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NOVEMBER, 1916 NOVEMBER, 1916 No. 1 Ice CHINESE STUDENTS MONTHLY 很月生學美留國中 ​JAPANESE POLICY IN THE EAST TRUE YOUNG CHINA OUR ESSAY COMPETITION co PUBLISHED BY The Chinese Students' Alliance in the United States of America 15c A COPY $1 A YEAR Entered at New York Postoffice as second-class mail matter NO.: GASTON, WILLIAMS & WIGMORE, Inc. 140 Broadway, New York EXPORTERS, IMPORTERS, SHIPPERS AND FINANCIERS announce the establishment of their FAR EASTERN DIVISION with offices in all the principal cities in CHINA, JAPAN, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND THE DUTCH EAST INDIES other offices in PARIS, PETROGRAD, LONDON, HAVANA, MADRID, LISBON, ROME AND CAPETOWN representing the best manufacturers in railway supplies, power stations, prime movers, electrical supplies, textile machinery, printing presses, cigarette and match making machinery, agricultural implements, domestic appliances, motor boats, automobiles, heavy com- modities, etc. The Chinese Students' Monthly VOLUME XII NOVEMBER, 1916. NUMBER 1 | lese Contents for this Number Page EDITORIALS .... 7 Proposed Loans, Japanese Policy in the East, The New Railway Contract, College Spirit and the Conferences (H.A.P.), Our New Parliament (L.T.C.), The Monthly Essay Competition, The New Board, Somewhere in this Issue, Alliance Officers. ........ 16 CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES .. The Chinese Student, by Prof. J. Bailie Difficult Problems of the Librarian in China, by T. Y. Seng, Asst. Librarian, Boone University Super-Curriculum Education, by F. S. Brockman True Young China, by T. F. Tsiang Critical Period of Chinese History, by H. M. Lin Ode to President Li, by Emily King Ode to Mokoma Lake, by H. H. Chu STUDENT WORLD CLUB NEWS PERSONAL NOTES ...... HOME NEWS ...... .... Entered as second-class matter October 5, 1916, at the post office of New York, N. Y., under the Act of March 3, 1879. The Chinese Students' Monthly Published monthly from November to June, inclusive, by The Chinese Students' Alliance in the United States of America at 510 West 124th St., New York, N. Y. Subscription Rates: $1.00 a year. Postage to foreign countries, 25c. extra. In China, $2.50 Mex. a year, 30 cents Mex. a copy, post paid. Payable in advance to Tbe Chinese Students' Monthly. THE STAFF EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT KAI F. Mok, Columbia, Editor-in-Chief. 510 W. 124th St., New York City Editors Home News: Y. C. YANG, George Washington Club and Personal News: S. E. S. Yui, Princeton Literary: C. T. KwEI, Yale C. L. Liu, Cornell L. T. Chen, Yale K. T. May, Harvard W. H. Chun, Chicago F. W. Ming, Cornell H. L. CHUNG, Missouri H. A. Pan, Pennsylvania K. C. CHUNG, Reed Molin Ho, Cleveland G. K. Shew, California MARY HUNG-Woo, Denver S. P. Teng, Princeton Ruth KOE-SUN, Berea Y. C. YANG, Cornell H. M. Lin, Columbia D. K. F. YAP, Swarthmore T. Y. C. LEE, Columbia BUSINESS DEPARTMENT Kung Kuan WANG, N. Y. U., Chief-Manager 510 W. 124th St., New York City Departmental Managers Mun L. ELI, Columbia, Advertisement Manager HSI-FAN BOGGs, Columbia, Circulation Manager Associate Managers H. Chi, Columbia L. G. Moy, M. 1. T. H. C. CHU, Pennsylvania A. T. Y. Shin, R, P. I. W. H. CHUN, A. I. T. A. SOONG, Harvard L. N. LAU, Cornell Towe TONG, Illinois C. C. LOWE, Illinois K. W. Tsai, Penn. A. S. Liu, Cornell A. T. L. YAP, Lehigh T. C. Yen, M. I. T. Assistant Managers C. L. Bau, Minnesota W. P. Liang, Wisconsin S. C. Hsu, Princeton C. S. SEE, Columbia K. HUANG, Yale GEORGE WAN, J. H. P. K. B. YOUNG, Case Representatives in China P. K. Chu, World's Chinese Students' Federation, Shanghai Y. C. Mei, Tsing Hua College, Peking; Y. S. Djang, Tientsin H. K. KWONG, Kiang-Nan Dock, Shanghai Representative in Australia W. K. Chan, 96 Elizabeth Street, Hobart, Tasmania EDITORIALS THE PROPOSED LOANS Dr. T. Iyenaga in his speech at the luncheon given in New York in honor of Baron Yoshiro Sakatani, Sept. 27, compared the relations between China and Japan with those between Mexico and the United States. The Island Empire, he added, was as eager to see a strong and peaceful China as the United States was to watch Mexico develop into a strong country. The doctor, as the director of the East and West News Bureau, speaks with authority. His articles are very widely circulated and he is read throughout this country. If Japan therefore has no other interest in China than for the strengthening of that country, we may well fold our arms and watch developments. Japan was indeed very eager to help China. Several months ago, before the deplorable clash at Cheng-Chiatun, she was on the point of making a $15,000,000 loan to China. Very naturally, the negotiations were stopped in face of the 'serious character of the clash. We also recall the failure of the American loan, negotiating in July-August, the bankers through the State Department politely declining any further credit 'in view of the lack of sufficient guar- antees.' We could not understand at the time why they should refuse a loan to China when only four years ago financiers from all parts of the world were trying to induce the young Republic to borrow from them. It was then suggested to us that our finance was in bad condition, that even Japan, the best neighbor we ever had, had refused for that reason to release for our use the surplus from the salt gabelle deposited with the Yokohoma Species Bank. Our readers will recall that one of the conditions of the $125,000,000 Quintuple Loan of 1913 was the release of the surplus from the gabelle account on the certification of Sir Richard Dane, who had the supervision of the salt administration that such release could be safely made. The other countries followed in the lead of Japan. As a result all that China could borrow in this country was one million dollars from Lee, Higginson & Co. of Boston. It was after 1-4931 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY the failure of the American loan that China turned to Japan with the same result. We are certainly surprised to find that this latter country had failed to seize the opportunity of helping China. With a $15,000,000 grasp on the Far Eastern situation, she could surely keep open the door in China to herself and all her friends. The conclusion is obvious. Japan does not intend to give the new administration at Peking any peace. So long as the monarchi- al party was in power and internal strife ruled the day, Japan was all sympathy,—sympathy that extended to even the opposition. The death of Yuan Shih-kai had roused Japan from her inactivity, and the open door has been re-enforced with a Russo-Japanese alliance as well as a Cheng-Chiatun affair, while China is being gently re- minded of her poor financial state. A new Quintuple Loan is now still negotiating, the United States taking the place of Germany, and Japan has again forged into prominence by demanding the land tax as security for her share of the loan. Dr. Iyenaga was certainly right when he intimated that Japan's policy was calculated to result in a strong and peaceful China, for what will rouse a nation more than such deliberate actions ? JAPANESE POLICY IN THE EAST. Several months ago when Mr. Hollington K. Tong, an editor - of the Peking Daily News, was travelling in this country, there was a letter published in the New York Times from a Mr. Clark accusing some Chinese students of coming to the United States for the purposes of obtaining publicity for China through the med- ium of American papers and of creating ill-feeling between Japan and America through the same means. We also recall the fact that about that time there were many long articles in different papers advocating the co-operation of America and Japan in the development of China. Japanese resource- fulness and American finance will be the cue to greater progress in the East. In this connection it was furthermore contended and finally proved that Japanese interests in China was non-political, pure and unselfish. In fact the great Japanese banker Mr. Shi- busawa travelled throughout the United States with no other pur- pose in mind. On July 3, a Russo-Japanese treaty was signed, its clauses unknown, but we were told it was a mere alliance for the further- THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 9 ance and protection of mutual rights and interests in China. We noted with much pleasure at the time that Count Okuma, on being interviewed by the New York Times correspondent at Tokio, still held out an open door to American commerce and invited the co- operation of American capital in the development of China. Not two months later, on August 13, a conflict was staged at Cheng-Chiatun, Eastern Mongolia, between Chinese and Japanese troops. As a result, several demands were made on China through the Japanese minister, Baron Hayashi, at Peking. The rumor that demands were made first came from Peking on Sept. 5. In their mildest form, taking the Japanese interpretation given in reply to Ambassador Guthrie's inquiries at the Tokio Foreign Office as the basis, the demands include requests that in addition to proper apolo- gies and monetary compensation, Japanese officers should be appoin- ted as instructors in cadet schools, and the suggestions that the Chinese Government should ask for the appointment of Japanese advisers to be stationed with Chinese garrisons in South Manchuria and Eastern Mongolia, and that as an extension of its extra-terri- torial rights the Japanese Government should be permitted to station Japanese policemen in towns where there are large Japanese settle- ments,—all these requests and suggestions being made while an investigation was going on. Evidently our island neighbours were determined not to have a recurrence of the same trouble by being so readily prepared to meet the emergency in the form of making polite suggestions—and for that mattter the suggestion of stationing Japanese policemen in different towns in the same province where the clash took place! But if we were to take the Chinese interpre- tation of the demands we would not wonder at the uneasiness displayed at Washington. The addition of demands that Chinese troops should be instructed not to interfere with Japanese, civilian or otherwise, and that powers of police and administration should be accorded Japan in Inner Mongolia and Southern Manchuria, and the addition of requests for concessions involving the degrading of the Chinese Governor of Mukden as the making of a formal apology in person to an officer residing in Japanese territory would mean, were really sufficient to alarm any Government familiar with the ways and means of Japan as to her actual intentions. In the light of the Japanese denial to the Chinese statement of the twenty-one demands a year ago, we cannot accept the Japan- ese interpretation of today's demands. 10 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY Thus, in short, is a review of Sino-Japanese developments during the past few months. Surely Japanese publicists have been more evident than their Chinese colleagues. Even in their protestations of good faith and intentions, they are trying to ob- tain the cooperation of American finance to conquer, as they say, the almost insuperable barriers of Chinese conservatism,—the roy- al road to Far Eastern peace so-called. The new administration at Peking has certainly entered office with its hands full, for the greatest crisis in the East is yet to come with Europe occupied and America campaigning for votes and Japan so eager to close the incident with a few scrawls of the pen. THE NEW RAILWAY CONTRACT The efficiency of an administration, especially of an admin- istration at Peking, is measured to a large extent in terms of its industrial policy. The government of a country totally undeveloped as compared to existing conditions in other countries has among other things the unenviable task of promoting trade, industries and commerce. Add to this the ever-present problem of the Far East, a veritable 'thorn in the flesh', and we begin to realize the immensity of the task that confronts the administration at Pe- king. With credit refused on all sides and an insufficient finance for reorganization, nothing short of the miraculous could con- tinue to put in motion the wheels of government. The present government has not only done so but has already started on its program for reconstruction. A short time ago a contract was made with Siems and Carey of Minneapolis for the construction of railway lines variously placed from 1100 to 2000 miles. When we consider the many attempts on the part of Japan to undermine our credit in as many ways, it is no small wonder to find a con- tract negotiated and already signed. The new administration has been in power for less than half a year but has certainly not taken office without a purpose. The Russo-Japanese Convention of a few months ago, how- ever, has come into play quite prominently since the announce- ment of the signing of the contract. Both signatories to that treaty have lodged protests at the Wai-chiao-pu to the effect that part of the proposed lines had been promised in past treaties to their special care. But doubtless these trouble-makers will be THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 11 ignored as were those who protested the contract with the Amer- ican Red Cross Society for the conservation of the Hwai River- which was not even a profit-bearing proposition but one based on humane purposes. It certainly seems to us from all outward indications that all protestations of goodwill and sincere desire to cooperate in the development of our country are in direct opposi- tion to the mutually protective interests agreed upon at the Con- vention of July 3, 1916. COLLEGE SPIRIT AND THE CONFERENCES Members of the Alliance who found it possible to attend the Conferences last Summer cannot fail to recollect the splendid col- lege spirit displayed by the delegations from different institu- tions. The wearing of college colors, the Aying of college ban- ners, the yelling of college cheers and the singing of college songs are all expressions of the very spirit. And inasmuch as college spirit is contagious, the activity and enthusiasm of one delegation often induce the members of another to get together and do some- thing for the Conference. College spirit infuses 'pep,' so to speak into every event in the conference and consequently enhances the interest of the same. Indeed were it not for this admirable spirit, the athletic meets would not be so exciting, the 'stunt nights' so hilariously entertaining, the oratorical contests so keen, the de- bates so hot and the attendance of the Conferences so full. While much of the success of a conference can be attributed to college spirit, the utilization of this spirit should, nevertheless, be confined within proper bounds. The reason is because it can be too intense, excessive and therefore unwholesome. College spirit is but college spirit; and as such it can easily be tinged with a local feeling which may belittle the usefulness of the conference and defeat its original purpose. We, therefore, venture to sug- gest to what extent college spirit should not be indulged in. It should not be displayed in such a way as will hurt the feelings of other delegations. If any delegation is able to win dis- tinction, it is legitimate for the members of that delegation to re- joice in their success. This legitimate exultation however does not carry with it the right to scorn the other less fortunate dele- gations, much less the right to say that they were frotten. We hold our conferences to cultivate friendship, to enjoy fellowship 12 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY and to develop co-operative spirit. It is not our purpose to decide the standard of different institutions represented, and therefore to 'brag' about one's institution is altogether meaningless. While to say that my Alma Mater is the best cannot magnify one's ability beyond what he has attained to, it is surely bad taste' to say so to a person from another institution. The moment a fellow tries to exalt his own college, he is stigmatizing himself as a 'college mucker.' It might be good college spirit to emphasize what dis- tinguishes your delegation from the rest, but it is a better and broader spirit which enables us to see what is good in every other delegation, and which is in keeping with the purpose of the con- ference. There is yet another place where we should guard against a wrong expression of our college spirit. The Conferences have always been run for all delegations and by the representatives from all delegations. Should it ever happen that one delegation has an undue proportion of men serving on the different commit- tees, there ought to be no cause of concern on the part of other college-spirited delegations; nor should there be envy. In such cases, unbridled college spirit may prompt a man to start com- plaining and fault-finding, where he should rightly appreciate the services of others. If any one thinks that the delegation to which he belongs should deserve more positions of honor, it is college spirit for him to get his college delegates to work, to prove their worth and to win recognition, that that delegation may be entitled to more positions of honor the following year. It is mere cynicism, however, that leads one to complain. College spirit again should not be used as a means of running politics, for politics is always dirty. When election day comes, it is necessary that we should subordinate our college spirit to our Conference spirit, if any. College spirit may impel one to vote for a man of his own delegation to an important office. It is the Conference spirit that will lead a man to better judgment, through which a man of tested ability only will be placed in positions of service. It is certainly poor economy to prevent a man from being elected when he has the capacity and the willingness to serve the Alliance. Only thus may college spirit not be an instrument of ambition. If any position is attached with honor, honor those to whom honor is due. College spirit should be fused into the Con- ference spirit; but between the two there should be no clash of THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 13 interests. In the conferences when questions affecting the wel- fare of all delegations come up, a broader spirit should prevail, a spirit to consider and include the interests of all delegations re- presented in the Conference.-H. A. P. OUR NEW PARLIAMENT Early in last August, our Parliament reassembled in the hall which it was forced to abandon three years ago. Not only the re-opening of the Parliament, but the sentiment expressed at the meeting marks an epoch. There was to be no vengeance, no hatred. Moderation is to be the guiding star of the new Assembly. Mr. C. T. Wang, the president of the Senate, proclaimed in his opening address, “Let the past be dead; our life lies ahead. ****By mutual counsel we shall accomplish our task.” In this new policy of the ruling party we see the firm foundation of the Republic. On the working out of a program based on this principle depends the success of shaping our government out of chaos. The events since the Revolution of 1911 furnish us ample evidences of this truth. When the bonds of the Manchu regime were first discarded the atmosphere was rife with enthusiasm over the new state of affairs. Liberty, Freedom, and Equality were the watchwords. Nothing that belonged to the past regime de- served toleration. To a slight degree, perhaps, the situation re- flected the scene after the first revolution in France. Things went to the extreme. Whispers began to circulate that the chan- ges were too radical. The new men were too new. Some people feared and the pendulum started to swing back. The enthusiastic measures of the party in power afforded the party in opposition a chance to introduce their schemes. They dealt their first blow on their opponents when Yuan Shih Kai dissolved the first Par- liament. Intoxicated with their initial success, they failed to learn the lessons from the fall of those whom they displaced. And, in the words of Lord Macaulay, “the malady went worse." Personal ambitions and selfish desires exploited the op- portunity. Every successful intrigue led to a further plot. They worked their own doom in the attempt to perpetuate their misused power. "By the cause of Providence," as President Li says, “re- publicanism has revived." 14 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY Our new Parliament profited by its past experience and tak- ing the lesson from the late Administration has embarked on its career with accumulated wisdom. Its members are aiming to ful- fil their duty without bias. Moderation and tolerance is the light before their feet.—L. T. C. THE MONTHLY ESSAY COMPETITION The Educational Mission has again offered through the Monthly two prizes every month for the best essays written on one of three given subjects. All Chinese students are eligible. The essays are limited to 2500 words. The subject for the first com- petition, for which MSS. must reach the editor on or before December ist, are as follows: The Proposed Loans. Present Social Conditions in China. Athletics in China. The subjects for the second competition, the MSS for which must reach the editor on or before January ist, are as follows: The Russo-Japanese Treaty of 1916. The Tendency Of Japanese Diplomacy During The Last De- cade. American Trade In China. (Contestants should choose only one phase of American Trade). The names of the judges will be announced in our next issue. THE NEW BOARD With this issue the new board comes into actual being. It is traditional however for each succeeding board to declare at its first inauguration the intended policy that will guide the editors in their work of the year. We therefore believe that, as the Monthly is the organ of the Chinese Students' Alliance, Chinese student opinion should be consulted in our columns; that, as the Monthly is a student paper, student interests should be first served; and finally that, as the Monthly is intended to give inform- ation about our home country, emphasis should also be placed on Home News. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 15 SOMEWHERE IN THIS ISSUE We are printing two poems, which the office recently received, written by Chinese students. It is a great encouragement to us to find that our students have such ready expression for their poetic thoughts. While we do not claim for these any great con- tribution to the poetic world, we certainly do commend them to our readers. Many of our students are apt to over-specialize along their own lines and miss the broader scope of a general education. ALLIANCE OFFICERS The following have been elected officers of the Alliance for the year 1916-17. President: TSE VUNG SOONG, Furnald Hall, Columbia University, New York City Vice-president: K. P. Young, 231 West Gilman Street, Madison, Wis. Secretary: S. I. Sz-to, 156 Cascadilla Street, Ithaca, N. Y. Treasurer: T. C. Hao, 104 S. Romain St., Urbana, III. MABEL. LEE Sun Hu, Nomination Com. 16 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES THE CHINESE STUDENT A Few Observations by Prof. J. Bailie, Nanking Univ. I have just returned to Berkeley after a trip to the Eastern States. I have had the great pleasure of meeting a great many of the Chinese Students in a number of the Universities and in some cases the honor of addressing their Clubs. The optimism which I have held for years as to the final outcome of the present development in China has been still strengthened by what I saw and heard. First I may say that in every University I have visited the Professors have invariably spoken highly of the character, ability, application and acquirements of the Chinese Students who are now studying in the United States. They rank high among their class mates and with a few exceptions are always prepared in their studies. Secondly wherever I met a bunch of Chinese Students I met a band of patriots, young men all enthusiastic for their Country's welfare and willing and desirous to sacrifice their own comfort and preferment if only they could secure work that would elevate their countrymen. There are a great many other encouraging features to be observed in connection with the young Chinese now in Ameri- can Universities. The following are observations which if 'attended to would, I think, render the time spent in U. S. of more practical value to the students on their return to China. Some of the observations are general, more refer specially to the subjects which I went out specially to investigate, viz. : Agriculture and Forestry. My first observation is that there seems to be a sort of free- masonry among all the Chinese Students in America, whereby a definite amount of information about the advantages and dis- advantages of the different Universities is ready on tap. Who collected the information I do not know. Most of it is correct. のである ​てーンがHOTO でも ​おでかけてい ​17 です ​ L HIGH EASTERN CONFERENCE, ANDOVER, MASS., 1916. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 17 But the mistake is that in some cases it is old and for that reason imperfect and incorrect. This information is relied on implicitly by too many. The result is that Chinese Students congregate about certain centres and are entirely absent from others. Some, however, are evidently investigating for them- selves. How is it for example that there is not a single Chinese in Syracuse, the largest Forestry School in America ? How is it that there isn't a single Agricultural Student at Guelph, On- tario, reckoned by the best educators in America as one of the best, if not the best, College of Agriculture on the American Continent? The College of Agriculture at Madison, Wisconsin, ought to have more Chinese Students. Moreover there ought to be more Chinese in the Colleges in the Southern States where the climatic conditions more nearly approach those in Central and Southern China. The draw backs of Chinese congregating in a few centres are many. They segregate themselves too much from the life of the place in which they live. In some places they tend to form a little China among themselves. Closely connected with the previous observation, in fact almost a corollary from it, is the mistake that some students learn far too little of American Institutions. This is because they do not mix enough with Americans. It takes effort to push one's self away from all the moorings of the institutions of one's childhood and a great many of us Westerners in China stick too much in our own houses and learn too little of the real life of the Chinese to make efficient workers. We also make the excuse that we must study language, etc., as the students say they have to make up the subjects in which they are to be examined. Thus we all like to live on the stored up knowledge on tap instead of going out to investigate for our- selves. This habit if indulged while at school sticks to one for life. Then there are two extreme types of students. Some spe- cialize so intensely that they are extremely ignorant on all except the one subject. The specializing is good, but the "cut- ting out” so much that could just as well be included prevents the specialist from knowing enough of related subjects to be able to make the best use of his specialty. The extreme spe- cialist, however, has the great redeeming feature that he is so intensely interested in his subject that he sometimes forgets 18 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY to eat or take exercise. These of course are the men that will do things, but they ought to broaden a little. The other extreme is the student who takes a general course and doesn't drink deep enough at any spring of learning to get a (vin) taste for that special branch. I pity these young men. Likely when they return they'll go to teach English unless they have private means. I was going to say that the number taking technical training was too small when compared with those taking courses in Education, International Law and such subjects as prepare men directly for a life in politics. But if students on returning to China hope to take up a political career, better prepare for it here. There ought to be a short course in such subjects as political economy, sociology and American Institutions prescribed for all Chinese Students, at least those supported by Government funds, even though they come for a technical training. American Students in American Universities are all inten- sely interested in politics. The issues in American politics are of an advanced nature, and whoever among the Chinese Students can find time to mingle with the American Students and be well enough acquainted with the issues to be interested in them, is making a good preparation for being a leader among citizens in China. The seemingly thoughtless American Student is not so careless as he looks. It seems to be the fashion in “Stu- dentdom” in America just now to care for nothing but baseball. This is a shallow view of American Students, who live in the atmosphere of democratic government from childhood and absorb the spirit of Americanism. Chinese Students on return have to be able to hold high ideals to help in the development of a true Chinese Democracy. Another observation and I have done. Students on gradua- tion ought to go back to China before taking extended post graduate subjects, and return later after they have learned the needs of the Country. By staying away so long they forget their own Country's needs and get so far out of touch with things "as they are” in China, that they get their minds made up for handling things “as they ought to be." No doubt all these points are being taken into consideration by those who have given the subject longer and deeper thought than I have had time or ability to give it, and later on when THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 19 China's family quarrels are settled and the Ministry of Educa- tion is supported as it ought to be, a system will be devised whereby there will be guidance extended to Students in Foreign Lands. However, better the present system of every one study- ing just what and how he likes than to be tied down by some vicious system. DIFFICULT PROBLEMS OF THE LIBRARIAN IN CHINA By Tsu-Yung Seng, Associate Librarian, Boone University The civilization of a country does not depend upon how many first rate battleships, dreadnaughts and submarines she can put on the scas, nor upon how many regiments of well equipped troops she can mobilize, even though these are the requisites which command respect and protection from foreign countries, but upon the number she possesses of efficient schools, colleges, well provided universities, recreation parks and ade- quate libraries. What would become of the efficiency and the military strength of Germany if she had not established a very thorough school system, the National Gallery in Berlin, the Imperial Library at Leipsig, the State Museum at Munich ? Who would be mistress of the seas had not England possessed Cambridge, Oxford, the British Museum, the National Art Gallery, and the monuments of Westminster Abbey? What would become of the United States and the wonderful development of her industry during the last decade, if she had failed to have uni- versities, the great libraries, or the various museums and Yel- lowstone National Park? The schools and colleges are the places where people are to commence their education; the museums and galleries are the agents for preserving the national treasures, where people study the development of human activities and are brought into close touch with the great Masters of the world. The library, "the people's university," as Carlyle calls it, is an institution 20 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY from which the public constantly draw their intellectual food. The recreation parks are the facilities which renew the energy and activity of the people after their labors, be they mental or physical. I should not regret China's weakness and deficiency in mili- tary preparation, if she were strong and rich in museums, gal- leries, libraries, schools and colleges, but I do feel ashamed of a nation that is not in possession of these educational agencies, which constitute the national pride of a country. I will not attempt to make an elaborate treatment of the school system, or of the building up of museums and galleries, but will confine myself to the field of the library. Libraries, in the old Chinese conception, are not a novelty, but they are recognized as such from the Western point of view. A library in China meant a place where books were stored and hidden away instead of being placed at the disposal of the public. In Chinese history official records may be found showing the existence of libraries in ancient times. In the Chow Dynasty, Lao-tan, the founder of Taoism and respectable teacher of Confucius, served in 550 B. C., as a librarian and custodian of the archives. After the downfall of the Tsing Dynasty, Lin Pan, the founder of the Han Dynasty, upon his victorious entry into the Capitol, in 206 B. C., directed his minister, Hsiao-ho to collect and preserve all the books and state papers from the library and keep them in a safer place. Libraries in China at Present Time. Sze Ku, the present national library was modeled after that of the Han Dynasty. The contents were collected for the use of the state officials and princes of the royal family and were more or less looked upon by the public as a precious possession. It is most unfortunate that during the Boxer outbreak of 1900, many of the treasures in the national library were taken away by the Japanese, British, French and German troops to their respective governments, and more were burned by them. This loss can never be retrieved. In addition to the national library, there are provincial libraries as well as club and subscription libraries. The latter were established by the various craftsmen in some of their guilds. The Customs also have small libraries for the members THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 21 of their staff. Occasionally, in some of the Buddhist temples are to be found libraries made up largely of Buddhist books and Sanscrit scriptures. In connection with the establishment of schools and colleges there was a considerable effort to make a collection of books for their libraries. The nature of these collections was purely academic and for the sole purpose of meeting their immediate needs. Though I may list a number of libraries in my country, there has never been a free circulating library of any sort. The collections in the provincial libraries are too one-sided and also too small to be considered as state libraries, for even their existence is seldom known. In these libraries books are not to be circulated, their use having been traditionally regarded as a privilege, not as a right of the people. They have gone so far as to install the one-penny admission plan. What has China to compare with the American public library system? To be sure, she has a few so-called libraries throughout the country, but they are only store-houses. Ap- parently their founders had never recognized the function of a library. To my mind the real modern library is not for the literati alone, neither is it for the scientific man entirely, nor yet for the fortunate few who could well afford to have a private collection. It should stand with open doors as an insti- tution for self-education to train future Lincolns, Grants, Car- negies and Edisons. It should be a center of light to the whole community, from the smallest child who comes in to look at the pictures to the most mature man who is steadily solving the difficult problems of business life. I have not touched upon the technical side of the library. All the books in the Provincial libraries are classified in the same way as those in the national library, under the following headings: Classics, History, Philosophy and Belles Lettres. Chinese Classification What is contained in the Classics is everything written by or about the great sages, Confucius and Mencius, whether in poetry or in prose. Under History are the histories of China, histories of foreign countries being entirely excluded. The third classification includes philosophical works, natural and 22 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY social sciences, and useful and fine arts. Literature, poetry and miscellanies are entered together, and what is difficult to classify is thrown into the last heading, Belles Lettres. The classified catalogues of the Chinese national library, printed with critical notes, is in 500 volumes. The abridged edition for the use of the state libraries, being a guide for the purchase of books, is printed in 120 volumes. What an almost hopeless system the Chinese classification is, can be readily seen from the facts I have already given. Neither Dewey's, Cutter's, nor the Congressional system has been heard of in own advantages, but none of them could be used in China with- out modification. Yet so far as I can find, when comparing them, Dewey's would prove the most satisfactory, because of its simplicity and because it is easy to understand. The Decimal system is more applicable than either the letter system or the combination of letters and figures, for the people of China would find grave difficulty in deciphering letters, but since Arabic numerals are being used in mathematics by the Chinese people the decimal system would be comparatively easy. , The assignment of subject headings is a serious problem the Chinese libraries. Each one of the three systems has its to Chinese librarians. Though we have a few tools like Herbal Book of Nature, Names and Pictures of Vegetables, Pictorial Book Ready Guide, we greatly need aids in religious, medical, legal, and scientific subjects. There is no standardization of terms in Chinese. Many simple words as industry, liberty, girl, etc., have four or five terms to interpret them. Each term is as much used as the others. Which one to adopt is something the librarian must decide. Again, many new words have not been translated into Chinese and the language is also so con- structed as to make it impossible to attempt to use foreign words without serious confusion. Cataloguing and Filing System. There is no card catalogue system in the Chinese libraries. What they do have are a few written or printed catalogues of the books contained in the library. To catalogue Chinese books is no easy matter, there being no alphabet in our language. What a great confusion the card catalogue would be if the English language had no alphabet! THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 23 No doubt the realization of the difficulty due to the lack of an alphabet, caused our forefathers to devise the following three valuable methods by which the Chinese words are grouped together. 1.-Natural Method.-Words having similar meanings are placed together under distinct heads as: heaven, earth, moulds, hills, waters, plants, trees, insects, fishes, birds, animals. The valuable aid to this system is the Ready Guide which was cre- dited to Chow Kung about 1100 B. C. The present form was made about 280 A. D. This method may be roughly compared with the classified catalogues of some of the American technical libraries. One is not able to use it, unless familiar with the word belonging to a certain class. The inconvenience and dif- ficulty the average man finds in using this prevents its adoption in libraries. 11.-Rhythmic Method.—A grouping of words is made ac- cording to their similar tones. The number of tones used in the Tong Dynasty was 206 and was reduced to 160 in the present form. The Treasury of Good Sentences, in 120 volumes, and the Dissyllables, in 100 volumes, are the two best aids. They have not been adopted in libraries because of the lack of a stan. dard phonetic system. The people from Canton or Sze-chuan would not be able to use either of these books on account of differences in pronunciation. Only those who have written poetry or understood the technique of poetry, may find them of any help. III.—Analytic Method.—Its arrangement is made according to the radicals or keys. The number of radicals in Six Modes of Writing was decreased from 566 to 360 and was then reduced to 214 in the Kang Hsi Dictionary. Any word can be formed from 214 groups. In radicals we find the solution of the cataloguing and filing system of Chinese books. For example: the symbols for the words Brightness, Yesterday, Time, Sunned, Warmth, and Summer, have the same root or key as the word Sun, under which they are filed, one after another according to the number of strokes. Occasionally a difficulty arises in selecting the right radical of a word. For example: we have a symbol which means Unite. Add the symbol for "month” to it, and it means "bite.” If the symbol for "woman” is added to it, we have the word "hand- THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY some." By adding the symbol for "dog" to it, we have formed the symbol of "crafty," and so on, through an innumerable list, in which all the words have the beginning symbol for "unite," but in each case it is not the key. No word can be found in the Kang Hsi Dictionary under the symbol "unite,” but only under its component parts. No cross reference is given. This is one of the defects of the Chinese dictionary plan. In forming a modern catalogue in a Chinese library, there must be cross references. They are not only necessary, but essential. In cataloguing the names of the Chinese authors we might use the “One Hundred Surnames” as a guide. It is commonly used in China. Every boy of ten begins with this book and learns so thoroughly that he can recite it from memory. The names could be filed according to the order in which they come, but again there would arise the objection that the adult searcher would be compelled to drill his memory so as to remember all the names he had learned as a child, something that very few people are capable of doing. Another objection which occurs to me is : Should the subject and title cards be filed together, it would cause unlimited confusion since only surnames of the people are given in this book. Nothing is so difficult as to ascertain the pseudonyms of the Chinese authors. The more one writes in China, the more numerous will be his pseudonyms. An average Chinese author has at least three! It would not make a great deal of difference, even though an author had several pseudonyms, provided there were aids to assist in finding these names. We have bio- graphical dictionaries, but they are so inadequate and crude that they would not serve the purpose in a library. In order to make the Chinese library efficient, the librarians must install Chinese equivalents of such aids as the “Dictionary of Pseu- donyms,” “Lippincott's Universal Biography,” or “Century Proper Names.” (To be continued.) THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 28 SUPER-CURRICULUM EDUCATION* By F. S. Brockman There is no fear that the great majority of the Chinese students in America will not appreciate the opportunities which are furnished them in the classrooms and laboratories. The Chinese students well deserve the high reputation that they have gained in America for thoroughness in scholarship. Their average, notwithstanding any supposed handicaps of studying in a foreign country, is higher than that of the Amercan students themselves. I doubt whether any foregn students in any part of the world have a more enviable record. There are, however, other opportunities afforded by resi- dence in a foreign country which it will be a great mistake for the Chinese students to fail to take fully into account. There is an education over and beyond the education of the curriculum. While we get no credit for this, and are given no degree or Phi Beta Kappa key as proof of our attainment, all of the students, after-life will bear evidence of the enrichment which this super- curriculum education gives. The Chinese students should not neglect the opportunities to make intimate friends while in col- lege of some of their fellow students who best illustrate Christian principles and life. Such friendships will grow deeper and more precious as the years go on. The same remark applies with equal force to the members of the faculty. Sometimes we think they are so busy that they have no time to give to individual students. The exact opposite is the truth. The greatest teach- ers in the world, those whose friendship we should count most desirable, are anxious for personal intercourse with the students. To know intimately such a man as Professor Henry Wright of Yale University, or Professor Bosworth, of Oberlin, or Dr. Brown, of Vanderbilt, is worth a trip across the Pacific and four years residence in America. If you read the statements of the graduates of American institutions who have most influenced American life and thought, you will be surprised to find how many say that their friendships in college have meant more to them than the college curriculum itself. There need be no fear that the Chinese students will not make good friends whose * Reprint from the Liu Mei Tsing Nien.—Ed. 26 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY richness and fullness of personality is going to be a great asset throughout life. In like manner the opportunity should be sought to become well acquainted with some Christian homes. Here is where American life is seen at its best, and no one's education is com- plete who does not know at first hand an ideal American Chri- stian home. Some one may say, "What shall I do; I have no invitation to such a home?" Of course, such homes are not wide open. The very fact that they are not open to every casual caller is part of their charm and value, but no student need find any real difficulty in having a number of such homes open to him if he so desires. The American people are deeply appre- ciative of the Chinese students, and are glad to welcome them into their homes. If a student finds any difficulty in this mat- ter, he should frankly talk it over with the Secretary of the Young Men's or Young Women's Christian Association. The Chinese students ought to avoid flocking together. It is all right of course for them to get together at times because of all that they have in common, but if they are to isolate them- selves from the American students, they will lose one of the greatest advantages of studying abroad. The whole matter can be summed up in one word, “Use the days while in America to know all that is best of American life.” To know what is best in a country we must study it sympathetically and appreciatively. We may find things ir American life that disappoint us, and many things to criticize, but any earnest student who searches for it will find also much in American life that will be an inspiration and a help to him through all of his life. Let him not fail to learn this. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 27 THE TRUE “YOUNG CHINA” Prize Oration at the Mid-West Conference By T. F. Tsiang The history of the past century is the history of the dev- elopment of nationality. Italy, Greece and Germany in Europe and Japan in Asia were one by one electrified as it were by a wave of patriotism and established stable national governments. Our own country, more isolated, more divergent in population and territory, was the slower in discovering her collective con- sciousness; yet even the most skeptic cannot deny that she is in the throes of birth. The world can easily recognize that the "Sleeping Lion” is awakening. The unrest, the turmoil, and the volcanic outbursts here and there throughout the land are sure signs of a change touching the very foundations of the State. But the words 'birth' and 'electrify' when applied to nations are true only in retrospect, when the struggle is forgotten and the result alone is registered in the minds of men. Nations are not born in a day. Modern Italy did not come into being on the battlefields of Magenta and Solferino; modern Germany was not hatched in the palace of Versailles. Behind these dramatic climaxes there had been long prosaic epochs of agita- tion and education. There is no magic touch, no 'fiat' with human movements. Nations were once young; they grow to be mature. So it must be with China. She is properly named by her English-speaking friends “Young China.” Our task this evening is to answer if possible the question, What is the True “Young China?” What are its characteristics, its ideals? It is a task of both definition and aspiration, one which we must perform successfully if we are to assume the rôle of leadership. Youth may connote vigor and strength; courage and gen- erosity; potentiality and resource. It may connote vague im- practical idealism. It may also signify indiscipline and licen- tiousness; arrogance and shortsightedness; violence and anar- chy. “Young Turkey” arouses a host of associations of intri- gue, cruelty, pride and vanity. Joseph Mazzini and “Young 28 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY Italy” stand forever as dreamers who fixed their gaze on a celestial pattern, forgetting mortal limitations. It was a noble vision, but it could not spell union for Italy. “Young America" is resonant with freedom and progress; sturdiness of will and loftiness of purpose. What is “Young China ?” Is it a symbol of brutal recklessness, of an ephemeral entity incapable of real- ization on this planet, or does it stand for a progressive and reforming nation? Are we following the example of “Young Turkey” or of “Young Italy" or of “Young America ?” J. O. P. Bland, an English journalist resident in Peking, who claims to have delved into all mysteries of Cathay charac- terizes “Young China" as "bursting with the pride of Western Learning, and freed from the restraints of Confucianism, full of the new wine of Democracy, and without the steadying in- fluence of a philosophy that has preserved the nation through countless dangers and tribulations.” He advises us to observe that “the English rule India not by intellectual but moral qualities, by the white man's ethical superiority and strength of will.” To Bland we make answer with our past record. On the tenth of October, 1911, our present President issued the call to all patriots to battle for a Republican government. Province after province responded. There was intense fighting; there were heroic sacrifices in every Revolutionary army; there was civil order; there was the definite declaration to the foreign nations that the Republic would accept all international obliga- tions of the preceding government and the promise of protec- tion to all aliens resident in China. Who can trace a single element of mob rule from the declaration of independence to the abdication of the Manchu Dynasty? Who can point out a single breach of the laws of nations in the history of our Re- volution? It was not the frothing of a crowd of youngsters; it was a serene and dignified expression of the indignation of a people rising, not to loot, but to protect life and property from the exploitation of a foreign caste; not to ravage the world, like the Huns of old, but to restore liberty for a normal national development. It was a chapter of history as sacred and inspir- ing to the Chinese heart as the American Revolution is to the American heart. We look back upon our record with pride not because it was faultless. Nature has decreed that among any group of human beings there will be a Judas or a Benedict Arnold. The THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 29 world unnthe ans most Christian of the nations has committed crimes in the name of liberty. Among George Washington's compatriots there were opposing wills to be reconciled, rivalries to be settled, ambitions to be appeased; so among the Chinese Revolutionists of to-day. But they do not characterize the “Young China;" they are the surface foam and froth. The True “Young China" is the mighty undercurrent that rolls on irresistibly, destroying the citadels of despotism, removing barriers of ignorance, in- fusing freshness and vitality to the ancient stagnant body of national life,-doing all this unnoticed, unobserved, unreported by the journals of the world. But the glory of “Young China" lies rather in its future. To the task of construction we must from this day devote our- selves. The Revolution was only the initial effort of over- coming inertia that the peaceful process of evolution might go unimpeded. We may be sure that we cannot create a democracy by a series of revolutions. Here it would be well for us to pause long enough to ascertain the spirit of the Evolutionary “Young China,” that ideal to which we give our allegiance and which we enschrine in the sanctum of our hearts. Evolutionary “Young China” realizes, as the greatest ideal- ist said, that noble is her purpose and great her adventure. Her dross is purged by the very solemnity and awfulness of her task. She is not baffled by her trials; she retains her sense of proportion, her sanity of mind. To the world outside her prime thought is not that of revenge. She knows the iniquities of her former aggressors, but she is above the melêe, for her own good and for the good of civilization. She seeks only to estab- lish equitable relations with her neighbors. For reforms within, “Young China's" passion is intense but not uncontrolled. Fred- erick the Great once remarked that Joseph the Second of Austria always took the second step before the first. And in all history there is no page so pathetic as that recording the failure of the romantic dreams of that enlightened despot. “Young China" feels her responsibility too keenly to introduce wholesale insti- tutions for which the nation is not adapted or prepared. The people, yes, the four hundred millions of them, rich and poor, educated and ignorant—they constitute her chief asset. With them her method is education and not edicts. She will not crush the soul of the least in the land in order to create an effi- cient machine. This we are confident is our "Young China." 30 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY We have answered the question, What is the True “Young China": it remains for us to say, Who are the True “Young China.” Dr. Andrew White declared some years ago before the American youth that "the nation, after all, will never be better than the men and women who compose it.” Tolstoy preached again and again that you cannot make the world around you a whit better than yourself. Carlyle vehemently cries: "How out of a universe of knaves shall we get a common honesty?" With this I leave the second question for us to answer individually, not in words, but in deeds, not to the world, but to ourselves and our 'God. ODE TO PRESIDENT LI Behold, the nations of the West Salute thine Excellency, Li, And swelling is thy country's breast With hope and love and loyalty. Be faithful to the holy trust So suddenly upon thee thrust, That when thy time is at an end The world may say, “He was his people's friend.” Be brave to serve the God of Heaven, And cast all idols to the mole, So unto thee there shall be given A judgment wise and lofty soul. Fear not if evil men oppose, Thou shalt be helped against all foes If thou wilt for the right be strong, Hating oppression, falsehood, and all forms of wrong. Do thou like Constantine of old Go conquering by the wondrous sign. In yonder sky, a cross of gold Whereon there hung the man divine. Him do thou as thy King confess So shalt thou rule in righteousness: So justice shall fill all the land, And China undismayed amidst earth's powers shall stand. Pekin, June 8th, 1916. EMILY KING THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 31 CRITICAL PERIOD OF CHINESE HISTORY. An Oration at the Andover Conference, Sept. 1916. By Hô-Min Lin, Wesleyan University The present is the critical period of the history of China. It is critical with respect to our past. We have a continuous history of five thousand years, unequaled by any nation in the world. Our ancestors adorned the world with one of the earliest literatures. Political institutions were highly developed in the time of Chu-kung. We were the first people who discovered the polarity of the magnetic needle and who recorded the move- ments of the earthquake with a machine. As to invention, we had the earliest printing press, paper, porcelain and gun-powder. Several hundred years before the appearance of the Bethlehem Star, Confucius was dazzling the Orient with his teachings, while Mo-tzu was expounding his doctrine of “Universal Love," a doctrine then known in no other part of the world, and a doc- trine even now hardly learned by nations. Nor did we keep this civilization only to ourselves, but we gave our literature, religion and other culture to Siam, Korea and Japan. Such has been our past, which is but the mere beginning of our career. Would we permit ourselves to be told that we have had the climax of our development in the past and that we are to write the last page of our history? And yet this is precisely what the calamities of our country within the past sixteen years have repeatedly threat- ened us. The present are the days which have to decide whether China, as an independent nation, shall survive or perish-is it not the most critical period of our history? Again, it is critical with respect to the future of our people. Show me another people who, economically, have suffered more, and who have been more industrious than our farmers. Foreign observers will tell you that not a foot of tillable land is unutil- ized and not a drop of water is allowed to waste. Show me another people who are more ignorant and yet who appreciate learning to a higher degree, more superstitious and yet more en- lightened? China was once a nation of opium-smokers, but where is opium today after our people had once decided to part with the poison? Can you find another people, who after mis- rule and repression for thousands of years, have dethroned the 32 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY Manchu dynasty, set up a Republic and seen to it that the Re- public shall not be discontinued—and all this within the short period of five years? Such is the character of our people. Now the question is, what shall be the future of this most worthy quarter of humanity? I know you will say that their future should be a continuous glory fitting to their past. And yet our future is threatened. We are only next to Korea and Africa. Virtually we are Korea. Could the descendants of our illustrious fathers sink to a more disgraceful level? We need a redeemer and redeemers. Where are they to be found? Our foreign friends think we, the students in America, are to be the redeemers; our relatives and our government that have sent us here, insist that we are; to be honest, we know ourselves that we ought to be. What then shall we do? And, above all, what shall we do while we are in America ? We must decide in what way we are going to help regener- ate China. In order to make our decision intelligently we have to ask ourselves four important questions. First, are we going to live our lives primarily for ourselves or for our country? Con- sidering what is expected of us, can we afford to put egoism be- fore patriotism? Secondly, what are the most urgent and fund- amental of the needs of China ? Thirdly, have we chosen our life-work and therefore our studies in the light of the needs we consider most urgent and fundamental? And fourthly, to be sure that we have chosen the right work, let us ask if we could not serve China in a better way. Having once decided upon our part in the reconstruction of China, let us devote ourselves whole-heartedly to preparation for it. If any of us aspires to be a statesman, let him remember that his country is dominated by a neighbor. Under such a condition China needs no ordinary statesman: she needs a Cavour. Or if he is an engineer, let him take for his inspiration Peter the Great of Russia who was not too great to work in the dockyard of Holland, a foreign land, in order that the foundation of Modern Russia could be laid. As to the chosen women of China among our numbers, may I say, let their observation of the position and ability of womanhood in this blessed land inspire them to be the Liberators and En- lighteners of their sisters at home. Let every one of us hear the call of our country. She expects every one to do his duty. When at last we finish our preparation in America, let us go THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY back to struggle and fight for our ideal, never giving up in the endeavor to regenerate China! I have no doubt that with our help China will succeed. But I want to challenge you with this statement. She must succeed, she cannot afford to fail. Let me explain myself. When I think of China, I think of her as a contemporary of Egypt, Babylonia, Persia, India and Korea. Where are these nations to-day? Of all these ancient nations, China is the only survivor—the survivor with an un- mistakable sign of a prosperous future. The Egyptians, the Persians and the Indians look to us with veneration, for our age, but with anxiety, for our future. They say that on the main- land of Asia and Africa we are the only independent nation. They insist that we must live on for the sake of Asia,--Asia the cradle of civilization. This, fellow-countrymen, is the commis- sion entrusted to us Chinese at the deathbeds of our sister na- tions. How can we refuse it? And is there a man so base as to think of refusing this holy duty ? Again, we have to succeed when we consider the other races. On the one hand we see one race after another that has succumbed to the ordeal in the arena of the world. The fact that each and every non-Caucasian race, excepting ours, has fail- ed makes it necessary that we succeed. Just as we are expected to succeed as the only independent nation, so we are expected to succeed as the only independent non-European race. On the other hand we see the Caucasian races, who have developed an Occidental civilization to a marvelous degree but who have scarcely appreciated the good factors in the Oriental civiliza- tion. They are indeed anxious to add to their civilization ele- ments from the East but, because of the spectacles of Occident- alism through which they must look, much that is most valuable in our civilization escapes their notice. The same thing is true and even truer with the East, as to the West. If the world should ever have a complete, unified civilization, we the most Occidental of Oriental races, must make contributions to the West, while at the same time introducing the West to the East. But what if we as a race should also fail? Then the world's 34 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY civilization must indeed remain forever incomplete and the pro- phecy of the Western poet would become true Oh! East is East and West is West, and never the twain shall meet Till earth and sky stand presently at God's great judgment seat. We Chinese, therefore have to succeed for this is demanded by the world's civilization. Fellow-students, fellow-countrymen, for the sake of our il- lustrious past, for the sake of the future of our worthy people, for the sake of the lamented nations of the East and for the sake of the World's Civilization, let us rededicate ourselves at this moment to the salvation and regeneration of our beloved Fath- erland. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 35 STUDENT WORLD ALLIANCE PRESIDENT'S ANNUAL REPORT To the members of the Alliance: It is time for reckoning. Our terms of office are about to be concluded; and I have the honor to present for your review the workings of the Alliance with recommendations for future improvements. This administration was greatly handicapped from the first by the late election. The officers for the Alliance were not named until late in the fall, 1915. The time lost was extremely serious since it left but little for the organization of the year's work. In view of this, one of the last acts before I left the United States was the appointment of a nomination committee with instructions to hold the election of the Alliance officers at the earliest possible moment. It is my hope that succeeding administrations will see that this important business be attended to promptly. The past year was by no means unusual. It followed an even tenor, having nothing to differentiate it from the preceed- ing year or the one before that. We enjoyed the fruit of the work of the founders of the Alliance and sought to consolidate and to give permanency to the organization. Of course, the late election prevented the administration from branching out with many experiments which it would like to put to a test. An ambitious program was laid out for the general welfare work. But I regret that ere our organization was complete, a greater part of the year had gone. In consequence, the work did not turn out as expected. The vocational group is another sore point. I am of the opinion that while it is a splendid idea, the experiment, as tried in the last few years, has been a failure. The publications have done well. In many respects I be- lieve that they have shown improvement. Take the Monthly, for instance, there is no such financial loss as experienced last year. The Quarterly, according to the report of its business manager, is working out well. The Directory, attractive in 36 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY typography and form, was published at a cost materially less than that of the year before. As to the literary quality of the Monthly and the Quarterly, it is of a high order. Praise is due to the editors for the faithful presentation of the views of the members of the Alliance, which they expressed with tact and courage, especially on the funda- mental question which shook China to the foundations last year. The new system of electing the editor-in-chief from the out- going board on its own recommendation is successful in putting into office a capable and experienced man. In the election of a business manager for the succeeding year, we met with difficulty. Mr. C. T. Chang, of Cornell, who has rendered a yeoman's service to the Monthly in the last two years, declined the nomination of the managerial board. I was called upon to get a man. The request came in the last part of May, when spare time was none too plentiful. I am glad to be able to report that the service of Mr. K. K. Wang, who has held the office of the treasurer in both the Eastern and Middle Western sections, has been obtained. His election is pending in the Council. This is accomplished at a stretch of the consti- tution, since Mr. Wang was not on the managerial board-a requirement set down in the document of government of the Alliance. There is, however, an unwritten rule that a man, though not one of the managers, who has done creditable work, may be nominated. It was under this ruling that I was named for both the business manager and editor-in-chief of the Monthly in 1914. Such interpretation of the constitution is only justi- fiable under an exceptional circumstance. It should not be made a precedent to be followed frequently. I suggest to the Council, therefore, that a resolution be passed limiting duplications of such interpretation to cases when it is absolutely necessary. The present arrangement of the Quarterly with the Chung Hua Publishing Company by which the Alliance is free from the printing expenses is financially advantageous; but it has one serious defect—tardiness. Several months elapsed before the Quarterly is delivered. In the winter articles appear written especially for the summer, while the winter numbers are not issued until June or July. This cannot but hurt the repu- tation of the magazine. To remedy such inefficiency, the busi- ness manager suggests that the Quarterly be published by the Alliance. He handed me a detailed brief showing how little THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 37 risk, financially, the undertaking means. Yet this change in- volves the finance of the Alliance, and I commend that care be exercised in the discussion of the adoption of the plan. In pursuance of the recommendation of the last administra- tion that the Alliance be incorporated, I appointed a committee to investigate the question. It was gone into thoroughly with the aid of a lawyer. It was the opinion of the committee that there is no necessity for incorporation. With this I agree. The Alliance is now fairly well established. Traditions and settled policies have simplified our work and given us con- fidence. We are no longer of the character of the pioneer. We must turn our faces forward, looking for progress and expansion. In this there is as much need of dynamic force and vision as there was at the beginning. The greatest danger the Alliance now has to guard against is "getting into a rut.” If the Alliance is worth having, it is worth working for. The members have shown an admirable spirit of co-operation during the last year. It is my highest hope that this spirit will be always on the grow. It is also my hope that no member will be satisfied with the Alliance as it is but seek to improve it, to make its usefulness greater. Expansion of the Alliance can be made along two lines. First, among the Chinese students in America and second, among the returned students. Among those in America there are yet a large percentage outside our organization. They should be brought in. To do this we must make the Alliance stronger. In the last few years the Alliance having grown immensely, it is impossible for the officers, with full college work, to do all that is possible. I suggest that efforts be made to have the Educational Mission support a social secretary, appointed and employed by the Alliance, whose work is to look after the routine of the organization and to visit the students. He should be a man of wide experience, capable of commanding the respect of the student-body. The returned students should be organized as an extension of the Alliance. Annually we send more than one hundred students back to China. They are scattered in the four corners of the Republic. Unless they are organized they will lose touch with us. Our publications should print more news of our alumni so that we may not lose interest in one another. The returned students, by coming together, can be of a great influence for 88 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY good in China, while the Alliance, with their assistance, can extend its work to China. As we look back to the year's work, one thing stands out most prominently—the public spirit of the members. For this all we can say is, we thank you. H. K. Kwong. July 23, 1916. “MONTHLY” MANAGER'S REPORT. To the Members of the Chinese Students' Alliance- Dear Sirs: It has become a custom that the Chief Manager of the Monthly should prepare a report and present it to the Alliance at the end of his term. Accordingly, I beg to submit this report. The Monthly, as we all know, is an official organ of the Alliance, is the only paper published in English by the Chinese Students in this country, and has been published for already a period of eleven years. It is necessary for me to let the members of the Alliance know something about the standing of the Monthly, and I consider it as my duty to report in as brief a manner as possible the work that the Managerial Board has done during the past academic year from 1915 to 1916. On the 19th of May, 1915, I was notified by Mr. Y. S. Djang that the Alliance elected me to the office of chief managership. Immediately after I took up my duty I did two things: First, I appointed local managers, and secondly, I made an agreement with the Cayuga Press for the printing of the Monthly. Un- fortunately, after having begun my work I was called back by my parents to spend my summer vacation in China and because it was under peculiar circumstances I could not refuse to go. So I requested Mr. C. T. Chang, Circulating Manager, to take charge of my office and my recommendation was approved by Mr. Y. L. Tong, the then President of the Alliance. Late in September I returned to this country from my leave of absence, and found that thirty managers, ten of whom were as- sociate and twenty assistant, had been added to the Managerial Board. After having investigated into the work done by the cir- culation and advertisement departments, I also found that Mr. C. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 39 T. Chang and Mr. S. O. Au, the respective departmental managers, had rendered to the Monthly very efficient service. To them I wish here to express my feeling of gratitude in behalf of the Managerial Board. To Mr. Chang, however, I must extend my thanks in particular, for Mr. Chang, as acting chief manager, had done much during my absence. Furthermore, I found that the Alliance voted to reduce the number of publications from nine to eight. After looking over the record of the year, I am very sorry to say that only twenty out of thirty managers rendered good service to the Monthly, while the other ten did practically nothing at all. I must here make it clear that the financial part of the Monthly is entirely dependent on the managers. The chief manager and the departmental managers have in fact no way to reach every business man and ask for advertisements, because they are not familiar with conditions in the local cities. Unless the local managers do conscientious service and approach business men with patience it is difficult to get new advertise- ments. As a whole, the local managers did much better work than those in the preceding year. Among the local managers, the following gentlemen deserve special mention: They are: Messrs. W. H. Chun of Chicago, T. C. Hao of Champaign, F. F. Kan of Corvallis, C. L. Liang of Madison, C. S. See of New York City and F. W. Ming of Ithaca, N. Y. To them I wish to extend my thanks for their kind assistance and co-operation. With regard to the financial condition I wish to say that to start my work I made a loan of $80.00 from the Alliance Treasurer. Later in November I made another loan of $50.00; so I had altogether an amount of $130.00 from the Alliance. Then throughout the year the Monthly was self-supported. Although the financial conditions this year are not so bad as it was in the preceding year, yet I had great difficulties through out the year in financing the Monthly and I firmly believe that I could not have done any better than what I did. The sources of income and the ways of disbursements can be seen from the following table. 40 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY TABLE I. Receipts Amounts Disbursements Amounts Advertisements .....$1095.25 Circulation Dept. .... $11.37 Subscriptions ....... 377.47 Advertisement Dept... 11.88 Trade Advertisement . 1.62 Local Mngrs. & Edit. 55.65 Alliance Loan ..... 130.00 To the Alliance...... 67.05 All Subscriptions... 216.90 General Office ...... 60.80 Old Advertisements. 140.69 Printing Old Subs. .......... 10.04 (Paid portion) ....1630.04 Engraving ......... 170.27 Engraving .......... 125.01 Shanghai ........... 20.00 Post Office & Stamps 109.71 Refund ............. 4.00 $2162.24 Miscellaneous ....... 13.36 Balance on hand .... 73.37 $2162.24 The above table shows only that paid and collected portion of the entire amount. On account of the uncollected portion we still have some debts still unpaid, which can be seen from the following table: TABLE II. Uncollected Amount Unpaid Amount Advertisement ....... $135.35 The Press ...........$413.48 Circulation .......... 379.25 Alliance Loan ....... 130.00 Alliance Subs. at 75c. 230.25 Engraving .......... 33.50 Total.........$543.48 Total.........$778.35 From the foregoing tables, it is clear that the Monthly would have made a profit of $308.24, had the uncollected portion been paid up. In a still more concise manner the entire account can be seen from the following figures: Uncollected portion ....... .... $778.35 Balance on hand 73.37 Total ................... Unpaid portion ......... $851.72 543.48 Profit ........... $308.24 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 41 In order to get a general idea of the growth of the paper I quote the records of the last ten years as follows: TABLE III. Year Cost of Printing Advertisements Circulation 1906-1907 $276.50 $238.15 $44.65 1907-1908 491.50 742.20 3.45 1908-1909 733.75 724.00 118.75 1909-1910 799.65 782.70 156.15 1910-1911 1018.95 960.75 225.60 1911-1912 944.70 740.45 137.80 1912-1913 1382.83 1293.25 334.03 1913-1914 1463.37 1793.19 609.30 1914-1915 2485.80 1850.29 1007.77 1915-1916 2043.52 1230.60 1218.22 Under the Management of Mr. S. O. Au, the advertisement department had a fairly good record, but in comparison of the records of past years the work of this year is rather unsuccess- ful. It seems to me that there are few reasons for it: These are due to the fact that (1) the present European war has brought financial embarassment on many a business man and consequently they are very careful on what they spend and not so liberal, especially in advertising. (2) The local managers did not work as much as they should. Take, for instance, in New York City, we had two managers, only one of whom renewed old advertisements while the other did nothing at all. In this city alone the Monthly lost about $400, the blame for which cannot but be ascribed to the negligence of the local managers. As a whole, however, the Monthly had a good per- centage of collection in this department, and I must say that credit is due for their faithful work to the managers whom I mentioned in the first part of this report. The collection in this department is about 88%. Furthermore, I must not forget to mention that a number of the editors rendered much help to this department. Under the management of Mr. C. T. Chang, the circulation department had a very successful year. This department, as we all understand, has a very heavy task in the way of extension. This department cannot do much without the help of the mem- bers of the Alliance; for the managers have limited power to 42 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY get new subscribers and therefore the managers have to rely on the members to advertise our paper to their friends. As I understand, at the Eastern Sectional Conference, Mr. Chang tried very hard to do some extension work by calling upon the members for help but he received only a few replies. This department, however, as shown in Table III. had an increase of 18% over that of the preceding year. To be sure, the Alliance subscribers this year decreased 616 but we had an increase of non-member subscribers. As I have had intimate connection with the Monthly during the last two years, I think I am in a position to make a few suggestions for improvement. In the first place, I would like to say that in order to receive better co-operation from the local managers, it is necessary to re-organize the present Managerial Board. The present system of electing managers is inefficient. Whether the Monthly is going to improve or not is not a ques- tion of the number of managers that we must have but of the kind of men we are going to get. Our past records show that we get more advertisements from big cities than from small ones; for this reason we ought to place one responsible man in each big city instead of having several. To hold many respon- sible means nobody responsible. According to the present system, there are about thirty managers elected and appointed every year but only half of them do their work faithfully. Why not hereafter make a better selection of men and let each man be held responsible for certain definite duty ? Local managers ought to be given more power to carry on their work. In order to make this change the Alliance must also grant the chief manager more power to appoint all the managers, both associate and assistant. In this case, it is advisable that the chief man- ager must be given a longer time to work out his plan, so that he may be able to improve each year on the method of manage- ment by personal experience. For this reason, I propose a new plan for re-organization. In the first place the chief manager must be a man who can spend all his time for the Monthly, and be allowed to stay in his office for at least a term of two years. Secondly, the local managers are to be divided into kinds, asso- ciate and assistant. The associate managers will be appointed by the chief manager according the principal cities, such as, New York City, Boston, Chicago, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Washington, Ithaca and others. The assistant managers will THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY : 43 be recommended by the associate manager with the approval of the chief manager. The number of associate managers will be one in each city where the chief manager deems it necessary, while the number of assistant managers is unlimited. Thirdly, since the Monthly has already been published for a period of eleven years, it seems to me that the time has come when we ought to establish a permanent office. If my plan is to be carried out, I feel sure that the Monthly will be able to get enough money to meet expenses for establishing a permanent office. The office, in my opinion can be best located either in New York City or in Washington. The advantage of having the office in those two cities is manifold but there are two out- standing reasons; first, if we have a permanent office in either one of those two cities ,it will be much more convenient in the conduct of business and secondly, it is a much better way to advertise our paper and to establish confidence in the mind of business men. In conclusion I wish to say that Mr. K. K. Wang, the new chief manager, is an experienced man in the way of conducting business, and I feel sure that he will do better work for the Monthly and I wish him every success in his work for the coming year. As a last word in this report, I wish to express my feeling of gratitude of having had the honor as well as pleasure in being able to render some service to the Alliance. Furthermore, I must not fail to extend my sincere and hearty thanks to all the managers and those who have helped the Monthly for their co-operation and kind service. Y. P. Sun. 44 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY STATEMENT OF THE ALLIANCE TREASURER Nov. 1915-July 1916 Receipts Dr. Balance from preceding year ..... $122.34 Membership dues and subscriptions Eastern Section ........... $306.75 Mid-West Section ......... 159.50 Western Section ........... 7.75................ 538.00 Cash returned to Treasury by C. S. Chen, Manager of the Quarterly (1912-13) ......... Petty Receipts 1.80 90.00 ises $752.14 Disbursements Cr. Office Expenses President ...................... $9.00 Secretary ..................... 10.66 Treasurer .... ........ 16.12 $35.78 Bill of Retiring Officer (1914-15) ..... 15.69 Directory, total expense ............... 187.50 Alliance Stationaries .................. 14.00 Accounts Receivable (loan to Quarterly) ........... 14.32 One membership due refunded 1.75 Nomination Committee (S. J. Chuan), balance of a total bill of 18.30 ........................ 12.30 Services ........ 3.30 Standing Committees' expenses ...... 7.53 Last year's Committee's bill submitted this year ...... 26.30 Chinese Students' Monthly, 307 subscriptions ......... 216.90 Cuts for officers and one special page insertion in the Monthly ................................... 16.00 Petty expenses ......... 0.91 Exchange on checks . 0.41 Balance on hand ............ 199.45 ........ $752.14 Respectfully sumbitted, T. C. Hsi. Audited and found Correct, C. H. Wang. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 45 STATEMENT OF THE RESERVE FUND July 1915--July 1916 Dr. Balance ........... ........$1141.01 Collections from Monthly (1914-15) ................. 47.85 Accounts Payable (Loans from Sections) ............. 250.00 Funds raised by contribution at the Eastern Conference (1915) ....... ...... 85.00 Interest on deposit ......... ...... 14.51 Contributions .......... ........... 30.00 $1568.37 Cr. Accounts Receivable, The Cayuga Press, (Monthly Debt) ......................... ....... 1049.05 Loan to the Monthly (1915-16) ...................... 130.00 Exchange charges ...... 0.30 Balance on hand ....... .... 389.02 $1568.37 Respectfully submitted, T. C. Hsi, Chairman Reserve Fund Com. Audited and found Correct, C. H. Wang. THE TWELFTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE EASTERN SECTION By L. T. Chen To many of us who attended the twelfth annual conference of the Eastern Section, the name Andover will ever become a synonym for jollity and happiness. To many indeed the name will conjure up scenes that will hardly be forgotten through life. Many will date the beginning of their success from one of the many social events of that Conference. To the Conference Committee the Conference will be remembered for its record- breaking numbers. There were altogether 200 delegates includ- ing over 40 ladies, another enviable record. Yet these do not altogether characterize the last conference. There are transcendant features that we must mark. There have been changes that are of far-reaching great signifi- 46 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY cance. It is the general tone of cordiality, the sincere and open- minded fellowship that first engages the attention of a new-com- er. He sees faces that he never saw before but soon learns that there is no reason for him to feel restrained. This end is largely brought about by the existence of a social hall. After meals and at leisure times people assemble in this room to en- gage in games and conversation; in the evening those who can, enjoy themselves in dancing, while others who have not acquir- ed the art stand around and watch with intense interest. It is surprising to find the rapid increase in the number of dancers among us and to notice the high degree of proficiency that many have attained. The enthusiasm manifested is without preced- ent. Some one remarked that it was astonishing to see these people dance, but we shall be surprised if he does not become another enthusiast before the next conference is called. Another thing is to be noticed which does not only distin- guish this conference but shall perhaps inaugurate,a new tradi- tion at the conferences that are to come. This is the system of student waiters in the dining hall, so far a unique feature in the history of the Alliance. It is hoped that this may have the effect of abrogating the false pride of deprecating the work of menial labor. The scheme was not very popular at the start; only a few responded. But it was most gratifying to see how rapidly the popular attitude evolved. Almost each day brought a new convert until at least there were more to respond than needed. What Mr. T. T. Wang, the Director of our Educational Mis- sion, remarked with respect to this at the concluding banquet of the conference is significiant. He expressed great satisfaction in the changed spirit and attitude towards menial labor thus manifested. If our Director Mr. T. T. Wang, found satisfaction in the pride for work among the students, our Chairman, Mr. K. Y. Mok, certainly should have found gratification in the enthusiasm of the delegates at the business meetings. It is a fact that so far as one's memory goes and so far as any records show, at no other conference have the business meetings been so well at- tended. The main topics discussed in the open forums this year were national defense and political reconstruction. These topics are of absorbing interest and naturally drew the largest audience and called forth the warmest discussion. Usually the leader THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 47 reads a paper and then the discussion is thrown open to all. These discussions, both of the speaker and from the floor, are not supposed to be mere academic speculations, for they bring forth well ripened thoughts which must have long occupied the minds of the participants. Nor did the majority of the people con- tent themselves with merely building castles in the air ; steps were taken with the object of aiding a practical solution of the prob- lem of national defence. True that the National Defence League did not originate at the conference, but here the organization which first took shape in Boston among the Chinese students at Harvard and those at the Massachusetts Institute of Technol- ogy about a year ago was substantially invigorated with a large number of new members. It does not pretend to help materially building up the means of warfare of our country, but is publish- ing a paper in Shanghai and expects to circulate literature at home to enlighten our people o nthe national defense movement. It seems rather unnatural to have thus far said nothing about the most important feature of the conference, I mean the platform meetings which are held at eleven o'clock practically every day. At these meetings we are addressed by prominent Americans who have interested themselves with the affairs and conditions in our fatherland. Among these are David I. Walsh, former governor of Massachusetts; Dr. Wallace A. Buttrick, of the Rockefeller Medical Foundation in China; John H. Fahey, ex-president of the American Chamber of Commerce, and Willard D. Straight of the American International Corpor- ation of New York, formerly connected with the Imperial mari- time customs service in China. It is to be noted that speaking on the various phrases of our national problems they expressed themselves with perfect sincerity and frankness. One regret is that on account of ill-health H. E. Dr. V. K. Wellington Koo was unable to come to speak to us as was expected. Thus far the account is somewhat misleading. It was not merely the attendance of the business meetings, participation in the open forum discussions, and listening to lectures. Most of the evening sessions were in the nature of entertainments. To begin with, a musical concert was attempted. To many this had appeared to be a reckless and audacious undertaking. But when the thing was over it was reported a success. At no other meeting was the auditorium so filled. The program was rather ambitious but well rendered. Miss 2. Y. Wang's piano work 48 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY was the feature of the evening and deserves special comment. In one piece the audience had to marvel at her perfection in ex- acting techniques; in another the audience was held in suspense in admiring her power of interpretation. On another evening our talents in dramatics furnished the programme. The play "The New Order Cometh,” which had had a successful run in New Haven and Middletown, Conn, a year ago and in Worces- ter, Mass., in last spring was again reproduced, with the cast slightly changed. It had been assured of its success and actually the oracle was not misinterpreted. Our meetings of this nature reached the zenith of success when we had the dramatic reading of Israel Zangwill's “Melting Pot”, by Miss Alice E. Lavelle of Boston. Between the acts Miss Sharpe formerly of Tsing Hua College, Peking sang and Miss Seelye, also of the same institution, and Miss Wang played. The whole program was an exposition of high art. And yet we shall not neglect the traditional Inter-club night at the conference. This event is of significance perhaps not by virtue of the excellence of the program that one finds at other meetings but rather because of the fact that it is the occasion when the students of the various colleges and universities represented at the conference have a chance to rally under their own colors and proudly sing to the glory of their Alma-mater. At the same time a prize had been offered to the club which produce the best stunt. This went to the Flip-flap, a social club formed of members from many institutions. The oratorical contests took place in the evenings. As usual, these contests were very popular. At the contest of Chinese orations six persons took part, representing five institutions. Ta Li of Phillips Academy, Exeter was awarded the first prize on an oration on national defense; Miss Sophia H. Chen of Vassar, second; and C. Ku of Cornell, third. At the English oratorical contest only five survived the preliminaries. It was the misfor. tune of Mr. H. M. Lin, the winner of last year's contest, to have to yield place to an orator from the West, Mr. Y. C. Yang, formerly of the University of Wisconsin now studying at George Washington University. His speech .on “The Calculus of Pos- sibilities” was brilliant though it sounded somewhat like a ser- mon, Bu , 239 CONSIN O CASE SERVE RESERVAS OBERLIN MID-WEST CONFERENCE, OBERLIN, O., 1916. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 49 Cornell and Pennsylvania, the latter coming out the more favored. Still we have left the athletic events uncommented upon, and yet this is the field in which the last conference claims an unprecedented glory. For the first time in the history of the eastern section our base-ball team won a victory, by the score of 3-1 against the local team. But a large share of the glory should go to Captain Alfred Yap, whose masterful pitching struck out most of the opposing batters, giving the fielders little chance to make errors. However, due credit should be given to the rest of the team, although their defensive play was not altogether flawless. In this connection our short stop, “Tommy” Lee should be specially mentioned. It was a feature when he jumped up in the air to pull down a terrific liner and completed a double play. On the football field our opponents from a neighboring town were elated over the score 1 to 1. Coming to the athletic contests among ourselves I shall not attempt to give a detailed account. Suffice to say that Cornell won the championship in the track and field events while the individual championship went to S. S. Kwan of M. I. T. In tennis the prize for singles went to Wei of Hongkong and those for doubles to Wei and Ng, also from Hongkong. In the con- tests among the girls Miss Caroline Huie of Hunter College up- set the 'dope' by wresting the individual championship from her sister Miss Alice Huie. In tennis, Miss W. T. New of Radcliffe won the singles' cup while Miss Caroline Huie with Mrs. W. L. Wei won the ladies' doubles. The championship in swimming for women was won by Miss Alice Huie of Columbia and that for men by L. G. Moy of M. I. T. Priding ourselves on the distinct success of the conferences we shall not be forgetful of its beginning. We reaped the fruits of others' efforts and labour perhaps not realizing to how many people we are indebted. To the trustees and authorities of Phillips Academy, Andover, we owe thanks for their past as well as present interests in our students; to the townspeople of An- dover we feel obliged for their courtesy and goodwill towards us. To those of our own numbers, notably Mr. T. V. Soong, who laboured unceasingly for this pleasant gathering our thanks are also due. Indeed they have found their reward and gratifi- cation in that the conference was a success, but let us remind ourselves that the success came but from co-operation. The 50 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY last conference is an exquisite example of what unreserved co- operation could do. Co-operation from the committees in charge alone would have been futile. It is called from us at large just as urgently. And it might be confidently said that at the Andover Conference this call was not unheeded. WESTERN SECTION CONFERENCE REPORT K. C. Chung, Reed College, Portland, Oregon Never before in the history of the Western Section of the Alliance has the conference been held in the Northwest. The students of that vicinity were not slow to realize the responsi- bility, when news arrived that the decision had been made by the Representative Board in favor of Portland. They were carried away by enthusiasm, and started hurriedly to work, because the decision was made public scarcely more than a month before the conference date, which was from August 14 to 17 inclusive. Nevertheless, they made the best of the situation. They sought financial aid from the merchants of Portland, Astoria and Sal- em, and these responded in a most liberal spirit, for the contri- butions totalled more than two hundred and sixty dollars after a two or three days' campaign. The choice of the conference ground fell upon Reed College, whose administration was kind enough to grant the unrestricted use of the entire campus and extended to the Alliance hospital- ity of the highest degree. Picturesque Portland, the renowned City of Roses in the West, the quiet atmosphere of the modest, the cheerful and clean campus of Reed College—to these we re- sponded, and our response took the form of enthusiasm, for at the end of the first day, the registration book revealed an attend- ance of more than eighty members, active and associate. Fur- thermore, this same record showed that all delegates except one came from the three Pacific States, Oregon, Washington and California. The distance some of them travelled however, is hardly conceivable to students in the East or Middle West. About a dozen came from cities in the State of Washington, about two hundred miles from Portland, and fifteen in number was the Californian delegation, travelling a distance varying be- tween seven hundred and fifty and eleven hundred miles, which THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 51 goes to show the extent of the enthusiastic spirit in bringing them over such distances. The programme was composed of such conventional items as a welcome meeting, open forums, platform addresses, social night, oratorical contests, field and track meet, farewell banquet, tennis tournaments and other athletic contests. Instead of a full account, a few words are devoted below for each event. In the opening meeting the chairman of the Conference, Mr. F. F. Kan, the representative of Reed College, Mr. N. F. Cole- man, and the chairman of the Western Section extended their greetings and welcome to the delegates. The open forums were fairly well attended, if one takes into consideration the number of active members present in the con- ference. The discussions were lively enough to arouse the in- terest of those in attendence. In the welcome dinner of the first night more than seventy were present. They showed a real American spirit; college songs and yells of the institutions represented and other rah-rah stuff filled the hall with din. In this connection the writer owes an apology for a digression. As Reed looks upon intercollegiate athletics with disfavor, there are no nerve-racking yells, so the delegates representing Reed were the only silent and sensible ones. The social night was a decided success and more than a hun- dred enjoyed the delightful evening. Musical items, stunts by the different delegations, games and refreshments filled the pro- gramme. Everyone left in satisfaction and everybody had come to know everybody else after spending an evening together. The field and track meet, though the records were poor, was participated in, with unusual ardor. Competition between the different delegations was very keen. Finally the Portland team walked away with the championship and Mr. Albert Ding won the individual honor. The Chinese oratorical contest was attended with interest. Many of the Chinese merchants of the city were present, and three of the prominent ones acted as judges. The laurel, a solid-gold medal, was captured by Mr. Solon Au of Portland. Second place goes to Mr. C. W. Liang of Adelphia College, Se- attle, Washington. Only a few entered the tennis tournaments, singles and doubles. Mr. K. C. Chung of Reed came out as winner of the 52 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY singles, and Messrs. Chin and Toy of Washington, as winners of the doubles. The baseball and basketball matches resulted in favor of the Portland teams. The English oratorical contest was won by Mr. Stephen Mark from California, a veteran in the game. Mr. K. C. Chung of Reed took second place. The election meeting yielded the following results: Mr. Y. S. Tom of California, President; K. C. Chung, Reed College, Vice-Pres.; Miss Nettie Soo-Hoo, U. of C. English Sec’y.; Mr. Au Solon, Portland, Chinese Sec'y.; S. K. Wong, Stanford, Treasurer. The three councilmen are Miss L. L. Shaw, of U. C.; Steph- en G. Mark, U. C.; S. K. Lau, Stanford. The associate man- agers to the monthly: H. Wong, Reed College; Geo. K. Lee, Occidental College. Associate Editors to the Monthly: Geo. K. Shew, California; K. C. Chung, Reed College. Associate Managers to the Quarterly: S. K. Lau, Stanford; Thos. T. Lee, Stanford. Associate Editors to the Quarterly; Au Solon, Port- land; K. H. Chiu, U. C. Two amendments were passed which affected the formation of the Executive Board for the following year. The farewell banquet was impressive and memorable. In the main hall of Nan King Lau, more than a dozen Chinese tables were set. Over a hundred tasted the delicious Chinese dishes in mandarin style—perhaps a little out-of-date. Speeches, one af- ter another were given by the merchants and the students with a little touch of regret, and all were looking toward the ap- proach with dismay, and gloom. The merchants showed their appreciation, because the students were willing to come up to Portland from such long distances, and the students showed theirs because the merchants, besides bearing the expenses of the conference, royally entertained the delegates from California and Washington. Special credit must be given, and special ap- preciation extended to the merchants, for the conference was only possible through their active support. The conference was a success socially as well as from a busi- ness point of view. Other than socially it was a success in the fact that it created, on the part of the students of the Northwest, an intense interest in the Alliance hitherto practically unknown to them. The time is come when they will take an active part in affairs of the Western Section, which had been only of local THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 53 interest to students in California. It ushered in a new era that marks the hearty co-operation of the Northwestern students, and the ever-growing friendship of the brothers further south. Let us all look forward to the time when delegates from Nevada, Montana, Colorado, etc., will come to the conference and be really and actually in the fold of the Western Section of the Chinese Students' Alliance. Hurrah For The Western Section! THE MID - WEST CONFERENCE By T. F. Tsiang and H. L. Chung There are two phases to every conference: its atmosphere and its activities. The former cannot be harmonized without the sub- stantiation of the latter. Hence an account of the Seventh Annual Conference of the Mid-West Section of the Alliance can only be given by first reviewing briefly its activities. Literary The nature of the program of the Conference was identically the same as that of former years. Apparently the foremost feat- ure was the five platform addresses, all save one being given by Faculty members of Oberlin. Dr. Bosworth, Dean of the Theolo- gical department, gave the initial address, speaking on “The Present Outlook for Human Brotherhood”; Professor Geiser, of the Politic- al Science department, outlined "The Merits and Demerits of the American Political System”; Professor Mosher, of the Depart- ment of German, spoke on “The Place of the Scholar in the Nation”; Professor Metcalf, of the Biological department, presented a paper on "Science and Modern Civilization,” emphasizing the im- portance of Eugenics; Professor Lyman, of the Philosophical de- partment, took for his topic, “What is Vital in Western Civiliza- tion?” The series was comprehensive, representing the fields of religion, political science, scholarship, science, and philosophy. Forum The three open forum meetings were enthusiastically attended. The questions discussed were military, education, and other phases of the industrial future of China. The discussions were not apa- thetic, but sane and sincere throughout. 54 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY Literary Contests There were three literary contests: a debate in Chinese, in which the representatives of Michigan Club, upholding the negative of the question of “Co-Education for China,” defeated their op- ponents from Oberlin College; a Chinese oratorical contest, won by Mr. P. H. Louis of Oberlin, and an English oratorical contest, won by Mr. T. F. Tsiang, also of Oberlin, with Mr. Fred Lam of St. Louis, a close second. Music In Music the Seventh Conference was undoubtedly the most fortunate in the history of the Section, if not the entire Alliance. The Faculty of the Oberlin Conservatory of Music entertained the delegates with an elaborate Concert, consisting of solos, both instrumental and vocal. Hawaiian music and Chinese solos were supplied by the Chinese from Honolulu and Mrs. Takang Kao respectively. Miss Beulah Chang, chairman of the musical com- mittee, is to be remembered for her untiring efforts which made the above musical program possible. Other Attractions The Bazaar, the Side Show, and the Conference Daily, the official paper of the Conference, were the other features that deserve to be mentioned here. They were not only financially success- ful, but fulfilled their missions with efficiency. Athletics From the participant and the spectacular standpoint the greatest outdoor feature during the Conference was the field of sports. Athletes of the Chinese caliber gathered and competed for the laurels under the sane spirit of real sportsmanship. The first athletic contest held under the direction of the ath- letic committee was the soccer football. The Oberlin Chinese team was humbled by the Conference team, which was composed of other members of the Alliance. The track and field meet came off on scheduled time. College yells, led by cheer leader Chan, were issued intermittently by the student delegates. As was expected, Mr. W. K. Chang, University of Chicago, carried away the individual honors, having credited 24 points to his Alma Mater. Other point winners were Paul Young, and Frank Lee. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 55 Class. The tennis tournament for ladies and gentlemen was conducted in good style. The ladies' tennis was won by Miss Ruth Koe-Sun of Berea after a successful "courting" with Miss Dora Chang and Miss Mary Hung-woo. Mr. W. K. Lim, Messrs Paul Young, and H. K. Li won the singles and doubles respectively for the gentlemen's class. The Conference base ball team was successful in defeating the Oberlin All-American picked team. The score was 3-2. Thus closed the activities of the Conference. Now a few words regarding the other phase of the Conference -its atmosphere. Between individuals the key-note was co-opera- tion. It was a hackneyed word, but its effectiveness cannot be doubted by anyone who witnessed the manifold activities of the Conference, unrolling themselves as it were on a stage with mechan- ical order. Collectively the animus was patriotism, not in the sense of “right or wrong I am for China," but in the sense of service to the nation. With the smallest number of delegates in the history of the Alliance, held in a non-central town, the Seventh Annual Confer- ence closed with a net gain of three hundred dollars. And the first nine days of September, 1916, will ever remain in the memories of the one hundred men and women who were present. THE NEW STUDENTS Under the direction of Mr. S. D. Lee a group of eighty-four new students arrived in San Francisco on September 30. Among them were twenty-nine private students, the rest being sent from Tsing Hua. Ten girls are sent out by the Government this year, while six come out as private students. The distribution this year is unique, for the 74 who have signified their choice of colleges expect to be scattered over as many as forty three colleges. The ten girls from Tsing Hua have not yet been assigned to any colleges. Among the bigger Universities, M. I. T., Cornell, Wisconsin, and Harvard claim four each; Johns Hopkins, Pennsylvania, Columbia, Minnesota and Illinois claim only two each; while Northwestern, Lehigh, Yale, Princeton, Case and Chicago claim only one. The choice of subjects is also unique. We have one theolo- gian, three Y. M. C. A. workers, and three musicians, in addition to the usual professions. Among the girls, Education and Medi- cine are in the fore with five each, three will pursue a general course, two intend to take up Music, while one is undecided. its arrived private stuit by the Goretribution this 56 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY The complete list follows:- Mining Engineering: S. Y. Chu, Carnegie Institute. K. C. Chang, Metallurgy, Carnegie Institute of Technology. Economics: C. Chen, Railway Administration, Yale University. K. S. Tang, Railway Administration, Bowdoin College. C. Tsai, Pomona College. B. Y. Chu, Commerce and Banking, Wesleyan University. C. Y. Shih, Banking, Harvard University. T. Y. Wu, Banking, Princeton University. Political Science: T. Chen, Reed College. C. Chao, Wesleyan University. Education: P. K. Chu, Johns Hopkins. H. Huang, Dartmouth College. C. P. Lin, University of Rochester. General Arts: Misses S. T. Tsa, L. T. Fong, K. P. Huang. Education: Misses S. T. Yuen, Y. K. Liang, H. T. Lieo, Kath- erine Chen. Medicine: Misses T. N. Kwong, T. L. Li, H. C. Yen. Law: S. T. Yen, Harvard University. Agriculture: D. W. Li, University of Wisconsin. Electrical Engineering: W. Y. Chiu, M. I. T. Mechanical Engineering: Z. T. Wong, M. I. T. K. Hsu, Cornell. Mining Engineering: H. F. Wang, Columbia University. Civil Engineering: Thomson Mao, Cornell. T. S. Sih, M. I. T. S. H. Huang, M. I. T. K. Lee, Cornell. Library Science: K. S. Chu, University of Wisconsin. Mechanical Engineering: C. F. Liu, R. P. I. Medicine: C. T. Chou, Detroit College of Medicine. T. L. Ko, Western Reserve University. C. H. Huang, Northwestern University. T. C. Shen, Western Reserve University. K. C. Sun, Johns Hopkins. M. T. Tsao, Jefferson Medical College. C. S. Wu, University of Pennsylvania. H. Y. Wu, University of Pennsylvania. