.
311; J. Mull, in DC. Prod. xv. 406.
•Phyllanthus (Eriococcus) leptoclados, Benth.; J. Mull, in DC.
Prod. xv. 422.
♦Melanthesopsis fruticosa. J. Mull, in DC. Prod. xv. 437. (=Melan-
thesa ehinensis, Blume; Benth. Ft. Hongk. 313.)
*Aporosa microcalyx, Hussk.; J. Mull, in DC. Prod. xv. 471. (=A.
fruticosa, Benth. Fl. Hongk. 117.)
A. leptostachia, Benth., Moller regards as a mere form of this;
but Blume's A. fruticosa, of which he had examined authentic
specimens, is, he states, a quite distinct species.
•Croton crassifolius, Geisel. Monogr. Croton. 19, fide J. Mull, in DC.
Prod. xv. 588. ( = C. chinense, Benth. Fl. Hongk. 309—C. tomen-
tosus, J. Mull. I. c.)
t "Priora resuscitare pritcipue incptum est, si primus obsuleti nominis vendi-
tor sub alicno et sscpe falso nomine generico proposuerit; qui sub novo goncrico
nomine extinctum illud, sight sua modo adponendi gratia, restituunt, tempori
male patrissant."—Fries, Praf. in Mautdss. Nov. PI. Suec.


30
DB. n. F. uance's supplement to
following Plee, regard Buxus as the type of a distinct natural
order t.
'Engelhardtia chrysolepis, Hance in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 4, xv.
227. ( = E. Wallichiana, Lindl., /3. chrysolepis, Cas. DC. in DC.
Prod. xvi. ii. 142.—Engelhardtia: sp., Benth. Fl. Hongk. 318.)
In the Happy-Valley woods, but not common. Not known
out of the island. The number of stigmas and the golden scales
of the fruit and inner perigone seem to indicate this as distinct
from the Singapore H. Wallichiana, Lindl.
*Myrica Nagi, Thunb.; Cas. DC. in DC. Prod. xvi. 2. 151. (=M.
rubra, Sieb. and Zucc.; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 322.)
32. Quercus Irwinii, Hance in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 4, xviii. 229;
A. DC. Prod. xvi. ii. 84.
In the Happy-Valley woods, very rare. Not known out of
the island. Found by the Bev. J. J. Irwin, D.D., and myself,
in fruit, in November 1862.
♦Quercus Hancei, Benth.; Hance in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 4, xviii.
230; A. DC. Prod. xvi. 2. 96.
Cup corky, hemispherical, about 2 lines long, silky inside, and
with greyish scale-like pubescence outside, with concentric rings
repand and shortly toothed at the edge, so that at first sight
they look like distinct scales. Nut much exserted, ovoid, 7 lines
long, pale brown, with a protuberant umbo. Leaves not reticu-
late when fresh, but only after drying.
•Castanopsis concinna, A. DC. in DC. Prod. xvi. 2. 110. ( = Castanea
conch)mi, Champ.; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 319.)
In an important memoir by Prof. (Ersted, of Copenhagen,
'Apercu sur la classification des Chenes,' published in 1869 as
an accompaniment to a posthumous work of Prof. Liebmaun's,
illustrated with fine plates, on tropical American oaks, he di-
vides Cupulifene into two suborders, Quercinae and Castauinae,
placing in the first, distinguished by having pendulous male
amenta and the stigmas occupying the whole inner face of the
t I avail myself of this opportunity to note the structure of the 3 flowers
(I have seen no $ ones) of my B. stentrphylla, which J. Miiller says I have not
distinguished by specific characters; this is owing to my not having known
where to look for these, until the appearance of his excellent roviow of the
genus:—Filamentis calyco dimidio v. vix duplo longioribus complanatis, ovarii
rudimento calycis segmentis obtusis paulo broviore complanato apioe parum
dilaluto subbilobo.


THE FLOHA TIONGKOTfOEXSIS.
37
Btyle, tho genera Fagus, Quercus, and Cyclolalanopsis—in the
second, to which he attributes erect male amenta, and styles
Btigmatic only at the apex, Gastanea, Castanopsis, Pasania, and
Cychbalanus, the limits of these genera being somewhat mo-
dified from the sections of former writers, on which they are
partly founded. I had myself suggested the combination of both
Castanea and Castanopsis with Quercus (Journ. Linn. Soc. x.