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 57 Agriculture: P. S. Fu, Entomology and Forestry, 0. A. C. P. Liang Horticulture, Massachusetts A. C. P. Liu, Animal Husbandry, Iowa State College. S. C. Wang, Cotton, Louisiana State University. Industrial Chemistry: S. Hung, Ohio State University. C. C. Lin, Chemical and Ceramic Engineering, Iowa A. C. M. H. Chou, Paper Manufacture, University of Wisconsin. T. C. Chou, Paper Manufacture, Lehigh University. C. Chen, Sugar, Louisiana State University. S. F. Tan, Cement, Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Architecture: K. C. Chang, Columbia University. S. M. Lin, University of Minnesota. The following (29) are private students : Miss L. T. Chang, Music, Oberlin. Y. G. Cheng, Chemistry, Case. C. Chu, General Arts, New York. B. How, Commerce, Wharton. K. T. How, Pharmacy, U. of Maryland. Y. D. Hsi, Pharmacy, U. of Maryland. H. Y. Hsu, Library Science, New York. T. C. Huang, Education, Central Wesleyan. K. S. Kum, Medicine, Harvard. Miss A. Florence Kung, Education, Iowa Wesleyan. Y. F. Lee, Chemical Engineering, Chicago. J. G. Liau, Medicine, Harvard. Y. Liu, Civil Engineering, Illinois. S. L. Loo, General Arts, New York. Mrs. C. K. Lu, Illinois. S. K. Pan, Commerce, Wisconsin. Miss T. P. Pan, Music, Oberlin. Y. Russell Sun, Agriculture, Cornell. Miss E. Li-Sing Sze, Medicine, Baltimore. Rudolph Sze, Chemistry, Washington, D. C. Miss Lan Cho Tsai, Medicine, Central Wesleyan. Shan Chi Wang, Theology, Drew Theological Seminary. Shih Ching Wang, Physical Education, Springfield Y. M. C. A. W. L. Wang, Physical Education, Springfield Y. M. C. A. A. T. Wong, Association Secretary, Cleveland Y. M. C. .A. V. N. Woo, Commerce, U. of Minnesota. . M. C. A. VN Wong, Association cacation, Springfield" v 58 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY RECEPTION TO NEW STUDENTS AT SAN FRANCISCO ediately ain Section Fran- On the evening of Sept. 30, immediately after their arrival, the new students were received by the Western Section of the Alliance in conjunction with the Christian Association at San Fran- cisco. The program was in charge of Miss Clara Soo-Hoo, and was made up of speeches of welcome delivered by Mr. J. D. Chown of the Presbyterian Home where the affair was given, Mr. S. K. Lau representing the C. S. C. A., and Miss Nettie Soo-Hoo repre- senting the Western Section. The musical part of the program was rendered by Mr. J. W. Lum in a vocal solo, Mr. J. H. Hall in a trombone solo, Miss Mansie Chew in a piano solo, and Mr. Dick Dang in a violin solo. We were especially fortunate in having been able to hear Mr. S. D. Lee, who brought the students over to America, and whom many will recognize as the General Secretary of the Chinese Students' Christian Association two years ago. Re- presentatives of the new students, Mr. M. T. Tsao and Miss S. T. Tsa gave a few words of appreciation. Then followed a social program consisting of games and refreshments. The two hun- dred or so guests seemed to have enjoyed the evening very niuch Miss NETTIE Soo-Hoo. Secretary of the Western Section. CLUB NEWS (Club and personal news intended for publication in the Month- ly should be sent to Stewart E. S. Yui, Graduate College, Prince- ton, N. J., on or before the tenth of every month. The secretaries of all the clubs and Chinese students who have not yet organized clubs are requested to send in news regularly.] Amherst We had three Chinese students at Amherst last year. But this year the number is reduced. Mr. N. W. Cheng who was graduated last June is now taking postgraduate work in the University of Chicago, and Mr. Y. C. Chang is studying journalism in Columbia University. Mr. Tsaou is rooming in the college dormitory this fall and expects to be able to come into closer contact with the American students. Mr. P. Liang from Tsing Hua will soon come to join M. A. C. this year. L. M. Tsaou. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 59 British Columbia The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. C. is at last able to claim a larger number of Chinese students in its enroll- ment list this year. The new members are Messrs. Cumyow, E. Hosang and Chan. Miss Bertha Hosang has left her home at Vancouver, B. C. to attend McGill University, Montreal, where she continues her studies in the senior year. She is the first Chinese lady-student who attends this University and has been unanimously elected class representative to the Delta Sigma Society. YIP LING. Brown Three of our students have left Brown. Mr. S. F. Fay went home early in August; Mr. C. C. Chen is taking postgraduate work at Yale; and Mr. Ki Chun has been admitted into M. I, T. as a special student. But we are glad to welcome into our midst Messrs. Siji C. Hung and S. N. Au-Young, both from the University of Michigan. Having a total of four Chinese students here this year, we have bright prospects to organize a Chinese Students' Club in Brown in the near future. | S. C. LIAO. Cornell In the regular meeting held on June 3, all the unfinished business of last year were transacted and the elections took place. The officers for the first term are: C. K. Cheung, president; Y. P. Sun, vice-president; C. T. Chang, secretary; K. T. Chao, treasurer; C. Ping, sergeant-at-arms; and Messrs. K. H. Chu, Y. P. Sun, C. Wong, and Y. C. Yang, the standing committee. On June 28 a reception was given at the Cosmopolitan Club to Chinese students who were attending our summer school here. Miss Sophia Chen of Vassar and Mr. C. T. Kwei of Yale each gave us a talk. The program was very elaborate and enjoyed by all. On October 4, a banquet was held at the Cosmopolitan Club in honor of our track and field champion team at the Eastern Con- ference. S. I. Szto gave the toast, and Captain C. T. Chang respon- ded with a talk on "How we won our battle.” Manager Y. P. Sun spoke on the track history of Cornell Chinese students. captain- elect K. C. Lau on benefits derived from track training; coach F. 60 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY Sheehan gave us valuable advice on athletics; and Mr. T. W. Burns, '78, Editor-in-chief of the Elmira Telegram, traced the Cornell athletic history back to his Freshman year, and praised our students for their athletic, intellectual and moral achievements. CLIFTON T. CHANG. Exeter After many efforts, the Exeter faculty has finally consented to give two year's Latin credits for Chinese. Messrs. H. C. Chen and T. Li are hoping to receive diplomas from Exeter next June. T. LI. Fresno The first meeting of the Chinese Students' Club of Fresno was held at the Chinese Y. M. C. A. on 838 F. Street. The following officers were elected: Hiran Chong, president; K. Young, vice- president; George S. Gee, English secretary; James Wong, Chinese secretary; Davis Jew, treasurer; and Arthur Mar, auditor. These new officers have some new plans in mind and will carry them out so as to make the Club more successful this year than ever. GEORGE S. GEE. Harvard Our Club, with a membership of forty-two, has now entered upon the most glorious year in its history. We are proud both of its magnitude and of its intrinsic worth. The new members, who number more than a score, are all such as would give any Chinese Students’ Club in America a just reason for self-congratulation. First, the Law, Business, and Medical Schools are unusually re- presented this year by our nationality. Secondly, there is among us so large and brilliant a group of scientific scholars that the editorial board of the "Science" periodical has been transferred from Ithaca to Cambridge. A reception was given to the new members on September 30. Messrs. H. W. Sun, F. Chang, K. F. Hu, and Loy Chang gave speeches of welcome. A somewhat general revolutionary voice was raised against the over-intellectualism of our club atmosphere in previous years, and so we are now ready to make ourselves more “clubable” in order, as the modern social reformer would say, to live a fuller and richer life. KUANG-TI MAY. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 61 Illinois Last August we secured a more spacious house as our head- quarters. We have now ten new members, four of whom have come directly from China.. Miss C. N. Wong of Mt. Holyoke College is here taking post-graduate work, majoring Botany. The first business meeting of the semester was held on Sept. 23. The new officers are: T. K. Lin, President; C. K. Lu, Vice- President; J. Y. Moo English Secretary; J. J. Hsun, Chinese Se- cretary; and M. M. Wong, Treasurer. On the evening of Sept. 30, a social was given to our new members. Our American friends, Dr. and Mrs. Seymour, and Professor and Mrs. Waldo were invited. A pleasant evening was enjoyed by one and all. At present the Club is enthusiastically preparing for the cele- bration of October 10. J. Y. Moo. Iowa At our first meeting of the semester held on September 30, we found four of our old members absent. They have transferred to other institutions. But we had the pleasure of welcoming into our Club two new members, Mr. T. S. Chang from Princeton and Mr. T. Tong from Oberlin. Though the size of our Club is small, our members are most congenial. The result of our first meeting impressed us strongly that we are going to have the happiest association and the best co- operation this year. The officers for this semester are: T. L. Li, President; S. H. Hwang, Secretary; and T. S. Chang, Treasurer. S. H. HWANG. Kansas There are only a few Chinese students in the Kansas State Agricultural College. It seems as if we are the pioneers among our fellow-students to this college. A club has recently been formed, and the officers are: Mr. K. A. Ching, president; Mr. Philip H. Young, secretary; and Mr. F. Y. Lim, treasurer. We meet each other quite often and are having a splendid time here. We also enjoy the friendship and hospitality of the faculty and the student body here. The chance for us to create a better under- 62 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY standing between the Americans and our fellow-countrymen is cer- ainly great, and we hope that we can make the best use of this opportunity. P. H. YOUNG. Lehigh The Lehigh Club is pleased to welcome a number of new mem- bers this year. 2. D. Lau from Wisconsin and I. T. Lee from Emerson Institute are taking mining engineering here. H. T. Tung from Cook and K. T. Koan from Canton Christian College are taking mechanical and chemical engineering respectively. We are also expecting the arrival of T. C. Chou from Tsing Hua. The new officers for the year 1916-1917 are T. I. Linn, presi- dent; S. Choe, vice-president; S. L. Chang, secretary; and H. Tsai, manager. S. L. CHANG. Los Angeles During the first meeting of this semester, the following officers were elected: E. Y. Chung, president; Chew Kwong Shew, vice- president; Peary Ho, Chinese secretary; Henry Tsang, recording English secretary; Bing Lee, corresponding English secretary; Chung Goon, treasurer; Geo. Hubly, sergeant-at-arms; and Lew Ling, member of Representative Board of the Western Section of the Alliance. The second regular meeting of the Chinese Student Club of Los Angeles was held at Mr. Albert Chung's home. During the meeting various talks were given, Chinese as well as English. Mr. Geo. Lee, who recently returned from his summer vacation, gave an interesting talk on the “Hospitality" of the Chinese students in Portland, Ore. Mr. Chew Quong Shew gave a convincing talk on the “Chinese Christian Association in America.” Then followed a debate. Mr. Bing Lee upheld the affirmative and Mr. Henry T'sang the negative. The decision was awarded to the affirmative. After refreshments were served the meeting was adjourned. Bing LEE. Michigan (University of) The first meeting of this year was held on October 6. The earlier part of the evening was devoted to business. Then came the “Grand Reunion” of our old boys. The attendance is compara- THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 63 tively small this year. We have now only twenty-six students against the forty-two of last year. A greater part of the loss is due to graduation. We are sorry to lose Mr. Y. D. Wong, "All Fresh” track star, and Mr. Siji Hung, also a good athlete. We wish them a world of success in their new institutions. We are also glad to have with us two new members: Miss Ting from Mt. Holyoke College, and Mr. Goong from Ohio University. We sincerely wish them the best of everything. W. T. YOUNG. Michigan College of Mines At the first meeting of this semester, the following officers were elected for the year 1916-1917: H. K. Li, president; C. Yen, secre- tary-treasurer. On account of the graduation of Messrs. K. Lau and W. K. Woo, the membership of this Club is reduced. But Mr. C. K. Seng, formerly of Colorado School of Mines, has been here since the beginning of the summer term, and is now taking mining engineering On July 6 the Club gave a Chinese dinner in honor of our students of the mining trip party from M. I. T. They are P. C. Loo, P. Y. Hu, C. Y. Chen, H. C. Wang, H. H. Wung, T. G. Ch'- ang and W. F. Pond, with Mr. C. F. Lock, professor of mining in M I. T., as their director. Professor Lock, and Professor Chapman of M. C. M., gave us talks on their personal experiences with Chinese students, and these talks were greatly appreciated. Finally, Messrs. Li and Woo entertained the audience with our national music and songs. C. Yen. Minnesota The Minnesota Club held its first meeting on October 15 with a membership of sixteen. The new officers are Mr. W. P. Pan, president; Mr. Chung Hsieh, vice-president and treasurer; Mr. S. Q. Wong, English secretary; and Mr. L. Lee, Chinese secretary, A number of new members were heartily received into the Club, and the evening was topped off with a variety of delicious refresh- ments provided by the social committee. S. Q. Wong. 64 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY Missouri At last the Chinese students in the State of Missouri have formed a club—Chinese Students' Club of Missouri. It was organ- ized in September with its headquarters in the University of Miss- ouri, Columbia, Mo. The object of this organization is to bring all the Chinese students in the State of Missouri into closer touch with one another and to promote their common interests. The officers for the year 1916-1917 are: Hung Lum Chung, the great inventor of the side-show, president; John Q. Goo, secretary; and Frank Shui Kim Lee, treasurer. The Club wishes to announce at this early date that a confer- ence of all the Missouri Chinese students will be held in St. Louis during the Christmas vacation. All the Chinese students in this state who have not yet identified themselves with this club are urged to do so at once. Further information pertaining to the Club and the conference may be obtained from Mr. John Q. Goo, Lowry Hall, Columbia, Mo. John Q. Goo. Mt. Holyoke Our Club has lost four members this year. Mr. Chen and Miss Y. T. Law have gone to New York, Miss M. I. Ting to Michigan, and Miss C. N. Wong to Illinois. Owing to the paucity of mem- bers, we have only two officers for this semester. Miss Grace Yang is the chairman, and Miss M. I. Han, the secretary-treasurer. We are glad to have with us this year Miss T. D. Chao, a graduate of Putnam Hall, Poughkeepsie. Miss M. I. Han. Oberlin The officers of the Club for the first semester are: Miss Anna Tang, president; Mr. P. H. Penn, vice-president; Mr. T. Y. Jen, English secretary; Mr. P. C. Tsao, Chinese secretary; Mr. P. H. Louis, treasurer; Mr. S. C. Chan, social chairman; and Mr. T. N. Chan, auditor. On September 16, the Club gave a reception to the new stu- dents. There are altogether twenty-three active members in our Club this year. On October 7, the Club celebrated our National Holiday. Timothy Y. Jen. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 65 Ohio Wesleyan With the only exception of Mr. Li Bing Hua, who has gone to Chicago, all the old members have returned from the most enjoy- able vacation. The only new member is Mr. R. A. Wee, who once distinguished himself in football in Leonia High, N. J. He came from Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn. We rejoice at his arrival and are very glad to extend to him our hand of friendship. At present we have six members; namely, William Hung, S. G. Su, G. S. Young (all '178), S. C. Lu, T. I. Van, R. A. Wee (all '198). On their way back from the Oberlin Conference, Messrs. Towe Tong and Cyrus C. Lowe and Miss Sun stopped over at Delaware. Although they were the personal guests of Mr. S. C. Lu, yet all of us wish to thank them for their visit which enabled us to show them not only our college campus, but also our Wesleyan spirit. We like to take this opportunity to extend an invitation to our fellow-students, one and all, to come and be our guests. S. C. LU. Princeton The number of Chinese students attending Princeton this year is the largest on record. Including the six new-comers, the total membership is twelve. Our Club is greatly strengthened by the influx of new energy. We have with us C. H. Wang from Yale, Stewart E. S. Yui from Wisconsin, A. V. Wu and J. Y. Yeh from Wooster, L. S. Yu from Illinois, and T. Y. Woo from Tsing Hua. The election of officers for the first semester was held on October 7. Stewart Yui was elected president; K. C. Liu, vice- president; S. P. Teng, secretary, and S. T. Cheng, treasurer. The fifth anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Republic was celebrated on October 10. Patriotic speeches, magic lantern shows of pictures of the 1911 revolution, national song and cheers, games and refreshments, were the features of the evening. In order to make the occasion more impressive, a small but fine col- lection of Chinese curios, clothing, pictures and books was on ex- hibit for five successive days. The exhibition was open to all our American friends in Princeton. S. P. TENG. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY Purdue The Purdue Club has lost six members through graduation. E. Liang, C. P. Yeh and J. Chao are engaged in practical work. C. P. Yeh and G. H. Hu are taking postgraduate work in Harvard and Minnesota respectively. Y. T. Ku is working in a paper factory in China. Messrs. A. Wong, H. D. Long, Y. C. Cheng and L. C. Yen have been elected president, vice-president, secretary and board of directors respectively of the Purdue Cosmopolitan Club. The officers of our Club for this semester are: H. C. Huang, president; T. S. Yen, vice-president; K. C. Li, secretary; and Y. C. Cheng, treasurer. „Mr. Huang was called home on account of some private business, but he will be with us this fall. K. C. LI. Rensselaer Eight Chinese students from Rensselaer Polytechnic institute, Troy, and one from Albany Law school, representing the Chinese Students' club, observed the fifth anniversary of the Republic of China with an informal dinner last night in Keeler's, Maiden lane. T. C. Kwan, president of the club, speaking on China's place among the world's powers, said: "On October 10, 1911, China took her place among the repub- lics of the globe. Although but an infant compared with America and France, our nation is progressing with wonderful rapidity, and will make great strides as the years pass on. Let me express for my countrymen the hearty wish that the United States through all the ages will be a kind friend and sage counselor to China—to be repaid with the true essence of national friendship at all times. When our baby republic has grown to be one of the greatest powers and takes its place alongside the United States and all other na- tions, Americans need have no doubt that China will stretch its hand across the broad Pacific with the grasp of real friendliness and cooperation.” Each of the other diners expressed, substantially, the sentiments of Mr. Kwan. They were Hingting Wong of Albany law school, and T. C. Kwan, E. C. Lee, T. H. Lee, J. Chao, S. C. Ling, A. T. Shih and E. S. Hsieh of Rensselaer Polytechnic institute. T. C. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY Kwan is president and Mr. Hsieh secretary and treasurer of the students' club, which is represented in Albany by Mr. Wong. From the Knickerbocker Press, October 8, 1916. ERNEST S. Hsien. Stanford The Chinese Students' Club of Stanford University held its first meeting on September 2, and the following were elected officers for the first semester: T. T. Lee, president; J. D. Bush, Eng- lish secretary and treasurer; S. K. Wong, Chinese secretary. S. K. Lau, J. W. Lum, J. H. Ho, J. G. C. Mi, C. K. Kwong and Hoew White are the remaining members of the Club. Plans are being drawn up with the view of arousing livelier interest in intercollegiate athletics between Stanford and California. The Club is also making preparations for welcoming a score of new students who are expected to arrive in San Francisco very soon. J. D. Bush. Wisconsin We regret very much the departure of many of our old friends, and especially that of Mr. S. V. Fan, the president-elect, and Mr. F. Tai, the secretary-elect. Our Club, however, has been reinforced by a large number of new members; namely, P. L. Li from Chicago; C. Du, L.. Wong, H. C. Yu and C. W. Wang from Illinois; C. S. Chu '15, M. H. Chow '16, and D. H. Lee fellowship, from Tsing Hua; P. H. Vong, T. C. Tsiang and S. K. Pan, from China. The officers for the first semester are: K. Su, president; F. H. Huang, vice-president; H. H. Hsieh, secretary; and W. P. Liang, treasurer (re-elected). C. L. Liang is Chairman of the literary society, and H. L. Hsieh, chairman of the social committee. Through the Monthly, we wish every Chinese Students' Club 2 most successful year. H. H. Hsieh. Yale The meeting held on May 22 resulted in the following elections for the year 1916-1917: L. T. Chen, president; T. Y. Lin, secretary; and B. Y. Kwai, treasurer. The departure of H. M. Louis, K. F. Mok and C. H. Wang, who graduated last summer, is more than made up by the addition 68 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY Chen, Graduate infor", W. Kang, H.; of six new members: C. C. Chen, Graduate School; W. J. Wen, Y. C. Yen, W. Kang, H. L. Yung and S. P. Lo, all 1918. A short informal reception was extended to the new members on October 7, Saturday, at 7.30 p. m. Dean Brown kindly consented to let us have his home for the celebration of our National Day, October 10. A very interesting program was drawn up for the occasion. T. Y. Lin. Wooster "Where there are Chinese students there is invariably a Chinese Students' Club. The great aim is to create a clear understanding between China and America with reference to all lines of activity and living. "The Wooster Chinese Students' Club has existed for two years. The first meeting of this year was held on the evening of September 16, at the home of Mrs. Benedict. The club welcomed two new members, Messrs. Ying Koa and Lee from Oberlin Academy, and bade its heartiest farewell to Messrs. Wu and Yeh who are going to Princeton Seminary. Refreshments were served. Officers for the year are: President, S. C. Lee, Secretary, K. L. Kwong, and Treas- urer, Miss Grace Kau.” From the Wooster Voice, September 28, 1916. K. L. Kwong. PERSONAL NOTES Mr. George Yip Kew Shuen, B. Sc. McGill, 1916, returned to China via the "Empress of Russia" on the tenth of August. Mr. K. C. Li of Exeter captured the first prize in geometry in the Academy last term. Mr. P. R. Tang of Iowa University received his M. D. degree last June and intends to take up postgraduate work in surgery. Mr. T. S. Chang, an alumnus of 1914 of Iowa University, has returned to his Alma Mater for his Ph. D. degree, after having received his M. A. from Princeton last June. He has been awar- ded a fellowship in the political science department. Mr. Q. L. Young, M. S. Michigan, is now working for a con- struction firm in Youngstown, Ohio. Mr. T. F. Chen, M. S. Michi- gan, is working for the Michigan Central in Detroit. Mr. D. C. Wu THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 69 is working in Topeka, Kansas, for the Rock Island Railroad. They are all doing good work, and making a good reputation for our young engineers. Mr. Frank Shui Kim Lee of Missouri is giving advanced Ukulele lessons. He is also directing the Ke-Aloha Club, the best glee club in Columbia, Mo. Mr. Hung Lum Chung of Missouri has been temporarily appoin- ted an assistant in the butchering class of the College of Agriculture. He is the first Chinese student holding such honor in Missouri. Mr. Walter Lee of Cleveland, Ohio, entertained twelve of his friends at his home after the Oberlin Conference. Real Chinese dishes were served. Mr. H. K. Li of Houghton Mining College was host of twenty of his friends at a banquet recently held in Cleveland, Ohio. Mr. Wah Kai Chang of Chicago was the individual star at the recent Mid-West track meet. He scored twenty-four points to his credit. Mr. Mon Fah Chung from Honolulu is now at Harvard. He is the brother of Mon Ying Chung, Yale '12S. Miss Grace Yang of Mt. Holyoke College entertained her Chi- nese school-mates on October 8 with some nice Chinese "stuff" cooked by herself. Mr. T. F. Tsiang of Oberlin is an associate-editor of the Hi- O-Hi, the Oberlin College Annual. He is also the corresponding secretary of Phi Kappa Pi, a college literary society. Mr. T. Y. Jen of Oberlin has been elected a member of the College Y. M. C. A. cabinet. Mr. S. G. Su of Ohio Wesleyan is again in the college band. This year he plays cornet instead of clarinet. Messrs. S. C. Lu and S. G. Su, both of Ohio Wesleyan, have been initiated into the Zetagathean Literary Society, the oldest and most efficient society in the University. Mr. H. C. Hsu, a graduate of Lehigh in metallurgical engineer- ing, 1916, sailed for China last August. Mr. A. T. Yap of Lehigh, the third baseman of last year's baseball team, is with the Bethlehem Steel. Mr. F. H. Huang of Wisconsin is president, and Mr. N. B. Tan is recording secretary, of the Wisconsin International Club. Mr. Huang has recently published on the Madison papers an arti- 70 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY cle, upsetting Mr. Kawakami's analogy between the Monroe Doc- trine of the United States and the so-called Japanese Monroe Doc- trine in Asia. Mr. K. P. Young of Wisconsin got his M. S. last June, and is now doing research work on Chinese bamboo, reeds, camphor, butternut and sandal woods. He is said to be one of the most brilliant Chinese students in the University of Wisconsin. Mr. M. Joshua Bau has been elected president of the Yale Cos- mopolitan Club. He has also been elected and taken into the Yale Chapter of Delta Sigma Rho, a debating honor society. Mr. Y. C. Yen of Yale has made the University Choir. He is the first Chinese student that has ever made the place. Mr. K. Huang of Yale is now out for soccer and is a substitute forward of the first team. He has gained quite some prominence by shooting a goal in the last game. Mr. W. J. Wen of Yale, has been elected recording secretary of the Eastern Section of the Chinese Students' Christian Associa- tion in North America. Dr. W. S. New of Harvard has returned to America from a year's stay in Shanghai, China, where he was Professor of Anatomy at the Harvard Medical School of China and also in charge of the Histology Department of the Pennsylvania Medical School, the lat- ter being the Medical Department of St. John's University. He is now doing some practical work in the Carney, the Children's, and the Massachusetts General Hospitals in Boston. Mr. Aloy Soong, Yale and Rhode Island State College, has been appointed by Mayor Curley as assistant bacteriologist in the health department of Boston. He is the first Chinese to win a city posi- tion in that city. The Boston Post commented as follows:- “For the past six months Aloy has worked in the same depart- ment for no remuneration whatever. His co-workers are loud in their praise of Aloy and his work. He is a steady worker and am- bitious. He has no bad habits and smokes good cigarettes.” THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 71 ODE TO MOKOMA LAKE Pretty little Mokoma Lake, So little but so highly placed, Amid green wooded hills embraced, A hermit's Eden thou dost make. Pure, simple and content Thou art. The sordid sea Thou dost not seek. How free From wants! Maid from heaven sent. Thy youthful face, so smooth, Where Zephyr's cruel blade Never a wrinkle made; My burden'd heart, does soothe. Little nurse so kind and fair, Little violets in blue, Little pansies rich in hue, All flourish in thy care. Little nurse cheerful and free, Little daises, butter-cups, Honey-suckles, snow-drops, These sweet belles without duty, Little children of Beauty, All made gayer by thee. The sun warms thy heart all day: The moon lingers in thy breast. In thy spirit I find rest; There where angels seem to play. I would rather, Mokoma Lake, Be little and happy like thee Than big and burden'd like the sea. This inspiration I will take. Laporte, Pa., June 16th, 1916. H. HONLIN CHU, U. OF P. NOTE: Mokama Lake is in Laporte, 7 miles from Eaglesmere, Pa., 2200 feet above sea level. It is surrounded by beautiful hills, where the relics of primeval hemlocks still can be seen. 72 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY HOME NEWS THE OPENING OF PARLIAMENT Parliament reconvened and had its opening session on the morning of August 1. In contrast to the pomp and show of a former period, the ceremony was marked by great simplicity and impressiveness. President Li Yuan-Hung wore a frock-coat, and, with his usual democratic simplicity and dignity, drove to the Assembly Hall in an automobile, accompanied only by two aides-de-camp. As he entered the Hall quietly there was at first a solemn pause, and then a tremendous outburst of spontaneous applause. Mr. Wang Chia-Hsiang, Speaker of the Senate, pre- sided. After he had made a short speech, the President stepped forward and read a message in which he exhorted the members of the Parliament "to be united in heart and soul, and to be free from prejudice and partisanship” in the discharge of their sacred obligation to the nation. After taking part in saluting the flag the President took the oath of office, reading it with a clear and firm voice. The meeting was then adjourned and a group pic- ture of all those present were taken, with the President in the center, Mr. Wang Chia-hsiang and Mr. C. T. Wang to the left, and the Premier and cabinet ministers to the right. THE CABINET AS IT IS The Cabinet, as it has been confirmed by Parliament, is com- posed of the following members: Tuan Chi-Jui, Premier and Minister of War. Tang Shao-Yi, Minister of Foreign Affairs (declined). Chen Chin-Tao, Minister of Finance. Fan Yuan-Lien, Minister of Education. Chang Yao-Tseng, Minister of Justice. Sung Hung-Yi, Minister of Interior. Chen Pi-Kang, Minister of Navy. Lu Chung-Hsiu, Minister of Agriculture and Commerce. Hsu Shih-Ying, Minister of Communications. With the exception of Mr. Tang Shao-Yi, who has now de- finitely declined to accept the office, all other cabinet ministers THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 73 are in Peking and have assumed their respective duties. Mr. Lu Tseng-Hsiang being unacceptable to Parliament, it is re- ported that either Wang Tah-Hsieh or Wang Chung-H'ui may be proposed for that post. MAKING THE CONSTITUTION That the members of Parliament are earnestly working to- ward adopting a permanent Constitution at an early date is evi- denced by the fact that the Constitution-Drafting Committee is already ready to submit its report to the Parliament as a whole. This Committee is the same one which was elected by Parlia- ment from among themselves in the summer of 1913 and which had the major portion of the Constitution-Draft well in shape when its work was suddenly interrupted by the dissolution of Parliament. That is why the Committee has been able to finish its draft so soon. On September 5, the two Houses had their first Constitutional Conference when they had a joint session and the draft was formally read to the members. From now on there will be a series of joint conferences to discuss and modify the provisions of the draft. The Constitution, as drafted by this Committee, consists of 11 chapters and 113 articles. THE “CHENGCHIATUN” DEMANDS The Peking Gazette, in their issue of September 9, declared the demands which Japan presented to China in connection with the Chengchiatun Incident to be “A Footnote to the XXI De- mands” and tabulated them as follows: 1. The reprimand of the commander of the 28th division, a regiment of which formed the Chinese force that was engaged in the affray. 2. The dismissal of certain senior officers, and the punish- ment of the men who actually took part in the fighting. 3. Some form of public apology or—according to a report believed to be reliable—the posting of public proclamations in all military centres in "South Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mon- golia” warning Chinese soldiery to avoid collision with Japanese peddlers and others.' 4. The establishment of Japanese police stations in South 74 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia. Four Verbal “Requests” 1. The appointment of Japanese military advisers to all the military headquarters in South Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia. 2. The engagement of Japanese military instructors in all miiltary schools and academies in China. 3. The payment of compensation to the families of the de- ceased Japanese soldiers. 4. The expression of some form of apology either by the Chinese Government or by the Mukden Military Governor. The "Chengchiatun” Demands. This set of demands was delivered to Mr. Chen Chin-tao, Acting-Minister of Foreign Affairs by Mr. Hayashi, Japanese Minister at Peking, on September 3. Negotiations have begun but it is not known that any definite settlement has been reach- ed. THE RUSSO-JAPANESE CONVENTION The following is the text of the Treaty signed between Rus- sia and Japan, on July 3, at Petrograd. "The Imperial Government of Japan and the Imperial Gov- ernment of Russia resolve to continue their effort for the main- tenance of a lasting peace in the Far East, and have agreed upon the following: "Art. 1. Japan will not be a party to any political arrange- ment or combination contracted against Russia. Russia will not be a party to any political arrangement or combination directed against Japan. "Art. 2. In the event of the territorial rights or special in- terests in the Far East of one of the contracting parties recog- nized by the other contracting party being threatened, Japan and Russia will consult with each other on the measures to be taken with a view to support and co-operation being given to one another for the safeguarding and defence of those rights and in- terests." It may be noted that this is the third of a series of agree- ments entered into between Russia and Japan since the Treaty of Portsmouth. In July, 1909, within two years of the conclu- THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 75 sion of the War, the two governments concluded a political en- tente to respect the territorial integrity of each other, and all the rights arising from agreements between themselves as well as their Conventions with China. Three years later this was fol- lowed by a second agreement in which the two governments agreed to mutual co-operation in the improvement of railways in Manchuria, to abstain from harmful competition, to maintain the status quo in Manchuria resulting from existing treaties be- tween themselves and between them and China, and pledged themselves to concerted measures for its maintenance. M. P'S OF OUTER MONGOLIA In the early part of August, not very long after the opening of Parliament, the Russian Minister in Peking, Prince Kouda- cheff, lodged a protest with the Waichiaopu against the repre- sentation of Outer Mongolia in the Chinese Parliament. The protest was based upon the Russo-Chinese Declaration of 1913 and the Convention of 1915, by which Outer Mongolia was de- clared to be an autonomous state under the suzerainty of China. The Provisional Constitution and the Electoral Law, however, both provide for representation of Outer Mongolia. There are 15 Outer Mongolian representatives and 10 senators in the Chinese Parliament. The Peking Gazette contends that inas- much as Outer Mongolia was recognized by the Russo-Chinese Declaration of 1913 to form "part of the territory of China." the representation of Outer Mongolia in Chinese Parliament is not per se in conflict with the autonomous rights conceded to Outer Mongolia under the settlements of 1913 and 1915. JAPANESE MILITARY ADVISER Lieutenant-General Aoki of the Japanese General Staff has been engaged by our Government as High Military Adviser. The Japan Advertiser in commenting on the appointment says: his appointment is looked forward to as a useful medium in establishing a good understanding between two countries. The London and China Telegraph says: the significance of such ap- pointment is very apparent. Aoki was for several years military attache to the Japanese Legation in Peking up to 1912. He was then transferred and THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY appointed commander of the forts at Port Arthur. During the Revolution in 1911 he was sent over by the Japanese Govern- ment to observe the military movements at close range. CHINESE ABROAD According to a census compiled by the Ministry of Agricul- ture and Commerce, the number of Chinese residing abroad to- tals 8,677,000 and they are distributed as follows: Hongkong, 300,000; Malacca Peninsula, 500,000; Cochin- China, 1,740,000; New Zealand, 5,000; Peru, 45,000; Siberia, 500,- 000; South Sea Islands, 1,500,000; Siam, 1,450,000; India, 1,- 900,000 ; Canada and Mexico, 200,000; Java, 25,000; South Africa, 12,000. Other countries including U. S. A. 500,000. MINISTERIAL CHANGES AT PEKING AND TOKIO In the latter part of June there took place a double change in the diplomatic representatives which China and Japan send to each other. Mr. Chang Chung-hsiang was sent out to Tokio to take the place of Mr. Lu Chung-yu, while Baron Hayashi was sent over to Peking to take the place of Mr. Hioki. Chang Chung-hsiang was formerly Minister of Justice. He is a gradu- ate of the Imperial University, Tokio. Hayashi was Minister at Peking from 1906-1908. The fact he was appointed to a min- isterial post after he had already served as Japanese Ambassador at Rome has caused a good deal of comment. CURRENT EVENTS Tune 7: -General Li Yuan Hung formerly assumed the Presi- dency. June 13.—Resignation of Liang Shih-yi accepted. June 19.—Presidential mandate abolishing Martial Court of Pek- ing June 26.-Impressive memorial service at Peking in honor of Yu-n Shih-kai, the late President of China. June 29-Mandate issued summoning Parliament to meet on August 1. Tsangchengyuan was abolished. The Provisional Constitution of the First year of the Republic was restored by a mandate. June 30.--New Cabinet appointed. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 77 July 6.--The Tuchuns and Provincial Chiefs of various provin- ces appointed. Regulations for bestowal of noble ranks cancelled. July 8.-Order providing ranks for civil officials abrogated. July 14.—Mandate issued ordering arrest and punishment of eight leading monarchists. Bomb explosion in Hangyang Arsenal. July 31.—Attempted revolution in Hankow resulting in burning 600 houses, thought to be work of radicals to threaten Pek- ing Aug. 1.--Opening of Parliament. Russian protest against re- presentatives of Outer Mongolia in Chinese Parliament. Aug. 13.–Chinese and Japanese soldiers had a clash in Cheng- chaitun. Aug. 21.—The House confirmed appointment of Tuan Chi-jui as Premier. Aug. 23.-Senate confirmed appointment of Tuan Chi-jui as Premier. Sept. 1.--Present Cabinet approved by House. Sept. 3.-Baron Hayashi, Japanese Minister at Peking, present- ed to the Chinese Government a set of demands in connec- tion with Chengchiatun Incident. Sept. 4.- Present Cabinet approved by Senate. Sept. 5-Constitution Drafting Committee reported to Parlia- ment. Sept. 16.—The Japanese Minister called on Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dr. Chen Chintao and had a three-hour con- ference with him over the Japanese Demands. Oct. 1.--Date on which Provincial Assemblies are summoned to meet. 78 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY RESERVE FOR Wells Fargo Express Company OPEN NEW BRANCHES SHANGHAI, HONG KONG CHINA. 9 vol. xn Sia, DECEMBER, 186 Pome? VOL, XII 1. DECEMBER, 1916 No. 2 Che CHINESE STUDENTS MONTHLY 東月生學美留國中 ​RECENT ELECTIONS MERITS AND DEFECTS OF AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM OUR ESSAY COMPETITION PUBLISHED BY The Chinese Students' Altance in the United States of America 15C A COPY $1 A YEAR Entered at New York Postoffice as second-class mail matter 9 / C O 2 Đề : ELLER GASTON, WILLIAMS & WIGMORE, INC. 140 Broadway, New York EXPORTERS, IMPORTERS, SHIPPERS AND FINANCIERS announce the establishment of their FAR EASTERN DIVISION with offices in all the principal cities in CHINA, JAPAN, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND THE DUTCH EAST INDIES other offices in PARIS, PETROGRAD, LONDON, HAVANA, MADRID, LISBON, ROME AND CAPETOWN primerinting hineric applies, he etc. representing the best manufacturers in railway supplies, power stations, prime movers, electrical supplies, textile machinery, printing presses, cigarette and match making machinery, agricultural implements, domestic appliances, motor boats, automobiles, heavy com- modities, etc. The Chinese Students' Monthly VOLUME XII DECEMBER, 1916. NUMBER I use Contents for this Number este 79 PAGE EDITORIALS ...... The Recent Elections. General Huang Hsing, (K.T.M.). The Chinese Students' Alliance. The Monthly Essay Competition. 84 CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES ...... ........ The Merits And Defects Of The American Political System. (Prof. K. F. Geiser) Legal Rights And The National Spirit. (H. H. Wong) Mr. H. Chi’s New Contribution. (W. T. Tao) STUDENT WORLD ....... ....... CLUB NEWS ........ PERSONAL NOTES ...... HOME NEWS ........ Entered as second-class matter October 5, 1916, at the post office of New York, N. Y., under the Act of March 3, 1879. The Chinese Students' Monthly Published monthly from November to June, inclusive, by The Chinese Students' Alliance in the United States of America at 510 West 124th St., New York, N. Y. Subscription Rates: $1.00 a year. Postage to foreign countries, 25c. extra. In China, $2.50 Mex. a year, 30 cents Mex. a copy, post paid. Payable in advance to The Chinese Students' Monthly. THE STAFF EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT Kai F. Mok, Columbia, Editor-in-Chief. 510 W. 124th St., New York City Editors Home News: Y. C. YANG, George Washington Club and Personal News: S. E. S. Yui, Princeton Literary: C. T. KWEI, Yale C. L. Liu, Cornell L. T. CAEN, Yale K. T. May, Harvard W. H. Chun, Chicago F. W. MING, Cornell H. L. CHUNG, Missouri H. A. Pan, Pennsylvania K. C. CAUNG, Reed G. K. Shew, California MOLIN Ho, Cleveland MARY HUNG-Woo, Denver S. P. Teng, Princeton Ruth Koe-Sun, Berea Y. C. Yang, Cornell H. M. Lin, Columbia D. K. F. YAP, Swarthmore T. Y. C. LEE, Columbia T. L. Li, Iowa. BUSINESS DEPARTMENT KUNG Kuan WANG, N. Y. U., Chief-Manager 510 W. 124th St., New York City Departmental Managers Mun L. ELI. N. Y. U., Advertisement Manager HSI-FAN BOGgs, Columbia, Circulation Manager Associate Managers H. Chi, Columbia L. G. Moy, M. I. T. H. C. CHU, Peansylvania A. T. Y. Shih, R. P. I. W. H. CHUN, A. I. T. A. SOONG, Harvard L. N. Lau, Cornell TowE TONG, Illinois C. C. Lowe, Illinois K. W. Tsai, Penn. A. S. Liu, Cornell A. T. L. YAP, Lehigh T. C. Yen, M. I. T. Assistant Managers C. L. Bau, Minnesota W. P. LIANG, Wisconsin S. C. Hsu, Princeton C. S. SEE, Columbia K. HUANG, Yale GEORGE WAN, J. H. H. Wong, Reed College W. T. YOUNG, Michigan Representatives in China P. K. CHu, World's Chinese Students' Federation, Shanghai Y. C. Mei, Tsing Hua College, Peking; Y. S. Djang, Tientsin H. K. Kwong, Kiang-Nan Dock, Shanghai Representative in Australia W. K. CHAN, 96 Elizabeth Street, Hobart, Tasmania EDITORIALS THE RECENT ELECTIONS Not many days have passed since the election which has roused the whole American people to the highest pitch of ex- citement. And doubtless, while none of us are in any way concerned with the result, many have shown an interest that is more than mere curiosity. The system by which the people of this country choose their Executive every four years certainly deserve our attention,—and for that matter the general systein by which all officers are elected deserve our attention. It is a system based on the Constitution which the fathers of these United States had drawn up, though they would be surprised should they return today to find the many changes that have been wrought since their time. Party lines, for instance, have been greatly accentuated and votes are actually bought with the ho- neyed words of the campaigner. We read of graft and corruption, "bosses” and what not, in the papers today. The fact that the system has been so fully developed that everything concerned with elections, national or state, is mere routine work, has been the main reason why many attend the polling stations as a matter-of-course. It is therefore the task of the Chinese students in this coun- try today to learn the best of these methods and return home with what is suited to our needs. A system whereby men of executive, diplomatic and administrative ability, as Viscount Bryce points out, finds no incentive to run for high offices, can- not be of great value to a country still in the process of recon- struction. Perhaps the trouble does not lie with the system so much as it does with the American people, who in the gradual de- velopment of their country have become so materialistic that they out-Hebrew the Hebrew race in their proverbial keenness in money affairs. If we watch the great holiday crowds around Broadway in New York or similar places of concourse in other cities during 79 80 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY Election Night, we will notice, with increasing astonishment at our every step, the spirit of unconcern that pervades the atmo- sphere. It is merely a holiday crowd, bent on seeking pleasure, without any indication whatever that a great national affair is going on, or that any individual member of the crown has been to the polling station. And it is borne upon us more and more every day that the American Commonwealth is no more the State it was when its best talents were employed in the admi- nistration of the government. This country today is a vast camp of materialism, a mere business centre where executive acumen is emphasized more in Wall Street, for example, than in govern- mental circles. Messenger boys in Wall Street who show any ability whatever have been gathered under the protecting wings of financiers and have risen to become Presidents of banking corporations, but there is no record of a government clerk who has fought his way into Washington society. We do not claim in the latter instance that ability is not recognized,—it is simply not cultivated. And in the final analysis, the great financiers of the country seem to hold more power than the executive se- curely established in the White House. And herein lies the greatest danger to Modern China. With the material development that is bound to come in due course of time, the tendency will be towards a laissez-faire policy, and the spirit of unconcern in governmental affairs that is unconsciously working in this country will find room for support before the nation awakens from its insidious influence. GENERAL HUANG HSING The death, which occurred on October 31, of Gen. Huang Hsing is a double calamity to us. In the first place, as he was one of the chief founders of our Republic his premature death (he was only 44 years old) is a national loss. Secondly, he was a personal friend to many of us owing to his prolonged sojourn (or rather exile) in America during the reign of Yuan Shih-Kai, and so our sorrow for the public adversity is intensified by our private grief. As a veteran revolutionary against both the Manchus and Yuan Shih-Kai, Gen. Huang will occupy a conspicuous place in the annals of modern China. He is already a national legend as a result of his many daring feats in many anti-dynastic in- THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 81 surrections. He was essentially a soldier and preferred the gun to the pen as a fatal weapon against his enemies. And so the Revolution of 1911-12 secceeded The second revolution in the summer of 1913 was ill-starred and Gen. Huang, as its sponsor, was made the butt of both his nation and his party. Yet, after all, the events of last two years have clearly demonstrated his psychological acumen with regard to the character of the would-be Emperor. During his stay in the United States, Gen. Huang was quietly engaged in the study and observation of American institutions for the purpose of in- troducing them into his beloved fatherland. When the Yunnan Revolution broke out last winter, he gave it his immediate as- sistance by correcting American public opinion about the Em- peror-Elect and by collecting war funds for his compatriots at home. He sailed from America only in the middle of last April. We were just hoping to rely upon this national hero as the “Great Wall” in our defence against outside foes, but he has left us in the lurch! Gen. Huang was, however, more than a soldier. He may properly be called a scholar-soldier, in our true Chinese sense. For he was, in his leisure moments, a poet and a calligrapher of a high order. Especially in the latter capacity was he much sought after by all who knew his name. His right hand with only three fingers (the ring and small fingers had been blown away by bullets) was as dexterous at it had always been before. Naturally these scholarly qualities and attainments made the per- sonality of Gen. Huang one of the most amiable and refined that the union of the best in both the old and the new cultures of our nation has produced.-K. T. M. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' ALLIANCE. Now that the personnel of the Alliance has been definitely settled, it will become the duty of the new executives to in- augurate a vigorous policy for the growth and better organiza- tion of the Alliance. The growth can be made in several di- rections. There are many students in this country who are not members, but perhaps more important than the gathering in of these is the necessity of having more American friends interested in the welfare of our country to support and take active part in our alliance. So far as we see, outside of mere individual 82 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY effort, the Monthly is the only channel by which Chinese student opinion in this country is expressed. And even the Monthly does not reach a great number of people. We, as a body of men re- presenting our country in the United States, fail of our purpose if we cannot make our influence felt when grave national crises arise at home. The evil is not only in the lack of proper and definite publicity methods, it is also due to the disinterestedness of the general public in this country. The greater mass of the American people has not the slightest idea of China, and when political questions affecting territories and sovereignty arise, their only response is a sickly smile of compassion. Their idea is to let well enough alone. The Monthly cannot reach very many people, even if it is not financially embarrassed. The greatest medium however is the daily paper. We have heard that there is an Alliance Pub- licity Committee, to deal with affairs of international concern (or rather of Sino-Japanese relaitons), but it is yet to be an- nounced that a committee has been appointed to acquaint, nay, instruct, the general reading public here of conditions at home, whether social, industrial or political. This is the best means whereby we can lay the foundation to a better understanding. With the youths in this country groping in the dark about the condition of the “Chinaman” at home, and with the occasional display, after every outburst of patriotism among Japan's poli- tical leaders, of a compassion that goes no further than mere well-chosen words, there is little hope of American cooperation in the development of our country beyond what can be realized in absolute dollars and cents. The task then devolves upon the Alliance to help publish the possibilities and resources of our country, to help enlist the aid of American financiers, and to introduce the East to the West as the West has been introduced to the East. This leads us to the discussion of the organization of the Alliance. If we turn to the page in this issue of the Monthly facing the first page of the Editorials, we will find the names of more than twenty editors and twenty managers. If we anticipate next month's issue, we will find as many in the different Boards of Representatives and in the Alliance Council. These are un- wieldy numbers. For less than a thousand members in the THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY VIILY 83 States, we are having over twenty representatives in each de- partment,-twenty, we must recall, scattered over North, South, East and West. Many a time we find business at a standstill owing to the difficulty of getting at every one. We remember that a certain proposition was placed before Council during the middle of July, the result was not known on September 1st. The Editor can also vouch for the statement that not more than half of his staff has done any real work. Doubtless the heads of other departments will subscribe to this statement. There is still another objection to numbers, and this applies to the elec- tion held every year at the Eastern Conference. This section supplies twelve Councilmen, twelve editors and twelve manag- ers, all elected in the same meeting. Art. VI, Sec. 21 of the Alliance Constitution provides that "For at least fifteen active members, a Section shall delegate one associate editor and ma- nager respectively, and for every additional thirty above the first fifteen another pair.” The same applies to the represent- ation to the Council (Art. IV, Sec. 7). The election of these thirty-six men occupies on an average over two and a half hours. The only solution is by decreasing the representation, in which case there will be easier boards and councils to handle. After all, when one sits down to think of it, one realizes how many things the Alliance may and ought to do. The in- dividual members, however, are the more responsible. Co- operation (and we hear about this word a great deal nowadays) is the keynote to success. The loyal support of every member of the Alliance is enlisted today. THE “MONTHLY” ESSAY COMPETITION. Owing to the short notice which we gave in our last issue concerning the essay competition, we have decided to postpone the final date of handing in the manuscripts another month. Essays on The Proposed Loans, Present Social Conditions in China, and Athletics in China, must reach the editor on or be- fore January 1st. Essays on the Russo-Japanese Treaty of 1916, The Tendency of Japanese Diplomacy During the Last Decade. and American Trade in China, must reach the editor on or be- fore February 1st. The judges will be H. E. Dr. V. K. W. Koo, Messrs. T. T. Wong and K. F. Mok. 84 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES _ _ _ THE MERITS AND DEFECTS OF THE AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM.* By Professor Karl F. Geiser.. Members of the Chinese Students' Alliance :-I hope you will pardon a word of explanation. Being asked by your Secretary but a few days ago to speak upon a subject of so vast a scope, I could not in the brief space of time allotted for prepara- tion touch upon all of the questions, even in outline form, implied by the subject; and I shall not attempt it but shall confine myself to a very limited number of observations. Even a brief consideration of the merits and demerits of the American political system may well be preceded by a few general observations upon the origin and nature of that system. Indeed some historical observations are absolutely necessary to a proper understanding of our political institutions, for our government today is largely the result of three centuries of evolution on American soil. Great changes have taken place but these changes have been gradual and often more apparent than real. The thirteen colonies which declared their independ- ence from Great Britain in 1776, and were erected into in- dependent states, retained essentially the English form of government, English common law, English methods of thought and legal procedure. The first general written constitution, called the Articles of Confederation, was largely made up from sources in the colonial period; and when in 1789 the more perfect union was formed under the present Constitution, there were few ideas incorporated in that document that were really new. Indeed the problems of the framers of the Constitution were not only the creation of a new government but also the adjustment of the relations between the central government and the states. Bryce in his American Commonwealth has well observed that the framers of our Constitution fully appreciated * An address by Professor Geiser at the Mid-West Conference held at Oberlin, Ohio, September 1916.-Ed. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 85 the fact "that great institutions which command the obedience and respect of mankind are deeply rooted in the past.” And indeed one of the most remarkable facts in American political history is the political conservatism of the American people. Since the adoption of the Constitution no organic changes of importance have been made. Of the seventeen amendments, the first ten are a mere supplement to the original; the eleventh, is merely a restriction upon the courts, preventing them from entertaining certain suits; the twelfth, corrects a defect shown in 1800, and the last five are, in their nature, mere limitations or extensions of existing powers. In other words the federal government has during one hundred twenty-seven years, i. e. since the adoption of the Constitution, passed through very few organic changes. The English Government during the same period has undergone numerous important changes. Such a change as, for example, the English Parliament Act of 1911, which subordinated the House of Lords, would in America be unthought of; and a medieval land-system which is still a recognized part of the English government, will undoubtedly soon be the subject of future changes. France today is governed under her eleventh constitution since the fall of the Bastile, i. e. since the adoption of the American Constitution; and Germany, during the same period, has undergone a series of evolutions and changes each one of which is more marked than the changes in America during a century. The first point to be noticed, is the permanence of the American Constitution, for this fact alone, since our government has always been popular, speaks more for the merits of our government than any commentary that could be written concerning its virtues. No American writer of note has ever proposed an important organic change in our federal government. The presidency is essentially what it was under Washington; the two houses of Congress are still coordinate; the functions of the courts, though they have increased in scope by interpretation are essentially what the great American jurist, Marshall, regarded them; and the relations between the federal and state governments are essentially what the framers of the Constitution designed them to be. In what I have said here I do not mean to imply that there have not been court decisions that have fundamentally changed legislation and wrought great changes in the political life and public policies of the American 86 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY people, such for example as the Dartmouth College case, the Dred Scott decision and those arising out of the fourteenth amendment. I simply mean that the fundamental principles laid down by our Fathers have stood the test of one hundred twenty-seven years and have been universally accepted. No higher tribute could be paid to their wisdom and foresight. No better proof of the earnest approval and acceptance of these principles need be cited than the fact that no presidential can- didate, no candidate for governor or the legislature—either state or national-has ever appealed to the people for election on the basis that he proposed to change fundamentally the organic law of the land. The appeal is always on the basis of restoring government to the people. The accusation always made against the opposing candidate, is that he will subvert the doctrine of the consent of the governed. What Englishman would return to the government prior to 1832? What Frenchman to the government of Napoleon III. or to the Consulate and Empire? What German to the arbitrary rule of Frederick William IV.? America alone appeals to the fundamental law as it was a century ago. This does not mean that the American people are unprogressive; it merely signifies that all wisdom is not of the present and that the vision of the fathers was not all a dream. Born in a struggle for liberty, our government began with principles of justice to all and with the theory that all men are created equal and have a right to equality before the law. We had the advantage over the older governments of Europe when the Constitution was framed. The Fathers knew the evils of the political systems of the old world, and began a structure freed from the trammels of Europe. Here there were to be no customs or systems to oppress the weak, no manors, no feudal burdens inherited from the past; here every man was to be his own lord. There were, it is true, a number of slaves, but the institution of slavery was then unimportant and such was the sentiment against it that the makers of the Constitution even avoided the use of the term slaves in the fundamental law. And when that institution threatened to become important, public sentiment was aroused against it and, though culminating in the Civil War, it was nevertheless blotted out. Nearly three million men enlisted in the Union army and it has been estimated that the nation spent five billion dollars that government by the consent of the governed, enunciated in the Declaration of Independence and THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 87 incorporated in the Constitution might not perish from the land. But if the Constitution is in a sense the accumulated pol- itical wisdom of the past, and there is little in it that is original, there is in the American system an adjustment of relations that is new. Whereas in the English government sovereignty rests directly with Parliament, in America it rests in the Constitution. That is, the fundamental law or constitution in England, and indeed in all European countries, may be changed by a simple act of the legislature. This idea rests upon the theory that the executive alone should be checked and that the legislature, the people's representatives, may be trusted, at least temporarily, with sovereign power. In America, on the other hand, when the framers made the Constitution, they devised a system where- by not only the executive but also the legislature would be restrained. This, as Professor Stimson of Harvard has pointed out, may be called the greatest political idea of modern times. That the American people should, of their own high volition, after their experience with an arbitrary King and with a con- tinual dependence upon the legislature for the protection of their liberties, devise a scheme of government, which not only keeps the ultimate power from the executive but also from the legis- lature, their own representatives, and repose that power in the people until it might by them be called into being—this indeed is a remarkable fact ! Not only did the framers of the Constitu- tion distrust the free use of power by executive and legislature but they even protected the people themselves against their own follies and weakness, against impetuous and hasty action, by making it difficult to amend the Constitution. And this to my mind is one of its chief virtues. In such an arrangement the makers of the Constitution, though devising a representative democracy, did not assume that a mere majority—for it requires three-fourths of the states to ratify an amendment-would at the moment always act wisely; they well knew that the mob- cry of the hour would not always represent the sober judgment of history or even the most enlightened thought of the time. Our own history has fully justified the wisdom of such a con- clusion. What I have thus far said applies primarily to the prin- ciples and organic law of the federal government and incident- ally to the relations of that government to the states. This 88 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY phase of the American government finds little criticism among American writers. But the American government includes much more than that outlined by the federal Constitution. There are forty-eight state governments, and within each state there are counties and townships, primarily for administrative purposes; and municipal governments serving both as administrative agents of the states and also as units to satisfy local needs. All of the local governments within the states are creatures of the state and get their authority from the state. It would lead me too far afield to describe in detail these local governmental units. Suffice it to say, each has its own set of officials and each is, under the authority of the state, permitted and even commanded to perform governmental functions. These facts should be kept in mind by the foreign student of American political institutions. They will enable us better to appreciate the merits and defects of our political system. What praise or criticisms then, it may be asked, can be made of our states and local governments? Here again I must confine myself to very general observation to which there are of course numerous special exceptions. First, I call attention to the fact that both state and local government had their origin far back in history. The American state may be traced back to the English land company and local governments were a part of the colonial system. Having thus gradually developed for three centuries in a free country under conditions of universal educa- tion, free speech and general enlightenment, it would be flying in the face of the lessons of history to say that the fundamental principles of state and local government were open to serious criticism. Certain facts, however, in the development of state and municipal government must be noted—first of all, the rapid growth of population in general, and especially the growth of cities. At the time of the formation of the American Constitu- tion only three percent of the population lived in cities. In 1800, one-third of the population was urban, and at present about fifty percent of the population is urban. The reasons for this change are obvious and need not concern us here. It it sufficient to note that there has been a great change from rural to urban life, and that problems of adjustment necessary to meet this change have fallen largely upon the states and municipalities within the states, and that this has constituted THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 89 one of our greatest internal political problems. Thus the present relations of cities to states have, in the last quarter of a century, been in a continuous state of flux and experimentation and many of the proposals to remedy evils arising out of this condition have been, and still are, open to grave criticism. The cause of failure to solve the problems thus thrust upon us will be pre- sently considered. Meantime I dismiss this phase of the subject with the observation that the organic principles of the national, state, and local governments, including the principles, governing the relations between national, state and locol governments, rest upon the soundest traditions and the most enlightened expe- rience of any country on earth. The failures in our political system are not due to a lack of sound principles but rather to a wrong and unsound application of these principles. In other words the faults of our government are not inherent in the theories of our political system, evolved out of our national life and enunciated by our greatest leaders—by our Washing- tons, our Madisons, our Jeffersons, our Marshals and our Lin- colns, but in the people themselves. “The fault dear Brutus is not in our stars But in ourselves that we are underlings.” And this leads me to our second consideration—the defects of our political system. And it should be noted at the outset, that while every citizen lives what may be called a political life, political action does not include all of the human relations nor is the term synonymous with what may be called "national life” which is a more comprehensive term. The latter would include the religious, educational and other social institutions, such as the bar and the bench, apart from their political con- nections, and the numerous voluntary associations formed for the purpose of promoting the general welfare. Many of these associations are not regulated by law, yet they form a very im- portant part of American life, greatly affect political action, and even perform, in a sense, governmental functions. That is, a distinction should be made between political and non- political action. We are here concerned entirely with political action. But in considering political action there is another dis- tinction to be kept in mind, namely, the distinction between that which is legal and that which is extralegal. Thus for 90 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY example, political parties and nominating conventions, forming a very important part of our political system, were, until re- cently, entirely regulated by voluntary and private associated action. It is only within the last two decades that the majority of the states have attempted to control political parties by law; and indeed the national party organization is still largely a non- legal institution, though within the last few years there has been some sentiment in favor of a national presidential primary law. We may observe in passing, that every phase of American life is tending more and more to fall under legal control. In fact we may question whether this control is not being carried too far, whether in a free government we should not trust more to public sentiment and less to legal or state action, for state interference, it must always be remembered, means interference by the legislative body and neither the state nor the national legislature in America has convinced thoughtful minds that both in honesty and intelligence it can be trusted to administer public utilities with economy and efficiency. This indeed is one of the defects of our political system. The most hopeful thing about it is that Americans realize the difficulty and are not generally in favor of embarking upon socialism on such a gigantic scale as is the case, for example, in some of the con- tinental countries of Europe. The last decade in America has witnessed a reorganization of our city governments and we are just beginning to revise and systematize the administration of some of our state governments. These changes, though evidence of good intentions, are in themselves testimony of present dis- satisfaction and inefficiency in state and local government. But every government has the defects of its good qualities, and America, it is superfluous to add, is no exception. Volumes have been written upon our defects. De Tocqueville in 1834, in a great work, Democracy in America, saw in our democracy many tendencies toward deterioration. Some of the defects noted by this observing Frenchman we have outgrown; other evils just appearing on the horizon and unnoticed by him, at that time, have developed in a gigantic scale and constitute a real menace to our national life. Ostrogorski in a recent work on Democracy and the Party System sees an inherent weakness in all democracies and little hope in its saving qualities. Bryce, on the other hand, in his American Commonwealth takes a more THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 91 hopeful view but frankly tells us that we have many grave faults. None of these three foreign observers are entirely agreed either as to our merits or defects. If we turn to a group of American writers who have recently expressed themselves con- cerning the American government, we find the spirit and tone concerning our future much better than it used to be. I have in mind some half dozen volumes of essays, lectures and - studies about America by men entitled to respectful attention. While none of these men are pessimistic and all acknowledge frankly the disappointments in our past, not one of these writers even claims that our great experiment of democracy is yet proved successful. Yet all face the future calmly, all admit that if we eliminate certain defects there is promise of hope in our political system. I cannot here enumerate the alleged de- fects of democracy in general, nor of the American democracy in particular. I must refer you to these critics for details. It will be more profitable for us to discover if possible by an ana- lysis of these criticisms the fundamental errors of thought and action upon which these defects rest. In my opinion the chief source of error lies in a perverted notion of equality and in. a misapprehension of the true meaning of democracy. The principles of equality, understood perfectly by the Fathers of our government, were gradually distorted and given a new meaning until in the period of Andrew Jackson (1828-1836) equality came to mean what it still means to a great extent- equal political capacity. All men are equally capable politically, so runs the reasoning, and being so if 20,000 vote one way and 21,090 another, the majority have a right to determine the issue; and this is the method of all popular governments; “but the belief in the right of the majority lies very near to the belief that the majority are right.” Add to this what Bryce calls “the fatalism of the multitude”, the feeling in a vast and populous country that the opposition of an individual or a minority is useless wasted energy, and you have the key to the source of our defects. Hence the appeal to mere majority, hence the supine attitude of Congress, hence the meaningless phrases of our two present presidential candidates. What catches the crowd? This is the first question a candidate asks. "Undiluted Americanism,” is a safe term. It is meaningless; everybody believes in it and what no one can deny is good campaign talk, 92 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY and good stuff for newspapers. A journal which perforates such a phrase is not popular. The best newspapers of the country do not have the largest circulation, the best music is not at first popular, the best art does not attract the crowd. In a word the appeal in any democracy is to the average ignor- ance rather than to the highest intelligence. I said the period of Andrew Jackson marked the beginning of this perverted notion of democracy. A contemporary of that period, a member of the House of Representatives, describes it as follows: “A spirit of insubordination and of misrule and riot became diffused throughout the community. Wild and visionary theories of political duty were dissemin- ated abroad and showed themselves, in the most mis- chievous forms, in the proceedings of the State Legis- latures. The most abstruse and difficult problems of political economy-questions of currency, finance, con- stitutional power—were summarily but authoritative- ly disposed of by the shallowest pretenders to states- manship; and the oldest and best institutions of the country attacked and beaten down by political char- latans. Knowledge, deliberation, experience, all were obliged to give way to this newly-inspired institution; and the greatest pains were taken by party leaders and demagogues to deceive the people into the belief that the profoundest questions of government might be consigned to the decision of men of the lowest scale of qualification in political science. A broad and odious line of distinction was drawn between the rich and the poor; and where mutual dependence and interest should have engendered kind feelings, harm- ony and brotherhood, the seeds of ill-will and hatred were deeply sown.” This criticism is still essentially true. We have not out- grown many of the faults here described. The spoils system, inaugurated then, is still dear to the politician; the appeal of the demagogue still finds a response among the mass of voters; the appeals of great interest, as well as of the labor leaders, still divides suffrage on a basis other than the real issue. The present presidential campaign is a striking illustration. Both THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 93 presidential candidates are appealing to the voters on the basis of race prejudice and sympathies toward the European war. The "Hyphen” is not the issue. There is not, and never was, any real danger to American institutions due to our cosmopolitan population, yet the presidential election of November the 7th promises to turn upon the degree of hatred toward the foreigner -a hatred largely engendered by the American newspaper. The real issues—both in domestic and foreign policies—are not squarely stated by either of the presidential candidates and the average voter will go to the polls, no doubt with the best in- tentions, but with no clearly defined knowledge of what his vote will mean when cast. In this respect our democracy has thus far not achieved the success that the framers of the Constitu- tion had hoped for; and if the results have not often been disastrous it is not because this phase of our government has met the necessary tests of an efficient democracy, but rather because serious problems threatening the life of the state have not often arisen, because our native resources have been abund- ant, and because our geographic isolation has thus far protected us from foreign complications common to many of the other states of the world. The World War has forced upon us a new set of problems and whether the American system will rise to the occasion, remains to be seen. If it does, a higher standard of statesmanship, demanding a more intelligent comprehension of internal and foreign problems, will need to be called into requisition. I have not been asked to speak of the remedies for the faults of our government, nor of the prospects for improving our present system but I venture to add in conclusion that some progress in this direction is at present being made. A more critical spirit pervades our life and there is reason to hope that the prophecy of Bryce, the concluding words of his great work- the American Commonwealth_may become true: "America has still a long vista of years stretching before her in which she will enjoy conditions far more auspicious than any European country can count upon. And that America marks the highest level, not only of material well-being, but of intelligence and hap- piness, which the race has yet attained, will be the 94 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY judgment of those who look not at the favored few for whose benefit the world seems hitherto to have framed its institutions, but at the whole body of the people.” LEGAL RIGHTS AND THE NATIONAL SPIRIT. By H. H. Wong. This protracted European cataclysm has given me abundant material for serious thought and meditation. The first question that occurs to me is, what are these nations fighting for, and secondly whether or not they are contending for something that is worth while striving. I am one of those much con- demned and perhaps unfortunate individuals who are not in- clined to support the claim of the pacifists that the peoples, represented by the warring powers, are whipped and cowed to take up arms against each other. Tyranny has not been popular with democratic peoples and could never sway or hope to sway their enthusiasm and fury to such a pitch as to enable them willingly and unstintedly to sacrifice that which is most precious on earth-Life-so that their nations might live. Pat- riotism, after all, is an inexplicably abstract and intangible thing. It comes only when one's country is perniciously insulted and materially injured. It is spontaneous and unequivocal. In order to have patriotism we must have something that we can love and adore. In other words, a nation that inspires the highest degree of spontaneous patriotism is a nation, which in time of peace, secures for its citizens, whether at home or abroad, the greatest amount of temporal blessings, national protection and personal security. With the exception of Russia, all the warring powers have constitutions. The citizens of all the belligerents are respected abroad. They suffer no denial of justice either in their own or foreign countries. They gain admittance to the United States without undergoing the em- barrassing inconvenience which the Chinese are compelled to go through. Their educational institutions and methods are a constant source of inspiration to the other nations. Their pro- perty, lives and families are protected and guaranteed by both home and foreign governments. All these advantages are their ideals which they jealously cherish and adore, and when their nations are attacked, it is not the intangible, social and political combinations, designated by International Law as “Independent THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 95 States”, that are jeopardized, but those very ideals, without which life is not worth living and property is not safe. To answer our first inquiry then, the belligerents are fighting to maintain their fundamental ideals, untrammelled and undimi- nished, and since their ideals are the foundation of their na- tional existence, it necessarily must follow that what they are fighting for eminently deserves the sacrifice myriads of con- scientious souls are daily making. What unselfish and noble devotion! What is more glorious than an unconditional sur- render of one's life-a thing that is incapable of valuation in dollars and cents—for the sake of one's ideals! It is my purpose in this short article to bring out the relation of one of these ideals—Legal Justice or Right—to Patriotism or National Spirit, for National Spirit is Patriotism in its incarnate form. Assuming that there had been a Garden of Eden, life, from the day Adam ate the Forbidden Fruit, has been, is and will ever be, a struggle. Some have strenuously maintained that Adam and Eve had never been in the Garden and that we are gradually coming to it. However that may be, unless we reach that much-sought-after Utopia, we must not lose sight of the startling phenomenon that what we have to-day—the very thing that is dearest to our hearts—has been purchased by the price of blood. From the sanguinary wars of the Ancient World and through the Dark Period of the Middle Ages down to the battle of Waterloo, nations had subsisted wholly on victories, and the everlasting law of the "Survival of the Fittest” was given its greatest impetus. Nations waxed and waned as the result of these relentless and perpetual strifes. What is true of the lives of nations and history of peoples is true of Law. Law and nations go hand in hand. The life of Law is a struggle -a struggle of nations, of state power, of classes and of indivi- duals. Every principle of law—every legal right worth achiev- ing-was wrested from tyrants at the point of the sword. It took two revolutions, one in 1215 and another in 1689, for the English people to wring to Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights from the tenacious grasp of British despots, and our present Republic cost us five years of untold misery and anguish. The symbolic representation of Justice itself demonstrates the curious fact that Law is not a mere abstract theory but a living force. Justice is often represented by a beautiful lady with eyes blind- THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 97 for the sake of saving our faces. Our diplomatic history reveals a conglomeration of successive defeats, followed by simultaneous curtailment of valuable territory of strategic and industrial importance. · Normally a nation goes into war to vindicate its national dignity and honor, the fruits of conquest are but incidental. An individual brings a lawsuit not primarily for the damages he may be able to obtain but rather to maintain his ideals and principles. He desires to enforce the recognition of his rights, and his rights are not recognized, when his property is endangered and his wife and children harassed and molested. His self-respect, his pride and his interest impel him to risk all he possesses in defense of his rights. An Englishman stays weeks and spends a hundred times the amount of money to regain what has been illegally exacted. Put a Chinese in a similar position. He will save himself from any such unpleasant experience. He will argue evasively that the ends do not justify the sacrifice. He is a peace-at-any-price-man. This difference of attitude of the two races toward even such a little problem as this marks the re- lative health of the two countries. That uncompromising at- titude of the Englishman to stand upon his rights at any cost has made England what she is to-day-efficient, patriotic and tenacious. This leads me to the consideration of the question as to why an Englishman recognizes his legal rights and a Chinese does not. I demur to any intimation that the white race is by birth or nature a dominant race or that the Englishman has a better equipped brain than the Chinese. Every phenomenon has its cause and effect and the present one admits of no ex- ception. I maintain that the knowledge of one's legal rights comes through encouragement and cultivation. The national sensibility is cultivated when the government encourages it and gives it freedom of exercise. The idea of legal rights and in- terest of the state go hand in hand. What air is to the flame, freedom of action is to the feeling of legal rights. After all, the sentiment of a community is evidenced by the irritability and indignation it manifests at a threatened injury. This is the pulse of the nation, and the health of the nation can be best tested by the feeling it conveys. Our Government had out of time immemorial ignored this universally recognized channel 98 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY of popular manifestation, no matter how expressed. It had ex- pressed itself against the shameful Exclusion Act of the United States in the form of a boycott on American goods. It had shown a like attitude toward Japan because of the latter's ag- gressions. In all these and numerous other cases, the power that be had turned a deaf ear. It had a notion that it ruled divine right, and that the vulgar commonalty had no voice in the Government. The consequence of this calamitous sacrifice was stupendous. Our national spirit was stunted. Our legal rights were not recognized even in our own country. Govern- ment existed not for the benefit of the governed but for the emolument and enrichment of the governing few. The arrog- ance of the great and powerful was equalled only by the venality and cowardice of the judges. Our lives and property abroad were made dependent upon the will and caprice of the countries in which they were found, our Government affording us no protection. At home the people's thoughts were concentrated on protecting themselves, since constituted authority instead of being a protector of the people, was their bitterest enemy. Justice was dispensed to the highest bidder. For the justice which has violated the law, there is no accuser as terrible as the sombre, reproachful form of the criminal, made a criminal by his wounded feeing of legal rights. It is its own bloody shadow. The victim of corrupt and partial justice is driven out of the way of the law and becomes the avenger of his own wrong, the executor of his own rights, and the sworn enemy of the society which begot him—a robber, murderer and outcast. And yet we wonder at and exasperate over the increase of thieves and lawlessness in China ! Such was the political situation in China prior to the Re- volution of 1910. A lamentable and deplorable condition as that could not be productive of national spirit and patriotism. In order to invoke that spontaneous spirit, a nation must present something that its nationals can worship and idolize. China could produce nothing. Every despotism has its beginning with the violation of individual freedom and security. The door left open 'through despotism and arbitrariness stands open for the foreign enemy. With the Englishman, it is a different pro- position. He is protected no matter where he goes. An En- glishman is almost a god in China, to be seen and not touched. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 99 Does a Chinese enjoy the same privilege and immunity in the United States or elsewhere? Is this not what the belligerents are really fighting to retain ? In this time of a grave crisis, when our greatest and all powerful enemies are planning to crush our national existence, our supreme effort is to instil into the hearts of our countrymen the love of their country. Give them something which they can cherish and adore. Encourage their endeavors to the end they may reap peace and prosperity. Above all, recognize their legal rights. Our campaign must be made at home. A nation is, in its last analysis, only the sum total of all the individuals who compose it. It thinks, feels and acts as the individuals, that make it up, think, feel and act. If the feeling of legal right of the individuals of the nation is blunted, cowardly, apathetic, if it finds no room for development because of unjust laws and bad institutions, if it meets with persecutions where it should be met with support and encouragement-if in consequence, it is accustomed to endure injustice and to look upon it as some- thing which is inevitable, such slavish and paralyzed feeling of legal rights is incapable of energetic reaction when the question of a violation of the rights, not of the individuals, but of the whole people, arises. An attempt on their political freedom is a breach of and a menace to their constitution and cherished ideals. At the present time nations are so situated that they can ill afford to concede everything and anything to arbitration or com- promise, and still less to submit passively to every encroach- ment on their territories and suffer arrogant indignities. Let us assume that the police power and the criminal law of the state were not in existence and let us retrace our steps back to Ancient Rome and adopt the method of Self-Help. Where the pursuit of the thief or robber was the affair only of the party injured and not of the community, the abandonment of one's rights under such conditions would not be an inducement to repeat similar raid and carnage, but also tend to multiply thieves and robbers. This is precisely the situation of the family of nations. Nations are supreme within their own boundaries and no one claims to be greater than the other. There is not such a thing as a police power and criminal law in International Relations. A nation loses and will continue to lose its territories and 100 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY national integrity so long as it does not pursue each territorial aggrandizement at its expense and each national affront, with summary procedure and drastic accountability. NEW MEMBERS ADMITTED. The following new members have been admitted into the membership of the Eastern Section. Pennsylvania: C. C. Liau, H. Bung, C, S. Wu, H. Y. Wu. C. T. Chow. Harvard: S. T. Yen, S. T. Woo, V. T. Loh, W. P. Ling, F. C. Sze, M. F. Chung. C. P. Chow, Secretary Eastern Section. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 101 MR. H. CHI'S NEW CONTRIBUTION.* Wen Tsing Tao. It has not been long since we witnessed Mr. Chi's ingenious invention of the Chinese typewriter; again, we are preparing to welcome the advent of his "New Chinese Dictionary.” Through his invention of the 'typewriter, Mr. Chi had availed himself with an insight of the nature of Chinese characters. This in- timate acquaintance suggested to him the possibilities of sim- plifying the arrangement of the Chinese dictionary. As a by- product of the typewriter, the new device of the Chinese dic- tionary was framed up by the end of last May. Having been privi- leged with a perusal of the manuscript before its publication and deeply impressed by the advantages of the new work, the writer wishes to take this opportunity to tell the public some stories about the new dictionary, either as a message of com- fort to those who have become tired of the old dictionary or as a stimulus of encouragement to those who take interest in scientific investigation. The old Kang-shi Dictionary has certainly made a great progress beyond other types of dictionaries in the fact that it has based its arrangement of vocabularies upon the order of the number of strokes of their radicals. It works alright when we have only words of one undebatable radical to find. The dif- ficulties arise when we meet words of two, three or more radicals. The Kang-shi dictionary only takes one radical into account, and classifies each word under one radical and one radical only. Thus it is not infrequent that a word cannot be found until three or four radicals have been tried. Sometimes, it even takes an hour to locate a single word. It not only wastes time and energy but also discourages students from making further appeal to dictionary. Therefore the first problem of simplification is how to en- able a man to hit upon the right radical at once. This, Mr. Chi has succeeded by using two methods. First, the definite pre- fixes and suffixes with which words can be found under a * Note. The new device of the dictionary has already been brought to China by Dr. C. Chu for publication. With a view of facilitating circula- tion, the dictionary has been made as a free offer to the Commercial Press to that effect.. Both the dictionary and Mr. Chi's Index System, another by-product of the typewriter, will be published soon. 102 . THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 祁氏字典序 ​吾國字典之種類至茶有以意義分類者爾雅之是也有以群分類表韻 ​府之是也有以部首分類者​,此文是也二百年來最通行之守者​, 其嫌熙字典 ​其以部首立無本文五篇​,特形點多從今體則仿正字通之法也字 ​作所以利使國人當以便於檢查為上故 ​體字形分部是也然其分 ​部雖不招古裝亦不全依今形​,以故枪字者往包迷惑莫知所從例如截图戈 ​而我基本部此在明於小學者固知载本作然​,截雷為二字本不同部数 ​字再者你接今形則裁院在木部何以 ​我不入住部此甚多不可 ​學者​,食悲的力何传言也余前有中國打字機之例作为字典之學生有 ​為以為今之字典​,大率依康熙字典分部之法不知感良其不 ​以餘力作為和氏字典於西法略有的巨正線括是否比例約有 ​府其典部部拉不的甚 ​以之雖而字便斑因 ​部如九如做字者部其定守一 ​[亦​]學回部整因字畫叫州而他出之3是wE 天山部也 ​持如在今本本之本全本 ​尼一字今形可与农 ​部者其字即重見於比我部​,以便檢查如占字见​。 下部分人 ​亦见​韩新字部白部及儿郎 ​(一套例字頭為患者 ​除字出言外其餘皆依其字成之字部 ​而定之 ​如学实麥子部热身心 ​字為​:邵今更多更高及兩外其餘仍爸 ​凡字尾有斗者多從其部而定之如望女部座土​, 伐老唐 ​今仍其 ​有的人字頭為著你身体火部外其餘多從其字見之身部而定之 ​字蛋土部​, 茶字鲁木部​,今感覺寺見人部外其餘仍有 ​我无字有的代数​”“其其本人或截教二字不在 ​牛国内部不在此例中使字屠一部不在此例者其所出之部找其在使之 ​盘而定之和感字画力部轮学术部今除依 ​有法分部外其他可見他部 ​其見真如我就見木部​《見支部基多就见 ​·部人見門外​, 多倒飞鸟曲作者徐基二字图→部外​, 其餘皆從其字以下文字 ​定之如要生土部寿字画东部今啟本字已找不那老字見於​:外​, 他夫國者李亦步重見外​, 因为例比颇作者除花与花​·外​, 其餘多從其字或以下之多而 ​如牛毛孕是 ​者似儿字以起于经者除省属全部外其餘皆為行我抽 ​今街争 ​亦见行部​, 本書真 ​自首至尾一直不斷不從人分子且贵 ​p苗条 ​真外方空白印有下列封以化檢閱最上字部之我次為 ​之字部我下与本頁页农 ​年中才有一部见第一印有战争之中甘索引如一 ​有一​)、DJL省部部方上之数目保护其非所在之人做 ​山本的用其大係我用 ​WADE定法​, ILLUSTRATION I. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 103 祁氏字典 ​一直部 ​- 1℃ E平​(Lin) 北 ​PO文或 ​W以女举起 ​一丁七 ​Wen此人們 ​! 「 逐整M, 也 ​军政协社​(un) 一起 ​俗而乱入部 ​万MM同​, * 28 (Cheng +Raaheem 真而入 ​三WANM「本件被M 平成龙国 ​上 ​VeryRL以外地 ​大全 ​下Hunt之机械化 ​「 益上依然花 ​TYMAN If Kim), i kishte Illa/HIATHIAlel+1+1++ feel E ? (nalak, EGEN 城邦​。 且比林一峰之上表单 ​(99年的音乐风尚 ​7系统教若是 ​我 ​之分歧而明 ​ g 中平特​(Lars! 此二者之間期 ​多中正北平北市中途中被 ​若為外著承先如 ​其民​, 我从 ​pradu (9込 ​瘋产家與竹特刊3 之中​,皆作中 ​《 公 ​看 ​。 二百主 ​ILLUSTRATION II. 104 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY definite radical, and their exceptions are classified into groups according to their kinds. These are part of the author's key- notes with which every reader should be familiar. (See illus- tration No. 1). With a knowledge of these prefixes and suf- fixes and their exceptions, words composed of them can be found readily under their proper radicals. Besides those words with definite prefix or suffix, all other irregular words which are com- posed of more than one radical are classified under each of all the radicals which compose the word. This means that any word can be found under any radical that is a part of the word. It enables us to locate the word without going through trial and error. All words in the dictionary can be found with approxi- mately equal ease. This plan is not cumbersome because it needs only nine hundred repetitions of words to accomplish the purpose. The internal arrangement of the dictionary furnishes us another merit. The arbitrary division of the old dictionary in- to sections according to Tsi, Chiu, Ying, Mou, etc. and the random locating of the radical and the word in the book rather than by index are eliminated. In place of the old cumbersome arrange- ment, the new dictionary is first divided into seventeen strokes of radicals, ranging from one to seventeen. For instance, all words with radicals of two strokes are put in section two, of three srokes, in section three, etc. Second, on the outer side of the dictionary seventeen side-figures (1-17), are indexed, designating at a glance where to find the radicals of a certain number of strokes. Third, on the front page of the seventeen sections, all radicals of the same number of strokes are printed. At the upper corner of each of these radicals, figures are indexed to show the page where words with any one of these radicals can be found. (See illustration No. 2). Fourth, the arrangement of the pages is continuous and the trouble of locating the page is eliminated. With these arrangements what the finder has to do is to count the strokes of the radicals, look at the side index corresponding to the number of strokes of the radical, open the book, locate the radical on the front page of the section, read the index at the upper corner of the radical and find the page accordingly, count the remaining strokes of the word be- sides radical, and locate the word according to the number of the remaining strokes. An experiment has been made by Mr. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 105 Chi and the writer to determine the approximate efficiency of the new system. The result shows that the rate of finding English words is about fourteen words per five minutes, that of finding Chinese regular words by the new method is about ten words per five minutes, while by the old method the rate of finding Chinese regular words is five words per five minutes, or one word per minute. Put it into a nutsell, so far as the regular words are con- cerned the efficiency of the new dictionary is one time greater, and in case of irregular words, it is tremendously greater than that of the old dictionary. It enables us to find any word in the dictionary within half a minute. Besides these chief merits there are some minor points that need to be considered. The number of words in the dictionary is seven thousand; adding nine hundred repetitions it makes the total of seven thousand and nine hundred. The selection of these words is based on the Source of Familiar Quotations. Brief synonyms and clear definitions are cited. In order to avoid confusion, only important classical phrases are quoted. So far as pronunciation is concerned the Tsieh-yin of the common words are eliminated but those of the less common words are still retained. In addition, every word is accompanied by a roman- ized pronunciation of the mandarin language. For the time being, as no satisfactory standard pronunciation has been made, Mr. Chi is obliged to adopt the method of Romanization con- tained in the Chinese Students' Dictionary, which is based mainly on Wade's system. Such are the features of Chi's New Chinese Dictionary. With the help of this dictionary I am sure every student's work will be greatly facilitated. 106 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY STUDENT WORLD CLUB NEWS Andover Of all the Chinese Delegates who attended the Eastern Con- ference at Andover only two, Messrs. S. S. Chen and C. C. Yu, are now still in the Academy. They had stayed in town until the school re-opened. There are now four Chinese boys study- ing in Phillips Academy, and Misses K. Chen and Lee in Abbot Academy. Dr. Stearns, our Principal, who is ever so kind to us, often expresses the great pleasure he has had of having made so many new acquaintances among our students at the Con- ference time, and says that he can never forget the spirit and appreciations we have showed toward the Academy. Chichuan Yu. Baltimore. At the beginning of this fall, six new students were added to the Club, making a total of eighteen members. Two of them came from Tsing Hua College and are now studying in Johns Hopkins. The other four are fellows of the Rockefeller Founda- tion. Three of these are taking pharmacy in the University of Maryland, and the fourth is in the Nursery Department of Hop- kins Hospital. The Club held its first meeting of this year on October 14. The following officers were elected: Mr. H. C. Chen, President; Miss Esther Hsu, Vice-President; Mr. K. C. Sun, English Sec- retary; Mr. P. K. Chu, Chinese Secretary; and Mr. Y. D. Hsi, Treasurer. This executive committee has formed a splendid scheme for the year with a twofold object: (1) to promote personal interest among the fellow members, and (2) to cultiv- ate better understanding between the Chinese and the Americans. It consists of four parts; namely, to contribute to different papers articles about China, to lecture in different institutions on things Chinese, to invite Americans who take interest in China to be our social members, and to hold literary and social meetings THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY to discuss various topics and report on research work on im- portant matters. The last is open to all foreign students who care to attend. A committee of three has been appointed by the President to work vigorously toward these ends. K. C. Sun. California The election of officers of the Club was held in the first regular meeting on September 2. Mr. S. G. Mark was elected President; Mr. H. K. Seung, Vice-President; Miss M. K. Mah, English Secretary; Mr. T. T. Chen, Chinese Secretary; Miss H. Fong, Treasurer, and Mr. F. G. Moon, Sergeant-at-Arms. Miss Yarlock Lowe and Messrs. K. H. Chiu and G. K. Shew were elected Representatives of the California Club for the Alliance. On September 23, the “Freshmen” were initiated into the Club. We had an enjoyable elaborate program that evening. Our National Holiday, October 10, was celebrated by the U. C. students with the co-operation of the High School students of the bay cities. The evening was honored by the presence of Dr. Ng Poon Chew, who addressed the students on the “Duty of the Chinese Students to their Fatherland.” Music, games, stunts and refreshments made the evening exceedingly enjoyable. Miss Margaret K. Mah. Columbia The Columbia Chinese Students' Club lost more than a dozen of its old members when these members returned to China last Summer. Among them may be mentioned Mr. P. C. Chang, Dr. Chin Chu and Mr. John Wang. The Club has a membership of seventy-five, a little over half being new members. The oft-called officers or servants, rather, for this semester are: Suh Hu, President; Miss Emily Hsu, Vice-President; Ming Tsow, Chinese Secretary; H. M. Lin, En- glish Secretary; H. F. Boggs, Treasurer; and C. C. Wang, Auditor. H. M. Lin. Cleveland The first meeting of the Cleveland Club was held on October 15. The following officers were elected for this year: P. K. B. Young, President; S. P. Huang, Recording Secretary; Molin Ho, 108 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY Corresponding Secretary; Richard H. P. Sia, Treasurer; and Louis Wong, Member on the Committee. Graduation has caused three of our old members to leave us. But their vacancies are filled by new members. Messrs. C. L. Ko and T. C. Shen have come from Tsing Hua College, Mr. Y. G. Cheng from University of Nanking, and Mr. A. T. Wong from the Shanghai Y. M. C. A. During our second regular meeting held on November 5, Miss S. C. Chiu furnished the outline of a new play to be staged at the club house of the Community Play House Company in January 1917. The plot of the play relates the adventures and experiences of a girl under "masculine" disguise, and ends hap- pily with a double wedding. Molin Ho. Cornell A grand celebration of the fifth anniversary of our Repub- lic was held in the Cosmopolitan Club on October 10. Messrs. S. V. Fang, S. I. Seto and Y. Tang reviewed the history of the nation, and Messrs. W. Y. Chiu, F. W. Ming and H. E Wong furnished music. After the celebration, an informal gathering for the benefit of our new students was called. Various phases of life in Ithaca were presented to them by some of our old members, Messrs. W. Y. Chiu, K. H. Chu, Y. H. Ho and K. U. Lau. In our first regular meeting held in Barnes Hall on October 28, it was our good fortune to secure Professor Barnes of the Civil Engineering College to talk to us. He showed us the important relations of the development of transportation to the growth of England and of the United States, and urged China to pay her due attention to this fact. His talk was very interesting and appreciated by all. Clifton T. Chang Dartmouth There are only three Chinese students in Dartmouth. Two of them, namely Messrs. W. K. Chen and T. C. Lo, came in 1915 from the Customs College, Peking, and are now in the Class of 1918, both expecting to specialize in economics. The third member, Mr. H. Huang, came in the beginning of the fall from Tsing Hua College, Peking. He has registered as a junior THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 109 taking education as his major study. As we have only a small group here at present, no Club has yet been organized. T. C. Lo. Illinois In the morning of October 10 our Club house was bedecked with our Five-Colored National Flag and the Stars and Stripes intermingled with orange and blue in commemoration of our national holiday. A social was given in the evening. The programme was varied and interesting. Professor and Mrs. Waldo were cordially invited to the meeting. The evening was pleasantly spent. Two new members have recently been added to our list. Mr. Y. Liu, a graduate from Tong-shan Engineering College, is studying C. E. in the post-graduate department. Mr. C. L. Tan, who formerly studied in Glasgow, Scotland, is studying Engineering in the University. J. Y. Moo. Iowa On the fifth of November we had a business meeting in which several important transactions were made. One of them was to amend a certain by-law of the Club in such a way as to encourage the presentation of papers by members. As those members who belonged to the first batch in the order of pre- senting papers had been busying themselves with post-graduate thesis work, so the item of “speeches” was omitted from the programme of the first meeting. It must be understood that this was not because these members had nothing to say, but because they had so much to present that the limited time of our meeting could not permit. S. H. Hwang. Lehigh. A banquet was held by the Lehigh Club at Eagles Hotel, Bethlehem, in the evening of October 10 to celebrate the fifth Anniversary of our Republic. An attractive program was pre- pared by the Committee-in-Charge, and the banquet room was beautifully decorated with Chinese and American flags. The occasion was marked by great enthusiasm, and all the speakers expressed optimistic views concerning the future of the Republic. The November meeting was held in President H, S. Drink- 110 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY er's House. In addition to the speech given by Mr. S. L. Chang, the Club was also favored with talks from Mr. Tsai of M. I. T. and Columbia University, President Drinker, Vice-President Emery, and Professors Richards and Palmer. At the conclu- sion of the meeting, Mrs. Drinker entertained the members with refreshments, and also led them through the spacious rooms of the building to wonder and gaze at the ancient Chinese art cu- rios they had in possession. S. L. Chang. M. I. T. The first meeting of the Club was held in the Cambridge Y. M. C. A. to welcome the newcomers. Fifteen members have been added to the Club, making a total of forty-five. Most of them have transferred from other institutions. Four out of the ten post-graduate Tsing Hua students have joined us. The second meeting was held on October 21 in the new and impressive Tech. Building for the election of officers for the first term. P. Y. Hu was elected President. His colleagues are Y. C. Hsu, Vice-President; K. T. Lee, Chinese Secretary; E. C. Miao, English Secretary; and Y. C. Tu, Treasurer. In the third meeting held on the fourth of November, the important questions of making a programme for the term, and of how to increase the interest of members in Club affairs were discussed. After a lengthy discussion, we came to the con- clusion that meetings should be shortened and of a more social nature. In order to carry out this scheme, various committees have been appointed by the President. E. C. Miao. Michigan The officers of this semester are as follows: W. C. Kwong, President; George Fong, Vice-President; T. P. Lee, Recording Secretary; W. T. Young, Corresponding Secretary; F. C. Liu, Treasurer; H. Lee, Assistant Treasurer; and C. K. Chow, Auditor. Although we have only a small number of members this year, our men are showing more spirit and enthusiasm over the welfare of the Club. Monthly meetings will be held for busi- ness discussions and social gatherings. With this object in THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 111 view, we hope to get better acquainted with our fellow-students and promote a stronger union. The foreign students here have been requested to contribute a series of articles pertaining to their respective native lands to the “Michigan Daily," a college daily paper. Messrs. Kwong, Chow and Fong will do some writing for the Chinese. As they are all able literary men, we expect to have some good "stuff” from them. W. T. Young Minnesota The Minnesota Chinese Students' Club held its annual Hal- loween party on October 27 at the home of Miss Selma James. Interesting games were conducted by the social committee, and, of course, all the appetizing refreshments that usually accom- pany a Halloween party were served. If the interest shown by the members at that time be an indication of what the organiza- tion may accomplish this year, the Club has certainly made an auspicious beginning. C. Q. Wong. Missouri (State of) The State of Missouri Club has had a change in its officers. As our former Secretary, Mr. John Q. Goo, has left for advanced studies in the East, the former Treasurer, Mr. F. K. Lee, has been elected Secretary, and Mr. Ben Bond, Treasurer. Mr. F. K. Lee and troupe furnished Hawaiian music in the University auditorium in the evening of November 3 during the largest mass meeting of the year. The audience was about 3000, and the performers were asked to give two “encores." The Club will immediately begin an extensive work among our fellow-students in the whole State, and hopes to make this the most successful year. F. K. LEE. New York C. S. C. The officers of the Club for this year are: K. K. Wang, President; Miss Alice O. Huie, Vice-President; Sydney S. H. Ng, Secretary; and Miss Caroline A. Huie, Treasurer. The Annual Hallow'een party of the Club was held Nov. 6, and everybody had a jolly good time. Among the visitors that evening were Mr. and Mrs. W. L. Wei of Schenectady, who 112 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY claimed they enjoyed themselves immensely. It was a great success. Mr. Thomas Y. C. Lee, past master in the art of arrang- ing socials, was at the post he usually occupied when he was at Yale. We must not forget however that Miss Alice Huie arranged for both refreshments and games. To add to the success of the evening, no speeches were made. SYDNEY S. H. NG, Hon. Sec. Ohio Wesleyan The arrival of Mr. Gang Ching Young, a graduate of the Anglo-Chinese College, Foochow, China, enlarges our roll by one more member. He came together with the Tsing Hua students per S. S. “China.” We are glad of his coming and hope that he will accomplish as well as enjoy as much as he can in Ohio Wesleyan. S. C. LU. Oregon Chinese Students' Union The second year since the establishment of the Union wit- nesses the holding of the annual conference of the Western Section of the Alliance at Portland, Oregon. It was the first time when the Chinese students in Oregon had the pleasure of attending the Conference on their home ground. Needless to say that all the delegates were most enthusiastic, and that the Conference was a success in every respect. In 1914, there were only two Oregon Chinese students who were members of the Alliance. At present, there are more than twenty. The officers for the year 1916-1917 are as follows: Solon Au, President; Hishing Wong, Vice-President; Jack Lee, Secretary; and N. F. Loo, Treasurer. T. M. Hung. Pennsylvania The opening of the school year saw a large number of our fellow-students coming to the University of Pennsylvania. We welcomed into our midst the following members: T. C. Hsieh, M.D. and C. C. Liau, M.D., both taking post- graduate courses in the Medical School; C. T. Wu, H. Y. Wu, and C. T. Chow, all taking pre-medical courses; T. C. Lau, studying in the Dental School; S. J. Wuh, working in the Poly- clinic Hospital; N. W. Fung and B. How, studying in the Whar- THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 113 ton School of Finance; G. Liang, studying in the Textile School; C. C. Chen, working in the American Bridge Company; and S. Y. Yang and Y. C. Yew, who have come back from Pitts- burgh and are now working in Baldwin Locomotive Works. Mr. L. H. T. Wei, a graduate from the Textile School, is now taking graduate studies in the Wharton School. The officers of the Club for this term are: Mr. L. H. T. Wei, President; Mr. C. L. Sen, Vice-President; Mr. T. C. Yu, Treas- urer; Mr. H. C. Lee, Manager; and Mr. T. H. Chen, Secretary. T. H. Chen. Pittsburgh On November 5 the Pittsburgh Chinese Students' Club held its second meeting with all the seven members present at the home of Mr. P. L. Lew, the only “old Pitt” that is with us this year. Among the new members are Messrs. K. C. Chang and S. Y. Chu from Tsing Hua College. Y. H. Niv. Princeton The second regular monthly meeting of the Club was held on November 4. Mr. C. H. Wang gave us an interesting talk on the Difficulties of Chinese Statesmen. Then Mr. K. C. Liu told us his wonderful sight-seeings in Washington, D. C. during the summer vacation. He said he was especially amused to see Mrs. George Washington's kitchen in Mt. Vernon! Plans for a public entertainment to be given before Christ- mas were carefully discussed. Some of the faculty members, the towns-people and a number of the American students who have keen interest in China and the Chinese students will be invited. A straw ballot was taken as to whether Wilson or Hughes was to be President of the United States. The result was five to five. No recount was needed! S. P. Teng Stanford On the evening of November 4, we held at the beautiful home of Mr. Lau Hing in East Oakland a social entertainment in which many men and women students of the University of California and other schools were present. Besides dancing and parlor games, we had on our programme trombone solo, man- 114 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY dolin and vocal solo, Chinese flute solo and a fifteen-minute vaudeville sketch. The success of the gathering has accom- plished the very object which the Club desired; namely, to afford ample opportunity for fostering closer contact and more comradeship among the students of the two universities and other institutions. An intercollegiate athletic relationship has recently been established between Stanford and California. For the present, the competition will be limited to tennis and basket ball. The Club has been honored by the visit of Mr. W. Reginald Wheeler, Yale '11, who has lately returned on furlough from the Hangchow College. In his talk before the Club, he showed himself a staunch supporter of the Chinese Republic, a great admirer of Chinese literature and one who has especially anxious to see our students return to China to work in schools and colleges. J. D. Bush. Vassar Both Miss Lucy Yang and I are getting along "beautifully," both socially and academically. As far as our accomplishment is concerned, we can very safely say that luck has not yet deserted us, and modesty prevents me from adding anything more to that. We still go out quite often to make informal talks to the "curious” American public about “China.” But, what is more interesting, the girls here are crazy about learning Chinese, and we are indeed having a good time in being teachers ! It is quite conceivable that the students and faculty here are getting more and more interested in China, as is evident from the increasing curiosity of the students when my paper, “A Glimpse of Chinese Poetry," appeared in the “Vassar Miscellany Monthly," and also from the unceasing encouragement of my history professor, who wishes me to investigate into the factors, phenomena, and what not, of the Chinese Revolution, alongside with the study of French Revolution, which is one of the most wonderful and up-to-date courses offered by this College. Miss Lucy Yang expects to go to Washington, D. C., to be with her brother for Christmas, but I expect to spend at least part of my vacation in the quiet and snowbound “Deserted Vil- lage” for a mental recreation when “Merry Christmas" visits us again. Miss SOPHIA H. Chen. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 115 Wisconsin On October 10, a special meeting was held to celebrate our national holiday. The programme consisting of talks, games and refreshments proved to be very interesting. During the meeting we welcomed into our midst four new students from China. They are the following: D. H. Li, K. S. Chu, M. H. Chou, and S. K. Pan. Mr. Bailey Cheu was the last member to join us. H. H. Hsieh. Wooster “Who says that the Chinese students in America are home- less? At least this is not true for Wooster, for Mrs. B. J. Lee, mother of Y. M. Lee, affords us as decent and comfortable a Chinese home as anyone of us could hope to have. She is mother to us. She gathers her dear children (club meeting) together once every month in order that they may have a good time and talk home news over. Mr. S. C. Lee as big brother presides. “The second gathering of the club took place last Saturday evening (Nov. 4th) at Mrs. Lee's home, Quinby Avenue. Re- freshments accompanied it. During that time we all agreed that we should have a Chinese Thanksgiving supper, during the vacation." -From "The Wooster Voice," November 8, 1916. K. L. Kwong. PERSONAL NOTES Mr. D. U. Houng of Iowa University, who had already obtained three Master's degrees in Engineering, received in addi- tion last October, upon the recommendation of Governor Clark, an honorable appointment of Colonelship from the Military De- partment of the University. He is probably the first Chinese student who has received such an honor in this country. Mr. H. L. Chung of the University of Missouri, a senior in the College of Agriculture, is now conducting a feeding experi- ment in poultry and also demonstrating caponizing. Mr. K. A. Wee is on the Sophomore Football Team in Ohio Wesleyan University. Mr. S. C. Lu of Ohio Wesleyan plays on the Varsity Soccer Team. He is also one of the three Directors of the Cosmopolitan Club. 116 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY Messrs. C. T. Sun and En Liang of Pittsburgh University sailed for China via Vancouver on November 30. Mr. R. B. Wong, a graduate in civil engineering of the Class of 1915 in Stanford University, is now working in the American Bridge Company at Elmira, New York. Mr. O. Y. Nam, a graduate in chemistry of the Class of 1914 in Stanford University, is now connected with the Stanley Amlin Chemical Company at Lock Haven, Pennsylvania. Mr. W. S. Lee, a graduate in geology of the Class of 1914 in Stanford University, is at present acting as a petroleum geo- logist for the Empire Gas and Fuel Company, a subsidiary of the H. L. Doherty Company of New York. He belongs to the Texas Division. Mr. S. S. Tang, a '16 graduate in mining engineering of the Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, has safely arrived at Shanghai last October. Mr. S. W. Shou of the Case School of Applied Science is now in the Sanitarium at Cuyahoga Falls, suffering from a nervous disorder. The Chinese Educational Mission at Wash- ington, D. C., is arranging to send him home in case he cannot recover within a short time. Mr. T. Li of Exeter was the principal speaker at the meet- ing of the “return of election” held at the Academy Chapel on November y under the auspices of the Golden Branch Literary Society. Mr. E. S. Hsieh of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute has been elected to the R. S. E. (Rensselaer Society of Engineers), and also to the Students' Council as a member of the Finance Committee. Mr. P. C. Kwan of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute played quarter back on the Freshman football team which won with a 6 to 0 score from the Sophomore team some weeks ago. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 117 BOOK REVIEW The Present Day China Present Day China. By Gardner L. Harding. The Century Publishing Company. New York. 1916. $1.00. Of the several interesting books that have appeared in the market since the Chinese Revolution, Mr. Harding's volume entitled 'The Present Day China' has a rightful claim to the attention of those who have not much time at their disposal and who are desirous of seeking a grasp of the present day conditions in China. In the limited space of some 250 pages, Mr. Hard- ing has succeeded very well in bringing to the reader a vivid picture of this awakened nation, a picture which in our opinion seems to be correct and fair. Mr. Harding is to be congratulated for his success, but more espe- cially for his insight into the new spirit of the Chinese people, the spirit which manifested itself fully in the battle of the 'Kilometre Ten' during the Revolution, when men face unitedly and fearlessly for one cause the deadly maxims of the Imperialists and women brave the fields in order to succor their wounded brothers, the same spirit which has been seen in the stupendous fight against the opium curse, foot-binding and child-slavery. Although positive achievements in the fields of political, economic and social reorganization have not been as numerous as we would like to see, indications are everywhere, as Mr. Harding points out in his book, that a new era has been ushered into the country. The increasing prominence of women's activities, the agitation for equal suffrage to take an instance, is an unmistakable sign of the new womanhood, while the Peking Model Prison may be taken as an expression of the determination of the people to travel on progressive lines. Space does not permit us to further comment on the book except that we recommend it highly to the public as a fair and interesting account of China in this her era of reconstruction. C. H. WANG. 118 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY HOME NEWS _ The New Vice-President. At a joint session of the two Houses of Parliament on October 30, General Feng-Kuo-Chang, Tuchun of Kiangsu, was elected Vice-President of the Republic of China. He received 528 votes out of a total of 732 votes cast. He will still remain in Kiangsu, carrying on the duties of Tuchun of that province in addition to the duties connected with the post of the Vice- Presidency. General Feng was born in Hochien, Chihli. He was edu- cated in the Peiyang Military school from which he graduated with honor. Although he succeeded in getting the literary de- gree of Sui-Tsai at an early age, he preferred a military career instead and soon joined the Peiyang troops, serving first as a captain to be promoted later on a colonel of the famous New Army. At the recommendation of Yuan Shih-Kai he was soon appointed Taotai. He taught in a military school for some time but was soon transferred to be director of the Noble's College. When the revolution of 1911 broke out he distinguished himself by recapturing Hanyang, so well fortified as considered by some to be impregnable. In the first year of the Republic he was appointed Tutuh and Civil Governor of the metropolitan province. In 1913, when the Second Revolution broke out, he was in the South and was largely instrumental in putting down the revolution and recapturing Nanking. In recognition of his service he was given the first class Wen-Hou decoration and was later appointed Military Governor of Kiangsu which po- sition he still holds. Abridged and translated from La Politique de Pekin. Dr. Wu Ting-Fang appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. The appointment of Dr. Wu Ting-Fang as Minister of Foreign Affairs was almost unanimously approved by Parlia- ment. His past career was so well known to us that any com- ment would appear to be superfluous. Suffice it to say that his participation in the Revolution of 1911 was active and his services THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 119 most valuable. He was first Minister of Foreign Affairs, then Minister of Justice under the Provisional Government at Nan- king and was leader of the southern delegation at the Peace Conference in Shanghai which finally settled that China was to be a Republic and not a Constitutional Monarchy. He re- cently wrote and published a very interesting book entitled “America through the Spectacles of an Oriental Diplomat.” Celebration of the Republican Anniversary. With real joy and genuine enthusiasm the whole nation joined to celebrate the Fifth Anniversary of the Republic. The President entered into the spirit of the celebration no less than the people and the people no less than the President. Stories are too many to be all retold here. The following has been selected to show that when so much is found where least was expected, the rest can be easily imagined. The North-China Herald printed the following account of the “Riksha Coolie's Commemoration." "When all other Chinese were celebrating the Republican anni- versary, the ricksha coolie, not to be left out, resolved to do his bit. Possessing no hong to be adorned, and no fixed place of abode from which to display flags, etc., the coolie wisely decided to bring all his decorative talents to bear upon the only place in Shanghai which really belongs to him, the Ricksha Mission Halls. Here he had a free hand. Not only was there a tastefully arrang- ed abundance of flowers and scrolls bearing royal republican sentiments, but in the place of honor, in a pretty frame, hung a very fair portrait of the President, in full dress uniform, which all day long was an object of great interest to admiring crowds. During the day several expressions of loyalty to the country and President were made with an evident understanding of what was implied.” Passing of Two Revolutionary Leaders. China lost two of the most active and prominent revolu- tionary leaders in the deaths of Hwang Hsing and Tsai-Au. Tsai-Au died in a hospital in Japan on the 8th of November. According to the report of the North-China Herald General Huang Hsing died in Shanghai on Oct. 31. General Huang Hsing first became seriously ill on Oct. 9, when he spit a large quantity of blood. He went to the Paulum Hospital for treatment, which, however, did not enable him to recover. It was reported that upon his death, President Li Yuang Hung, in recognition of the prominent part he had taken in the Re- publican movement in China ordered all the government offices to hoist flag at half mast. 120 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY General Tsai-Au attained great prominence in the Yun- Kwai revolution which soon became wide-spread and which culminated in the overthrow of the attempted restoration of the monarchy. He was however active in the first Revolution also and was Tutuh of Yunnan until September 28, 1913, when he was summoned to Peking to fill an appointment in the cen- tral government. When the monarchical movement was at its height Tsai-Au was in Peking, occupying the post of Director of the Bureau of Land Measure. When after the vote in the Tsanyiyuan, the monarchy seemed a fait accompli, he suddenly left, alleging that he was going to Japan for medical treatment, but secretly slipping back to Yunnan, where on Dec. 27, 1915, he raised the standard of opposition by declaring the independ- ence of Yunnan, which marked the turning point of the mon- archical movement. He went to Japan in September and died while undergoing treatment, in the University Hospital of Fu- kuoka. He was only 33 years old. The Sino-American Railway Loan. According to the North-China Herald Weekly Edition of Oct. 14, the terms of the above loan are said to be as follows: (1) The total amount of this loan is gold $100,000,000 of which gold $10,000,000 is to be paid first as an advance. ; (2) The issue price to be 93 and interest 6 per cent. (3) The Directors shall be Chinese but the Engineers-in- chief and principal accountants must be American. (4) The railways to be constructed are 1100 miles in length made up of five lines. (a) From Fungcheng in Shansi to Ninghsia in Kansu (200 miles). (b) From Ningsha to Lanchow (both in Kansu, about 200 miles). From Hengchow in Hunan to Nanning in Kwangsi (500 miles). From Hengchow to Wenchow in Chekiang (about 200 miles). (e) Short line from Kiungchow to Lohui in Hainan. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 121 Foreign Questions for Settlement. · The North China Daily News has tabulated the following outstanding important questions to be settled between China and the foreign Powers concerned: 1. The proposed extension of the International Settlement of Shanghai. 2. The demarcation of the Macao boundary. 3. The settlement of the Laoshikai case in Tientsin with France. 4. The Hwaching street policing at Hancow with Ger- many. 5. The Chengchiatun incident with Japan. 6. The killing of about 400 Chinese Mohammedans by Russian nomad Cossacks in Sinkiang. 7. The Russian demand for the withdrawal of Outer Mon- golian representatives from the National Assembly. 8. The inquiry of the German Legation concerning the proposed second reorganization loan from the Quintuple Bank- ers (The Allied bankers are excluding the German bankers in the recent negotiation). 9. The interpellation of the Quintuple Bankers concern- ing the proposed $80,000,000 loan from Japan, which is con- sidered as against the spirit and letter of the Quintuple Loan Agreement of 1913. Opposition to the Grand Canal Conservancy Scheme. The Shantung Provincial Assembly has protested against the terms of the American Loan for G. $3,000,000 for the con- servancy of the northern portion of the Grand Canal. It ap- pears that the Provincial Assembly takes exception to the se- curity, which consists of taxes on the land reclaimed, and, until such reclamation, a certain sum from the ordinary land-tax. Japan has also sent in a request for an explanation of the loan. This request is based on the Sino-German Kiaochow Con- vention, one clause of which states: “If at any time the Chinese should form schemes for the development of Shantung, for the execution of which it is necessary to obtain foreign capital, the Chinese Government, or whatever Chinese may be interested 122 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY in such schemes, shall, in the first instance, apply to German capitalists. The Japanese claim that as successors to the rights of Germans in Shantung, they should first be consulted. Reuter's dispatch to N. C. Herald, Oct. 12, 1916. Chino-Russian Riot. Under the above heading the Peking Gazette, in its issue of October 4, printed the following story of the murder of 400 Chinese by Russian Cossacks at Kashgar : The Government has received a telegram from Yang Cheng- sin, Governor of Sinkiang, reporting that the Russian Cossacks, who have been in the habit of coming south to farm every autumn and returning to their homes under escort of Chinese troops after harvest, created a serious riot last week, at a place called Ka-a-hu, about 140 li from Kashgar in Singkiang, and murdered some 400 Chinese inhabitants on their way homeward. The Government has presented a set of five demands to Russia. Proposed President of the Government University of Peking. Some time ago, Mr. Fan Yuan-lien, Minister of Education, wired to Mr. Tsai Yuan-Pei in France offering him the post of the President of the Government University in Peking. In his reply he says that he will consider the matter when he arrives in Peking. It is reported that Mr. Tsai left Paris for his mother country in the early part of last month. It may be mentioned that Mr. Tsai is considered China's foremost edu- cationist and was first Minister of Education of the Republic. Bank of China Resumes Specie Payments. According to the Reuter's Peking dispatch to the London and China Telegraph the Bank of China, which since the Chin- ese Government's proclamation of a moratorium last May has been steadily accumulating a silver reserve, resumed payment in specie at Peking on Oct. 26, and now all branches of the Bank are carrying on business under normal conditions except in Szechuen where, owing to the disturbed conditions, it is at present inadvisable to send silver. Bank of Communication notes have risen from 79 to 87 since the 25th. The Ministry of Finance is making arrangements to enable the Bank of Communications to resume specie pay- ment at an early date. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 123 COMMUNICATIONS Immigration To the Editor. Sir: In its issue of August 23, the “Examiner” makes, with an apparent sense of justice, a plea for a fair treatment of Chinese immigrants. It objects quite cautiously to the delay of justice and urges fairness towards them over at Angel Island, although it is the policy of California, in the opinion of the “Examiner," to enforce a stringent Exclusion Law to the end of preventing the orientalization of its territory. After all what is the end and aim of law but to expedite justice? And any retardation thereof is defeating the greatest end of civil and enlightened society. As in the words of Landor "Delay of justice is injustice.” But perhaps it is well worth while to point out in this column where the trouble does really lie in this question of undue de- tention of immigrants for weeks and months and even a year as happened in that particular case cited by the “Examiner.” We venture to say that it is generally traceable to the utter incompetence of some of the immigration officers who have en- tered the Immigration Service largely on the strength of political influence and favoritism of one form or other rather than on the merits of their own genuine efficiency and ability. In short, if one were to take a census of the officers over the Island today one would feel staggered and astounded to discover the scores of men who have been appointed in the first place without proper qualification for the positions. The consequence is, of course, that some of these incompetent, half-educated, and un- trained men are given the responsible position to formulate systems, to discharge important duties, to review and render 124 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY decision on cases that in the light of "fairness and justice," for which the “Examiner" seems to advocate, will require no little amount of sagacity, sound practical wisdom and open-minded- ness. Then, too, these immigration cases will often need men who can discriminate the essentials from the non-essentials and be willing to give the applicant the benefit of the doubt, if the least doubt there be. But that is not the case with some of the immigration officers, it seems, who would and will time and again labor so stubbornly over a trivial point that not frequently they overlook some of the more pertinent ones in a case. The result is that much time is consumed and wasted in clearing up just these points by the reviewing officers and the applicants' attorneys themselves. We imagine you can readily convince yourselves of this fact by looking over some of the cases, if possible, filed in the Record Room over at the Island. It is no exaggeration, neither, to say that they are the veritable classics for prolixity, absurdity and illogicality. We well remember that at one time a circular letter was actually issued at the Immigration Station urging the officers to get at the salient points of the cases and avoid all prolixity of words in the questions put to the applicants and in the reports pertaining to cases already heard and disposed of. Nor is this all. A greater evil is to be found in the fact that cases are frequently reviewed by officers promoted from the positions of filing clerks, who have, perhaps, an inkling of the immigration cases, but cer- tainly have not the merest fraction of legal experience, when as a matter of fact every case coming up at the Immigration Sta- tion (in the Chinese Division) ought to be handled by experienced lawyers with an understanding of things Chinese. Such in brief, is one of the causes of delay of justice at Angel Island from time immemorial, and if there is any one race that suffers, needlessly and endlessly, the bully and the humbug as well as the wholesale abuse of those who presume to interpret and enforce the Exclusion Law, it is the Chinese coming into the United States. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 125 Yet, perhaps, this is not as vital and important a question at issue to us at present as to make the Department of Labor realize the imperative necessity of changing the personnel and system in the Immigration Station at Angel Island and rendering them as nearly irreproachable and consistent as those of the Consular and Diplomatic Services. J. D. Bush Palo, Alto, Cal., Sept., 1916. China and the American Republican Party. To the Editor, Although the Chinese people do not expect a friendly power to fight for China in time of national emergency and save her from the aggression, atrocities and outrages of a third nation, yet intellectual China has been gravely concerned in the last American presidential election. Their enthusiasm for Mr. Hughes did not follow the trend of public sentiment stirred up by the psychological effects of campaign speeches, parades and other boisterous demonstrations. They stood, nevertheless, solid for the "elephant” and its policies, especially its foreign policy, although practically all of them could not cast votes and there- fore could not exert any influence over the result. For scores of years—since Lincoln's time—the Republican party has been consistently and persistently attempting with untiring effort to cultivate and strengthen the friendship be- tween China and the United States of America. China knows it and feels it, and has been trying to reciprocate and respond for whatever good done to her. The return of the “Indemnity Fund” by the United States to China was not designated by the former as to its disposal for any particular purpose, and the Chinese Government promptly used the money to send students to study in the United States. This was a markedly responsive step taken by the Chinese Government to promote friendship between the two countries by thus interchanging ideas and fur- thering mutual understanding. In 1915, a Chinese Trade Com- 126 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY mission of twenty-two members made a tour over the whole of the United States visiting hundreds of cities and manufactur- ing centers in an effort to promote commercial relations between the two countries. Whatever good that has been done to China during Repub- lican administrations has ever remained in the mind of the Chi- nese people. The “Open Door” policy formulated by John Hay has more than once saved China from partition; the sending of the grand feet of the United States around the world, to a large extent, demonstrated to a certain power that China must be let alone; the visit of an American Trade Commission in 1907 did much to promote trade and friendship; and the return of the “Indemnity Fund” to China was no less a significant part of the Republican program. The Chinese people will indeed mourn the defeat of Mr. Hughes, for this defeat of the Republican party means that the atmosphere of the Chinese national affairs is, to a certain ex- tent, darkened by the eclipse of the Republicans for at least another four years. D. K. F. Yap Swarthmore, Pa., November, 1916. a was no CHINESE STUDENTS AND SOCIABILITY. By J. L. Li, Iowa University. Nature is the most cruel and yet most kind. To those who conform to it, it offers everything in the universe almost with- out reserve. Those who ignore its laws perish under its iron hand without mercy and without exception. One of these laws, under which creatures either die or survive, is the law of "Mutual aid.” Concerning the best conditions of survival, Darwin intimated that the fittest are not necessarily the phys- ically strongest, nor the most cunning, but those who learn to cooperate so as mutually to support each other for the welfare of the community. “Those communities," thus he wrote, "which include the greatest number of the most sympathetic members THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 127 S would flourish best, and rear the greatest number of offspring.” After his laborious research and experiment, Syevertsoff, the great Russian zoologist, declared that those species of falcons which have “an almost ideal organization for robbery” are declining, while other species of falcons which practise mutual help are thriving. “Take, on the other hand, a sociable bird, the duck,” he said ; “it is poorly organized on the whole, but it practises mutual support, and it almost invades the earth, as may be judged from its numberless varieties and species.” Bi- ologists all agree that this law of "mutual aid” holds good in applying to all creatures. The puny ants are able to flourish almost everywhere, because they are most cooperative. Man is the highest animal and the most potential for survival, for he alone is self-conscious and cooperates more readily. Those lower animals which became early extinct were mainly devoid of the ability of cooperation, while those which possess it—still remain, and even fourish. Among the former the most conspicuous are the mammoths, and among the latter, the monkeys. In primitive times, men fought bitterly for existence, be- cause they came into conflict. Men grouped together by the ties of the nearest kinships for purposes of mutual aid and protection. Thus patriarchal families came into existence. Violence and force still prevailing, families combined into clans, by means of which greater unity could be obtained. Those clans which commanded proportionately greater unions of strength and intelligence in their individual membership conquered, vanquished and absorbed, in the course of time, those which had a relatively fewer number of these virtues. The same forces and conditions that had brought about the formation of the clans brought about also the formation of tribes, from which what we now call nations have emerged, since still greater unions of strength and intelligence were required in consequence of the augmentations of groups. This is the present stage of human evolution. During these periods of grouping, combination and amal- 128 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY gamation, great advancements of human knowledge, skill and thoughts along many lines are achieved. The art of destruction has been wonderfully developed. The old methods of fighting were changed not only in weapons, but also in forms. Firearms of numberless kinds and of monstrous destructive powers have replaced those once used. Formerly fighting was mainly con- fined in the visible battle-grounds where the fate of nations was to be decided; but now extends from the visible fields into the invisible ones, political, financial, commercial, industrial and intellectual. In the visible fields war was carried on only in limited periods; in the invisible fields, it is carried on without limitation of time and space. These, together with the frequent contacts among the different peoples, brought about by inter- national communications and the greater demands of means for life as a result of the increase of population and human desires and wants, have unmeasurably intensified and aggravated the "eternal struggle for existence.” This is, however, not so true among individuals as among nations. Under the protection of law, the individuals of a nation no longer need to combat with their fellowmen in order to preserve their lives. But inter- nationally where can we find protection? “The world belongs to the strong," "Might is right.” Thus, in order to maintain her existence, a nation has to compete with all the others in the development of military, financial, commercial, industrial, political and intellectual efficiency, which is to be obtained only by the cooperation in all these lines by the individuals of which the nation is composed. Such is the present stage of human evolution, that the Natural course of events seems to indicate that while the main factor of international progress is "conflict,” that of national progress is “Mutual Aid." Considering this, China's position in the world to-day is very precarious. Her national strength is far too weak to con- duct this vital “conflict.” In all the lines of political, economic, commercial, industrial, military and intellectual development, THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 129 her people not only have refused, but have never attempted to cooperate. Consequently she is inefficient in all those activities, in which fields she is defeated whenever she comes out to meet her opponents. She has been badly defeated. She has been wounded, crippled, maimed and mutilated; she has been driven out from the field and hemmed in from all sides. The last foot- hold upon which she stands is yet in danger. It is on the battle line, under the fire of her enemies, and liable to loss at any time. What shall we do? Should we yet fold our hands calmly and quietly, and look round as if nothing had ever happened? Should we yet not cooperate with all the strength and intelligence we possess in defending our fatherland, our families, and eventually ourselves? There can be no affirmative answer to the first nor a negative to the second. We should answer this question as a unit, and stand firm and united for all that is best. But how can four hundre million people hitherto disunited cooperate for such gigantic task without leadership? Who are, then, to be the leaders? We students are beyond question among the leaders, if not the leaders. Not only are we supposed to be so, but we ought · to be so. This is, however, not because we are, as is generally supposed, the choicest sons and daughters of China, but because we have better opportunities than our brethren at home. Ex- cepting a small number of us who are thrown upon our own resources, we are either supported by our government, central or provincial, or by our home-folks. We spend a number of years of the very best part of our lives in this great Republic, where we have the privileges privileges which we must not fail to recognize with deep gratitude of enjoying practically all the bounteous opportunities of learning she affords. If we, under such favorable conditions, shall not become the leaders, who will these be? Our corrupt and selfish officers and officials? Our out-of-date literati? Our younger and less fortunate stu- dents at home? Our shrewd but ignorant merchants? Or our experienced but short-sighted farmers? No, absolutely no. They 130 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY may, at best, cooperate, but certainly not lead. The responsibil- ity of leadership naturally falls upon the shoulders of those who are supposed to be trained to bear it. But what constitutes our fitness and ability to shoulder that tast responsibility? Is it a mind stored with a monstrous amount of knowledge from text-books and lectures? Or, as some ardent Christian students have suggested, the cultivation of certain religious virtues and standards? Or, as some physical educators have hinted, the development of our physiques so as to stand strain and endure hardships? These may be helpful—nay, even may be necessary—but none the less they are by no means all that we need in order to prepare ourselves for leadership. Such a leader should be not only mentally, physically and religiously fit, but also socially fit. He has to adapt himself to his fellow- men as he does to his physical environment. He has to know and understand them, in order to be able to lead and cooperate with them. He who is most interested in his fellowmen, who has the greatest cooperative powers and adaptability to social life, who controls his individual impulses in the interest of the groups, is the socially best. He who permits himself to blindly and indifferently drift upon the current of contemporary life, and takes as little interest as possible in his fellowmen, is use- less to the community, no matter how learned, how pious and how strong he may be. If we students, who are supposed to be public leaders, should be unable to cooperate with, and adapt ourselves to, our fellowmen, our education would be rendered useless, so far as our country is concerned. In that case our country would be deprived of many indispensable workers or servants, and her future would be far less hopeful. If this should be the result, my optimism dwindles, for my marrow chills at the thought. For cooperation the preliminary requirement is sociability. This not only helps us to develop all those good qualities of friendliness, hospitality, agreeableness, affableness, and, above all, the noblest and finest quality of mankind which, for the lack THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 131 of a better term, we call tolerance, but also helps us to acquire such invaluable knowledge of, and experience in, man, which are as essential and necessary for the success in the serious business of life. These can be obtained nowhere better than through close and frequent contact with men, whose real selves are on such occasions revealed now and then subconsciously or entirely unconsciously. Furthermore, through the exchange of opinions, thoughts, ideas and ideals with the different classes of our fellowmen by talking to the heart's content, our minds would be much more enlightened, enriched and broadened than they otherwise would be. All these direct to the ways by means of which people learn how to cooperate—to do "team-work,” the watchword of the twentieth century. On the other hand, it is quite improbable, if not impossible, that one who keeps himself completely isolated from all social activities and social influences would ever be able to understand human nature, human relation- ships and human activities to such an extent as to enable him to cooperate with his fellowmen. The old idea, sustained by our literati, that a real scholar can know and do anything and every- thing in the World without his feet ever being out of his door, must be dismissed from our minds once for all. On the whole, we Chinese, being trained in our highly developed ideagraphy, are not in any way inferior to the Occidentals in mentality, exhibited either in words written or in words uttered; but, on the other side, we lack the wonderful power of putting our thoughts into operation, or of making good our own statements, which is something that permeates almost the entire Western World. Behind this, however, there is the spirit of progressiveness, restlessness, buoyancy, eagerness for improvement, adaptability to the New and forwardness of view, which are, after all, the factors that have made the West what it is. Here, again, sociability is the nearest, the easiest, the best and the only way through which this spirit of the Occidentals can be to any extent imbued by the Orientals. In his article, entitled "Chinese Students in America,” (Clark University 132 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY Lectures—"China and the Far East,” Ch. XII, 207 et. seq.), Mr. H. F. Merrill said that the returns which China was to receive for the expenditure incurred in maintaining students in America "will be greater or less, according to the wisdom and foresight exercised in choosing subjects and courses of study and to the degree in which opportunities for close observation outside the academic curriculum are availed of by the students.” In order to bring our young China into conformity with the "law of survival,” her leaders, the young Chinese students, must be sociable. STATEMENT OF CONFERENCE TREASURER Andover, Mass., Sept. 1916. Receipts Disbursements Dr. Cr. Balance from last year. .....$ 244.01 Registration fees ........... 1555.00 Advertisement .............. 403.50 Contributions ........ 127.00 Miscellaneous .............. 138.86 Printing Programs .........$ 254.61 Meals ........... .......... 1347.00 Entertainments & Receptions 120.00 Prizes .. 262.75 Business Department ....... 86.20 Committees' Bills ........... 398.99 Balance on hand ......... . 298.82 $2768.37 $2768.37 Respectfully submitted, K. K. WANG. Audited and found correct. M. L. ELI. C. S. SEE Oia VOL. XII VOL. XIIB JANUARY, 1917 T JANUARY, 1917 O No. 3 NO. 3 The CHINESE STUDENTS MONTHLY RIBE SERVING CHINA IN AMERICA THE SCHOLAR IN THE NATION OUR ESSAY COMPETITION PUBLISHED BY The Chinese Students' Alliance in the United States of America 15C A COPY $1 A YEAR Entered at New York Postoffice as second-class mail matter A GASTON, WILLIAMS & WIGMORE, Inc. 140 Broadway, New York EXPORTERS, IMPORTERS, SHIPPERS AND FINANCIERS announce the establishment of their FAR EASTERN DIVISION with offices in all the principal cities in CHINA, JAPAN, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND THE DUTCH EAST INDIES other offices in PARIS, PETROGRAD, LONDON, HAVANA, MADRID, LISBON, ROME AND CAPETOWN representing the best manufacturers in railway supplies, power stations, prime movers, electrical supplies, textile machinery, printing presses, cigarette and match making machinery, agricultural implements, domestic appliances, motor boats, automobiles, heavy com- modities, etc. The Chinese Students' Monthly VOLUME XII. JANUARY, 1917. NUMBER 3. I use Contents for this Number of Page EDITORIALS .... ..... 133 New Year's Greetings. Retrospect and Prospect. Thoughts for the New Year. The Monthly Essay Competition. An Apology. 136 CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES ..... The Scholar in the Nation. (Prof. W. E. Mosher) Serving China in America. (Dr. William T. Ellis) The Task of our Generation. (K. T. May) The Future Live Stock Industry in China. (H. Lum Chung) A History of Dentistry. (H. P. Choy) Difficult Problems of the Librarian in China. (T. Y. Seng) CLUB NEWS ..... PERSONAL NOTES ............. ..... HOME NEWS ........... ..... COMMUNICATIONS .... ..... Entered as second-class matter October 5, 1916, at the post office of New York, N. Y., under the Act of March 3, 1879. The Chinese Students' Monthly Published monthly from November to June, inclusive, by The Chinese Students' Alliance in the United States of America at 510 West 124th St., New York, N. Y. Subscription Rates: $1.00 a year. Postage to foreign countries, 25c. extra. In China, $2.50 Mex. a year, 30 cents Mex. a copy, post paid. Payable in advance to The Chinese Students' Monthly. - THE STAFF EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT KAI F. Mok, Columbia, Editor-in-Chief. 510 W. 124th St., New York City Editors Home News: Y. C. YANG, George Washington Club and Personal News: S. E. S. Yui, Princeton Literary: C. T. KWEI, Yale C. L. Liu, Cornell L. T. CHEN, Yale K. T. May, Harvard W. H. CHUN, Chicago F. W. MING, Cornell H. L. CHUNG, Missouri H. A. Pan, Pennsylvania K. C. CHUNG, Reed Molin Ho, Cleveland G. K. Shew, California MARY HUNG-Woo, Denver S. P. TENG, Princeton RUTH KOE-SUN, Berea Y. C. YANG, Cornell H. M. Lin, Columbia D. K. F. YAP, Swarthmore T. Y. C. LEE, Columbia T. L. LI, Iowa. BUSINESS DEPARTMENT Kung Kuan Wang, N. Y. U., Chief-Manager 510 W. 124th St., New York City Departmental Managers MUN L. ELI. N. Y. U., Advertisement Manager Hsi-fan Boggs, Columbia, Circulation Manager Associate Managers H. CHI, Columbia L. G. Moy, M. I. T. H. C. CHU, Pennsylvania A. T. Y. SHIH, R. P. I. W. H. CHUN, A. 1, T. A. Soong, Harvard L. N. LAU, Cornell TOWE TONG, Illinois C. C. Lowe, Illinois K. W. Tsai, Penn. A. S. Liu, Cornell A. T. L. YAP, Lehigh T. C. YEH, M. I. T. Assistant Managers C. L. Bau, Minnesota W. P. LIANG, Wisconsin S. C. Hsu, Princeton C. S. SEE, Columbia K. HUANG, Yale GEORGE WAN, J. H. H. Wong, Reed College W. T. YOUNG, Michigan Representatives in China P. K. Chu, World's Chinese Students' Federation, Shanghai Y. C. Mei, Tsing Hua College, Peking; Y. S. Djang, Tientsin H. K. Kwong, Kiang-Nan Dock, Shanghai Representative in Australia W. K. Chan, 36 Elizabeth Street, Hobart, Tasmania EDITORIALS NEW YEAR'S GREETINGS The Managerial and Editorial Boards of the Monthly' take this opportunity to offer to our readers the greetings of the sea- son and best wishes for a successful year. REPROSPECT AND PROSPECT The year 1916 has been one fraught with dangers and possi- bilities. Last Winter the Monarchy Question seemed definitely settled, but it wavered in the balance as the months went by, and with the death of Yuan Shih-kai, passed with its chief supporter unto the land of the departed. Across the length and breadth of the country then followed a wave of enthusiasm for a new order. Parliament was reconvened, a new Constitution was drafted, and a railway contract and loans were made,-all in the short space of a few months and in the midst of conflicts with Japan. The New Year surely opens with a clear sky and an undimmed hori- zon. The recent declaration from Washington, promising "prop- er diplomatic support and protection to the legitimate enterprises abroad of American citizens,” will mark a new era in the commer- cial relationship between China and the United States. Five long years have passed,—years that have been marked by intern- al dissensions and conflicts with the outside world. Yet today no darkening clouds appear to mar the serenity of the political horizon. To be sure, there are many questions still to be settled with foreign nations, but the atmosphere is no longer tense nor strained. The country is again united-united in the support of 133 134 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY the Administration. Perhaps never before has there been such an auspicious beginning for a New Year. Mistakes there will certainly be, for it is human to err, but the Republic will be secure under the guidance of the men now at the helm. THOUGHTS FOR THE NEW YEAR wn Many at this season of the year indulge in the pastime of making what are known as New Year resolutions. This phen- omenon becomes so customary that the very term has, in turn, become a by-word for lack of determination. Yet this need not apply to any of us. The Chinese student in this country pre- paring for a life work has, by so preparing, made and, in so far as he is able in his present condition, is fulfilling his supreme resolution. There is always the word at the tip of our tongue that signifies our readiness to work for our country when we re- turn home. And while here, we are learning of politics, educa- tion, history, and pure and applied sciences, perhaps applying the while our knowledge to practical use. But our long stay in this country, averaging from two to seven years, of necessity renders us both unaccustomed to and ignorant of actual condi- tions at home. This can be remedied, but only by our own efforts. We also expect to be leaders of men. We must therefore find time, while assimilating all that we are taught, to learn of human nature in order that we may be able to understand our fellow being and lead him to supposedly higher levels. We fail of our purpose if we have not yet acquired a sense of appreciation. Forbearance is also a large word in our adopted vocabulary that ought to find a place among our thoughts for the New Year. These seemingly minor details that should go to make up what might be called the routine of life, are all part of the game, though not necessarily embodied in the regular curricula at college. And again here, as in our professed life work, prac- tice ‘makes perfect.' THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 135 But this supremle resolution, in the hope of fulfilment of which we are sojourning in this country, will not see its final fulfilment till we return home. There the question becomes even more serious, for upon its working out depends our success or failure. And while we are here, in the process of being mould- ed and shaped for use, is our chance to make ourselves. There are no resolutions for us, as a body of students, but there is a New Year Determination. THE MONTHLY ESSAY COMPETITION We regret to state that Dr. Koo has withdrawn his name from the list of judges for this competition. The subjects for the February competition, the MSS for which must reach the Editor on or before February 1st, are: The Russo-Japanese Treaty of 1916. The Tendency Of Japanese Diplomacy During The Last Decade. American Trade In China. The subjects for the March competition are: The Value Of Advertising. Journalism as a Profession in China. China and the World War. AN APOLOGY We wish to express our regret that because of lack of space in our December issue, the articles by Dr. Ellis, Professor Mosher and Mr. H. L. Chung, have not been inserted till now. The Monthly is now a 64 page issue, instead of an 80 page one. Owing to an oversight on our part, the article by Mr. T. L. Li entitled “Chinese Students and Sociability" was inserted un- der the Communications column in our December issue. 136 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES THE SCHOLAR IN THE NATION* Prof. W. E. Mosher, Oberlin As a student of words, I often find myself prompted to in- quire into their origin and development. And I discover not infrequently that a word once analyzed will convey a deeper and more significant meaning. So, in reflecting on the topic of my discussion—The Student in the Nation—I am reminded that the Greek word sxolý, from which scholar is derived, means "leisure.” This meaning calls forth the picture of Plato and his young disciples leisurely walking back and forth in the grove called and @hueca in the neighborhood of Athens, as they discuss the elements of the earth, the nature and destiny of man, the ideal commonwealth. I may not be entirely in sympathy with the accepted ideal of the scholar of our American Campus when I turn to Plato and his followers for an interpretation of the true meaning of the word. But, if you will permit, I shall consider in my talk this morning the scholar as the Man of Leisure. His function in the state—here I might also turn to Plato's concep- tion of the high office of the philosopher in his Republic—is that of leadership. In treating the topic: Scholar in the Nation, I wish, therefore, to discuss these two main topics: (1) the scholar as the man of leisure and (2) the scholar as national leader. The charge has often been brought against us Americans that we know not what leisure is. It may be that you, your- selves, my Chinese friends, when you have had occasion to stand aside from the onward rush of our American lives, have made some such observation. If I were now speaking to a group of American students, I would feel constrained to define leisure, lest it be misunderstood. I might define it in negative terms as not idleness, not inactivity, not recreation and not play, but as the opportunity for "contemplation” as Aristotle used this term, for reflection on the world and the universe and man's part in it. * Substance of an address at the Mid-West Conference, Oberlin, Ohio, September, 1916. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 137 Leisure, as I would have you understand it, has been most aptly defined by Mr. Bosanquet in the following words: * “Leisure was for the Greek the expression of the highest moments of the mind. It was not labor, far less was it recreation. It was that enjoyment of the mind in which by great thoughts, by art and poetry which lifts us above ourselves, by the highest exertion of the intelligence as we should add, by religion, we obtain oc- casionally a sense of something that can be taken from us, a real oneness and center in the universe; and which makes us feel that whatever happens to the present form of our little ephemeral personality, life is yet worth living because it has a real and sensible contact with something of eternal value.” Now the true scholar in my opinion will have acquired as a habit some such power of leisurely contemplating life, of seeing it steady and seeing it whole; he will be aware of the first as first, the last as last, the transitory as transient, and the perman- ent as enduring. He will have access at all times to the serene calm of an inner harbor that is protected from the whims and storms of the open sea. He will walk “sun-crowned with his head above the clouds” and fogs of party interests and self-in- terest. As a seeker after truth he will deny prejudice, silence partisanship and disdain compromise. I may well illustrate by pointing to the two figures now looming large on the horizon of American public life :—Wood- row Wilson and Charles E. Hughes. It is distinctly a unique phenomenon in the history of American politics that two men so scholarly in their instincts and training should compete for the highest political honor. It argues well for the future of this country that public opinion dictated four years ago the nomina- tion of Mr. Wilson and, again this year, the nomination of a man worthy to compete with him-Mr. Hughes. That which com- mended the one to the democrats, commended the other to the Republicans—and strangely enough it is just what Democrats and Republicans, as such, do not want; namely, the capacity for non-partisanship. It may be said that each has a carefully con- sidered philosophy of government, in the light of which he would settle individual, concrete problems as they arise. Dispassionate political thinking, for instance, impelled Presi- dent Wilson to urge legislative action that would make possible the Tariff Board. Again a truly disinterested loyalty to the prin- * Cf. Irving Babbitt, Literature and the American College, 250 f. 138 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY ciple of the political independence of national units inspired the Mexican policy, however much we may deplore the loss of American lives and property that this policy has entailed. Similarly, Mr. Hughes, as investigator of the Insurance Companies in New York, as the sponsor of many measures un- popular with the party men in the New York Legislature and, finally, as a judge on the Supreme Court bench, has shown him- self to be a man accustomed to look through the maze of the many for the one, the ultimate; he, too, is the scholar in politics, —the man thinking. Where Mr. Wilson and Mr. Hughes prove themselves to be thoughtful scholars we praise them and quietly congratulate our- selves; but as soon as they sound what we consider to be a party note, perform what seems a partisan action, we raise our voice in protest and are cast down. To cite one of Napoleon's aphorisms, recently quoted in a book review: “The man the least free is the man bound by party.” The man at leisure, who knows that truth is at the heart of all things and that truth will prevail, and who seeks that truth, is free. He loses his peace of mind only when under the stress of practical considerations he makes compromise with his inner freedom. One of the questions being debated today by a large number of American voters, is: Which of our rival candidates is more likely to ignore party pressure and momentary expediency, and hew true to the line drawn by the inner man, who, calm and serene, observes the ceaseless shift of outward things, the petty intrigues, the selfish strife. It is when the man of leisure, through some sudden change, as in the case of both our candidates, becomes the man of affairs that he is put to the test as in the refiner's fire. To take another illustration, one which those of us who owe a large debt to German scholarship consider a classical example of the failure of the scholar to be true to his heritage, when once put to the test. I refer to the pamphlet addressed to the civiliz- ed world by 93 of the most eminent German savants. It is impossible for one who has first-hand acquaintance with the de- tachable methods of scientific inquiry that maintain in the Ger- man laboratory and seminar, to realize how those whose position of honor is due to their impersonal devotion to the weighing of facts and all the facts, could have so ignored their mental habits as to take so many so-called facts for granted, as was done in THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 139 their sensational statement about the causes of the war. Far be it from me to introduce controversial matter into a discussion of this sort. I wish to state explicitly that I am not passing judg- ment on the merits of the question as to what country should be held responsible for the outbreak of the war. I am simply as- serting, that men whose names stand high on the roll of product- ive scholarship, publicly asserted as facts, certain things that even in the course of the intervening years have not yet been proven as such. That the keen, personal regret of American scholars, who have found a second Alma Mater in some German univer- sity, is now shared by certain German periodicals and papers, is sufficient evidence that our feeling is well founded. Maximilian Harden in one of his frankest and most telling editorials assert- ed in the early months of the war that “the neutral nations, al- though they knew the truth about the war, were not able to think as the Germans do.” Just this is the source of our disap- pointment, that our one-time professors, esteemed for their pow- er of detached inquiry and unbiassed judgment, were swept off their feet in the hour of stress by the patriotic enthusiasm of the time and “thought German.” So long as the scholar is a scholar, he will be aware of this fact, that truth is not of the party, nor tribe, nor nation. National truth may be untruth, or is likely to be at best only half truth. In my illustrations, I have tried to point out what it is that constitutes the character of the scholar and wherein his great temptation lies. But this temptation the representative scholar must run. To a select few—the creative investigators and most teachers—the quiet seclusion of study and library is permitted, but the larger proportion are destined to be put to the harder test-as, for instance, Wilson and Hughes at the present time- the test of action in the world of affairs. Having acquired in the isolation of college life the vision of truth, they shall now un- Alinchingly act in the light of it. All scholars may not be like Erasmus who, for so long a time, chose neither Catholicism nor Protestantism, because each was not without truth. The scholar in the nation must choose; he must make his choice known and take the consequences of it. We come thus to the second main division of our inquiry: The scholar as national leader. In his “Democracy in America,” Jean de Toqueville obsery- ed that there was a striking dearth among the leaders of Ameri- ca of men who were distinguished by "that manly candor and 140 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY masculine independence of opinion that constitutes the leading feature in eminent characters, wherever found.” He attributed this lack “to the ever-increasing activity of the despotism of the majority.” At another point in his exposition he points out that this is the serious problem of a democracy: to produce and recog- nize men of outstanding ability as leaders. Only a few weeks ago the editor of one of our leading week- lies deplored that our representative government was so little representative. He noted that there was not a lack of good men available, but that they were unwilling to submit to the humilia- tions forced upon those who are to represent the people:-wire- pulling, party loyalty, enthusiasm for party platforms and party slogans, that is not felt. The key-stone of the political philosophy of the party and of the majority is that the voice of the people is the voice of God. This is likewise the key-note of the dema- gogue, but distinctly not of the leader. The demagogue drifts with the mass, as though might made right. The real leader is what Sir Martin Conway* has called the “crowd compeller"- such men as Alexander, Cæsar, Napoleon, Disraeli were “crowd compellers.” Conway lets Disraeli define such a leader as "a primordial and creative mind, one that will say to his fellows, 'Behold, God has given me thought. I have discovered truth; and you shall believe.'” One of the most serious and most frequently heard of in- dictments of President Wilson is that he simply interprets the will of the people, that he does not form it and direct it in ac- cordance with the great principles of human rights that are the bulwark of our national life. Only within the past three or four days newspaper critics have condemned him for giving way to the popular clamor for an eight hour day. Whatever the merits and demerits may be, it seems as though the country had drifted into this momentous piece of legislation. In that case it is not likely that it marks a step of progress to the ultimate settlement of the acute differences between capital and labor. The law will then be rewritten. For it may be accepted, in my opinion, as axiomatic, that drifts and progress rarely coincide. The one is due to the momentum of the more or less unconscious mass, the other to the conscious thought and sacrifice of the individual. If we believe in the perfectability of the human race and the state, we must accept the corollary that it will come . * Cf. The Crowd in Peace and War. 88 ff. Longmans. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 141 about through the steady, untiring efforts of individual men and women scattered broad-cast throughout the lands of the earth. Kipling's dictum: “There are nine and sixty ways of con- structing tribal laws, and every single one of them is right,” may be true enough for the ballad-maker. It seems to be no less true for the demagogue and his followers who go to make up "the Juggernaut Majority.” But there is usually but one way to solve a political problem. That is the right way. And, as a matter of experience, this way is revealed to the man who brings to bear on it the concentration of a trained intellect and a trained will, both being indispensable qualities for leadership. I may add at this point, perhaps, by way of an aside, that the chief cause for criticism of the average American student body, from whom our leaders-to-be are naturally chosen, is that they seem so little to appreciate what the responsibilities of future leadership are. There is not enough midnight oil burned in our dormitories. Neither the reading of assigned books nor the know- ing of many men—however necessary these activities are—will produce learning, or such learning as is essential for the future leader. Adam's curse that he "eat bread in the sweat of his face" is no less true for him who learns than for him who labors with his hands. The English earl who told his sons that "noth- ing can purchase learning but thine own sweat," was speaking to all “those who would know.” Let the undergraduate aspir- ants for leadership not forget that the college does not make leaders but that leaders make themselves. Their convictions and ideals, their political and economic insight are neither inherited nor acquired. They must be earned, but not in the class-room or on the campus, rather in the study and the "stillness of one's own soul.” The leader must be one of "those who know," if he is adequately to fulfill the most vital function of present-day lead- ership,—to make public opinion intelligent. It may be appropriate at this point to indicate how truly public opinion is coming to be recognized as the power behind the throne. Three or four illustrations will suffice: Only a few years ago hard-headed corporations were said to have adopted the slogan: "The public be damned.” But within the past month or two the reader of current publications has been repeatedly struck by half-page advertisements in which the railroad companies appealed for public sympathy and understand- ing in view of the impending strike of the unions. This shift is 142 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY particularly noteworthy when one considers how inconsiderate of the interests of the public just these corporations used to be. I would also refer to the recent advertisement on the part of the steel corporations in opposition to the manufacture of armor plate by the United States Government. Some time ago-to cite a third instance, Henry Ford ran a series of full-page ad- vertisements in leading papers throughout the nation in the in- terest of Peace and Anti-Preparedness. Let me commend to your attention the manifold ways and means adopted by propa- gandists in this country for the formation and development of public opinion. Our astute critic and interpreter, Lord Bryce, has expressed the judgment that in no other country is public opinion so powerful a force as with us in the United States. But it is in efficient Germany that the power of public opinion is fully recognized and, at the same time so systematically molded and directed that it becomes one of the chief educative media of the political leaders. What seems to me-I speak as one who has long been in- terested in political Germany—to guarantee the future of the monarchy in Germany is that the press, the chief organ of public opinion, is so thoroughly monarchial in political matters, i. e., of course, apart from the radical press of the Social Democratic party. Just as it has never been very difficult for the monarchial Bundesrat, the senate of the Government, to find a majority in the popular branch, the Reichstag, so it has not been difficult for the Government to create a public opinion among the con- trolling mass of the people that was favorably disposed towards its policies. The Emperor had to but sound the note, Slav peril, or Yellow peril, and with striking unanimity the note re- sounded in every village and hamlet in the Empire within an in- credibly short time. The history of the powerful Naval League is largely the history of a newspaper and publicity campaign. When Capt. von Papen was recalled from the United States in the early part of the war, he was spoken of as a former member of the Publicity Department of the Navy. Most Americans must have been struck at the mention of such a department. From what I know of the fight for a navy, to which the Germans were originally averse, this would seem to have been the chief de- partment during the early years of naval expansion. Furthermore, although it might seem as though government activities along publicity lines would be limited in war times THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 143 largely to the censorship, this is by no means the case, as is in- dicated in a special report of one of the American correspondents in Germany. It appears that the Government press bureau has arranged to supply with news all the papers of the small towns and villages. Certain of them that prefer to print their own reading matter have been forced to substitute the made-up sheets forwarded by the Central bureau. As Baron von Zedlitz put it in the Prussian Diet: “A great editorial sanctum is installed in Berlin, to work for all the local papers.” In this way uniform- ity is reached and the work of the censorship is lessened. More illuminating, perhaps, are excerpts from the Vorwärts that were published about a year ago. They show how even in the midst of Prussia's supreme trial, far-reaching plans are in the making, that look toward a control of public opinion after the war. The Vorwärts published a confidential letter from the Minister of Interior, von Loebell, directed to some of the officials under his jurisdiction. It ran in part: “The great and manifold domestic problems which will have to be solved after the war, demand on the part of the authorities the cultivation of special relations with the press, an increased attention to journalistic tendencies and views, and a more intense effort to gain, wherever possible, influencing over its attitude. This applies more partic- ularly to the little district and communal papers whose attitude is of preponderating importance in shaping the sentiments of the country and determining the outcome of future elections.” He announces that a “Central Bureau of the German Press" has already been established, that will supply news and even an entire newspaper, apart from the heading and local items. Fur- thermore, to quote again verbatim: "the entire machinery of the correspondence bureau will be watched over and deliberately in- fluenced by experts.” He finally urges his subordinates to use their personal influence toward persuading editors and publishers to make use of the Bureau, for, as he concludes, "the constant personal contact of the authorities with the newspapers is, both in the big cities and the country districts, necessary and indis- pensable as an aid in the organization of domestic policy.”. These references indicate with what thoroughness the Ger- man government approaches the all-important matters of public opinion. One can but note how striking the contrast is to the state of the press in this country. Many of our papers are 144 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY avowedly owned by special interests, others pander to the taste and, at times, class prejudices of an undiscriminating constituen- cy; only a comparatively few seek to maintain a more or less independent attitude toward the news and movements of the day. Thus it is, in general, that the public opinion in this country is so disorganized, shifty, and often so incapable of sustained pur- pose. We are paying here, as elsewhere, the penalty of what has been called the most expensive form of government, Demo- cracy. Assuming for the moment the correctness of Professor Emory's * views as advanced in a paper on German Economics and the War, it would be all but, if not quite, impossible for the papers of this country to do what has been done in Germany. According to our article, Professor Emory thinks that the Ger- man state of mind as to the war is due quite as much to the ideas regarding economic pressure as to any direct economic pressure itself. He feels that an economic theory, that of the necessity of economic struggle, has taken possession of the col- lective German mind. He might have added the fear of a gradu- ally contracting iron ring, the belief that Germany has not its place in the sun, the confidence in national greatness,—these ideas have been consistently instilled into the minds of the child youth and man to the end, that to think at all is to think this, and to think this is to think German. No such unanimity of belief in more or less non-demonstrable ideas could exist in this country. We have no national program of ideas, unless it be that everything is bound to turn out all right. We probably shall have no program until we produce a race of leaders who, like Wilson and Hughes, will gradually weld our scattered, more or less muddled thinking into national thinking, a task that is incomparably greater than it has been in closely organized Germany. I am confident that there has never been a state which so fully realized the importance of public opinion and so systematic- ally and extensively molded it as the German Government. I have dilated upon the situation in Germany at such length, not in a spirit of criticism—the solidarity of the German nation in the present crisis is surely largely due to governmental propa- ganda along this and allied lines—but that you might appreciate what a powerful and all-important instrument the press is and how effectively this instrument may be wielded. My deduction * Yale Review, January, 1915. German Economics and the War THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 145 is, then, that the national leader must be a practical psychologist who specializes in public opinion, particularly in its development through the agency of the press. This would appear to be his chief function. In President Wilson's acceptance of the Democratic nomina- tion published last Sunday, he asks for the further support of all “forward-looking men,” using again a phrase that recurs so fre- quently in his talks and papers. In my concluding remarks I wish to ask you to consider the scholar-leader, not as the solver of national problems, but rather as the forward-looking man who sees beyond the economic or "bread-basket" phase of national life. An analysis of Mr. Wilson's address will convince one that he is engaged in looking forward largely toward economic and political adjustments. This is natural enough in a time when economic injustice is so widespread and political misunderstand- ing and conflicts are the order of the day. The forward-looking leader of the future must be mindful that the Industrial Age in which we now live is a Machine Age, that the efficient "Econom- ic Man” is an abstraction from whom the life blood has been drawn; he must know that the goal of civilization is not to be attained by machinery and abstractions. Christ came into the world that man might have life and have it more abundantly. This is the sufficient explanation of the enduring power of Christianity. This is, too, the call to the true leader, and es- pecially to the Christian leader. Whether dealing with social, economic or political difficulties, he is to inculcate into his solu- tions the Gospel of life, its worthiness, its purposefulness and its permanence. It may be and is great to be one of these who shall lead a nation to economic emancipation and order, to give a nation a really democratic freedom, but it is much the greater if one can at the same time give it life and life in abundant mcasure. For the spirit is more than the body and the raiment of the body, "Giving it life" is not academic and thus a futile generality, as it may seem to some of you who are critically inclined. It means to me that the ever-recurring question of the Sphinx, that has its seat in every man's breast, shall find a somewhat ade- quate answer. The eyes of those veritable multitudes of men that turn in doubt and inquiry to an unanswering heaven, shall learn from the lips of the forward-looking men of God concern- 146 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY ing the why and wherefore of it all Now, as in Old Testament times, "where there is no vision the people perish.” The states- man of the past has thought and acted as though the meaning of life consisted in the greatest pleasure for the greatest number, the statesman of the future must realize that it consists rather in the realization of eternal ideals in and through the state. The tough-minded economists of the older school-and not a few of the present time—would have us believe in the inviola- bility of economic laws. We have heard much of supply and de- mand, of the economic survival of the fittest and the like, as though man were a beast of the field, whose fate it is to stolidly endure the inevitable. But let me assure you, the history of civilization is made up of a series of chapters in which the spirit of man has triumphed over the hampering so-called laws phrased by man, just as he recently has mastered the air and sea. . The statesmen of Europe accepted, and the statesmen of this country now accept great armaments, and what armaments imply, as inevitable. The forward-looking statesman of tó-mor- row must have such a vision as to the proper goal of national and international life that the laws which make war, the destroyer of life, inevitable shall be trampled under foot. The millions of men now in the trenches in Europe taken individually abomin- ated and abominate war. Inarticulate, they accepted the theories as to the inevitability of armaments and preparedness before 1914 as they now, equally inarticulate, shoot and are shot down. So long as we accept as final the teaching of the Realpolitiker, as the Germans call the tough-minded, hard-headed leader who reckons only with certain economically and politically demon- strable or semi-demonstrable "facts,” we shall drift into such in- evitable catastrophes as the European war and national railroad strikes. When, however, the Realpolitiker is supplanted by the forward-looking leader, who will make articulate the aspira- tions, not alone of the economic and the political, but also the personal man, ardently desiring a truly abundant life, we shall have begun a new chapter in civilization. May you the members of this Conference, who are so peculiar- ly called to leadership in your own nation, be among those who are to enter upon the adventure of writing this new and great chapter. The challenge of your nation and of the world is to your sturdiest powers and your staunchest faith. To you and THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 147 such as you is entrusted the vindication of Christianity and the realization of the promise of a lasting brotherhood among men. If this human brotherhood is not to remain a dreamer's fiction, it will be because of you and such as you, who happily combine the viewpoint and vision of the scholar with the personal power and insight of the leader. May this be your heritage, is my wish. SERVING CHINA IN AMERICA By William T. Ellis, LL.D. China's great change comes to pass in the world's hour of transition. A new order of self-government is sweeping over the entire earth. Whatever the form of national life, democratic ideals are newly dominant. Public Opinion may be said to be the present ruler of the whole world. All other sceptors salute this modern sovereign. The weight of the common thought rules in the affairs of mankind. Personal absolutism has passed from civilized government; and this transition has affected many departments of life. Statecraft is being made over in terms of the popular will. The voice of the people is really deciding the great issue which used to be reserved for the few who held power by a sort of divine right Thus has been introduced the diplomacy of demo- cracy. During the last three years secret and professional di- plomacy has confessedly made a mess of the world's affairs. To-day the grand objective of all statecraft is the influencing of the minds of the masses. Convince public opinion and you rule the world. The ultimate power to be reckoned with every- where is what the average man thinks and wills. The bearing of all this upon the case of China is obvious. Her future is not in the power of any of the world's cabinets or councils for decision, it is within the minds of the Chinese as of the people of the world. If China has won the sincere interest and good will of civilization, no army or navy that may be created can prevail against her; for no enemy is so audacious as to fly into the face of a clear world sentiment and conviction. Illustrations of this principal could be drawn from the events of 148 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY auty of all Chinese arl friends of China telligent public the present world war. The last-line defense of China, as of all other defenseless nations, is the friendliness of mankind. If on the other hand, civilization is heedless or hostile, then her plight is desperate indeed. These considerations make clear a first duty of all Chinese in America, and of all friends of China. A sympathetic and in- telligent public opinion in behalf of the oldest and largest of nations is to be cultivated among the rank and file of the American people. If friends of China can put into the mind of the average man a sane or clear understanding of the charact- er of the problems of our fellow republic across the Pacific, then this country will not fail her neighbor in any hour of need; be that need financial, social, political or what not. This task is a large one. Americans are proverbially back- ward in matters of international interest. Geography and his- tory are vague to this people who have been too busy making history to study it. Only of recent years has anything like a serious and widespread attention been paid to the affairs of the Far East. The rank and file of Americans are not yet alert to conditions in the Orient. Of indefinite good will there is abund- ance. Yet it is to be admitted that there does not yet exist suffi- cient interest on the part of its people to warrant the govern- ment in making an issue of anything touching the welfare of an oriental nation. This is serious; for it is generally accepted that upon the intelligent sympathy of the citizens of the United States, China must rely for help in her varied needs during this transition time. How, then, may the Chinese who are resident in this country go about to assist in the development of an American public opinion that will stand steadfast and strong for China in any emergency when China may desire our deserve coöperation and support? In these days, every citizen of one country sojourning in another is an unofficial ambassador, affecting the status of his own na- tion for good or ill. It is reasonable and right that Chinese in America should capitalize this condition for the benefit of their country. Let me hasten to add that this does not mean a secret propa- ganda of any sort. In common with all other lovers of fair play and daylight diplomacy, I would deprecate any attempt to influence the press or public men of this country by hidden THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 149 means. We want no secret professional protagonists of China, or of any other country, in America. It is proper that, freely, openly and disinterestedly, friends of any nation should seek to interpret that nation to the American public. But every step should be as clear and open as sunlight. The activity I suggest, says in effect, “We are Chinese, and we want our American friends to know our country. We seek to promote mutual good will between the two nations. We are willing to do anything honorable and within reason to interpret the best life of China to the American Republic. For we are eager to maintain and increase the historic friendship of the two peoples, both of them now republics. China, the older and larger nation, has present need of the sympathy and encouragement and support of America. Therefore we seek to make known her case.” One further caution. China's claims should be set forth on their own merits. It is unnecessary and unwise to link up the case of friendship for China with hostility to any other nation. The American people do not want alien quarrels brought into this country. As a matter of strategy, the case of China is stronger if no allusion is made to other nations. The public may be trusted to make any particular application that is necessary of a general statement of principles. America is sincerely friend- ly to all peoples of the earth. The case of China will not be helped by the attempt to inject into it antagonism to any other nation. As to practicable methods of creating good will for China, the first and most obvious is by articles and letters in the Ameri- can press. Not everybody can write a magazine or news article, but even the student latest landed can pen a brief letter to an editor, making a statement of known facts; or else may visit the editor in person to impart information of current interest, or to correct a wrong impression, unintentionally made by something already published. Whenever a misstatement is publicly made, concerning China, it should be publicly and carefully corrected always with courtesy and consideration. There is no doubt about the willingness of editors to do this. The openness of the columns of American publications presents a field of immense opportunity to every friend of China. Needless to say, this sug- gestion postulates the possession of accurate information by the writer who takes up his pen in behalf of the great republic across the Pacific. 150 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY Addresses by Chinese who know how to speak clearly and briefly would be welcomed by American commercial, religious, social and educational organizations. Here, too, is an unlimited field for the exercise of the diplomacy of democracy. Friends for China are made not only by the utterances of the speaker but also by his personal contact. Often it is possible to report for the press the essential statements of such addresses. A mea- sure of coöperation among Chinese may be necessary for the gathering and distribution of facts for speakers; so that meet- ings addressed by them should have the latest information. The social relations of Chinese students slight and casual though they seem may readily become a matter of international importance. Nobody can tell the results of the interest created in China by contact with an individual Chinese. The students in America are to be congratulated upon the quality of their friends, all of whom became also friends of China. It is quite proper that students should be at pains to meet men and women who are leaders of opinion in America. Even the profoundest statesman is subject to the psychological laws of impression, and one attractive Chinese may thus visualize all of China to a man whose friendship may be decisive in an hour of crisis. No factor that is making an impression upon the minds of the public may be neglected by those who are desirous of seeing China worthily represented. Thus it may at this become practic- able to cooperate with department stores in the display of Chinese wares and in the opening of Chinese restaurants. This. however, is more a matter for business men than for students, although I am thinking now not of the promotion of trade but of the creation of interest and sentiment; for we are willing to have the American public enter into an understanding of China by any door. A department store display, or museum exhibit of curios, creates discussion among a considerable proportion of a community of people, and thus it is worthy of attention. This interest may be stimulated in various ways by friends of China. A difficult phase of mutual Chinese-American interpretation is opened by this last suggestion, namely, emancipation of the Chinese quarters of the large American cities from the domina- tion of a disreputable element. Unmeasured harm has been done to Chinese prestige by the unsavory reputation of the various THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 151 “Chinatowns.” It does not matter that most of the vice and degradation found there is due to Caucasians: China suffers in her good name as truly as if all the fault lay with her emigrants. It is undeniable that the newspaper picture of Chinatown, and the occasional laundryman, are the norm of the knowledge of many Americans concerning China, The other side of this particular subject is that in those "Chinatowns” the Chinese come into connection with the least representative of the American people; and that they are fre- quently victims of unscrupulous politicians and of corrupt police officials. How the Chinese sections of our American cities may be made worthier of China is a subject worthy of serious atten- tion. Similarly, there is often a needless laxity of moral and social standards in connection with Chinese restaurants. It is evident that a large and growing number of Americans are culti- vating a taste for Chinese food, or for what passes as Chinese found in these restaurants; and there is no good reason why the establishments should not be as fastidious as the best American restaurants, and so secure as profitable a clientele. Other phases of this twentieth century task of international mutual interpretation fall more definitely within the scope of governmental action, and so are not to be treated here. I have outlined briefly a few of the particular in which the average Chinese student, and average American friend of China, may help promote that knowledge and good will which in this day are essential to profitable international relationships. China's greatest need, with respect to America, is that the American people should know more about China and the Chinese, and should have this intellectual knowledge supplemented by a vital and resolute spirit of friendship. THE TASK OF OUR GENERATION K. T. May, Harvard In the good old days in China, “man was born, suffered and died” in much the same fashion during a period of more than two thousand years. Life was then an exceedingly simple matter to him; he was literally "the heir of all the ages," and found, from his cradle to his grave, every problem solved for him, every bit 152 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY of knowledge diluted and peptonized for him, by his infallible ancestors. The one solemn duty exacted from him was just this: he must leave the world as he had found it. The evolutionary theory has altered all this. Instead of gazing backward at the vanishing valley, man is keeping his eye upon the hill-top; he is moving farther and farther away from the trodden path and exploring virgin areas which his simple-minded forefathers never dreamed of. Assuredly the chief hobby of the modernist is his unremitting endeavor to prove, with his archæ- ology and sociology, how wretched and ape-like all his forebears were. What most delighted the man of old was to write epitaphs upon the tombstone of the dead; what most delights the man of to-day is to pronounce anathemas against the cherished beliefs and institutions of the past, and to dig deep into the ground of his ancestral shrines and monuments and “blow them at the moon.” Much of our contemporary Voltairianism is unavoidable and necessary in this period of renaissance. The grip of custom has been too tenacious upon us, and to shake it off requires an ex- plosion of volcanic force and brilliancy. But the virtue of moder- ation is easily lost sight of, especially in the midst of turmoil and excitement; we act on the impulse of the moment and are liable to oscillate from the extreme of servile imitation of the past to the extreme of iconoclasm. The destructive instinct is paramount in human nature. In its highly unrestrained state, this instinct recognizes no principle of selection. Despite all the Hague Conferences and professorial theorizings about interna- tional law, the modern warrior tears down indiscriminately the fortifications, the museums, and the libraries of his foe. How this same instinct is running wild in our own country we may clearly see after a moment of reflection. It was perfectly right to abrogate the Literary Examination System, but along with this we have nearly murdered our language itself; the high school boy who is able to use it well is indeed a prodigy; our nation as a whole is fast becoming illiterate. Official Confucian- ism and superstitious Buddhism must be left to while away the idle hours of the historical researcher, but is it sane to insist that the genuine Confucianism and Buddhism that constitute all that is good, true, and beautiful in our national life should go? Nor does the age of science and rationalism, which tolerates no me- THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 153 dieval humbygs such as astrology and witchcraft, need wage war upon those national myths and beliefs which have inspired some of our best art and literature and which long sustained our yearnings and imagination for the infinite and the eternal. On the other hand, the work of so-called reconstruction is bound to bring disappointments to the sober-minded. Many a self-styled original genius has posed before the world as a prophet of a new age. Such a man is often successful in pulling down the old gods and in mounting himself upon their pedestal; but alas! he is too often “a substitution of one evil for another," as the famous dictum of an ancient Chinese sage goes. Rousseau cast out of doors the periwigged nobles and painted ladies of the court and drawing room; but the substitute he offered was no other than himself, a barbarian and lunatic rather than a reform- er, who swung human life from the extreme of artificiality to the extreme of naturalism. Consequently, we daily see around us the Tolstoyan worship of the untutored peasant, the Words- worthian glorification of the child, the beggar, and the idiot, and the humanitarian cult in general. We Chinese have been fre- quently charged with over-ceremoniousness, but should we then "return to nature," as the Rousseauist demands, and cultivate our egotism instead of suppressing it in our conduct of life: We are, perhaps, too artistic-tempered and forget our dinner- time while musing over the green edge of a tuning brook, but why should we then harden ourselves to mechanical precision? The fact that the slovenly and petulent scholar is now merely a historical human type is no excuse for sacrificing intellectual ex- cellence to the pursuit of mere urbanity. . “Man is a reasoning being, but not a reasonable being,” says John Adams. He wanders from one extreme to the other and seldom maintains the central position or the middle course. Just as the golden rule “Nothing too much” was never fulfilled by the ancient Greeks, so has the Confucian doctrine of the mean remained with us merely an ideal. The supreme task we are called to perform in this genera- tion is, therefore, to find a way out of this unprecedented na- tional crisis; that is, to readjust the existing and rising condi- tions in such a manner as to harvest the best fruits of both the old and the new through a process of harmonization. Obviously enough, neither the stand-patter nor the Jacobin is a safe person 154 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY to be intrusted with the destiny of our nation. With all their differences in philosophy, in temperament, and in intellectual equipment, they are alike in one fundamental point: they both fail to see life as a whole; the one is drunk with his Utopias of the future, whereas the other is asleep amid his Arcadian dreams of the past. What we most need to-day is universal-minded- ness, a capacity for identifying ourselves not only with the spirit of any one age, but with the spirit of all ages. The good, the true, and the beautiful that have survived the test of all times we must seek to understand and possess before we are able to deal with life either of the present or of the future. History is thus made a living force. In this way, and in this way alone, can we hope to arrive at some definite standard whereby to weigh human values, to judge between the true and the false, and to discriminate between the essentials and the contingencies. The interpretation of our own life as well as that of the life of the West must rest, therefore, upon a sound historical basis. The merits and defects of both civilizations must be his- torically explained to us before we have any right either to accept or to reject. For the value of a thing is seldom determin- ed by its momentary success or failure. Contrary to our inher- ent temper a great many of us seem to have become infected with the mania of contemporaneousness. European history, our ultra-modernists would say, dates from the French Revolution; before that all was dark forests and deer hunters, and so does not concern us at all. To transplant a few formulas of Mill and Spencer and Huxley into the Chinese soil is all that is essential to the completion of our national metamorphosis. The truth is that those ideas and ideals which have made the European na- tions what they are to-day are deep-rooted and hidden in the remote recesses of their life and cannot be comprehended with- out reverting to their whole history. The inevitable conclusion from such a historical study will be that after all humanity is essentially alike in all places and all ages and that the contrasts so persistently set forth between the Eastern and Western civi- lizations are pure fiction invented by the biased and superficial missionaries or by our own hawkers of the “New Learning.” As to the historical study of our national life, its importance is even more self-evident. In a period of contact with foreign cultures, our knowledge, obtainable only through history, of our THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 155 special excellences and weaknesses must precede our action in regard to what shall be preserved and what shall be replaced in our national life. A comparative study of the native and the Western histories will clarify still more our vision of ourselves, inasmuch as we discover ourselves by being compared with our fellow-men. While the evils and abuses of the old régime are to be ruthlessly banished, many of our cherished ideas and ideals will resist the onslaught of revolutionary missiles and emerge with resurgent strength and magnified splendor, as a result of the infusion into them of fresh energy and blood from Western culture. Our desideratum at present is then a process of har- monization, not of antagonism. Above all, the historical insight is the only safeguard against the rash innovations and varying gimcrackeries of the pathetic- ally whimsical man of the modern world. Notwithstanding the voices of Goethe and Carlyle and Matthew Arnold, the supersti- tion of the philosophy of flux is as rampant as ever; its hyper- æsthetic victims are powerless before the passing shows of the hour; their ability to distinguish the permanent from the ephem- eral and the true from the false is thus undermined. Unless we are armed with the knowledge of the fundamental laws of medi- cine, we shall be made too easy dupes by the nostrums that are acclaimed on the modern market. So long, however, as human nature is reflected through the mirror of history, so long will our knowledge of it furnish us with the proper apparatus where- by to test whatever is devised by man either to-day or to-mor- row. It is a common occurrence that a new truth is a variation of an old one, or an old one itself garbed in new form to fit in with the new circumstances and needs. Diderot's well-known definition of original genius as "wild-eyed, barbaric, and element- al” is certainly wrong. The originality of a genius is in direct proportion to his being representative of humanity as a whole, not to his being different from it. Though the cynicism of a La Rochefoucauld or a Swift is uninspiring and even dangerous in a new age like ours, we must not be deluded by the sentimentalist. Enthusiasm and romance are indeed the driving forces in our life, but they must be tempered by sobriety and detachment, the fruits of deeper and wider human experience. The idea of the perfectability of man- kind, which caused those fearful convulsions, social and intellect- 156 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY ual, in the Europe of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and is still causing so much of the world-wide unrest of today, is an idea which sooner or later in one's life one discovers to be an illusion. “Men will be what they will be," says Anatole France, the most eminent figure in contemporary European letters. They will be neither entirely good nor entirely bad. We must then trust our innate sanity, good sense, and normal human na- ture; meanwhile, keeping our march steadily on, if we can. THE FUTURE LIVE STOCK INDUSTRY OF CHINA By H. Lum Chung, University of Missouri With great progressive strides, China is developing her economical resources and her industries. But little or no thought is given to hasten the development of agriculture. This is the foundation of manufacturing and commerce, yet, from all ac- counts, comparatively few of our countrymen are equipping themselves to meet the urgent needs of China along this line. Agriculture is a broad subject with many branches. The sole purpose of this paper is to discuss, in relation to China, animal husbandry. The world's past history, whether ancient or medieval, has shown without exception that the domestication of animals was one of the primitive attributes of civilization, and there is no industry of greater importance to man's welfare than that of live stock. First, let us consider the horse and the water buffalo. Prob- ably in the discussion of these two animals, persons concerned in the manufacture of automobiles and tractors may believe it ab- surd to advocate the breeding of horses and water buffaloes in China, since mechanical power is dominating the world to-day. While it is a recognized fact that the motor power corporations have been doing a great business during the past seven years, the “Horseless Age” is yet far off in the future. Though the American farmers, for instance, are employing the scientific meth- ods of agriculture with the aid of labor saving machines, the breeders and other live stock farmers are not the least disturbed about the "farm-power" movement driving the horse off the agricultural map. The United States Department of Agriculture THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 157 went to considerable trouble to determine the number of auto- mobiles and tractors that were in actual use in the country. The number was two million. The Bureau of Animal Industry, on the other hand, shows there are twelve horses to every automo- bile. From these statistics is there sufficient evidence to justify the breeding of more horses? If the answer be affirmative, why cannot China do the same? Under conditions at home, labor saving machines will not find a market for years to come. That they are of great service to future China cannot be denied; but the social and economical conditions in the Chinese Republic are entirely different from those found in America. Labor is cheap while land is high priced. At the present time the water buffalo cannot be replaced in the rice fields by the horse or the motor power. The animal is in its proper place and will remain for some time to come. While the horse will not find a place in the rice fields, there is a place of utmost importance for him to fill, a place which no other animal can fill. This place is in the army. “Preservation of Honor and Life” has been the instinctive and patriotic cry of every nation. That instrument used for the protection of the country's honor and life is militarism. Hence comes the remount problem of future China. It has been asserted by some pusillanimous writer that "the obedient Chinese came to receive the American and European training in the military art," and that “the armies of China may become from her number a menace to their civilization.” Such thoughtless issue is absolutely impossible for these two simple reasons: first, China is not an aggressive nation, second, mili- tary horses are absolutely essential in war for an invading army, in which respect China is inadequately supplied. At present the horses used in the Chinese army are mere ponies and are far from being ideal. The characteristics desired for the Chinese mount are quick moving, strong and high spirited. The develop- ing of the horse for the army alone will be a tremendous prob- lem for the Chinese students in animal husbandry for the com- ing decade. The warring nations, now engaged in the mighty conflict, have sent many millions of horses to their eternal rest. The absence of the artillery and cavalry mounts will undoubtedly compel the respective governmients to breed more horses to re- place those which have been slaughtered. Hence China cannot 158 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY be too dependent upon other countries to solve our own problem by imports. It is now a propitous time for the Chinese govern- ment to consider the solving of the remount problem analytically, critically and honestly. Notwithstanding the marvelous advances in the development of natural resources from time to time through the aid of steam and electrical appliances, ponies and mules will find their useful- ness in the mine, as well as in other fields. The mule, for in- stance, is used exclusively for transportation in the mines of the United States, and it has long been valued as an animal that would withstand both heat and cold, and do hard work. Under conditions in China such quadruped will serve the purpose to the best advantage. With the development of the cotton and the sugar cane in- dustries in China, which eventually means raw materials for the manufacturer, mules will again be a necessity. From the military point of view the mule is second to none as an animal of endurance. The following poem, which was dedicated to the mule, serves to illustrate: The Army mule in Mexico Has proved himself a beater. He beats the auto truck, altho' He has no carburetor. Right on and on he goes, ahead, Thro’ desert and thro' river And truthfully it may be said The mule is not a fivver. There is every reason, therefore, that the mule, as well as the horse, should be given careful consideration in their breed- ing for the Chinese army. The meat-producing animals, such as the beef cattle, the mutton sheep, and the hog, demand a constructive improvement. While grazing land is plentiful in China more meat-producing animals of the right type should be raised to convert the grass, which is not available to man, into edible material in the form of protein and fat. A surplus of such classes of live stock is in no way dangerous to China's future. In reality it will be an insurance against famine. At present the great meat exporting countries are Argentina and the United States. If those two THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 159 countries are doing the business why cannot China do the same? The production of meat-producing animals not only has its economical phase as shown above, and it also has a physiological phase. Meat makes brain, blood, bones, and brawn. Hence a beef-man is a man of achievement. If this is the desired char- acteristic to be found in the men of future China let us encour- age the production of more meat-bearing animals in conjunction with other requirements to attain the ideal. Poultry is not a new animal industry in China. The enor- ous yearly export of the so-called Chinese eggs to the Western Coast of the United States convinced the coast poultry breeders that the Chinese product would be detrimental to their own bu- siness. Consequently laws were passed to restrict the importa- tion of the Chinese egg. Such a restriction may seem to be a financial loss, but in reality it is a blessing in disguise. There is reason to believe in the policy of retaining a certain amount of surplus eggs at home. A cold storage plant well-located will serve as an outlet for the surplus eggs, and will serve as a reser- voir in time of famine. The great national industry—Live Stock Industry—must be laid by the government. However, the actual development must eventually depend upon the individual effort. Of course the work cannot be accomplished with one stroke. The work must come gradually. The Republic is still in its infancy, and her departmental organization, like that of the Department of Agri- culture of the United States, is yet to be remodeled to insure efficiency. When this is done the animal husbandry bureau will find its place automatically and aid in the making of future China. A HISTORY OF DENTISTRY H. P. Choy, Denver U. Dental Dept. From careful research, the history of dentistry has been found to date far back into the ancient periods of civilization and as records show, the Babylonians, Assyrians, Egyptians, Greeks, Hindus, Hebrews and Romans had practiced dentistry to a marked degree of proficiency. From recent excavations in Babylon interesting facts has been uncovered concerning the 160 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY practice of dentistry in or about 2150 B. C. The law stated that “if one knocks out a tooth of one of his caste, his own tooth shall be knocked out, while, if it is the tooth of a freeman, he pays one third mine money.”. In the papyri of Egypt, especially those of Ebers and Brugsch, dental remedies such as pastes, powders, plasters, decoc- tions etc., were employed. The treatment of abscesses, caries and various other diseases of the mouth seemed to have been known. As observed from the writings of Pliny they employed many peculiar and disagreeable remedies such as dog's milk, goat's butter etc. To be free from toothache, it was also suggested that one must take a whole mouse twice a month. In India the natives were apparently very proud of their teeth as much powders and lotions were used; the “rinacarya" or tooth-pick was among their daily toilet articles. It was chewed to a fibrous mass and utilized as a brush for the gum and teeth. In the epigrams of Martialis much can be learned as to the habits of the Romans. We read for instance. Esse quid dicam, quod olent tua basia myrrham? (How shall I explain it that your kiss smells after that of myrrh?) Artificial teeth were used extensively by the Roman dames as the following passage will denote. Dentibus, atque comics, nec te pudet, uterio emtis; Quid facies oculo. Lælia? Non emitur. (Without shame you make show with bought teeth and hair; But what about the eyes, Lælia ; can one buy this also?) As it appears, nearly all forms of dentistry were known to the Etruscans, for in the collections of the National Museum of Naples, bridges, crowns, bands, etc. are exhibited. However, during the middle ages comparatively little prog- ress was made and dentistry became the handicraft of vaga- bonds who practiced in the crudest form. It was not until 1728, that renewed interest was taken in reviving the dental science No interest was exhibited by the United States prior to 1840. The many dental books and literatures were mainly imported from France and England. The few who were proficient were too jealous of each other to yield any points of interest towards bettering the dental profession, so it was not until 1839 that the THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 161 first dental journal was published, but henceforth America took a lead in perfecting this branch of the healing art. A year later the first organized dental society called the "American Society of Dental Surgeons” was founded in New York. Then came the establishment of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, our first college, in 1840. The faculty composed of four of the most eminent men of that period. Horace A. Hyden, Chapin A. Harris, Thomas E. Bond and H. Willis Baxley. The antiseptic era, one of the most important undertakings of mankind was inaugurated by Joseph Lister when he read his article entitled, “The Antiseptic Principle in the Practice of Surgery” in 1867. Still more important, and of which the U. S. dental pro- fession is undoubtedly proud of, was the introduction of a practical method of obtaining complete anesthesia in surgery. Nitrous oxide gas for a general anesthetic as introduced by Horace Wells in 1844, stimulated the desire for furthering the development of anesthesia, thus were introduced ether, chloro- form, ethyl bromid, etc. At the present time, dentistry is a profession by itself, found- ed on scientific principles and careful observations, still we must strive to inprove the present methods so as to further relieve the sufferings of humanity, and to this end alone must we strive. DIFFICULT PROBLEMS OF THE LIBRARIAN IN CHINA By T. Y. Seng. (Concluded from p. 24) Lack of Indexing. Another serious drawback in the Chinese books is their lack of indexes. Strange though it may seen, there is not even a Table of Contents in many of them and in some of the periodicals. In order to find anything one might want from the voluminous sets of the Chinese books, one would be obliged to train the memory to the extent of remembering everything one had read or seen and in what volume it was, or go over every volume of the set. Just imagine, some sets have several hun- dred volumes! What a waste of precious time in search for a little bit of information! How would the American “hustler" accustom himself to that? THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 163 this great problem we need a Chinese Dewey and to remedy the inconvenience of the indexing and the cataloguing we need a Dr. Poole and a Cutter. The cost of a library of fair size would be ten thousand dollars. Many of the Carnegie libraries cost but five thousand. The average American city grants an appropriation of about thirty-thousand dollars for the maintenance and running ex- penses. Such a library would have two or more branches and many traveling stations, a collection of seventy-five thousand books and a staff of about twenty-five people, reaching through these means a population of several hundred thousand. With the ten million dollars spent on the building of one library here in the United States, we would have in China as many libraries of equal size as would provide for at least two hundred and sixty cities reaching a population of three million. The present Chinese buildings would not serve as workable libraries because of their unsuitable structure and lack of light. A library building must have plenty of air and light and should be agreeable and pleasant to the reader. There are no fireproof buildings in China. One may appreciate the responsibility of the librarian should his library be set on fire. The national treasures, so loved by the community, would be turned into ashes. It is then also a necessity to have fireproof buildings. As to the laying out of the plan for the building, we must bear in mind that it is to serve as a workshop yet without sacrificing its architectural beauty. Since the opening of China to foreign countries and inter- course with the outside world, so intense is the desire of the people for Western civilization, and so bad is the need for libraries with an adequate and scientific system that the people would throng to them; for the civilization of China, whatever its shortcomings, is yet founded on an enduring respect for learning. I do not hesitate to prophesy that it would not be long before good results would be seen. Free Circulating Libraries As the free circulating library is a new thing to the Chinese nation, the work done through the avenue of books, will prove a real pioneer work. The work with schools requires the co-operation of the faculty. It will prove more satisfactory if library stations are THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 165 trial community, may be very poor for an intellectual centre. A library excellently adapted to the conditions of an urban com- munity may be poorly chosen for a rural district. A library suitable for one place may be out of place in another. A libra- rian should organize his library in such a way that all his per- sonal intellectual bias may be entirely abandoned and so that his library is an organism which has life and tends towards self-preservation, growth and reproduction. It should be or- ganized as a “center of light” to all the community. III.-Administrative genius.—To organize anything of con- siderable importance, or to be at the head of any business con- cern, administrative ability is required. The head librarian will have a staff as his associates. His will be the policy that will guide the work. It is he who must determine what to do, or what not to do for the welfare of the library. IV.—Intelligence.—Intelligence is a prerequisite of every person, no matter in what position he is. Even an unskilled laborer requires some mental training. It is more than true of the head of a library, since he is called upon to supply one of the most constant and one of the most important demands of civilization. A librarian should be a person of wide knowledge. Should he happen to be at the head of a library like those of colleges and universities, while it would not be necessary for him to know as many languages as Mizzofanti, he should at least command English, French, German and Japanese, as well as Chinese, and should have mastered some sciences as well as literature. V.–Financial ability. It is not a very difficult undertaking to raise a fund in the United States for building a library. Many millionaries have followed the example of the Astors, Messrs. Carnegie, Pratt and Peabody in their noble gifts. In China, bequests or endowments toward the establishment of libraries are entirely a new thing. That this spirit of giving will be encouraged will depend on the success of the work of the libra- rian. It will be his duty to see that the money, raised or given, be spent to the best advantage. He must be on close watch for each opportunity for the development of his library. VI.-Sacrifice. As a librarian in this pioneer work one would be compelled to sacrifice his personal pleasures and en- joyments. He would have to devote his time and energy to 166 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY his profession. Working more diligently than others, his com- pensation will be less and very small. The Chinese librarians will have to face many difficult pro- blems, which the librarians of America have not met, and will never meet. It means the devising of ways and means to carry out this movement; planning a classification in which over- elaboration must be avoided on the one hand, and confusion on the other, and arranging general rules for cataloguing so that a uniform system may be established with advantage. This system must be logical and consistent. It seems best for the Chinese library to have two depart- their sympathies are broad, their intellect versatile, their know- one for the foreign books, and the other for the Chinese and Japanese books, for the Chinese literature is so extensive that it would need together with the Japanese a separate department to avoid confusion in handling, both for the reader and the librarian. From what I have set forth it can be seen that there is no field of service to the country, at large, that offers greater pos- sibilities than librarianship. Librarians we must have. Even if the money were forthcoming, nothing would be accomplished without efficient organizers. For this we need men who are willing to devote their hearts and lives to the cause, following the example set by those honored and unselfish men to whose memory the American public libraries stand as a monument that will never crumble to dust, but will grow and spread light as long as the nation stands. What greater inspiration and compensation could a man have for this life work than to know that he is establishing a place of educational value to the whole community from the smallest child who comes to look at the pictures, to the most mature man who is working out the great world problems, which do and always will confront us. val. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 167 A BRIGHT LIGHT ALONG CHINA'S NATIONAL HIGHWAY Industry and population are attracted by bright business prospects and manifestations of commercial progress. When any progressive industry seeks business in a country, it is a fair indication of that country's progress- for big business does not enter a new country for a year or two, but for years and years to come. It's futures that count in business and no business is started in a barren field. We will not talk about China's past we will not prophecy its future- we will not discuss its present. Suffice it to say that the Eastern giant is awake and proof of that fact is in the interest American industry is taking in its future. The Western Electric Company of New York, with offices in all the principal cities of the United States and Europe, has abandoned its former policy of working through local Chinese agents. In line now with the general trend of American business advancing the introduction of American products in China by direct representation, this Company has adopted a plan whereby it can establish closer relations with those in- trusted with the development of Chinese telephonic communication. In accordance with this idea the Western Electric Company has installed a branch office in the New Union Building at Number 4, the Bund, Shanghai. This office will serve as a central point from which the Western Electric Company will carry on its Far Eastern commercial campaign. Mr. F. F. Fairman is manager of the new house and on his staff is Mr. F. B. Dunn, a Chinese graduate of the Government Institute of Technology, Shanghai, and of the Ohio State University. The Western Electric Company occupies the unique position of having completed the only common battery telephone systems now in operation in China, and its decision to open a branch office in Shanghai is a definite indication of its faith in the future growth of the telephone industry in China. No one questions the telephonic possibilities of China, but the figures are impressive :-In the United States there are 9,542,017 telephones or 9.7 telephones per 100 people. In China there are 27,009 telephones or .01 tele- phones per 100 people. Who, after perusing these statistics, will question the fertility of the telephone field in China or the magnitude of the task the Western Electric Company has set itself to? It is gratifying to close students and patriots of China to know that in the awkward interest of foreign companies in their country's future there lies the prophecy of a modern China,–greater, bigger, broader--a country whose resources and natural wealth shall make it the Gem of the East.-Adv. 168 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY mo Branch Office of Western Electric Company, Shanghai, China THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 169 CLUB NEWS AMHERST.-Messrs. P. Liang and L. M. Tsaou of Amherst were in- vited to Thanksgiving dinner on November 30 at the home of Mr. H. D. Fearing. Mr. Liang in M. A. C., and Mr. Tsaou in Amherst College; are the only Chinese students in the town. ANDOVER.–After having visited their old schoolmates Misses Lee and Chen of Aboot Academy at Andover, Miss E. L. Tong of Wellesley and Miss Lucy Yang of Vassar went to see some other schoolmates in Bradford Academy. Needless to say, they had a most enjoyable time there. Mr. Antung Kung, who was on a high school baseball team in California last year, has been playing on the Second Varsity Soccer Team here, and is now out for the Wrestling team. Mr. Quang Pock Huie plays on his Class Soccer Team. BALTIMORE.—The Chinese Students' Club of Baltimore held its first social meeting on November 25 in the Central Y. M. C. A. Building. Some thirty foreign friends were present. “Chinese music, Chinese games and Chinese refreshments made the occasion one long to be remembered by all." The Club is going to hold its first literary meeting on the Saturday before Christmas. A program has been prepared by a committee of three. BRITISH COLUMBIA.—The increasing number of Chinese students in the University of British Columbia marks a growing tendency of our students to attend Canadian institutions. We can now pride ourselves in having six Chinese students attending our University. Of these, four are undergradu- ates: Messrs. I. Hosang and H. W. Cumpow in the Class of 1919, and Messrs. L. Q. Sing and G. W. Cumyow in the Class of 1920. The remaining two, Messrs. S. Y. Chen and P. Noon are taking a partial course in the Faculty of Arts. CALIFORNIA.-In lieu of their regular meeting on November 4, the Californians were delightfully entertained by the Stanfordites at a social in East Oakland. The evening was enjoyed by all those who were present. On November 25 the last meeting of the semester of the Clubs was held at Stiles Hall. After the business part of the programme was over, the re- mainder of the evening was spent in games and vocal selections. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY,-An erratum: Due to a mistake on my part, I have reported (in December issue of the Monthly, 1916) Miss Emily Hsu as the Vice-President of our Club when it ought to have been Miss Alice O. Huie. I am very sorry for the unwilling error: the generous pardon of both Miss Huie and Miss Hsu is again earnestly begged. Under the able (not philosophical) administration of Mr. S. Hui, our Club has been kept very lively in every way. It is especially so in its in- tellectual and social respects. Some of the speakers at our club-meetings are the professors of the Chinese Language at Columbia and an attaché for several years at the American Consulate in Peking. In the evening of November 25th, the Chinese Students of New York City (the majority of them being students at Columbia) gave their annual entertainment to the foreign students and other townspeople at Earl Hall. 170 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY The program consisted of speeches, both Chinese and American, lantern slides and refreshments. The entertainment was thoroughly enjoyed by the audience of about three hundred people. Several weeks ago Mr. F. Sun, a student at Columbia and the son of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, gave an interesting talk about the Reform Movement in China in a church in the city, at which several hundred people attended. Those who study Education in the Teachers' College, Columbia University have early in last fall organized themselves into a Chinese Educational Club, which has a membership of twenty students or so, including those students who are Missionaries from China. The topic presented to date at the bi- weekly meetings are: “Proposals for Compulsory Education in Kiangsu," “Home Economics," "Wloman Education in China" and "School Hygiene." The educational club is to have over twenty kinds of educational magazines from Shanghai for the benefit of its members. HARVARD.-In our sixth fortnightly meeting held on December 9, we had the singular pleasure of listening to a very instructive talk by a dis- tinguished American missionary from China. Being a resident of Hankow for more than two decades, Bishop L. H. Roots has acquired such an intimate knowledge of our country that his opinion may be well worth our serious consideration. He emphatically lauded the Chinese virtue of meekness and supported his conviction by a fine Bibical quotation: “The meek shall inherit the earth.” The salvation of China depends, according to this Christian dignitary, upon (1) the moral integrity of public officials and (2) the develop- ment of religious life. After the adjournment of the meeting, we discussed these two problems with him at length. The result was that everybody went away with a vision of new China. Plans for a joint social gathering with the M. I. T. Club are now being completed. It will be held in the early part of the Christmas recess. IOWA.–Our third monthly meeting was held on December 6 in conjunc- tion with a reception given in honor of Mr. S. J. Chuan, General Secretary of the Chinese Students' Christian Association in North America, who was then visiting Iowa City. Immediately after the meeting, all our members and Mr. Chuan were invited by Mr. Guy V. Aldrich, Secretary of the “Y” in Iowa City, to a dinner given at his home to all the foreign students of the University. There we had the pleasure of meeting Mr. C. D. Hurrey, General Secretary of the Committee on Friendly Relations of the Interna- tional Y. M. C. A., and had a joyful time with the party. JOHNS HOPKINS.—Johns Hopkins, after her removal to the new site of Homewood this year, has seen the largest attendance of Chinese students since her establishment. The total number is eight. Mr. G. C. Wan is in the Graduate Devartment of Political Science. Messrs. H. C. Chen '17 and P. K. Chu '19 are studying history and education. Mr. K. C. Sun '18 is taking a pre-medical course, majoring in chemistry and biology. Dr. Peter C. Kiang is doing special work in the laboratory, and Miss Phebe Stone is a junior, of the Medical School. Miss Lillian Wu and Miss Elizabeth Sze are studying nursery in the Hospital. LOS ANGELES.-The December regular meeting of the Los Angeles Club was held at Mrs. Wleller's home, 1223 Third Avenue. She is an honorary member of the Club and has been of immense help to us. Her home is our THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 171 regular meeting-place, and the Club receives financial aid from her. Wc all feel very proud of having her in our midst. We were fortunate also to have with us at that meeting Mr. Lee D. Wing, who had come from Stanford to make arrangements for the Y. M. C. A. Conference, which is to be held at Santa Cruz some time between the latter part of this year and the beginning of the next. He gave us a very short but exceedingly interesting tark on the principles for which the Y. M. C. A. stands, and urged our students to attend the aforesaid conference. The meeting was adjourned with refreshments served. M. I. T.-The speaker of the evening of November 25 was Mr. O'Neill of the Foundry Department. He related one after another hs interesting personal experiences gained through his long contact with t!'e world in gen- eral. Everybody enjoyed his talk. Then we had a Tech song practice which lasted about twenty minutes and was energetically participated in by all. It was our first practice and was very successful. Refreshments were then served. In the evening of December 9 Mr. Ritchie gave us a very good talk after which we decided to have a joint social with the Harvard Club with the understanding that every Chinese girl around or near Boston was to be invited so as to reduce the intensity of honiesickness during the vacation and to get better acquainted with one another. MT. HOLYOKE.-On the fifteenth of November, our Club was honored by the presence of a distinguished guest, Miss Margaret Burton, who stayed with us for three days. Two days after her departure, Miss Bailey, an old friend and teacher of the St. Mary's girls, arrived, who is on her furlough for six months, and will return to China in January Our regular meeting was held in Mead Hall on the third of December. Miss Grace Yang led a discussion on “How to help our sisters at home along the educational side?” The meeting was adjourned after a hot discussion. OREGON.-The second regular meeting of the Oregon Chinese Students' Union was held at the Chinese Christian Mission School in Portland. Mr. T. Chen, who came from Tsing Hua College, Peking last October, gave us an interesting talk on the “Present Political and Social Conditions in China," which we all enjoyed. PENNSYLVANIA.-During the Thanksgiving vacation we had the pleas- ure of receiving several loyal sons of Cornell, Messrs. H. E. Huang, C C. Tsen and A. S. Liu, who came here to see the Cornell-Penn. game. They were much disappointed in witnessing the sad defeat of their team. But they were quite ready to bet almost anything on Cornell for the next year's game. We do admire their spirit, but we doubt very much whether their hope will come true. PRINCETON.-As our members wished to be prepared to take part in the literary activities of the Alliance summer conference of next year, a debate between the University and the Seminary took place on December 2. The subject was whether the final victory of Germany in the European War would affect China more than that of the Allies. The Seminary team took the affirmative side and was victorious perhaps for the reason that their theol- ogy was better than ours.' 172 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY The Chinese students in Princeton were greatly honored by the reception given by President and Mrs. Hibben of the University. Many faculty mem- bers and prominent residents of Princeton were also invited. This was intended to get us better acquainted with these men so that our life in Princeton may be still more pleasant, and also that the deep interest of Princeton in China, which is characterized by the Princeton Y. M. C. A. in Peking, may be greatly increased in future. ROCHESTER.–There are five Chinese students in the City of Rochest- er: Mr. I. T. Choy, a senior of the Mechanics Institute; Mr. Y. W. Lee of the Rochester Night School; Mr. T. C. Wu of the Rochester Theological Seminary; Mr. Z. F. Hsia of the Rochester School For the Deaf; and Mr. C. P. Ling (from Tsing Hua College), a junior of the University of Ro- chester. On November 25, the first meeting was held in the Rochester Central Y. M. C. A. Building, and the result was the organization of the present Club. Mr. T. C. Wu was elected President, and Mr. C. P. Ling, Secretary- Treasurer. SACRAMENTO.-The local Club of Sacramento is now making rapid progress. Since the arrival of Mr. George Fong, a very able leader, who came from Canada a few months ago, our membership has been increased from seventeen to thirty-one, and an average of twenty-four members attend the meetings regularly. We have a regular business meeting every Friday at half past eight o'clock, a Bible class at eleven every Sunday morning with Messrs. Fong Ming Po and George Fong as leaders, and a speaking club meeting every Saturday evening at half past seven. On November 25, a reception was given in honor of Mr. Thomas Lee, a representative of the C. S. C. A. In spite of rain, the room was crowded with members and friends. President Lawrence Yee spoke a few words re- lating to the activities of the Club and then introduced Mr. Lee. The speaker brought out many of the weak points of our students, and concluded that the only remedy was Christianity. He then explained the objects of the Chinese Students' Christian Association, and why all our students should join it. After responses having been made by Messrs. Fong Ming Po and George Fong, the audience was entertained by Miss May Hing's piano solo, vocal solos of Miss Pauline Fong and of Messrs. George Fong and Joseph Chan, and jokes and stories of Messrs. William Fong and Lawrence Yee. Light refreshments were served. SCHENECTADY.–With the sudden arrival of so many of our students at Schenectady this year, a Chinese Students' Club has been organized. The first regular meeting was held in Mr. Loo's house on November 4, and the following officers were elected: Y. C. Loo, President; and M. Chow, Secre- tary-Treasurer. The second regular meeting was held at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Wei on December 2. Important questions as to draw up a fine program for the year and how to increase the interest of members in club affairs were dis- cussed. As a result, a committee of three consisting of Mr. and Mrs. Wei and Mr. T. S. Owyang was elected to carry out the schemes suggested. After the meeting, refreshments were served and piano solos were rendered by Mrs. Wei. The evening was enjoyed by all. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 173 :P. W month. Thetings, our Club University this ve SYRACUSE.-We have ten Chinese students in this University this year. Besides special meetings and social gatherings, our Club meets regularly on the first Saturday of every month. The officers of the club for the year 1916-1917 are: Mr. C. P. Wong, President; Mr. Philip Mei, Vice-President; Miss Ginshang Mei, Treasurer; Miss Ellen Koo and Mr. K. C. Chen, the Entertainment Committee; and Miss P. T. Sung, Secretary. WASHINGTON.-We have ten Chinese students attending the Univer- sity of Washington this year. Among the new students we are fortunate enough to have a co-ed, Miss Margaret Chinn. She has the distinction of being the first Chinese girl to enter this University. The first regular meeting was held on October 29. Vice-President Hehm K. Chin presided. The meeting was in the form of an "open house" to which high school students had been invited. Our main purpose was to encourage our students in high schools to join our Club. Several of our members spoke, and the number of responses from our high school fellow-students was larger than anticipated. The elections were held on November 4. The officers for this year are: Mr. Hehm Kee Chin, President; Mr. Tang L. Lee, Vice-President; Miss Margaret Chinn, Secretary-Treasurer; Mr. Ying C. Wong, Chinese Associate Editor; and Mr. H. Quong Chan, English Associate Editor. On November 9, Mr. & Mrs. W. K. Chung were our guests, and each gave us a very interesting talk. Our second regular meeting was held on November 28. The first part of the evening was spent for business, and the remainder for socials. WOOSTER.—There can be no danger of starvation when you have sym: pathetic ladies around you as we have here. On November 28, Mrs. Sung and Miss Kau gave the Chinese students here a feed-a real feed in typical Shanghai style. In the following evening (Thanksgiving), Mrs. B. J. Lee in- vited us to another Chinese dinner, this time in pure Cantonese style. We did not eat with knives and forks, in lumps and chunks, but with chopsticks, which greatly increased our appetite. A few modifications were adopted for the sake of refinement. PERSONAL NOTES Mr. C. T. Chu, Harvard, has been elected to the Phi Beta Kappa Society. Mr. S. P. Wo, Yale, has recently been elected to the Junior Fraternity of Zeta Psi. Messrs. K. L. Kwong and T. K. Kah have recently been elected to the Irving Literary Society, one of the two boys’ literary societies in Wooster College, Wooster, Ohio. In their first meeting, Mr. Kwong extemporized on “American customs as seen through Chinese eyes," and Mr. Kah on the points of resemblance between the American and the Chinese students. Dr. W. S. New is now an assistant in the Bacteriology Department of the Harvard Medical School. Dr. F. C. Yen of Yali College, Changsha, Hunan, is now taking some special courses in physics in M. I. T. Mrs. Yen and daughter are with him in Boston. 174 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY Miss Clara Soo Hoo of California who sailed for China on October 10 is now a member of the faculty of the Girls' Department in Canton Christian College. Miss Grace Yang of Mt. Holyoke has recently given a very eloquent talk on the Y. M. C. A. work in China at one of the Y. M. C. A.'s in New Hamp- shire. She is going to spend the Christmas vacation with her brother at Washington, D. C. Miss Me-iung Han and Miss Tse-dau Chao are both doing very good work in Mt. Holyoke and will spend their Christmas in New York City. For the third time, the President of the M. I. T. Cosmopolitan Club is a Chinese student-Mr. S. S. Kwan. Messrs. K. P. Hu and Y. C. Tu are respectively Secretary and Assistant Treasurer of the same Club. Mr. E. C. Miao of M. I. T., besides being a member of the Rifle Club, is also the first Chinese student to join the Engineering Corps, which aims at the training of young engineers in engineering problems of war and is under the direct control of the United States War Department. Messrs. E. C. Miao, Y. C. Tu and G. C. Liu, all of M. I. T., spent part of their summer in the Summer Surveying Camp. Mr. Tu gave a very good talk on his experiences in the States; and Mr. Liu, the librarian of the Camp, on the history of the Chinese Revolution. Messrs. Miao and Tu also made a. good hit by giving a short Chinese stunt to the public of Machias, Maine, in Technology Minstrels which has been given by Tech. Camp students every summer. Mr. S. Y. Kiang of California has been elected Treasurer of the Cosmo- politan Club in Berkeley. Messrs. K. H. Li and Don G. Lew, both of Pennsylvania, are serving on the Campaign Fund Committee of the University Christian Association. Mr. C. T. Chow of Pennsylvania has been admitted to the second soccer team of the University. Mr. Y. C. Ching of W. P. I. was a member of the Freshman tug-of-war team which was recently dragged through a cold pond by the Sophomores. He is also a member of the freshman soccer team. On account of nervous breakdown which had kept him in the Cuyahoga Falls Sanitorium for over four months with little or no improvement, Mr. Sung-Wan Shou of Case School of Applied Science left Cleveland on No- vemer 14 for China with Mr. S. D. Lee, registrar of Tsing-Hua College, Peking. He came from Tsing Hua in the summer of 1914, and had success- fully completed his Freshman and Sophomore years in chemical engineering work before illness overtook him. We wish him a speedy recovery! The following are notes from returned students (S. P. T.): Mr. H. K. Kwong is now an editor of the Peking Gazette. Mr. C. S. Hsin is now working in the Ship Yard in Tientsin. Mr. K. T. Lo is now connected with the Peking Kalgan R. R. as an engineer. Mr. D. Y. Lin is now connected with the Board of Commerce and Agri- culture. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 175 Messrs. T. P. Hsi, L. Y. Ho, T. Chuang, Daniel Chung and Y. L. Tong have all announced engagements. Congratulations are in order. Mr. W. W. Lau is organizing the student volunteer cadet in Tsing Hua College. NEW MEMBERS OF MID-WEST SECTION Wisconsin University: Ming-Heng Chou, Keats Syn Chu, Tachong Lee, Shih Keey Pan, P. H. Vong, Chen-Te- Chiang, H. L. Hsieh, D. H. Lee. Oberlin College: P. H. Louis, T. N. Chan, K. Y. Wang, K. C. Fung, Yu Sen, C. P. Hoo, Y. C. Chiu, Y. L. Lee, Leo Tsiang, Y. L. Liang, P. H. Penn, K. S. Fung, S. C. Chan, T. Y. Jen, Miss T. P. Pan. Cleveland: A. T. Wong, Miss M. L. Ying, Miss S. C. Chiu, Y. C. Cheng, T. C. Shen, T. L. Ko. Michigan University: Winfield Goong, C. K. Chow, C. H. Hsia. Ohio Wesleyan University: G. C. Young, K. A. Wee, T. I. Van. Baldwin-Wallace College: K. K. Yok, P. C. Kiang, H. W. Fung, Philip S. S. Yu. Illinois University: Y. Liu, C. L. Tang. Iowa University: H. H. Nam, W. T. Dunn, T. L. Li, S. H. Hwang. Purdue University: Kuochun Li. Toledo University: Walter Gee. Wabash College: S. K. Chan. Bartholomew-Clifton School: Mrs. Takang Kao. Ohio State University: W. Chang. Alabama Polytechnic Institute: S. M. Wong. Creighton University: C. C. King. Washington University, St. Louis: M. T. Tsao. Iowa Wesleyan: Miss B. D. Lee. Denison University: Charles B. Suvoong. Wheaton College: Miss Marion G: Moy. Total 56. 176 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY HOME NEWS Political Parties in the Making. According to an article published in the Peking Gazette, new political parties in China are being formed according to their varied views respecting the permanent Constitution. Of such parties we have four, namely the Constitution Discussion Society, the Constitution Research Society, the Con- stitution Deliberation Society and the Constitution Mutual Discussion Society. The Constitution Discussion Society is principally a Kuo Ming Tang organ under the leadership of Chang Chi, Ma Chun-Wu, Sung Hung-Yi and C. T. Wang. The Constitution Research Society is decidedly a Chin Pu Tang organ. Its leaders are said to be Liang Chi-chao and Tang Hua-Lung. The Constitution Deliberation Society are composed of members of the two big parties who deserted their parties during the early days of party politics. The Constitution Mutual Deliberation Society is formed of members of Shangtung, Chihli, Tibet and Mongolia. They are neither radicals or con- servatives and seem always willing to vote with the majority. The old political parties are still in existence, but the writer thinks that it will not be very long before these groups or “Constitution Parties,” will figure as regular political parties. Permanent Constitution in Sight. The Ta Yu Jih Pao reports that the Conference on Constitution will be able to finish its work at the end of this (November) month. Parlia- ment will devote the next month to the second and third reading of the new Constitution. If no hitch occurs at the second and third readings, it is expected that the new Constitution of the Republic will be promulgated on the New Year Day of 1917. Mongolian Horseman for Cavalry. The Peking Gazette reports that on account of their excellent horse- manship the Government is considering the enlistment of a detachment of Mongolian horsemen for the organization of a cavalry force. The Board of Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs has been instructed to draft regulations regarding the enlistment. China's Military Expenses Estimated. According to a recent publication of the Far Eastern Bureau, China's appropriation for military expenses for this year is estimated at $136,786, exclusive of incidental expenses. The sum is distributed as follows: (1) $23,847,280 for the ministry of war; (2) $1,621,309 for the board of general staff; (3) $82,908,220 for the upkeep of the troops of the Provinces; (4) $13,747,277 for military organs in the provinces. The naval expenditure is estimated at about one-twentieth of the military. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 177 Patriotic Chamber of Commerce. According to the North China Herald, the Peking, Tientsin, Shanghai and Hankow Chambers of Commerce have approached the Government of- fering a loan of $10,000,000 on condition that the recent Japanese loan of five millions shall be returned and the agreement cancelled. It is stated that eight millions have already been subscribed and the total amount will be available forthwith. The Herald in further commenting upon this says: “The above patriotic offer is remarkable, and indicative of what the Chinese could do to save their ccuntry from foreign domination if they so willed. An extension of the idea animating the Chambers named to those throughout the country would have the result of obviating the necessity for foreign borrowing altogether.' The Judicial Conference. The Peking Gazette publishes the following account of the Judicial Con- ference held in Peking: The Judicial Conference, which has been summoned to meet in Peking, was opened at 2 p m., Nov. 10, by the Minister of Justice. Sixty-one judicial officials from the Provinces were present as delegates to the Conference. The aim of this Conference, as expressed in the opening address of the Minister of Justice, was to discuss the methods of improving the judicial administration of the country. The “Six Heroes of 1898.” A Bill recommending the creation of a special Temple for the “Six Heroes of 1898" was introduced into the Senate at its session on Oct. 18. Mr. Li Shang-Wen, in explaining the Bill said, that as recognition has been accorded to other Revolutionary heroes by the Bureau of Merits, the heroic deeds of the said six martyrs, who were really fathers of the Revolution should be specially recognized. The six heroes mentioned were, Yang Shen- hsiu, Liu Kuang-Ti, Yang Yu, Lin Hsu, Kang Kuang-Jen and Tang Shih- Tung. After some discussion the Bill was referred to a special committee for preliminary examination. Salt Receipts High. According to a published statement of the Far Eastern Bureau, the amount of salt receipts is very encouraging. The estimated total for the year 1916 was $84,701,365, but the returns of the first two quarters amounted to $51,820,000. As the receipts for the last two quarters are expected to be still better, the original estimate will likely be far surpassed. According to the North China Daily News the Government received during the two months of October and November an amount of over eight million dollars from the salt revenue surplus: $3,000,000 on Oct. 13 and $5,250,000 on Nov. 3. 178 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY Calendar of Current Events. (Continued from November issue.) Oct. 5.- President Li entertained members of the Union of Chambers of • Commerce, then holding its annual session in Peking. Oct. 10.-National Holiday: President reviewed troops at Nanyuan. Oct. 13.-Last session on the Preliminary Examination of the Constitution Draft. Oct. 17.-Nomination of Wang Tah-Hsieh as Minister of Foreign Affairs rejected by Parliament. Oct. 18.-French Charge d'Affairs at Peking, M. Le Comte, presented ulti- matum demanding extension of French Concession in Ticntsin. Oct. 19.—Celebration of President Li's birthday: holiday for schools and Government officials. Oct. 20.-French soldiers forcibly seized the Lou-sei-kai district in Tientsin. -Russian Minister lodged protest against American Railroad Contract. Oct. 23.-Waichaopu replied to Russian Minister that American Railroad Contract did not violate any previous treaty between China and Russia. Oct. 24.-Dr. Chcn Chin-Tao relieved of post as Acting-Minister of For- eign Affairs. Mr. Hsia Yi-Ting, the Vice-Minister, appointed as Acting- Minister. Oct. 26.—Resumption of specie payment by Peking branch of the Bank of China. Oct. 30.-General Feng Kuo-Chang elected Vice-President of the Republic. Nov. 2.—Tientsin populace held big mass meeting to discuss Lou-sei-kai incident. Nov. 4.-Meeting held in Botanical Garden by M. P's. in commemoration of dissolution of Parliament three years ago. Nov. 6.- Japanese Minister, Baron Hayashi, called on Premier Tuan, re- questing early revision of Kirin-Changchun Railway Line Treaty in accordance with agreement entered into at the time of the Twenty-one demands. Nov. 7.-Nomination of Dr. Wu Ting-Fang as Minister of Foreign Affairs approved by the House. Nov. 8.—Inauguration of Vice-President at Nanking. Mr. Wang Chia- Hsiang, representing Parliament, brought certificate of election from Peking. Nov. 13.—Nomination of Dr. Wu Ting-Fang approved by Senate. Nov. 16.–Five Million Dollar Loan concluded between China and the Chi- cago Bankers. Nov. 21.-Mr. Sung Hung-Yi, Minister of Interior, relieved of his post -Five Million Dollar American Loan approved by House. Nov, 24.—Same Loan approved by Senate. Nov. 27.-Dr. Wu Ting-Fang arrived in Peking. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 179 COMMUNICATIONS STUDENTS RETURNING HOME TO CHINA. Dear friends : The Student Bureau of the Young Men's Christian Association of Shang- hai during the past year has assisted 136 students who have travelled to America. It has also served many who have returned home. The Bureau now seeks to extend its activities so as to serve in a larger way the Chinese students who are returning to China. The secretary in charge in Shanghai, C. F. Li, would like to be informed as to the time of arrival of any student or students and he will undertake to see that the steamer is met and will assist in any way possible, the student upon his arrival in the home land. The best plan is to write and notify the secretary as to the exact steamer upon which the student will arrive. The Bureau will undertake to secure rooming accomodations and help in any way possible during the first days of his return. Many students have found these services of great value and it is for this reason that the Association is seeking to extend this service. It is probably not necessary to say that these services are extended to students regardless of their religious affiliations. The Association has recently extended its dormitory accomodations so that it now has eighteen comfortable, well-furnished rooms Charges are reasonable. Some rooms are kept for transients and in this way the re- turned student is often accomodated. Write a letter or card to the secretary of the Student Bureau in time to reach this city before the arrival of your steamer and we will do our best to be of service to you. With regards to the many friends whom we have had the privilege of meeting in this city, I am Yours sincerely, W. W. Lockwood Y. M. C. A., Shanghai. October 25, 1916 PARTIAL SCHOLARSHIP My Dear Mr. Mok, Will you please publish the following note in the January Monthly? “Those students pursuing graduate work, who wish to renew their partial scholarship, please communicate with S. S. Wong, 81/2 Ash St. Place, Cam- bridge, Mass. The purpose of the notice is to bring those students together, who have come under the partial indemnity scholarship, for consultation through correspondence." Thanking you in advance, Yours very truly, Samuel S. Wong. Cambridge, Nov. 28, 1916. 180 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY DISSENTING OPINION. (We are publishing a communication from several of our readers that show us that our editorial in the December issue, entitled 'Recent Elections,' has been misunderstood both as to intent and purpose, as well as in meaning. As for example, when we stated that the present electoral system in the United States is based on the Constitution drawn up by the fathers, we do not necessarily mean that the system was provided for, in its entirety, in that Constitution, because, as we see it, the system merely had its be- ginning there. And again, it is a mere quibble to say that because the recent elections had roused the whole nation to the highest pitch of excitement, the voter in registering his vote and the official in counting the same were not doing a mere routine work. The fact that these men were excited over the outcome of the elections does not prove that their individual part has not been a routine work. But these and other such points that have been raised do not deserve our attention. We need only refer our readers to the original editorial in question. In connection with this communication, however, we wish to point out, once and for all, that our editorials are not necessarily the opinion of every- one of the students, nor even, at times, of a majority of them, however hard we may try in working for the general interest of the Alliance. Nor has any one the right to so interpret us. However, we recognize that political questions like these are largely a matter of opinion, wherein points of view, sentiment and faith are almost everything and concrete facts but little. We take great pleasure in pub- lishing a communication voicing, as it does, a dissenting opinion. Reference is made by our correspondents to what Lord Bryce would have done were he to write on the 'New American Commonwealth', inasmuch as many things have happened since Mr. Bryan entered the political arena. But unless we are greatly mistaken, the 1888 edition of Lord Bryce's work was revised in 1910, and even then his views did not undergo the change that our correspondents evidently expected. Thus our opinion on the topic is challenged on the strength of a confidence expressed by our correspondents as to what one student of politics would have done under the circumstances, a confidence not warranted by subsequently established facts. To differ with our correspondents, therefore, is not in itself a proof of crass stu- pidity and ignorance. And finally is it really necessary for us to add that among all peoples, the Americans are the least to be offended or worried over criticisms that are made honestly in a friendly spirit?-Ed.) THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 181 To the Editor of the Monthly: As members of the Chinese Students' Alliance, we wish to express our deep regret that the editorial entitled “The Recent Elections” should have appeared in the December issue of the Monthly, the official organ of the Chinese student body in this country. We disapprove this editorial on the following grounds: First, it exhibits a total ignorance of the working of the political in- stitutions of this country. “The system by which the people of this country choose their Executive every four years" is not "based on the Constitution which the fathers of these United States had drawn up.” The whole system of presidential election, with the exception of the nominal Electoral College, is an entirely extra-constitutional system the evolution of which is one of the strongest evidences of the political genius of the American people. The charges made against it in this editorial are either irrelevant or unfounded. "Graft and corruption, bases and what not” are not evils peculiar to the American system: they are present in almost every system where the vigil- ance of the people is not strong enough to overcome them. It is safe to say that political corruption in America is less prevalent to-day than any other previous period. The statement, “the fact that the system has been so fully developed that everything concerned with elections, national or state, is mere routine work, has been the main reason why many attend the polling stations as a matter of course,” is not only untrue in itself, but also in direct contradiction to the opening sentence where the election is referred to as that "which has roused the whole American nation to the highest pitch of excitement.” Sure- ly a "routine-work" or "matter-of-course" election could not have roused a whole nation to the highest pitch of excitement. The accusation of "the spirit of unconcern in governmental affairs” is unfounded. No one who has studied the last few presidential elections can fail to feel the spirit of reform, of political experiment and of progressivism, which has pervaded the American nation since say, Mr. Bryan's first cam- paign. Even the Broadway crowds on Election Eve, which was spoken of so disparagingly in the editorial, are evidence, not of the spirit of unconcern, but of the keen interest in the outcome of the election. Nor is it historically true to say that "the American Commonwealth is no more the state it was when its best talents were employed in the adminis- stration of the government." No student of politics can fail to realize that the political system of this country to-day is by far better, by far more democratic, more efficient and more representative of the intelligence of the nation than the state it ever was. If Lord Bryce were to write to-day a "New American Commonwealth” as a sequel to his immortal work of 1888, he would surely have to radically modify his conclusions as to why great men were not elected to the presidency of the United States. 182 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY Secondly, the editorial in question is contrary to the spirit of the Alliance which was founded not merely to strengthen the bond of union among our own students, but also to cultivate the good will and mutual understanding between China and America. An editorial appearing in the official organ of the Alliance, which refers to the American people as "so materialistic that they out-Hebrew the Hebrew race in their proverbial keeness in money affairs,"—is offensively superficial: it ignores such traits of the American nation as the philanthropic magnanimity which manifests itself so character- istically in the munificent endowments to educational and charitable institu- tions. Such statements do not even touch the surface of the political prob- lem, but they are more than enough to create ill-feeling and misunderstanding between the two nations. Another example is the concluding paragraph of the editorial. "And herein lies the greatest danger to modern China. With the material develop- ment that is bound to come in due course of time, the tendency will be towards a laissez faire policy, and the spirit of unconcern that is unconscious- ly working in this country will find room for support before the nation awak- ens from its insiduous influence.” Such a statement is objectionable for many reasons (1) It is illogical: what is the logical connection between the “material development" and the “tendency towards a laissez-faire policy?" (2) The use of the term "laissez-faire policy" here is meaningless. (3) It is misleading: it gives the impression that the spirit of political unconcern does not exist in China, and will not exist there if we can guard against its importation from the United States. Such statements based on ignorance and bias can only tend to destroy the Sino-American friendship and under- standing for which the Monthly was founded. On these two grounds, we request that you will publish this letter in the January issue of the Monthly as a protest against what we believe to be a Aagrantly unrepresentative view on the "recent elections” of this country. In addition, we wish to register our protest against the publication of Mr. Yap's letter which also appeared in the same issue. He said: “They (intellectual China) stood solid for the ‘elephant' and its policies, especially its foreign policy.” Again: "The Chinese people will indeed mourn the de- feat of Mr. Hughes, for this defeat of the Republican party means that the atmosphere of the Chinese national affairs is, to a certain extent, darkened by the eclipse of the Republicans for at least another four years.” Not wishing to enter into any controversy over the possible evects on China of a Democratic or Republican Administration in Washington, we wish to say that the letter of Mr. Yap is at least discourteous to the Wilson Administration, for his letter implies that the present administration has not been friendly to China. We question what right Mr. Yap has in posing as representative of “intellectual China" and of "the Chinese people.” The Columbia Chinese THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 183 Students' Club, for example, in a pre-election straw-vote, gave Mr. Wilson 19 votes and Mr. Hughes 9 only. We do not say that the Columbia Club is more representative of intellectual China than Mr. Yap. We only wish to point out that intellectual China has not “stood solid” for the G. O. P. Most truly yours, Suh Hu M. Tsow P. Ling T. H. Cheng Wen Tsing Tao A. H. Chang Fo Sung . L. H. Yip Philip Wei Chen S. Y. Lu Irving T. Hu T. T. Lew J. F. Li W. J. Chao H. L. Huang Tson Fah Hwang New York City, December 9, 1916. OFFICERS OF THE ALLIANCE.—1916-1917. PRESIDENT:- VICE-PRESIDENT: K. P. Young, 231 W. Gilman St., Madison, Wis. SECRETARY: S. I. Sz-to, 156 Cascadilla Park, Ithaca, N. Y. TREASURER: T. C. Hao, 104 S. Romine St., Urbana, III. MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL: Y. T. Chang; B. L. Cheu; C. C. Chu; C. Y. Hsu; T. K. Kao; S. S. Kwan; W. C. Kwong; S. K. Lau; Miss Mabel Lee; S. T. Leo; F. C. Liu; K. Y. Mok; Stephen Mark; W. S. New; P. H. Penn; S. D. Ren; Miss Lynne La Shew; Y. P. Sun; T. V. Soong; K. P. Wang; L. H. T. Wei; S. P. Wo. Ex-OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL: F. Chaag (Eastern Section); P. K. B. Young (Mid-West Section); - - (Western Section). OFFICERS OF THE EASTERN SECTION.—1916-1917. CHAIRMAN: F. Chang, 40 Divinity Hall, Cambridge, Mass. VICE-CHAIRMAN: C. K. Cheung, 201 Bryant Ave., Ithaca, N. Y. CHINESE SECRETARY: Miss S. H. Chen, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. ENGLISH SECRETARY: C. P. Chow, 42 Irving St., Cambridge, Mass. TREASURER: T. C. Yu, 3735 Locust St., Philadelphia, Pa. MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF REPRESENTATIVES: Y. R. Chao; T. H. Cheng; Y. L. Chin; Y. H. Ho (Auditor); I. T. Hu (Secretary); C. T. Kwei; T. T. Lew (Chairman); T. I. Linn; A. S. Liu; H. N. Ting; C. H. Wang, 184 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY OFFICERS OF THE WESTERN SECTION.–1916-1917. CHAIRMAN: P. K. B. Young, 1546 E. 84th St., Cleveland, O. VICE-CHAIRMAN: L. S. Chen, 104 S. Romine St., Urbana, Ill. CHINESE SECRETARY: P. H. Louis, 124 W. Lorain St., Oberlin, 0. ENGLISH SECRETARY: T. F. Tsiang, Men's Building, Oberlin, O. TREASURER: H. C. Yu, 1208 W. Johnson St., Madison, Wis. MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF REPRESENTATIVES: Y. S. Chen; H. K. Cheng; N. W. Cheng; W. H. Chun; M. Ho; Molin Ho; T. Y. Jen; F. T. Law; S. T. Leo; S. K. Li (Auditor); T. K. Lin; T. C. Liu; W. C. Liu; C. C. Lowe; Y. D. Mark; J. Y. Moo; Miss K. Su; Miss Anna Tang (Secretary); W. D. Tom; T. Tong; S. W. Tsai; K. P. Young (Chairman). OFFICERS OF THE WESTERN SECTION.—1916-1917. CHAIRMAN : VICE-CHAIRMAN: K. C. Chung, Reed College, Portland, Ore. SECRETARY: Miss Nettie Soo-Hoo, 2114 Channing Way, Berkeley, Cal. TREASURER: S. K. Wong, 415 Lytton Ave., Palo Alto, Cal. MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF REPRESENTATIVES : Solon Au; K. H. Chiu; Herbert Jewel; S. K. Lau; Ling Lew; Miss Yarlock Lowe; George G. Shew. STUDENT SUPPLY STORE 403 COLLEGE AVENUE FREEDOM FROM WORRY Sit today-Order a dozen pho- tographs and free yourself of the worry of thinking of at least twelve Christmas Gifts. Worth Considering, Isn't It? Make the appointment today. THE PHOTO ART SHOP Co-Op Building, Champaign, Ill. (University District) Picture Framing M'f'g Jewelers, Photo Work and Things Student FIRST NATIONAL BANK CAPITAL, SURPLUS AND PROFITS $ 350,000.00 Member of Federal Reserve Bank ITHACA, NEW YORK FOR SOUVENIRS AND SUPPLIES of the UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS send to D. H. LLOYDE Champaign, Ill. HOME OF THE FIRST UNIVERSITY BANK RO VOL. XII VOL. Xu SiqFEBRUARY, 1917 FEBRUARY, 1917 No. 4 che CHINESE S STUDENTS MONTHLY KANSASUSAVUS E ECB 8 CHINA AND PEACE ECONOMIC BASIS OF JAPANESE AGGRESSION IN CHINA PRESENT SOCIAL CONDITIONS PUBLISHED BY The Chinese Students' Alliance in the United States of America 150 A COPY $1 A YEAR Entered at New York Postoffice as second-class mail matter GASTON, WILLIAMS & WIGMORE, Inc. 140 Broadway, New York EXPORTERS, IMPORTERS, SHIPPERS AND FINANCIERS announce the establishment of their FAR EASTERN DIVISION with offices in all the principal cities in CHINA, JAPAN, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND THE DUTCH EAST INDIES other offices in PARIS, PETROGRAD, LONDON, HAVANA, MADRID, LISBON, ROME AND CAPETOWN representing the best manufacturers in railway supplies, power stations, prime movers, electrical supplies, textile machinery, printing presses, cigarette and match making machinery, agricultural implements, domestic appliances, motor boats, automobiles, heavy com- modities, etc. The Chinese Students' Monthly Published monthly from November to June, inclusive, by The Chinese Students' Alliance in the United States of America at 510 West 124th St., New York, N. Y. Subscription Rates: $1.00 a year. Postage to foreign countries, 25c. extra. In China, $2.50 Mex. a year, 30 cents Mex. a copy, post paid. Payable in advance to the Chinese Students' Monthly. _ _ _ _ _ THE STAFF EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT KAI F. MOK, Columbia, Editor-in-Chief. 510 W. 124th St., New York City Editors Home News: Y. C. YANG, George Washington Club and Personal News: S. E. S. Yui, Princeton Literary: C. T. KwEI, Yale C. L. Liu, Cornell L. T. Chen, Yale K. T. May, Harvard W. H. Chun, Chicago F. W. MING, Cornell H. L CHUNG, Missouri H. A. Pan, Pennsylvania K. C. CHUNG, Reed MOLIN Ho, Cleveland G. K. Shew, California Mary HUNG-Woo, Denver S. P. Teng, Princeton Ruth Koe-Sun, Berea Y. C. Yang, Cornell H. M. Lin, Columbia D. K. F. YAP, Swarthmore T. Y. C. LEE, Columbia T. L. Li, Iowa. BUSINESS DEPARTMENT Kung KUAN WANG, N. Y. U., Chief-Manager 510 W. 124th St., New York City Departmental Managers MUN L. Eu. N. Y. U., Advertisement Manager Hsi-fan Boggs, Columbia, Circulation Manager Associate Managers H. CHI, Columbia L. G. Moy, M. I. T. H. C. CHU, Pennsylvania A. T. Y. SHIH, R. P. I. W. H. CHUN, A. I. T. A. SOONG, Harvard L. N. LAU, Cornell TowE TONG, Illinois C. C. LOWE, Illinois K. W. Tsai, Penn, A. S. Liu, Cornell A. T. L. YAP, Lehigh T. C. Yen, M. I. T. Assistant Managers C. L. Bau, Minnesota W. P. LIANG, Wisconsin S. C. Hsu, Princeton C. S. SEE, Columbia K. HUANG, Yale GEORGE Wan, J. H. H. Wong, Reed College W. T. YOUNG, Michigan Representatives in China P. K. Chu, World's Chinese Students' Federation, Shanghai Y. C. Mei, Tsing Hua College, Peking; Y. S. Djang, Tientsin H. K. KWONG, Kiang-Nan Dock, Shanghai Representative in Australia W. K. CHAN, 96 Elizabeth Street, Hobart, Tasmania EDITORIALS _ __ CHINA AND PEACE. No student of history can fail to find much food for thought in the recent exchange of notes between the Teutonic Allies and the Entente. Our attention is further attracted by the ef- forts of the neutral world to help in a settlement that the power of arms has so far failed to bring about. These efforts are certainly worthy of applause. No nation under the sun cannot but be concerned in a war where continuous streams of human- ity rush into other streams—those of fire-to return no more. The United States, Switzerland and the Scandinavian countries seem to agree that the time is ripe for the consideration of peace. And of all the neutral nations they stand first in the mind of any man. It is surprising, therefore, that nobody ever thinks of China and her four hundred million of people con- stituting almost a fourth of the human race as having anything to say over a matter which is of such international importance. The total population of the countries now actually fighting numbers less than three hundred and fifty million. And the United States with a scant hundred million and the Scandinavian countries with a little over ten million are very materially concerned over the prospects of continued fighting. Yet China is not expected to voice any sentiment on behalf of suffering humanity though she represents a greater portion of mankind than all the belligerents combined. And China is not a mere disinterested spectator in this game of kings and emperors that is being played in these devas- tated fields of Europe. We all know that our country can never close the doors that have once been opened. The world today demands a cosmopolitanism that cannot be misinterpreted. It is not, therefore, that China is not concerned. She is even more directly concerned for the contestants actually crossed her thres- hold door in their mad career. In replying to President Wil- son's peace note to the Governments of the Allies and the 185 186 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY Central Powers, the Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs has acknowledged that “the present war by its prolongation has seriously affected the interests of China, more so perhaps than those of other powers which have remained neutral.” And there is more truth than bluff in the statement. The conclusion is obvious. China can have no voice in the council of nations until she has proved herself worthy of con- sideration. But whether such worthiness includes the possession of a strength capable of demanding consideration, we cannot tell. Suffice it to say that when they replied to Germany's peace proposals the Entente Allies still believed that might will make right, (and this when the world is clamoring for guar- antees for future disarmament). As far as we know at present, the Teutonic Allies also hold to the same faith. Neutral countries also are arming themselves against invasion. In the United States the principle of preparedness entered the plat- form of both parties. And will China have to follow the same course in order to obtain consideration, in spite of the fact that representing a fourth of the human race she is entitled to it? JAPANESE CONTROL OF CHINA'S MINERAL RESOURCES. Elsewhere in this issue we publish an article by Dr. Thos. T. Read, formerly a professor at Peiyang University and the American engineer who is most familiar with mining in China. This article shows how rapidly the Japanese are securing the control of the most favorably situated and most valuable coal and iron deposits in our country. When we reflect that on these two staple natural resources the larger part of industry and commerce is based, we begin to realize the seriousness of the question. How is it that the Japanese have got control of our natural resources ? It is because we have not developed them ourselves. Is it then because we lack the technical skill? Not at all, there are many Chinese engineers who have studied abroad. Besides, native engineers are not absolutely necessary. The British developed their great gold deposits in South Africa THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 187 with the aid of American engineers, while the Russians are now developing their mineral resources under the supervision of American and British engineers, and with both British and Rus- sian capital. Most mineral deposits require the expenditure of a good deal of capital to develop them to the profitable stage; it is commonly said that it takes a gold mine to make a coal mine. This capital has not been forthcoming in China. The title to mineral deposits in our country is held to belong to the government and the conditions under which investors, Chinese and foreign alike, have been permitted to acquire and develop them have been so unfavorable that investors have been un- willing to risk their money. This is especially true of the Chinese investor; the foreign investor can count on his govern- ment for aid, but the Chinese investor seems to have no con- fidence in the wisdom and fair dealing of his own government, nor is such an attitude altogether unwarranted. China is not a rich country but there are plenty of men there with enough money to develop mines, and these mines, in turn, when put on a profitable basis, would furnish enough to develop more mines. This has been true in Hunan, where Chinese investors were permitted to develop the antimony mines, and have made suf- ficient profits to permit them to go on developing the mining industry in that province, and to prevent Japanese from secur- ing a hold on the mineral deposits there. It is foolish for the government to attempt to exact a large part of the profits from mining operations; the investor will not risk his money except in the hope of profit. If when he is successful the profits go largely to the government, and if when he is unsuccessful the loss is entirely his, he will not put his money in mines, and this is what has happened so far. The government has already its share of the profits in the taxes it is able to impose on the industries thus developed; to try to take the first profits is like cutting down a tree before it has had time to grow-leave it alone and you can pick the fruit year by year. The Bureau of Mines in Peking is now engaged in drawing up a new set of laws to govern the mining industry; it is to be hoped that these laws will be made so liberal that Chinese investors will be en- couraged in every legitimate way to develop our mineral resources and thus prevent their gradual passing into the hands of foreign companies, which will naturally be largely Japanese for the reasons that Mr. Read has set forth. 188 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY THE MONTHLY ESSAY COMPETITION. The competition which closed on January 1st resulted in the awarding of the first prize to Mr. H. A. Pan, Penn., for his article on “Present Social Conditions in China”, and the award- ing of the second prize to Mr. C. H. Hu, also Penn., for his article on “Athletics In China". We are printing in this issue Mr. Pan's article and hope to be able to print Mr. Hu's in the next issue. Mr. T. V. Soong acted as the third judge. The subjects for the March competition are: The Value of Advertising. Journalism as a Profession in China. China and the World War. The subjects for the April competition are: The Educational Movement in China. The Practicability of Establishing a League to Enforce Peace. What can the Chinese Government do to promote trade? NEW MEMBERS OF THE WESTERN SECTION Portland :-Miss Lillian Goon, Frank Jue, Miss Fannie Lee, Dip Lowe, Yorkson Lum, Miss Pearl Moy and Ta Chen. Seattle :-Guy Hugh Chau, He Juong Chau, Kee Hau Chin, Hee June Chin, H. W. Chinn, Miss L. S. Chinn, Miss Margaret Chinn, Tang Lum Lee, and Chik Wai Leung. San Jose :-Edward K. Tin Loy and George Chau. Corvallis:–Edward Ding and P. S. Fo. Berkeley:-S. Y. Kiang. Los Angeles :-Jerry Ho. Ko-cheng Chung, Chairman of the Section. CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES ECONOMIC BASIS OF JAPANESE AGGRESSION IN CHINA By Dr. Thomas T. Read It is curious, but perhaps not unnatural, that nearly all the cur- rent discussion of the present national policy of Japan concerns it- self chiefly with superficial aspects. It is worth while, therefore, to direct our thoughts toward underlying causes, to the end that we may distinguish between the veering flaws of circumstance and the trade winds of a definite policy. When Japan first began to take her place among the nations of the world, the leading statesmen, after due thought, decided on a policy the direct antithesis of that followed in the United States. Here national policy and national development are determined by more or less enlightened public opinion; the people lead, the govern- ment follows. Japanese statesmen determined that the government should lead and the people follow; that the people as a whole should think, desire, labor, and fight for the things their national leaders thought best for them. Probably such a policy could never have been carried out in this country, but, for reasons obvious to anyone at all familiar with the Far East, it was quite practicable in Japan and has been consistently followed with a fair measure of success. A discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of such a policy and an inquiry into the present indications of its eventual success would be of interest, but for the basis of this discussion it is suffi- cient to note the fact and then pass on to a consideration of the methods of its expression seen in current far-eastern development. Having determined that the government should lead, the next step was to determine the general direction of progress. Geographic- ally Japan occupies much the same position in the Pacific as Great Britain does in the Atlantic, and the statesmen of Japan at once hitched their wagon to the star of maritime and commercial leader- ship. But it soon became clear that something more than geographi- cal position was required to realize this ambition. During the period of her rise to supremacy Great Britain was the greatest coal-mining and iron and steel-making nation of the world; her success was 189 190 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY founded on the possession of those natural resources on which in- dustrial development is based. The United States and Germany have since outstripped her in the development of these natural resources and have, therefore, in a comparatively brief period, risen to the rank of Powers of the first magnitude. Unfortunately Japan lacks these natural resources. Of iron ore she has none worth mentioning, and while her present coal production is considerable, it is rapidly exhausting the decidedly limited coal fields of the empire. Attempts were made to develop the iron and steel industry on the basis of imported ore and pig iron, but they were complete failures. Two decades ago the Japan- ese were possessed of a structure of national growth that had sprung up almost like Jonah's gourd, and bade fair to wither almost as quickly unless sustenance was provided for its roots in the form of iron ore and coal fields. Across on the Asiatic mainland are abundant resources of iron and coal. It is true they belonged to the Chinese and Koreans, but neither showed any signs of putting them to use. Following the German philosophy that tools and resources rightfully belong to those who can best make use of them, the definite purpose of Japan- ese statesmen for the past two decades has been to so mold events that such portions of the Asiatic mainland as it required should eventually come into the hands of Japan. In this they have been singularly successful. Chinese ineptitude in Korea and Russian ag- gression in Manchuria furnished the necessary excuse for wars that led to the annexation of Korea and Japanese control of South Man- churia. Thus a considerable part of the program was realized. With the control of the South Manchurian railway went the Fushun coal mine, with a seam of excellent coal 100 to 130 feet thick and eight miles long, now producing 2,200,000 tons per year. Japan forced China to allow her to build a railroad from Antung to Mukden and to permit the development of iron and coal mines along this line. It is true that theoretically these latter mines are jointly controlled by Japan and China (the Fushun mine is wholly under Japanese control) but the Chinese participation is little more than an amiable fiction, since the nominal Chinese capital has been lent by the Japan- ese, and the technical control is completely in the hands of the latter. In this way other coal mines have been developed, two iron blast-furnaces have been built and two more are projected at Pen- hsi-hu, or Honkeiko, as the Japanese prefer to have it called, where THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 191 some 80,000,000 tons of 70 per cent iron ore have been developed. By a recent agreement Japanese have the right to develop mines in three districts of Kirin province, which adjoins Manchuria on the north. Industrial plants have been built; a Japanese firm is engaged in supplying electric power to the American-owned gold mines in northern Korea, and others manufacture sulphate of ammonia, coal- tar products, and all the many important substances that have their origin in coal. In Korea iron deposits of much promise are being developed and several hundred thousand tons of iron ore are sent each year to Japan to supply the furnaces there that formerly had to depend on ore bought in China. This output is rapidly increasing and is expected soon to reach 1,000,000 tons a year, so the economic posi- tion has correspondingly improved. Last year presented another opportunity for notable advance. By declaring war on Germany, Japan was enabled to attack and capture the German holdings in Shantung. No one has so far publicly commented on the tactics pursued by Japan in the siege of Tsingtau. Despatches from Japan at first stated that the attacking forces would land at a point but a few miles north of Tsingtau, but the strategy was soon changed to the occoupation of Teng-chou, which is on the opposite side of the peninsula and much nearer Peking, thus giving a reasonable excuse for occupying a wide extent of Chinese territory. From this point a military railway was built along an old canal bed and Tsingtau was soon captured. The rail- way leading from that port 250 miles inland to Tsi-nan-fu, the capital of the province, was also seized, together with the coal mines at Fangtse and Poshan, on the ground that they were German enter- prises. The nearby iron ore deposits at Tsing-ling-chen, containing 30,000,000 tons of 65 per cent ore, were also seized, since the Germans had a concession to work them, and they are now being exploited by Japanese capital. It is reported that Japan will build a railroad from Teng-chou to Tsi-nan-fu, thus effectually throttling the Chinese port of Chefoo, and it is quite clear to anyone familiar with the facts that Japanese control of the province of Shantung is a fait accompli. In southern Shantung there is an even more valuable coal field that will find its natural outlet on the southeast coast of the province when a harbor is built there, and it will probably be only a question of time until Japanese capital will provide the harbor. It is evident, then, that Japan has so far succeeded very well in 192 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY possessing herself of enough of the coal and iron resources of her neighbors to supply her needs. This is not the whole story, how- ever. If the Chinese were left in possession of their iron and steel works they would possess the means of eventually resisting Japan- ese aggression, so it was essential to pull the dragon's teeth. China has a large modern steel works at Hankow, in the heart of China, built by Chang-chih-tung for the express purpose of furnishing material for the arsenals and munitions factories of China, as well as furnishing rails and equipment for her railways. This was so wretchedly mismanaged by Sheng-hsuan-huai that although it developed rapidly it got further and further into debt. During the recent revolution it was partly destroyed and more money was ne- cessary to put it into operation again. The management had com- mitted the incredible folly of borrowing Japanese capital at various times in its career, and by 1914 it was evident that if it was not to pass into Japanese control something must be done at once. Strenu- ous efforts were made to secure American capital and the first vice- president of one of our largest steel companies spent several months in China looking into the situation, but eventually decided that the Japanese had so far got the upper hand that American capital would not be warranted in involving itself in so tangled a situation. It was then proposed that the Chinese government should furnish the necessary money but the government had no money to furnish, and the inclusion of the Japanese control of these works in the demands of May, 1915, set at nāught the last Chinese hopes. We have now before us the pathetic and even ridiculous spectacle of a steel works built for the military protection of China passing into the control of the only country from which China need fear military aggression. This summer a Japanese company secured a concession for the iron- ore deposits at Taochang, Anhwei province, reported to contain 60,- 000,000 tons of 65 per cent ore, and they already had the concession for the large deposit in Fukien, near Amoy, so the Chinese are now blocked from a new enterprise elsewhere. There is much talk of the precarious financial position of Japan, but this is as much beside the point as if one were to consider only the outstanding notes of a large farmer and entirely overlook his large acreage of fertile land and his cattle, orchards, and gardens. It is only a question of time until Japan, if left undisturbed, will have developed a volume of trade that will render its financial posi- tion secure. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 193 People who should have a clearer understanding of the matter frequently make the statement that Japan's course in China is an Asiatic variety of the Monroe Doctrine. Catch phrases like this serve only to mislead the unthinking. The actual fact is that if the policy laid down by John Hay had been followed to its logical con- clusion China would in time have become a rich and powerful na- tion, while Japan would have been cut off from securing the re- sources of coal and iron she so urgently needed. American indiffer- ence, Chinese ineptitude, and Japanese foresight and cleverness have remedied this, to the Japanese, intolerable situation. KU S s Ν ο ο ι ι Α inou CMIMLI SKANS UTIN HER Sarą*** MUPEN UCK ENBKIANO MUN UNANANOS; NOW .. UNNAN KANG TUN OR Friss Hongkong BATAN MAP SHOWING IRON & COAL MINES IN CHINA CONTROLLED BY JAPAN 1. Fushun coal mine. 2. Pen-hsi-hu iron and coal mines. 3. Po-shan coal mine. 4. Tsing-ling-chen iron mine. 5. Fangtze coal mine. 6. Taochun iron mine. 7. Tayeh iron mine. 8. Ping-hsiang coal mine. 9. An-kou iron mine. 194 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY PRODUCTION, PROFESSION, AND SPECIALIZATION By T. L. Li, of the State University of Iowa Over-population is generally regarded as the greatest evil in China. It is said to have embittered to the extreme the crucial struggle for existence. But a minute's reflection convinces us that this criticism is paradoxical. According to the census of the differ- ent nations taken just before the European War, Belgium had a population of 652.75 people per square mile; the Netherlands, 493.- 78; the United Kingdom, 373.01; Japan, 360.97; Italy, 313.39; Germany, 310.98; Austria, 263.62; Switzerland, 239.81; France, 191.26; British India, 174.83; Portugal, 167.88; China, 81.93; the United States of North America, 33.42. This shows that, except- ing the last named, which, owing to its extensiveness of territory and newness of development, was unable to acquire a prolific popula- tion, China was exceeded in density of population by all those coun- tries mentioned above. Relatively speaking, then, the population of Belgium was over eight times that of China; the population of the United Kingdom over four times; that of Japan also four times; that of Germany over three times; even that of France, whose popula- tion is regarded as pitifully sparse, was more than twice that of China. One wonders if there has ever been any comment that these countries were over-populated. Yet China, with a population of less than 82 persons per square mile, has been considered too thickly settled. How can we reconcile this with facts? It is true that in the lower valleys of the Hwang-Ho and the Yangtsze the number of inhabitants in a square mile rises far above 82; but in China's contiguous territories and her northern bordering provinces the number of inhabitants in a square mile falls far below 82. Thus while Shan-tung had, according to the Chinese Year Book of 1913, 528 people per square mile, Manchuria had only 41 and Kansu, 40. This striking contrast between the densities of popula- tion of Shan-tung and Kansu indicates rather an ill distribution of population than an over-population of China. In view of the vastness of her territory, the immensity of her natural resources, and the unlimitedness of her industrial potentialities, China's pre- sent population, if well distributed, is altogether far from being large enough to industrially develop the country into something like France, Portugal or Austria, not to speak of England, Belgium, or Holland. Over-population is, therefore, something that in reality does not exist in China. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 196 However, the struggle for existence, for bare existence for food, clothes, and shelter-is, perhaps, more severe in China than in any other country on the earth. Excepting a very small number of the wealthy who live in riotous extravagance and a comparative- ly large number of the well-to-do who barely maintain their existence, the vast masses of Chinese are simply going on without necessities. They live in want; and this pitiful want increases with the time. Is it because the land of China is so poor that it cannot yield even the bare necessities for life for those who live on it? No. In natural resources China is beyond any doubt among the richest countries in the world, if not herself the very richest. Yet her people are so poor. What makes them so ? The cause is not far to seek. Among all the economic assets of a nation the greatest is the human element. It is this human element that develops the nation's natural resources and produces in various forms what constitutes a nation's economic well-being. This means that the productive energy of the people is most important to the economic life of a nation. If their energy is properly converted into useful production, a population of over 600 people per square mile, as, was actually pos- sessed by Belgium, would not overcrowd the nation and drain its food supplies; else a population of about 82 people per square mile, as China has now, would overburden the country and exhaust its means for life. Chinese students will readily recall that Quang- Tsze, the recognized Chinese classic economist, once said: “If one spinster does not weave, somebody will suffer cold (due to decrease of cloth); if one yoeman does not farm, somebody will suffer hunger (due to decrease of food).”. This is a sound theory underlying the principle of individual production and national welfare. Just as a huge, intricate machine in order to work to its capacity needs the service and coöperation of each of its innumerable component parts, so a nation, in order to be economically efficient, needs the production and coöperation of every citizen. One who does not perform his duty becomes at once a burden to the nation and a parasite to so- ciety- just as a cog to the machine. Each individual must produce in order to consume; otherwise, the nation's wealth is drained to the extent to which he consumes. There is no maximum set for the production of an individual, for it varies from person to person un- der different conditions. But the minimum of an individual's pro- duction should be that which well balances with his consumption. If every person produces more than he consumes, the nation which 196 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY is composed of such would be prosperous and happy; if every person consumes more than he produces, the nation which is composed of such would be poor and unhappy; if every person produces just what he consumes, the nation which is composed of such would be unable to meet emergencies without suffering. In a word, a na- tion's prosperity depends upon, without considering emergencies, the production of its people in direct proportion. In China among the “four classes” the farmers produce, in material objects, the most, artisans or laborers less, merchants and the literate (including officials) the least. The merchants, however, have done their part by distributing, with much assistance from the coolie class, goods into the different places within the country. The real value of the services of the literate is of a very doubtful nature. We do not go far astray in saying that, on the whole, what they produce (in the sense of non-material things) is certainly not worth what they consume. The production of those who belong to none of these four classes is rather insignificant in comparison with their enormous consumption. This means, at bottom, the poor farmers and laborers bear the whole burden of producing practically what the entire realm consumes. In return the other classes have done very little. While there are no statistics to show the exact proportion of the Chinese people belonging to these various classes, there can be no doubt that the farmers and artisans are of a decreasing min- ority and the others are of an increasing majority. The latter not only outnumbers the former, but outgrows them too. The farmers and artisans, however hard they work and industrious they are, are, nevertheless, very inefficient, owing to the poor tools, lack of train- ing, bad working conditions, and, perhaps, physical weakness. Most of their time and energy are misdirected and wasted. As a result of this, their productivity is, indeed, very low and scanty as com- pared with that of the Western farmers and artisans. Such is the productivity of the Chinese people. Is there any wonder that their natural resources are unopened, their industries undeveloped, and their country impoverished? But now the cry in the country is not unproductivity, but un- employment. Millions of Chinese who now realize the incompatibil- ity between unproduction and living are eagerly seeking employment. But opportunity fails them. Owing to the undeveloped conditions prevailing in the country, employment at present is very limited in China. Unproductivity breeds unemployment, and unemployment, THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 197 in turn, increases unproductivity. The present tendency is toward the latter situation. The Chinese people can never be economically efficient unless they can produce what they consume; and they can never produce what they consume unless there is enough work to be done or performed by human hands and energy. In other words, it is occupations for the people that will relieve China from her deplorable economic stringency. How can we create them? This is a question of the sphinx that must be answered truly by China in order to "live.” It is simply futile to attempt here a full discussion of all the phases in answering this vital problem. But it would not be alto- gether out of place for me to consider here one phase of it, namely, what can we Chinese students contribute to the economic well- being of our country when we return? Men differ in talent as countries differ in soil. As no nation can produce in abundance all kinds of products which humanity needs, so no person can do efficiently all sorts of things which national well-being requires. Men can serve society the best by working to their capacity in the lines in which they are most favor- ed by nature. A street-sweeper may perform just as great a service to the community as does its chief official, if he performs the work efficiently. This is the most fundamental principle of the theory of division of labor and specialization. To attempt to do every- thing in a haphazard way and perform nothing efficiently is both to impair social well-being and to abuse natural endowment. Thus each individual should select a profession for which he is specially trained. Without profession one's mind is unsettled, attention un- concentrated, and time and energy largely wasted. Such a life is bound to be a failure. In China, aside from the farmers, laborers, soldiers, and, perhaps, a few physicians who have fixed professions and special talent, and the monks, nuns, and taoists who have nominal profes- sions but little special talent, the population, roughly estimated, are supposed to be of all professions and all sorts of talents and therefore of no fixed profession and no special talent. Although the number of these three main divisions of the Chinese people is not statistically shown, it is quite apparent, if not quite true, that the third division is of a “plurality,” if not an "absolute major- ity.” Their life resembles strikingly that of weeds which take all the food from the soil, injure the growth of their neighboring plants, and produce little in return. 198 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY To which of these three classes of people shall we Chinese students belong ? To add to the number of those who have no definite occupation and special training? or to create new profes- sions—to open new avenues, so to speak, to our brethren at home who have lost in the path of life? Our common sense as well as our conscience will urge us to adopt the latter. But to create new professions we must have some special knowledge or skill to suit them. Before we return we must acquire some special train- ing, which may later help us to earn our livings independently. Uniting those who are approximately of the same special lines, we may have a class of specialists or professionals. Expanding our profession or occupation we may help many compatriots to have occupations or employment. Applying our combined effort in doing things, we may produce "material objects” and valuable services. If we live up to our profession, we can not only main- tain our special talent, but also improve it. With the talent of our people improved, our production would naturally increase; with this increased, national wealth and social well-being will cor- respondingly be enlarged. I believe this is what we can do and ought to do. Reaching a certain stage of age and receiving a certain amount of education, we must plunge ourselves into this relent- less, strange, most toilsome, and yet most delightful world of practical life-a life of anabolism and katabolism within the big life of the nation. “Life is a problem in proportion," and only by proper work and proper ease-proper productivity and proper "consumptivity”—can this proportion be maintained. The doc- trine of "give and take" must stand firm and sound so long as the law of Nature operates. It is not only unmanly, but also in- human, that we Chinese students who have either received gov- ernmental support or private help should, after being educated in a highly developed country for a number of years, go back home only to be parasites, to drain the wealth of the people, to diminish the welfare of society, and to undermine the life of the nation. It is nonsense to talk of patriotism and rejuvenation of China by mere bombastic words without even being able to be self-supporting. It is not sane to try to help others when we can- not help ourselves. Therefore, to develop special talent in anti- cipation of future profession is, indeed, of supreme importance to us as students, if we wish to be anything but parasites. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 199 But are we sure that all of us will secure special training by studying here? I believe this question should engage us in serious thought. The educational system of a country is neces- sarily solely adopted and developed for the needs and good of its people alone. We Chinese students who come from a country which differs from the United States in political, social, and economic conditions, as South America does from Europe, have special needs and distinct purposes in pursuing our education. Yet we are studying with the rank and file of American students. To meet the requirement for graduation, we are to take, voluntar- ily or involuntarily, studies in American institutions which are simply routine work, studies which may not even be worth the time of the native students. Despite our disgust and repugnance we have to attend, both in the class rooms and in the institution as a whole, such lectures or teachings as are of little practical use to us, though very beneficial, important, and even necessary to American students for a wholesome education. On the other hand, studies which we especially need may not be found in the curricula of American institutions, because they may not be needed by American students. I do not know how much of our time, energy, and money has been wasted in these various ways. Yet it is be- yond reason for us to expect American colleges or universities to offer us exactly what we like and need either in special classes for the Chinese students or in disregard of the education for Amer- ican students. Under such conditions, how can we convert all of our limited time and invaluable energy that we spend in this country for education into real, worth-while learning? I believe in this matter we should pay the closest attention and exercise the greatest wisdom and foresight in selecting our subjects of study. Owing to our inexperience in, and unfamiliarity with, the American educational system and especially the nature of courses of study in the various colleges and universities, mistakes, some- times serious mistakes, in selecting studies seem to be almost in- evitable to many of us. But such mistakes should be minimized and their repetition prevented. The advice, suggestion, and ex- periences of those who came earlier must be availed of by those who came later. But, above all, "reflexive” study of ourselves is most important. We must know our own weak and strong points, and measure our natural potentialities. After acquiring a certain amount of general education, we should select some special studies 200 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY in which we are by nature most fit. When once our plan of study is fixed, we must stick to it unless it is discovered and proved to be less useful than some other plan to be adopted anew. In a word, we must endeavor to obtain some special skill or knowledge to prepare for some useful or new profession, so that when we return home, we. may be, at least, self-supporting—by all means to avoid becoming such professionless, unproductive, and parasitic people as now thrive in our country. THE SOCIETY OF LEARNING AND LABOR By a Member In the early days of the First Republic of China, the various Provincial Governments sought to hasten the social revolution by sending more students abroad. Many of those selected went to Japan; a score or so flocked to Europe; the rest came to Amer- ica. Before they had finished their first semester of university education a big number of them were forced to face a grave crisis. Former President Yuan, after having crushed the Second Revolu- tion, caused, for political reasons, four of the Provincial Govern- ments, to withdraw the financial support of their students. Those of the victims who were in America were in an especially difficult position. To seek employment would have been against the laws of the United States; to return to China would have been cowardly giving up a noble purpose, that of getting an education. There was left only one manly course: to struggle on with whatever means could be devised. The idea of a co-operative society oc- curred to them. In August, 1914, several poor Chinese students, together with their richer friends who had come to their rescue, organized the Society of Learning and Labor in Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, known to them for its cosmopolitan spirit and its favorable economic conditions, whose motto was made the name of the Society. Purposes The initial purpose of the Society of Learning and Labor was to help the students affected by the "coup d'état” to finish their education. But no sooner had the members found the idea of a co-operative society practicable than they strove to put the THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 201 organization on a permanent and national basis so that their many unfortunate but worthy fellow-countrymen might enjoy its bene- fits. The purpose, so enlarged, became the assisting of all poor ambitious Chinese students to get a higher education in America if they so desire. If learning and labor can be combined in America, why not in China ? It was not long before the members of the Society, thankful of their success, began to ask themselves this question. The answer was obvious: a second purpose was adopted, that of spreading among the Chinese people the idea of simultaneous education of the mind and the hands; or in other words, the idea of industrial education as the solution of the Chinese educational problem as well as the Chinese industrial problem. Activities What does the Society do to realize its purposes? Obviously, toward the second purpose—the spreading of the idea of indus- trial education—all that the Society can do now is to educate public opinion to favor the idea so that there may be support for future undertakings which the Society aims ultimately to as- sume in the form of industrial schools. In furtherance of the first purpose—the assisting of worthy students to get a higher education abroad—the activities are manifold, the principal lines being : 1) Establishing of boarding and rooming clubs where the needy students may support themselves by doing the house work. 2) Procuring of scholarships from the colleges and universities for the needy students. 3) Maintenance of reading rooms and athletic outfits in connection with the boarding and rooming clubs so that the poor student may not get a one-sided education merely for the lack of means. Needs The Society of Learning and Labor is yet in its infancy. It needs encouragement. It needs moral and financial support. To be specific, it needs more members, men with intellectual power or money to help further its work. It needs an endowment fund of not less than ten thousand dollars ($10,000) to consolidate its organization, finance its propaganda, and to meet emergencies. 302 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY The present activities of the Society should be increased ten- fold. It should have a Loan Fund, the interest from which may be lent to needy students for the payment of tuition when no scholarships can be secured. It should have an official organ- a monthly magazine, for instance-by which it may arouse the Chinese public to realize the need and efficacy of industrial educa- tion. These two extensions the Society must make in the im- mediate future if it is to do justice to its mission. of in lety ustice Conclusion In conclusion the Society of Learning and Labor desires to call the attention of its friends and would-be friends to three facts: First, the idea of learning and labor is constructive. It is practicable, as shown by our own experience and by the testimony of the eminent educators of the world. Second, the Society of Learning and Labor has a definite mission to perform, one that is at once noble and urgent, upon the successful performance of which depends in some measure the future of the Chinese Republic, and one which if not per- formed by the Society will not be performed at all in the next decade, at least. China cannot have true government of, for, and by the people without a bigger percentage of literacy than she has now; and the rank and file of the population cannot have an education if they are not provided with some means of self- support while in school. Such means of self-support can come most efficiently with industrial education. China can never solve the problem of poverty if she remains economically inefficient; she cannot be economically efficient if she does not substitute modern for her medieval industrial arts. Such a substitution can be af- fected by industrial education alone. Thus industrial education, the second great purpose of the Society, is the solution of the Chinese educational as well as industrial problem. . Third, the Society is growing rapidly. Two years ago it had not more than a dozen members; now it has on its roll forty, scattered throughout the United States and China. The late Gen- eral Huang Hsin was one of its enthusiastic supporters. Ex- Governor Ching Feng Ming of Kwangtung has recently signified his endorsement of the Society by a liberal contribution. The Society is growing because it deserves to grow. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 203 Many American citizens are sincere friends of the Chinese people. We believe they cannot express their friendship in a better way than by helping to actualize the big constructive idea of learning and labor in China. Thousands and thousands of Americans are supporting the Christian missionary movement in China. We believe there is no mission more Christian than this practical program of elevat- ing the material, intellectual, and spiritual well-being of four hun- dred millions of people. We believe there is no method of Christ- ian missionary propaganda more effective than this direct method of working for the Chinese through the Chinese, which the Society of Learning and Labor endeavors to represent. Many Chinese philanthropists and publicists are seeking every means possible to promote the welfare of the Republic. We be- lieve they can help build a solid foundation for a strong and good State by helping this Society. The hearts of many Chinese students throb with patriotism, but we believe all patriotic sons and daughters of China should do their best to help their fellow-countrymen to acquire the ele- ments of knowledge and to earn a living. 204 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY PRESENT SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN CHINA A Prize Essay, By H. A. Pan. To write about the social conditions of China is a difficult task. The subject is such a broad one that facts having a bearing on the social conditions are as numerous as they are inviting. The real difficulty, however, does not lie in the term “social” which is sus- ceptible of a wide connotation, but in the size of China as a nation or country. Conditions prevalent and true somewhere are not neces- sarily found everywhere in the country. Hence many topics of in- terest cannot but be omitted or barely alluded to. But China as a nation is still so little known to the world at large, and this country in particular, that an attempt to tell about the social conditions of China is hereby made. To a student in Economics the one outstanding fact in regard to the social conditions of China is overpopulation. Imagine a country with four hundred million souls! To some people, over- population is more apparent than real. They urged that while China has her teeming millions, she has at the same time an area of 30,- 000,000 square miles—a territory moreover endowed by Nature with wonderful resources. Nevertheless most people believe that China is over-populated. There the Malthusian law is seen in full opera- tion. China is primarily an agricultural country, and the people have practiced intensive farming and eliminated animal food to the utmost so as to raise the most from the land. But as the population is unceasingly pressing upon food supply, and modern productive industries are just begun in the country, the struggle for existence is simply fearful and misery prevails over the land. It is misery, and not poverty, that prevails, because poverty is due to the niggardliness of nature, while misery is due to the mal-adjustment of people to nature. In China, we may say, there is no landlord or capitalistic class. The existence of any such class is simply impossible, because the struggle for living is so severe, that exploitation cannot for a mom- ent be tolerated. But competition for work is so fierce, that labor is cheap and wages are low. Of course, money wages are not real wages. While wages are low, the products of labor are also cheap. Yes, things are cheaper in China than in America, and the purchas- ing power of money is much greater. Moreover, the necessities of the American laborer here may be luxuries of the Chinese laborer THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 205 there. Statistics of wages are not available for comparison, but most people are fairly agreed upon the fact that the income of a wage-earner's family in China is smaller, both relatively and abso- lutely, than that of an American wage earners' family. Hence it is a foregone conclusion, that the standard of living in average is low in China. Low wages and low standard of living are not the only results of overpopulation. The worst is seen in the high rate of infant mortality. Here is the “bitter cry of children,” who are born only to misery and premature death. Prof. Ross wrote that in China 75% to 85% of the children born die at the end of the second year. This high mortality rate in a way balances the enormous fecundity of the Chinese race. But even those who survive do not have a better lot. Neglect and under-nourishment are the rule; care and education belong only to the more fortunate. The severe struggle for existence as a consequence of population pressure is also attested by the sort of occupations that are found there. In competing for work people have willingly undertaken to be rickshaw coolies, sedan-chair carriers and general express men who carry the burden on their shoulders. The enormous waste of health cannot be overestimated. The prevalence of such undermin- ing occupations has caused the large-number of prematurely old men. Hard work and struggle for living have caused wrinkles on the forehead of most people, whose energies and health are all gone by fifty or sixty years of age. The early breakdown of health has usually swelled the number of the old indigent men and women. While these people do not themselves have such social devices as annuity policies for old age insurance, the public charity institutions are hardly sufficient and available. Paupers abound in the country; but as most people are hardly classified as wealthy, paupers always remain paupers. Most people are callous to human sufferings, for they themselves suffer too. It should be said at this point that overpopulation in China has been due to large families and the large number of families. It has been the general theory that large families are due to Confucus' teaching that to leave no posterity is unfilial and the belief in an- cestor worship. Personally, I think, people do not take words of the sage in regard to this point literally, and people do not give birth to children because they think they need sacrifice after death. Rather large families are due to a mistaken belief that the more hands a 206 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY family has, the better is it equipped for the struggle for existence. People have overlooked the fact that hands bring mouths that must be provided with food even before the hands become useful. As a rule, the Chinese have early marriages. Chinese parents take it a prerogative to make marriage arrangements for their child- ren. The earlier their children are married off, the earlier they think their parental duties are discharged. As a matter of fact, in- stead of discharging their duty, they sometimes take on the addition- al burden of supporting their daughters-in-law until their sons are launched into life. While this is so, the pleasant thing is that the Chinese youths seldom refuse to get married until they are able to support their own wives. In speaking of the family and early marriages, we shall not forget the conspicuous fact that women in China have been subjected to men. The two sexes have not been on the same plane. Girls have been exposed, neglected, crippled with bound feet, imprisoned in Oriental seclusions, uneducated, and married off as early as pos- sible. The reason for subordination is that the woman is unproduct- ive financially and will merge into her husband's family after all. Indeed the desire to dispose of one's daughters is so strong, that it is said there are no spinsters in China. Nearly all the potential fecundity has been actualized, and hence the over-population with all its train of bad effects on the social conditions of China. So far we have painted a dark picture of China in mal-adjust- ment. In doing so we have furnished a background for the brighter spots to shine. The women in China are gradually coming to their own. We have not heard about female infanticide for a long time, and at the present time exposure of female children is sure to meet with disapproval. While small feet may be seen with the older ladies, to bind girls' feet so as to prevent them from gadding is no longer in vogue. Again, while education has been denied to the girls, schools are now established for boys and girls alike throughout the Republic. Today the Chinese girls are given an equal chance to develop their in- dividuality and usefulness, and the results are surprising. Whatever opportunity is given them to raise their status, they have utilized to full advantage. They have shown their worth during the Revolu- tion. Indeed who can forget their Red Cross work and the impos- ing march of the Amazon Corps? The new order of things is cer- tainly in full play, for the agitation even for woman suffrage is not lacking in China. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 207 The authority of parents in the family has been mentioned. While conditions described have been true, they will no longer be true. While the respect for parents will probably last, the preroga- tive of parents to make marriage arrangements will soon disappear. On the one hand there is the liberalism for the women in China, and on the other hand, there is the indisposition of boys to marry at their parents' liking and expense. The tendency now is decidedly towards later marriages and marriages by love too. While this may be traced to Western influence, I would attribute the cause to the education of girls, the more frequent contact between the boys and girls, the revolt against the arbitrary choice of wives and husbands and the easy circulation of love-letters. The Revolution has also its influence in this matter, for the slogan of Freedom and Fratern- ity is heard even in the family. Revolution in the family is now go- ing on, and the despotism of parents will surely break down. Social conditions are again improving with the progress of things economic. Modern industries are being established in all parts of China. With the use of modern machinery instead of hand labor, the immediate reaction may be more unemployment, but more and more men will have place for gainful work in the long run. Already many a woman has found work in the cotton industries, silk filatures and printing houses, etc. Wages are also rising. Masons, carpenters, tailors and journeymen have doubled their wages in the last decade. While purchasing power has not increas- ed to the same extent because of the rising cost of living, the stand- ard of living has certainly been raised because of the variety of new products made accessible by modern industries and commerce. Life in China has been marked by vacuity. Beyond the mono- tonous work by which people earn their living, they have had few outside interests and enjoyments. But we have more "life” today than our grandfathers had. Besides the old-fashioned tea-houses, theatres, restaurants, guild-houses and even opium dens, we have today other social centres, such as the Y. M. C. A., club-houses, as- sociation buildings, parks and others. Besides the heathen fe-tivi- ties, wedding celebrations and birthday-parties, we can enjoy athletic games, movies, flower exhibitions, public lectures and political meet- ings today. We need not indulge in opium-smoking (it is prohibited now) to drive our dull care away. Formerly the peoples' thoughts were directed more to themselves and nothing outside of their home- town or province bothered their attention. Today the mental horizon of the average Chinese is much wider. With the rise of post-office, 208 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY the construction of railways and telegraph stations and the develop- ment of commerce, people between the different provinces have more contact, people travel more and communicate more and more. Again with the publishing of newspapers, people are today not only better informed, but public opinion can be crystallized, and people have more interest in the doings of the government. All these are in keeping with the Republican form of government, but what is em- phasized here is to show that life in China today is being enjoyed in a fuller measure. China today is not the China of the past. Stepping over the threshold of the twentieth century, China has entered into a period of transition, renaissance, reformation or revolution if you please. Politically, economically and socially, remarkable changes by no means fortuitous have taken place. If political changes are more momentous and therefore conspicuous, changes in the social condi- tions of the country are not less significant and persisting. All changes have been for the better, and Progress will soon give China a new vista. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 209 OUR NEED OF INTEREST IN NATIONAL AFFAIRS. K. T. May, Harvard. It is certainly a platitude to say that the Chinese, like the ancient Romans and modern Englishmen, are a practical people. From times immemorial our philosophers and men of letters have been the governors and the soldiers of the nation; many of them conduct Socratic dialogues and sing immortal songs under the burden of official duties, or still more striking, amidst the flights of deadly missiles. The Taiping Rebellion, to cite but one recent example, was quelled by schoolmasters and “stick it” literary candidates under the impeccable leadership of Tseng Kuo-Fang, himself one of our greatest moralists and prose writers. If under the patriarchal government the intellectual class of China was so thoroughly practical and so keenly interested in national affairs, how much more so should it be in the re- publican era? The new attitude towards public questions should, indeed, be different from the old; whereas formerly the primary concern of men was with the governing of others now it is with self-rule. In other words, the study of the old in- tellectuals was statecraft, while that of the new is citizenship. With the widening of our intellectual horizon and the rapid increase of the branches of learning, we have become specialized, and statecraft must be left to a limited few. But one thing is certain : we must be citizens as well as engineers or palaeontologists. To put matters a little paradoxically, we may assert that absolute government rests on the assumption that human nature is good and that our welfare is cared for by our fellow- men without our own efforts; the essence of democracy consists in the frank recognition of the imperfectness and frailty of human nature and in the avowed distrust of our fellow-men. And so in a democratic state we have the press, the electoral system, and other devices, all intended to safeguard ourselves against the lust and whim of the governing class. (In this sense, the humanitarians and socialists of today who have a naive and unqualified faith in human nature are in reality ages behind their time.) Among all inhabitants of Vanity Fair the politician, whether he be absolutist or democrat, is perhaps the vilest person. No profession offers so many allurements to power and gain as the profession of politics. And power and gain are always the enemies of virtue. In our modern age the perver- 210 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY sities and abuses of democracy are such as would lead us to doubt the merits and feasibility of democracy itself. The politician knows no limit in the use of artifices and juggleries in plying his trade. The plain citizen is forever a victim of his mechanical smiles, his pompous oratory, his finely worded pro- grams of reform, his sophistry, and his appeals to popular sentiments and prejudices. He practices "the wiles ..... in order to be cheered at railway stations and have Chautauquas send for him”, as that pungent though popular writer Mr. George Ade phrases it. That similar conditions are beginning to flourish in our own country is no mere guesswork; democ- racy, like all other things human, is liable to misuse and cor- ruption in untried hands. “The danger is, lest, in a State which bestows influence and honors on its demagogues, the citizens of more refined intelli- gence, those true philosophers who have discourse of reason, and have won the difficult citadel of their own souls, should withdraw from public affairs and retire into that citadel as it were into an ivory tower,” says Mr. Paul More*, the most distinguished living critic in America. Thus we hear that some men of letters never exercise their right to vote; this is not due to their proverbial apathy towards all matters practical, but rather due to their firm conviction of the impossibility of produc- ing an honesty from the united action of a world of knaves, as Carlyle would say. It is a rare chance to see an American professor actively engaged in public affairs; he considers it quite beneath his academic dignity to rally with the hero of the mob and to be in the limelight. We still remember that after the inauguration of Yuan Shih-Kai as President, there was formed among the more scholarly men who had been prominent in the Revolution the so-called “Society for the Promotion of Virtue", the qualifications for whose membership included non- participation in public affairs, as the moral stamina of the nation was then much debilitated by party strife and opportunism. But so much the better for the politician! Yuan Shih-Kai and his men were thus left alone to revive the old officialism and to subvert all plans of political regeneration. Now judging from all human experience, it is patent that the success of a democracy must necessarily depends upon active and enlightened citizenship. We must regard our national * "Aristocracy and Justice," p. 29. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 211 affairs with the passion and jealousy of a lover and watch our public officials with the alertness and vigilance of a night sentinel. The recluses among our literary class who, disdaining the world, find their refuge in contemplation of nature and of the great spirits of the past are not good citizens in a republic. The epicureans who indulge in their “wine, woman and song”, while pouring out endless yet ineffectual railleries against the world, ought to be banished from society. Our best exemplar of citizenship is of course Confucius himself. He was a life-long wanderer, not for the sake of personal fortunes, but for the sake of identifying himself with all the great problems of his time; he always kept himself well informed of the public affairs of the feudal kingdoms he visited and sought everywhere the acquaintance with leading men. Happily the example of Con- fucius has ever been followed by our true philosophers and scholars. “The superior man settles the troubles of his district while in private life, and pacifies all discontented elements while in political power”, says Tseng Kuo-Fang. And today, the era of democracy, we certainly stand in greater need of citizenship of this type than ever before in the history of our national existence. Particularly we students in America should prepare our- selves for democratic citizenship. Our sojourn here gives us golden opportunities for a comparative study of the govern- mental systems of the two republics. Imperfect as American democracy is, no one would go so far as to deny its remarkable achievements. Despite the lamentable aloofness of the in- tellectual class, the ramparts of American demagogism have frequently been battered down by brave-hearted and public- spirited citizens. Why cannot we learn from them the ways and means of civic betterment and political reconstruction, and at the same time understand the causes of the failure of Amer- ican intellectuals to influence the political life of their nation in order to prevent similar shortcomings when we go home? In an editorial on the utterances of some of us at Harvard concerning the political situation at home after the death of Yuan Shih-Kai last June, the Boston Transcript remarks: “The extent to which the Chinese students, busy though they are with work in our colleges, keep themselves informed of home affairs can never fail to impress the American observer, espe- cially one who is accustomed to the indifference toward matters 212 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY governmental expressed by our own youth. The young Chinese seem to have no topic which gives them greater interest.” If this compliment is not excessive; if our knowledge of home affairs is supplemented by a careful scrutiny of American institutions so as to afford us sources both for com- parison and for wise and selective adoption; and, above all, if we are able to keep intact, or, better still, to develop to a higher degree, the inherent practical genius of our intellectual class, there is no reason why we can not make ourselves good citizens and work out a successful democracy after our return. CHINA AT THE HAGUE By Dr. William T. Hull, Swarthmore College. Of the twenty-six official delegations to the first Hague Conference in 1899, four were from Asia, namely, the Chinese, the Japanese, the Siamese and the Persian. Of the forty-four that attended the second Hague Conference in 1907, Asia sent the same four delegations. The delegates who represented China in the first conference were five in number, namely, Messrs. Yang-Yu, Lou-Tseng- Tsiang, Hoo-Wei-Teh, Ho-Yen-Cheng, and Dr. Kreyer. At the second conference, they were six in number, namely, Messrs. Lou-Tseng-Tsiang, John W. Foster, Tsien-Sun, Colonel W. S. Y. Tinge, Tchang Tching Tong, and Tchao. The six conventions and declarations agreed upon by the first conference were all signed or adhered to by the Chinese delegation. Only three of the fourteen conventions and declara- tions agreed upon by the second conference received the signa- tures of the Chinese delegates; but since the adjournment of the second conference, the Chinese government has ratified eight of the fourteen. The work of the two conferences in which the Chinese government was especially interested included the laying of submarine mines, the bombardment of unfortified towns and cities by airships, the declaration of war, and international arbitration. When the British delegation proposed at the second con- ference that the use of unanchored, or floating, submarine con- tact mines be forbidden, and that only such anchored mines THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 213 should be used as become harmless when detached from their anchorage, the Chinese delegation warmly supported the pro- position. Mr. Lou-Tsing-Tsiang informed the conference that two years after the Russo-Japanese war the Chinese govern- ment was still obliged to supply its coasting vessels with special instruments for the removal or destruction of the floating, mines which encumbered not only the high seas but also Chinese territorial waters; that, in spite of every precaution, a very con- siderable number of coasting ships, fishing boats, junks and sampans had foundered as a result of striking these mines; and that between 500 and 600 Chinese citizens, engaged in the pursuit of their peaceful occupations, had suffered a cruel death from these dangerous engines of warfare. Mr. Lou-Tsing-Tsiang also supported the British proposition to prohibit the use of mines for the maintenance of a commercial blockade, and to permit belligerents to use mines only in their own or their enemies' territorial waters, or at a distance of ten miles in front of naval forts. It was evident that China was opposed to the indiscriminate use of submarine mines, not only because of its regard for the commerce and lives of neutral nations,—with whom it is tem- peramentally and historically sympathetic as is also the United States,—but also because of what its delegates called a regard for the larger humanity as opposed to the nefarious activities of the demons of the sea. In the debates on other aspects of maritime and aerial war- fare, the Chinese delegates showed the same spirit of progress. They warmly supported the American proposition to exempt merchant ships and non-contraband cargoes from capture, even though these are owned by “the enemy;" and they were doubt- ful as to the propriety of permitting mines to be used even for the purpose of defending seaports, while they voted to prohibit the bombardment by airships of undefended towns and cities. It seemed very strange to the Chinese that a peace con- ference should devote so much of its time to defining the laws and customs of war, and they were frankly opposed to some of the laws of warfare which were adopted; but they yielded to the public opinion of the rest of the world and adhered to the convention for the regulation of warfare in the interests of "a larger humanity.” When the second conference (or one of its commissions) 214 11 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY agreed, after a long and rather bitter debate, to require a belli- gerent to issue a definite declaration of war, stating the specific reasons why it declared war, before beginning actual hostilities, Colonel Tinge made an inquiry which was so novel and ap- parently so amusing that the commission burst into inextin- guishable laughter, and the laugh has been echoed by the thoughtless world ever since. This inquiry was, in substance: “Gentlemen, now that we have required one of the disputant nations, desirous of settling its disputes by means of war, to issue its declaration of war to its opponent, what shall we do for that nation which does not care to accept that declaration, but prefers to resort to some other and more rational method of settling the dispute: Suppose that the second nation should say (as a gentleman now says) to its opponent, 'No, I thank you, I don't care to indulge in that sort of thing,' what would this peace conference recommend should then be done?" The question was waved aside, as I have said, by laughter. But I have thought many times since that this Chinese Colonel was in reality the prophet of the future, when a nation that does not care to go to war can decline its opponent's invitation to fight and carry the dispute through to judicial settlement. It was characteristic and praiseworthy of China that its delegations gave effective support to the most important work of the two conferences, namely, their development of the judicial and conciliatory means of settling disputes among and between nations. The British proposal in the first conference for the establishment of a Permanent Court of Arbitration, and the American proposals in the second conference for a world treaty of obligatory arbitration and for a Court of Arbitral Justice, were gladly welcomed by the Chinese delegates as eminently sensible and practicable and as wholly in accord with the best traditions of the Chinese people during many generations. China's support of the World Court was based, however, upon a genuine judicial equality, and upon a demand for a purely voluntary system of international jurisdiction, backed up by an enlightened and organized public opinion. It is therefore peculiarly the duty of the Chinese students in America and the leaders of Chinese thought everywhere, to do their utmost to enlighten and organize the public opinion of their own people, and to participate actively in the great and growing world move- ment against the military programme and in favor of the judicial settlement of international disputes. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 215 In view of the past record of China and of the present promise of her loyal sons, it is confidently to be expected that the future settlement of world problems by rational and judicial methods will receive a great impetus at their hands. Then, if we in America, can keep our own republic from plunging for- ward into the path of militarism and true to its best traditions of arbitration and genuine justice, we may confidently expect that in the world conferences of the future the two great republics on either side of the Pacific will be found working shoulder to shoulder in the greatest task of Twentieth Century statesmanship, namely, the task of abolishing war and prepara- tions for war and of organizing an adequate system of interna- tional law and justice. AN ANNOUNCEMENT To the Editor of the Monthly:- Owing to the use of the name of the "Science Management" (as they called it) by a non-member of the Science Society in connection with the recent election of the Alliance officers, some misunderstanding arose as to the nature and activities of the Society. To correct this, I should like to announce once for all that the nature of the Science Society is that of a purely learned society, and has no other interests except what is connected with pure or applied science, and further, that it does not recognize an action in its name by any person, whether a member of the society or not, unless it is authorized by its Board of Directors. Thanking you for the space, Yours very truly, SCIENCE SOCIETY, Yuen R. Chao, Secretary Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 10, 1917. 216 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY STUDENT WORLD ALLIANCE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE. To the Members of the Alliance: As I came into office late last December I have been unable to inform you earlier of our plans for the year. Nor indeed have my col- leagues and myself been able to accomplish much during our thus far brief incumbency. The delay in the election of the President, which caused these annoying consequences, is a matter of general dissatis- faction, for the Constitution calls for the election of all officers before October. I have appointed a committee consisting of Mr. Loy Chang, the 1913-1914 Alliance President, and the Chairman of the three Sec- tions, to look into the cause of the unusual delay and to suggest changes in the Constitution for preventing the recurrence of a protracted elec- tion. The general prospect of the Alliance is not exactly favorable. Dur- ing the last two years we have lost through departure for home most of our older and more experienced members, and we miss their aid and guidance. The gradual elaboration of the Alliance machinery, too, has the unfortunate effect of weakening the direct contact subsisting be- tween the members and the officers. To make matters worse the im- portant Alliance records of the preceding administration have not yet been turned over to the present Board by last year's Secretary. But little more is needed to completely disorganize the Alliance. It goes without say that this administration is trying its best to meet the difficult situation. We are looking for plans and methods for infusing new life into the Alliance, and to widen its sphere of useful- ness. And, most important of all, we are seeking to promote the in- creased and active participation of the members in all our activities. If indeed the Alliance is worth something to us, students in a for- eign land, the earnest and sustained co-operation of every one in the efforts of their representatives will surely be forthcoming. Specifically, the difficult problem of the year is the fiscal one. The informal report given me by the treasurer shows only a small balance at hand, with, at the same time, calls for substantial disbursements coming in. The Directory is still to be printed, a loan to the Quarterly appears imminent, and the administrative expenses for the routine work and new projects of the year must be reckoned with. Financially, the Alliance is absolutely sound. Our assets show a large surplus over the liabilities. But, as is always the case with us, while most of the receipts come in at the end of the year, disbursements must be made during the year. For this reason we are meeting with a temporary stringency, and it is up to the Sections to generously come to our aid. We are negotiating with them for advanced part payment of membership sub- scriptions, and I am pleased to say, one of the Sections has already favorably responded. In yet another way we are asking the help of THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 217 our local divisions. The Reserve Fund must be strengthened to place the Alliance above a hand-to-mouth existence during three seasons of every year, and from nowhere can the Alliance look for contributions to the Fund save to its sub-divisions. As we all realize that the failure of the Alliance to function properly means the failure of every one of its divisions, we are confident of far-sighted and liberal actions on the part of our Sections. I have appointed a Finance Committee composing of the Alliance Treasurer and the Treasurers of the Sections to devise plans for placing our finance on a solid basis. I have alluded to our policy of enlarging the usefulness of the Alliance. We desire to develop specially three activities over and above our established work: (a) to spread correct information about our country; (b) to secure practical training for our students; (c) to expand the “General Welfare" work. (a) We feel that so far we have failed to play our part in making our nation and its problems better understood. The avenue for convey- ing correct information, the press and the platform, have been grossly neglected. Now and then when a crisis comes up, a few rushed into print, but unprepared, disorganized and unaided they have accomplished but little. It is far from being our intention to involve in “political propaganda” work, but we fail in our duty to China, and our gratitude to America if, being able to supply much-needed information, we chose to remain silent. For the purpose of encouraging our students to bring- ing China nearer to Americans, and to co-ordinate our efforts in the direction, we are organizing the Information Committee of the Alliance. Detailed reports of the work of the Committee will appear in due course in the Monthly and in circulars to the local clubs. (b) Of late years our students have come to realize increasingly the necessity of obtaining practical training to round up the theoretical knowledge acquired in schools. Not all, however, could secure satis- factory openings in temporary professional work, where the theories they have learned could be seen in practice, before their return home. We propose to bring the name and influence of the Alliance to bear for aiding our members in getting into touch with Americans who are in a position to assist them in this regard. We are organizing the "Practical Training Committee” whose work is to bring together stu- dents who desire to obtain temporary professional work and people who can supply their demand. Some prominent business men have already assured me of their interest in the plan and their readiness to co- operate with us in what would eventually redound to our mutual profit. Our Educational Directors have likewise shown the greatest interest in the plan and have promised to help us in many ways. In the next issue of the Monthly we hope to announce our plans in detail. (c) A cardinal aim of the Alliance is to promote the welfare of our countrymen in America. Some work along the line has been done in the past with gratifying results, particularly in teaching Chinese and English to them and their children. We purpose to extend this work to as many cities as there are students and colonies of our people. We 218 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY further expect to co-operate extensively with the organizations of our merchants and laboring class in this country on matters of common interest. These, then, are some of the work that we are doing. The lateness of the season and our limited energies may prevent us from making more than a start in our new projects. But we should feel contented if we can secure even a glimpse of the path on which the Alliance of the future will surely travel if it is to remain virile. T. V. Soong, Alliance President. January 22, 1917. PROFESSIONAL TRAINING FOR STUDENTS. Referring to my message published in this issue, I beg to an- nounce the appointment of Mr. H. L. Huang (Hartley Hall, Columbia University, New York City) as Chairman of the Profes- sional Training Committee. As it takes time to make the necessary arrangements Alliance members interested in securing positions should communicate with him immediately giving statements of: (a) nature of position desired, (b) period of employment wanted, (c) qualifications and previous training, (d) remunerations ex- pected. T. V. Soong, Alliance President. Jan. 23, 1917. CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 219 ONTHLY CLUB NEWS ANDOVER On November 29, the students of Phillips Academy gave the school faculty and towns-people an entertainment in the form of a vaudeville, which proved to be very successful and in which Antung Kung and C. C. Yu took part. Mr. Anching Kung, Antung's brother and a graduate of Cam- bridge University, England, paid us a visit on December 15 on his way back to China per S. S. "China". On New Year Day, C. C. Yu and S. S. Chen were invited by their principal Dr. Stearns to dinner at which he told them his experiences in China and then showed them many oriental curios and pictures he had brought over. As the honors rolls for the first term in Abbot Academy were an- nounced, the names of Miss Katharine Chen and Miss Tsing Lien Li appeared on the first honor list. We all feel very proud of our girl students who have been doing such splendid work in this country. Chichuan Yu. BALTIMORE Inasmuch as about two-thirds of the members of the Club were away during the Christmas vacation, the regular literary meeting was called off. Those who stayed were invited to the Suttons' and the Doyles' homes where icecreams, sweet cakes, bursting jokes, interesting games and what not rendered the evenings highly enjoyable. They went to the “Pagota" for the New Year Eve, and enjoyed using chopsticks in their meals. Mr. Y. R. Chao of Harvard who spent a large part of his vacation at Baltimore was their guest. The four Hopkinsians also had a delightful Christmas afternoon in the home of Dr. Kurrelmeyer, their professor in German. K. C. Sun. BUTTE Butte, Montana, is the largest mining camp in this country and one of the greatest mining centres in the world. Millions of tons of copper, gold, silver, lead and zinc ores are developed and treated here yearly. Some of the most up-to-date and wonderfully designed smelters are located in Butte and its vicinity. The largest calcining plant is in Anaconda, 30 miles to the southwest. The flotation and cyanide plants are all within reach. The most attractive and important feature of Butte from our viewpoint is the State School of Mines which is attended by students from many different coun- tries. Students have free access to the different smelters and mines when- ever desired. We have five Chinese students here, and spend our time in studies and trips to smelters and mines. President Bowman is very kind to us and ever willing to be our help. CLEVELAND On Christmas Day we spent a most pleasant hour in a typical Chinese house furnished and decorated in typical Chinese style. This is the Chinese 220 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY library of Mr. and Mrs. C. W. Wlason, who invited us to a tea-party at their home. They are in possession of a library of Chinese things to which we are given access at any time. Our fourth regular meeting was held in Central Y. M. C. A. on January 7, 1917. After a short business discussion, we proceeded to the formal program for the evening. Over a hundred Chinese and American friends were present. The program consisted of opening remarks by Chairman Molin Ho, Chinese hand organ selection by A. F. Wong, speech by Miss Trapp, Sunday School teacher of the Old Stone Church, vocal duet by Mr. Henderson, executive secretary of the Y. M. C. A., speech by Mr. Hod- dinott, secretary of education of Y. M. C. A., speech by A. F. Wong and refreshments. Mr. A. F. Wong, representative from the Shanghai Y. M. C. A., has, with the assistance of the executive staff of the Y. M. C. A. and other Ainerican friends, organized an evening school for the Chinese residents in this city. Our reception was given mainly in honor of these people. This school will be the most important field of our work for this year, and we hope that this movement of ours will soon be responded by all clubs that have not yet started any work of this kind. Molin Ho. GEORGE WASHINGTON Last Christmas proved to be a most enjoyable season in Washington, D. C. We had the following visitors:--Miss S. C. Tsai of Women's Sem- inary of Delaware; Miss H. T. Leo of Hannah Moore Seminary, Reister- town, Md.; Miss S. T. Yuan of Walnut Hill School, Notick, Mass.; Miss Grace Yang of Mt. Holyoke; Miss Lucy Yang of Vassar; Mr. Antung Kung of Andover; Mr. K. Huang of Yale; Mr. T. V. Soong of Columbia; Messrs. S. T. Cheng, S. P. Teng and Stewart Yui of Princeton; Mr. Yung Kwai of Yale and his sister Miss Yung Kwai of Wellesley. On Christmas Eve, Minister and Madame Wellington Koo gave a dinner at the Chinese Legation to all our students then at Washington. After dinner we had charming music and beautiful dancing, and needless to say that all the boys and girls had a real good time. On Christmas Night, Directors T. T. Wong and U. Y. Yen gave a Chinese dinner party. Many interesting stories were told, and the laughters resulted from them certainly helped digestion. Our visitors enjoyed the sight-seeings in the Capital during their short stay, and were very much impressed by the magnificent buildings and beautiful parks. We are glad to learn that all of them have gone back in sound health and cheerful spirit to their respective colleges and universities. K. Li. HARVARD-M. I. T. The long-expected joint social meeting of the two Clubs was at last held on December 23 in Phillips Brooks House, College Yard of Harvard, which was temporarily turned into, say, the famous Peabody House of Andover. More than a dozen of our lady friends in Boston and at Radcliffe and Wellesley Colleges honored us with their presence. The coming of Mr. T. V. Soong, President of the Alliance, from New York and of Miss T. D. 222 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY as his major study. P. S. Chung, who came in 1914, is now in the senior class in animal husbandry. A club has not yet been organized, but we get on like brothers. P. S. Chung. LOS ANGELES The first Club meeting of the New Year was opened with three loud cheers for C. S. C. As our officers as well as our mernbers had all done their best to make the meeting a most splendid one for the second semester, the outcome was neither disappointing nor discouraging. In other words, it was a great success. The attendance was larger than ever before, and almost double the average number. Never before had such enthusiasm, spirit and good-feeling of fellowship been displayed. Rev. Lee Hong, pastor of the Chinese Congregational Church, gave us a very instructive talk. Another interesting speech was given by Mr. Lee J. Yin. Mr. C. D. Hurrey, general secretary of the International Committee of Y. M. C. A., was pre- sent and spoke on international friendship. These speeches won much applause. Refreshments were served. Henry Tsang MICHIGAN After two weeks of easy life, we came back to start work again. In spite of the fact that three weeks of strenuous “grind" is yet before us, we have all once more turned our attention to our beloved Club, and, during our first meeting of the year, greeted each and all heartily and related in exchange the good times we had had in the vacation. The following new officers were elected: F. C. Liu, President; Miss M. I. Ting, Vice-President; Y. S. Chen, Corresponding Secretary; L. W. Thoms, Recording Secretary; C. F. Tang, Treasurer; C. K. Chow, Assistant Treasurer; and T. P. Lee, Auditor. After the elections, all the business of the past year was dis- cussed and cleared out. An old-time social followed. Y. S. Chen. MINNESOTA The regular monthly meeting of the Minnesota Club was held at the home of Mrs. Humm. Eighty dollars were contributed by the Club to the University Y. M. C. A. During the Christmas vacation, we were honored by the presence of Mr. H. H. Hsieh from Wisconsin. S. Q. Wong MISSOURI The Chinese Students' Club of Missouri has fulfilled its promise and succeeded in bringing together all the Chinese students in the State at Christmas time. A social was given on December 26 by Dr. Lew Chee, a physician at the General Hospital of Kansas City and a scholar, at Miss Young's home. Our students came from the neighboring colleges and universities. Dr. Chee's plan was “a get-together affair" so that all of us might get acquainted. The social consisted of Hawaiian music and re- freshments. Altogether fifteen Chinese and five Americans were present. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 223 On December 28, the local Club of Kansas City was formed, and was greatly honored by the presence of Dr. M. D. Enbank, Special Field Re- presentative of Five Year Program of the Baptist Foreign Mission Society, who has spent the greater part of his life in Huchow, China. He has re- turned to this country for nearly a year, and has been raising funds for educational purposes in Huchow, and has already succeeded in securing a large sum. He has also secured scholarships for 30 Chinese boys and girls, and is supporting three students in medicine and one in theology. In his talk he pictured very vividly the present critical situation in China and our duties toward our Fatherland. Then Secretary F. K. Lee gave a talk on the aims and general scope of the Chinese Students' Alliance in America. Dr. Lew Chee was the presiding officer. Mr. Howe C. Ho was elected chairman of the local Club. F. K. Lee. · OAKLAND TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL We have about fifteen hundred boys and girls in this school, and among these ten are Chinese. As yet no Club has been organized. Four Chinese students graduated from this School last year, and they are Miss Eva Fong, Miss Eva Louis, Mr. Tennyson Tan, and Mr. Leu B. Tan. Misses Fong and Louis are going to teach in schools, Mr. Tennyson Tan will enter the Virginia Military Institute to study military science, and Mr. Leu B. Tan may join the Agricultural Department of the University of Minnesota. Leu B. Tan. THE OREGON CHINESE STUDENTS' UNION Our semi-annual conference was held during the holidays. As we had very capable members on our social and programme committee, the con- ference was proclaimed a success. At the Chinese Benevolent Association, the first meeting of the con- ference began with a very interesting program. K. C. Chung spoke on 'The Relation of America to China'; Miss Dazie Luck, on 'The Importance of the Chinese Language to the Student'; and Y. Long on 'The Silk Industry'. Music on a Chinese harp rendered by Taki H. Soo was enjoyed by every- one. After the programme a short business meeting was held. Since Jack Lee had resigned, Miss Beulah Tong was elected Secretary. But 'all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy', so we had social night on the thirtieth. The evening was also a farewell reception to Mr. Yick Long. As he was leaving for home latter part of January, he was asked to give us some parting advice. Another feature of the evening was the giving of stunts by different colleges and high schools. Several medals were presented to the students of Reed College for their clever stunts. The rest of the evening was devoted to games after which refreshments were served. All who attended-members and their friends—had a most en- joyable time. During the past few months we have been reorganizing our Club and securing new members. As a result we have increased in membership by at least fifty per cent., so that we feel secure in promising the Monthly more news in the future. Miss Beulah Tong. 224 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY PENNSYLVANIA The “Chinese Night”, given by our Club on December 22, 1916, was a big success. Besides a large audience of American guests, we were specially honored by the presence of Mr. and Mrs. T. T. Wong and Mr. C. T. Liang. Mr. Wong gave a very interesting speech. His strong personality attracted the audience so much that the privilege of having an interview with him was eagerly sought by our American friends. Mr. Liang, a student from Columbia, was kind enough to take a prominent part in our programme. His wonderful exhibit of Chinese music was followed by loud applauses. Other interesting items on the programme were tricks by L. H. T. Wei and H. N. Ting, Chinese flute-playing by H. Y. Wu, and a short play called "The Chinese Old-time Marriage”. The play consisted of two acts: -- (1) the wedding ceremony, and (2) the bride's room. It set forth the salient features of the old custom of marriage in China in such a humorous way that the audience was kept in a continuous fit of laughter. T. H. Chen. ROCHESTER Our third meeting was held on December 30 in C. P. Ling's room in the Central Y. M. C. A. Building. All the members were present and took part in the business discussion. It has been decided that some prominent men in Rochester will be invited to speak to us in the meetings to come. Mr. Larsdale, general secretary of the Y. M. C. A. of Rochester, will address us in the next meeting. It is encouraging to see that the people in this city are having a very good attitude towards Chinese. In order to be able to create still better mutual understandings, some of our students are often invited to speak in churches. Their speeches, as remarked by the city papers, have been deeply appreciated. C. P. Ling. SACRAMENTO On New Year Eve at 11:30 p. m. the Sacramento Chinese Students' Alliance held a Chinese banquet to bid farewell to the year 1916 and wel- come to 1917. Encouraging words were spoken by each of the following:- Lawrence Yee our President, Fred Kwong, Henry Yee and Leo Fong. The dishes were home-made under the direction of Benjamin Fong and exceed- ingly delicious. All stayed in the Club until 1 a. m. and enjoyed a merry and successful celebration of the New Year. For the first time in the history of the Club, a girl-Miss May Hing- has been elected chairman in the recent election of the Speaking Club, a branch of the S. C. S. A. The other officers are Fong Ming Po (the Chinese Public School teacher of Sacramento), Hon. Manager; Newell Fong, Secretary; George Fong, the Social Committee; and Fong Hung, Treasurer. Joseph Chan. VALPARAISO Owing to the small membership, the Valparaiso Club did not resume its activities until about a month ago. The first meeting was held on December 22. A deep sense of brotherhood and friendship was the eminent feature of the meeting, and indicated the efficiency of our organization. As THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 225 usual, refreshments were served after the meeting, and witty conversations were enjoyed by everybody. The officers for the winter term are as follows: T. C. Wang, President; C. L. Wong, Secretary-Treasurer. The following new members have been welcomed into our Club: J. Yao from Wheaton College, L. Y. Seto from Pittsburgh, L. Y. Wu from New York, and H. Chen from Chicago. At present we have altogether eight members. C. L. Wong. VASSAR The news of chief interest since the last issue of our Monthly would be that of our Christmas vacation. Miss Sophia Chen stayed in College throughout the whole recess, but Miss Lucy Yang had a most delightful yet strenuous recreation in Washington, D. C., with her brother, sister, and a number of Chinese friends. Owing to the late opening of the College last fall, our Thanksgiving holidays were entirely cancelled and our Christmas vacation was shortened four days. Miss Yang has already received and accepted an invitation to speak at Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pa., on Feb. 11. This job of speaking which both Miss Chen and Miss Yang have to undertake every once in a while does not seem very agreeable during our busy life of college work. But we feel keenly our duty to assume this responsibility in behalf of our Fatherland. Mid-year is approaching, and we wish the best luck to every other member of the Alliance as well as to ourselves! Miss Lucy Yang. WISCONSIN A social meeting of the Club was held on December 31 to celebrate the New Year. As in other meetings, the attendance was overwhelmingly large. The programme consisted of an elaborate speech by Mr. K. Su, our Pres- ident; an extemporaneous speech by Mr. F. H. Huang, our Vice-President and "orator", Chinese music by Messrs. B. L. Cheu, C. J. Wang and P. H. Vong; vocal solo by Mr. C. W. Wang; and, as usual, refreshments. The programme began and ended with the singing of our national hymn. The meeting was most successful and every one of us had a grand time. Mr. C. J. Wang from China is our newest member. P. L. Li. WOOSTER In order to create a higher spirit of responsibility and service, a new election of officers took place during our last business meeting held on January 6. The new officers are:-Mrs. Daisy Sung, president; S. C. Lee, secretary; and Y. M. Lee, treasurer. The motions—that the Chinese national hymn should be sung at the beginning of every meeting and that the Club should subscribe two Chinese newspapers and a magazine-were carried. In order to prove that she was really the most sympathetic and best treas- urer the Club had ever had, Miss Grace Kau again treated all the members of the Club. K. L. Kwong. YALE The large majority of us spent the Winter vacation in different places. New York proved most popular. Y. C. Yen was invited to the home of his 226 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY class-mate at a town in Penn, where he created a tremendous noise especially among the fair sex-by his winning personality. K. Huang had a very sweet time in Washington. The few that stayed gladly avoided the intolerable dreariness of a deserted campus by going to Northford, where they enjoyed the hospitality of Mr. and Miss Shipman. All, without ex- ception, came back recuperated. T. Y. Lin. PERSONAL NOTES Mr. Y. C. Cheng of Purdue has recently been elected to the Phi Lambda Upsilon Society. Mr. H. C. Chen of Phillips Exeter Academy has been elected to the Cum Laude Society, a society for brilliant scholars. Mr. P. S. Chung, '17 of Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa, was a member of the Ames Negative Team in the debate against the Affirmative Team of Kansas State Agricultural College at Manhattan, Kansas, on the subject : "Resolved, That the United States Government should compel the railroads and their employees to settle their disputes in legally established courts of arbitration, constitutionally waived”. He claims the distinction of being the first Chinese student to represent that College on an intercollegiate debating team. Last year he made the intersociety debating team which won the Kennedy Cup and also won second place in the home peace oratorical contest. Mr. E. L. Sun has been awarded a preliminary honor by the Depart- ment of Agriculture in the University of Illinois. Messrs. H. C. Chen and K. C. Li of Exeter had their names on the first honor list at the end of the first semester, and Mr. T. Li had his on the second honor list. Mr. H. Huang of Dartmouth plays on the Varsity Soccer Team, and has lately taken several trips to other states with the team. He has also received from the team the insignia ADF. Mr. W. K. Chen of Dartmouth, while spending his vacation in New York City, took part in a very interesting drama presented by the Chinese Catholic Church during the Christmas celebration, and also spoke on the same occasion. Mr. L. C. Yen, a former engineer in the Szechwan-Hankow Railway, is now taking advanced engineering work in Purdue University. Mr. Ying Kau of Wooster is a member of the Wooster Preparatory Second Basket-ball Team, and has proved to be a reliable player. Mr. D. T. Pan, Ch. E. '16 of Michigan is now an assistant chemical engineer in the Gas Producer Plant of the Ford Motor Company. We have received a circular from Mr. D. Y. Lin of the Conservation Department of the Shanghai Y. M. C. A. giving a detailed account of recent trips to the North which he had made. From September 27 to November 8, he gave lectures on the Reforestation problem at thirty nine different meet- ings in Peking, North Tungchow and Tientsin, reaching a total audience of 13,387. There were merchants at these meetings, educators, officials, students, Members of Parliament, missionaries and even members of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 227 HOME NEWS THE PRESIDENT'S DAILY LIFE The Kung Min Jih Pao gives an interesting account of the President's daily life as follows: "The President rises at 7 o'clock every morning and begins his office work after toilet. Between seven and nine o'clock in the morning, the President is busily engaged in looking over telegrams, documents and important government papers. The next two hours he receives official callers. At noon he takes lunch, after which he enjoys a ride on horseback accompanied by his military attendants in the Palace drill ground. "He takes a nap before resuming work in the afternoon about two o'clock. He continues to discuss important government affairs with the Cabinet Ministers till six o'clock, when dinner is served. The evening is devoted to his personal pursuits. He reads newspapers, letters, telegrams of non-political nature and books on law and politics. He spends an hour or so in practicing his favorite artistic pursuit, the art of calligraphy, in which he is an expert. He retires at ten o'clock in the evening.” STATISTICS OF ALIENS IN CHINA In a recent issue of the Peking Gazette there was published some very interesting statistics concerning the number of aliens in China and their commercial enterprises. The statistics are tabulated below. Country Mercantile Establishments Residents Japan 3,189 101,589 Russia 1,258 56,230 Great Britain 599 8,641 United States 157 4,716 Germany 3,740 Portugal 3,300 France 102 1,649 Other Countries 2,539 244 151 5,737 182,404 DR. WU TING-FANG AND THE TIENTSIN PEOPLE When Dr. Wu Ting-fang reached Tientsin en route to Peking, on the evening of Nov. 28, he found a huge crowd of over three thousand people patiently and anxiously waiting for him at the station. They besieged the train and were determined not to allow the new Minister to proceed until he had declared his policy toward the Lou Hsi-Kai Affair. Repeated efforts to start the train proving fruitless, the veteran diplomat was, under the circumstances, forced to deliver a short rear-platform address. He assured the people of Tientsin that, while he would not be led astray by the fact that the foreign countries were locked in a deadly struggle in Europe, he would certainly not allow a single inch of Chinese territory to be taken by any foreign power if he could help it. He would fight for fair play, inter- Hsikas. Minic. They ousand on the the 228 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY national justice, and most important of all, the maintenance of the ter- ritorial sovereignty of China. He advised the people to remain calm and trust him to do all he could to uphold the dignity and territorial integrity of the Republic of China. His speech was received with immense delight and satisfaction by the eager crowd and his train was then allow to proceed amid tremendous applause and loud cheers of “Hao Tsung Chang”. THE WORSHIP OF HEAVEN President Li Yung-Hung abandoned the practice of the Worship of Heaven which was to take place on the 22nd of December. The Peking Gazette in commenting upon this says: “Probably, the Worship of Heaven, which was observed under monarchy, will be abolished forever. The offering of sacrifice to Heaven is undoubtedly an Imperial rite and differs from the worship of Confucius in that the latter form of ceremony was observed by the emperors of old to win the sympathy of the literary class, which formed the ruling class in China.” SPECIAL MISSION TO JAPAN CANCELLED Following the declaration of a more friendly policy toward China by the Terauchi Ministry the Chinese Government decided to dispatch a special inission to Japan to confer on the Emperor of Japan the Grand Order of Merit, the highest order of the Republic of China. Mr. Tsao Ju-lin was selected to be the special envoy and he was scheduled to leave about the 10th of December. However, on account of the strong opposition of Parliament against the selection of Mr. Tsao Ju-lin to head this mission, Mr. Hsiung Hsi-ling was appointed to take his place. It appeared the Mr. Hsiung was not acceptable to the Japanese Government, and so the proposed special mission was indefinitely postponed. CHINA'S NAVAL IMPROVEMENTS The Ministry of Marine has submitted a scheme of naval improvement to the Cabinet. It includes three measures : 1. To clear up the silting near the Taku entrance for a distance of about six miles with a width of about 200 feet. Estimated cost about $600.000 to be met out of the salt revenue of the Changlu district. 2. To construct a naval station at Hulutao. Mercantile marine to be forbidden to frequent that island so as to facilitate the work. 3. To extend naval education by the establishment of a Naval Univer- sity at Tientsin, high naval colleges at Nanking and Foochow, and middle naval schools at Hsingshan and Yentai (near Ningpo and Cheefoo respec- tively). From the Far Eastern Review. PROFESSOR MCELOY Professor McEloy, Head of the Department of History and Politics in Princeton University and first exchange professor to China, left Peking for the United States just a few weeks ago. During his stay in Peking he delivered thirty-one lectures and addresses, twelve of which will be pub- THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 229 lished during the year by Tsing Hua College. On his way back to America he will lecture thirty to forty times in educational centers of the South, including Hankow, Changsha, Shanghai, Nanking and Canton, addressing not only University audiences, but also Boards of Education, Chambers of Commerce and university and school clubs. From Canton he will proceed to the Philippine Islands, thence to India and then return to America by way of the Suez Canal. Boards of Edanton he wimerica by SHENSI BANKERS COMBINE A new bank under the name of Chung Hwa Yinghong has been or- ganized in Peking. The capitalists of the bank are chiefly native bankers from Shensi and its object is to introduce modern banking methods into the famous Shensi banks or remitting houses in Peking and the Provinces. The capital of this new bank is said to be $10,000,000 most of which was subscribed by Shensi remitting houses in the Capital. ons THE PROVINCIAL SYSTEM.—The subject of the inclusion of a chapter on the Provisional System in the permanent Constitution has been a question much discussed but which appears to be still unsettled. It has seriously hampered the progress of Constitution making. Opinions vary both as to the necessity of making constitutional provisions for the Provin- cial System and as to the nature and terms of such provisions. ELECTION OF NEW SENATORS.-One-third of the total number of Senators were to be re-elected. The 15th day of the 12th month of the 5th year of Min Kuo was fixed by a Presidential Mandate as the time for the Provincial Assemblies to elect the new Senators. The date for election in the other territorial districts was fixed at the 18th of the 1st month of the 6th year of Min Kuo. MR. HU HAN MING ELECTED SENATOR. – According to a Chinese Daily published in San Francisco Mr. Hu Han Ming has been elected a Senator from Kwangtung. CORTÉGE OF THE LATE GEN TSAI AU.-The remains of the late General Tsai Au was conveyed back to China on the "Hsin Ming” of the China Merchant Steamship Company, under the escort of the cruiser “Hai Yung”. The “Hai Yung" and "Hsing Ming" left Shanghai on the 28th of November, reached Yokohama on the 1st of December, and returned to Shanghai on the 5th. HEROES' MEMORIAL SERVICE.-An elaborate Memorial Service in honor of the late Generals Tsai Au and Huang Hsing was held in the Central Park, Peking, on Dec. 1, 1916. THE STRIKE IN TIENTSIN.-The strike in Tientsin against the French in connection with the Lou Hsi-Kai Affair seems to be developing seriously. It is said that working men and laborers have quit the French employers, merchants in the French concession have either closed down their shops or are planning to move away, and that the Chinese employed by French as police men have given up their positions. COUNCIL OF ELDERS.—The proposal for the establishment of the Kuo Lao Yuan or the Council of Elders as a means to "place" veteran 230 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY statesmen, has been rejected by Parliament as against democratic principles and as something which may lead to the introduction of a caste system in China. MR. FAN YUAN LIEN.—Mr. Fan Yuan Lien, Minister of Education, has been appointed concurrently Minister of the Interior. BRITISH DEMANDS CONCESSIONS IN TIBET The Japan Advertiser, in its issue of Dec. 6, 1916, published the fol- lowing: "An unconfirmed report says that as a result of the issue which has existed between England and China for several years over British interest in Tibet, Great Britain has presented the following demand to China : 1. The right of concession for a railway leading from India to Tibet. 2. China shall borrow money from England for the expenses of polit- ical reforms in Tibet. 3. China shall recognize the validity of the Anglo-Tibetan treaty. 4. British shall be permitted to aid in the industrial development of Tibet. 5. The Chinese Government shall be responsible for the redemption of Great Britain's loans to Tibet. 6. Chinese troops shall not be permitted to enter Tibet without ad- equate reasons. 7. The appointment of government officials in Tibet shall be made after consultation with Great Britain. 8. A postal and telegraphic system shall be introduced. 9. No right in Tibet shall be conceded to any third country. 10. Mines in Tibet shall be worked in the form of joint enterprises . between British and natives.” LOAN GROUP PREPARES FOUR DEMANDS ON CHINA According to a Shanghai dispatch to the Japan Advertiser, dated Dec. 11, 1916, the loan syndicate has presented certain demands upon China fol- lowing the $5,000,000 loan which was recently concluded between China and the Continental Commercial Bank of Chicago. They are as follows: 1. The recently included loan of $5,000,000 shall be a short term one. 2. The Chinese Government will be demanded not to conclude any more loans with the American capitalists. 3. The Chinese Government shall not be allowed to negotiate with American capitalists the loan of $25,000,000, as mentioned in the contract of the small loan, unless the loan is purely for industrial purposes. Ad- equate assurances shall be demanded from China in this point. 4. Negotiations shall be started with the Chinese Government as soon as possible on the political loan which China proposed to the syndicate. It shall be concluded in two months. The terms of this loan as proposed by China are 5 per cent. interest, the net receipt 85, and security, the salt gabelle. (As a matter of comparison it is interesting to note that according to the terms of the recent Five Million Dollar American Loan, the interest was 6%, the net receipt, at least 91, and the notes were actually offered to *he public at 9772.) THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 231 NEW BOOKS ON CHINA AN IRISH WOMAN IN CHINA. By Mrs. de Burgh Daly. F. A. Stokes Co. New York. 1916. $3.50. CHINA-An Interpretation. By J. H. Bashford. The Abingdon Press. New York. 1916. $2.50. CHINESE LYRICS. By Pai Ta-Shun. Charles Scribner's Sons. New York. 1916. $5.00. CONTEMPORARY POLITICS IN THE FAR East. By Stanley K. Hornbeck. D. Appleton & Co. New York. 1916. $3.00. Forty-FIVE YEARS IN CHINA. By Timothy Richard. F. A. Stokes Co. New York. 1916. $3.50. Our EastERN QUESTION. By Thomas F. Millard. The Century Co. New York. 1916. $3.00. SEVEN Maids of Far CATHAY. Compiled by Bing Ding. Paul Elder & Co. San Francisco. 1916. $1.25. THE BREATH OF THE DRAGON. By A. H. Fitch. G. P. Putnam's Sons. New York. 1916. $1.50. THE GATEWAY to China. By Mary N. Gamewell. Fleming H. Revell Co. New York. 1916. $1.50. THE LEGEND OF LAI-Chow. By Annie B. Gay Gaston. Fleming H. Revell Co. New York. 1916. $0.60. THE PHILOSOPHY OF WANG YANG MING. (Translated from the Chinese). By Frederick Goodrich Henke. Open Court Publishing Co. Chicago. 1916. $2.50. C. P. Chow. The Cen FAR CATHA San Francis. Fitch. WAR AND PEACE, A PARADOX. There are many popular notions about war today which seem to indicate that war is neither necessary nor beneficial to mankind. It is regarded as distinctly a retrogression in the development of man, a step backwards into the days of our primitive ancestors. The most direct proof that is offered for this contention is the suffering and misery that follow such conflicts of man. We have the example of the present war before us. Famine, fire and sword go hand-in-hand across the pasture lands of Poland, Galicia and Rumania, and the man- ufacturing districts of North-Western France. There is no possible benefit to man in this great struggle. Millions of men are thrown upon millions of others with a ferocity unknown in history. Rivers of blood flow where once flowed the Yser, Ypres, the Marne and the Ourque. And while we see the maimed and the blind and the paralysed streaming home from the front forever incapacitated, our imagination is working to supply vivid pictures of what actually happen along the trenches. Without further thought or questioning therefore, we draw the conclusion that war is all the undesirable epithets that are given it. But are we absolutely sure that war does not profit mankind? Is suffering its only result? Is not the very fact that we are shocked by the misery attendant upon war, productive of many factors towards 232 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY the betterment of both the individual and the nation as well as the world as a whole? For are we not given better ideals and hopes for the future? Are we not more impressed with the need of greater unity among men? The people are aroused from the lethargy born of their contentment with what was. They begin to dream of the day when suffering shall exist no more. In fact, their thoughts are elevated in proportion to the unhappiness they have witnessed or partaken in. By revealing the weaknesses of society, war brings man to seek for improvement. In this way the unity of a nation is achieved. The German Empire was not formed till the Southern States saw the ad- vantage of a united front against external enemies. The Oriental nations were not awakened to a sense of improvement till they saw their armies decimated before the onslaught of modern artillery. They did not realize the blessings of science and industry till the European system crushed them under its feet. But once they felt the strength of the modern world they were electrified to action. The whole East today is preparing. Again, we find in the present war the awakening of public opinion against militarism. This sentiment has indeed been latent in the people, but the war has crystallized it, strengthened it and given it a permanent character that will certainly mean towards the peace of the world. Before the war, men had forgotten the evils thereof. The old men have become heroes, the veterans are honored with pompous shows of respect. Young men who had never been through the fire were imbued with an easily excitable and militant spirit. Children are fired with a great enthusiasm, and boys (we may include even grown-up people) emulate each other in promising to their sweethearts the great deeds of valor they would perform in their future years. The war with all its horrors and atrocities has pictured the reality to the hero-worshipping world. Public opinion is united today to have the evil eradicated. The war in which such wonders were to be performed, has put an effective damper on men's spirits for any future conflicts. The unity of a nation being accomplished, reforms are sure to be inaugurated. The common people are the ones to suffer most on account of war, and they will be the most effective means for reform. The evils of government, the injustice of the industrial system and the follies of society have been the burden of the lower classes. Their unity will bring home the cry for reforms to those in power. The Napoleonic wars were instrumental in bringing reforms to France more than the revolutionaries of 1789 ever accomplished. The Codes of Napoleon were the foundation of the modern codes of law in France. The modern French military system is modelled after his. The begin- ning of French prosperity dated from the Consulate of 1799. France was a united nation for the first time in Napoleon's day. It was the result of the wars with Austria and with Europe. In fact, with what- ever nation we may choose for example, we find that personal liberty was the result of war through the strengthening of public opinion. The abolition of serfdom, the abolition of feudal rights, and the grant THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 233 of political freedom, freedom of the press and freedom of speech were all the sequel to some bitter war, where men and lost their lives and much blood was shed. It was the unity of the enlightened people which led any whole nation into the dawn of a new day. Progress exists where stagnation was. Instead of oppression, the people finds liberty. Their first enlightened cry after the war, had increased in such volume that the whole nation from the lowest to the highest joined the effort to raise the standard of liberty and progress. Reforms political and industrial followed. No more would the privileged few enjoy the franchise alone. No more the poor knock at their gates in vain. War had taught them to hope and want better things. It might have been the suffering of a friendly nation, it might have been their own, yet the misery of mankind had aroused in them that cry which had finally carried the country through much-needed reforms. War may be a backward step, it may be a primitive way of settl- ing disputes. But we forget the blessings it bestows on us. The pacificist declares that man is no more a brute, and hence should not war. The militarist would blame human nature, would point out the impossibility of stopping future war comparing it to the futility of trying to banish all future fights among men. Yet how often have we to remind both of them that progress is born of conflict, that a nation's improvement is born of suffering? How often have we to tell them, however possible or impossible permanent peace may be, that modern civilization is the result of wars, being produced in the aftermaths of peace? And yet man goes on, cursing war and mili- tarism, while at the same time making military preparations to ensure peace. He is indeed a paradox. He will not realize the blessings of war, for he hates war, and yet finds security in warlike preparations. The day will never come when we can really say in all sincerity, 'Peace on earth, goodwill towards men.' Nations are arming and strengthen- ing themselves by all the means at their disposal. Science the pure and innocent handmaiden of Nature is called upon to aid in these prep- arations, and she is forced to invent more and more deadly instru- ments of slaughter. Peace appears a myth for war is the reality. But with war goes progress hand-in-hand. Will it not be through war itself that peace will finally rule the world? Realization always comes after the act of folly, and understanding after the act born of ignorance. M. 234 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY OFFICERS OF THE ALLIANCE.—1916-1917. PRESIDENT:— T. V. Soong, Furnald Hall, Columbia Unir'., N. Y. VICE-PRESIDENT: K. P. Young, 231 W. Gilman St., Madison, Wis.. SECRETARY: S. I. Sz-to, 156 Cascadilla Park, Ithaca, N. Y. TREASURER: T. C. Hao, 104 S. Romine St., Urbana, Ili. MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL: Y. T. Chang; B. L. Cheu; C. C. Chu; C. Y. Hsu; T. K. Kao; S. S. Kwan; W. C. Kwong; S. K. Lau; Miss Mabel Lee: S. T. Leo; F. C. Liu; K. Y. Mok; Stephen Mark; W. S. New; P. H. Penn; S. D. Ren; Miss Lynne La Shew; Y. P. Sun; T. V. Soong; K. P. Wang; L. H. T. Wei; S. P. Wo. Ex-OFFICIO MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL: F. Chang (Eastern Section); P. K. B. Young (Mid-West Section); - (Western Section). OFFICERS OF THE EASTERN SECTION.—1916-1917. CHAIRMAN: F. Chang, 40 Divinity Hall, Cambridge, Mass. VICE-CHAIRMAN: C. K. Cheung, 201 Bryant Ave., Ithaca, N. Y. CHINESE SECRETARY : Miss S. H. Chen, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. ENGLISH SECRETARY: C. P. Chow, 42 Irving St., Cambridge, Mass. TREASURER: T. C. Yu, 3735 Locust St., Philadelphia, Pa. MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF REPRESENTATIVES: Y. R. Chao; T. H. Cheng; Y. L. Chin; Y. H. Ho (Auditor); I. T. Hu (Secretary); C. T. Kwei; T. T. Lew (Chairman); T. I. Linn; A. S. Liu; H. N. Ting; C. H. Wang. OFFICERS OF THE WESTERN SECTION.—1916-1917. CHAIRMAN: P. K. B. Young, 1546 E. 84th St., Cleveland, O. VICE-CHAIRMAN: L. S. Chen, 104 S. Romine St., Urbana, Ill. CHINESE SECRETARY: P. H. Louis, 124 W. Lorain St., Oberlin, O. ENGLISH SECRETARY: T. F. Tsiang, Men's Building, Oberlin, O. TREASURER: H. C. Yu, 1208 W. Johnson St., Madison, Wis. MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF REPRESENTATIVES: Y. S. Chen; H. K. Cheng; N. W. Cheng; W. H. Chun; M. Ho; Molin Ho; T. Y. Jen; F. T. Law; S. T. Leo; S. K. Li (Auditor); T. K. Lin; T. C. Liu; W. C. Liu ; C. C. Lowe; Y. D. Mark; J. Y. Moo; Miss K. Su; Miss Anna Tang (Secretary); W. D. Tom; T. Tong; S. W. Tsai; K. P. Young (Chairman). OFFICERS OF THE WESTERN SECTION.—1916-1917. CHAIRMAN: VICE-CHAIRMAN: K. C. Chung, Reed College, Portland, Ore. SECRETARY: Miss Nettie Soo-Hoo, 2114 Channing Way, Berkeley, Cal. TREASURER: S. K. Wong 415 Lytton Ave., Palo Alto, Cal. MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF REPRESENTATIVES : Solon Au; K. H. Chiu; Herbert Jewel; S. K. Lau; Ling Lew; Miss Yarlock Lowe; George G. Shew. COMPLIMENTS OF A FRIEND VOL. XII V 5 AN No. MARCH, 1917 . 5 7 NoFY OF MILLE lie CHINESE STUDENTS MONTHLY BRE CHINA AND THE WAR. AMERICAN TRADE IN CHINA. CHINA'S NEED OF BETTER PATENT LAWS. JAPANESE DIPLOMACY. PUBLISHED BY The Chinese Students' Alliance in the United States of America 15c A COPY $1 A YEAR Entered at New York Postoffice as second-class mail matter GASTON, WILLIAMS & WIGMORE, Inc. 140 Broadway, New York EXPORTERS, IMPORTERS, SHIPPERS AND FINANCIERS announce the establishment of their FAR EASTERN DIVISION with offices in all the principal cities in CHINA, JAPAN, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND THE DUTCH EAST INDIES other offices in PARIS, PETROGRAD, LONDON, HAVANA, MADRID, LISBON, ROME AND CAPETOWN representing the best manufacturers in railway supplies, power stations, prime movers, electrical supplies, textile machinery, printing presses, cigarette and match making machinery, agricultural implements, domestic appliances, motor boats, automobiles, heavy com- modities, etc. The Chinese Students' Monthly VOLUME XII. MARCH, 1917. NUMBER 5. wit | Contents for thia Number Contents for Number PAGE EDITORIALS ------ ........ 235 China and the War, Cheng-chiatun, Government Service and Returned Students (C. H. W.) Lou-Hsi-Kou, Monthly Essay Competition. CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES ------ -----.· 243 Causes of the Decline of American Trade in China. (T. L. Li) The Tendency of Japanese Diplomacy During the Last Decade. (G. Z. Wood) The Technical Training of An Engineer. (K. Y. Mok) China's Need of Better Patent Laws. (H. Chi) CLUB NEWS PERSONAL NOTES HOME NEWS ..... Entered as second-class matter October 5, 1916, at the post office of New York, N. Y., under the Act of March 3, 1879. The Chinese Students' Monthly Published monthly from November to June, inclusive, by The Chinese Students' Alliance in the United States of America at 510 West 124th St., New York, N. Y. Subscription Rates: $1.00 a year. Postage to foreign countries, 25c. extra. In China, $2,50 Mex. a year, 30 cents Mex. a copy, post paid. Payable in advance to The Chinese Students' Monthly. THE STAFF EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT Kai F. Mok, Columbia, Editor-in-Chief. 510 W. 124th St., New York City Editors Home News: Y. C. YANG, George Washington Club and Personal News: S. E. S. Yui, Princeton Literary: C. T. Kwel, Yale C. L. Liu, Cornell L. T. CHEN, Yale K. T. May, Harvard W. H. Chun, Chicago F. W. MING, Cornell H. L. CHUNG, Missori H. A. Pan, Pennsylvania K. C. CHUNG, Reed Molin Ho, Cleveland G. K. Shew, California MARY HUNG-Woo, Denver S. P. TENG, Princeton Ruth KOE-Sun, Berea Y. C. YANG, Cornell H. M. Lin, Columbia D. K. F. YAP, Swarthmore T. Y. C. LEE, Columbia T. L. Li, 10:a. BUSINESS DEPARTMENT Kung Kuan WANG, N. Y. U., Chief-Manager 510 W. 124th St., New York City Departmental Managers Mun L. ELI. N. Y. U., Advertisement Manager HsI-Fan Boggs, Columbia, Circulation Manager Associate Managers H. Chi, Columbia L. G. Moy, M. I. T. H. C. CHU, Pennsylvania A. T. Y. Shih, R. P. I. W. H. CHUN, A. I. T. A. Soong, Harvard L. N. LAU, Cornell Towe Tong, Illinois C. C. Lowe, Illinois K. W. Tsai, Penn. A. S. Liu, Cornell A. T. L. YAP, Lehigh T. C. YEH, M. I. T. Assistant Managers C. L. Bau, Minnesota W. P. LIANG, Wisconsin S. C. Hsu, Princeton C. S. SEE, Columbia K. HUANG, Yale GEORGE WAN, J. H. H. Wong, Reed College W. T. YOUNG, Michigan Representatives in China P. K. Chu, World's Chinese Students' Federation, Shanghai Y. C. Mei, Ísing Hua College, Peking; Y. S. Djang, Tientsin H. K. KWONG, Kiang-Nan Dock, Shanghai Representative in Australia W. K. CHAN, 96 Elizabeth Street. Hobart, Tasmania THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 237 republic thus arousing a reasonable suspicion as to Japan's in- tentions; the Terauchi Ministry, he continued, proposed to fol- low a different course in order to create a better feeling between the two countries. He added, however, that unless treaties safe- guarding the special interests of Japan in South Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia were observed, it was absolutely im- possible to expect friendship between Japan and China. We are indeed surprised to note this change of expression, but we are even more surprised when we recall the fact that one of the causes of the fall of the Okuma Ministry was its so- called weakness in dealing with China. When the Terauchi Ministry was organized, it was expected to adopt a strong foreign policy. The premier was a military man, having had experience in dealing with Korea, and his intentions concerning China were not in the least overestimated. When Hayashi, the author of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902, was sent to Peking, the belief was moreover strengthened that Japan intended to settle once for all whatever outstanding differences she had with China. It is therefore with much surprise again that we note the terms in the settlement of the Cheng-Chiatun affair. Japan did not press her demands for police rights in South Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia, neither did she follow up her sug- gestion that China should employ Japanese military instructors. There is a significance in the fact that we cannot fail to see. The object in every diplomatic move of Japan in the past has been to secure certain rights for herself to the exclusion of all other nations,—the notorious Twenty-One Demands gave ample proof of this. For Japan to be contented with mere monetary compensation for the man who was injured, while a distinct concession on the part of China considering the fact that Japan had no right to station troops at Cheng-Chiatun, indicates that her purpose, whatever it may be, has nevertheless been served. It is hard, however, for us to believe that Japan at last has defin- itely outlined a policy designed to bring about amity and friend- ly understanding between the two countries. We have been trained by Japan herself to view her every action with suspicion, and the very significance of her present eagerness to close the Cheng-Chiatun affair does not in any degree remove our doubts as to her intentions. It is conceded that the world war has THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY · 239 in these columns. The crying need of our country today is men and to this end our government is annually spending thousands of dollars to send promising youths abroad for a thorough pre- paration in professional careers. Taking the students in this country alone, our government is supporting some five hundred students, and there are no less than one thousand of our students who either by support of their central and local governments or private means are enrolled in American colleges or universities. Giving five years as an average to these thousand youths, we have every year two hundred returning home, yet we have not seen any systematic method in existence whereby these return- ed men are put into their proper places. Sporadic efforts have, indeed, been made to handle them, but anything like a system has been sadly lacking. In these days organization and system are the foundation of success in any field and whatever enter- prises, while haphazardness and the laissez-faire policy seldom fail to spell failure. For our government to educate a large number of men abroad at high costs and then let them shift for themselves on their return is utterly unbusiness-like and waste- ful. Now that our government seems to be fairly stable, we can- not but urge once more on our authorities to take up this vital question again and apply a solution. It is beyond our capacity to meet the probelm here. We would, however, strongly urge that a special commission composed of eminent men be speedily appointed by President Li to study the question. By carefully examining the existing situation at home and comparing the methods that have been used by other countries which have similar problems, including those countries that have colonial possessions to administer through the colonial civil service methods, it will not be difficult to draw up some consistent and systematic policy in handling the returned students. In the meanwhile it seems to us highly feasible for the government to establish a bureau of returned students with sub-divisions in provincial centres. This bureau should be administered by a very capable staff, and be empowered to require from various depart- ments of the Central Government and of the provincial govern- ments to look from that quarter for competent men. The bureau serves as a clearing house for the various administrative bodies and as an employment agency for the returned students. We 240 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY understand that some such an agency has recently been estab- lished in a private capacity in Peking, but in order to make the agency more effective and extensive in its scope it is very de- sirable it should be under the control of the Central Govern- ment. The bureau receives notices from time to time from various bodies for certain type of men; and at the same time, it entertains applications from students abroad, stating that their training and specialization lie and what evidences of their pro- ficiency they have, and when they will reach home, so that the bureau at any time has a list of available men and posts, for which it undertakes to recommend certain qualified candidates. Recommendation will be on the principle of merits and the bureau is free to use its own discretion in deciding the merits, which should be on a basis of fairness as a matter of course. To promote its usefulness the bureau may also receive requests for men from private bodies, mercantile firms or educational in- stitutions. The high calibre of men that the bureau recommends should attract attention to that quarter. In these days it is common for business men to go around different colleges and universities in search for promising youths to be trained for foreign service. Is it not surprising that our government should remain inactive and do little or nothing to utilise fully the services of the host of returned students? The establishment of special preparatory institution at Peking for students to be sent to the United States and the presence of an Educational Mission in this country are a great help to the selection of right kind of men to be sent here, but the problem has been met only half way; until more adequate connections are made between government service and the returned students the full measure of fruits obtained by sending youths abroad can not be realised. We, therefore, beg most earnestly once more to call the attention of our authorities to tackle this problem. C. H. W. LOU-HSI-KOU. On October 18, 1916, M. LeComte, French Charge d'Affaires at Peking, served an ultimatum to the Chinese Foreign Office demanding the extension of her settlement at Tientsin amount- ing to some 300 acres. Two days thereafter French troops THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 241 made a forcible possession of the territory. A great outcry was made against this aggression. A general boycott was initiated in Tientsin, and from the merchants in the French settlement to the domestics in the French homes, all went on strike. When in November, Dr. Wu Ting-fang passed through Tientsin on his way to Peking to take up the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, his train was besieged by a big crowd of Tientsin people who de- manded assurances from him that such high-handed actions of France and perhaps of other countries will be stopped. And up till two or three weeks ago, when a settlement was made, Franco-Chinese relations were very strained. Credit must there- fore be given to Dr. Wu that the affair is now amicably settled. France was made to realize the seriousness of the situation and she quietly withdrew her demands. This incident, though in reality not very serious as far as the extent of territory is concerned, has so roused public opinion in China that France deemed it wise to restrain herself. There was no occasion for an ultimatum, and the act of aggression, whatever the size of the territory, may be the signal for further aggressions by other Powers. It was this that crystallized public opinion, and we are sure that the affair of Lou-Hsi-Kou, however unfortunate in its conception, will be a warning to the world that China is not as inert and insensible as she was wont to be. There is an undercurrent of opinion and feeling in China today that moves with vigor and reveals itself at every crisis. To encroach upon the country in face of this, though a physical possibility, is a moral impossibility. And with the lessons of Poland, Alsace-Lorraine, Roumanian Transylvania, Ireland and other such provinces before us it is hard to believe that any power would now desire to dominate foreign lands for long. Let us hope that the era of aggression has passed away, and the day is come when weaker nations have nothing to fear from their stronger neighbours. MONTHLY ESSAY COMPETITION. The February competition resulted in the awarding of first prize to Mr. G. Z. Wood of Yale for his article on “Tendency of Japanese Diplomacy During the Last Decade.” The second 242 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY prize went to Mr. T. L. Li of Iowa School of Commerce for his article on “Causes of the Decline of American Trade in China." The subjects for the April competition for which manu- scripts must reach the editor on or before April 1st, are: The Educational Movement in China. The Practicability of Estab- lishing a League to Enforce Peace. What can the Chinese Government do to promote trade? The subjects for the May competition are: Is Modern Education the Chief Factor in reforming China ? How can the Mining Industry be promoted in China ? What should the Re- turned Students do when they go back? There will be no competition for June. PRACTICAL TRAINING FOR STUDENTS As chairman of the Alliance Committee on Professional Train- ing I have been asked by the Editor of the Monthly to write a few lines to explain briefly what this Committee undertakes to do. This Committee was organized, as has already been stated in the report of the President of the Alliance, to assist the students who may desire to acquire some practical experience in their chosen professions to secure appropriate positions. Since its organiza- tion the Committee has approached several influential business men in the City of New York and it is gratifying to know that all of them have expressed their readiness to cooperate with the Committee in securing proper openings for our students. The im- portance of acquiring practical experience has not only been felt by our students but also appreciated by many of our American friends who are interested in China and the work of the students. Last year one of our American friends in this city undertook on his own initiative to assist our students in making such arrange- ments. Several students availed themselves of the opportunity, and secured positions in a number of engineering works and busi- ness houses. This friend and several others have again assured us of their interest in the plan and their cooperation. In order that arrangements may be made earlier it is neces- sary for those who are interested to send in their application at once. It is hoped that many students will avail themselves of service of the Committee and especially the assistance of our American friends. H. L. Huang. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 243 CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES CAUSES OF THE DECLINE OF AMERICAN TRADE IN CHINA By T. L. Li. School of Commerce, State University of Iowa Decline of American Trade in China. American trade in China began relatively to decline since the Russo-Japanese War. Taking round figures, we find that during the decade from 1915 to 1916 American exports to China increased but a little over 7 per cent, or less than 1 per cent a year; while during the same period China's imports increased over 100 per cent, or at a rate of 10 per cent a year. Comparing with the foreign trade of Germany and Japan in China, that of the United States relatively decreased during the period some 25 per cent, while that of Germany increased 10 per cent, of Japan, 80 per cent. In 1904 the United States shared in China's foreign trade to the extent of 14.9 per cent, but in 1914, ten years later, its percentage fell to 8.9. In the middle of the last century she was second in the total imports and exports trade of China only to Great Britain, with whom she partook nearly 90 per cent of the total of China's foreign trade. In 1905 when American trade in China reached its high water mark, amount- ing to $80,000,000, the United States was third in imports to China and fourth in exports from China. In 1912 she ranked fifth in both China's imports and exports. At present her share in the total of China's foreign trade is about 8 per cent, being badly outranked by Japan, Germany, and Great Britain. Mr. Julean H. Arnold, American Commercial Attachè in Peking, China, asserted that "at the beginning of the twentieth century, American trade in China had reached its lowest ebb in its po- sition of relative importance as contrasted with that of other nations ;" while Mr. Frederick McCormick announced early in 1911, “American Defeat in the Pacific.” The Rise of Formidable Competition Now, it is inquired, what caused the decline of American trade in China ? The usual answer is the hackneyed word, com- 244 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY petition. But competition is an inevitable feature in the foreign trade of China. The participants in this trade have competed not only with the United States alone, but also with one another. It is true that Great Britain and Germany, having gained a foot- hold in China in the past, have been in a position where they not only could not be easily dislodged, but also could readily take advantage of trade opportunities. It is also true that Japan, owing to her geographical nearness to China and her linguistic relationship, has been more advantageously situated than any other country in respect of trading with China. But had not the United States the advantages of her acquisition of the Philip- pine Islands and the peculiar good will of the Chinese people? Why should she fail in competition while others succeed? To answer this question, the following—the real cause of the de- cline of American trade in China—is presented. Lack of Effective Organization. The trade of China with foreign countries has, ever since its inception, been done through foreign firms, either with their own houses in China, or through foreign agents resident in the country. The Chinese merchant has as yet not learned how to go abroad for business, or how to form direct trade communica- tions with busines men and manufacturers in foreign lands. Foreign merchants who wish to get trade in China must either sell their goods in China through their own commercial organ- izations or entrust the sale to foreign commission agencies re- sident in China. European as well as Japanese merchants have chosen the former method in conducting their trade with China ; while American merchants, with a few notable exceptions, have depended upon the latter. But foreign firms holding agencies do not press the business of their agencies as they do their own. “During my experience at Amoy, Foochow, Tamsui, and Chefoo" said Mr. Julian H. Arnold, “I never heard of a firm in China that held an American agency sending its representatives in quest of business for that agency.” It is certainly expecting too much that the service rendered by foreign agents will be as wholehearted and efficient as that rendered by representatives of American firms themselves. Many of these commission agents who handle American goods in China are also agents for com- peting articles of foreign make. It is almost unnatural that the goods of American intrusters will be pushed at the expense of CHINESE STUDENTS' CLUB OF VALPARAISO. Left to Right: Standing; L. Y. Wu; T. C. Wang (Pres.); TY. KIANG. H. CHEN. Sitting; L. Y. Seto; C. L. Wong (Sec. and Tr.); T. Y. Yao. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 245 the others which may be the goods of the agents' own firms. On the contrary, "foreign firms in China have been known to accept American agencies with the sole purpose of keeping them out of the market.” The only exceptional case in which Amer- ican articles have been efficiently marketed in China by foreign agents is where these articles do not, generally speaking, come into competition with anything manufactured by the country of the firm which holds the agency; for it stands to reason that, other things being equal, an agent will push the sale of the goods of his own country in preference to goods of any other nation- ality. But American goods which do not come into competition with some other foreign goods in China are comparatively few. · Irrational Methods of Marketing Goods The fundamental principle underlying marketing is that the producer, in order to get his goods to the consumer, must cater to the whims of taste and preference as well as to the needs of the market. In other words, the business itself should always keep in touch with the public. As national sentiment does not stand long before fashion, and the buying habits and buying capacity of people are constantly changing, the education of customers as to how to discriminate between the different manu- facturing units is necessary for success in marketing. As “each step in the process of marketing goods, from the manufacturer's factory to the consumer's use, is a matter almost entirely of human-nature study, of psychological effect, and of the laws of crowds,” trained selling agents are a factor indispensable to the efficient performance of the whole of this process. Now let us apply these principles to the American market- ing methods in China. First of all, American exporters have no policy of manufacturing expressly for the Chinese market. They usually proceed upon the basis of giving the Chinese what they (the Americans) think they (the Chinese) ought to want. For example, "The Chinese dealer wants a light green colored wire screen,—while the American manufacturer says that he can take dark green or nothing, and the Chinese takes nothing as far as the American is concerned.” This indicates a serious lack of consideration of the demands in the Chinese market and of the tastes and habits of the Chinese people on the part of many American manufacturers. Whereas, the British, German, and Japanese merchants always try to give the Chinese buyer what 246 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY he wants, if they fail to induce him to want something which they are accustomed to make. Therefore, for what he wants, the Chinese dealer goes to the British, German, or Japanese merchant, rather than to the American. Secondly, American merchants do not effectually educate Chinese buyers. The Chinese people do not want anything un- less convinced of its desirability; they had literature to be taught to use foreign goods. “The foreign trade in China is the cre- ation of foreigners who have come to this country to get it.” Thirdly, American manufacturers are not represented by well trained American agents in the field. As a matter of fact, there are not many American agents in China, for about 80 per cent of American trade in China is handled by foreign commis- sion agents. Unsatisfactory and inefficient as is the service of these agents, the other 20 per cent of American trade in China is little better served. With the exception of representatives of the Standard Oil Company and the British-American Tobacco Company, the comparatively few American agents do not pres- ent a high average of fitness. As a rule they know little of the language and customs of the Chinese people. To get any trade in China at all, they have to rely upon the native interpreters and compradors. Then, American agents seldom travel exten- sively into the Chinese interior for purposes of studying local conditions and looking for business. They mostly sit in their offices at the large open ports and wait for trade to filter down, so to speak, to their desks through their compradors. This is a kind of trusting to luck, which is often against them. Lack of Adequate Shipping Facilities In 1861, at the time of the outbreak of the Civil War, Amer- ican ships held first place in China waters. In 1864, American tonnage engaged in China trade was all but equal to that of Great Britain. Since then, owing to the prize warfare between the Confederation and the Union which had a crushing effect upon American merchant marine and the transition from wooden to iron clad vessels which deprived America of its share with England in the leadership of ship-building industry, there has been a steady decline. In the early years of the present century, powerful Japanese subsidized steamship companies came into competition with those of other countries in the carrying trade THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 247 of the Pacific, and American tonnage dwindled into just about 1 per cent of the shipping engaged in the foreign trade in China. To-day conditions even threaten the entire disappearance of the American flag from the Pacific. American consuls in China often reported that American trade with that country had been seriously hampered by the lack of adequate shipping facilities. On the one hand, American im- porters at Shanghai could hardly secure sufficient freight; and on the other, when they succeeded in doing so, the freight rates were so high that they nearly amounted to prohibition. The danger of sending goods to customers in the "delivery wagons" of competitors can be easily comprehended by referring, as an illustration, briefly to the operation of the British “Enemy Trad- ing Act and Regulations” in the Pacific. They are so interpreted by the British consular authorities in China as “to make it im- possible for American firms to secure space in British ships for cargo from which German or Austrian firms or individuals may in any way directly or indirectly receive any profit.” British shipping companies are forbidden to carry any enemy tainted cargo even though offered by neutral firms. But prior to the war, upwards of 70 per cent of the export from China to the United States (exclusive of tea and silk) was done through Ger- man firms, which alone possessed the facilities for the prepara- tion and handling of most of the cargo. British lighter com- panies are under the same restriction, and hence Japanese ships which depend to a large measure upon British lighters for load- ing cargo are, in regard to neutral trade, in the same position as the British concerns. The Japanese government, on the other hand, is reported to have ordered Japanese ships to give pref- erence to Japanese ports for tonnage. Furthermore, trans-Pa- cific rates have already advanced about 300 per cent since the outbreak of the war. All these indicate that without ships Amer- ican trade in China is at the mercy of competing foreign mer- chants. Lack of Banking Facilities. To carry on successfully trade with an undeveloped country, capital plays a most important part. In the first place, it is needed to develop the resources and industries of the country in order to raise the purchasing power of the people; in the second place, it is needed for the extension of credit in order SO rces 248 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY to accommodate the customer's limited in means. That China is undeveloped is easily seen from the fact that she, with an esti- mated population of 400,000,000 people and a territory of about 4,000,000 square miles, has only 6,000 miles of railways, as com- pared with the 100,000,000 people, 3,000,000 square miles of territory, and 3,000,000 miles of railroads in the United States. That the purchasing power of the Chinese people is low is abundantly proved by the fact that during the year of 1913 the Chinese imported foreign goods to the value of $1.00 per capi- tum; the United States, in spite of her rich and varied home pro- duction, imported foreign goods to the value of $108.41 per capitum; the United Kingdom, to the value of $79.38; France, to the value of $40.11; and the Netherlands, to the value of $236.40. Foreign merchants who wish to establish trade of any magnitude in China must be able to properly and sufficiently supply the capital necessary for the development of the country and for the extension of credit. To do this, banking facilities are of supreme importance. It is true that the United States has had a bank in China, known as the International Bank; but until very recently it was in no sense directly associated with the promotion of national interest. Its capital was so limited that it was forced to be ex- tremely conservative. Furthermore, it was more British in character than American. In the £52,127,000 Chinese Railway Loans up to 1914 and in the $38,182,649 Chinese General Loans up to 1913, the American shares are insignificant. In 1898 Ameri- can financiers, being interested in China's industrial development in the Canton-Hankow railway enterprise, established what was known as the “American-China Development Company;" but in 1905, after an elapse of seven years, its right to build a portion of the railway was sold back to China. In 1911 President Taft en- tered into the participation in the Six Powers Loan to China ; but in 1913 President Wilson withdrew from it. In 1913 the Fukien Naval Base Loan was agreed upon by China and the Bethlehem Steel Corporation; but it was soon halted by Japan, which country finally made it abortive by securing a pledge from China in May, 1915, that no foreign capital would be sought by her in furtherance of this project. As a result of these and many like failures, the United States has thus far secured little control ver any considerable industry in China. Of the 13,500 miles of THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 249 Chinese railways, built, building, and contracted, the United States has controlled not a single mile, except 300 miles of con- tracted railways which are likely never to be built. Of American credit extended to Chinese merchants, suffice it to say that with the American Standard Oil Company excepted, little American credit has ever been extended to the Chinese. “At the outbreak of the European War certain American manu- facturers withdrew all credit considerations from the Chinese customers on the plea of the “Conflagration in the East”; in spite of the fact that no conflagration has existed in China since the outbreak of the war. The Chinese, being limited in means and accustomed to credit, have to go for trade only to those other than Americans who can and will advance them goods on credit, long or short. Absence of Consistent Governmental Support As the name indicates or denotes, international trade does necessarily involve national character. It is a kind of trade be- tween such persons as represent different national units. This is especially true in the case of China's foreign trade. In order to succeed in the trade, foreign manufacturers, bankers, mer- chants, shippers, and their governments, must coöperate as a unit in meeting the keenest competition of other like units in the same field. Despite its earnest and repeated promises of support, the American government has thus far failed to coöperate with the American merchants in foreign trade in such a way and to such an extent as to enable them to meet the competition in the Chin- ese market. Such means as coöperative organization, common selling agencies, syndicates or cartels for reducing the cost, com- bining the sale of products of manufacturers of kindred lines, special export rate granted on railways and canals, subvention to steamship lines and highly integrated organization of govern- mental and business components, .... all these which have for years been used by European governments in assisting their merchants in foreign trade have seldom, if ever, been tried by the American government for its foreign traders. On the contrary, the American tariff which is unscientific and ultra-protective is an “injury to American manufacturers by limiting their scope and by narrowing their horizon”; the American shipping laws which, until very recently, excluded foreign vessels from regis- 250 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY tration and gave no adequate compensation for transporting mails by faster steamers, was a handicap to American shipping industry. The American trust laws which prohibit combination in foreign trade as well as in domestic trade block the way for American merchants to organize for coöperation in international trade. It is true that the American government did make one or two attempts in helping American merchants to participate in Chinese loans, but they all resulted in fiasco. The time-honored "open door" policy, initiated by the United States for the pur- pose of securing for all powers, including herself, equal trade opportunities in China, becomes now a mere farce; for the United States is no longer disposed to maintain it when it is really violated. Under such conditions neither American bank- ers nor American manufacturers are willing to accept the risks attendant upon foreign loans and foreign credit, both of which are so urgently required in China. However, it is not the American government and its rep- resentatives to blame. The American political mechanism is such that the government is virtually deprived of the capacity of forming and maintaining a definite, permanent policy toward the Far Eastern trade. Rear Admiral Richard W. Wright, in a magazine article entitled, “The United States and the Far East: an Economic and Military Program,” said: “Poor diploma- cy may prevent the success of strongly supported policies, but the best diplomacy is futile unless duly supported by naval and military power.” What attitude the United States ever assumed in this respect is clearly shown by the address of President Van- derlip of the National City Bank of New York, before the Na- tional Foreign Trade Convention at New Orleans. “We shall have,” he remarked, “the handicap in the extension of our for- eign trade of a government so devoted to peace, that justice to its citizens in foreign countries weighs but scantily in the balance against the advantage of peace for its people at home, while even less than the interest in the welfare of its citizens abroad is its interest in the capital of its investors abroad.” In a word, it is not likely that the United States would go so far to maintain the “open door” policy in China as she has been ready to go in the maintenance of the Monroe Doctrine; nor is it probable that the United States would give such forcible assistance in collecting debts in China in behalf of her citizens as might be required in THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 251 the event that the principal or interest on such debts should be defaulted, even though such a default has never yet occurred in China. American Indifference toward China Trade China's foreign trade is the creation of foreigners who have come to the country to get it. If American trade in China is to be expected to flourish, there must be, as Mr. Roosevelt said in the Outlook, “real desire on the part of American manufacturers and merchants for that trade and a determination to get it by all honorable means." He further asserted : "Ship subsidies, in- vestment in Chinese railways, the Americanization ºf Chinese finance, the intervention of the American government in behalf of the "open door” policy,—all these will count for nothing until American merchants supply the goods the Chinese want.” Mr. Wm. J. Calhoun, once American ambassador in Peking, made this remark at the Fiftieth Annual Dinner of the American Asiatic Association at New York: “In China there were a num- ber of young men (American) trying to establish commercial relations with that country. One of these I remembered seem- ed to be a very bright young fellow, and I asked him what the trouble was and if he could get plenty of orders. He said he could get plenty of orders, but could not get the consistent, persistent support of the manufacturers at home (America); when trade was good here and orders were plentiful, they paid no attention to foreign orders, but when trade was bad, then they were eager for foreign business." American merchants re- gard China chiefly as a source of import and as a dumping ground for occasional export which could not be readily sold in the domestic or European market. At present the interest of many Americans in the trade with South America has become so intense and profound that they have been led to believe that the words foreign trade and South America are synonymous, and they are actually mailing catalogues and trade literature to China printed in Spanish and Portuguese. American business men, generally speaking, do not care for the trade with China, and therefore do not bother them- selves to inquire into trade conditions in that country. It is, however, not surprising to find this so. In 1848 gold was discovered in California, which led to the development of the Great West in America. In 1866 the building of the Union 252 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY Pacific, the longest railway of the sixties and the first continental railway in America, was begun, and in 1869, completed. After 1873 the varied application of electricity to industry and com- munication gave a new direction to investment; after 1893 there came the first successful construction of a trackless engine, the motor car, and the rebuilding of the physical plants of cities, railways, and suburban residences. And by 1900 “big business” of numerous kinds sprang up just like mushrooms. Opportuni- ties for trade, for investment, for hundreds of other activities were, and still are, found all over the country. Indeed, the American business man has neither had the time nor 'felt the necessity for any special investigation of trade conditions out- side of his own country. Despite the huge sums derived from foreign trade now amounting to billions annually, its proportion to the total domestic trade was estimated by recognized activity to be just about one per cent. And of the total foreign trade, that with China occupies only about one per cent. How insigni- cant! No wonder that the American business man is still “prov- incial and skeptical as to the value of anything outside his own limited experience.” He is not aware of the fact that China's foreign trade is the greatest game in the world in the near future and the United States can not well afford to fail to take a part in it. But he will not succeed in the trade unless he really desires to. In the words of Honorable W. J. Calhoun, in 1914: “We have no ships; no foreign trade to speak of. We shall not have any ships until we have cargoes for them. We shall not have any cargoes, until we have markets in which to sell them, and will not have any markets until our manufacturers go abroad and establish markets." After all, there are no fabulous riches in China ready for the eager hands of the foreigner to gather. One who wishes to reap a fortune in her foreign trade must labor for it. The share American merchants will have in China's future foreign trade will be precisely what they deserve, nothing more and nothing less. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 253 THE TENDENCY OF JAPANESE DIPLOMACY DURING THE LAST DECADE. A Prize Essay, By G. Z Wood, Yale. The foreign policy of a nation depends as much upon the men who steer the ship of state as upon the international situa- tion. With the coming into power of Cardinal Richelieu in 1624, whose energy was to be directed to the resumption of the attack upon the Empire and the reduction of the power of Spain, France inaugurated her aggressive policy for territorial aggrandisement and commercial supremacy at the expense of the Austro-Spanish House. When von Kaunịtz in 1753 took the reins of the Austrian government into his hand, he saw the possibilities of an alliance between France and Austria, and the century-old anti-Hapsburg policy was peacefully brought to an end. The paramount object of Richelieu's diplomacy was, of course, to undermine as much as possible the Austro-Spanish influence, and at the same time, to establish French supremacy in Europe; Kaunitz, on the other hand, found the culmination of his diplomatic success in the signing of the Treaty of Versailles by which he secured France to his side in the desperate struggle with Frederick the Great for the recovery of Silesia. It may, therefore, be fairly stated that the foreign policy of a nation depends upon as much the men in power as the prevalent international political condition; and it may be further stated that as the foreign policy of a nation goes, so goes its diplomacy. This is particularly true in the case of Japan. Before the end of the nineteenth century, Japan as a nation was of little in- ternational significance. With the conclusion of the Russo- Japanese War of 1905, which gave her a secure footing on con- tinental Asia, and with the signing of the second Anglo-Japan- ese Agreement of the same year, by which she was virtually ad- mitted to the family of civilised nations, Japan emerged from the era of comparative obscurity to the stage of world-wide signifi- cance. Ever since, she began to be proud of the potence of her- self as evidenced in her victories over China and over Russia, and to cherish ambitions that are really beyond her power to achieve. Ever since, her foreign policy has become ambitious and aggressive, and every step that she has taken either in Asia or elsewhere has been watched by the world with attention and 254 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY anxiety. As has been well pointed out by Dr. M. Honda, the editor of "Oriental Review," before that time Japanese foreign policy could not but be negative or defensive in nature. “Its sole aim and effort was to endeavour to lose as little as possible of her material possessions, and to maintain her national dignity as best as she could." * Japanese diplomacy before the twentieth century, therefore, did not amount to anything more than a vain effort to beg the American and European Powers to remove extra-territoriality, to revise commercial treaties with them, and not infrequently to borrow money from them. That was all. China's unfortunate defeat in the war of 1895, of course, mark- ed a turning point in the history of Japan's international re- lation; but it was not until 1905 when Japan signed the Port- mouth Treaty with Russia and penned the Anglo-Japanese agreement with England that she really entered a new stage of her diplomatic experience—"a stage in which an active self-as- sertion of her conscious power became the dominant note." ** At the same time, it may be pointed out here, the conclusion of peace of Russo-Japanese War precipitated an internal political crisis. The Portsmouth Treaty, which was brought about at Japan's own suggestion and through the painstaking effort of President Roosevelt, proved to be very unpopular in Japan. The Japanese people were not satisfied with it, for its terms did not give them all that they had claimed. This dissatisfaction led to the downfall of the Katsura cabinet and the decline of political influence of Count Kamura, who, thanks to his administrative ability, had safely steered the Japanese nation through the trying days of the war. This incident marked an important change in Japan's domestic politics as well as in her foreign policy. When Count Kamura was in power, he aimed at a real friendship with China, a good understanding with the United States, and tried his best to avoid, if possible, any conflict with any of the Euro- pean Powers. In the administrative reorganization which fol- lowed after his fall, however, Marquis Saionji became Premier, who was a notorious expansionist, and Viscount Hayashi, who was responsible for the successful conclusion of the Anglo-Japan- ees Alliance, took the portfolio of Foreign Affairs. The situation was entirely different now. In internal politics they advocated a huge increase of armament; in diplomacy they believed that * Japan and Japanese-American Relations, edited by G. H. Blakeslee- an essay by M. Honda on the Evolution of Japanese Diplomacy. ** From the same. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 255 if it takes. dinal Rich. can gain "no Power is to be blamed if it takes advantage of the weakness of another and can gain advantages for itself thereby." * What Cardinal Richelieu had tried to do for France when he was called into power in 1624, Viscount Hayashi now attempted to ac- complish for Japan, by diplomacy or by force. It is not too much to say, therefore, that with this internal political change was developed a new phase of Japanese foreign policy in which may be found the root of the aggressive tendency of Japanese diplo- macy during the last decade. “The basic principle of the policy which Hayashi was called on to promote,” says Thomas F. Millard, “is the economical and commercial domination of the Far East by the use, if the occasion requires, of the military and naval strength of the nation, and by maintenance of foreign re- lations which will not actively hinder, if they cannot be induced to favour such a consummation."** At first glance, this seems to have summed up pretty concisely what Japanese diplomacy has attempted to accomplish ; a further careful consideration, however, reveals the plain truth that it has aimed at something still great- er. It is her ambition and desire for territorial aggrandisement that has pervaded the entire spirit of Japanese diplomacy during the last decade. Economic and commercial supremacy will come after territorial acquisition. This Japan has well recognised. An Empire in the Far East, with a secure footing on the contin- ent, has been for years the only ambition that Japan has looked forward to fulfill. And in order to fulfill this, Japan has re- sorted to 'ways that are dark and tricks that are vain! Her whole energy has been devoted to this end; her entire policy has been aiming at its accomplishment. It does not take a great scholar of Oriental politics, therefore, to see that for these very reasons Japanese diplomacy could not be anything but aggres- sive, Machiavellian, and tortuous. To prove that it has been so. and to prove that this Machiavellian and aggressive tendency has been retained in Japanese diplomacy during the last decade, will be the principal endeavour of this paper. One does not have to go further than referring to the events that have gone on record. In 1906 occurred the well-known school-boy question in California. After the great fire of San Francisco, the state of * Secret Memoirs of Count Hayashi, p. 112. ** The Far Eastern Question, by T. F. Millard. 