201), there not seeming to be any greater diversity of types
within the genus, as thus limited, than in Ficus, which most bo-
tanists concur in preserving intact; but M. (Ersted has un-
doubtedly shown cause for a respectful consideration of his
views.
M. Casimir de Candolle, who has revised the Piperaceas for
the Prodromus, has reduced nearly all Miquel's genera to Piper,
and mentions the following species, all belonging to his section
Eupiper, as occurring in Hongkong. I cannot certainly identify
them with those described by Mr. Bentham, except the laBt; and
he appears to record the second and third, which are differently
named in the 'Flora Hongkongensis,' only on Dr. Seemann's
authority in the ' Botany of the Herald.'
Piper hongkongensis, Cas. DC. in DC. Prod. xvi. 1. 347.
Piper Betle, Linn.; Cas. DC. in DC. Prod. xvi. 1. 359.
Piper arcuatum, Illume; Cas. DC. in DC. Prod, xvi. 1. 360.
Piper sinensc, Cas. DC. in DC. Prod. xvi. 1. 361. (=Chavica sinensis,
Champ.; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 335.)
♦Pinus sinensis, Lamb.
Prof. Parlatore, in his recension of the Pinacem for De Can-
dolle's Prodromus (xvi. 2. 389), states that the North Chinese
and Japanese tree usually considered to be Pinus Massoniana,
Lamb., is a distinct specie's, for which he proposes the name of P.
Tliunbergii; and that Lambert's true species is identical with his
P. sinensis, to which ho therefore restores the other name. But,
supposing him to be correct in this decision, the suggested change
is surely not only unnecessary, but objectionable—because, as there
is no doubt that the tree so universal in Southern China is Lam-
bert's P. sinensis, to substitute for this name another which,
whether rightly or wrongly, has invariably been attributed to a
different species, can only be productive of ambiguity and confu-
sion, and has no argument whatever to recommend it.
33. Nechamandra Roxburgh!, Planch, in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 3, xi.
78; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 235.


THE FLOTIA HONGKONGEN8IB.
39
tioned in Mr. Hanbury's valuable paper on Cardamoms, I have
purposely given a very full diagnosis.
♦Microstylis congesta, Rchb.fil. in Walp. Ann. Bot. Syst.vi. 206. ( =
Dienia congesta, Lindl.; Benth. Fl. Ilongk. 352.) "Hue revocandae
sunt omnes Dienia, Lindl., ob solum directionis columnar, characterem
haud sufficientem, olim separata;. Quam bene congruunt hrec genera
ex eo patebit, quod ill. Lindley exacte eandem plantam Microstyli-
dem monophyllam et sub Microstylide et 'sub Dienia (D. Gmelini)
descripsit."—Rchb. fil. I. o.
35. Thelasis? pygmaea, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 63. (= Eupro-
boscis pygmaea, Griff.; Wight, Ic. t. 1732.)
Three or four specimens only, gathered by me at Aberdeen in
August 1857, but found by no one since, and only known besides
from Malabar, the Khasia mountains, and Nipal. Prof. Lindley
did not feel sure whether this was referable either to the Indian
species or to the Philippine T. triptera, Rchb. fil. But in one
specimen I find a fruit or two already split along the sutures ; and
there is no trace of wings to the ovary, as described by Prof. H.
Gr. Reichenbach (Walp. Ann. Bot. Syst. vi. 923) in T. triptera.
36. Sarcanthus teretifolius, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 234.
On rocks below Victoria Peak; gathered by me in October
1853. Not found by any other collector, and not known out of
Southern China. This is undoubtedly Lindley's plant, readily
known by the long blunt helmet-shaped spur of its lip, with the
apex produced into a sharp fleshy process, and by its thickly
bearded column. But I strongly suspect it is also the one taken
by Lindley (Luisia in Fol. Orchid, p. 1) for Luisia teres, Blume—
Colonel Champion having found his specimen, which was flower-
less, in apparently the same locality. Different as the two are in
floral structure, sterile specimens are very much alike indeed. Of
Luisia teres I have seen no Chinese example; but I possess a
Japanese one from M. Maximowicz labelled as from mossy rocks
on dry mountains around Nagasaki, where it is very rare. Thun-
berg's plate of this (Icon. PI. Jap. dec. i. t. 7), which Blume
(Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. i. 64) styles " mediocris," is really value-
less, as it shows no flower at all.