256 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY California passed an act forbidding the Japanese boys to enter the same school with the American boys. This act Japan great- ly resented, and regarded as an insult to her national dignity. Instead of belittling the question, Japanese diplomatists made it attain world-wide publicity. They attempted to influence the public opinion and to appeal to the sense of justice. It appeared at first as if there were a real issue involved in this question, and nothing short of war could solve it. But realising that she was no match of the United States then, as far as military and naval strength is concerned, she could not go one step further than merely "saving her face!" In 1907 an agreement was reached between France and Japan, the avowed object of which was to safe-guard peace in the Far East, but the ultimate motive that was behind it was none other than to secure Japan a free-hand in China and Korea. The visit of Baron Goto to St. Petersburg in 1908 "was ostensibly to arrange the final connections and operation of the Russian and Japanese lines in Manchuria ; but it was reported that he carried with him an offer from the Japan- ese government to purchase from Russia that part of Chinese Eastern railway between Kwang-cheng-tze and Harbin, and that he proposed other arrangements designed to prevent Russia from treating with China.” In 1909 China was forced to sign an agreement by which she renounced her control over the Antung-Mukden railway. So far, Japanese diplomacy pursued a peaceful course. Everything that was done was done with quiet and silence. Its success, though wonderful in a way, did not attract much attention, owing to its secrecy. On August 29th, 1910, however, the world was startled by the news of Japanese annexation of Korea. By war and diplomacy, Japan compelled first China and then Russia to acknowledge Korean independence and Japanese domination; by agreement and al- liance Japan was able to persuade England and France to wash their hands in the future of Korea; and by court intrigues Japan succeeded in inducing the Korean Representatives to sign the treaty by which this Hermit Kingdom passed into a mere histor- ical name. It was of course a tragic history of Korea, but at the same time it was an unprecedented success for Japanese di- plomacy. The world was at first cajoled into the belief that Japan harboured no ulterior motive for her neighbour. When every- thing was done that could be done, and when the curtain of 258 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY Honda has well pointed out. In other words, it is intended to achieve what Japanese diplomacy may some day fail to achieve. “The object of expansion of national armament is primarily to guard our (Japanese) interest in Manchuria and China, and next to be prepared against a possible emergency of an imaginary foe. In Manchuria Japan has come to understanding with Russia, the trouble in China and the grave danger that has been constantly menacing her stability calls upon Japan to be well prepared against any emergency that may break out any time.” * Such is the tone and manner with which the Japanese people announce to the world the object of their increasing armament. Although the world is still at a loss to see who is supposed to be the imaginary foe that Japan has in view, it is but evident that she has made up her mind, once for all, to get her “place in the sun" by diplomacy or otherwise. What the editor of “The Secret Memoirs of Count Hayashi” said in regard to Japanese policy, however, comes still nearer to the truth : "the whole foundation of Japanese foreign policy lay in simultaneous politi- cal and commercial penetration. The political ends were to be attained by the ever-present threat of naval and military action, combined with a network of foreign agreements which if they did not favour Japanese policy, certainly did not hinder it." Now putting aside the various international bickerings that Japan has come across, such as the anti-Japanese legislature in California, 1913, and the Nanking Affairs in China of the same year, the next big diplomatic move that Japan made was her de- claration of war upon Germany, August 23rd, 1914. This took the world by surprise. From a purely Japanese point of view, no doubt, it was the first opportunity that came into Japan's hand to make use of the military and naval strength she has acquired. Nominally, Japan took up arms against Germany in accordance with the Anglo-Japanese Alliance; as a matter of fact, Japan was not bound by the alliance in this instance. The second article of the Treaty lays down distinctly that it is only in the case of an unprovoked attack on one of the contracting parties by another Power or Powers, and when that party is defending its territorial rights and special interests from aggres- sive action, that the other party is bound to come to its assist- ance. In this instance England is neither defending its terri- torial rights nor endangered by an unprovoked attack. The fact * Japan Year Book, 1916. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 259 that Japan was willing to sacrifice men and money was a part of her diplomatic manoeuvre. It was due to her revengeful spirit, it was due to her desire for territorial aggrandisement, that Japan decided to take this drastic step. In the first place, Japan owed a grudge against Germany for Kaiser's high-handed inter- vention after the Chino-Japanese War; secondly, ousting of Germany in the Far East would mean a decided increase of Japanese influence on the Pacific; thirdly, temporary capture of Kiao-chow may lead to eventual retention. These were the underlying motives why Japan was willing to take up arms against Germany without being actually called upon. At first, her skillful diplomacy succeeded in making the world believe that she was fighting for England; when the cloud was cleared, when the world rubbed its eyes to see what Japan was really doing, her machiavellian diplomacy was once more laid at the door of public denunciation. There is often a gross inconsistency between what she says and what she does. But this is the fea- ture of Japanese diplomacy during the last decade. “It is not what we say we will do, but what we do, that really counts, and in no relation does this rule apply more positively than in di- plomatic dealings. It will not be difficult to discover that Japan's part in the European war was not for 'the peace of the Far East,' as declared by her diplomats at the outset, but a move in her ambition to dominate China." * This savors of the true motive that was behind Japanese move. Attention may be called to the fact that Japan, ever since the Russo-Japanese War, has in fact maintained a double-stan- dard diplomacy, one for the use with the strong nations and the other with weak ones. That is, Japan has shown to the Euro- pean and American Powers a studied and careful observance of the traditions and codes of international law, yet in her relations with her weak neighbours she has constantly resorted to the use of brutal tactics of diplomacy, the practice of which can bring nothing but shame and discredit to her people. On the 18th of January, 1915, the world was again given the opportun- ity to see what has been Japan's true ambition. On the evening of the said date, Mr. Hioki, Japanese Minister to Peking, in de- fiance of diplomatic usage and good taste, called upon the late President Yuan Shi-K’ai, and without going through the Chinese Foreign Office, directly presented to him a document containing * Fall of Tsing-tau, by J. Jones, p. 4. 260 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY the most sweeping and drastic measures now known as “The Twenty-one Demands.” Accompanying the presentation of these demands was a warning that they should be kept secret, and a threat that China would be punished much more severely if she made any disclosures of them. Such is the path that Japanese diplomats at Peking often travel, and such is the ar- rogant manner with which Japan deals with China diplomatically, not once but many times. Jefferson Jones has clearly pointed out in his book that those who violate the laws of man, either internationally or socially, generally use the cover of darkness for their crimes. He has also pointed out that "the European war furnished Japan with a rare opportunity, if such it can be called, for the encouragement of her designs upon China, which the Island Empire has cherished for the last ten years.” “Japan- ese people saw in the hostilities in Europe the chance of a life time in Asia, for with the attention of all the Powers turned toward the Atlantic it left Japan to play her diplomacy as she saw fit.” On one hand, Japanese statesmen announced to the world their sugar-coated message of peace in the Far East and good intentions in China ; on the other, Japanese diplomatists at Peking secretly presented to and urged on the Chinese govern- ment demands which were at once preposterous and humiliating. ·Without commenting on these demands, of which much has been said and heard, it suffices to say that this entire episode is important enough to reveal the sordidness and ruthlessness of Japanese diplomacy, and teach the world a lesson that too much value and faith cannot be placed on Japanese pledges. This is but one standard of diplomacy that Japan uses in her dealings with weak nations. Her activity is not confined to China, although the latter does afford her the principal field for her diplomatic manipulation. The world is large, and Japan has yet to spare an ear to listen to what other nations will have to say in regard to her designs on China. So, in Europe, following the traditional policy of Viscount Hayashi, now Minister to Peking, Japanese diplomacy aims to make alliance, first, in order to counteract and curb the aspirations of the European and American Powers in the Far East, and secondly to wipe out the inevitable jealousy and suspicions that have been aroused against her. The Anglo-Japanese Alliance which was concluded 1905 was quickly renewed in 1911. And more recently, the successful THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 261 conclusion of the Russo-Japanese Alliance marked another triumph of Japanese diplomacy, which, as later events may prove, would leave Japan to continue her game in China unhin- dered and unchecked. In Latin-America, where there is now practically no racial prejudice against the Japanese people, Japan attempts to establish some sort of commercial relations with the leading Republics, by subsidized traders and commissioned ship- ping companies, before their presence there is no longer welcome. In the United States there are three outstanding questions that Japan has long faced but her erstwhile skillful diplomacy has failed to bring to any successful solution. The California trouble and the Immigration question are, of course, of great import- ance. The Japanese people have resented them; the Japanese diplomatists at Washington have repeatedly protested against them. But, fortunately, Japan's destiny is not bound up in these questions. In a way, she may be humiliated, but she can not be harmed. The question that is really at issue is that the United States, with strong bases in the Pacific and with a long record of sincere friendship for China, stands in the way of Japan's ambition. The “Open Door” policy which Japan has almost exhausted her borrowed eloquence to uphold, although she had no intention whatever to observe, is the real stumbling block. Thanks to the Japanese organised publicity in this coun- try, however, and thanks to her able diplomatists at Washington, she has more or less succeeded in cajoling the United States into the belief that Japan harbours no sinister motive on the Pacific or towards the United States and that there is a sincere friendship existing between them. So, with Germany eliminated from the Pacific, with England tied up by alliance, with Russia ready and eager for a similar design on China, and with the United States the only friend of China cajoled into a sense of false security, Japan feels free to take whatever measures she chooses. In China she has her principal diplomatic activity; to China she sends the ablest and shrewdest diplomatist. Her diplomacy is armed diplomacy; or in the descriptive words of Dr. Honda, it is “diplomacy of necessity" which, it may be add- ed, knows no law; her diplomatic principle is Bernhardi prin- ciple--that it is the destiny of the strong to oppress and to domin- ate the weak. By force majeure Japan has coerced China to settle the Nanking Affair much too greatly in her own favour ; by 262 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY military and naval display Japan has forced China to concede most of the twenty-one demands; and by open threat Japan has compelled China to grant an indemnity to the Japanese soldiers killed in the Chengchiatun clash and to reprimand the Chinese officers stationed there, although the fault is entirely that of the Japanese soldiers. "In short, in her relations with China, there is not a single incident in which Japan has shown anything but a selfish and brutally aggressive spirit. Japan has never failed to take advantage of an opportunity to humiliate the Chinese government, assert Japanese superiority, and flaunt her greater naval and military power before the Chinese . . . She is de- termined to prey on the weakness of China and to take every possible advantage of her neighbour for her own good. She has not once but many times violated the spirit of treaties she has signed, and presented to the Chinese government demands more humiliating and more unjust than the Austrian demands on Serbia. She has sought consistently to prevent the regeneration of China, to weaken the prestige of Peking government, and to encourage internal disorder." * To be sure, all of this has been a complete violation of the spirit, if not the letter, of the "Open Door" policy which she has repeatedly assured the world that she would respect. And all of this is but what Japanese diploma- cy in China has amounted to! After a general review like this, one will not fail to be impressed and convinced that Japanese diplomacy during the last decade has but one tendency--one that is Machiavellian in principle and aggressive in nature. The recent accession of Count. Terauchi to Premiership, a soldier with soldier's mind, as the New York Sun characterised him, and the appointment of Viscount Hayashi as Japanese Minister to Peking, indicates clearly enough what Japanese diplomacy tends to be! As has been mentioned before, Japan has maintained a double-standard of diplomacy, one for the weak and one for the strong nations. Force and threat distinguish the former, cajolement and dissimu- lation characterise the latter. They are mutually helpful. Mani- festly, Japan's ambition is on continental Asia. What Japanese diplomacy has been trying to accomplish in Europe and in America is to “lull the suspicions that have arisen against her," to use a characteristic phrase of Viscount Hayashi, and to make black white by organising publicity, in order that she may be * Japan and America, by Carl Crow, p. 251. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 263 able to continue her game in China unquestioned and unnoticed, until events have gone too far for checking. The apparent stumbling stones over which Japan has stumbled, and she is bound to stumble, do not lie in China. China has always com- plied with Japanese demands or Japanese requests, whenever it is compatible with her national dignity, for to refuse to do so would simply precipitate a greater quarrel for which Japan has been anxiously waiting. Let the world be warned, therefore, that Japanese diplomacy is not what their political spokesmen have said it to be, to create friendship or to preserve peace. As shown in the Korean tragedy and in the twenty-one demands on China, Japanese diplomacy is intended for commercial su- premacy and territorial aggrandisement. It is tortuous, it is Machiavellian, it is aggressive. THE TECHNICAL TRAINING OF AN ENGINEER By K. Y. Mok, W.P.I. It would at first seem presumptuous for an article treating of such an apparently narrow subject as the technical education of an engineer to appear in the Chinese Students' Monthly. But it has sufficient excuse for its presence if we stop to consider the fact that a very large percentage of the readers are engineers or would-be engineers of China. There have been many literary contributions from men and women pursuing academic courses, and lately even the field of poetry has been entered into. Prob- lems in economics and the social sciences have been brought up and discussed consistently; so much so that I have been drawn from my slide rule and my voltmeters and ammeters to ask myself the question whether the problems of the engineer- ing profession be neglected entirely. As surely as we need properly trained educators and statesmen in China, so surely do we need proficient engineers. In fact, our country has been one of the slowest in scientific development. Mr. Roosevelt, who has always vigorously and vehemently called attention to China as an example of weakness, has no opportunity to dis- cover any other shortcomings in us than our lack of arms and battleships. It is in scientific advancement that we are very much behind the times; along many other lines, other nations 264 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY have much to learn. However, it is just because of this one weakness of ours that we have to receive humiliating demands from our neighbors every now and then. Engineers, therefore, will have just as direct an influence on the future of China as statesmen and diplomats; and it is only the successful engineers that will be our asset. To be successful, an engineer must be properly trained; and to be properly trained, he must have technical knowledge and experience. It is the purpose of this article then to discuss the technical training of an engineer on which his future success or failure wholly depends. In China when we talked of coming over to the United States to study engineering, we usually had in mind the study- ing for four years in a technical school. Those of us who have graduated from such schools will realize that these institutions are only the places for preparation for an engineering career. We are no more engineers now than when we were Freshmen. To many this will sound pessimistic, but inasmuch as these are facts, it is only fair to state them. Even though a man may study until his hair grow white and his name become burdened with a load of degrees, he can be no engineer. A successful engineer is one who does things, and while it is generally con- ceded that technical education and actual experience combine to make the engineer, it is a debatable question whether more emphasis should be laid on one than on the other. If a man, after years of patient application, has become pro- ficient in the handling and the running of machines and engines in a power house or a factory, he could be correctly called a good mechanic but he could not be considered as an engineer if he did not have any theoretical training. He would probably know that a is equal to 3.1416 but he would not understand why it is so. He might not, in all likelihood, hesitate to spend weeks over a perpetual motion scheme that is bound to fail most pathetically; while if he had only known and applied the principle of the conservation of energy, he could have saved himself much labor. His ignorance of fundamentals and basis principles is all due to the lack of a theoretical education and is the only thing that prevents him from becoming an engineer. There can be, I daresay, only a few readers who are exposed THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 265 to the dangers of having too little theory. Most of us, I am afraid, are guilty of having too little practice. Therefore, by analogy, we are no engineers either. For instance, a man weigh- ing only 104 lbs. may be able to talk for two hours on how Harvard should play in order to defeat Yale in football, and he might be expounding very reasonable theories; but if he had never played football, and if he be put in as a member of one team he would find out in a very disagreeable manner that theories alone are very inadequate weapons. So it is with many of us, who are graduating from technical schools. If one of us be given complete charge of a central power station, he would be as much at sea in regard to his duties as a dentist or under- taker would be. On the advent of the first difficult problem, he would probably resolve it into an equation involving the x and y variables. He would be in entire ignorance of many small items that bear directly on the problem, and as a result, he would decidedly fail. In addition, therefore, to'a knowledge of mathematics, it is essential to add a technical acquaintance with the actual operation of engines and machines and engineering systems. It is, however, encouraging to notice that at present many schools are laying equal emphasis on theory and practice. Much prac- tice in the operation of machinery may not be necessary for a pure scientist, but for one who would attain engineering per- fection, practice is indispensable. Notwithstanding the whole- some tendency of schools in recent years to lay equal stress on theory and practice, it is obvious that there are some phases of engineering experience that can not be obtained without a few years of actual work. Perhaps the most important quality of an engineer, aside from his technical knowledge and experience, is his ability to understand his fellowmen. He will have men working under him, and in order to have these men labor efficiently he must know how to handle them. Many a young graduate had failed as an engineer simply because he neglected to promote a mutual understanding with men under his charge. It is a well-known fact that the proper relationship between an engineer and his workmen depends almost entirely on the former. Since an average workman has the same characteristics the world over, THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 267 There was passed only a statute on the 12th of December of the first year of Chinese Republic (Dec. 12th, 1912) containing 13 short articles something like a patent law. It is provided by the act that patents for new inventions or improvements of old inventions shall be granted for a term of five years from the date of their issue. If the patentee shall fail to make use of his invention without a reasonable cause, the patent shall expire one year after the date of its issue. The act is defective because it has not provided any regulations or rules concerning methods of ex- amining applications, methods of patent procedure, qualifications of officials examining patents, and methods of interference pro- ceeding in different cases. Since the law is inadequate and de- fective, it can hardly promote the progress of the science and arts, or afford any adequate protection to inventors. Therefore it is not effective for fulfilling the purpose as it was intended. In order to have a clear idea of the necessity of immediate legis- lation of an adequate patent law in China, we must know what a patent law is, what it is for, and how it is applied generally in foreign countries. No invention has ever been accomplished by caprice. On the contrary, every invention great or small involves certain amount of hard mental labor. Diligence, perseverance, con- centration and tedious experimentation is always required. As has been said by one of the greatest inventors of to-day, the act of invention involves nine ounces of perspiration and one ounce of inspiration. The result of such hard labor is evidently the exclusive property right of an individual like any other prop- erty and should be protected by the law. It is exclusive and cannot be taken away or used by any other private individual or by the government without just compensation. All the civi- lized nations have laws which secure to inventors the exclusive right to their inventions for a limited time and they are known as “Patent Laws." As the process of development in manufac- tures and in the national defense goes on, as it creates a constant demand for new and efficient appliances to accomplish the de- sired results, he is worthy of all favor. It is the duty of the government to encourage him and give him an adequate legal protection of his right against any invasion. I have taken great interest during the last two years in observing, not only the patent laws of different countries, but also the systems of ad- 268 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY ministration, methods of examining applications, classification of patents, procedures for securing patents, and methods of in- terference proceedings in different cases. A patent is to be understood as a monopoly created by law, which gives the right to the patentee to exclude all others from making, using and selling any invention or articles made in ac- cordance with the specific meaning of the patent law. Patents are granted for things invented, and not for things otherwise produced; novelty and utility must characterize the subject of a patent. The design of the patent laws is to reward those who make some substantial discovery or invention which adds to our knowledge and makes a step in advance in the science and arts. The subject of a patent is defined differently in different coun- tries. For instance, in Germany, the patent law provided that patents are to be granted for new inventions that is susceptible of industrial use. It substantially means the same thing as the British patent law which provides the granting of patent to new inventions in any manner of manufacture. The United States patent laws can be classified into five groups which I shall try to describe. The five groups are: patents (1) for arts, (2) for machines, (3) for manufactures, (4) for compositions of matter, and (5) for designs. (1) Arts— (a) operations which consist partly or wholly in employ- ment of electricity, chemistry, pneumatics, pyronomics, hydraulics, or some other non-mechanical science. (b) Operations which consist entirely of mechanical modifications of already existing machines. (c) Operations which consist entirely of mechanical transactions, but which may be performed by hand or any of several different mechanisms. It is well settled that all processes which belong to the first class and third class are subjects of patents; and that all pro- cesses which belong to the second class are unpatentable in the United States. (2) Machines are combinations of moving mechanical parts, adapted to receive motion, of applicable to the produc- tion of some mechanical result or results. All the parts of a machine may be old, or the machine as a while may be old, they are still proper subjects of patent pro- 270 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY nical knowledge. The term of patent, or duration of protection varies in different countries. The duration of patent in Ger- many is fifteen years, dating from the day of application. To continue the patent for a limited time specified, the patentee must pay the renewal fee annually. If he fails to pay it the patent expires. The term in England is limited in every patent to fourteen years from the date of application. But in the United States the duration of patent is three years more than that in England. The nature of patent once being established is a monopoly granted to single persons. Questions arise as to where the line is to be drawn in limiting the number of patents award- ed annually. That legislature exercises great influence over such question is apparent. The determination of the number of patents to be permitted to exist simultaneously is largely a question of legal policy, different nations differ very widely in this respect. According to Mr. A. Du Bois-Reymond of Berlin, Germany has from the outset developed a system of very severe examination, among the recent applications for letters patent only about thirty per cent of them filed. The United States also, by means of preliminary examination, eliminates about fifty per cent of all applications. England has lately introduced a system of partial examination, by which system the selection of applications becomes rigid so that very few of those already have been filed, are finally rejected. The arrangement provided by the English law is that by which a patent can be filed in form of a provisional specification and completed later. Nearly fifty per cent of application are eliminated by the failure of the applicants to complete them. Thus, from the point of view of inventors about seventy per cent of labor put in invention by Germans, fifty per cent by Americans and Englishmen, bring no results. The fact bears more or less directly upon the actual number of patents thus created, because the number of patent applications filed in these three countries by given number of inhabitants does not differ very widely. In England for every 100,000 inhabitants about 52 inventions are filed, in Germany about 58, in the United States of America about 59. In Germany the total number of patents granted in each year is about 12,000, in England about 16,000, and in the United States about 35,000. The following is a table showing the number of patents granted by different countries in the world from 1871 to 1911: THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 271 88 401 Argentina ...... ... 9,850 Liberia ........ 2 Australia ...... ... 10,542 Luxemburg .... 9,298 Austria ........ 70,463 Malta. Austria-Hungary 67,583 Mauritius ...... Bahamas ..... 2 Mexico ......... 11,135 Barbados ... 147 Netherlands ................ 4,535 Belgium 213,156 Newfoundland ... 461 Bolivia 107 New South Wales 11,976 Brazil ....... 7,674 New Zealand ....... 14,454 British Guiana 126 Norway 23,856 British Honduras 20 Paraguay ... 91 Canada 137,325 Peru. 160 Ceylon .. 797 Portugal 7,410 Chile ........ 2,308 Queensland 6,435 CHINA Russia ...................... 26,917 Colombia 1,029 St. Helena ..... Costa Rica 64 South African Republics .... 1,262 Cuba ...... 1,300 South Australia .. 6,344 Denmark ....... 23,023 Spain ........ 46,915 Ecuador 10 Straits Settlements Fiji Islands .... 43 Sweden 35,325 Finland 4,476 Switzerland 53,449 France 456,644 Tasmania 2,469 Germany ....... 259,634 Transvaal 2,900 Great Britain ... 443,035 Trinidad .... 226 Guatemala ... 57 Tunis ......... 861 Hawaii 148 Turkey Hongkong ...... 187 United States .. 902,478 Hungary .. ...... 50,474 Uruguay ....... 400 India 11,921 Venezuela 244 Italy and Sardinia ..... ..106,902 Victoria ................ ... 13,285 Jamaica ...... 253 West Australia ...... .. 3,524 Japan .................. ... 21,191 Kongo Free State ..... 244 Leeward Islands 25 Grand total...... 2,906,136 or ..... 290 nania ......... ........ . ...... 2,060 . From 1912 to 1915 the following figures are available: China ............ 23 Japan ............. ... 7,531 United States ...............153,320 Great Britain ............... 98,990 Germany .................... 44,425 Australia ........... ................ 13,738 France .......... 41,802 Hungary ........ .................. 17,611 272 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY CLUB NEWS ANDOVER On February 7, all the Chinese girls in Abbot Academy and all the Chinese boys in Phillips Academy were invited to dinner by Mr. Stackpole, school minister at Phillips. Mr. and Mrs. Stelle, who have been in China for about twenty years, were present. They showed us many pictures and souvenirs they had brought back and reminded us of many incidents they had witnessed during the Boxer Uprising. Finally, they pointed out our responsibilities toward New China. They are working for the American mission at Peking and hope to be back there again after one year's furlough. Mrs. Stelle was once interpreter to the famous Empress-Dowager of the Manchu Dynasty. Chichuan Yu. CORNELL Our last meeting of the first term was held on Feb. 3. Its purpose was primarily to elect officers for the second term. The result is as follows: Y. .. Yeh, President; C. Y. Kao, Vice-President; Y. C. Ma, Secretary; A. S. Liu, Treasurer; S. I. Szto, Sergeant-at-Arms. Y. C. Ma. ILLINOIS This year our club has moved into a fine new home located among the fraternities. The condition of the house has been much improved since we came in. Two weeks ago the new officers of the club were elected. They are all active members full of schemes and “pep," and expect to do something worthwhile. These new officers are: Mr. Q. K. Chen, President; Mr. Z. Hsieh, Vice-President; Mr. C. L. Tong, Chinese Secretary; Mr. W. S. Jean, English Secretary; Mr. S. Koo, Treasurer; Mr. J. S. Chang, Assist- ant Treasurer; Mr. M. M. Wong, House Manager; Mr. T. K. Lin, Sergeant- at-arm; Mr. T. L. Chang, Alumni Secretary; Mr. T. Tong, Athletic Mana- ger; and Mr. C. L. Hsun, Librarian. The inauguration of the new officers took place last Saturday evening, Febraury 10. After that, members to the various Committees were appoint- ed by the President. This semester we lost two of our members who graduated and went to the East. Mr. Y. Wu went to Columbia University, and Mr. T. C. Wong to Cornell. At the present time we still have four members who are graduate students taking advanced work here. They are Mr. L. S. Chen, Mr. T. C. Hao, Mr. Y. Liu, and Mr. H. L. Chang. Mr. T. S. Lee, one of our old members just returned here from home where he had taken active part in the recent revolution in the South. On the evening of January 12, the Chinese Students' Dramatic Club of this University gave a very irteresting and si'cressful entertainment to the ary Mr. C. are: M Pep," and were THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 273 high 600 was filedion in China, Chin Shuttle cock, oqeat hit. The se public. The hall in which it was given with a seating capacity of more than 600 was filled to overflowing. The program consisted of an Address on the present condition in China, Chinese Pugilism, Chinese Songs and Instru- mental music, Hawaiian melody, Shuttle cock, and an one-act comedy. The comedy, “Illinois Alumni Reunion," was a great hit. The stage was typical a Chinese one. The stars of the playlet are Miss Esther Lee Toma, as sister, Mr. M. M. Wong as brother "Kid,” Mr. P. H. Liu as a blind fortune-teller, Mr. W. Jean as a lame man leading the blind, Mr. T. K. Lin as a dumb man accompanying the latter, and Mr. W. K. Tsiang as an aggressively modernized man. The public has demanded a similiar pro- gram to be given again. Tom W. Jean. be January by the Ed. That ind China on the terhigh. Bo credit- LEHIGH At the January meeting of the Lehigh Club an interesting debate, which had been arranged by the Executive Committee, proved to be a great suc- cess. The subject "Resolved, That industrial development is more import- ant than military preparedness in present-day China" was chosen on account of its current significance and important bearing upon the future life work of many a Chinese engineer now preparing themselves at Lehigh. Both the affirmative and the negative teams presented their arguments very credit- ably. Though the judge was not a peace advocate, still he decided in favor of the affirmative. The February meeting has been postponed on account of the mid-year examinations. S. L. Chang. LOUISIANA Two Tsing Hua graduates of the Class of 1916 entered the Louisiana State University as Sophomores in the beginning of the present academic year. This institution is one of the best universities in the South, and especially noted for the course in sugar-engineering. Mr. C. Chen is taking sugar industry, and Mr. S. C. Wang intends to specialize in cotton industry. S. C. Wang. MICHIGAN A reception in honor of Mr. Julian H. Arnold, American commercial attaché to China and Japan, was given by the Michigan Club on January 16 at Mrs. Dwight Goddard's residence. Mr. Arnold gave a short talk on the subject: "A Call to Commerce.” He laid special emphasis on the necessity of the development of commerce in present-day China, and urged the Club to discuss important problems along the line of commerce in its regular meetings. His kind and sympathetic attitude towards us and China, and his sincere and valuable advice were highly appreciated by all who were present. Y. S. Chen. NEW YORK UNIVERSITY A banquet was given by the Club to some Professors of the University who are the Heads of the different departments in the Washington Square oddard's residence. He laid special.com China, and 274 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY College and the School of Commerce, Accounts and Finance, in the even- ing of February 12. Mr.'Y. T. Kwok was chosen as Toastmaster of the occasion. Professors Jermiah W. Jenks, John R. Wildman, Edwin J. Clapp, Charles W. Gerstenberg, George B. Hotchkiss, and Clayton C. Kohl were among the speakers. Immediately after the banquet, a meeting was held for the election of officers for the semester. The following were elected: T. H. Tang, Presi- dent; Y. T. Kwok, Treasurer; K. Y. Ling, Secretary. K. Y. Ling. OBERLIN We have now 25 members, two being ladies, and meet on the last Saturday of every month at the Club House, which is rented by the So- ciety of Learning and Labor (organized by some Chinese students for the purpose of helping and encouraging the self-support students) and serves as the social center of the Chinese at Oberlin. The IIalloween night of 1916 was celebrated with a ghost party in charge of the two lady members. On Thanksgiving Day the Chinese Bible Class held a "Love Feast" for all the Chinese in town. The musical program consisted of vocal and instrument solos and Chinese songs which were enjoyed by all. Master Yee, son of our laundry brother in town, presented us two boxes of Jen War (Birds' Nest), and two young, fat spring chickens for our prospective Christmas banquet. We thanked him. On December 20, our second annual banquet was held in the Club House, and its unique feature was the fact that everything, including the cooking of five courses of Chinese food, was prepared by our own students. A Christmas party followed the meal. Old Santa Claus descended with a large basket of precious gifts, and was greeted with Christmas carols. On New Year Day, Mr. Shaw, a returned missionary from Peking, gave a party exclusively for Chinese students. A library containing some 300 volumes of Chinese and English books, either loaned or presented, 31 magazines and 6 dailies is now supported and managed by some Chinese here, and independent of any other organization. A room in the Club House is rented as its chief reading room, and the current expenses are met by voluntary contributions with a small subsidy from our Club. The Literary Society was recently transformed into a lecture team, aiming at going around and giving lectures to the Chinese around here. The Bible Class, consisting of 14 members, holds regular prayer meetings, and some of its members are doing preaching work in towns near by. One of them preached in Chinese Quarter of New York City last summer. A regular Soccer team has been organized, and is ready to play some games with the teams of our sister clubs. Tim. Y. Jen. THE OREGON CHINESE STUDENTS' UNION The first meeting of the New Year was held Jan. 28. It was a very cold night but in spite of the snow, we had a full attendance. As we only lack two members to lead all other clubs in the increase in membership and thus to 'cop' the Membership Campaign prize, it was decided to have a THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 275 committee appointed to secure them. (Evidently this refers to the Western Section campaign for more members,-Ed.) It was also decided that one girl and one boy should speak at each meeting thus giving everyone the benefit of some training. This is the first year since the organization of the club that there has been so many Chinese graduates. We extended our heartiest congratula- tions to them at the social given in their honour. The graduates were: Helen May, Elsie Luck, Leon Leung and Harry Wong, from Ladd School; Henry Goon, Eliot School; Kenneth Lum, Lincoln High; and Beulah Tong, Washington High. After a number of games, we had refreshments, be- cause all were thirsty, a result of our good time. As this is still the beginning of the year, and as it is better late than never, we wish the readers of the Monthly a prosperous and successful New Year. Miss Beulah Tong. PENNSYLVANIA On January 7, Dr. and Mrs. William T. Ellis of Swarthmore, Pa., kindly invited the members of our Club to supper at their home. Most of us were present. A heart-to-heart talk about the students' welfare was enjoyed by all, and we felt perfectly at home. The first Club meeting of this year was held on January 20 for the election of new officers. The results were Mr. Y. L. Chin, President; Dr. F. C. Hsieh, Vice-President; Mr. Ş. Y. Yang, Secretary; Dr. S. J. Wuh, Treasurer; and Dr. Don G. Lew, Business Manager. Our ex-President, Mr. L. H. T. Wei, after having introduced the new officers, gave some very good advice based on his own experience while serving this Club. Sinzun Y. Yang. entertainment has opened PRINCETON the functiversity vector imers henthusia Our Club has opened up its new career for 1917 by giving a public entertainment which many faculty members, students, and townspeople gladly attended, and by holding a Chinese exhibition which lasted three days and was visited by some 150 people. It was entirely due to the mar- velous spirit of co-operation of all the members that the reception as well as the exhibition proved to be a great success. During the reception, Presi- dent Hibben of the University gave us a very enthusiastic address in which he emphasized the fact that “Princeton is taking deep interest in China.” He considered the Princeton Y. M. C. A. in Peking part of the Princeton life, and urged us to carry back with us the Princeton spirit in the up- building of New China. Professor W. F. Willoughby spoke on the need of our students in America of keeping in closer touch with the rapidly- changing conditions at home, so that we might be more serviceable on our return. He also pointed out that our Government had so far not made the best use of our returned students and that something ought to be done at once to make up this defect. The following announcement appeared on “The Daily Princetonian" on January 20: "The Chinese Students' Club of Princeton is holding an exhibition in the Peking Room, Murray-Dodge Hall, to which the public is invited be- tween the hours of 2 and 5 this afternoon, tomorrow and Monday. A re- 276 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY markable display of antiques has been gathered together, including a col- lection of old Chinese silks, posters, tablets, photographs, and also several articles of highly decorated brass and China. One feature is a striking tablet painted by the late Empress Dowager Tsi-Hsi of China .... Invitations have been sent out for an informal entertainment which the Chinese students will give at 8 this evening. Addresses will be given by President Hibben and Professor Willoughby, and a series of lantern slides will be shown.” S. P. Teng. ROCHESTER On January 13 at 2 p. m., the Rochester Chinese Students' Club held its fourth meeting in the Central Y. M. C. A. Building. Mr. Wu, our Chairman, introduced a famous speaker, Mr. Herbert Lansdale, general secretary of the Y. M. C. A. of Rochester. Mr. Lansdale spoke on the Organization of Y. M. C. A., and the speech was deeply appreciated. It was announced that we were going to have a Chinese feast at our next meeting. C. P. Ling. SACRAMENTO Our Club has just commenced a new term as our school begins a new semester. Two graduates from the grammar school have joined us, making a total membership of eight in the high school. On January 5, the semi- annual election took place, and the following officers were elected: Fred M. Kwong, President; George Fong, Vice-President; Leo Fong, Chinese Secretary; Edmund Fong, English Secretary; Newell Fong, Treasurer; Sherman Leang, Sergeant-at-arms; James Wong, Social Committee; Wm. Y. Fong, Athletic Committee; Benj. D. Fong, Librarian; and Joseph Chan, Bible Class Secretary. The social that usually follows an election took place in the Chinese M. E. Church. The program consisted of speeches by two eminent Chinese and the City Superintendent of Schools. A drama was written by Leo Fong, and with the help of Mr. M. P. Kwong and a few other members, it was also written out in Chinese. Each of the members acted one character, and the play has been performed three times at Sacramento and once at Stockton. The funds obtained are deposited in the treasury. Our oratorical classes, Bible Class meetings and athletic meets are taking place as usual. Our membership is increasing rapidly. We have now already 31 members. If we could get together all the Chinese students in Sacramento, the number would be over fifty. This is our plan, and we are already feeling that as a club we can serve God and China better than as individuals. Edmund Fong. STANFORD The C. S. Club of Stanford University held its election of new officers for the second semester on Jan. 9. The result is as follows: S. K. Lau, President; K. C. Kwong, Chinese Secretary and Treasurer; and J. G. C. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 277 Mei, English Secretary, Mr. P. H. Pai was appointed athletic committee for the purpose of furthering our athletic relationship with clubs in other col- leges. Mr. T. T. Lee was appointed social committeel We have only eight members this semester, Mr. J. W. Lum having graduated last term. This coming semester three more, Messrs. T. T. Lee, P. H. Pai and J. D. Bush, will graduate, thereby further diminishing our number, but this shall not be the cause of worry as we expect to be 'blest' with a few prospective members before long. J. G. C. Mei. SYRACUSE · The Syracuse Club has regular meetings on the first Saturday of each month. Meetings may be put off only for important reasons. Special meetings may be called by the chairman at any time, if there is urgent business. Besides regular meetings, we have also our annual banquet and social gatherings or parties on various occasions. This year we have twelve members in our Club. Our annual banquet is usually held in January. This year it was post- poned to February 9 on account of various reasons. Though it was not held at the usual time, nevertheless it proved to be a great success. The banquet was held at 6 p. m., in the new Chinese restaurant, and our guests were Professor Wilson, head of the Philosophical Department, and Mrs. Wilson; Miss Bowles, the Y. W. C. A. secretary; and Mr. Carlton, the Y. M. C. A. secretary. There were fourteen on the table, and Mr. Wang, our chairman, was the toastmaster. Speeches were made by all our guests, and Mr. Mei, our Vice-chairman, responded. In spite of heavy snow and biting cold, all enjoyed the banquet and had a delightful time. Four new members are added to our Club. Miss Ellen Koo of Shang- hai came from Philadelphia last fall, and is now studying music at the Fine Arts College of Syracuse University. Mr. T. H. Auyang came from Honolulu last fall and entered the Liberal Arts College here as a Freshman. Mr. L. S. Yu of Shanghai came from Oberlin in February and is now a senior in the Liberal Arts College. Mr. W. U. Lam came from Canton in February, and is now a special student in the University. Miss P. T. Sung. WASHINGTON On February 3, 1917, the Washington Club held an Open House meet- ing at the Chinese Baptist Church at Seattle, Washington. Invitations had been sent out beforehand to all Chinese merchants here requesting them to attend the meeting. We had a rather elaborate programme. It consisted of speeches by Mr. T. L. Lee on the purposes of the meeting, Mr. Chin Keay (Secretary of the Chinese Consulate) on “China's future depends on the students," and by several prominent Chinese merchants. Messrs. James Toy and Hugh Chan performed a few chemical experiments. The musical part of the program was rendered by Misses Lena Chinn and Mable Seung in a piano duet, by Miss Rose You in a vocal solo, by Miss Emma Seung in a piano solo, and by the Ukulele Club. The meeting was a great success from every point of view. It has strengthened the friendship between our merchants and our students, and we are sure this friendship will grow. H. Quong Chan. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 279 T. L. Ling, Ph. D. of the State University of Iowa, was a professor in Williams Nast College, Kiukiang, Kiangsi, for one year. He is now dean of a private institution-Futah College-in Hankow. K. T. Wong, M. A. of the State University of Iowa, is teaching economics in Peking Government University and considered one of the best professors there. T. L Li received his B. A. degree from the State University of Iowa during his last convocation. Dr. P. R. Tang of the State University of Iowa is now the only "in- tern" in the Mercy Hospital, Des Moins, Iowa. He will probably return to China next year. T. F. Tsiang, T. Y. Jen and Y. C. Chiu are on the Oberlin Varsity Soccer Team and play half-back, full-back and forward respectively. • Friends of P. H. Penn, H. Hsu, Y. C. Wong and Y. T. Liang of Oberlin would be sorry to know that their house was on fire one afternoon in January, and they suffered heavy loss. Y. L. Tong' M. A. (Princeton 1915), secretary at the Peking Y. M. C. A., married Miss Shu-Cheng Li, teacher at the Union Women's College, on December 26. He certainly had a "merry Christmas, and. we con- gratulate him for his good fortune. T. C. Hsi, graduate of M. I. T., returned home last summer and got married on the last day of the last month in 1916. He has done the first duty of a returned student back to China ! Hilton D. Young, Cornell College, Iowa, recently received the news of the death of his brother, Young Chia Hsiang, who at the time of his death was holding a seat in the Senate at Peking. P. S. Chung, a senior in Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa, has recently been elected to the honorary fraternity Delta Sigma Rho, and also been awarded by the public speaking department of the College a gold “A” as an insignia for having represented the College in a debate between Iowa and the Kansas College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. COMPLIMENTS OF A FRIEND 280 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY HOME NEWS NATIONAL HOLIDAYS According to the amended resolution of Parliament, which was promul. gated by order of the Kuo Wu Yuan, on the 21st of December the following days have been fixed as Republican Commemoration Days: (1) October 10th, the day on which the Revolution at Wuchang broke out. To be celebrated by a general holiday, Aying of flags and decorating buildings, review of troops, sacrifice to old martyrs, conferring of honors, cessation of punishment, charity to the poor and banqueting. (2) January 1st, the day on which the Government of Nanking was established. (3) February 12th, the day on which Peking declared for the Republic and the North and South were united. (4) April 8th, the day on which the First Parliament was opened. (5) December 5th, the day on which Yunnan raised the righteous standard for the protection of the Republic. UNSETTLED QUESTIONS WITH RUSSIA The Minister of Foreign Affairs had the documents in connection with the five outsanding questions with Russia brought before him for study on the 26th of December, preparatory to opening negotiations with the Russian Minister. The questions are: (1) The request by Russia to withdraw Mongolian representation from Parliament. (2) The surveying of frontier regions in execution of the Sino- Russian Convention. (3) The massacre of Chinese Mohammedans in Singkiang by Russian Cossacks who had escaped to that territory. (4) The imposition of the restrictions upon the transportation of poisonous spirit of wine from the Russian frontier. (5) The pursuit and slaughter of German prisoners under Chinese escort by Russian troops. From The North Chinia Herald, Dec. 30. THIRD FAR EASTERN OLYMPIC GAMES The third Far Eastern Olympic Games between China, Japan, the Philippine Islands and Siam, will be held in Tokyo, Japan, from the 9th to the 12th of May. The entire Olympic program is to be carried out: Track and field sports, baseball, football, volleyball, basket ball, swimmmg and cycling. In the field and track events javelin throw is to be included for the first time. China's Olympic Committee is preparing to send a large representative team which will have men entered in every event of the entire program. The committee in China who have the responsibility of sending China's representatives consists of: Mr. Tang Shao-yi, Chairman. Dr. Y. T. Tsur of Peking, Mr. C. G. Nieh of Shanghai, Mr. Chang Poling of Tientsin, Mr. J. H. Crocker, Hon. Secretary. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 281 CUSTOMS RETURNS FOR PAST YEAR The Maritime Customs revenue for 1916 shows an increase of over one million Haikwan Teals, the total collection reported as being in round numbers Hk. Tls. 37,750,000. The total amount collected for the year 1915 was Hk. Tls. 36,747,000. The following are the collections at the principal ports, in round numbers, showing also the increase over or decrease from the amounts collected at the same ports for the year 1915: Increase Decrease 188,000 Amt. Collected Hk. Tls. 936,000 Hk. Tls. 742,000 Hk. Tls.. 2,031,000 ........ 120,000 291,000 40,000 ....... Port Harbin Antung Tairen Tientsin & Chinwangtao Kiaochow Hankow Shanghai Swatow Canton Changsha Nanking Nanning 1,250,000 143,000 Hk. Hk. Tls. Hk. Tls. Tls. Hk. Tls. Hk. Tls. Hk. Tls. Hk. Tls. Hk. Tls. Hk. Tls. 4.690.000 1,698,000 4,011,000 11,324,000 1,124,000 2,222,000 624,000 353,000 163,000 86,000 171,000 176,000 184,000 40,000 All foreign obligations secured by the Customs Revenue have been fully met up to December 31, 1916. MINES UNDER OPERATION According to a report published by the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, there are at present 4,232 mines under operation. These mines comprise a total area of 14,176,165 mou of land, and employ 4,028 engineers and 245,300 labourers. A STATE RELIGION The proposal for the insertion of a clause in the draft Constitution making Confucianism the state religion of China has been defeated. The the Constitution Conference Tamir et voting which took place in the Constitution Conference on January 8th stood 264 votes against it and 255 in favor of it. This did not settle the question finally, as the proposal may come up again at the second reading of the draft constitution. M. P.'S CHIA-HO DECORATIONS At is regular meeting on Jan. 9th, the Chungyiyuan adopted a resolution that the Government shall confer no more decorations on members of House so long as the recipient remains a member. The original proposal was for the M. P.'s to return the decorations, but was later amended that 282 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY the Government be requested not to give any more decorations to members of the House and that members may return the decorations if they like. The amendment was adopted on the recognition that it was clearly within the right of the President to confer decoration on whoever he saw fit. SURPLUS OF SALT GABELLE After providing for the payment of all foreign commitments charged on the Gabelle down to December 31, the total net revenue paid over to the Government for the year 1916 aggregate, roughly, the splendid figure of $52,000,000 The total revenue collected amounted to about $77,500,000, of which 25 million dollars have been devoted to the payment of obligations secured on the Gabelle. The amount of surplus for the month of December was $7,800,000, of which $2,000,000 were paid over to the Government on the 19th of Decem- ber, and the remaining $5,800,000, on the 4th of January. PROGRESS OF GOVERNMENT RAILWAYS The Government railways are reported to have made great progress in traffic during the past year. This was shown by the increase of revenues during the last twelve months. It is understood that the Peking-Hankow Railway showed an increase of $4,600,000 against that of the previous year; the Peking-Mukden Line, $2,300,000; the Tientsin-Pukow line, $2,400,000 and the Peking-Suiyuan line, $400,000. THE PAOLI SYNDICATE The Paoli Syndicate was organized by the United Chambers of Com- merce, which sometime ago offered to lend the Government the sum of $5,000,000 in order to avoid the conclusion of The Japanese loan with the Asiatic Development Company. Negotiations have been going on for some time between the Ministry of Finance and Paoli Syndicate. Two separate agreements have been signed between the two parties, one dealing with the Five Million Dollar Loan and the other dealing with the Cash Smelting Scheme. Paoli Syneen going on with the CHINESE MINISTER TO DELIVER ADDRESS AT THE BROWN UNIVERSITY On Washington's birthday, Feb. 22, our Minister, Dr. V. K. Wellington Koo, is to deliver an address at the Brown University. On the same day last year Dr. Koo spoke at the John's Hopkins University. Minister Koo has many invitations for addresses. On Dec. 15th he addressed the Southern Commercial Congress then in session at Norfolk, Va. On Dec. 19th, he delivered the Commencement Addrss at the One Hundred and First Convocation of the University of Chicago. Dr. Koo was the second Chinese Convocation orator at the Chicago University, the first being Dr. Wu Ting Fang, when he was our Minister here. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 283 THE PRESIDENT AND TRIBUTES.- Under preceding regimes, it was customary for the Mongolian and Thibetan princess to offer tributes to the Head of State on New Year Date. But this year, President Li instructed the Ministry of Interior and Board of Mongolian and Thibetan Affairs that he desired to have this practice discontinued. COMMISSIONER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS FOR LIAOYUAN.—The Government is considering the appointment of a commissioner of foreign affairs for the Liaoyuan (Chengchiatun) district, where a large number of Japanese have migrated since the Chenehiatung Affair. OPIUM LICENSES IN INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENT, SHANGHAI.—The Shanghai Municipal Gazette of Jan. 4 contains a notifi- cation to the effect that the whole of the remaining opium shop licenses issued to dealers in the International Settlement will be withdrawn on March 31. JUNCTION OF SHANGHAI–NANKING & SHANGHAI-HANG- CHOW RAILWAYS.-A short branch line of 26 li has been completed, joining the Shanghai-Nanking with the Shanghai-Ningpu Railways. Two substations, one at Jessfield and one at Sicawei were established. ELECTION OF SENATORS IN HONAN.—The election of Senators from Honan was postponed to Feb. 21. RUSSIAN IMMIGRANTS TO NORTHERN CHINA.-On account of the rapid rise of food price in Russia and Siberia many Russians are said to have migrated to Northern China, settling along the Chinese Eastern Railway Zone. EXTENSION OF PRESENT SESSION OF PARLIAMENT.-On account of the pressure of business and especially in view of the fact that the Permanent Constitution has not yet been drawn up and adopted the present session of Parliament has been extended to the day before the be- ginning of the third regular session. TSAI AO MEMORIAL LIBRARY.-The proposal of Mr. Liang Chi Chao to establish a Tsai Ao Memorial Library is meeting with popular favor and general support. MILITARY OBSERVER TO EUROPE.-General Tang Tsai Li has been sent to Europe as a military observer of the Great War. VICE-PRESIDENT'S NEW SECRETARY.—Mr. Ling Chang Ming has been appointed Chief Secretary to Vice-President Feng Kuo Chang. NEW PRESIDENT OF PEKING GOVERNMENT UNIVERSITY.- Mr. Tsai Yuan Pei, Minister of Education in the first Republican Cabinet, has been appointed to and has accepted the post of President of the Government University at Peking. MR. C. T. WANG RETURNED TO THE SENATE.—Mr. C. T. Wang, at present Vice-President of the Senate and Chairman of the Con- stitution Diet, was returned to the Senate by the Chekiang Provincial Assembly. Mr. Wang was one of the one-third of the members of the Senate whose terms of service expire with this session. 284 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY CALENDAR OF CURRENT EVENTS Dec. 2.-Dr. Wu Ting Fang formally assumed office of Minister of Foreign Affairs. Dec. 3.-Committee of Chungyiyuan reported unfavorably on the bill pro- viding for establishment of Council of Elders. Dec. 4.-First Conference between Dr. Wu and the French Chargé. Dec. 4.-26.—Conference of the Ministry of Communications. Dec. 5.—The State Burial Law passed by House. Dec. 7.–Following a very hot debate on the question of the inclusion of the Provincial System in the Permanent Constitution a few exchange of blows took place between some of the over enthusiastic mem bers. Dec. 10.-President Li attended the commencement exercises of the Paoting Military Academy. Dec. 13.-Hsiung Hsi Ling appointed Special Commissioner to Japan. Dec. 17.—Dr. A. P. Martin, pioneer missionary to China since 1850, died in Peking at the age of ninety. Dec. 19.-Formal negotiation between Dr. Wu and Baron Hayashi opened concerning the Chengchaitung Affair. Dec. 20.-Resignation of Hsia Yi Ting as Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs accepted and Liu Shih Hsiung appointed as the new Vice-Minister. Dec. 21.-Joint Conference of members of the Cabinet and President's Office to discuss question of suppression of Mongolian bandits and front- ier defense. Dec. 25.—Commemoration meeting at Central Park, Peking, on Yunnan An- niversary. A triumphant Arch was erected which was illuminated at night. Dec. 26.- Nomination of Chang Kuo-Kan as Minister of Interior approved by the House. Dec. 29.—The same nomination rejected by the Senate. Jan. 1.-General Holiday. President Li received in audience Prince Tsai Jen, representing the Manchu Court, the Living Buddha of Mon- golia and the Bishop of the Christian Faith. Jan. 2.-The President received in audience the diplomatic corps. Jan. 3.-Election of Senators in Hupeh. Jan. 4.- Members of Parliament entertained by the President. Jan. 5.-Liang Chi Chao arrived in Peking. Jan 10.—Constitution Diet voted to include Provincial System in the Con- stitution Jan. 12.—Last Conference between Dr. Wu and Mr. Hayashi on the Chengchiatung incident. It appears from newspaper reports that the Chengchiatun Incident was settled on the basis of China agree- ing to pay indemnity and making apology and on Japan's dropping off the demands for police rights and advisers. Jan. 21-27.-Joint Conference of China Missionary Medical and National Medical Association at Canton. DiQ VOL. XIL APRIL, 1917 No. 6 ce CHINESE STUDENTS MONTHLY REISE THE BREAK WITH GERMANY JOURNALISM IN CHINA FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHINESE INDUSTRY SUMMER CONFERENCE OF THE EASTERN SECTION PUBLISHED BY The Chinese Students' Alliance in the United States of America 150 A COPY $1 A YEAR Entered at New York Postoffice as second-class mail matter SAFETY COMFORT SPEED S. S. CHINA. Sailings from San Francisco FOR HONGKONG Mar. 6—May 17– AND SHANGHAI July 31-Oct. 11–1917. CHINESE STUDENT PATRONAGE TO THIS FIRST BIG CHINESE ENTERPRISE “ACROSS THE PACIFIC" IS EARNESTLY SOLICITED CHINA MAIL STEAMSHIP COMPANY, Ltd. SAN FRANCISCO. The Chinese Students’ Monthly VOLUME XII. APRIL, 1917. NUMBER 6. Contents for this Number Page EDITORIALS ---- 285 The Break with Germany. The Russian Revolution. The Passing of the Opium Evil. The Monthly Essay Com- petition. -------- 291 CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES ------ Journalism as a Profession in China. (C. H. Wang) Factors that Promote and that Retard the Development of Chinese Industry. (Dr. A. C. Muhse) The Value of Advertising. (P. T. Lau) The University of California's Chinese Library (J. D. Bush) China and the War. (H. L. Huang) CLUB NEWS ---------- ---- PERSONAL NOTES --- NOME NEWS Entered as second-class matter October 5, 1916, at the post office of New York, N. Y., under the Act of March 3, 1879. C The Chinese Students' Monthly Published monthly from November to June, inclusive, by The Chinese Students' Alliance in the United States of America at 510 West 124th St., New York, N. Y. Subscription Rates: $1.00 a year. Postage to foreign countries, 25c. extra. In China, $2.50 Mex. a year, 30 cents Mex. a copy, post paid. Payable in advance to The Chinese Students' Monthly. THE STAFF EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT Kai F. Mok, Columbia, Editor-in-Chief. 510 W. 124th St., New York City Editors Home News: Y. C. YANG, George Washington Club and Personal News: S. E. S. Yui, Princeton Literary: C. T. KwEI, Yale C. L. Liu, Cornell L. T. CHEN, Yale K. T. May, Harvard W. H. Chun, Chicago F. W. MING, Cornell H. L. CHUNG, Missouri H. A. Pan, Pennsylvania K. C. CHUNG, Reed Molin Ho, Cleveland G. K. Shew, California MARY HUNG-Woo, Denver S. P. Teng, Princeton Ruth Koe-Sun, Berea Y. C. Yang, Cornell H. M. LIN, Columbia D. K. F. YAP, Swartkinore T. Y. C. LEE, Columbia T. L. LI, Io:v a. BUSINESS DEPARTMENT Kung Kuan WANG, N. Y. U., Chief-Manager 510 W. 124th St., New York City Departmental Managers Mun L. ELI. N. Y. U., Advertisement Manager Hsi-Fan Boggs, Columbia, Circulation Manager Associate Managers H. Chi, Columbia L. G. Moy, M. I. T. H. C. CHU, Pennsylvania A. T. Y. SHIH, R. P. I. W. H. Chun, A. I. T. A. SOONG, Harvard L. N. Lau, Cornell TOWE TONG, Illinois C. C. LOWE, Illinois K. W. Tsai, Penn. A. S. Liu, Cornell A. T. L. YAP, Lehigh T. C. YEH, M. I. T. Assistant Managers C. L. Bau, Minnesota W. P. LIANG, Wisconsin S. C. Hsu, Princeton C. S. SEE, Columbia K. HUANG, Yale GEORGE WAN, J. H. H. Wong, Reed College W. T. YOUNG, Michigan Representatives in China P. K. Chu, World's Chinese Students' Federation, Shanghai Y. C. MEI, Tsing Hua College, Peking; Y. S. Djang, Tientsin H. K. KWONG, Kiang-Nan Dock, Shanghai Representative in Australia W. K. CHAN, 96 Elizabeth Street, Hobart, Tasmania 6 EDITORIALS THE BREAK WITH GERMANY. For the first time in her history, China is asked to enter into international politics. That it is intended to bring help to the Allies cannot be doubted inasmuch as China is promised compensation therefor. France and Belgium, so press reports claim, are willing to forgo the residue of their share in the Boxer Indemnity, while the Allies have all agreed to allow China to revise her tariff. It is also claimed that it gives China a good excuse to strengthen herself without arousing the sus- picions of Japan. Conversations are in progress in Peking and in the different Allied capitals, which, if proving advantageous to China, it is said, will cause the Republic to cast her lot active- ly with the Entente. This is also the first time in her history that China finds herself in a position to make demands on the West for the re- stitution of her sovereign rights. While England and Germany were still hiding their enmity, while they were controlling their passions to unite with other powers' on a common basis for the promotion of their interests in China, they were able to exact many promises from the reluctant and defenseless giant of the East. China today is under treaty obligations to a fixed tariff, that with the huge indem'nities she has incurred has all but paralyzed her financially. In the promotion of industries she has also to rely on the good graces of foreign nations. Per- mission has to be sought from them when she contemplates the building of arsenals, factories and railways in their special spheres of influence with foreign capital other than their own. But by a curious accident of Fate, she is placed in a position where she can demand the removal of many of the limitations to what should have been her inalienable rights. Yet let us not be too hasty to conclude that because Germany had sunk the Athos with the consequent loss of life among the Chinese pas- sengers, China is able to make demands on the Entente. The prolongation of the war has so depleted the supply of labour among the Entente nations that it is necessary to em- 285 286 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY ploy Chinese labourers. It has been estimated that more than 100,000 Chinese have been sent to France under the auspices of private companies. China could have made use of this very fact as a basis for making demands. The break with Germany is not therefore, as the papers would have us believe, a measure for the accrument of advantages that would otherwise have been impossible to obtain. In the sinking of the Athos we only find the immediate cause of the break. China knows from the past experiences of the United States that the answer which Germany made to her note of protest was not worth the time and trouble expended on it. It was only a matter of courtesy for China to have notified Germany of the intended severance of relations. In her answer to President Wilson's invitation to participate in the action of the United States, she had practically accepted the offer. All other neutral nations contented themselves with a mere word of protest and it seemed that America would be alone in her action. It had taken her a long time to make her decision and when she did decide she was alone. Of all countries, therefore, China was least expected to join, for her support of President Wilson's move has not the force that perhaps that of Switzer- land, for instance, would have with her strong military system. The reason is not far to seek, though many fail to realize its significance. The support China is giving America today ex- presses not only her gratitude to the nation that was the first to recognize the Republic, but also her endeavor to bring the two nations on either side of the Pacific more and more closely to- gether. China and America stand for the same ideals in this world crisis,-peace, fairness and justice. The belligerents on either side may claim they are fighting for the liberty of small nations, for Poland and Greece, or Belgium, Servia and Mon- tenegro. But they have never proved to China their adherence to that ideal in a practical way. Whatever may be China's next step therefore, it is not to be regarded as an unreserved ap- proval of the Entente. The call of the world for a league to en- force peace, for arbitration courts and for other similar methods for the settlement of disputes has taken China out of her aloof- ness into an active interest and even participation in the world's events. And the United States, of all nations, is the one on whom she may rely, the one with whom she has much in com- THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 287 mon. China has no personal grudge against Germany, she has shown in her history that she harbours no revengeful spirit. We are not combining with the world against a common foe, the Hun of the present day. There is no blind partisanship in China's act, there is no hope for gains that could not otherwise be obtained,—the break with Germany is a protest against the ex- tension of the submarine warfare to a violation of neutral rights. THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION. The revolution in Petrograd furnishes us another clue to- wards an adequate appreciation of the significance of the pre- sent war. The world is in a crucible, but day after day salient phenomena are appearing to assure us that this metamorphosis is not a discouraging process. A product of a finer quality is bound to result. Such has history always shown us. No one is discouraged reading of the calamities of the Peloponnesian War on Athens. No one loses courage reading of the devastations of the barbarian invasions on Europe. Even more promising is the present war. While the turmoil is still wringing the heart of humanity, redeeming prospects are already consoling her pains. What can this war mean but the more rapid prevalence or even the final triumph of democracy? Revolution in Russia has been in the air since 1905. The proclamation of a constitution and the summoning of the Duma all put temporary checks on the seething spirit of revolution, but whoever could have expected this war to be instrumental to its immediate success? Much less did it appear so since Stürmer came into power. The Czar oscillated between the pro-German influences and the patriotic sentiment. Indeed it would have turned the tide of the world towards a different di- rection if the much-talked-about separate peace with Germany had been a fact. The stand that Russia, with a population of 180,000,000, takes in this struggle of democracy of the world against the autocracy of Germany cannot fail to be a determin- inş; factor in the balance of world situation. As a matter of fact Russia remains in the opposing camp. Germany has failed of her main purpose of the war: democracy is triumphant over Autocracy and militarism. This is a strong blow to Germany but can it be final? Russia has realized that as a member under the banner of democracy she has to unite her forces against her foe. Her people have THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 289 future of the Republic that in such dire financial straits as it was, the Administration did not for a moment entertain the proposition It was in 1840 that China made her first protest against the opium traffic. Canton was then the emporium of the South and the only port opened to foreign trade. During the early thir- ties, in the reign of Chia-Ch'ing, the drug had already been ban- ned. Numerous petitions from all parts of the country had been sent, petitioning the Emperor to put a stop to the evil. The necessary decree was then issued, in face of a heavy loss of revenue, but instead of stopping the traffic it encouraged smug- gling. Chia-Ch’ing was then in his declining years and nothing was done uintil Tao-Kwang succeeded him. Commissioner Lin was sent to Canton. He at once confiscated all the opium in the hands of the British importers( over 20,000 chests), and dumped them into the river. The opium war then began in dead earnest and China had to yield. England had identified her- self not so much with the opium traffic as with the smuggling of the drug. It took another war (1856-1858) to wring from China her consent to the legitimizing of the opium trade. And the Manchu régime did not arouse itself till in 1906, as a result of strong pressure from the people, the Empress Dowager pro- mulgated her decree. And at present, to prevent any future re- turn of the drug, Parliament is discussing a law providing cap- ital punishment for those guilty of planting the poppy and a long term of imprisonment for dealers and importers in opium and opium-smoking apparatus. The 'Opium' episode is a dark spot in China's history, but it casts a still darker stain on England that time and whatever amount of goodwill can hardly efface. The eradication of the evil, though a financial loss to China as far as revenue is con- cerned, serves as an auspicious beginning for the Republic, but unfortunately it serves as a reminder of the greed of the British trader, whatever may be the feeling of the Britished in general towards such exploitation as practised by his brethren over the seas. We are justified in feeling proud of our country when during eleven long years she did not swerve from her original purpose, a period that was fraught with dangers from within and without, when any amount of financial help from the British importers might be had for the asking, when the military and 290 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY naval program of the country needs the care that only a large appropriation could afford, when everything seemed dark for the Republic and no relief was in sight. China has won a well- deserved victory and she is justly proud of it. THE MONTHLY ESSAY COMPETITION. · The March competition resulted in the following awards. Mr. C. H. Wang, Princeton, first prize for his essay on Journal- ism as a Profession in China. Mr. P. T. Lau, Harvard, second prize for his essay on The Value of Advertising. For the subjects for the May competition, see announce- ment in the last issue of the Monthly. Owing to an oversight, we have not included 'Chinese Music' as one of the subjects for this last competition. There is no July issue of the Monthly and consequently we will not have any competition for June. At present there are only two judges: Mr. T. T. Wong and the Editor of the Monthly. Should their decision be different, a professor of Columbia University is applied to for final de- cision. CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES JOURNALISM AS A PROFESSION IN CHINA. A Prize Essay, by C. H. Wang, (Princeton). "Convince public opinion, you rule the world,” said Dr. Ellis in his helpful article on "Serving China in America,” which ap- peared in the Monthly sometime ago. Not everywhere in the world today is public opinion given full play or allowed to pre- vail, but more and more are the rulers of the world realizing the importance of what the average man thinks and wills. This is certainly true with a democratic country where the power of the government rests on popular support. Now to secure the sup- port of the people it is essential that their wishes be complied with by the government, but the latter has no means of as- certaining their wishes without some specific organs whereby they express themselves. Of these organs designed to focus and crystallise the public sentiment none is so effective and direct as the press. It is there at least where the American people forms its opinion with regard to public men and public measures, so President Hadley tells * us. So much power does the press possess that in the opinion of an eminent editor of a well-known weekly ** it is possible for the newspapers to "enrich or destroy the soul of the American people.” Indeed in the early days of journalism its potentialities had been fathom- ed. Said John Stuart Mills: "Journalism is to modern Europe what political oratory was to Athens and Rome and to become what it ought, it should be wielded by the same sort of men.” *** Thomas Carlyle said: “Great is journalism for is not every editor a ruler of the world, being a persuader of it?" **** The fact about journalism is that it has the power of mak- ing its readers to think as it wants them. By shifting facts, dis- tilling meanings and distributing emphasis it can direct its time to certain things and lead its readers to arrive at certain con- clusions. Such things that the press passes by generally sink * Organization of Public Opinion; Nor. Amer. Review, Feb. 1915. ** New Republic; Feb. 10, 1917. *** Quoted by Sir Henry Jones: Social Power, p. 47. **** Quoted in Williams and Martin: Practice of Journalism, p. 12. 291 292 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY into oblivion. Just because journalism is a power it can be used both for good or evil purposes. It may fill its pages every day with moral discourse or darken its contents with crime. By utilising legitimate means of influence it may realise "Bagehot's ideal government by discussion," or it may appeal to morbid imagination, brutal passions, create a tone harmful to good orders and decent morals, and excite its readers to act on wrong channels with imperfect information. Above all, journalism, if it improperly uses its influence, may effect a more disastrous and permanent harm, the harm of poisoning public opinion at its very source," as Pres. Hadley fittingly characterises it. * The upshot of this situation is that the people, misinformed and blinded by highly worked prejudices reach to a stage where they lose the ability of discriminating what is true from false. To make journalism serve the higher purposes of its com- munity, country and humanity, to make it a force for good gov- ernment, decent morals, social reforms, and general enlighten- ment constitute its most charming and important appeal to young men as a profession. “The call of journalism is a call to joyful and fascinating service," says Prof. Williams. ** The journal- ist is not a mere recorder of current events, but essentially an interpreter and leader. To him, as an experienced journalist says, “the world is his field of labor, mankind his constant study.” “Each rising sun brings with it a new turn of the kaleidoscope of human affairs, as rich in color, as wonderful in grouping, as that of the day which is gone."*** As a profession in China it is quite young, but like other fields in China which hardly have been touched, it presents unlimited opportunities for service. The amount of influence which a journalist can wield on the future history of China makes the call not only at- tractive but luring. In the short history of journalism in China it has already shown itself to be a power in every way. Who can fail to see the important part which journalism has played in the moderni- zation of thought in China, the creation of a national spirit, the successful inauguration of the Revolution, the maintenance of the republican form of government against vicious attempts of * No. Amer. Rev. Feb. 1915. ** Ibid. p. 11. *** Literature, edited by Henry van Dyke. Journalism as a career, by J. W. Keller, p. 356. 294 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY While journalism as a profession in China presents many fascinating possibilities, it has also its seamy side. Journalism as a profession, in the first place, requires a tremendous amount of energy and exertion. The life of a journalist is one of con- tinuous, exhausting, and nerve-racking labor. It has no place for easy-going people, or dullheads, or laggards. Of course this is true in any profession if one means to succeed, but it is particularly so in journalism. In the second place, journalism does not give much room as a profession in the course of the career for initiative to have free play. Journalism is intrinsically an impersonal kind of work, but a strong personality is bound to force its way out as soon as the person climbs up to the top of the profession. Think of the power which a man like Mr. Liang Chi-Chao holds in the present day journalism in China. In the third place, if one desires to make much money it will be better for him to stay out, for he is likely to be disappointed. Many of our papers at home are struggling for existence. The heavy cost of installing press machinery, the high rates of telegraph service in China, the lack of transporta- tion facilities and the fewness of subscribers will hold back 'many enterprising young journalists from running a new paper. In case of accepting employment instead of becoming a pro- prietor, it is almost sure that the pay will not be too attractive. Nevertheless, the business end of journalism is full of potential- ities. There are in China not over five hundred newspapers, in- cluding magazines, and not more than ten have a circulation reaching 10,000. The average circulation of these papers can be safely put at 1,000. * Complete statistics is lacking, but the assumption is probably more liberal than it should be. On the present basis we have then in China not more than 500,000 in circulation. If we allow ten readers to every paper per issue, not more than 5,000,000 have access to journalism. Allowing only 5% of the population which can read, do we not see that 15,000,000 people every day in China are without any newspaper, be it a daily or monthly? Would it not be feasible for energetic young journalists to seize this market and supply the need? China is being opened up every day, schools are being multi- plied every month, communication is being improved every year, so the field for expansion of Chinese journalism will be widened immediately. * China Year Book, 1914 and Chinese Recorder, October 1915. CHINESE STUDENTS IN JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY. 1916-1917. Left to right: H. C. Chen, K. C. Sun, C. G. Wan, P. K. Chu. CHINA'S INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 295 FACTORS THAT PROMOTE AND THAT RETARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHINESE INDUSTRY. By Dr. Albert C. Huhse, New York City. A paper on the subject of the promotion of Chinese in- dustry, dealing with its defects and its advantages, naturally suggests that industrial progress may not have been as rapid as could have been desired and as had been expected. That is in fact the case. If the industrial evolution of China during the last half century is compared with that of the United States, for instance, a vast difference is at once evident. The latter country with a population only one fourth that of the former, shows figures of investment, production and employment in mod- ern machine industry that stagger the imagination, while China is only just emerging from primitive industrial stages and has hardly begun to use the modern mill, factory and mining plant in her productive processes. Japan, taking an example nearer home to China, standing in 1870, on the same level, has vastly outstripped her and has become a great industrial work- shop whose finished products find a ready market in all quarters of the globe. Her mills and factories in equipment and output today bear comparision with those of most older industrial countries. The relative position of China and Japan in modern machine industry is all the more striking from the fact that the natural resources of the former country,—her coal, iron, zinc, lead, aluminum, etc.,—are so vastly greater than those of the latter. From every statistical angle of comparision, neverthe- less, Japan has outstripped China industrially and commercially, although basic conditions favored the latter and should have produced exactly the opposite effect. It has been the habit of western writers now for several decades to predict the speedy industrial awakening of China and to picture the flow of her manufactured products as a real “Yellow Peril” to the Western industrial world. On more than one occasion have political writers and orators of this country called attention to the future flood of cheap manufac- tured products; they have urged the immediate erection of pro- tective barriers against this eventuality. Nothing of the kind, however, has as yet happened. Practically no products of the loom or spindle, or the forge, have as yet found their way from 296 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY China to the markets of the Western world, while on the con- trary, the export of manufactured products from these countries to China has increased from year to year. China's exports, now as in the past, are the raw products of her soil. They con- stitute the basic materials such as cotton, ore, pig iron, straw- braid, oils, seeds, albumen, etc., that enter into the manufactures of other countries. Even China's silks and teas, those semi- manufactured articles that once had a practical monopoly in world commerce are being eclipsed by Japan and Ceylon's more modern industrial methods. . The apparently greatly retarded industrial development of China can, however, be accounted for by social, economic and political factors that reach far into the past. China, in the first place, was for thousands of years practically independent of outside requirements for her ordinary demands of life. The vast extent of the country and the great variety of products found within her borders made it a self-contained unit. How completely the idea had taken root in the country is indicated in the edicts of former emperors when they had to deal with the question of opening China to foreign trade, which emphasized the fact that China in her benevolence might permit foreigners to trade at Canton in order that they might obtain the much coveted products of the country for use in their own barbarian homes, but that the products of their countries were in no manner essential to the welfare of China. Foreign intercourse was in fact only tolerated but never sought. While it is true that China is to a large extent self contained and has an in- dustrial organization of her own, it is, however, medieval in its character, the same as that of Europe in the fifteenth and six- teenth centuries. It is based upon the handicraft and the guild, and the group unit is the master and workmen. The great staple products of the country, that enter into the daily economy of the masses have for centuries been produced in this manner. To a very large extent; this phase of China's industrial life has not felt the competition and pressure of machine made goods imported from abroad. In a few well defined lines, as the manu- facture of cotton goods the case has been different. Here im- ports early grew to such proportions that the older household industry of the country broke down almost completely and was all but crowded off the industrial stage. CHINA'S INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 298 It is important to note now that along the very lines where the foreign imports crowded the native industry to the wall, there took place the very first stages of the industrial evolution of the country. It was after all but natural that where the products of the modern spindle and loom set up in a foreign country could supersede the native product, that there the soil was ready for the secure planting of the same instruments on native soil. At any rate the modern cotton mill has become the foremost industrial factor of China and both foreign and native capital is already extensively invested in its operations. The first move in their erection was naturally made by foreign capi- tal and at the treaty ports. Foreigners were the first to realize the possibilities of large profits by the employment of low- priced labor and the ready availability of raw materials. Native capital is slowly following in the footsteps of the foreigner. Foreign and native capital has also been extensively invested in modern flour mills and sugar refineries. The oil refining work recently projected by native and foreign interests combined has not as yet realized. They would have added not a little to the industrial development of the country. In a few other lines, such as the manufacture of cigarettes, soaps, candles, beancake, etc., along lines where foreign imports have obtained a more or less firm footing, there has been development along modern industrial lines. These lines as yet are almost entirely controlled by foreign interests. In the steel industry and in printing, however, native capital has taken a leading part from the beginning. That the industrial development should have, in practically all cases, followed the curve of greatest imports was undoubtedly due to the fact that here a tangible compari- son of costs and profits was possible. The foreign investor, re- alizing the economic advantage of the lower priced native labor over that of other countries and its significance in the relation of costs, was the first to introduce the machine in these lines. In many branches of native industry that cater to the wants of the multitudes the experimental stage of machine production has not even been reached. The manufacture of these products is not at all or at best only very little affected by foreign com- petition and therefore does not feel the necessity of industrial reorganization, and little change may be expected in the near future. The machine as a cost reducer has its limitations and 298 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY many branches of house-hold industry will be able to hold their own against the modern factory and the mill. The guild in China as well as in Europe during the Middle Ages is able to resist effectively the introduction of the modern machine in its particular sphere. Long after England had developed the fac- tory to a high degree of efficiency, the other countries of Europe clung to their time honored methods of house-hold production. Only gradually and as necessity forced the change was the hand loom given up for the power loom. That same slow pro- cess of change is taking place in China to-day. Conservatively the country is clinging to its older methods of production and only as necessity compels are these discarded for the new. How- ever much the change may be regretted, it will come sooner or later, and the country will take her place side by side with other industrial nations. As has already been said, in cotton manufacturers and a few other lines the change from the old to the new has gone far enough to amount to an industrial revolution. And yet it has not kept pace with the similar evolution of Japan and other countries. The import of manufactured cottons goes on un- diminished although in Shanghai alone nearly twenty mills are operating. The increase in domestic manufacture of other com- modities does not keep pace with the increase in imports. There is still a better market for imported goods than for home manu- facturers. This seems the more notable on account of the ap- parent advantages in cost and the consequent lower price at which the goods can be offered. It is explained by the fact, however, that goods shipped in from abroad have always been sold under trade marks or “chops.” A chop once firmly es- tablished obtains a vogue with the buying public that the mere fact of greater cheapness in price can not easily root out. This conservatism in clinging to an established trade-mark is pro- verbial among business men and imparts great stability and value to the goods. It makes to that extent more difficult the establishment of domestic industry, and cuts into the prospective large profits because cheapness in price must to a large extent offset the trade-mark value of the imported goods. If machine- made goods produced in China were held in as high esteem by the buying public as the same goods imported from abroad, the industrial development of the country would receive a powerful CHINA'S INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 299 stimulus. A sentiment in favor of home manufacture similar to that developed in India under the slogan Indian-made goods for India, could readily be stimulated. Such a movement should never take the form of the boycott of foreign goods, however. Such a move tried on several occasions has hurt industrial de- velopment more than it has benefited it because it applied with- out proper discrimination and was always spasmodic without permanent results. One of the most important factors in the retardation in the industrial evolution of China has been the rapid industrial as- cendancy of Japan. The workshops of that country draw to a large extent upon China for their supply of raw materials. The energies of the one country are therefore expended in the extraction of raw materials while the other utilizes them in her exports not only to foreign countries but to China herself. With the long start that Japan has over China in this respect it indeed greatly increases the difficulties though by no means making it impossible for the latter country to develop indus- trially and to build up an important export business in addition to supplying her home markets. The costs of production and management in Japan are as low if not lower than in China. This fact alone is a serious consideration for the foreign in- vestor who would engage in business in the latter country. The aptitude of the Japanese in imitating the foreign manu- facturers found in the Oriental market, their determination to undersell, the special advantages which many lines enjoy in the nature of government subsidies, the special freight rates granted on their own lines, all tend to discourage the inflow of foreign capital into China for private investment. An effect- ive remedy for this kind of competition would be the erection of a tariff barrier of sufficient proportions to protect home in- dustry. The Mackay Treaty of 1901 provided for such a bar- rier in that it proposed a duty of fifteen per cent on all imports. Up to the present, however, several of the foreign treaty pow- ers including Japan have blocked the operation of the change in duties. Depending upon China for a market as she does Japan cannot be expected to look upon steps leading toward the in- dustrial emancipation of that country with complacency. That she is fully awake to the possibilities of China's future industrial development and does not intend to let it get out from under 300 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY her own control is evident from the nature of the demands made upon China by her in 1915. These demands were economic in their nature rather than political. The manufacture of articles for home consumption, must ultimately sink into insignificance compared with her exports in certain lines if China really undergoes such an industrial re- volution as some enthusiasts have predicted. The unlimited quantities of iron ore, coal and other mineral wealth in sight, when once properly developed and capitalized, would give her a position in the industrial world second to none. In the open- ing up of this mineral wealth, however, the country has been most backward. Most mining in the provinces is still carried on in primitive fashion. Obsolete processes of smelting and working the mineral wealth is still the rule among native com- panies. Only the Hanyang Iron Works at Hankow are a strictly modern and successful development. While primitive methods of extracting ore and refining are thus still in vogue, the country imports annually large quantities of equipment for the railroads and for other industrial needs. If these needs were supplied by the country itself, it would be an immediate stim- ulus to the further development of the iron and steel industry of the country. The factor that has stood in the way of this phase of industrial development is the rather questionable scramble for equipment contracts by foreign firms. Between these and political intrigue the question of the development of home industry has been neglected. The attention given to for- eign contracts has not only diverted attention from home needs but has prevented the application of needed funds for these purposes. It may be argued that foreign capital would not have been offered in China had the promise to spend it in the country of its origin for supplies not been made at the same time. This need not have been the case, however, China could have obtained funds from the United States and from other countries for the development of domestic resources without the binding agreement to use these funds in the country of their origin. China reached a comparatively high state of civilization thousands of years ago, when Europe was still in a state of semi-savagery. Within this long period, however, there seems to stand out no group that could be compared with the modern CHINA'S INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 301 type of captains of industry. The fact that she has not and does not today seem to produce that type would indicate one of the causes of her retarded industrial development. Men of signal ability in China have for centuries devoted themselves to the study of philosophy and to the classics. This has been the only avenue that led to political preferment and thus to the gratifying of the highest ambitions. Those who have shown business ability and have sought an outlet for it usually have devoted themselves to the pursuit of enterprises that involved little risk or else promised quick and extraordinary large pro- fits. Industrial undertakings that have required systematic planning and careful training and preparation, and in which profits could be realized only after a long period of gestation, an absolute necessity in modern industrial development, has had for them little interest. The Chinese business man of today too often shows the faults of this tradition in loose planning and in- ability to carry a scheme through to success at critical stages. I have known Chinese business men who were accounted very successful as long as they were under the direction of foreign- ers, but thrown on their own resources their undertakings speedily came to grief because the restraining influence on their expensive ideas was removed. As a consequence only little of real value has been done in the development of the basic in- dustries of the country, especially where the desirable and use- ful co-operation with the foreigner has been avoided. The distrust exhibited against foreigners has in fact been no small factor in the lack of industrial development of the country. On this account the introduction of foreign technical knowledge has not resulted in any very marked improvement in industry. Too often foreign technical engineers have been employed ostensibly as managers of native enterprise while later they discovered that they had no real control. The native capitalists usually were too anxious to retain the positions of power in the organi- zation for themselves in order that they might distribute sine- cures and positions of trust with little or no responsibility among their own kin, who more than likely had no ability for these positions. Under these circumstances it is not to be wondered at that many promising undertakings have failed. Had foreign management and control been assumed from the start the results in mining developments, for instance, would have been much more satisfactory. 302 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY That the native capitalists have hesitated to place unlimited confidence in the foreign technical experts that they employed and have refused to give them absolute control over the enter- prises that they were supposed to be in charge of, cannot be greatly surprising, however. The history of the foreigner in China is not one calculated to raise him very high in the estima- tion of the native business man. Especially, also the atmosphere of graft and squeeze that has flourished under the regime of the Manchus would be calculated to make him fear to entrust his business management outside of his own family. It would be difficult under such conditions to retain a blind trust in human nature and to believe in the absolutely disinterested honesty of the foreign technical expert. In these instances, however, mistrust has been misleading and suspicion against the honesty of the foreign manager a mistake. These men who have come to do their part toward the development of the country's resources are as a rule beyond suspicion. Where this distrust has even gone so far as to lead to a disinclination to employ foreign experts, especially in engineer- ing work, and young native engineers with foreign training but without practice have been employed, the results have often been even more unfortunate. I do not wish to say for a mo- ment that the Chinese student of technical engineering cannot become equally skilled and successful in his work, but the field is a new one in China and it is a mistake to take the student from his books and load him with responsibilities that would try a more mature mind. It is far better to give him a period of apprenticeship under some foreign expert. This was the method followed by the Japanese in their development work, but even they were often too precipitate in dispensing with their foreign technical help. One factor that has tended to retard the industrial develop- ment of China has been the helping of difficulties in the path of those foreigners who have sought to obtain for themselves concession for the development of mining and other enterprises. Both the people and the goverment have shown decided aver- sion to granting concessions of this nature. When such privi- leges were granted by the government through political pres- sure, as unfortunately has often been the case, so much opposi- tion has developed on the part of the people that successful operation was often out of the question, CHINA'S INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 303 Enterprises where natives and foreigners have jointly at- tempted to develop a promising field and where both agreed to furnish a definite proportion of the requisite capital have nearly always come to grief. In the case of the China Oil Company for instance, the capital subscribed by each group was to be furnished in three instalments at stated periods. After the first payment had been made the Chinese group grew distrustful and balked at the second instalment. In order to save the un- dertaking from complete failure the foreign contingent with much difficulty found enough capital to cover the defaulted amount. The fault at the basis of this distrust lies in the newness of the idea of collective financing. Unaccustomed to the scheme of developing the modern stock company for the purpose of industrial expoitation, where no other tie binds the contributors except the hope of profit, the native capitalist takes fright when he sees strangers disposing of the money that he has contributed and for which there may not be an immediate re- turn. Ultimately the native capitalists must come to realize, of course, that the stock company is the only successful method of financing industrial undertakings of any magnitude, and that the management of these concerns must rest finally with a small group of men who can act independently of the wishes or whims of any particular group of stock owners. This trust in the integrity of the management whether native or foreign is an essential to successful industrial development. Too frequent- ly native investors in subscribing to a few shares of stock ex- pect as a bonus a position for themselves or some impecunious relative. These drawbacks are phases of the moment, of course, but they had their share in the retarded development of the past. The growth of the railway system of the country has been disappointingly slow, principally because the difficulties of ex- tensive financing have not been fully realized. Foreign capital has more than once been held up because of a difference of opinion as to the proper management of the funds. The for- eign interests wanted their scheme of control while the native authorities also wanted the exclusive handling of the resources. It is a case of where the foreigner distrusts the native and the native distrusts the foreigner. If there had been more belief in the integrity of the native on the one hand and less official 304 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY pride on the other a middle ground could have been found and more railroads in operation. It is a serious fault, I think, es- pecially of the official class to overestimate their ability and to confide too much in their powers. Only too often, actual per- formance !ags far behind original promises. The Hankow rail- way concession was originally given to Belgian capitalists. Lat- er the government repurchased the concession at a stiff price because the provinces felt strong enough to undertake the finan- cing of the enterprise themselves. A popular loan was largely oversubscribed because every subscriber even if not for more than ten taels expected to get a position. When the hope of a good job glimmered out the installments on the subscriptions also gave out and the government saw itself forced to apply to the British banks at Hong Kong for sufficient funds to com- plete the enterprise. The latent distrust between foreigners and native affects the development of industrial China in more ways than one. It is a well understood fact that in the foreign controlled fac- tory employing native labor, production goes on at a consider- ably higher labor cost and the waste of greater amounts of raw material than would be expected in a factory owned and operated by native capital. Here, the foreigner is largely at fault, ignorant as a rule of the language of the country, without direct contact with the labor forces, he relies upon the compli- cated system of compradores and shroffs and interpreters to keep his forces going. To overcome waste he must usually re- sort to complicated systems of fines and to the piece work plan to get results. If these do not suffice, he farms out particular portions of the work to his shroffs. This pernicious method not only develops extraordinary opportunities for squeezing, but submits the employee to the petty tyranny of a subcon- tractor. The foreigner who wishes to share in the industrial development of China should see to it that his management is at least familiar with the language of the country. It would tend to eliminate much of the discord and dishonesty that he usually complains of at the present time. The foreign capitalist and manager is a necessity in the industrial development of the country. Every country that emerges from an agricultural to an industrial state must go through their first stages with the help of foreign capital and CHINA'S INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT 305 foreign experience. They were important factors in the smooth- ing of the path that led the United States to its present high position. These factors always bring to a country much more value than they take away in profits. I have already called attention to the detrimental effect of the pursuit of the old learning upon the industrial development of the country. There is even a probability that the newer education will not contribute its proper share to this develop- ment. Many of the keenest minds have come to the United States, or they have gone elsewhere to absorb the knowledge and training that would make them important factors in the industrial uplift of their country. Only too often, however, they have had their hopes of usefulness rudely shocked by being pushed into minor positions by their government, and that more- over, were at total variance with their training. This is a waste of precious material that China can ill afford at this critical period in her development. It would be better if gov- ernment service were less popular with the returning student. The heavy foreign debt that hangs like a millstone around China's neck is another of the great hindrances to a proper in- dustrial development. In order to pay her interest obligations, an enormous amount of raw produce must be sent out of the country annually. Such a debt in a country like China pre- vents the accumulation of capital which could be industrially employed. The long continued unfavorable balance of trade for China has also been an important factor in retarding the in- dustrial development by creating a continued stringency of liquid capital. Summing up the foregoing remarks, it may be said that China, for successful industrial development needs a closer and more harmonious co-operation between native and foreigner, a more intense and painstaking application toward the problems of finance and technique underlying industry, greater co-opera- tion in the application of capital to industrial enterprise, and a more favorable and balanced system of tariffs. The country will need to develop her own type of industrial enterpreneur. The foreign promoter should be only a passing through a neces- sary phase in the industrial development. He should be re- tained as long as he can be of service to the country. That progress has been slow in the past is no criterion for the rate 306 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 01. of progress in the future. Large bodies move slowly and China is a large body. When once in motion, however, such bodies gather momentum as they go. China's natural resources, her unlimited labor power, the stamina of her people and their fru- gality are factors that in the course of time will force her into the front rank of industrialism in spite of all obstacles. Such a position carries with it hidden dangers. The poverty and neg- lect of some of the great industrial nations of the world would be intensified in China many times over if proper safeguards are not set against the unlimited exploitation of her labor. In- dustrial welfare should go hand in hand with industrial ex- pansion. The principal tasks of the young Republic should be the unlocking of the industrial and economic resources of the coun- try. It should build railways and highways and extend the ar- tificial waterways, but hand in hand with this should go the ele- vation of the social and intellectual welfare of the masses. In the industrial uplift, humanity should be placed before profits. THE VALUE OF ADVERTISING. A Prize Essay, By P. T. Lau, (Harvard). One of the popular plays that had the greatest run in the season of 1916 was “It Pays to Advertise.” Any one who wit- nessed this play could not help but be impressed by the value cause of advertising. One of the humorous questions asked was: why people prefer hens' eggs to geese' eggs. The answer given was: Because the hens advertise, while the geese do not. This, of course, was intended for a joke but none the less it is true in the practical business world. If we were to visit a medium grocer and count the various brands of merchandise he carries, we would be startled to find on his shelves there are not less than twenty kinds of cereals, fifteen sorts of soap, ten different brands of baking powder, and numerous varieties of extracts, fish, and other edibles. Are all of these various brands selling in equal proportion? By no means so. The advertised brand sell as consumers call for the different brands by name. An ordinary man walks into a haberdashery shop to get a pair of garters and he is told that there are, say, three different brands on sale-namely, Paris, Boston, and Ivory. He answers instantly without a single moment of thought, “Give me a pair VALUE OF ADVERTISING 307 of Boston.” Now, what prompts him for the choice, You may be sure he has seen it advertised the most. Again, this same man walks into a drug store and asks for a stick of shaving soap. He is shown, say, five different brands—Williams, Col- gates, Taylors, Mennens, and Johnsons. He is told by the salesman at the counter that they are all first quality and one is just as good as the other. But he takes Colgate unconsciously because Colgate is most familiar to him. Mr. C. C. Parlin, the manager of the Division of Commer- cial Research of the Curtis Publishing Company which publishes three of the largest periodicals in the country, “The Saturday Evening Post," "The Country Gentleman,” and “The Ladies Home Journal,” in investigating the problem of advertising automobiles. trucks and their accessories, asserted that automo- biles are of recent creation. Thus, dealers are hampered by no tradition and naturally adopt the most modern and efficient merchandising method. Hence, the jobbers and retailers of 'auto' supplies never debate the question of private brands. When a manufacturer's agent comes with a new article the jobber would say, “Get your article well known then we'll stock it.” He further asserted that the number of automobile manu- facturers seems likely to be reduced from one hundred and thirty to about thirty or forty, and the nationally advertised ones will survive, while the unknown ones will be weeded out. The general manager of one of the biggest shoe plant in the United States which makes a famous, nationally advertised brand of ladies shoes, told me the following story the other day while I was investigating a certain problem in his plant: About fifteen years ago the owner of the concern attempted to intro- duce a new style of Russian tan leather shoes. Witnessing the apparent failure of the project he resorted to advertising. Ac- cordingly, a touring party was arranged for a group of college girls under the charge of a certain touring agency. All the girls invited to the party were equipped with Russian tan leather shoes, with attractive gowns and silk stockings to match. They were taken around to several big cities entering into var- ious social affairs, such as horse shows, fashion exhibits, ball games, and the like. After this tour Russian tan leather shoes were in vogue and the company received orders sufficient to last it for three years. Surely it pays to advertise. 