37. Appendicula.
I have two species of this genus from Hongkong. One, gathered
by Mr. J. C. Bowring in March 1859, and given me by him as
Colonel Champion's plant described as A. bifaria by Dr. Lindley,


10
dh. n. f. iianoe's supplement to
has no aerial roots, subcoriaceo-mcmbranaceous leaves about 1
inch long and 3| lines broad and only slightly retuse at the apex,
and a very thin and Bhort, lateral, not terminal, few-flowered
raceme, with erect bracts. The flowers have all fallen. The
other, which I found straggling over rocks in the Wongneichung
valley in August 1861, has copious aerial roots, very rigid coria-
ceous leaves more than 2 inches long, about 8 lines broad, and
conspicuously emarginato, and a lateral raceme about 5 inches in
length; flowers small, white, with a conspicuous obtuse spur,
and reflexed bracts. Whether this latter be one of Blume's spe-
cies, I have no means of ascertaining.
38. Zevudne tripleura, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 186. ( = Tripleura
pallida, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 452.)
Near the swamp at the head of the Happy-Valley waterfall;
discovered by Mr. Sampson in October 1868. Occurs also in
Silhet and Sikkim. I believe I found a specimen of this plant
(afterwards burnt at the destruction of the Canton factories) many
years ago, by the road-side towards Pok fu lum, growing on inun-
dated gravel; and if so, it exhales a powerful fragrance of cloves.
Mr. Sampson is not clear on this point. About 10 inches high.
Leaves four, membranaceous, narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 2
inches in length, of a pale reddish tint. Upper portion of stem
clothed with distinct sheaths, contrary to Lindley's statement.
Raceme dense, about 1| in. long. Flowers yellowish white, sub-
tended by extremely thin, white, 3-nerved, lanceolate, setaceo-
acuminate bracts, ciliate, with articulate hairs about as long as
the flowers. Labellum thickened at the base, with erect, undu-
late margins, narrowed in the middle, and then widening to the
point, which is emarginate. Ovary clothed with crisp, articulate,
dirty white, glandular hairs. My solitary specimen from Mr.
Sampson agrees well with two others in my possession gathered
in Silhet by Dr. Wallich.
39. Tropidia grand is, sp. nov.: glaberrima; foliis elliptico-lanceolatia
acutis 7-nerviis 8-10 poll, longis medio poll, latis, pedunculo ro-
busto 10-pollicari vaginis 3 aphyllis scariosis lanceolato-linearibus in-
structo, spica corymbosa, floribui pollicaribus, bracteis lato-linearibua
scariosis ovarium subrcquantibus.
In the Happy-Valley woods, July 1866 (Exsicc. n. 13343).
■Not known from elsewhere. Differs much in habit and aspect
from T. curculigoides, Lindl., by its long vaginate peduncle, large
flowers, and leaves like those of a Phaius. Schauer's plate of his


THE FI/OBA IIONGKOITGETTSIS.
41
Ptychochilus eeptemnervis (PI. Meyen. t. 12, B), which is a native
of the Philippines, represents a distinct plant, and, though with
wider leaves, doubtless much nearer the Ceylon and Silhet species
than the present.
40. Halophila ovata, Gaud.; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 230.
A sterile specimen of this obscure plant, gathered by the late
Dr. Harland in Kau-lung Bay in 1856, is in my herbarium.
41. Lemna minor, Linn.; Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. ed. 3, ii. 590; A. Gray,
Man. Bot. N. Un. St. ed. 5, 479.
In pools everywhere. Pound in stagnant water throughout
the whole world, except in the very coldest regions.
•Pandanus odoratissunus, Linn.Jit.; Kunth, Enum. Plant, iii.94. (=
P. verus, Rumph.; Kurz in Seem. Joum. Bot. v. 125.)
Common along the sea-shore, and often used for making hedges.
Distributed throughout all the coasts of India as far as Arabia,
in Assam, the Archipelago, Southern China, Tropical Australia,
and Polynesia. This is the species referred in the 'Botany of
the Herald ' to P. fascicular™, Lam., which Mr. Kurz says is a
synonym, and not a distinct species, as described by Kunth.
•Pandani sp.
Another Screw-pine occurs not uncommonly in ravines and
shady woods. It is stemless and with long mottled leaves, which
are brittle and readily crack across, not breaking in two, but
leaving the part above the fracture to hang down in a flaccid
manner. The fruit, which I have only seen on one occasion, when
two were gathered by the late Dr. Harland, is ovoid, and the
drupes (which, I think, are collected in phalanges) are crowned
by two strongly curved spines coalescent at the base. I have no
specimen of either foliage or fruit in my herbarium.
'Phoenix farinifera, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 785; Kunth, Enum. Plant, iii.
257; Hance in Seem. Journ. Bot. vii. 15. ( = P. acaulia? Benth. Fl.
Hongk. 340.)
If, as is most likely, this is identical with Loureiro's P. pusilla,
that name, as the oldest, must be restored.
•Thysanotus chinensis, Benth.; Hance in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 5, v.
245.
On the grassy hill-slope above the village of Pok fu lum, by
the path descending from the Gap. I have shown in the above
place that the petals of this species have as long and conspicuous
a fringe as in its Australian congeners.
x>


42
DK. h. r. hance's bttpplemekt to
♦Smilax China, Linn.; Kunth, Enum. Plant, y. 243. (=S. ferox, Wall.;
Benth. Fl. Hongk. 370.)
There is, I believe, no doubt of Wallich's plant being identical
with that of Linnasus, which supplies a part at least of the " China
root" of commerce. It is gratifying to be able to quote, in sup-
port of this opinion, so high an authority as Mr. Daniel Hanbury,
who has lately informed me that the examination of a great many
specimens fully convinces him that it is well founded.
* Commelyna.
Mr. C. B. Clarke, in a valuable paper " On tho Commelynacese
of Bengal" (Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. 442), says that the seeds of C.
salicifolia, Boxb., are smooth, those of C. communis, Linn., reticu-
late; both species have two of the cells 2-, the remaining one 1-
seeded. He transfers O. caspitosa, Boxb., as a synonym from the
former to the latter species. In C. benghafonsis, Linn., I find the
seeds of a greyish-black colour, irregularly transversely rugose
oblong, rounded on the dorsal and flattened on the ventral face,
and with the embryo not opposite, but lateral as regards the
linear hilum, to which, indeed, one side of its plumular extremity
is nearly contiguous.
♦Pollia sorzogonensis, Endl.
Mr. Clarke (/. c.) not only combines with this, under the name
of P. indica, Thw., the Japanese P.japonica, Kth. (which I have
also from Canton province), but also the Javan P. thyrsiflora,
Endl., the inflorescence of which is very different. The leaves of
the Hongkong plant are perfeetly smooth, those of P.japonica
extremely scabrous to the touch on both surfaces.
42. Eriocatdon sexangulare, Linn.; Kunth, Enum. Plant, iii. 551;
Katrn. Monogr. Eriocaul. 53.
In sandy places by the sea, Kau-lung peninsula: discovered by
Mr. Sampson in August 1864. On the continent of India, in
Ceylon, the Philippines, Java, Japan, and Abyssinia. With 5-
nerved leaves, broader and longer than in Drs. Hooker and
Thomson's Malabar specimens. Kornicke records his variety
/3, vulgaris with 3-nerved leaves both from Japan and China (the
latter specimens, I presume, gathered by Meyen or Philippi, and
therefore from the south), also (in Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-
Bat. iii. 162) the present form from Japan.
43. Cyperus castaneus, Willd.; Nets in Wight, Contrib. 79; Kuntk,
Enum. Plant, ii. 21.


THE FLOBA HONGKOKGENSI8.
45
centia with Cladium; and remarks that Gaknia (to which he re-
duces Lampocarya) differs rather in habit than structural cha-
racters.
•Arthrostylis chinensis, Benth.