308 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY Sears Roebuck, the largest mail order house in the United States and doubtless in the world, does a business so tremend- ous that it is quite beyond our comprehension. It trades with 6,000,000 customers and sometimes receives as many as 140,- 000 orders per day. Its net sales for the last year were $135,- 000,000. Sixty-five railroad cars are now needed daily to haul away the merchandise the organization sells. This company's publications have a circulation in the United States far trans- cending those of any other concern, not excluding the annual sales of the Bible publishing houses——the figure for last year exceeded 40,000,000 copies. Any one who is familiar with the mail order business would not doubt the statement that the success of this business is mainly due to advertising. Of course, this presumes that the advertising campaign must be well planned and carefully executed, and quality and service are up to the standard claimed. Advertising in modern business is used as an aggressive weapon as well as for publicity. About a decade ago manufacturers were entirely at the mercy of the jobbers who dominated the distribution system, because of their close contact with retailers and the consuming public. But as soon as the manufacturers found that advertis- ing was a business force they utilized it to regain the situation. They branded their goods and made known to the public that they were the makers of those articles that they consumed. Thus, if a jobber dropped their line they had no trouble to find another to take it up and still controlled the market. Moreover, they could enlarge their market if they so desired. To again quote Mr. C. C. Parlin, “The advantages of the advertiser are that he sets the standard and others have to measure up to it, that he has the choice of the market and he can take that portion of the market where credit risks are the best, and that he can take as much of the market as he wishes.” The Crisco campaign is worth noting. As most of us know, Crisco is a brand of Shortening put out by the Proctor & Gamble Company, maker of the famous Ivory Soap. In this campaign they had to face both prejudice and competition. Housewives had the notion that chemical shortenings were in- jurious and could not be as good as those home made. Their notion was quite. right, for there were really inferior and in- VALUE OF ADVERTISING 309 jurious brands in the market. But before the Crisco campaign was undertaken two years or longer were spent in the chemical laboratory and cooking schools in perfecting the product. Then a comprehensive campaign was launched. In some cities the company conducted a house to house canvas, in others they made use of bulletin boards and street car advertising, and in still others they made use of window displays, special agents, and local newspapers. In fact, all forms of advertising were utilized. Finally, the campaign proved to be a great success. They sell at present, as I am told, as many as fifty million cans of Crisco per year. Space would not permit further description of similar interesting campaigns. But it is sufficient to note that advertising is the strongest business force today and prac- tically no large business can exist without it in one form or another. An investigation, in which the opinion of 1,463 well rated retail merchants throughout the United States were obtained, was made by a dealers' service organization recently. The fol- lowing phrases summarized the reasons for selling advertised goods: “Saves time of salesman.” “Much easier sold.” “Bet- ter quality assured,” “Fresher stock," "People ask for them,” “Customers have confidence in advertised goods," "Show bigger profit in end of year,” and “Rapid turnover.” From the viewpoint of the consuming public we should not overlook the educational value of advertising. People now-a-days can obtain invaluable information of all kinds from advertising. This information is the result of laborious and exhaustive study of experts highly paid by the advertisers. Take the packing busi- ness for example, packers are spending large sums of money in hiring expert chemists and medical men to make expensive ex- periments and investigations in regard to the food products they put out. The results are communicated to housewives in vari- ous forms—booklets, letters, newspapers, or periodicals. It may be pointed out incidentally that two-thirds of the revenue of newspapers and periodicals is from advertising, without which they cannot exist. Advertising today is elevated to a much higher plane as general business is placed in a higher tone. In this respect I can do no better than to quote Professor Cherington of Harvard (Page 555 of “The Advertising Book, 1916”), “There is no 310 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY better evidence that those who are engaged in the various branches of advertising appreciate the responsibility which mod- ern conditions have put upon them than is found in the efforts being made to raise advertising standards. These efforts are in part individual, being made both by advertisers and by sellers of space, and in part they represent associations, or club activi- ties. The most conspicuous among the latter are the efforts of local clubs to raise standards locally, and the Associated Ad- vertising Club of the World to raise standards in two directions: first, by attacking fraudulent advertising through its Vigilance Committee. and, second, by raising the tone of honest advertis- ing through the constructive efforts of its National Commission. “Growing out of these national efforts there has come a codification of standards of practice for different lines of ad- vertising efforts which represent one of the most impressive · cases on record of attempts to put down in words a code of ethics to serve as a guide to those who are anxious to keep a business on the highest possible plane." The development of Psychology helps to put advertising on a scientific basis. Psychologists have taught advertisers to make use of different types of copy to appeal to different clas- ses of people. Roughly speaking there are two types of copy, the “Reason why” type, and the “Suggestive" type. The form- er appeals to reason and the latter to emotion. The physical make-up of advertising copy is built on psychological laws, to wit; to attract attention, to stimulate interest, to arouse desire and to secure decision. Towards this end, the late Professor Muensterberg of Harvard, Professor Thorndike of Columbia, Professor Scott of Northwestern University, and other psycholo- gists have done a great deal. The development of modern printing and the use of multicolor printing presses and the de- velopment of high grade illustrators of international reputation also have had a great deal to do in developing advertising into a science. It is estimated that in the United States advertisers spend over $600,000,000 annually in various forms of advertising. More than $2,000,000 per year is invested in the advertising space of “The Saturday Evening Post” by manufacturers of automobiles and trucks alone. In this connection an interesting question may be asked: Is this an economic waste inherent CHINESE LIBRARY IN CALIFORNIA 311 in the present competitive marketing system? I, for one, an- swer this question in the negative. Because even under a so- cialistic régime people would still have to exercise their choice and preference, and as long as people are allowed to exercise their choice and preference advertising is necessary, as it is the best instrument known for publicity and for demand-creation. All progress is the result of the stimulation of desire, and ad- vertising is the best means that we have for the creation of new wants. In conclusion I may add a few words on the controversial question as to who pays for advertising. Without going into äny minute detail of the question, suffice it to say that the ulti- mate burden falls back on the consumer although the increase turnover may reduce the cost of selling and the large scale pro- duction may decrease the cost of manufacturing. THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS ONE OF THE BEST CHINESE LIBRARIES IN THE UNITED STATES By J. D. Bush By reason of her being in possession of 12000 volumes of rare Chinese books consisting largely of ancient classics, history, scientific treatises, encyclopedia and the like, the University of California has laid a splendid foundation for the building up of one of the best Chinese libraries in the United States and is se- cond only, perhaps, to the library of Congress, whose collection aggregates to 40,000 volumes. All those who are interested, to any degree, in Chinese liter- ature can readily realize the tremendous significance attached to such a remarkable collection of Chinese books in the Univer- sity of California; particularly in connection with the agri- cultural investigation of the Chinese geographical and historical books that is being made by the Department of Agriculture Library Committee. Mr. Michael I. Hagerty, a self-taught Chinese scholar, and an assistant have been especially sent out here from Washing- ton, D. C. to engage in this research work among the 12,000 volumes that have recently transferred from a private library in Peking belonging to Mr. S. C. Kiang, now an assistant profes- sor of the Department of Oriental languages in the University 312 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY of California. Professor Kiang has given away practically all his books to the university with the exception of the valuable manuscripts and inscriptions made from what is called the Stone Classics. These he will lend to the University Library to be put on exhibition. For sometime both Mr. Kiang and Mr. Hagerty have been busily occupied in translating, arranging as well as cataloging this immense pile of books by modern scientific method with a view of rendering these valuable treasures easily available and accessible to all American investigators. Then, too, the librarian of the University is now considering "the expenditure of at least a few hundred dollars a year to supplement Professor Kiang's basic collection and to provide for a slow but healthy growth of the Chinese collection." It is perhaps of some interest to the readers of the "Monthly” to know a little of the color and romance connected with this private library given away to the University of California by Professor Kiang. First, the founder of this library was Mr. Kiang's grandfather, a Hanlin (equivalent to the degree of Doctor of Literature), who later became an attendant to the Emperor's Library called the “Southern Study.” Mr. Kiang's father, also a scholar of considerable attainments, kept up the collection and took pride in perpetuating the library; so that Professor Kiang inherited this private library from at least two generations before him. The books were preserved in a two-storied house adjacent to the magnificient home of Mr. Kiang, which is now turned into a girl's normal school, situated just outside of the former For- bidden City in Peking. This two-storied Library was called the "Shin Wan Chuan Lau” or the Library of one hundred-thousand volumes. At the time of the Boxer uprising in Peking in 1900 the entire home of Professor Kiang was taken possession by the Boxers and converted into a revolutionary headquarter. A little later still when the triumphant armies of the foreign powers defeated the rebels and entered Keking they also turned this this beautiful estate of Professor Kiang into one of their own headquarters. Considerable portion of the antiques, curios of the rarest kind were stolen and suffered the plundering and ruthless destruction of the foreign soldiers. Some of the Japanese CHINA AND THE WORLD WAR 313 officers and generals, being naturally well versed in Chinese liter- ature stationed there at that time, recognized these valuable treasures in Mr. Kiang's library and subsequently made away with some of the almost priceless books. Mr. Kiang has also lost one of these copies of the stone classics to the Library of Congress which can be seen in the exhibition case with note by Mr. Kiang himself. Mr. Kiang spent his last summer vacation with Mr. Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge and Chairman of the Depart- ment of Agriculture Library Committee, doing research work on Chinese literature and rendering invaluable service to Mr. Swingle in classifying and indexing the books to be of any practi- cal use to the American scholars. It seems that both Mr. Swingle and Mr. Kiang are especially interested in encouraging the building up of Chinese libraries in the educational centers in the United States to the end, as Mr. Swingle puts it in a letter to President Wheeler, that “may in fututre be very important in bringing about a better under- standing of the greatest country of the orient." CHINA AND THE WORLD WAR. By H. L. Huang. If there is a nation in the world that would seem to have every reason to stay out of this war it would be China. She has enough problems of her own to keep her busy without en- tangling herself in this destructive struggle of Europe. It has been China's desire and wish ever since the outbreak of this war to keep herself free and to devote her time and energy to set her house in order. But China, like the United States, has found it impossible to stand aloof any longer. For this is a world war. No nation can be indifferent to and independent of it, however much it may desire to be so. Following the example of the United States China protested vigorously against the ruthless submarine warfare of the Teutonic Powers and in order to enforce her unheeded protests she has been compelled to sever her relations with the German Empire. In taking this step the Chinese government is not unmindful of the second step that it may lead to with all its consequences. The question now arises, what grievances, if 314 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY there be any, has China against Germany? What are some of the reasons that have made China decide to cast her lot with the Entente? Perhaps the most obvious reason that may have led China to enter the war is an economic one. It is true that China has no merchant marine in the Mediterranean or other Europ- ean waters that is being jeopardized by the German sub- marines. China's commercial interests are, however, far from being unaffected by the unrestricted submarine warfare. China imports from and exports to the European countries in an enormous scale. Especially are her commercial interests bound up with those of Great Britain who has been China's largest customer as well as her best provider. Great Britain purchases more tea, silks and other native products from China than any other country. In return she supplies the needs of the Chinese people with manufactured articles of all kinds. The German submarine warfare has greatly hampered China's trade relations with Great Britain. On account of the shortage of her cargo space Great Britain has been forced to declare an embargo on the importation of foreign tea, which undoubtedly affects China more seriously than any other country. On the other hand the reduction of imports from Europe has obliged China to turn to Japan to supply her needs. The Japanese, who are never too slow in taking advantage of other people have been charging China exorbitant prices for her goods. In discussing the economic aspects of the question one must not forget to consider the offers which, mainly economic in nature, have been made to China as a condition for her parti- cipation. They include the suspension of the payment of the Boxer Imdemnity and the revision of the tariff. From the view- point of the Chinese the first offer is of doubtful advantage. For the war has closed all European money markets for Chinese loans, and that has made her exert herself in the way of financial reorganization and national economy to a degree that would not have obtained under ordinary circumstances. This self-exertion is responsible, in my opinion, to a large extent for the rapidity with which China has reorganized her financial system which was thrown out of gear by the Revolution of 1911. It compels her to rely upon herself and her own people. For the first time CHINA AND THE WORLD WAR 315 in her history she succeeded in floating several large domestic loans. Domestic loans are to be preferred in China for they are not only free from foreign complications but will also enhance the interests of the people in the government. The suspension of the payment of the indemnity would not only make China relax her efforts in reorganizing her financial system, which has been carried on so far with great success, but would also bring her serious embarrassment when the time for the payment of the deferred debts arrives. While the suspension of the payment of the indemnity is of doubtful advantage to China the revision of the tariff, however, is a different matter. The existing tariff rates in China, it will be recalled, were imposed upon her at the end of the nineteenth century. They are not to exceed 5 per cent, ad valorem. The valuations are based on the prevailing prices of 1897-1899. As prices have advanced very considerably since that period these 5 per cent. rates now do not amount to 2 or 3 per cent. in many cases. The injustice of such a system can readily be recognized when one remembers that Chinese goods have to pay duties upon entering foreign countries at rates of 50 and in some cases 100 per cent. By making these rates so ridicuously low the Chinese government has been deprived of one of the largest sources of revenue which every civilized country in the world enjoys. This is undoubtedly responsible for a large part of the financial difficulties of China during the last few years. The revision of the tariff with a subsequent raise of the rates to a more reasonable basis will be of great benefit to Chinese govern- ment. The most important reason for China's participation in the war will be found, however, to be political rather than economic. When the war broke out in 1914 China had every desire and wish to keep herself free from this European entanglement. With the participation of Japan the war, however, was brought to the Chinese soil. Under the pretext of military necessity Japan violated China's neutrality to a degree not at all incom- parable with Germany's atrocious treatment of Belgium. Tak- ing advantage of China's defenseless position Japan has also 316 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY forced the former to transfer to her all rights and privileges that were formerly enjoyed by Germany in the Province of Shantung. At the conclusion of the war this question will undoubtedly be brought up for settlement. As it concerns China more than any other nation she is entitled to have a voice in its settle- ment. Japan, however, for reasons that are obvious, has been trying to bring every pressure to bear to prevent China from acquiring a seat in the coming peace conference. The desire to assure herself of a seat in the peace conference and to protect herself, if possible, from further exactions and aggression of her "friendly” neighbor has therefore been of no small influence in inducing China to take the step that she has taken. It may seem strange that one nation should ally herself with a group of nations in order to protect herself against the aggression of one of the members of that group. But such is the paradox of international politics. It may now be asked, if China should enter the war what can she contribute? During the Chinese Revolution it was estimated that China had about one million soldiers. Although a large part of this army has been disbanded it would be safe to say that to-day she has at least half a million men under arms. It is not likely that China will send her troops to Europe in the event of her participation. China, however, can assist the Entente in other ways no less effective. She has four modern arsenals, one of which is said to be among the largest in the Orient. It is connected with Peking by rail and with Shanghai by water. With her large supply of iron, antimony and other metals China can turn out arms and ammunitions in a way that will be of great assistance to the Allies. Japan who has been one of Russia's chief sources of supply depends upon China for iron and other metals used in the manufacture of munitions. With the materials on the spot and savings of transportation China can supply Russia with arms more cheaply and more effectively too, than Japan. With Russia as a republic, which will most probably be adopted by the Russian people as their new form of government, the cooperation of China will be doubly assured. ESSAY CONTEST 317 Besides her material resources China has also an inex- haustible supply of man power. It is estimated that no less than one hundred thousand Chinese laborers have already been sent to France and the other countries of the Entente group, and many hundred thousands more may be despatched. These men will release the industrial and agricultural workers of those countries for the front. Thus, can China give enforcements to both of the main battle fronts. To the Eastern Front she gives arms and ammunitions and to the Western Front, industrial and agricultural workers. Each will receive what it needs most. The importance of China's entrance into the war is likely to be underestimated. With her natural resources and with her man-power China will probably be a factor in the war of greater weight than is conceded by most people. AMERICAN ASIATIC ASSOCIATION ESSAY CONTEST FOR CHINESE STUDENTS. A prize of one hundred dollars is offered annually by the American Asiatic Association, to be presented to the winner of an essay contest, open to members of the Chinese Students' Alliance. The conditions of the contest are as follows: (1) The competition is open to members of the Chinese Students' Alliance in the United States. (2) Essays submitted should be studies based on original research work of some economic or social factor in the life and problems of China. (3) Essays should not be over 6000 words in length. (4) The winning essay shall be the property of the American Asiatic Association and the Chinese Students Alliance, and its publica- tion in their respective magazines shall be at the discretion of the Com- mittee. For the current year the contest will close on October 15th, when all manuscripts should be in the hands of the Committee: Mr. T. V. Soong, Furnald Hall, Columbia University, New York City; Louis D. Froelick, American Asiatic Association, 280 Madison Avenue, New York City. Two judges of the contest will be designated by the Committee, the third judge to be determined upon by those already chosen. T. V. Soong, for the Chinese Students' Alliance, L. D. Froelick, for the American Asiatic Ass'n. 318 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY CLUB NEWS ANDOVER With the arrival of Hing-Sung Mok from Dulwick College, West Dulwick, Lundon, S. E., England, our roll is enlarged by one member. Mok has studied in Dulwick College for four years and left on account of the war. We are very glad to have him in our midst, and hope that he will enjoy and accomplish just as much in this Academy as he did in England. Chichuan Yu. BALTIMORE On March 10, Mr. and Mrs. Alcaens Hooper, ex-Mayor of Balti- more City, kindly invited the Chinese Students' Club to dinner at their residence. Most of our members were present, and we were enter- tained "royally." We had also the pleasure of having with us in the party Miss Laura H. T. Liu of Hannah More Academy, Reisterstown. The club is sorry to have lost two of its members. Dr. Peter C. Kiang has returned to China. Mr. H. Y. Liang left us in February and is now in Altoona, Pa. His present address is 1014 Lexington Avenue, Altoona, Pa. But we are also glad to have in our club Mr. S. N. Tsih, who came on March 12 from Shanghai. He is a Rock- feller Fellow and intends to join the Johns Hopkins Medical School. To him we extend a most hearty welcome. K. C. Sun. CALIFORNIA The club held its first meeting of the term on Feb. 3, during which Mr. W. U. Mah was elected President; Miss Helen Fong, English Sec- retary; Mr. S. Y. Kiang, Chinese Secretary; Mr. Harry Dong; Sear- geant-at-arms and Miss Josephine Jue, Treasurer. Three weeks later we held the first social of the term, the evening being enjoyed by all present. We have many very enthusiastic members in the club who help to make the meetings successful during the last term. They are still just as active or more so this term, and we are expecting another term of success. We have lots of fun at our meetings making new friends as we go along as is the purpose of our club. Helen Fong. CHICAGO Winter is a dull season for students' activities in the University of Chicago. Though the officers of the Chinese Students' Club have labor- ed faithfully and harmoniously to arouse interests in social and other activities, not much has been accomplished thus far. The participation of our members in a reception given by President Judson in honor of Minister Wellington Koo was one of the features in this quarter, and the great enthusiasm over His Excellency's oration was unique. CLUB NEWS 319 We are sorry to have missed the fellowship of a few able workers who have graduated and left the University, notably Messrs. C. L. Tan, S. D. Ren, and W. T. Yu. But the misfortune is overbalanced by the coming of several new members all of whom are none the less energetic and amiable. We are exceedingly glad to receive into our midst Messrs. C. C. Cheng, T. C. Yu, F. C. Wang, P. Wong, N. W. Cheng, and K. C. Mui. The officers of the club are: C. C. Cheng, President; P. Wong, Vice-President; T. C. Yu, Secretary; M. S. Tong, Treasurer; and M. Ho, News Correspondent. M. Ho.. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY The monthly business meeting of the Columbia Chinese Students Club was held in the evening of March 2. Messrs. Y. Woo and H. K. Huang were elected to be members of the club. After the adoption of various reports of the officers of last semester, the election for new officers took place. The result was: President, Mr. H. L. Huang; Vice-President, Mr. I. T. Hu; Chinese Secretary, Mr. W. J. Chao; English Secretary, Mr. Y. Woo; Treasurer, Mr. H. M. Lin; and Auditor, Mr. H. F. Boggs. Y. Woo. CORNELL Our first club meeting of the second semester took place on March 3, 1917. We were very glad to see four new, cheerful faces among us, and very pleased to find a large attendance, which was an indication of the interest taken by the members in club affairs. We sincerely hope that this bright start will be followed up throughout the entire term. Recently we were invited to a tea-party given by Mr. and Mrs. Whitehair. After that we were also entertained by Rev. and Mrs. Moore at their residence. On the former occasion we enjoyed interest- ing conversations, and on the latter we were delighted with various games; while in both we had a splendid time. Y. C. Ma. HANNAH MORE I came to the United States with the Tsing Hua students last fall. Now I am the only Chinese student in the Hannah More Academy at Reisterstown, Md. The school is situated in a beautiful country, hav- ing a campus of about ten acres. Baltimore, being only fifteen miles away, can easily be reached by cars. I am taking the general course in the Academy and have been permitted to participate in Senior privi- leges. While in China, I studied in St. Mary's Hall, Shanghai, and now I am expecting to enter Mt. Holyoke College next fall by certifi- cate. Miss H. T. Liu. 320 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY evening, Mjere present. Thes. Messrs. Tim ILLINOIS Our first social meeting of this semester was held last Saturday evening, March 10. More than forty members including the three new, ones were present. The program was arranged from speeches to songs. It lasted three hours. Messrs. T. Dong and T. S. Lee who have just returned from service during the recent revolution in the South delivered the speeches. . Mr. T. S. Yang, from Huana gave us most wonderful recitations after his local fashion, which amused greatly the audience. He also, in conjunction with Mr. Y. Lin imitated a Japanese address. Mr. Y. Lin was his expert interpreter. It was a wonderful speech-false as it was. The two seemed to understand each other remarkably well. In Mr. Z. Hsieh we have an excellent singer, and the young musi- cian, Mr. Chin, accompanied him with his newly imported instrument from Pekin. The evening was a great success. All our four lady members were present. There being no American friends invited, we certainly did enjoy ourselves to our hearts' content without any restraint. W. Jean. LOS ANGELES The club held a monthly meeting on February 3. After all the old and the new business had been transacted, the election of officers took place. The following officers were elected for the second semester: President, Lew Ling; Vice-President, Jue Kwong Shue; English Re- cording Secretary, Henry Tsang; English Corresponding Secretary, El- bert Chung; Chinese Secretary, Perry Ho; Treasurer, Wesley Chan; Sergeant-at-arms, Lee Bing; Club Representative of the Chinese Stud- ents' Alliance, Goon Chung. The meeting was adjourned after the election, and refreshments were served. The first business meeting under the new administration was held in the beginning of March at the home of Henry Tsang, and presided by the new President Lew Ling. Many Chinese students and American friends were present. Jue Kwong Shue delivered a most convincing oration on the relation of Chinese students to the club, urging those who were not yet members to join the club at once. On account of his impressing personality and sincere efforts, five have already prom- ised to become members in the next meeting and many others to join very soon. The programme was splendid and consisted of fascinating vocal as well as instrumental solos. The most joyful and successful meeting ended with games and refreshments. Elbert Chung and Henry Tsang. MOUNT HOLYOKE Miss Irene Vongling Lee has recently delivered a very eloquent lecture in Providenie, R. I. Miss Grace Yang, at the request of her young gentleman friend, Mr. Wei of M. I. T., attended the Junior Promenade. She is the first Chinese girl that has ever taken part in CLUB NEWS 321 such a "ball.” Both Miss Yang and Mr. Wei had such polite manners and danced so gracefully that almost everybody at the promenade wanted to dance with them. We are all proud of Miss Grace Yang! Since last December our club has not had any meeting. But we are hoping to have one some time in March. All our girls are getting on fine here. According to the rules of the College, we have to put out the light in our rooms every day at 10 p. m. But we are allowed six “sit-ups” in each term. The first term begins from the fall to Christmas, the second from Christmas to Easter, and the third from Easter to Commencement. By "sit-ups" is meant that six nights in a term we can sit up as late as one o'clock or until the next morning. As many of us did not consume the six "sit-ups" at' examination time, we are now utilizing them for reading stories and writing letters and for "fudge.” We must do ample justice to the six "sit-ups” before Easter arrives! Miss M. I. Han. OBERLIN The officers of the Oberlin Club for the second semester are as follows: T. Y. Jen '17, President; S. C. Chan '19, Vice-President; S. K. Wei '18, English Secretary; Y. T. Liang, '19, Chinese Secretary; P. C. Tsao '18, Treasurer; Miss T. P. Pan (Conservatory of Music), T. N. Chan '18, and K. C. Fung (Oberlin High School), the Social Committee. On January 29 we were entertained at the house of Mrs. Alice Williams by Misses Y. H. Tang and T. P. Pan and Mrs. Williams. The delicious dinner was followed by a most delightful social. At the monthly meeting held on February 21, President Jen celebrated his twenty-first birthday, and we were treated with a hearty and appetizing banquet. The club has now altogether twenty-three members. Of these nineteen are in the College of Arts and Sciences, three in the Conservatory of Music and one in the High School. Sidney K. Wei. OHIO WESLEYAN Our boys at Ohio Wesleyan are all very well. Late in February, Mr. T. T. Lew of Columbia, President of the Chinese Students' Christ- ian Association in North America, paid us a visit. We had quite a fine time together. William Hung. OREGON CHINESE STUDENTS' UNION After a long interval of one month, the Union held a meeting at the home of Mr. Goon Dip. We are now looking forward to our regu- lar meetings, because we are all eager to get information about China and friendly advice from our fellow students. The February gathering was the first time when we had regular speakers. Miss Mazie Goe spoke on "China's Need of Students," Mr. Ta Chin on his impressions 322 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY of his surroundings after his arrival at the States, and Mr. Solon on “The Importance of Professional Education for China." A social was held after the business meeting, and the evening was indulged in games, music, dancing and refreshments. It gives us pleasure to state that all our students in Oregno have a strong feeling of co-operation. We are now aiming to make our- selves more intimate to one another, and, through the meetings, to exchange our ideas and the knowledge we have gained from our differ- ent institutions. Miss Beulah Tong. OREGON STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. The Oregon State Agricultural College Chinese Students' Club bas- ket-ball team was awarded the championship of the College Cosmopoli- tan League last Friday afternoon, March 9th, when the Hindus-Japan- ese Alliance forfeited the game to us. During the evening a banquet was given the team by one of the local Chinese, Mr. Mar Wong. This is the same team that defeated the strong University of Wash- ington Chinese Students' Club team last summer during the Western Conference held in Portland. Members of the team were: Herbert H. Jewell, Albert P. Ding. E. R. Ding, Frank G. Ding and L. M. Hung. Herbert H. Jewel. PRINCETON The officers of our club for the second semester are as follows: C. H. Wang, President; James Y. Yeh, Vice-President and Auditor; K. P. Wang, Secretary; and Andrew V. Wu, Treasurer. The club started this semester again with twelve members. L. S. Yu, who came from Illinois last fall, has transferred to Syracuse Uni- versity, Syracuse, N. Y. We are missing him very much and sincerely hope that he will get on most successfully in his new college career. This loss is, however, compensated by the coming of C. P. T. Tsai from Pomona College, Claremont, Cal. He arrived at the States last fall with the Tsing Hua party, and his coming here adds much life and joy to the club, as most of us knew him before. He is now a qualifying student in the Junior Class, and we believe he will achieve brilliant success. Twenty Princeton men, supported by the Princeton faculty, alumni and students, will leave for Europe next June to work, under the aus- pices of the Y. M. C. A., in prison and concentration camps. A sum of $16,000 has been raised, and Chinese students participated in the contributions. An excellent demonstration of Tiger Spirit! In the first part of March, Princeton was honored by the presence of Professor J. W. Jenks, who gave a series of public lectures on “Pro- gressive China,” “Foreign Influences in China," "Sino-American Busi- CLUB NEWS 323 ness Relations” and “America's Far Eastern Political Problem.” His strong and impressive personality and fair judgment on China has created a better understanding of modern China and Sino-American re- lations among the Princeton people. Professor Jenks had also an in- formal meeting with the club, and we had a heart-to-heart talk with him on the present situation in China. K. P. Wang. PURDUE The Chinese students of the Cosmopolitan Club at Purdue are going to give a Chinese National Night on Friday evening, March 9. The new officers of the Purdue Chinese Students' Club for this year are as follows: T. Y. Deane, President; T. Y. David Ku, Secretary; and C. Chu, Treasurer. T. Y. David Ku. RYE SEMINARY As it is probably the first time that many members of our Alliance hear about Rye Seminary, it is, therefore, deemed necessary to intro- duce to them the locality of, and some important facts concerning, the said school. Rye Seminary is a first-class preparatory school, situated in Rye Village in the State of New York. It takes only an hour to go from Rye to New York City. Two years ago, Miss M. I. Han and Miss V. L. Lee, now of Mt. Holyoke, studied here. At present there are three Chinese students in Rye Seminary. In fact they are the only Chinese girls in Rye. Miss H. C. Yen and Miss Y. K. Liang came on the Tsing Hua scholarship and arrived in the States last September. Miss Yen of Fukien was for three years a student in the Methodist School at Nanking. She will first take two years' general course in some college and then study medicine. Miss Liang of Kwangtung was educated in St. Stephen's Girl's College at Hongkong. She will enter Mt. Holyoke next fall and probably specialize in education and liter- ature. Miss Hilda Yen is the third Chinese girl here. She has been here over one year and is in the primary department. Her father, Dr. F. C. Yen, is now in Boston. These girls feel very much attached to the school and enjoy their studies thoroughly. All teachers and fellow- students are very friendly to them, and they are really enjoying a very happy school life. Miss Y. K. Liang. VALPARAISO It was but a week or so ago that our heads were crowned with burdens of final examinations. After an enjoyable inter-term vacation of five days, we have returned to our pursuit of study. We have been greatly benefited from the vacation during which we had our minds refreshed. We are now ready for work, but the late departure of one of our members for home still distracts our attention. We are now in great anxiety to receive news of the arrival at Shanghai of our 326 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY H. H. Hsieh of Wisconsin won the second place in one lap (147 yards) in the Varsity indoor track meet. C. P. Wang has got his Ph. D. from Syracuse and sailed for China on March 12 per S. S. “China." He will be professor of history in Peking University where he taught before. , Miss Sieu-Tsz Ts'a of Women's College, Newark, Del., took a second trip to Washington, D. C., on March 4 and attended President Wilson's second Inauguration on the following day. She describes the occasion as "a wonderful sight.” Archie T. L. Tsen, B. S. (Columbia 1912), Dean of the Preparatory Department of Boone University, Wuchang, had an audience with Pre- sident Li Yuan-Hung some time last year, and got from him $1,000 for the Gymnasium Fund of the University. C. T. Wang, B. A. (Yale, 1910), ex-General Secretary of the Y. M. C. A. in China and Vice-Speaker of the Chinese Senate, has been re- elected Senator by the Chekiang Province. He will be in the Senate for six years more. Hosmer H. Tsai, (Columbia, 1916), is now Assistant Engineer in a semi-government mining company in Hunan whose head office is in Changsha. Samuel T. Y. Seng, B. S. Columbia, 1916, and graduate of the New York Library School, spent the first few months after his return to China in giving lectures on library work under the auspices of the Lecture Department of the Chinese Y. M. C. A. He is now Assistant Librarian of Boone University Library in Wuchang. This library has been doing wonderful work in China. Some of our Senators at Peking have found it very helpful and often send for books from the library. May such libraries in China multiply! M. J. Bau, Yale, has been elected a member of the 1918 Board of the Courant, an illustrated magazine conducted by Yale undergraduates. C. Chao. of Wesleyan University, Middletown, Ct., has won the right to represent the University in the triangular debate this spring, after having completed successfully in two preliminary contests. H. L. Huang has been appointed an associate in the Far Eastern Bureau, an organization for the promotion of better understanding by the spreading of accurate information about China. Y. C. Yen (1918) has been taken into the Yale chapter of the Beta Theta Pi Fraternity. Miss Mayling Soong has been awarded the Durant scholar, one of the highest scholastic honors in Wellesley College. She is the first Orient student to achieve this distinction.. H. H. Jewel and Frank G. Ding of Oregon State Agricultural College are the first Chinese students that have ever been elected to the College Glee Club. They have just completed a tour around three States-Oregon, Washington and California—and their singing was appreciated by the dif- ferent audiences. NEW MEMBERS OF ALLIANCE 327 NEW MEMBERS ADMITTED. Lee. The following persons have been elected members of the Eastern Section of the Chinese Students' Alliance: Abbot Academy: Miss Katherine Chen, Miss T. L. Li. American Bridge Company: H. H. Ling. Boston English High School: Y. F. Lee. Boston University: Miss Mabel Chen. Bradford Academy: Miss L. T. Fong, K. P. Huang. Bradford Durfee Textile School: S. Y. Lee. Carnegie Institute of Technology: K. C. Chang, S. Y. Chr. Columbia University: K. C. Chang, S. H. Ng Cornell University: K. Hsu, C. Y. Kao, K. Lee, Thomas Mao, Y. F. Sun. Cushing Academy: George Kwong. Dartmouth College: H. Huang. Drew Theological Seminary: C. T. Wang. Folts Institute: Miss Ida A. Lee. General Electric Company: F. T. Loh, K. L. Wang. Hannah More Academy: Miss H. T. Liu. Harvard University: C H. Hu, T. King, K. S. Kum, E. Zoo. Int'l Y. M. C. A. College: S. C. Wang, W. L. Wang. John Hopkins University: P. K. Chu, K. C. Sun. Lehigh University: T. C. Chou, K. T. Koan, I. T. Lee, A. T. L. Yap. M. I. T.: W. Y. Chiu, S. H. Huang, T. S. Sih, z. T. Wong, C. F. You. Mechanics Institute: I. T. Chow. N. Y. Public Library School: H. Y. Hsu. Northfield Seminary: Miss Minnie C. Chan. Philadelphia College of Pharmacy: K. H. Tu. Phillips Academy: A. T. Kung. Pratts High School: Miss Grace E. Fung. Princeton University: T. Y. Wu, V. T. Wu. Rochester Theological Seminary: T. C. Wu. 328 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY Rye Seminary: Y. K. Liang, Miss H. C. Yen. Union Theological Seminary: S. C. Wang. University of Rochester: C. P. Ling. U. S. Military School: Linson E. Dzau. University of Virginia: Arthur T. K. Lin. Walnut Hill School: Miss T. N. Kwong, Miss S. T. Yuan. Wesleyan University: C. Chao, P. Y. Chu. W. N. Y. Institute for Deaf & Mute: Z. F. Hsia. Women's College of Delaware: Miss S. T. Tsa. Yale University: C. Chen. Total to date 74. C. P. Chow These are the new members of the Western Section: Seattle, Washington: Miss Rose Law Yow, Chii Fan Wong, C. W. Wong, Y. C. Wong, Miss May Woo, Sam Chinn. Portland, Oregon: Hokkan Wong, James Toy, Kenneth Joe, Paul C. Fu. Berkeley, California: Tze Zaung Chang, Tsoo Whe Chin, Frank G. Quin, Yuen Ting Shen. University of North Dakota: Miss Hin Li. College of the Pacific, San José, Cal.: Sea Fong Lee. Fresno, Cal.: James Wong, Arthur G. Mar. Nettie Soo-Hoo. HOME NEWS THE CHENGCHIATUN AFFAIR, The Peking Gazette, in its issue of Jan. 29, published the English text of a communique, summarising the negotiations leading to a settlement of the Chengchiatun affair, which has been issued by the Chinese Office. As space in the Monthly is limited, only the more important portions can be reproduced below. "On August 1916, a dispute between a Japanese merchant named Yoshimoto and a Chinese soldier of the 28th division stationed at Chengchiatun led to a fracas between Japanese and Chinese soldiers. The Japanese soldiers had been in Chengchiatun for over two years. They had no justification for being there. The Chinese Government had repeatedly protested against their presence. "A Japanese policeman who was informed of the dispute induced a Japanese lieutenant to lead some Japanese soldiers to the Chinese barracks to demand satisfaction, a fracas ensued in which four Chinese and twelve Japanese soldiers were killed and others wounded. The Japanese troops were reinforced and new detachments were stationed at posts on the highway between Chengchiatun and Supinkai. "On September 2nd, the Japanese Minister submitted to the Foreign Office a series of eight demands divided into two categories. Four were demands properly so called and four desiderata. (Substance of the demands could be found in November issue of the Monthly). "In deference to the expressed desire of the Japanese Government the Chinese Government did not discuss the rights and wrongs of the case itself but proceeded directly to the discussion of the foregoing demands and desiderata, the Chinese Government throughout the negoti- ations being animated by a sincere desire to meet all Japanese proposals in a spirit of friendly compromise. “From Sept. 9th to Nov. 24 frequent conferences were held, and the five demands embodied in the exchange of notes later referred to were verbally agreed upon. While disposed, however, to make every concession consistent with the preservation of China's sovereignty, the Chinese Government could not consent to the stationing of Japanese police officers in South Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia and to the employment of Japanese military advisers and instructors. “Dr. Wu Ting Fang, after having assumed charge of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, continued the negotiation on December 19th. Sev- eral conferences were held, the Japanese Minister pressing for the ac- ceptance of the demands for the employment of Japanese police officers and military instructors and advisers, the Foreign Minister contending that such demands were neither just nor reasonable. “On Jan. 5th the Japanese Minister handed the Chinese Government three notes verbales. (In the first note it was stated that inasmuch as the engagement of military instructors in Chinese cadet schools was a 329 330 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY question which concerned Chinese military affairs it ought to be left to the discretion of the Chinese Government, and the Japanese Gov- ernment would not insist upon it. In the second note it was stated that as the employment of military advisers in South Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia concerns the military administration of the Chinese Government, the Japanese Government would not insist upon it. In the third note it was contended that the stationing of police officers was a corollary of the rights of extraterritoriality and does not violate Chinese sovereignty and it stated that "should the Chinese Government not express its concurrence with this view the Japanese Government would nevertheless, in case of necessity, be forced to carry it into effect.”) "After due consideration the Chinese Government replied on Jan. 12: "1. In the military cadet schools China has hitherto employed only Chinese instructors. She has no intention at present of employ- ing foreign military instructors. “2. In the Office of the Military Governor of Mukden a Japanese military adviser is already employed. The Japanese note verbale was noted. "3. In regard to the stationing of Japanese police officers, the Agreement of May 25th, 1915 provides that all Japanese subjects in South Manchuria and in Eastern Inner Mongolia referred to the Agree- ment shall "submit to the police laws and ordinances and taxation of Chin.” "The Chinese Government can never consent to the establishment of Japanese police stations in South Manchuria. It again protests and asks for the removal of those police stations already established. "The Chinese Government therefore requested that this demand be abandoned and declared that it could not recognize any action taken in pursuance of the Japanese statement that should the Chinese Govern- ment not express its concurrence with this demand the Japanese Gov- ernment would nevertheless in case of necessity carry it into effect. “The negotiations ended by the Governments agreeing to embody in an exchange of notes the following five stipulations: “1. The General commanding the 28th division will be reproved. "2. Officers responsible will be punished according to law. If the law provides for severe punishment such punishment will be inflicted. "3. Proclamations will be issued enjoining Chinese soldiers and civilians in the districts where there is mixed residence to accord con- siderate treatment to Japanese soldiers and civilians. "4. The Military Governor of Mukden will send a representative to Port Arthur to convey his regret when the military Governor of Kwangtung and the Japanese Consul General are there together. “5. Solatium of $500 will be given to the Japanese merchant Yoshimoto. 332 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 3. That political bias should be absent in the minds of those pre- paring the Constitution. In other words, he exhorted the members of Parliament to create a system that should be applicable in all circumstances. CHINESE POSTAL SURPLUS. The financial results of our Post Office for the year 1916 show a surplus of $1,000,000, of which $300,000 has been carried to the capital account, leaving a net balance of $700,000. The Post Office showed a profit for the first time in 1913, when the net surplus amounted to about $250,000. The Post Office was inaugurated in 1896 and has become self-sup- porting in less than twenty years. LAND TAX AND LIKIN. The North China Daily News states that according to returns China's land tax for the year 1916 amounted to over $78,000,000 and Likin, over $262,000,000 THE CHIAO TUNG BANK LOAN. On the 20th of January a loan agreement was signed between Tsao Jui-lin and Jen Feng-Pao, Managing Director and Assistant Manager respectively of the Bank of Communications, and Messrs. Shitate and Ninomiya, representing the Japanese Banking Group consisting of the Industrial Development Bank, the Taiwan Bank and Chosen Bank. The full text of the loan agreement was published in a February issue of the Peking Gazette. The principle terms of the agreement are as follows: Art. 1. The proceeds of this loan shall be five million dollars (Y. 5,000,000) of Japanese currency. Art. 2. The term of this loan shall run from the date of the sig- nature of this agreement for fully three years; that is, it shall expire on the 20th day of the 1st month of the 9th year of the Republic. · Art. 3. The rate of interest on the loan shall be 7.5 per cent per annum. Art. 10. To safeguard the payment of interest and the repayment of the principal (at the Chiao Tun Bank) shall submit the following collateral to B (Japanese Banking Group) as security of the loan: 1. The loan bonds of the Lung Hai Railway to the face value of $1,300,000. HOME NEWS 333 2. Treasury bonds issued by the Chinese Government to the face value of $4,000,000. 3. Loan bonds issued by the Chinese Government to the Bank of China to the face value of $2,425,687.68. Art. 12. In the event of the failure of the redemption of the principal or the payment of interest by A when the time becomes due, B shall have power to dispose at will of the securities mentioned in article 10 for the redemption of the loan and the payment of interest. JOINT MEDICAL CONFERENCE AT CANTON. A joint conference of the China National Medical Association and the China Medical Missionary Association was held in Canton from Jan. 24th to 31st. Dr. Wu Lien Tuh was president of the former and Dr. W. H. Venable, that of the latter association. The conference was attended by about ninety members from each Association. Reports of the standing committees were read reviewing the work done during the past biennium in the matter of Medical Education, Public Health, Medical Research, Translation and Medical Terminology. Papers on various scientific subjects, on Hospital Efficiency, on Training of Nurses, on Medical Evangelism, etc., were read and discussed. Beautiful, fine, dry weather favored the conference from start to finish. Mr. Chu Chung-lan, the Civil governor of Kwangtung, besides entertaining the whole conference with an elaborate banquet, played the part of a pleas- ant and generous host on several other occasions. NO MORE OPIUM AFTER MARCH 31st. In order that the trade in foreign opium may definitely cease on March 31st (the day on which our Ten Year Opium Treaty with Great Britain expires) the Chinese Government has entered into an agreement with the opium merchants in Shanghai, through Vice-President Feng Kuo-Chang, to purchase and use exclusively for medical purposes the residue of the stocks of foreign opium existing on Feb. 7th. The result of this agreement will be that after March 31 the Opium Combine will be dissolved. North China Daily News, Feb. 7th. RUMORS OF A NEW QUADRUPLE LOAN. According to the "Shuntien Shih-Pao,” four resolutions were adopted by the representatives of the Quadruple Group of Bankers who held a meeting in London on Jan. 30. The resolutions adopted were: 334 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 1. That the amount of the Loan shall be between 10 to 20 billion pounds. 2. That the Security shall be first, the Salt Gabelle and secondly the Land-tax. 3. That after the conclusion of the loan the Chinese government shall employ foreigners in its financial administration. 4. That the loan shall be floated in Japan and America. SECTION OF CANTON-HANKOW R. R. COMPLETED. The northern section of the Canton-Hankow Railway between Wu- chang and Puting has been completed. The Ministry of Communica- tions has sent special delegates to inspect the line. Traffic is said to have been opened since the first of last month. ANOTHER LINE GRANTED SIEMS-CAREY SYNDICATE. In addition to the Ching-Chu line, a newly projected railroad from Chowkow to H'siangyang has been outlined by the Government and the right to construct it has been granted to the Siems-Carey Syndicate. This new line will hereafter be transferred to the control of the ad- ministration of the Ching-Chu Railway. Peking Gazette, Jan. 31. REBUILDING TAKU FORTS. Certain papers in Peking report that Admiral Chen Pi-Kuang, Min- ister of Navy, is considering the rebuilding of the forts at Taku. To do so the Government will have to open negotiations with foreign powers for the removal of the restrictions imposed upon China after the Boxer trouble. When this is done, each province will be required to contribute a certain amount of funds for the construction of the forts. THE PEKING LIBRARY. The Peking Library has been opened to the public since the 27th of January. It is situated on the Antingmen main street in Ta Fang Chia Hutung. The library contains a complete set of the body of literature known as the Su Ku Chuan Su of 6,144 volumes, 8,000 scrolls of Buddhist literature, 12,000 copies of fine specimen of old hand engraving, handwritten old literature and 80,000 volumes of mod- ern books. All these are for public perusalon payment of a small fee of from one to ten coppers. Students will be admitted free. The library is open from 10 A. M. to 5 P. M. daily except Sunday. SAFETY COMFORT SPEED S. S. CHINA. Sailings from San Francisco FOR HONGKONG May 17– AND SHANGHAI July 31–Oct. 11–1917. CHINESE STUDENT PATRONAGE TO THIS FIRST BIG CHINESE ENTERPRISE “ACROSS THE PACIFIC" IS EARNESTLY SOLICITED CHINA MAIL STEAMSHIP COMPANY, Ltd. SAN FRANCISCO. The Chinese Students' Monthly VOLUME XII. MAY, 1917. NUMBER 7. with Contents for this Number eben 335 PACE EDITORIALS .. One Aspect of the War. China's Position in the War. The Monthly Essay Competition. An Announcement. A Change in Our Management. ---- 339 CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES ------ China's Break with Germany. (F. Chang) The New Chinese Scholar; I. The Scholar As a Man. (K. T. May) The Outlook of the Shipbuilding Industry in China. (V. F. Lam) My Experiences. (2. F. Hsia) REPORT OF THE OUT-GOING MANAGER ------------- SUMMER CONFERENCES CLUB NEWS PERSONAL NOTES HOME NEWS ---- Entered as second-class matter October 5, 1916, at the post office of New York, N. Y., under the Act of March 3, 1879. The Chinese Students' Monthly Published monthly from November to June, inclusive, by The Chinese Students' Alliance in the United States of America at 510 West 124th St., New York, N. Y. Subscription Rates: $1.00 a year. Postage to foreign countries, 25c, extra. In China, $2.50 Mex. a year, 30 cents Mex. a copy, post paid. Payable in advance to the Chinese Students' Monthly. THE STAFF EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT Kai F. Mok, Columbia, Editor-in-Chief. 510 W. 124th St., New York City Editors Home News: Y. C. Yang, George Washington Club and Personal News: S. E. S. Yui, Princeton Literary: C. T. Kwer, Yale C. L. Liu, Cornell L. T. Chen, Yale K. T. May, Harvard W. H. CHUN, Chicago F. W. MING, Cornell H. L. CHUNG, Missouri H. A. Pan, Pennsylvania K. C. CHUNG, Reed Molin Ho, Cleveland G. K. Shew, California MARY HUNG-Woo, Denver S. P. TENG, Princeton RUTH KOE-Sun, Berea Y. C. YANG, Cornell H. M. Lin, Columbia D. K. F. YAP, Swarthmore T. Y. C. LEE, Columbia T. L. Li, Iowa. BUSINESS DEPARTMENT HEUEN Chi, Acting Manager-in-Chief, Hartley Hall, Columbia University, New York City Departmental Managers Mun L. ELI. N. Y. U., Advertisement Manager HsI-FAN BOGGs, Columbia, Circulation Manager Associate Managers H. Chi, Columbia L. G. Moy, M. I. T. H. C. CHU, Pennsylvania A. T. Y, Shih, R. P. 1. W. H. CHUN, A. I. T. A. SOONG, Harvard L. N. Lau, Cornell TOWE TONG, Illinois C. C. Lowe, Illinois K. W. Tsai, Penn. A. S. Liu, Cornell A. T. L. YAP, Lehigh T. C. Yen, M. 1. T. Assistant Managers C. L. Bau, Minnesota W. P. LIANG, Wisconsin S. C. Hsu, Princeton C. S. See, Columbia K. HUANG, Yale GEORGE WAN, J. H. H. Wong, Reed College · W. T. YOUNG, Michigan Representatives in China P. K. Chu, World's Chinese Students' Federation, Shanghai Y. C. Mei, Tsing Hua College, Peking; Y. S. Djang, Tientsin H. K. KWONG, Kiang-Nan Dock, Shanghai Representative in Australia W. K. Chan, 96 Elizabeth Street, Hobart, Tasmania EDITORIALS ONE ASPECT OF THE WAR. The United States Congress has decided during the last weeks to declare the existence of a state of war between the United States and Germany. Whether the addition to the num- bers of the Entente will mean much towards the final settlement, however, does not concern us as Chinese students in this coun- try. We have seen during the past few years many violations by Germany of the neutral rights of America, and we are not surprised that matters have come to a head. The why's and wherefore's of the submarine warfare as conducted by Ger- many have had nothing to do with the decision of Congress and naturally will bear no weight with us. For this is not a war urged by jingoists, even pacificists have joined the ranks of those demanding war on Germany for her methods of warfare. Plots and conspiracies in neutral countries, slaughter of the in- nocents on the high seas and in conquered lands, and other unspeakable atrocities have presumably been countenanced, and no nation standing for fair play on one side as on the other can be a mere spectator for long. The recent revolution in Russia has had a profound effect on the world. And if Germany will only take advantage of this opportunity for reform to eradicate the evils of the system that has been her curse, she will win to her side the sentiment of the world as well as achieve a more permanent peace than that which followed the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. There ap- pears to be a movement for reform in Germany, but, until it materializes, the war will continue unabated. As far as we have seen, also, the Entente's spring offensive is proving more suc- cessful than expected. The active participation of the United States in this war will then of necessity bring the war to an earlier conclusion. The main feature of the war was, and still is, the struggle between autocracy and democracy. Subtle forces were at work in both camps for a more complete domination of the government by the people. When the war was declared in August, 1914, the power to declare it was in the hands of a few 335 336 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY people. Sir Edward Grey in England could have prevented the catastrophe if he had only seen the war in terms of blood and not in terms of Britannia's glory. The Russian Minister of For- eign Affairs, Sazanoff, was an autocrat in his dominion, and needless to say, so were the Kaiser and the late Francis Joseph. As it was, Grey made his speech in Commons on honor and gave enough excuses for war; Sazanoff, encouraged beyond measure, initiated the first step by mobilizing; while the emper- ors, bent on whatever purposes they had in mind, made their moves with a full realization of the consequences. Yet few at that date understood the real significance of the war. To every country concerned, it was their own independence and honor that they were fighting for. But the veil is gradually being withdrawn. The struggle has become one for the liberation of the people and of peoples. And all the Entente nations of today are more democratic than when they entered the war. Ministerial changes in England have placed at the head of the Cabinet a man known for his advocacy of social legislation, a man who but five or ten years ago was more laughed at than respected for his ideas. Russia has made her first step towards a more enlightened government. And to crown these successes of demo- cracy, America, the most democratic of them all, has joined the Allies to proclaim Germany as the common enemy. Today the watchwords of 1776 and 1789 are again emblazoned in large characters. Germany, Austro-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey have become the champions of the old order. But the change is bound to come, for even the German people have awakened to a sense of their responsibilities. With these factors at play in the world situation, China has nothing to fear from the Europe that will emerge from the present war. Whether she enters the war on the side of the Entente or not, European politics will offer little interference to her internal affairs. But she is necessarily afraid of Japan and Japanese intervention. And that is and ever will be, until Ja- pan's foreign policy undergoes a radical change, her only cause for anxiety. While we clamor for a reform of the Prussian sys- tem, 'therefore, while we expect the triumph of democracy in Europe, let us also hope for more enlightened policies to eman- ate from the Tokio Foreign Office, let us see in this war the complete triumph of the people in their efforts to create a basis THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 337 for a common brotherhood among the races of the world. For the peace that will follow the war of today must necessarily be a peace that no nation will care to break. CHINA'S POSITION IN THE WAR. There are conflicting opinions as to the advisability of China's entry into the war. To some there are economic ad- vantages that we cannot afford to despise. Others claim that were such our best reasons for making war on Germany, it would be the height of folly to commit our nation to such an irretrievable step. And a saner view than this cannot be ob- tained. Those who advocate a war with Germany claim that we can revise the tariff. They forget, however, that this cannot be done without the consent of the powers and while they are at war. The same remarks apply to whatever other advantages that may be given as inducements to our entry into the war. It is also claimed that the German submarine warfare has great- ly impaired our trade with Europe in silks and teas and other commodities. This is no excuse for breaking with a nation and fighting it. Other neutral countries have suffered worse than China in this respect. The only plausible excuse is in the ruth- lessness of the submarine warfare, but it is a question over which more militarily capable nations than ours are fighting. To sever diplomatic relations is the strongest protest we can make to the German people in regard to this. China today is in no position to take up the cause of humanity in an active way. The arrangement of her internal affairs will require all the time and care she can afford, and all that is necessary for her to do in the international situation has been done when in unequivocal terms she denounced the inhuman methods of the Prussian sys- tem, 338 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY THE MONTHLY ESSAY COMPETITION. The first prize for the April competition is awarded to Mr. T. S. Wei, Harvard, for his essay on “What can the Chinese Government do to promote trade?” The second prize is award- ed to Mr. W. P. Wang, Pennsylvania, for his essay on “The Educational Movement in China." AN ANNOUNCEMENT. Elsewhere in this issue is an announcement by Mr. F. Chang, Chairman of the Eastern Section of the Chinese Stu- dents' Alliance, on the conference to be held at Brown Univer- sity this summer. Owing to an oversight on the part of our proof-reader we failed to insert a similar announcement in our last issue. A CHANGE IN OUR MANAGEMENT. We are very sorry to announce that our Manager-in-Chief, Mr. K. K. Wang, has resigned pending his departure for home on the S. S. “Empress of Asia" sailing from Vancouver on the 10th prox. Mr. H. Chi will take charge of the Monthly for the remaining issues. His address will be Hartley Hall, Colum- bia University, New York City. We wish to take this opportunity to thank Mr. Wang for the services he has been able to render to the Alliance in general and to the Monthly in particular. During the brief period we have worked together, we have found him untiring in his efforts and faithful in the discharge of public duties. We shall sorely miss his help, but we wish him Godspeed and success in the work which he is called home to take up. Kai F. Mok. CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES CHINA'S BREAK WITH GERMANY. By F. Chang, Harvard. China's momentous decision to sever diplomatic relations with Germany has generally been hailed with delight by those who see this great war as a struggle between militarism and liberalism and those who wish China to have a voice in the Peace Conference for the settlement of her own problems as affected by the war. Whether the severing of diplomatic rela- tions even followed by a declaration of war will actually secure an observance of international law by the belligerents or an ef- fective voice for China in the Peace Conference, is by no means potent. Nor, even if it is potent, is it a dignified policy if the means adopted is discriminatory. However, the die is cast. Whether we wish it or not, we must be prepared to face the consequences of our own act. Let us then try to understand the motives and effects of the act. The break with Germany came after the reported invitation to China to join the Allies by the Belgian and French Ministers on behalf of the Allies. It came at such a time and sequence of events as led one to believe China took the action in acceptation of the Allied offer. But in fact the action was primarily the inevitable result of a response to President Wilson's note, sug- gesting that neutrals take action with the United States in sever- ing diplomatic relations with Germany as evidence of a protest against the violations of international law by Germany's sub- marine policy. Influenced by a confidence in the government of the United States and always eager to cooperate with it, the Chinese gov- ernment sent a note to the German Minister in Peking and later a note directly to the German government in Berlin not by way of mere protest, but demanding a modification of the submarine policy with a threat to sever relations if the answer be unsatis- factory. The German reply justified it on three grounds :- Chinese lives and property were lost on belligerent vessels; China did not protest against the prescribing of war zones by 339 340 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY Great Britain; the use of the submarine as an instrument of war has not been covered by international law. The government could clearly foresee what kind of reply Germany would give, since it could not expect Germany to modify her policy for the sake of China. Regarding the reply as unsatisfactory, China severed relations with Germany as a matter of course. It is hard to conjecture whether the government acted out of mere deference to the wishes of the United States government or out of a careful consideration of China's legal position and true in- terests. May be the two coincide, may be they do not. It is also possible the final decision was influenced by the invitation by the Allies to China to participate in the war, which invitation was accompanied with offer of certain indefinite elu- sive advantages. But if it was an acceptation of the invitation, China should have not only severed the diplomatic relations, but also declared war. The reported seizure of German merchant vessels in Chinese harbors may be but the removal of the Ger- man crews to prevent their damaging the vessels, and not the legal condemnation of the title to the vessels, and hence not an act of war. Assuming China's action was influenced by the offer of advantages, what are they? They are the postponement of the payment of the Boxer indemnities, and consent to an in- crease in China's tariff. The postponement of payment of a debt instead of being a benefit may be the accumulation of the debt, making it harder to pay, and the accruing of the interest. Japan is the only power that has refused to consent to an increase in the tariff, and it is not known the representation of the Belgian and French Ministers binds Japan. Besides being elusive, the offers smack of an attempt to bring China into the war on mere ground of bargain and sale without regard to China's position as a neutral and not as a mere participator in a scramble for gain. True a neutral has the right to go into war against any belligerent that has violated international law to the detriment of its rights, even though the belligerent on the other side has done the same only in a different degree. But in taking any such action the neutral will necessarily incur the odium, if not hatred, and make an enemy of the belligerent it makes war against. And China should clearly see her interest and security before making an enemy of Germany. The severance of diplomatic relation is an unsatis- factory and rather meaningless move unless to be followed by CHINA'S BREAK WITH GERMANY 341 war with some legitimate object to achieve. With reference to the great war alone China has as much reason to declare war against Japan for her violation of China's neutrality as against Germany. Viewed historically China has a right, if she can, to declare war against practically all the European powers to take back by force what they have wrested from her by force. This breaking off of relations with Germany is then justified not on any well sounding phrase of enforcing international law, but on the ground that an opportunity is offered for China to shake off all the German pretentious claims in China. China has already taken over the German concessions at Hankow and Tientsin. If this can be effectually and permanently done, it constitutes a basis for the restoration of all the foreign concessions with their accompaying jurisdiction to China. But can this be done by mere severing of diplomatic relations with Germany? Or is China depending on the professions by the Allies of liberty and freedom for all nations. Whether the result can be achieved without adequate force, China should insist at the end of the war on her right to be freed from jurisdictional and territorial encumbrances which are contrary to the principles for which the Allies as well as Germany profess they are fighting 342 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY THE NEW CHINESE SCHOLAR I. THE SCHOLAR AS A MAN. K. T. May, Harvard In the chapter on the Conduct of the Scholar in the Book of Li Ki, Confucius formulated the essential truths about the scholar as a man for all future ages in China. After hearing the discourse, Duke Ai of the Lu Kingdom, to whom it was addressed at his own request, said: “To the end of my days I will not presume to make a jest of the name of scholar.” This feudal lord, like so many other rulers, had evidently regarded the scholars invited to his court nominally for the purposes of counsel and instruction as nothing more than his sycophants and ornaments. It is natural that our scholars have ever since oc- cupied the most honored position in the land, both for their very calling and for their own merits. And we should indeed never mention but with the profoundest reverence those illus- trious historical names which suggest to us at once all that is beautiful and noble and worthy in the character of our race. They are the exemplars of the Confucian idea of the scholar. But the Confucian idea of the scholar has been realized on- ly by a very few periods of our national life and by a very few persons in those periods. The majority of scholars at any time has attained to that idea only in a limited sense. It is a sad truth that many of the errors and imperfections of the learned men in the European scholastic era, so fully exposed by Bacon in the first book of his “Advancement of Learning,” are only too frequently found among our intellectual class. The very exalted position we as a nation accord to the scholar seems to have been a hindrance to the development of his character. Poison after poison is administered to him from the nursery to the grave. As a possible realizer of the family aspirations, the little prodigy is too often allowed to make laws unto himself. He is at once his parents' pride and the object of curiosity and indulgence in his neighborhood. All those around him do their share to differentiate him from the common herd. At school he is the favorite of his schoolmaster and the tryant over his schoolmates. His vanity grows with his age. The spoiled scholar soon acquires a temperament which unfits him for the delicate art of human intercourse in later life. Book- THE NEW CHINESE SCHOLAR 343 ish and careless and ignorant about the common affairs of life, he then retires altogether into his closet. Hence the solitary scholar. “Solitude, the safeguard of mediocrity," says Emerson, “is to genius the stern friend, the cold, obscure shelter where moult the wings which will bear it farther than suns and stars. He who should inspire and lead his race must be defended from travelling with the souls of other men, from living, breathing, reading, and writing in the daily, time-worn yoke of their opin- ions." True. But the scholar is likely to over-estimate his own genius and imagine himself to be the inspirer and leader of his race simply because he is fond of solitude. Accordingly, in the "pinnaclo of Weissnichtwo” and “alone with the stars,” our megalomaniac exclaim's and fulminates against mankind. The cult of disdain would be too familiar to us to need dis- cussion here, if not for the fact that it is often mistaken for real superiority. “Because the times they (the learned men) read of,” says Bacon, “are commonly better than the times they live in, and the duty taught better than the duties practised, they contend sometimes too far to bring things to perfection, and to reduce the corruption of manners to honesty of precepts or examples of too great height." Doubtless, there are some whose scorn for the present is justified by their own personal perfection; it is even their mission to chasten a degenerate age with the authority of the past. But one who adopts this super- cilious attitude as a creed is apt to be a blind or simulated fol- lower of the ancients without due regard to the actual conditions of one's time or to one's own personal attainment in virtue and wisdom. Sometimes the cult of disdain is readily converted into the Nietzschean theory of "beyond good and evil,” or, as especially in the case of poets and artists, translated into the polite term of "refinement." The cultured few have a moral code of their own which is wholly inapplicable to the humdrum and vulgar When the poet Yuen-Chih (210-263) was reproached for his breach of decorum by a friend, he retorted: “Is decorum for people like us?” Thus “The literati have no morals” is a household saying with us. Our erratic and emotional romanti- cists are not disciples of Rousseau and Diderot—they are beings as old as our literature itself. CHINESE STUDENTS' CLUB, OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY. Top row (left to right):—M. G. Louis, T. C. Chan, Y. H. Chang, B. Y. Kau. Front row:-8. Hung, G. P. Jung. Y. C. Chen, w. Chang 346 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY believed, there usually lurks a beautiful and divine soul. Here- in lies the reason for the eternal feud between the scholar on the one hand and the rich, the powerful, and the worldly in general on the other. The gluttonous and swaggering Philistin- es will “rot like the grass” and soon be forgotten, argues our scholar; whereas he himself, the teacher of men and standard bearer of civilization, will, indigent as he is, have his tablet placed in the Confucian Temple and live in his literary works as permanently as the national language itself. And so this contempt for worldly success and prosperity is extended to the spiritual and intellectual realm itself. Men are gul- lible creatures and incompetent judges of their contemporaries. pass by the street corner unnoticed. Worst of all, the official examiners under the old Competitive Examination System were seldom men "with eyes in their head," but they pronounced final literary verdicts. Owing both to his ingrained distrust of human nature, and to the grim facts of life before him, the scholar was suspicious, and rightly so oftentimes, of the moral integrity of successful literary candidates and high officials; for was not their success the outcome of expedients and artifices whereby they had either hoodwinked or pleased those in power? He, for one, would not sacrifice character to success, and so far he was right. In his reaction he is likely to push his naturalistic views of life to the extreme. He becomes a rebel against all rules of civilized conduct. To appear in rags in the society of the smart set or to violate etiquette and conventions in dealing with high officials is an indication of inner moral goodness; to be well- bred, genial, and conversant with the art of human intercourse is a mark of its opposite. (The foreigner in China usually hates the literati, because they defy his simple classification of China- men as all automatic and punctilious hypocrites, counting steps in their walk and always concealing their real opinions and feel- ings for the sake of good form.) Such is the vain glory of our scholars. With these anti- social and unconventional ways of life, it is only natural that they cannot have peace and harmony among themselves, for the very reason that they are human after all. When vain glory encounters vain glory, clash is the inevitable result. While our scholars have never cudgeled and waylaid each other like the European humanists of the early Renaissance, they have been "o) 348 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY They will not only meet different kinds of people in their own land, but people of different races and nationalities. And the realization of the shortcomings of their own civilization will check the tendency towards self-aggrandizement, nourished largely by their contemplation of the greatness and splendor of their past history. Their knowledge of the world will be broadened by their performance of the duties of citizenship under a democratic government. For whereas formerly they could only rail at the existing evils without being able to correct them, now they can do both. Instead of dreaming their Arcadias in the closet, they will be brought face to face with the actual needs and conditions of their time. As they see real men and women in the living world, they will know human nature in the concrete, not in the abstract. For the reason that the scholars themselves are not perfect, they must not set themselves apart from ordinary hu- manity, whatever its limitations and foibles. They must be moral realists and see life as it actually is before their eyes, and not build up their “idealisms” in reverie. The irreconcibil- ity supposed to exist between the actual and the real world is more often an excuse of moral weaklings for dread of respon- sibility than an absolute truth. We have witnessed sages and philosophers marching cheerfully in the procession of real men and women without lowering their standards of goodness, beauty and truth. As a matter of fact, the best way to reform the world is to go into it in order to set before it a good personal example. “It is impossible,” says Confucius, “to associate with birds and beasts. If I do not belong to my fellow-men, to whom do I belong?" Having traced the decadent tendencies of the romantic school in the nineteenth century Europe, Dr. Odell Shepard writes: “It requires a literary scholarship beyond the ordinary to realize that the important poets of the world have been, with few exceptions, resolute and cheerful souls, busily engaged in the common affairs of life, delighting in wholesome relations with real men and women.” It seems particularly opportune at this moment to call our attention once more to the great personalities of our past, who have lived truly and fought bravely in this, our world, a world where much can be done and enjoyed, though full perfection according to our own will there can never be. THE NEW CHINESE SCHOLAR 349 The isolation of our scholar of the old type from the world was also due to the great distance between his intellectual level and that of the other social classes. The advancement of popu- lar education will bring him and his fellow-men nearer together intellectually. Many of the recondite and learned matters form- erly held to be his exclusive properties will become common properties of all. He will find fewer and fewer occasions to resume his supercilious attitude towards other men. A reading public in the place of patronage will be ready to consume the fruits of his labor. The popularity of the press, the cheap pro- duction and wide circulation of books, and the efficiency of the lecture bureau will combine to facilitate the recognition of genius and talent. And recognition is a deadly enemy to re- volt and misanthropy. The well-noticed and cared-for are usually contented and amiable citizens. For it was the con- stant wrath against an unappreciative world, together with anx- iety over the uncertainty of posthumous fame, that racked the nerves of our former scholars and turned them into queer folk. Lastly, our education in the past has been too exclusively. literary. Almost all the educated were men of letters. When the sense of the uniqueness of their social position, in the ab- sence of rival intellectual classes, was united with those be- setting sins like vainglory and the “artistic-temperament" that have been peculiar to their profession from the tribal bard to the scrawling school-boy of today who imagines himself in- spired, the situation was hopeless. Now we shall have many different classes of intellectuals, scientists, jurists, etc.; all of these classes will have an equal share of the attention and honor of society without granting the monopoly of these things to any one. In this way, even the poet may be regenerated. Should he continue to impose his vainglory and "artistic-temper- ament” upon society, the scientist would readily come to its res- cue; the observatory, the botanic garden, or the archaeological museum will be just as delightful to the laymen as any poem. Moreover, our prosaic and level-headed policeman will not be partial to a law-breaking poet. These are some of the means by which we may hope to humanize our new scholar. He will be a normal human being in society, not a solitary and centrifugal being out of it. But this is not all. The very term scholar implies something more 350 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY than an ordinary human being. He must be both human and humane; in other words, he must be a gentleman. We shall, therefore, undertake to make him a gentleman through an in- fluence heretofore altogether wanting in our society,– I mean the influence of women. Literary historians tell us that the rise of urbanity among the French scholars in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was largely due to the feminine influence in the drawing-room. These scholars had been “unwashed”; their language was rustic and violent. In short, they had been dry and unpresentable pedants. Their contact with cultured ladies in the drawing- room, however, transformed them into gentlemen and men of the world. The refining influences exercised on the scholars by those famous women whom Sainte-Beuve, the greatest critic of modern times, has so vividly portrayed, must have been enor- mous. And to this day the French women have remained po- tent in intellectual circles, and the French scholars, the most refined in the world. In discussing the humanist, or the scholar and gentleman (the "honnête homme" in French), Professor Irving Babbitt, the foremost advocate of humanism and the best authority on French literature in America today, remarks as follows: "In general, it is only under French influence that scholarship gets itself disengaged from pedantry and acquires urbanity and polish, that the standards of the human coalesce with those of the man of the world.” "The society of women," says Goethe, “is the element of good manners”. Perhaps all of us have observed in American society how great woman's power is in keeping alive the hu- mane standards for men who, if left alone, would all take to bullying, browbeating, and swaggering. In the case of our scholars, long celebrated for slovenly dress, ill-naturedness and queer habits, nothing is more urgently needed than the refining influence of cultivated ladies. We shall, in their society, ac- quire that sweetness of temper and that "savoir vivre” now so lacking in us. And our association with them will mean to us a severe discipline, a smoothing process upon our corners and angles, not a mere social pleasure, as some of us may sup- pose. If what I have said in the foregoing paragraphs be true and practical, we may hope to see an era of humanized and urbane THE NEW CHINESE SCHOLAR 351 scholarship on an immeasurably larger scale than we have ever witnessed before in our history. For as I have remarked, the Confucian idea of the scholar has been realized only by a few periods of our national life, and by a few persons in those per- iods. The Confucian scholar is in fact the "superior man,” the scholar and gentleman, so much discussed from Confucius to the present time, but so little realized in actual life. The age of Confucius himself was the richest in its production of super- ior men. Indeed we may challenge the students of the world's history to show us another age, not excepting the Periclean in Greece, which can boast of a larger number of fascinating personalities: for example, Tze-Chuan, Su-hsan and Yen Pin- Chun, in whom the profundity and erudition of the scholar was perfectly blended with the urbanity and polish of the man of the world. The tale of our scholarship ever since, trammelled by a casuistic, pseudo-classic educational system and a despotic government under which intellectual freedom was impossible, and uninfluenced by cultivated women, is a gloomy record of pedantry and idiosyncrasy, with gleams here and there of beauty and “sweetness and light.” With these conditions removed and new ones ushered in, it is not unreasonable for us to antici- pate another epoch of scholarship like the Confucian, possibly with greater variety and brilliancy, on account of our rare op- portunities to appropriate for our use, in addition to our own cultural heritage, the invigorating and refining forces of the West from the Greeks to the present day. (To be concluded.) 352 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY THE OUTLOOK OF THE SHIPBUILDING INDUSTRY IN CHINA. By V. F. Lam The world today is in the midst of a shipbuilding boom, greater by far than any in its history. Statistics show that in the five years immediately preceding the outbreak of the pre- sent war there was launched in the principal shipyards, 2,740,- 000 tons of ships. The normal tonnage of the world is about fifty millions, of which five and a half have been destroyed, eleven and a half commandeered by the nations at war and four and a half interned in countries other than belligerent, leaving available for the present regular international merchant marine service about twenty-eight and a half million tons, or 57% of what the tonnage would be if conditions were normal. American shipbuilders estimate that at the end of 1918, should peace be restored by that time, the minimum tonnage needed will be approximately fifty-five million tons, and to meet this demand they estimate that over ten million tons will have to be built. Last year, Norway spent $50,000,000 in America for ships, and Japan paid $90 per ton here for steel plates to be carried over the continent and across the Pacific for the con- struction of vessels at home. Great Britain has recently en- acted a law which will prevent ships built in her yards from being transferred to foreign flags for three years after the war, and other nations have taken similar action. From these it will be seen that high freights and high prices will continue and shipyards will be busy for many years to come. China, with her wealth of natural resources and cheap labor, has thus far developed the shipbuilding industry to a very small extent. The greater percentage of shipyards and docks are for- eign owned and managed. There are only three Government yards and two private yards that are worth mentioning, while there are more than half a dozen of successful shipbuilding con- cerns owned by foreigners (mostly British). The Foochow Arsenal and Dockyard, considered as one of the largest govern- ment yards ever built in China, was established in 1875. It was practically destroyed by the French fleet in 1884, but was restored in 1887. One of the largest cruisers ever built here is SHIPBUILDING IN CHINA • 353 the King Ching, 2,100 tons with a speed of 14 knots. But this dock has gradually grown into disuse and even little repair work is done. The Taku Dockyard also does a little repair work, but the Government is trying to make some improve- ments. The Whampoa Dock and Navy Yard is important only as the naval headquarters for the South China gunboat squadron and as the location of the Government torpedo school. As to private concerns owned by Chinese, the Kiangnan Dock and Engineering Co., and the Yangtsze Engineering Works are the most successful. They have built many small boats of about a thousand tons. The Kiangnan Dock also does repairing work for vessels plying on the lower stretches of the Yangtsze River, while the other does repair work for vessels on the upper stretches of the stream. Among the foreign companies, the China General Engineering Co., the Shanghai Dock and Engin- eering Co., Ltd., the New Engineering and Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., and the Vulcan Iron Works, Ltd., are situated near Shang- hai at the mouth of the Yangtsze; while the Taikoo Dockyard and Engineering Co., and the Hong-Kong and Whampoa Dock Co., Ltd. are in Hong-Kong. These have built most of the larger vessels and motor boats now in use on the China coast and the main waterways of China, and are practically the only shipbuilding companies that do a consistent business. There is therefore practically no competition outside of these foreign- owned ship yards. Any future undertakings with a good man- agement having a thorough understanding of Chinese business methods will very easily monopolize this market and be in a position to compete in foreign markets as well. The average German shipyard with a force of 500 men and a capacity for building four ships at 400 feet at one time requires an actual working capital of $400,000 per year (this includes provision for raw materials, wages and overhead charges under normal conditions). The cost of labor in China is less than one half of that in Germany, but on the other hand the same work would probably require a relatively longer time, due to the less skillful nature of the labor. It will also be necessary to account for this higher salaries required by foreign experts. Taking these into consideration and assuming the cost of materials to be about the same as in Germany, we find that the maximum work, ing capital required would be about two-thirds of that in Ger- SHIPBUILDING IN CHINA 355 Steamship Ço. has just been formed and has ordered four boats from the J. D. Barnes Co. We see then that it will be some time after the establishment of the shipbuilding industry before we can find a permanent market for larger vessels. The ship yard of today in China will necessarily restrict itself to the building of smaller boats. With the addition of equipment from time to time, it is practicable, however to develop in a period of years a yard capable of constructing ships of 20,000 tons for transpacific and South Seas services as well as vessels for coast- wise trade. But the operation of a yard requires more than the estab- lishment of a company. Engineers equipped with both business and technical training are necessary. At present there are a few naval engineers in China, who are graduates from America and England. Some who are more fortunate have taken up work with the Navy Department, but a large number have to go out of their regular profession in order to obtain a living. Very recently, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in this country opened a course for Chinese engineers parallel to the United States Course for Naval Constructors, specializing in Warship Design. This course is one of the broadest in scope, naval construction, and marine engineering as well as electrical engineering, metallurgical engineering, the theory of structures and aeronautical engineering being among the subjects offered. Six Chinese students graduated last June (they are the first to take this course), and of these four have returned home. Their lack of thorough practical experience coupled with the inability of the Chinese Government to provide proper facilities for them have left them without the work which their five years of theoretical training intended them for. To make full use of engineers who have returned home with little practical ex- perience, therefore, private enterprise is 'necessary. Men of leadership who understand both the methods of organization and the technique of shipbuilding are needed for its promotion. Foreign experts can be employed for a number of years while returned students will be given a chance to obtain practice on the home soil. Charles Schwab once said, “Making money is a good thing, but it is far better to be able to create opportunities for other men to work out their own salvation in life with hap- piness and contentment.” The Government is hardly able at present to create such opportunities and it is up to the Chinese 356 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY students having the necessary qualifications to cooperate in the building up of industries even other than shipbuilding. The question of skilled labor is not a serious one, as we find that existing yards in China are very efficiently organized and have no difficulty in meeting the problem. What China really needs is progressive leadership. As to raw materials necessary for shipbuilding, iron and coal play the most important part. The success of any future undertaking depends on the development of the iron and coal industries. It is beyond question that China is rich in these two minerals, but there are only a few works, the most im- portant being the Han-Yeh-Ping Iron and Coal Co., Ltd., in Hu-Peh, established in 1896. This company was very badly managed by Sheng-Hsuan-huai with the result that it got into debt. To make matters worse, the management was foolish enough to borrow from Japanese financiers and the company has to send more iron to Japan than it supplies to China. Out- side of this company there are a few minor ones but they can hardly be depended upon for a continuous supply of materials. For this reason some of the British yards in China are making their own steel, and it would be wise for any shipbuilding com- pany to do the same, and if possible to control so'me pig-iron resources as well. Other raw materials, as lumber and dif- ferent metals, do not play such an important part, for thew are not needed in very large quantities and if unavailable in China may be imported very economically. Oil, however, is becoming very necessary for marine pur- poses, the last few years have witnessed a remarkable advance in the development of heavy oil-engines. China has rich oil fields, but they are very slightly developed. At present we are consuming the oil of the Standard Oil Co., but this company claims their stock of fuel oil developed from the fields in China are only sufficient to meet their own bunkering requirements. From the point of view of the shipbuilder and the marine en- gineer, oil is growing in importance. Due to the economy of using oil as fuel for propulsion in most of the newer types of mercantile and naval vessels, we may be certain that in time it will entirely replace coal. The situation in China is therefore fairly serious, for the future of the shipbuilding industry will depend the some extent on the development of our oilfields. Iron and coal are therefore necessary for the initial success SHIPBUILDING IN CHINA 357 of a modern shipyard, while the maintenance of a yard will depend on the demand for vessels. Oil on the other hand will bear and indirect influence. All these industries cannot be devel- oped, however, in a short period. They call for very large amounts of capital and technical equipment as well as the aid of foreign experts. China is not a rich country comparatively, but there are plenty of men there with enough money to develop such enterprises. These men, however, are very conservative in investing their money, first, because they lack confidence in the young engineers at home, and secondly, because they lack the support of the Government. To start any of the above- mentioned enterprises, therefore, one cannot hope to depend entirely on native capital. Foreign capital is necessary. It seems then that the wisest course would be for returned students of different professions, who have the necessary qualities for leadership together with inventive talents, to join in a group with a definite purpose. They should map out a program and do exploring and preliminary work at their own expense, and when they have located different necessary sites, they should arrange with the Chinese Government for protection. Then they can appeal to Chinese investors and American capitalists for support. We believe that there are many American capital- ists willing to help in the development of China, but their only fear is international complications. This, however, would be eliminated if they deal with private native companies. In this way and this alone, will the “Open Door” policy be continued, for with the American Government refusing to lend direct sup- port to her own capitalists and the Chinese Government unable to withstand the bullying of foreign powers, there will be little hope of American capital entering the Chinese market except through private channels. American capital is the most wel- come in China, but success depends on mutual confidence and American investors are wanted who can both understand and respect the peculiarities of the Chinese mind. Americans often make the mistake of only visualizing the China of twenty years ago or even that of today, they fail to think of the China of twenty years hence. The opportunities are there, the door is open as far as China herself is concerned, but it seems that America has to be invited to enter before she would make her first step. 358 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY MY EXPERIENCES.* By Z. F. Hsia. My coming to Rochester was due to the combining of a good many influences and of work that was started before I was born. I was fortunately born into a favored family in Ning po in China. Both my grandfathers, my father's father and my mother's father, were ministers of Christ. My father was a graduate of a modern college a branch of an American college in Shanghai. So that when it happened that at one year of age, I was dreadfully ill with typhoid fever and had such complica- tions of disease that I lost the hearing in both ears, I was none the less loved and cared for; my parents did not look upon me as a child possessed of an evil spirit, they did not expect me to bring distress and bad luck upon the rest of the family. Rather they were sorry for me and loved me the more. My father and mother determined to make up to me by special attention and careful teaching my loss of hearing. They both devoted a great deal of time to teaching me. My father had read in books in the college library about the way the deaf were taught in America and Europe, and he was determined to teach me every thing that any hearing child in China could lears My father worked very faithfully with me. All of my relatives were in- terested in my father's undertakings for it was something un- heard of in China. I can remember that when I was little my father was very strict with me and gave me pieces of paper on which names were written in Chinese. I had to show the right name when he pointed to members of my family, or when I wanted any thing. At last I was taken to the foreign school for the deaf in Chefoo. This was something new in China. None of my family ever heard of it until I was six. At once my father set out to see its work. He took me with him. He saw Mrs. Mills' deaf boys writing Chinese, he heard them speak and they could talk with him. I have been told that my father wanted Mrs. Mills to teach me to speak at once. He explained to Mrs. Mills that he could teach me all that she had taught the boys in her classes of reading, writing, arithmetic and geography, but he could not * Published at the request of Chinese students in Rochester. -Ed. THE EXPERIENCES OF A DEAF BOY 359 teach me to speak. He told her if she could teach me to speak he would leave me in her school. If she could not, he would take me home and teach me himself. Mrs. Mills explained to him, I was told, how impossible it was to teach a deaf child to speak instantly to order. It had taken two or three years with each one of all the members of her classes for them to learn to speak. But my father insisted, and so Mrs. Mills undertook very reluctantly to teach me under my father's eyes. After I learned to talk with Mrs. Mills, she told me all about it. She took me in her lap and tried to get me to make a noise, to use my voice. But I could not guess what she wanted. Then Mrs. Mills took me to the school room with my father and sent a boy about my own size to the blackboard and explained to my father the meaning of the phonetic diagrams which she told the boy to point to and had him speak words he had practiced before; I watched him so closely that I finally got an idea of what she was trying to get me to do. Then Mrs. Mills placed my hand upon her throat again and looking me steadily in the face, she spoke a Chinese word. Then I tried and succeeded. I made a sound. Mrs. Mills had me do it again and again. Then, as an artist takes a crooked line that some one makes and seeing what it most resembles makes the lines into a crude picture, so Mrs. Mills took the sound I made and fixing my lips helped me to form the word “fu" so that my father heard it clearly and I was able to repeat it. Mrs. Mills wrote it in Chinese and I knew then that I had spoken the word “father” for I had learned to know the word on the papers my father had given me at home. I pointed to my father and spoke the word “fu fu”. My father burst into tears and took me into his arms and gave me to Mrs. Mills. He said: “I will leave Ziao Fong Hsia with you”. I was in Mrs. Mills' school for two years. She found my father had taught me a great deal. Then Mrs. Mills made a long tour through the provinces of China demonstrating to the Chinese the methods of teaching the deaf. She took one other boy who is my cousin, and me with her on her journey, so the Chinese might get interested and open other schools for the deaf in other parts of China. We arrived at Peking and showed the high officials who were the rulers of China under the Dowager Empress about the work for the deaf. They became interested and one of them was the Great Viceroy of Chihli province. 