Glumes distichously imbricate, pale brown. Bracts usually
shorter than the spikelets. Hypogynous bristles often present,
and longer than the nut. Style long, 3-cleft at the apex, dark-
coloured, very gradually thickened towards the base, and there
separating at maturity. Nut white, trigonous, with three finely
granulated raised bands running down the angles from the apex;
the faces between marked with blunt protuberances so as to look
like shagreen leather. Except that the style is articulated with
the achene and falls off entirely, instead of leaving a more or
less conspicuous persistent base, there is absolutely nothing to
distinguish this genus from Schcenta, with which it entirely agrees
in habit; and I have proposed their being united. (Seem. Journ.
Bot. vii. 68.)
•Scleria radula, Hance in Ann. Sc. Nat..Par. aer. 4, xviii. 232. (=S.
lsevis, Retz., var. scaberrima, Benth. Ft. Hongk. 400.)
Appears to me abundantly distinguished by many marked cha-
racters.
•Scleria Harlandi, Hance in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par, ser. 5, v. 248. (=Scleria
purpurascens, Benth. Fl. Hongk. 400, but not of Steudel.)
•Panicum sarmentosum, Roxb.
According to Prof. Grisebach (Fl. Br. W. Ind. 547), this is
identical with P. molle, Sw., an obscure species. Spruce's Barra
plant, distributed under the name of P. Meyerianim, Nees, and
also referred here by Grisebach, seems to me quite different; but
whether it be the same as the Kaffrarian grass (Fl. Afr. Austral.
32), I do not know.
49. Panicum (Echinochloa) stagninum, Kan.; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii.
464.
In stagnant water. Diffused over India, Southern Asia, and
North-eastern Africa.
50. Grarnotia drymeia, Hance in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 4, xviii. 233.
In moist shady woods. Occurs also on the adjacent continent,
but is not known from elsewhere.
*Perotis longiflora, Nees.; Trin. Agrostid. call, rotund. 20 j Steud. Syn.


THE FLOBA HOUGKONGENSIB.
47
Struggling in hodges and on bankB; common near Hoongkong.
Flowering in November and December. Found also in India and
on the mainland.
64. Andropogon punctatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 264; Nees in PI. Meyen.
187; Trin. Ic. Gram. t. 328.
In dry Bandy places. In the mountainous parts of India, aa
far north as Kashmir and Kumaon, and also in South China.
'Andropogon brevifolius, Sw. 1
The Chinese grass is so different in all its proportions from the
South-American one, that I do not believe they are conspecific.
55. Anthistiria heteroclita, Roxb. FT. Ind. i. 249; Steud. Syn. PI.
Gram. 389, sub Andropogone.
Amongst grass. Gathered by me in November 1862. Found
also in India.
•Ischaemum leersioides, Munro.,
is, I think, much nearer to I. falcatum, Nees, than to I. pectina-
tum, Trin., of which Bentham suggests that it may prove to be a
variety.
56. Aristida Cumingiana, Trin. and Ruprecht, Spec. Gram. Stipac. 141.
(=Chaetaria trichodes, Nees in Hook. Kew Gard. Miscel. ii. 101.)
Thickly carpeting the precipitous sides of the trap-rock gully
between the villages of Aberdeen and Heongkong, where the
stream runs into the sea and the highroad is below the level of
high water; first discovered by Mr. Sampson in October 1868;
also since met with on the summit of the White-Cloud hills out-
side Canton. An exceedingly pretty grass, hitherto found only
in the Philippines, unlike any other Asiatic species, but closely
allied to the South-American A. capillacea, Lam. Steudel, with
characteristic negligence, after copying Trinius and Buprecht'a
character (Syn. PI. Gram. 140), quotes ChtBtaria trichodes, Nees,
as a synonym, with Cuming's n. 671 for the type, and afterwards
in the same page describes this as a separate species, with a re-
ference to Hooker's Journal, where the same number is given.
It is to be regretted that the Bussian monographers could devise
no better arrangement of this large genus than a geographical one.
57. Leersia hexandra, Sw.; Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 2.
In ditches and wet places, not uncommon. Widely dissemi-
nated over the warmer regions of the globe. Tho-genus, remark -
ablo for containing mono-, di-, tri-, and hexandrous species, only


48
DH. H. F. IIANCE'S SUPPLEMENT TO
differs from Oryza, with which it is combined by Alex. Braun,
by the entire suppression of the glumes.
58. Eriachne chinensis, Hance in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 4, xv. 228.
(=E. Hookeri, Munro, ined., in herb. Hook.)
On the summits of hills, growing in profusion in company with
Apocopis WrigMii, Munro, but very local. This elegant grass is
very abundant atWhampoa, where it was first discovered in Sep-
tember 1751 by Osbeck, who mentions it (Eeise nach Ostindien
u. China, 287) under the name of Aira seminibus hirsutis, aristis
terminalibus flore longioribus; and, according to General Munro,
(Journ. Linn. Soc. vi. 42), a specimen from him exists in Linnseus's
herbarium marked Aira montana. The species is also found in
Assam, Tenasserim, and, I believe, in Chittagong.
59. Centotheca lappacea, Desv.; Ktmth, Enum. Plant, i. 366; Steud.
Spi. PI. Gram. 116. (= Melica refracta, Roxb. Ft. Ind. i. 327, from
the character.)
Not uncommon in damp woods and shaded ditches. Widely
spread over continental and insular India, the Malayan archipe-
lago, Philippines, Australia, and the Pacific islands.
•Eragrostis bahiensis, Schrad. teste Trin.; Kunth, Enum. Plant, i. 341;
Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 532. (= E. Brownei, Nees; Benth. Ft.
Hongk. 432.)
It would appear that the South-Chinese species of this genus
must be reduced. E. geniculate, Nees, is the most distinct-
looking of all, from its compact spiciform inflorescence; but this
occasionally breaks up into separate branches, and it is then not
always possible to distinguish it from E. zeylanica, Nees, in its
normal state as unlike as can be, but of which depauperate spe-
cimens with approximate and abbreviated panicle-branches show
at once how easy is the transition between the two. Again, the
panicle of E. orientalis, Trin., is sometimes quite as spreading,
the pedicels as long, and the leaves as flat as in E. pilosissima,
Link; and there is then no character I can detect to distin-
guish them by, except the hairiness or smoothness of the leaves
and vaginae. Mr. Bentham describes the glumellaB of E. orien-
talis as "very obtuse;" but in a specimen determined by Ge-
neral Munro, as well as in all others I have examined, I find
them more acute than in E. bahiensis; and Nees himself di-
stinctly states (PL Meyen. 206) that they are acute. This, how-
ever, is probably a variable character; for, except in the blunt


56 SUPPLEMENT TO THE FLORA HON0KONGETTSIS.
Mettenius consider it to form, with Iso'ites, the type of a distinct
natural order; whilst Milde regards each of tho three genera as
constituting a distinct suborder of Lycopodiacea).
The Moss-flora of Hongkong does not appear to be at all rich.
Mr. J. C. Bowring is, I believe, almost the only person who has
paid any attention to the collection of these plants. The follow-
ing brief and, no doubt, very imperfect list is compiled from a
notice of Chinese Mosses published by Mr. Wilson in the seventh
volume of Hooker's 'London Journal of Botany' (18-48), and
from Mr. Mitten's various important contributions to Bryology
inserted in the 'Proceedings of the Linnean Society.' Messrs.
Sullivant and Lesquereux's enumeration of the Mosses collected
during the United States' North Pacific Exploring Expedition,
published in the ' Proceedings of the American Academy,' pro-
bably includes a number of Hongkong species j but I have un-
fortunately been unable to get access to this. A list of Ja-
panese Mosses, by M. Van der Sande-Lacoste, will be found in
the second volume of the late Professor Miquel's ' Annales Musei
Botanici Lugduno-Batavi;' and a proportion of these will doubt-
less occur in Hongkong.
Trematodon longieollis, Rich.
Leucohma mollis, C. Mull.
Dicranum ? nigrescent, Mitten.
Didymodon proscriptus, Hornsch. var.?
Leucobryum javense, Mitten.
• ■ Bowringii, Mitten.
Schistomitrium Qardnerianum, Mitten.
Calymperes molucceme, Schw.
serratum, Al. Br.
Physcomitrium acuminatum, Br. and Sch.
ATacromitrium nipalense, Schw.
spathulare, Mitten.
Meteorium lanosum, Mitten.
Stereodon micropelma, C. MiilL, var.
Neckera dendro'ides, Sw.
Anomodon devolutus, Mitten.
Leskea microphylla, Sw., var.
Fissidens nobilis, Griff.
adiantoides, Linn.
Zippelianus, Dzy. & Molk.


INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
Pace
Acanthoponax aeuleata 16
Achronychia Cyminosma 13
Acmena 15
Adenanthera payonina 14
Adenosma capitata 26
grandiflora 26
Agyneia baccifonnis 32
Albizzia Milletti 14
Alehornea trewioides 34
A1 pinia stachyodes 38
Altingia chinensis 15
Andropogon Bladhii 46
brevifolius 47
■ punctatuB . 47
Anthistiria heteroclita 47
Antidesma Glucsembilla 32
Aporoaa microcalyx 33
Appendicula 39
Ardisia punctata 23
Aristida Cumingiana 47
Artabotrys hongkongensis 11
Arthraxon ciliare 46
Arthrostylis chinensis 45
Arundinaria sinica 49
Aspidium amabile 53
calcaratum 53
— deTexum 54
erythrosorum 52
fihx-mas 52
glanduligerum 53
heterocarpon 53
latipinna 53
Leuzeanum 53
— simplex 52
sophoroides 53
subtriphyllum 53
Aspidium uliginosum ^3
urophyllum 52
vanum 52
Asplenium Hansei 51
laserpitiifolium 51
latifolium 51
lineolatum 51
Bpeciosum 51
Aster striatus 19
trinerrius 19
Bambusa flexuosa 49
tuldoides 49
Barleria cristate 27
Barthea chinensis 15
Blastus cochinchinensis 15
Hindsii 15
Blumea 19
Boltonia indica 18
Buddleia 24
Buxus Harlandi 35
Callicarpa breviceps 28
Calosanthes indica 27
Capparis sciaphila 12
Cardamine silvatica 11
Cardiospermum microcarpum ... 13
Caryopteris Mastecanthus 28
Castenopsis concinna 36
Centotheca lappacea 48
Centranthera hispida 27
Cheilanthes hirsute 51
Chrysodium Harlandi 50
repandum 50
Tulgare 50
Cibotium Barometz 55
Cinnamomum Burmanni 31
Neesianum 31
E


INDEX.
Polygonum perfoliatum 30
Premna intejp-ifolia 28
Pterin pellucida 51
Puerana phaseoloides 14
Thunbergiana 14
Pygeum phaeostictum 14
Quercus Hancei 36
Irwinii 36
Ranunculus holophyllus 10
sceleratus 10
Rhaphiolepia indica 15
Rhododendron Farrera? 22
indicum 22
ova! um 22
Rhus semialala 13
Rhynchocarpa odorata 16
Rosa microearpa 14
Rumex chinensis 29
Saccharum procerum 46
Salvia Fortunei 29
Sarcanthus teretifolius 39
Saussurea pulchella 20
Sea vulii Kcenigii 21
Scirpus barbatus 43
(Eleocharis) laxiflorus 43
plantagineus 43
supmus 43
Selena Harlandi 45
radula 45
Scolopia acuminata 12
Selaginella 55
Siphonostegia chinonsis 27
PMC
I Smilax China 42
Smithia conferta 14
salsuginea 14
Solanum biflorum 26
Wrightii 26
Spondias mangifera 13
Statiee bicolor 23
Strobilanthes flaccidifolius 28
Sua-da australis 31
Symplocos microearpa 23
Syzygium 15
Tsenitis microphylla 50
Tetracera sarmentosa 11
Tetranthera laurifolia 31
Thelasis? pygma>a 39
Thysanotus chinensis 41
Trichomanes latcmarginale 50
Triumfetta rhomboidea 12
Tropidia grandis 40
Utnculana cxoleta 27
Vandellia Crustacea 26
Vitex Loureiri 29
Vitis flexuosa 13
Waltheria indica 12
Webera corymbosa 17
> mollissima 17
Wedelia biflora 20
Xylosma senticosum 12
Zehneria umbellata 16
Zeuxine tripleura 40
Zoysia sinica 46
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