360 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY So you see how many influences combined to my coming here. The benevolence of the people of the United States estab- lished the college in Shanghai where my father was educated and so was enabled to conceive of the idea of educating his deaf son; the great missionary work of the world had so established the religion of Jesus that my family were almost all converts tu Christianity before I was born. The benevolence of several countries in Europe and of Canada and the United States contributed to the support of Mrs. Mills' school in Chefoo, through which I was prepared. The United States had offered special advantages to Chinese students to study in American colleges, and three of my mother's broth- ers were being educated in America, and so my illustrious family became ambitious to have a way found by which I could be sent to America. When my father talked about the matter to Mrs. Mills, she encouraged the idea and secured the aid of the Consul General Fowler of the United States at Chefoo who laid the matter before the Great Viceroy of Chihli who had become interested in me when he was in Peking and from his private funds he gave the money to pay for sending me to Rochester with Mrs. Mills and to pay for one year at school, three years later he sent the money for two additional years tuition. The Viceroy died and his successor continued to pay my expenses for three years through the Great Statesman Tang Shao Yi's influence. Then in July 1915 Supt. Dr. Westervelt and my uncle Cheng Fu Wang went to Washington to confer with the Chinese Minister. It was then agreed that my expenses should be paid out of the general Chinese education fund, and this ar- rangement has made it possible for me to plan definitely for my education. I was nine years old when I came to the U. S. in 1909. I was too young to understand what the change would mean to me. But my impressions were many and I can never forget about them. Mrs. Mills came here on a leave of absence for one year to rest up and also to raise money for her school and to place me in the Rochester school. She taught in the school here before she went away to China, and that is why she left me here. I am always thankful that she selected this school for me. We arrived in Seattle in March. Until July Mrs. Mills THE EXPERIENCES OF A DEAF BOY 361 visited her friends and also lectured in Seattle, Salt Lake City, Ogden, Park City, Kansas City, Chicago and in two or three other cities. I was exhibited as a product of the Chefoo school, and in this way made new friends who were very kind to me and gave me good times. In Chicago our stay was longest, as Mrs. Mills was visiting with Mr. Calvin Mills, a step son. • I can remember very well when I first came to Rochester on a warm day in July. The school was closed for the summer, but Dr. Westervelt the superintendent and several of the ladies were there. They did everything to make my coming pleasant and happy. They gave me a typewriter on which I pounded away to my heart's content. They wanted to see how much English I knew, and would point out this or that thing in the office for me. I used to make signs, but it was against the rules of the school here to make signs. I was surprised at this, and did not understand. But I soon broke the habit of making signs, and spelled all the time. I found it a big help in acquiring English. Mrs. Mills stayed till she saw that I had become happy in my new home. When school opened in the fall, I was placed in the Kinder- garten. I had to begin at the G class. Gradually I worked up through the primary, intermediate and grammar grades and now I am in my first year High School. I have learned a great deal, for which I am most thankful. I am trying and praying for a good practical education. The Americans have given me inspiration. I value and respect them highly. At the same time my devotion to China grows as I be- come older. That makes me want eagerly to have a good educa- tion, so that I can go back home and be of service to my country. My friends here predict that I will be a teacher among the deaf in China. I think they are right. There are thousands of deaf in China who are uneducated and neglected. It makes me sad to think about them. When I am back home, I will go out among the deaf and teach them how to be good and to take care of themselves. In that way I will serve China. I like the American methods of teaching the deaf; they have helped me very much, and I am sure they would be successful in China. Each one of us has a destiny to work out. I feel that mine will be a life of service among the deaf. I hope you will always think about me when we are all back in China. When you see 362 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY a deaf child who is neglected please tell its parents what they should do or what can be done. It will give them hope I am afraid I have talked too much about myself; but I wanted to tell you about my ambition to be a good and useful man in China. I hope and pray that I may succeed. 364 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY ANNOUNCEMENT CONCERNING THE EASTERN SECTION CONFERENCE. To satisfy the desire at this time of the year of every member of the Section to know something of the place and approximate plans of the Con- ference, it is the duty of the Chairman to acquaint him or her of what they are. Among the Institutions which have either directly or indirectly offered their facilities for the use of the conference, the Board of Representatives upon the recommendation of the Chairman has decided to prefer Brown University both because of the priority of its offer and the sentimental bond between it and China. Brown is in Providence, the capital of Rhode Island. It is situated in the residential part of the city, has a spacious campus and buildings rich with the associations of eminent men, not the least of whom is John Hay. The Conference opens on August 30 and closes on September 7. We shall meet with genuine hospitability at Brown, whose President, Dr. Faunce, has been to China and has a keen interest in China. The Providence Chamber of Commerce will also entertain us. It will send letters of invitation to each member of the Section and will have one day of the Conference set apart for its entertainment. The Conference Committee, of which Mr. C. H. Wang is Chairman will embody in the conference the best of the past conferences as well as the new features our ingenuity and the new location will suggest. The Chairman of the English Literary, Chinese Literary and Athletic Committees respectively are: K. T. May, 16 Mellen Street, Cambridge, Mass.; Y. L. Chin, 232 So. 38th Street, Philadelphia, Pa.; and W. Y. Chiu, 107 Park Ave., Ithaca, N. Y. The Clubs as well as individuals are urged to discard their modesty and indifference and to bring forth their best ef- forts along the literary and athletic lines. This conference will take place at a time of world war, in which China is also involved. Its consequences will affect if not decide the destiny of all the nations and the course of civilization. It is indeed a privilege that while sojourning in the States, we, freed from military duties, are able to drink inspiration from a common source and from each other. There will also be one forum or two on some such subject as how China will be affected by the settlement of the war. The conference is for all the members and clubs. The pleasures and opportunities for friendly rivalry and broad friendship dignified by a bond of serious common purpose are more eloquent than any artificial personal persuasion in appeal for every member of the Eastern Section to come to contribute to the life and richness of the 1917 Con- ference. F. Chang, Chairman of the Eastern Section. SUMMER CONFERENCES 365 THE EIGHTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE MID-WEST SECTION. The Annual Chinese Students' Conference is an institution of long standing. Those who have been studying in the United States for one or more years have undoubtedly learned of its aims and methods. It is at once social and educational. It seeks to encourage intellectual attainments through its literary contests, its vocational studies, and its topical discussions. It endeavours to promote social intercourse by means of public entertainments, inter-club nights and social hours. From the conference we draw our inspiration, enthusiasm, and solidarity as a student body, and through the conference we assert the life, spirit, and genius potent in our great race. Experiences of past conferences have demonstrated their extreme usefulness both as a powerful agent for fomenting a cooperative spirit, concerted action, and healthy ideas, and as a fitting medium for bringing a true under- standing of our people to the people of the United States. Indeed, the annual conference has become an institution of such a social and intellectual significance that attendance there constitutes a necessary part of our expe- riences as students in the United States. In the past years, seven conferences have been held in different uni- versities and colleges in the Mid-west States, many of which have witnessed their success. This year, through the courtesy and hospitability of the authorities of the University of Wisconsin, the Chinese Students of the Mid- west States have been accorded the great privilege of holding their Eighth Annual Conference at Madison, Wisconsin. The conference will extend over a period of seven days, beginning with the evening of September 1st and ending with the morning of September 9th. The University of Wis- consin, as we all know, has one of the most beautiful campuses among universities in this country. Situated on the top of a hill, its buildings and grounds command a very beautiful view of the city, the magnificent lakes and the distant fields. The city itself is no less picturesque. With its beautiful lakes and shaded drives, its imposing capitol and its handsome residences, Madison has a few equals in scenic beauty. The facilities in regard to accomodation of all sorts offered to us are satisfactory in every way. The University Y. M. C. A. building, situated on the shore of Lake Mendota, will be our conference headquarters and will also accommodate our men delegates. It has a number of spacious and cool rooms, furnished with comfortable beds, shower bath, cold and hot running water, electric light and other modern conveniences. In this building, there is a large dining room which seat about 200 people. In addition, the beautiful parlors, the committee rooms and the billiard tables on the first floor will be available to our delegates. One of the nearby and well-furnished sorority houses will be the quarters of our lady delegates. Besides these, we shall have access to Music hall and other buildings as our meeting places, the university gymnasium and athletic fields for recreation and library for reading. All these buildings are so conveniently located, that we can go from one place to another with ease. Not alone should this wonderful place constitute an inducement to at- tend the coming conference, but there must be added the golden opportunity 366 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY for the discussion of our vital, national problems. This opportunity for discussion is specially important in view of the recent significant develop- ments both at home and abroad. The severance of our diplomatic relations with Germany has given rise to many problems involving the future welfare of hundreds of millions. The entrance of the United States into this world war is also of no small import to our national interests. These and many other problems are awaiting our discussion, and it is our patriotic duty to participate in their discussion. Furthermore, the great variety of conference activities will appeal to the diversified interests of our delagates. Those who are athletically inclined will find pleasure and relaxation on the athletic field; those who are gifted with the power of oratory will be interested in the literary contests; those who are serious-minded will be attracted to the open forums and vocational meetings; and those who enjoy the company of ladies will find the social rooms particularly entertaining In conclusion, allow me to quote the following passage from a very prominent member of the Alliance who wrote several years ago: “Speaking generally, no single occasion in the limited career of a Chinese student offers in a week's time such a combination of opportunity for education and enjoy- ment, for inspiration and aspiration, as the Annual Conference, from which no delegate ever goes away without having the number of its fond associa- tions and intimate friendships reenforced, and without feeling encouraged and strengthened in his spirit of activity, his desire to do something for his country and his countrymen, be it great or small." F. H. Huang (Wis.), Conference Chairman 368 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY HARVARD Since the dawn of the new year we have enjoyed greatly the hospitality of the people at Boston and Cambridge. Among the more important receptions given to us and other Chinese students at Boston, and its vicinity may be mentioned those given by the Woman's Peace Party of Boston on February 12, the Epworth Church of Cambridge on February 16, and by Professor and Mrs. Norton A. Kent of Belmont on February 24. The most significant fact about these receptions is that they were not merely social affairs, but the beginnings of abiding friendships between the representatives of the two great republics, as our hosts and hostesses have repeatedly pointed out to us. We have been invited to their homes either individually or in small groups, so that we may get to know each other thoroughly well. Meanwhile, we ourselves have achieved something which may be of interest to our students. On March 10, Misses S. A. Chiu and W. T. New of Radcliffe College were admitted to our Club. This was a great departure from our tradition, as some one has remarked. But, contrary to the popular belief, the classical view of life at Harvard is not opposed to innovations and revolutions which mean genuine prog- ress and improvement, though, of course, it scorns all forms of mere flux and "elan vital”, the practices of giddy people who love change for its own sake. With the admission of ladies into our Club, there has been inaugurated in it a new era, an era of more refined and enjoyable social life. K. T. May ILLINOIS On March 24 we held our second business meeting in which we decided that our Club should join all foreign students' organizations here in giving public entertainments from time to time during the school year for the purpose of raising funds to meet emergencies of foreign students in this University during this critical period of the world war. The foreign students' organizations are the Cosmoplitan Club, the Chinese Students' Club, the Japanese Students' Club, The Hindu Stu- dents' Club, and the Latin American Students' Club. Our second social meeting was held on March 31. The programme was very interesting. Four of our American friends and Miss Ruth Koo Sun from Chicago were our guests. Miss Koo Sun sang us a wonderful song with her sweet voice. We enjoyed that evening very much On April 7, our four lady members invited us to their social given at Professor Waldo's. They gave a play consisting of four acts, and each lady took part in one of them. The entertainment lasted some three hours, and all of us had a most pleasant time. W. Jean. CLUB NEWS 369 IOWA Owing to the small size of our Club and its isolation from other like organizations, we are having a "dull” time. But we are active. Our members, now four in number, meet together almost every day. We talk about Club affairs, and chat about current events, especially those pertaining to our own country. We have had serious debates on some of the questions. Thus, we are really having Club meetings daily, although we have changed our Constitution by omitting the clause providing for the holding of a formal meeting once a month. The in- formality of our meetings has proved to be a great advantage to a small Club like ours, for it affords speed and convenience which cannot be expected from formal meetings. S. H. Hwang. JOHNS HOPKINS At the end of February, our Club lost one member owing to Dr. Peter C. Kiang's return to China. But, hurrah! the loss was made up in March by the arrival of Mr. Sheo-Nan Cheer from Shanghai. Mr. Cheer has registered as a special student in the Medical School. We have again eight members in the Club. Mr. C. George Wan expects to receive his degree of M. A. in political science from the University in June. His thesis is on "The Development of the Political Parties in China". Mr. H. C. Chen also expects to get his B. A. degree next June. He intends to join Columbia after graduation. K. C. Sun. LOS ANGELES The Chinese Students' Club of Los Angeles has had a marked in- crease of membership. Through the efforts of our active members, who spared neither time nor energy in their work for our Club, some ten girls and four boys came to join the Club at our last meeting held on Saturday evening, April 7, at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Chan Kiu Sing. After a great deal of important business had been transacted, we proceeded to the programme for the evening. There was a debate be- tween Lee Bing and Henry Tsang, the question being-Resolved, That there should be established a universal court, having permanent jurisdic- tion over all international disputes. Lee Bing of the negative side opened his speech thus: “The two athletes meet once more upon the arena of debate”. It was with good reason that such a statement was made, for the two debaters had often struggled before in similar con- tests. Lee Bing has clear pronunciation and excellent delivery. He is perhaps the best high school student debater we have. The chairman of the literary committee expects to have some more debates and an oratorial contest before long. Henry Philip Tsang. 370 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY MARYLAND STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE The student roll of the College is about three hundred and fifty. Mr. C. C. Chen is the first and only Chinese student here. He entered the College in the fall of 1915, and is studying agriculture. He enjoys the friendship which he has made with members of faculty and fellow- students, and likes the college life. This year he has been admitted into the New Mercer Literary Society and the Agricultural Club of the College. K. C. Sun. MICHIGAN The evening before the Spring Vacation we held our monthly meet- ing. After a brief business discussion, the rest of the evening was devoted to a social programme well arranged by Mr. Thoms, our social chairman. Mr. Young gave a short humorous talk. Then the “Kala- mazo Trio", composed of Messrs. Thoms, T. P. Lee and “Doe" Lieu, entertained the audience with a number of popular selections. They certainly made a big hit with their musical talents which had not been previously known to our members. Refreshments followed as usual. At our last meeting the Club decided to give Chinese lessons to American students interested in the Chinese language. Messrs. F. C. Liu, Kwong and Chow are giving a few hours a week of their time for this purpose. Classes began several weeks ago, and Mr. Liu has now a class of twenty. In his report, Mr. Liu said in part: “I gave a brief history of the Chinese language and told them that it was necessary for them to know the Chinese language if they desired to locate them- selves in China in the future. I made use of the black board to il- lustrate Chinese characters. The first sentence I taught them was 'How do you do?' I noticed that they were taking a keen interest in the subject." The purpose of these classes is to create a better understand- ing between the American and the Chinese people. We believe our efforts will not be in vain. W. T. Young. MINNESOTA The absence of our Club news from two previous issues of the Monthly is due to the fact that we are now having a new secretary. A Club meeting was held at the home of Miss Humm. The new officers for the second semester are as follows:-President, “Shorty" Wong; Vice-President and Treasurer, “Fatty" Lee; Chinese Secretary, "Kitty" Miao; English Secretary, “Young" Pan. As our Club had been asked to give an entertainment on the “Chinese Night” at the Cosmo- politan Club, the business part of the meeting was largely devoted to arranging the programme, as every member is giving it his zealous sup- port. At the meeting we were honored by the presence of a group of our American friends. All enjoyed the programme which had been 372 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY NORTHWESTERN The Chinese students of the Northwestern University at Evanston, Ill., gave a reception on March 30th in which all the Chinese members of the scattered professional schools of that University in the city of Chicago were invited. During this gathering discussions were brought up by the various students as to the possibility as well as the necessity of forming a club. Mr. C. H. Huang presided as temporary chairman. Mr. S. Y. Chang's suggestion for the formation of such a club under the name of the Chinese Student's Club of Northwestern University was unanimously ap- proved. Mr. S. K. Ho made the motion that officers be elected in order that we may have a nucleus upon which to work out our plans. This was seconded by Miss Suchen Wang and unanimously passed. The following members were chosen :- Mr. S. K. Ho, President. Miss Suchen Wang, Vice-President. Mr. S. Y. Chang, English Secretary and Treasurer. Mr. C. H. Huang, Chinese Secretary. The main object of the Club is to bring the Chinese students of the scattered departments of the University into closer touch with one another, so that we may be able to discuss problems of vital importance. The members are already showing a keen spirit of co-operation and unity in our new work. The most pleasant part of the evening was engaged in social activ- ities. Miss Suchen Wang demonstrated her skill at the piano and at the end no one could help but think that "she's certainly some player." And, more than that, she was "some” singer too, for she gave us a vocal solo on a Chinese hymn. The meeting was adjourned at 10 p. m. after a most delightful evening. S. K. Ho. OBERLIN In the evening before the College Day of Prayer (March 1), Dr. John R. Mott paid us a visit at the Club House. He spoke on the wonderful opportunities in China which, in his opinion, would make us great men and great women in future, if they were properly utilized. He asked us not to feel discouraged simply because there were dif- ficulties, for difficulties might lead us to become great when we set ourselves to overcome them. Finally, he enumerated five advantages of meeting with difficulties. On the twenty-third of March, our Club presented a Chinese play at the public entertainment given by the Cosmopolitan Club. We are also planning to give an entertainment to our American friends in Oberlin. S. K. Wei. CLUB NEWS 373 OHIO The officers of the Chinese Students' Club of Ohio State University for the second semester are as follows:—President, G. P. Jung; Sec- retary and Treasurer, Y. H. Chang. We have had two successful meetings already this semester. A Club picture has been taken and will, we hope, appear in this issue of the Monthly. The new feature of the Club this year is the introduction of two committees-one for social affairs, and the other for publicity, the former consisting of five members, and the latter, two. Y. H. Chang. PENNSYLVANIA Our last two monthly meetings were held regularly on February 10 and March 10. At the former meeting, a debate on the advantages as well as the disadvantages of marrying a city or a country girl brought out some very important points in the choice of a life-mate. At the latter meeting, Dr. E. T. Hsieh gave an interesting talk on Eugenics. It is evident that the members of this Club are all very romantic in nature, in view of the fact that these two meetings had very good at- tendance and of the fact that all the members listened very carefully to the debate and the lecture from beginning to end. The Chinese debating team of the Club, composed of Messrs. Y. L. Chin, T. C. Yu and W. P. Wong, who won the victory over the Cornell team at the Andover Conference, will again come out this year. The silver medal prize, they say, will surely become the permanent property of the Club. An English debating team was also organized and composed of Messrs. Y. L. Chin, C. W. Low and C. L. Sen. They will represent the Club at this year's Conference. Messrs. C. T. Chow, H. T. Wu, C. S. Wu and S. D. Wong have joined the Univer- sity military drill. When dressed up in uniforms, they certainly look very dignified. Singun Y. Yang. ROCHESTER The sixth regular monthly meeting of the Club was held in the Central Y. M. C. A. Building at 2 p. m. on March 17. Mr. Henry C. Fenn, a secretary of the Central Y. M. C. A., gave us a talk on “Chinese Students and their Responsibilities”. He laid stress on what kinds of things we should learn from this country, and his speech was appreciated by all. Mr. Fenn was born in Peking. His parents are still doing missionary work over there. He speaks the Peking dialect, and knows the Chinese life well. He and Ling have organized a “China Club” in 'the Y. M. C. A. for the purpose of giving the people there a chance to know something about China. Twelve lectures on the Re- public of China and the Chinese People have already been given, and some more are to be given in the near future. C. P. Ling. PERSONAL NOTES Y. C. Wen has been elected to the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Harvard College. Fohan C. Chen of New York University has been elected to the Sigma Lambda Pi Fraternity and is now serving as its special finance committee. He has also been elected to the office of Representative to the Grand Chapter for the Alpha Chapter at the City of New York. T. Li of Exeter has been elected President of the Golden Branch Lit- erary Society of which Daniel Webster was once an honorary member. A long cheer for "Li" was given by the members of the Society when the election was announced. H. C. Chen and K. C. Li of Exeter have their names again appearing on the first honor list, and T. Li has his on the second honor list. Sidney K. Wei of the Class of 1918 at Oberlin won the second honor in the Home Oratorical Contest. He spoke on the “Open Door Policy", out- lining the historical formation of the policy and discussing its bearing upon oriental politics. T. L. Li of lowa State University has recently written for "Asia- Journal of the American Asiatic Association” an article warning the American people about the danger and undesirability of the proposed American-Japanese co-operative policy in China. The article will appear in the “May" issue of the Journal. P. H. Young of Kansas State Agricultural College has published on The Manhattan Mercury an article on China's severance of diplomatic rela- tions with Germany. H. H. Hsieh of Wisconsin was chosen by one of the sororities in the University as one of its representatives in the Relay Carnival which took place on March 31. He ran two laps (300 yards) in the relay. The com educational life proves to be most pleasant to him. The object of his going back to China for the summer vacation is not made known. But we under- stand that his father has promised him a very big and magnificent house to live in. W. C. Chu, M. Sc. (McGill, 1916), who has for some ten months been engaged in research work in the Department of Metallurgy of McGill University, Canada, will sail for China in the first part of May. In the first part of March a son was born to Mr. and Mrs. C. T. Wang at Peking. We offer them our heartiest congratulations! With deep regret we announce the death of Mrs. C. F. Wang, a sister of President Y. T. Tsur of Tsing Hua College, in the beginning of March. Mr. C. F. Wang left Columbia University in the summer of 1915 and got married just about a year ago. He is now connected with a mining com- pany in Manchuria. We extend our heartfelt sympathy to the bereaved family. 375 HOME NEWS (On account of the limited space of the Monthly and the general inter- est in the Budget and the progress of Constitution-making these two articles have been given precedence to the exclusion of all other news items.] THE BUDGET OF THE FIFTH FISCAL YEAR. General Statements. The following budget has been submitted to Parliament for approval by the Government. It is for the 5th fiscal year of the Republic which will end June 30th, 1917. Ordinary Receipts. Land Tax .......... ....... $9,103,10 $90,105,784.00 Customs Receipts . . ..... 73,056,663.00 Salt Revenue .... 96,767,010.00 Goods Tax . . . ................. 42,719,194.00 Principal and Petty Levies....... 34,768,432.00 Principal and Petty “Chuan"....... 5,448,686.00 Receipts from Government Properties. 2,083,401.00 Petty Receipts of Provinces 5,101,531.00 Receipts from Central Organs....... 1,374,648.00 Direct Receipts of Central Gov't. 36,584,311.00 Total Ordinary Receipts......... ...................$388,009,660.00 .......... Extraordinary Receipts. Land Tax . . ......... Customs Receipts .......... Goods Tax .. Principal and Petty "Chuan”........ Receipts from Gov't Properties. Miscellaneous Receipts of Provinces. Receipts of Central Organs..... Direct Receipts of Central Government. Miscellaneous Receipts of Central Governme Loan Proceeds . . . ....... $5,751,464.00 706.885.00 21,025.00 3,911,410.00 8,351.00 91,610.00 2,248,437.00 23,510,969.00 8,100,000.00 24,291,468.00 nt.... Total Extraordinary Receipts......... $84,828,584.00 Grand Total of Receipts........................ .$472,838,584.00 Ordinary Expenditures. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.. Ministry of Interior.... Ministry of Finance. $4,446,548.00 42,570,109.00 61,792,970.00 ...... 376 HOME NEWS 377 Ministry of War....... Ministry of Navy. Ministry of Justice, .... Ministry of Education.......... Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce Ministry of Communications.... Board of Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs....... 156,606,047.00 7,304,135.00 9,337,156.00 4,433,893.00 2,734,790.00 1,533,606.00 1,044,216.00 Total Ordinary Expenses..... ........ $291,803,470.00 Extraordinary Expenditures. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . ... Ministry of Interior . Ministry of Finance . . ... Ministry of War . . Ministry of Navy . . ..... Ministry of Justice . . ......... Ministry of Education ... Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce .. Ministry of Communications . Board of Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs........... .$ 1,846,786.00 3,117,770.00 .. 162,397,633.00 10,711,333.00 847,434.00 28,610.00 594,943.00 1,279,496.00 116,833.00 94,276.00 Total Extraordinary Expenditures........ -$181,035,114.00 Grand Total of Expenditures...... ..........$472,838,584.00 • ITEMIZED RECEIPTS. Ordinary Receipts. Land Tax ........ ........ $ 90,105,784.00 Land and Poll.... ....$64,995,403 Tribute Rice . .... 20,170,813 Rental . ........ 1,876,294 Petty Levies ... 1,430,974 Subsidiary . . . ...... 1,632,300 Custom Receipts . ...... ....... $ 73,056,663.00 Maritime Custom . ....... .$57,770,648 Inland Customs per Maritime Customs.... 5,325,436 Inland Customs ....... ............ 9,960,579 Salt Revenue . .............. ........ $ 96,767,010.00 Salt Tax . ...... ............ $91,385,013 Profit from Monopolise Transportation.... 4,479,493 Miscellaneous .. ....... 902,504 Goods Tax .... $ 42,719,194.00 Goods Tax. ... $21,492,826 Levies and Tax. . 8,415,111 Likini. 12,811.157 ..... . .. .. .. .. .. . . . ... . . .4 HOME NEWS 379 Ministry of Communications ....... 555,080 Bureau of Printing.......... 260 Direct Receipts of Central Government.................. $ 36,584,311.00 Stamp Duty ..............................$ 5,864,400 Wine and Tobacco Levies...... .... 1,012,852 Tobacco and Wine Duty....... ......... 14,350,456 Monopoly Sale of Tobacco and Wine...... 12,134,986 Mining Tax . . ....... 2,221,617 Grand Total of Ordinary Receipts............... $388,009,660.00 Extraordinary Receipts. Land Tax .................................. ........$ 5,751,464.00 Sale of Land.... ..$ 655,224 Increase of Land Purchase Price.... 18.889 Land Reclamation . 1,438,882 Subsidiary Duty . ...... 2,674,973 Miscellaneous Levies .. 963,496 Customs Revenues ..... ..... .....$ 706,885.00 Maritime Customs ....... ........$ 604,637 Inland Customs per Maritime Customs.... 36,702 Inland Customs .. 65,546 Goods Tax .................... .......$ 21,025.00 Fines ... ..........$ 21,025 Special and Petty Contributions.... ..........$ 3,911,410.00 Military Contributions ..................... Profits from Governments Properties ...................$ 8,351.00 Provincial Receipts .... ........$ 91,610.00 Financial ... Industrial . . ........ 17 Government Funds 28,311 Fines . ........ 41,009 Sales . ...... 400 Miscellaneous . . .... 18,368 Receipt of Central Organs....... ..... $ 2,248,447.00 Ministry of Foreign Affairs........... ..$ 2,004,756 Ministry of Interior.. 816 Ministry of Education............... 242,856 Direct Receipts of Central Government.................. $ 23,510,969.00 Government Properties in Provinces......$15,610,969 Sale of Sandy Lands....... • 6,000,000 Inspection of Titledeeds.... 2,000,000 3,505 . . : ........ : : 380 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY Miscellaneous Receipts of Central Government........... $ 8,100,000.00 Profits from Mints ........................$ 3,000,000 Cash Smelting ..... ........ 5,000,000 Contribution from Fu Ching Company.... 100,000 Loan Proceeds ... ..... $ 24,291,468.00 Foreign Loan ...... .$ 2,711,076 Domestic Loan ....... 20,000,000 Indemnity Fund Returned... 1,580,392 Advance Loan ..... ...... $ 16,187,305.00 From Banks ......... ........$16,187,305 Total Extraordinary Receipts................... $ 84,828,924.00 Grand Total of Ordinary and Extra- ordinary Receipts .... ........ $472,838,584.00 THE CONSTITUTION DRAFT IN THE SECOND READING. ermanent Constreading, whied that the com The Permanent Constitution for the Republic of China is now pas- sing through the second reading, which is perhaps the most important formative period. It may be recalled that the Constitution-Drafting Committee made its report to the Conference on Constitution on Sep- tember 15th, the Draft was referred to the Committee of the Whole, known as the Preliminary Examination Committee. Through a series of 24 meetings extending from September 15th to January 19th the original draft was discussed and debated article by article. The articles that have already passed the second reading are:- Chapter I. Kuo Ti (Form of State). Art. 1:—"The Chung Hua Min Kuo (Republic of China) shall for. ever be a democratic country (Ming Chu Kuo).” Chapter II. National Territorial Possessions. Art. 2:—“The national territory of the Chung Hua Min Kuo shall be in accordance with the dominions heretofore existing. No change in national territory and its divisions can be made save in accordance with law." . Chapter III. The Citizens. Art. 3:—“Those who are of Chinese nationality according to law shall be called citizens of Chung Hua Min Kuo." Art. 4:—“All citizens of Chung Hua Min Kuo shall be equal before the law, irrespective of race, class or religion.” HOME NEWS 381 Art. 5:—"No citizen of Chung Hua Min Kuo shall be arrested, im- prisoned or detained in confinement, tried or punished or fined except in accordance with the law.” “When a citizen is imprisoned or detained in confinement, applica- tion may be made to a Judicial Court (Fa Yuan) for a writ of Habeas Corpus according to law.” Art. 6:—“The residence of the citizens of the Republic of Chung Hua shall not be invaded or searched except in accordance with law." Art. 7:—"The secrecy of correspondence of the citizens of Chung Hua Min Kuo shall not be violated except in accordance with law.” Art. 8:—“The citizens of Chung Hua Min Kuo shall have the free- dom of selecting their residences and employments; and the said free- dom shall not be limited unless in accordance with law.” Art. 9:-“Citizens of Chung Hua Min Kuo shall have the freedom of holding meetings and organizing societies; and the said freedom shall not be limited except in accordance with law." Art. 10:—“Citizens of Chung Hua Min Kuo shall have the freedom of speech, authorship and publication, and the said freedom shall not be limited except in accordance with law." Art. 11:—Providing religious freedom was, together with the sec- ond clause of article 19 having reference to the teachings of Confucius as the basis of ethical culture, referred to the Preliminary Examination Committee for further consideration. Art. 12:—“The rights of ownership of the citizens of Chung Hua Min Kuo shall not be violated, but the same may be dealt with in ac- cordance with law in public welfare.” “The rights of citizens, in addition to those already provided for in this chapter, shall also be recognized-although unspecified-provided the same be not in conflict with the principle of the Constitution.” Art. 13:—"Citizens of Chung Hua Min Kuo shall have the right to institute lawsuits in judicial courts in accordance with law.” Art. 14:—“Citizens of Chung Hua Min Kuo shall have the right to petition and to complain in accordance with law.” Art. 15:—"Citizens of Chung Hua Min Kuo shall have the right to vote and to be voted for in accordance with law." Art. 16:—"Citizens of Chung Hua Min Kuo shall have the right of serving as public officials in accordance with law.” Art. 17:—"Citizens of Chung Hua Min Kuo shall have the duty of paying taxes in accordance with law.” Art. 18:—“Citizens of Chung Hua Min Kuo shall have the duty of serving in the army in accordance with law.” Art. 19:—"Citizens of Chung Hua Min Kuo shall be under the obligation of receiving primary education in accordance with law.” VOLNo. 8 VOL. JUNE, 1917 XII XIV , Che CHINESE STUDENTS MONTHLY 報月生學美留國中 ​DT ANOTHER PHASE OF THE WAR WHAT CAN THE GOVERNMENT DO TO PROMOTE TRADE POPULAR LOANS IN CHINA THE EDUCATIONAL MOVEMENT IN CHINA PUBLISHED BY The Chinese Students' Alliance in the United States of America 15C A COPY $1 A YEAR Entered at New York Postoffice as second-class mail matter A: No e SAFETY COMFORT SPEED S. S. CHINA. Sailings from San Francisco FOR SHANGHAI July 31-Oct. 11–1917. CHINESE STUDENT PATRONAGE TO THIS FIRST BIG CHINESE ENTERPRISE “ACROSS THE PACIFIC" IS EARNESTLY SOLICITED CHINA MAIL STEAMSHIP COMPANY, Ltd. SAN FRANCISCO. 384 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY Where in the past, the Spanish succession was decided between Austria, France and England, the Austrian succession in 1742 between France, England and Prussia, such questions were now decided by the people themselves without outside reference oi whatever sort. The establishment of republics in Portugal and China gave us cause to believe that democracy herself was fairly on her way to dominate the world. At least, so historians would tell us. Today however we find ourselves in an anomalous posi- tion, for democracy has to fight again, this time against a foe with a distinctive name, autocracy to wit, and the last enemy in this deadly conflict to be placed under foot is the Kaiser! I: was under the cover of peace, of the comparative peace and quiet of the last forty years, that new powers arose to challenge for a place in the council of nations. Germany passed her first exam- ination with honours, so did Japan, while Russia prepared her lessons over again and flooded Western Europe with Pan-Slav- ism. We see then that, after all, the acquisition of a supremacy in world politics has been a great factor in the moulding of world events. It was Pan-Slavism, official or otherwise, that started the Austrian invasion of Servia. It was Pan-Germanism that started the invasion of Belgium and France. And what shall we call it that started the violation of the neutrality of China and Greece? If imperial, dynastic and colonial ambitions are advanced under the guise of military necessity in this war, the very war which accord- ing to both sides will secure to the world the freedom of the seas and the liberation of Poland and Ireland on the one side, and the liberation of Roumanian Transylvania, Albania, Alsace-Lorraine and Armenia on the other; what may not be advanced at the peace conference that will come and the years that will follow the pro- clamation of peace? If the conclusion of this war will strengthen one nation more than another, will leave the supremacy with one side, will there not be another day when the gage of battle will be thrown again and the world plunged into another war for the preservation of what historians graciously call the balance of power? The Napoleonic wars left England a power in the coun- cil of nations, and at the same time left France, Prussia, Austria and Russia in positions where much could be and was to be de- sired. The unification of Italy and Germany brought in two more factors that had to be dealt with. The granting of autonomy to the Turkish provinces and the disfavour with which the Ottoman Empire was regarded in Europe were so many indications of the - THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 385. alkan Wars that were to be fought during the early years of this ost modern of modern centuries! The only permanent settle- ent will be on the basis of non-annexation unless according to e will of the people and indemnification where annexation is so illed. But we are sure that neither side will be willing to com- 'omise to such an extent. Whether democracy win this war or not, the fight for racial su- 'emacy will be continued in Europe. The Old World from which e New received her civilization is also a hotbed of dynastic, im- :rialistic and colonial designs, not alone confined to Germany. nd the mere settlement of national boundaries in Europe will it be the final step that will usher in the golden dawn of peace. here are as many problems to be settled outside of Europe i within it. Until the nations give up their colonial ambitions no ttlement will be permanent. And China should take an example om the past. Whatever progress the world may make towards al democracies, let us not put our trust in treaties. Where is le territorial integrity of Korea which was guaranteed by some f the Powers now fighting on the side of Belgium ? After all, ow many of the belligerents are fighting for an ideal! The strug- le is not for the maintenance of certain scraps of papers in the rchives of the Foreign Offices of Europe, some of which have een torn long before this, the struggle is for supremacy on land nd on the sea. Germany began the war to gain prestige as well s commercial advantages. But since the outbreak of war, it has een hard to obtain any fair estimate of what the people think hey want, for we hear more from the Social Democrats clamour- ag for reforms of the Constitution. England entered the war to reserve her empire and the commercial advantages derived from er imperial possessions. And all through this war, she has given xpression to thoughts of planning to stifle German commerce fter the war. A recent speech by Lord Robert Cecil practi- ally suggested to the world that England believes in non-annex- tion on the part of Germany but annexation on the part of the Allies. England will therefore keep all the German colonies in Africa. Yet in the midst of such imperialistic tendencies, a roice is heard promising Home Rule to Ireland and autonomy o a certain extent to Canada, Australia, South Africa and India. The two currents that worked in every war is working again. The ruling spirit would crave for conquests, while the spirit of eform latent among the people points towards a progressive THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY : 387 THE NEW OFFICERS OF THE MONTHLY. This is the last number for the current year and with it our connection with the Monthly ceases. We wish to take this opportunity to thank Mr. Y. C. Yang, Home News Editor and Mr. S. E. S. Yui, Club News Editor, for their, faithful work and friendly help throughout the past year, Messrs. K. T. May, T. L. Li and H. A. Pan for their contributions and suggestions, and Messrs. D. K. F. Yap, H. L. Chung and T. Y. C. Lee for help in obtaining articles and proof reading, work for which no other mention except this has been and can be made. We also wish to record our deep appreciation of the services of the Managerial Board and of Messrs. K. K. Wang, H. Chi and H. F. Boggs for their cooperation and their willing help in spite of the call upon their time that other activities make. To the new board we offer our congratulations and best wishes for success. The editor-in-chief and manager-in-chief for next year will be Mr. S. E. S. Yui, Graduate College, Princeton, N. J. and Mr. L. N. Lau, 201 Bryant Ave., Ithaca, N. Y. All correspondence relating to next year's Monthly should be sent to them at the above addresses. SUMMER CONFERENCE OF THE WESTERN SECTION. Owing to some complications necessitating a change of plans, the announcement of the Summer Conference of the Western Section has been delayed. We have just heard, as we go to press, that the Conference will be held in Berkeley instead of Seattle. Mr. S. K. Wong, Stanford University, has been appoin- ted Conference Chairman. As the date has not been decided, circulars will be issued to all the Section Members as soon as definite plans are made. THE MONTHLY ESSAY COMPETITION. :: As none of the essays handed in for the May competition were, in the opinion of the judges, up to the usual standard, no prizes have been awarded. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 389 it impossible to carry out the plan. But we hope that the program can be definitely settled and printed before the middle of July. In the meantime it is requested that members will send in their summer addresses for July 20-31 to the secretary of the conference Mr. Irving T. Hu, 1010 Hartley Hall, Columbia University in order to insure the safe delivery of the program. The committee feels it doubly unfortunate this year in being compelled by unforeseen circumstances to forego the privilege of inviting our sister members of the section as guests to the conference. A partial fee of five dollars may have to be charged. While this is a deviation from the customary procedure the com- mittee feels confident that our sister members are not lacking in spirit and enthusiasm and will therefore not on that account fail to honor the conference with their gracious presence. In view of the serious events that have been occurring in our country and in the world at large shall we all not make every attempt to attend the coming conference and make the occasion one of much inspiration and serious thought as well as enjoyment? C. H. WANG, Chairman, Conference Committee, Eastern Section, THE C. S. QUARTERLY Mr. H. H. Chang, 110 Morningside Drive, New York City, has been elected Editor-in-Chief of the Quarterly for the year 1917-1918. HOW TO PROMOTE TRADE 391 versely poverty means bad domestic trade. China for the last half century has suffered both ways. At home she suffers pov- erty. With other nations she experiences unfavorable trade balance. Both of these have become more intense each year. Her exports and foreign imports have fallen from 43%: 57% in 1900 to 38%: 62% in 1914. There must be some thing wrong with her trade conditions. An economist will tell us that the people are poor because they do not produce commodities abundantly enough; that the trade balance is always unfavorable because they produce com- modities neither abundantly enough nor cheaply enough. Under- lying these causes, is the fact that they do not produce efficient- ly enough. If the application of labor is efficient, then commodi- ties will be produced in great abundance and at low cost. Then the domestic wants will be fully provided for and the foreign imports will be fully paid for by native exports. Then neither the people at home will suffer poverty nor will there be difficulty to keep an even foreign trade balance. Inefficiency in the appli- cation of labor therefore is the keynote of the bad trade situa- tion. What are the causes of the inefficiency? it may be asked. The answer to this may be grouped, in abstract terms, under three headings: viz., (1) the trade intelligence or trade educa- tion, and the means or mechanisms necessary, for carrying on trade, are lacking; (2) a rational public control or public reg- ulations are inadequate or entirely absent; (3) and finally there are obstacles and impediments that hinder the normal course of the development of trade. What should be done to promote trade, is to remove what is obstructive, supplement what is in- adequate, and create what is lacking. In some of these measures, the government can let the private citizens have a free hand to do. In others, the government can encourage their doing. In others, it can coöperate. In others, it can take the initiative. Still in others, it must take the whole rein into its own hands. In details, they will be enumerated below. 1. Establish Vocational Schools-commercial, industrial, “trade,” and agricultural schools. In Germany, which, for the three decades before the War, showed the most astounding and phenomenal advances in every line of trade and industry, there are special training schools for all callings, from the highest types of administration and en- Miss Sophia Chen Chinese Sec. OFFICERS OF EASTERN SECTION C. K. Cheung, Vice-Chairman T. C. Yu, Treasurer F. Chang, Chairman C. P. Chow, English Secretary Miss Sophia Chen, Chinese Secretary HOW TO PROMOTE TRADE 393 : girls of fourteen to seventeen engaged in vocational training. China has not the strength, I realize, to establish this number of schools now all at once. But there is no other way of reach- ing that high level of trade efficiency until she can catch up along this route of the journey. The government can not do it all at once, but she can strive for that direction with its maxi- mum strength that can be called forth. II. Establish, and Foster the. Establishment of Banking Facilities,—developmental, saving, commercial, and banking in- stitutions, collecting and remitting agencies, postal savings, post- al remittance. No civilized country now suffers more from the lack of capital than China, and yet in no civilized country are the middle · class people so lavishly extravagant as the middle class Chinese. This is partly due to the social and national culture or lack of culture, but even more due to the lack of savings institutions to cultivate their habit to be thrifty. A savings bank is an institu- tion where savings are gathered in small driblets from the savers of capital and lends or invests it in large lumps in where it can be productively used. It is generally a private business under the State's close supervision. The Chinese government can aid the spread of such institutions by widely disseminating the in- formation for this line of business and encouraging their estab- lishment. To supplement such private establishments, in England and in the United States the governments establish savings depart- ments in Post Offices. This postal savings institution is especial- ly recommendable for the Chinese government. The advantages can be enumerated as follows: (1) It is convenient. The Chinese population is largely rural. In rural districts, the inhabitants live more or less scattered. It is not practicable to establish an elaborate institution such as a savings bank in each and every rural district. The Post Office, for reasons and purposes of a kulturstaat, aims at establishing a branch office in every corner of the country. Consequently, the establishment of a savings department in each branch of the Post Office will make it possi- ble for every village in the country to have a savings institution. (2) It adds to the government prestige. Heretofore, the mass of people have looked upon the government with suspicion in everything, especially in financial matters. This suspicion is a great hindrance to the nation's civil progress and must be 396. THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY train their prospective consuls who have already received higher education. The Chinese government has paid for the main- tenance of its consulates and receives absolutely nothing of worth in return from them. If China wants any international trade at all, she must have better consular service. She must select her prospective consuls from those who have had some higher education. She must see that they are trained well enough to fit for the job before she sends them out. Chambers of commerce, Boards of Trade, Merchants' Asso- ciations, etc. are voluntary associations. They are formed by the business men themselves and organized with men among their own number. Because of the latter fact, they provide in- formation of high authenticity. They take interest ordinarily in local industrial and commercial affairs, municipal and social betterments, investigate and publish information on local credit and transportation, and foster education in industry, trade and agriculture. There is one in almost every city of considerable size in the U. S. The United States Department of Commerce gathers much direct information from their coöperation. In China, the movement has just begun. The dozen Chambers of Commerce are yet in their infancy. The government can best encourage their establishment, cooperate with them in their work, and educate students in the universities, and colleges and schools of commerce so as to fit them to carry on the work on a more scientific basis and for a wider interest. IV. Enjoin and Foster the Improvement of the Means of Communication-railroads, canals, river, coast, and marine car- rying, highways, parcel post, express service. In canalization and railroad building, there is little to recom- mend. The government has always given full attention to them. If there is anything more that the government should do, it will be to see that more civil engineering schools are estab- lished. Respecting the river and coast carrying, China has occupied a unique situation among civilized countries. No other country has ever given such carrying trade to foreigners. China's unique instance arose from necessity-namely, China in the past did not have sufficient technical education to enable her own citizens to conduct the water transportation. The lack of technically trained men was the cause, has been the cause, and will continue to be the cause until education will change it. Technical education, HOW TO PROMOTE TRADE 397 xtent. therefore, cannot be over-emphasized. What the government can do is to advance it with its uttermost strength and spread it to the widest possible extent. What is said of inland water transportation is no less true in marine carrying trade. The high seas have never been shut to Chinese vesels. It is only ignorance that excludes them. Railroad for overland transportation is the best means, no doubt. But the construction is likewise the most expensive of all. In the last decade, we have heard how the government struggled to raise foreign loans for the construction of railroads. To meet immediate needs, a cheaper means must be resorted to viz., highways. Even in the United States which has the longest railroad line of any single country in the world, the use of highways and horse wagons, is not entirely dispensed with. Highways will be of importance in the Chinese overland trans- portation for many decades to come. At present, only in the provinces on either side of the Yellow River valley there are roads available for carts and wagons. Even there, they are in a rugged condition. What is necessary for the government to do now, is to see that there is a system of highways throughout the country that will connect every city, town, and village. In the United States, the States maintain the main roads. The counties, cities, and municipalities each maintain their respective smaller roads. Thus divided, a seemingly great task becomes burdenless in fact. The Chinese central government, therefore, without incurring any quintuple Power loans, can also enjoin the provinces to maintain their respective Provincial roads. The Provincial governments commanded by the central government, in turn can enjoin the Hsiens to maintain theirs, which in turn see that the cities, towns, and villages maintain theirs. Where there are special difficulties as the mountainous topography or spare population, the central government, for both political and trade considerations, can take the roads into its own hands. In all cases, standardize the forms, the conditions, the cost of the roads, the annual cost of maintenance, etc. etc: It may be doubted that this will increase the burden of the citizens who are already suffering poverty. The answer is: China has never been a poor country. What makes China seemingly poor is her economic inactivity and economic chaos. In Western coun- tries, in normal and peaceful times, on the average fifteen per cent of a nation's annual income is paid in tax. In France, even the 398 . THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY poorest wage-earners, pay two weeks' wages each year to the gov- ernment. The large majority of the Chinese population are never reached by direct tax in their lifetime. This one condition is enough to make them feel that Government is none of their concern. If they are taxed for any reason hereafter, it will raise them to the dignity of full citizenship. It is good both for themselves and for the country. The country will increase the percentage of patriotic citizens and they themselves will feel they are no longer like “a man without a country.” Express service renders possible the selling and buying between two distant places without the necessity of either party's travelling through the route. Without railroad and highways, overland ex- press service cannot emerge. The government at present can, how- ever, direct, regulate and systematize the express service that have existed in connection with the existing railroad and steamship trans- portation. As it now is, it is extremely chaotic. In the United States, even the remotest mountain villages are reached by parcel post. Through parcel post, a peasant girl in the Arizona wilderness can keep head-wear as stylish as an urban lady in the metropolis of New York. With such up-to-date arti- cles, the up-to-date ideas reached every corner of the country also. The government's enterprise in parcel post, has, as its pur- pose not merely for gain. It is a measure to maintain the nation's solidarity. The Chinese parcel post has limited itself to too nar- row a field. Both for promoting trade and for solidifying the nation, the Chinese government should widely enlarge the fields of operation and extensively widen the territory. It should pene- trate every nook of Uriankhai and every camp in Yarkand, V. Maintain and Enjoin Uniform Standards—currency, weights and measures, language. Of currency, weights and measures, little comment is neces- sary. The inconvenience has been keenly felt everywhere. The government has been working on them for the last decade. The earlier the unification, the better it is for the country's trade. For the unification of dialects, the central government has shown no attempts. The same difficulties have just faced Japan and Russia. Their respective governments unhesitatingly and un- Alinchingly solved their problems. Japan adopted Tokyo dialect as the standard pronunciation. The government of “All Rus- sias” adopted the Great Russian as their national language, and suppressed the Little Russian and the White Russian. Both HOW TO PROMOTE TRADE 399 governments have enjoined the instructing of all the schools in the respective empires to be conducted in the respective standard languages. In China, at least fifteen provinces out of eighteen provinces understands the northern Mandarin. If China here- after should wish live a unified national life, there is only one sational way to treat the language, namely, the government en joins the use in all the schools in the Republic the northern Man- darin in place of all the dialects. VI. Maintain Industrial Stimuli—public markets, public ex- hibitions. They are already in existence, but more are necessary. VII. Remove the Likin Tax. It is unproductive, expensive, injurious, obstructive and obnoxious. VIII. Work out a Better Patent Law. Mr. Chi's article in the “Monthly" has fully explained the situation. IX. Establish a Scientific Commercial Code. China in the past has been a nation of self-sufficing communi- cies. Trading was not carried to any extent except a few arti- cles of luxuries. Hereafter, the industrial revolution will change the economic situation. The greater part of daily necessaries will be traded, (as more or less done even now). An up-to-date and scientifically worked out commercial code is necessary both to direct and to regulate the commercial acts. X. Establish Rigorous Penal Laws to correct the prevalent Corrupt Practices, Foreigners in all publications have said that "squeeze" and "graft" is a “Chinese institution.” This is more than a national insult. Without placing every civil act on a strict- ly honest basis, no prosperity or normal development in any line can be hoped for. The inefficient government and courts, and the crushed public opinion were responsible for the deep-rooted growth of this contemptible form of theft. Only rigorous appli- cation of severe penalty and watchful public supervision can make possible an immediate stop. XI. Aid Young Industries and New Enterprises.—Subsidies, Bounties, and Tariff Protections. The only way of fostering a young industry or a new enter- prise is to give it special advantages. 'This may be done in one POPULAR LOANS IN CHINA 401 DEVELOPMENT OF POPULAR LOANS IN CHINA. By. H. L. Huang. One of the most important and significant features in the financial reorganization in China during the last few years is the development of the popular or domestic loans. Before the Republic popular loans were hardly known in China and the bulk of our national indebtedness consisted almost entirely of for- eign obligations. But since the establishment of the Republic popular loans have been so successful that the success with which they have met presents a sharp contrast to the failures of the past. This year our government will issue no less than five such loans amounting to $140,000,000 and the indications are that all these loans will be successfully subscribed before the close of the year. This phenomenal development has been made possible, partly, by the extraordinary financial situation of the world created by the war which has closed all the Euro- pean money markets to the Chinese loans. But the main reason · is to be found in the increasing confidence and interest which our people have shown toward the government. In this article I propose to trace, briefly, the development of these loans and to indicate their significance. · In an article entitled “The National Debts of China” published in the April issue of the Monthly last year the writer classified, it will be recalled, the national debts of China into four classes, namely: (1) War loans and indemnities; (2) Government Loans; (3) Railway loans; and (4) Domestic loans. In that article he con- fined his attention almost exclusively to the treatment of the first two classes which make up the bulk of our foreign debts. In this article he will take up the subject of domestic loans which has of late become so important. The writer proposes to dis- cuss the railway loans in a third article to be published later. The three articles will therefore cover the whole subject of our national debts. Public loans in the modern sense of the word were not known in China until late in the nineteenth century. This is to be accounted for, partly at least, by the political system of the country. Under an absolute monarchy the properties of the people were supposed to belong to the monarch. He would never conceive the idea of borrowing money from his subject. Whenever he found that his regular revenues were not suffi- 402 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY cient to meet his expenditure he would levy extra taxes or im- pose “contributions” rather than issue a loan. It was not until the Japanese War of 1894 when the extraordinary circumstan- ces had given rise to an enormous expenditure that the first attempt to issue a public loan was found in China. This historic- al loan was known as the “Merchants Loan of the Year Chia- woo.” The amount of this loan was $30,000,000, distributed to the “Four Great Banks” of Peking and the merchants' guilds of the provinces. But owing to the unfamiliarity of the people with public loans only a small fraction of the total issue was sub- scribed. The returns amounted to less than $12,000,000, most of which were subsequently converted into “contributions” to the government. Three years later a second popular loan was proposed in order to pay off the Japanese indemnity within three years after the date of exchange of the treaty which provided that if China should pay off the entire sum within three years she would not have to pay any interest; otherwise a 4 per cent inter- est would be charged on the entire sum. The amount of this proposed loan was Tls. 100,000,000, to be issued in small denom- inations of $10 and $1 known as “Trust Bonds." Both the land tax and the salt gabelle were hypothecated as securities for the loan. The loan was to bear an interest rate of 5 per cent and was to be paid out of the increased salt revenues by raising the rate of the tax and reducing the expenditure of its administration. The loan was to be redeemed in twenty years but amortization was not to begin until after the tenth year. For the payment of the principle of the loan that part of the customs revenues which would be available in ten years when the obligations to which it was hypothecated would be dis- charged, was pledged. In order to further encourage subscrip- tion it was provided that subscibers of over $15,000 would be decorated with official ranks according to the amount of sub- scription. The loan was carefully planned out and with some modifications modeled after the practices of the European and American governments. But the returns of the loan feil far short of the amount expected. The failure was due to at least three reasons. In the first place the rate of the interest was much too low to attract investment. Secondly the people at that time were not familiar with public loans. Lastly, the lcan was issued with such anxiety on the part of the government POPULAR LOANS IN CHINA 403 that the officials. of the provinces resorted in many cases to extortion and forcing subscription on the people. The result was that only a small portion of the loan was taken and a great storm of protests and resentment was aroused. The govern- ment was finally obliged to cancel it when only less than $5,000,- 000 had been subscribed. These were afterwards taken back by the government as payment for the purchase of official ranks and positions. Thus, both of the first two domestic loans resul- ted in complete failure. It was not until the time of the Revolu- tion that further issuance of domestic loans was attempted in China. Meantime several smaller loans, however, were floated by the Provinces. The most important of these was that issued by the Province of Chihli under the governorship of Yuan Shih-kai. This loan was known as the "Public Loan of Chihli.” It was made to meet the extraordinary expenses of maintaining the “modern army” which the able Governor had introduced. The amount of the loan was Tls. 4,800,000 issued in small denominatons of ten and one hundred teels. The repayment of the loan was divided into six years, one-sixth each year. One of the interesting features of the loan was the graduated rate of interest. The rate was 7 per cent for the first year and was to increase by one per cent each year until it reached 12 per cent for the last year of repayment. But in spite of the attrac- tive features of the scheme the returns were far from satisfac- tory. It was estimated that only 25 per cent of the total was actually subscribed by the people and the rest had to go to a foreign bank in Tientsin. Several similar loans were issued during these few years by the other provinces, but they met with hardly any greater success. Thus we see that most of the early domestic loans either of the central or of provincial governments in China were unsuccessful. The chief reason, undoubtedly, was the lack of confidence on the part of the people toward the government. With the establishment of the Republic we entered upon an era in the history of public loans in China. Domestic loans since the Republic, especially after the outbreak of the Euro- pean war, have been very successful in contrast to the failures of the past. During the Revolution both the Manchu government and the Revolutionary government were hard pressed for funds. POPULAR LOANS IN CHINA 407 When one remembers these facts he will hesitate before he would •criticise China too severely. The experiences of these last iew years indicate clearly that with proper organization and manage- ment the financial system of China can easily be put on a sound and self-maintaining basis. Encouraged by the success of the last few years the Chinese government this year will issue several large domestic loans, the amount of which will exceed all the previous loans put to- gether. There are at least five such loans to be floated this year, namely, (1) The Six Per Cent Loan of the Sixth Year of the Republic of $50,000,000; (2) The Communication Improvement Loan of $50,000,000, issued by the Ministry of Communications ; (3) The Second Savings Loan of $10,000,000; (4) The Indus- trial Loan of $10,000,000 issued by the Ministry of Commerce and Agrculture; (5) The Naval Development Loan of $20,000,000 issued by the Ministry of Navy. These five loans amount to $140,000,000 all of which are to be floated this year. How suc- cessful the government will be in raising this huge sum of money remains to be seen; but judging from the increasing confidence of the Chinese people toward their government we would rot be surprised if they are all successfully issued before the close · of the year. It should also be observed that these loans are not issued for current expenditure only; a large part of then: is to be devoted to constructive works such as the improvement of the means of communication, and the development of indus- tries. Such a policy is fundamentally. sound and should be en- couraged. It is very hard at present for private corporations to undertake work of this nature in China on account of lack of confidence on the part of the public toward private corporations. It would therefore be advisable, if not necessary, for the govern- ment to undertake them by means of popular loans. 408 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY • THE EDUCATIONAL MOVEMENT IN CHINA. By W. P. Wang (U. of P.) The Causes. The forced contact of China with Western nations in the 19th century constitutes the principal cause of our educational awaken. ing. The actual war defeat which she had encountered, the seces- sion of territories to the surrounding powers, and the echo of "partition of China” in the air, stirred the deep slumber of the Sleeping Lion, and compelled her to find means for self-defence. The contrasting effect of commerce and industry of modern times made her wholly conscious of the fact that in order to preserve her national life she must proceed to work by using the past experiences of other nations. It is also to be remembered that the foreign missionaries in China reflected light in the direction of her educational movement. With these forces at work, a Re- naissance was eventually started in China. Such movement has never been found in our history for thousands of years. The world has been surprised at the rapidity of its progress. But, edu- cational reform, like political or social reforms, is by no means an easy undertaking. A vast amount of energy must be spent, obstacles must be removed, difficulties and failures must be en- countered, and above all, time is required. The Chinese educa- tional movement abounds with these features. So the study of its gradual development is full of historical and educational interests. The Early Movement. Our educational movement may be considered to have its birth after the war with France. The need of foreign interpre- ters in the Tsungli Yamen or Foreign Office compelled the gov- ernment to establish a school at Peking in 1862, known as the Tung Wen Kuan. In this school, at first, only foreign languages were taught; later on, scientific subjects were introduced. In connection with Tung Wen Kuan which was then raised to the rank of a college, two preparatory schools were created by the Tsungli Yamen, one of which was located at Shanghai, and the other at Canton. A mechanical school was established at Shang- hai in 1867 by Viceroy Tseng Kuo Fan as an annex to the Kiang- wan Arsenal. In the same year two naval schools were organ- OFFICERS OF MID-WESTERN SECTION P. K. B. Young, Chairman L. S. Chen, Vice-Chairman H. C. Yu, Treasurer EDUCATIONAL MOVEMENT IN CHINA 409 ized in Foochow. The Northern Government Telegraph College was established at Tientsin in 1879. A few years later, the Chinese Imperial Naval College at Nanking, the Government Mining and Engineering College of the Hupeh Board of Mines at Wuchang, and the Medical College for the Army in Tientsin came into existence successively. Other colleges of modern sciences were organized, professors from Europe and America were engaged. All these indicate a growing thirst for western education during this period. In order to secure men of present need for government ser- vice, the old examination system must be modified. Through the successive efforts of Li Hung Chang and others, the govern- ment was persuaded to introduce mathematics and science in the official examination. This was accomplished in 1887, and "for the first time in Chinese history modern sciences were placed on a par with classical learning.” The Chino-Japanese War (1894-1895) gave a fresh impulse for our educational advancement. For, after the war, we find that foreign languages were eagerly studied, translated books were in great demand. Even the Emperor Kuang Hsu was deep- ly interested in foreign languages and modern sciences. In re- sponse to this general demand, many schools and colleges emerged at this time, such as the Pei Yang University and Nanyang College, which after many years development have grown into famous institutions of higher learning in China. The Later Movement. However, the great national humiliation resulted from the ignorance of the people, the poverty and the weakness of the country, all compelled the government to see more and more clearly that there was no other way to save China but to encour- age modern education. Consequently after the Boxer outbreak of the year 1900, the Empress Dowager herself took the lead in educational reform. She issued a number of decrees embody- ing many important measures which the Emperor had advocated and carried them promptly into execution. By an imperial edict in 1901 elementary schools were ordered to establish in all the country districts and villages, middle schools in every Shien or prefecture, and all the Shoo Yuan or provincial colleges were to be turned into modern universities or colleges. Government 412 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY undesirable. Consequently these one hundred students were called back at once in 1881, and Dr. Yung Wing's scheme was brought to an end. Not till the opening of the twentieth century was the government forced to realize the fact that in order to secure men of modern needs, and to have efficient results in her educational reform, she must send students to study abroad. There upon Japan was chosen as a field of study, o naccount of economy in both time and expense. In 1901 the viceroys and governors of the different provinces were ordered to send stud- ents to study abroad and to supply the necessary expense. “Early in 1902 there were 271 Chinese students from 15 pro- vinces studying in the Sunrise Kingdom.” The wonderful suc- cess of Japan in the Russo-Japanese War was considered to be the effect of modern civilization, and induced more Chinese students to cross the Yellow Sea. About the year of 1907, it was reported that there were 17,000 Chinese students in Tokyo alone. During the course of several years, however, the repu- tation of these students dropped to a very low level owing to various reasons. Nevertheless, their writings and translations helped greatly to raise the general intelligence of our people. During this period a number of students had been sent to Europe, and in 1907 a special director was appointed to take charge of them. But after 1910 the Chinese students in Europe are under the direct control of the home government. Dr. Harry Edwin King's study show that in 1910 there were 140 Chinese government scholarship students, and about an equal number of students supported by private funds in the United Kingdom. In Belgium there were about 70 government stu- dents; in France 80; in Germany 60; in Austria 10; and in Russia about 15; statistics for private students in these coun- tries were unavailable. The number of students studying in the United States of America now is still larger. A special school known as the Tsing Kua College has been established for preparing Chinese students to study in the American universities and colleges. This school was founded upon the indemnity fund returned by the United States. With this sum of money, which amounts to $10,785,286.- 12 China is enabled to educate 1,800 students in America during the course of thirty-two years. Before the organization of Tsing Hua College was completed, 48 students selected by an examin- 414 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY language. Should we introduce certain dialect into the school curriculum as a national language? What are the advantages and disadvantages for China if we adopt the alphabet system? (3) The Training of Teachers. It is recognized by the civ- ilized world that teaching must be taken as a profession, and teachers must have special training for their work. How can we secure a sufficient number of well-trained teachers to meet the future demand? How can we train our teachers not simply to be able to teach, but to teach efficiently? (4) Education and Profession. Not everyone is expected to receive a university education, but everyone must get a liveli- hood. What shall the students do when they get through from the primary school? from the middle school? What shall the school do to help the pupils for their life work? What kind of professional or vocational training should be given in the public school? The country has already felt the need of the solution of these problems. It is not only the duty of the government to see into these questions, but also the duty of the citizens espe- cially those who know the situation well to offer suggestions and recommendations for the welfare of the country, and the duty of the local authorities to adopt measures that suit best the local needs and carry them out into execution as soon as possible. 416 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY The popularity of pork production is first due to the fact that the Chinese are extremely fond of pork. In the well-to-do families, pork is served every day in different styles. Even among the poorest classes of people, more or less pork is eaten with the rice. Pork is one of the most common sacrifices on the altars of gods. It is used throughout the whole country on the decoration day, or rather ancestor worshipping day; and even in weddings and funerals a great deal of pork is used for the ceremonies. There are many more special days when pork is universally used in China; space will hardly permit even to mention all of them in this dissertation. Another reason why the pigs are better liked by the Chinese than any other livestock is that the pigs are able to make the most economical gain and the quickest return of money. Pro- fessor Hopkins calls attention to the Rothamsted feeding experi- ments in which it is demonstrated that the same amount of dry food which will make four pounds of beef will make five pounds of mutton and eleven pounds of pork. Henry and Morrison say that pigs produce a pound of gain from four to five pounds of dry matter, while fattening cattle require from ten to eleven pounds and that the pig yields from 75 to 80 per cent of his live weight as dressed carcass, the steer only 55 to 65 per cent. The Chinese farmers, without any experiments of beef and pork which a fixed amount of grain will produce, nevertheless, have learned by centuries of experience that grain turned into pork will produce a larger amount of meat than when turned into beef (Bishop J. W. Bashford). Hence pigs are vastly more common in China than beef cattle. Furthermore, swine raising does not require a great deal of capital. Every family, poor or rich can afford to start the pig business with a limited amount of money, so pigs are found in every family, whether it is a farmer's or not, usually two or three to a dozen or two in number, excepting those living in the busy centers of the cities. The Breeds and Types. There are two types of hogs in China, namely, the bacon and the lard types. The bacon type is common only in the north, while the lard type is mostly confined to the south. The pigs in the north are small in size, light in weight, black in color and covered with long, coarse hair. The southern pigs, on the PORK PRODUCTION 419 In the country where only a few animals are kept on a farm, the hogs as a whole have greater comfort than those on the American farms. They are kept in the building closely connected with the house where the farmer and his family stay; and very often, they are kept in the kitchen where it is thought that warmth and straw beds render the hogs considerable comfort. The hogs are allowed to stay in the house only during the night and are driven out early in the morning as soon as they are fed. They run about in the woods and pasture for exercise and eat · whatever they can find themselves. At sunset, they are driven back and fed again before they are confined in the building. Slaughterhouses and Sanitation. The big slaughterhouses are found only in the pork export- ing centers such as Hankow, Shanghai, Harbin and Hongkong. The small abattoirs are numerous in every city and town. For export trade the slaughterhouses have been constructed accord- ing to hygienic principles for the killing of animals. The build- ings are of brick with large open spaces for ventilation and light on all sides, and the floor is made of concrete. These buildings are usually built along the banks of the rivers where draining as well as cleaning can be carried out with little or no diffit culties. Animals used for export trade are practically subjected to two different examinations before being killed. Hogs are first brought from the general city hogpens, where an inspection is carried out by the police department and then transported to specially constructed pens in connection with the slaughter- houses, where they are again subjected to thorough inspection by sanitary inspectors. Only such animals as are passed and stamped as healthy by the inspectors are allowed to be killed. Should an animal show any sign of disease it is at once con- demned. By paying strict attention to the ante-mortem exam- ination the percentage of diseased carcasses revealed by the post-miortem examination is reduced to a minimum. Every precaution is also exercised in the post-mortem examination to detect the unhealthiness of the animals. Mr. F. W. Wilson, Chief of the Customs Secret Service of the Philippines, who made a careful examination of hogpens and slaughterhouses at Canon early in 1911, reported to the Philip- pine government as follows: PORK PRODUCTION 421 conditions, following in general, the best methods employed in similar institutions in England. In all places where animals are slaughtered for export either to the inland of China or to foreign countries, the hogs are given ante and post mortem examination, either by the Chinese or European Authorities. Animals not approved for slaughter and carcasses not passing inspection are destroyed. So as far as shipments to the United States, Philippines, England and differ- ent parts of China are concerned, there is no occasion for ques- tioning the proper character of the products, since they meet all requirements of pure food law. Diseases. Diseases are rather uncommon in the Chinese hogs. Dr. Farrar said that he could find no evidence that parasitic diseases are more common in Chinese than in English pigs, and the testimony of medical men practicing in China is that trachinosis is extremely rare in China, and practically unknown in the Yangtze Valley. Cysticerus Cellulosae and other parasitic diseases are uncommon. As regards the possibility of transmission of plague from infected districts in China, Professor Zabolotny, one of the Rus- sian delegates to the International Plague Conference, who has been testing the liability of various animals to infection of human plague derived from a pneumonic strain, states that he has found the pigs relatively highly resistant. In the United States, on the other hand, tremendous loss has been inflicted on the farmers, year after year, on account of diseases in the hogs. In 1914, $75,000,000 was lost on hog cholera alone. In 1905, Salmon found in his experiment that in Iowa 122 out of 873 hogs tested had tuberculosis and in Massachu- setts, 12,443 out of 24,685 tested were infected with the same disease. These figures may not show the death rate of tubercu- lar hogs in the United States, but they give a fairly good idea that the American pigs are much more liable to fall victims of diseases than the Chinese pigs. At Hankow, the total rejection for all causes during the first five months of 1911 numbered only 17 out of 14,998 pigs examined. Although statistics for the total loss of hogs, owing to diseases, is not available, we know with certainty that the Chinese hogs are very free from diseases. 422 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY There are several reasons why the diseases are less common among the Chinese hogs than the American hogs: 1. There are only a few to a dozen or two hogs kept on the average farm, so diseases are not likely to spread with great rapidity. And where the hogs are kept in large numbers, such as in the cities, close attention is given to the feed and all san- itary conditions, so there is practically no chance for the devel- opment of any diseases. 2. All the feeds fed to the hogs are thoroughly cooked, so all bacteria and germs are killed before they enter the system of the hogs. 3. Diseases are very seldom transmitted to the hogs by the cattle, especially the beef cattle as in this country, because the Chinese hogs do not go together with the Chinese cattle at all. Feeds. “The average Chinaman is as dainty in feeding pigs as the average Englishman,” says the English investigator, Dr. Farrar, in his report to the Local Government of London. And he adds that not only the pigs exported to England, but in general, those sold in the native markets for Chinese consumption are grain fed pigs, reared on farms under conditions which compared favorably with those obtained in England. So the pork found throughout the whole country is good fat meat. The feeds for hogs vary with localities. Wheat, barley, maize, millet and other cereals with beans and peas are chiefly cultivated in the north, while rice, sugar, and peanuts in the south. Wheat itself is never used for hogs on account of its price, but the by-products of the flour mills, which are rapidly increased today, are fed to a certain extent. Grain from the breweries and distilleries is widely used for fattening hogs. Although corn is one of the chief crops in the north it is seldom used to feed the hogs, probably on account of its high price and the availability of other cheap feeds. Four hundred million bushels of corn were produced in China in 1915. In 1911 the price of corn was about $21.60 per ton or $1.20 per bushel. Bean oil cake and the by- products of the bean curd factories are by far the most impor- tant feeds for hogs in the north. Bean hulls are very cheap and efficient and for this reason it is extensively usd. Bean cake is much cheaper than corn because immense quantity of beans of PORK PRODUCTION 423 different varieties are produced in the northern part of China. In 1913, from Manchuria alone 620,600 tons of soya beans (soy beans) were exported. Bean cake was $16.00 a ton in 1911 and this price has been steady ever since because more and more of these products are cultivated in Manchuria, still a new country of promising future for the Chinese agriculturists, where land can be bought for a few dollars an acre. In spite of the fact that soy beans are extensively cultivated in Manchuria, pasturing the hogs on soybeans or any other kind of beans is still not a habit of the Chinese farmers. Beans are fed in the form of cakes in combination with the various feeds such as mentioned above. Rice by-products are the main food for hogs in the south. Rice is the staple food of practically all the Chinese people and most of it is produced in the southern section of China. Saigon alone, after furnishing this article of diet for the 8,000,000 native inhabitants, has rice for shipment to other ports to the amount of 1,000,000 to 1,300,000 metric tons annually. An enormous by-product is derived from rice milling as rice bran and rice polish. It is generally considered that for every 100 pounds of rough rice milled there is produced about 30 pounds of rice bran which consists of the coat of rice kernels, after the hulls have been removed, and the germ. In polishing the rice after the bran has been removed, to give it the desired luster, about eight to ten pounds of a fine floury, by-product, known as rice polish, is produced from one hundred pounds of rice. The Arkansas Station has found that rice polish alone or with proteid supplements will attain as high a finish as corn-fed hogs. However, hogs scour severely when fed large quantities of rice polish when it is dampened just before feeding. The addi- tion of lime water checked the scours. In the lots, where the rice polish is soaked for twelve or twenty-four hours, no scouring occurred. Rice polish is also not as palatable as corn chops, especially during the close of the fattening period. Hogs go off feed at that time, but when supplemented with skim milk and butter milk it makes excellent feed. Rice bran is too bulky and it cannot be fed economically in summer as the oil in the germ becomes rancid and weevils work in the bran during hot weather. A high finish was not attained by hogs fed on such ration but it makes the cheapest gains as well as about the largest daily gains when it is used as supplement to rice polish or rice polish and corn chops. 428 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY STUDENTS INTENDING TO RETURN VIA VANCOUVER PER CANADIAN PACIFIC MAIL STEAMERS. ! Dear Friends: For your information, I send herewith an extract of a letter from Mr. C. E. E. Ussher, Passenger Traffic Manager, Canadian Pacific Railway Company and Steamship Lines, Montreal, as follows: “For the transportation of Chinese Students through Canada from United States to Hongkong who are ticketed through via C. P. R. and Vancouver, arrangements can be made for the entry of them and transportation through Canada without the deposit of the cash bond, without guard and without surveillance on the following basis: Each applicant must write to W. D. Scott, Chief Controller of Chinese at Ottawa and will be required to substantiate his status as a Student by a submission of a certificate from a respon- sible head of a College or University, which certificate sets forth that the applicant is a student therein. The student must send this certificate, accompanied by three photographs about 2" x 3" head and shoulders only, on each of which appears the signature of the applicant in English and Chinese characters. Applicant has to state in his letter the intended port of entry in Canada and approximately the respective date of entry, also the port, date and method of intended departure from Canada. In every case application should be made sufficiently early to allow Mr. Scott ample time for reply. If satisfied with the bona fides of such application, Mr. Scott will issue a letter and send it to the applicant to carry in his possession through Canada, which will authorize the border in- spector to admit him—the letter being delivered and surrendered to Controller of Chinese at Vancouver.” Sincerely yours, T. T. Wong P. S. To facilitate matters, I would suggest that you make application through the agent from whom you purchase the ticket. 130 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY in medicine; Miss Nettie Soo-Hoo, sister of Miss Clara Soo-Hoo, who is now teaching in Canton Christian College; Miss Annie Sitton, who will get her well-earned diploma although she is little, and will not tell what she will do until it's done; Wing Mah, a graduate of Illinois and Presi- dent of the California Club; Benj. Wong, one of our busiest students, who will be a graduate in education; and H. K. Seung, one of our brightest students in U. C. The girls here are planning to have a Chinese conference in August. The details will be reported next term. CITY OF CHICAGO The sixth regular meeting of our Club was held on April 27 at West- side Y. M. C. A. Much unusual business was discussed. A special com- mittee of five was created to arrange for new and interesting activities for the coming summer conference. A fund was contributed for a prize to be given to the winner in one of the contests at the conference. The meeting was closed with the singing of our Chinese National Song. UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO. In spite of the fact that three of our Chinese students were graduated from the University within the last half-year, we are still having an en- rollment of nineteen members in our Club. But we are extremely sorry to learn that a few more will leave us at the end of this quarter as soon as they obtain their degrees. P. L. Li, a graduate of the University, paid us a visit from Madison, Wisconsin, a t the beginning of April. He asserted that he loved to see so many old faces but not the campus with which he had been so familiar. The officers of our Club for this quarter are as follows:-President, N. W. Cheng; Vice-President, F. C. Wang; Secretary, S. Wi. Tsai; Treas- urer, K. L. Yen; and News-Correspondent, P. Wong. CLEVELAND Our club held its “Annual Openhouse" on April 14 at the social hall of the Euclid Avenue Christian Church. Among the hundred and fifty guests present were President Charles S. Howe of the Case School of Applied Science, who spoke on "Scientific Education for China;" and Mr. F. L. Roberts, secretary of the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce, who spoke on the “Commercial Relations between China and the United . States." The speeches were appreciated. The entire program is too long to enumerate here. Suffice it to say that it was a grand display of musi- cal talents and dramatic ability which the Cleveland Club is proud of possessing. The success of the evening was largely due to the lady members. Miss Jessie Lee put forth one of the most interesting items of the program by having trained Miss Mabel Woo, a Chinese girl of scarcely eight, to an original dance on Chinese music. Misses M. L. Ying and S. C. Chiu prepared the refreshments on which they exercised such a wonderful knowledge of domestic science that they were kept busy, even long after the meeting, in answering inquiries as to the exact recipes and formulas with which they made the delicious eatables. CLUB NEWS 131 On April 21, Mr. and Mrs. A. W: Neale invited us to dinner. There we met Mr. and Mrs. Whittlesey, who had been inland missionaries in Szechwan for over 24 years. COLUMBUS, OHIO We had a meeting on May 4 at Ohio Union, a students' club house of the Ohio State University. The duties of the two new committees were defined. We also decided to have a Chinese banquet this month. G. P. Jung, who has already taken his bachelor's degree in agriculture from Ohio State, will receive the degree Master of Science this June. He is specializing in Entomology, a study of farm insects. Y. H. Chang, a graduate from the Government Institute of Technology, formerly Nan- yang College, will receive the degree Master of Science in Electrical En- gineering. L. K. Leon, who received his B. A. last year and is now tak- ing a combination course, will obtain his second degree B. E. E. Pro- bably all three of them will return to China this year. CORNELL Near the end of April, the Chinese members of the Cosmopolitan Club, with the co-operation of their friends, gave a Chinese Night in the Club House. S. Hu, being the principal speaker, spoke on "China's Entrance into the War.” The speech was followed by stunts, Chinese music, and magic, which proved to be both novel and interesting. A large audience of both sexes and different nationalities witnessed the success of the evening. Now we are longing for our traditional senior banquet which will be given, before the end of May, in honor of the graduating members. We shall then have the opportunity to express to them our joy in their success and best wishes for their future. To those who are coming to spend part of their summer in Ithaca, we like to say that our tennis court has recently been greatly improved, in appearance as well as in service, by a new fence supported by iron posts instead of the old wooden ones. We hope that this will add one more attention to the various other things for which Cornell is noted. WOMEN'S COLLEGE OF DELAWARE Women's College of Delaware, the name itself, may suggest to you that this is the State College of Delaware. Many of you may have never heard of this College before. It is a new institution, established in 1914. Before landing at San Francisco last September, I little knew that I was going to be a pioneer in the "Blue and Gold." Mr. T. T. Wong, at the special request of Dr. Miller, ex-Governor of Delaware, sent me here. Thus, I lost my companion, Miss H. T. Liu of Hannah More Academy, and deprived Miss Liu of her comrade. In the evening of October 8, Dean Robinson met me at Philadelphia, and a crowd of girls at Newark station completely dumfounded me. But both the faculty and the student body have been so kind to me that I have been quite happy and comfortable. Being the only Chinese student in Delaware, I have been an object of curiosity. Visitors of the College always express their desire to see 432 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY the little Chinese girl. Once, a group of the members of the State Leg- islature stared at me while I was performing an experiment in the Chem- istry laboratory. Another time, groups of ladies came up to see me in my room, so that the "pet of the College," as called by one of the ladies, had to come down to save them the trouble of climbing the flights of stairs. Vacation will soon be here. Let me wish all my fellow-students good luck in final exams and a happy re-union at the summer conference. As I am not coming back to Delaware next fall, this will be the first and last piece of news that you will ever hear of Delaware through me. May I hope that some one will in the near future pave the roughly-opened road! EXETER In the long history of Phillips Exeter Academy, no Chinese student has ever completed its full course. This June H. C. Chen and T. Li will be the first Chinese students to receive the Academy diploma. GEORGE WASHINGTON · Although the student life here has not much to be said about, yet we are seldom lonely. So many of our friends come to see the Capital, and thus permit us to see them. We are hoping that more friends will visit us and not skip over Washington in their summer trips. During the Inauguration season in March, Miss S. T. Tsia of Dela- ware, Miss H. T. Liu of Hannah: More, Miss Esther Hsu of Baltimore, Chu and Sun of Johns Hopkins, Hu and Tsur and Mr. and Mrs. Wei of Philadelphia, visited Washington. The Easter vacation gave us another opportunity to see our friends. Huang and Wong of Columbia, Phi- lander and Russell Sun of Cornell, H. C. Chen of Baltimore, M. J. Bau . of Yale and Kahn of Ohio were all here for a visit. C. H. Sung, a graduate of navy architecture from M. I. T., went home in April, after having finished his research work in the Navy Yard here. Q. L. Young, C. E. (Michigan), spent a few weeks here with his uncle, Director T. T Wong, and is now on his way home. H. S. Lee, C. E. (Cornell) paid us a visit on his way back to Baltimore from Kentucky where he had spent seven months in studying mining and railway 'surveying. HARVARD On April 15, we had an excursion to Spot Pond, a beautiful place near Boston. Misses W. T. New and S. A. Chiu generously provided us with sandwiches and fruits. Various games were played in the open field which overlooked the placid little lake. With such a propitious start, no wonder our April recess was enjoyed by all more than usual. The annual election of our Club was held on April 28, and the following officers were elected for 1917-1918:-C. P. Chow; Miss W.: T. New, Vice-President; S. T. Woo, Secretary; and M. F. Chung, Treas- urer. ILLINOIS We held our third business meeting on April 21, when the question dof prolonging the lease of the Club House was discussed. It was finally 434 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY month, and be of a social nature. An entertainment committee was ap- pointed by the President to have charge of the programme. Our first meeting of this semester was held in Cambridge Y. M. C. A. on March 10. It was very well attended. F. Chang of Harvard gave a talk on T. S. Linn's case and what had already been done for Linn. After the speech, our Club voted unanimously to render financial support to the committee on Linn's case, in order to facilitate their work for the noble cause. We are very glad to say that up to the present some $36.00 have been contributed by our members and forwarded to T. T. Lew, chairman of the committee on Linn's case. More money will come in yet. The second meeting was also held in Cambridge Y. M. C. A. Plans for the coming summer conference were discussed, and committees on various conferences activities in which this Club was to take part were elected. A sum of $10.00 was appropriated for a silver cup to be awarded to the winning Chinese debating team at the conference. The officers for this semester are: President, H. C. Ling; Vice-Presi- dent, C. Y. Chen; Chinese Secretary, Y. C. Hau; English Secretary, Ki Chun. and Treasurer, T. C. Yeh. MICHIGAN: : Our regular monthly meeting was held in the College Y. M. C. A. on the 22nd of April. Conference matters were discussed, and Presi- dent Liu appointed the following committee chairmen:-T. W. Thoms, English Literary chairman;. Liew, Chinese literary chairman; C. K. Chow, social chairman; and W. T. Young, athletic chairman. Through the untiring efforts of Mr. Thoms, our Club has now more "ginger” than ever. Papers from our students in the various colleges will be read be. fore the Club in our regular meetings. About six Chinese students made the trip in the Cosmopolitan Club State Tour, and they enjoyed it immensely. Our Club will hold a picnic on the 12th of May and we are anticipating a jolly time. The following men were graduated last February: N. S. Chang in literature, C. T. Ho in chemistry, H. Lee in architectural engineering, and S. T. Leo, now in Columbia University, in chemical engineering. The following will be graduated this June: K. H. Kuo and F. Yen in civil engineering, K. T. Wong in chemical engineering, P. C. Yang in economics, T. C. Liew in medicine, and C. H. Hsia in forestry. THE OREGON CHINESE STUDENTS' UNION Although you have not heard from us for some time, we have still been at work. At the March meeting, a short program was rendered. Miss Emily Lowe played a piano solo, and Mr. Louie Dip gave a brief “History of the Alliance." Three good speeches were given by our students at the April meeting. Miss Fannie Lee spoke on "What a Girl Can Do in China;" Miss Emily Lowe on the "Literature of China;" and Frank Jue on "Some Duties of the Students in America.” It was also suggested that at the next meeting the students of Reed College should have a debate with those of Washington High School. The PERSONAL NOTES Miss Alice O. Huie, B.S., Teachers' College 1917, has been appointed a Secretary in the Physical Education Department of the Y. W. C. A., and will sail for Shanghai on August 30. Miss Mabel Lee of Columbia has been elected University Scholar in Economics by the Board of Council of Columbia University. She has the honor of being the first Chinese student to receive the distinc- tion, which is the result of her valuable research work in agriculture. She expects to join the agricultural army this summer. Y. C. Yang of Cornell won the first prize in the Woodford Prize Contest in Original Oratory. C. Ku of Cornell succeeded in making himself one of the speakers at the fifth annual Fuetes Memorial Contest in Public Speaking. L. T. Chen of Yale was one of the De Forest speakers after sur- viving two preliminary trials, thereby winning one of the Townshend premiums. · K. P. Young of Wisconsin was elected on May 1 to the Wisconsin Chapter of Sigma Xi, an honorary scientific society for graduate students. P. H. Chen and Y. H. Ho of Cornell were elected members of the Alpho Chapter of Sigma Xi. C. C. Kuo was initiated into the Savage Club of Cornell. C. P. Ling of Rochester has been chosen as a member of the Junior team in the Annual Alling Prize Debate. P. K. B. Young has been a member of the Case Glee Club for three years, and has also recently won the fourth place in pole vault at the triangular meet among Case, Oberlin and Wooster, all in Ohio. Miss Helen Huie, Cornell 1920, has been awarded the class numeral in basketball. She is now out for the girl's crew. She is also a member of the Y. W. C. A. Cabinet. T..Y. Lin of Yale won the second place in high jump in the annual series of the Willisbrook Handicap meets, for which he was awarded a handsome cup. Burnham Yung Kwai of Yale has qualified himself as a member of the Apollo Banjo-Mandolin Club. Y. C. Yen was one of the Yale delegates to address different chur- chés in Groton, opposite New London. K. F. Mok has been appointed a Foote Fellow in Mathematics in Yale. Richard H. P. Sia, a medical junior of Western Reserve, has been awarded a partial Tsing Hua scholarship. He is now Secretary of the Cleveland Cosmopolitan Club. John Wong, formerly of Columbia, has recently established at Tien- tsin a tannery, to which Dr. Y. T. Tsur, and Messrs. G. T. Chow, 438 PERSONAL NOTES 439 cuse last year and has been serving as S. D. Li, John Wong-Quincey, and many others have given hearty support. . A. T. Wong, representative from the Shanghai Y. M. C. A. to the Cleveland Chapter, who has been taking special courses in Western Reserve, will specialize in education in Oberlin next fall. S. S. Tang, a '16 mining graduate of Case, is now teaching chemis- try in a scientific college in Foochow, China. S. W. Shou, who left Cleveland for China last October on account of illness, is making rapid progress in health. S. Y. Young, Chinese aviator from Honolulu, dropped off at Ann Arbor to visit his cousin W. T. Young, and will take up military avia- tion in Virginia. D. T. Pang, '16 Michigan, is assistant chemist in Parke Davis Co. of Detroit. H. L. Yee, who obtained his B. D. from Princeton Theological Seminary on May 8, will leave for China on June 7. Dr. S. Y. Li from Foochow, who received his M. D. from Syra- cuse last year and has been serving as an interne in the University Hos- pital of the Good Shepherd, will sail for China on June 7. Philip C. Y. Mei completed his work for M. A. last January and has been doing graduate work in Syracuse. Miss Ellen Koo of Syracuse will sail for China on June 29 per Tenyo Maru. V. F. Lam and Miss Mae G. Chan were united in the bonds of matrimony on June 2, at Somerset Hotel. We wish them joy. Miss Ginsiang Mei of Kiukiang will receive her degree of normal music from the Teachers' College of Syracuse. Miss P. T. Sung of Shanghai will receive her B. S. in June, and expects to do graduate work in chemistry in Illinois. Dr. H. C. Sezto will receive hiss M. D. from the medical college in Syracuse. H. Au and L. S. Yu expect to receive B. S. and A. B. respectively in June. Edward R. Ding, Frank G. Ding and Albert P. Ding, brothers, are members of the Oregon Agricultural College Cadet Band, one of the leading college bands on the Pacific coast. They are the only Chinese belonging to such an organization in the northwest, and play cornet, saxaphone, and clarinet respectively. The American Returned Students' Bureau of Tsing Hua has just completed compiling a Who's Who of American Returned Students, a booklet containing complete records, both in Chinese and English, of over four hundred American returned students now following various walks of life in China. This booklet is most useful for reference and information purposes. The price per copy is $1.20 silver, postage pre- paid.-F. T. Liang, Secretary of the Returned Students' Bureau. T. F. Hwang, LL.M., (Columbia), received his degree of Doctor of Judicial Science. He leaves for China on Aug. 16, sailing from Van- couver. The announcement is made of the engagement of Miss Lucy Yang, (Vassar), and Mr. P. S. Lo, (Columbia). HOME NEWS 443 places beyond theeded by the depal chief civ The certificate of safe arrival shall be of greater necessity when the Ger- mans reach places beyond the jurisdiction of this country. Art. 8. Boats or carts needed by the departing Germans to convey their belongings shall be hired by the local chief civil or military officers. (B) PROTECTION OF GERMAN MERCHANTS AND MIS- SIONARIES RESIDING WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC Art. 1. With the exception of those Germans who are in active mili- tary service in this country, the manner of whose treatment is governed by a separate set of regulations. the present regulations shall be appli- cable to the treatment of all German merchants and missionaries residing in this country. Art. 2. All German merchants, missionaries and other German sub- jects shall be allowed to continue to reside where they have had a domi- cile. They shall also be permitted to engage in all kinds of peaceful and lawful pursuits and are entitled to the protection of the Chinese authori- ties for the safety of their person or property. But they shall obey all the laws and orders of this country both existing at present or to he promulgated in the future. Art. 3. On receipt of the notice of the present regulations, all Ger- man merchants, missionaries and other subjects shall report their names, addresses and occupations to the local chief officials for registration within three days. Art. 4. A certificate of such registration should be issued to the German applicants by the local chief officials on receipt of the application. Art. 5. Any German resident who has already registered his name and other particulars at the office of the local officials shall be permitted to remove his residence. But in doing so he must first submit the regis- tration certificate to the local official where he is domiciled for inspection and removal. A permit for removal shall be issued to him by the said local official. After he arrives at his new residence, he should submit the removal permit to the Local official of his new residence for destruction within three days after his removal. The same procedure as provided in article 3 and 4 of the present regulations shall then be followed. Art. 5. The local chief officials shall have the power to order the departure or confinement of all German residents who fail to obey the present regulations by refusing to apply to the local official for regis- tration. Art. 6. On receipt of the notice of the present regulations all Ger- man residents should turn over all fire arms and other military equip- ments in their possession to the nearest Inspection Office for inspection within three days. An inventory of such articles should also be made and submitted to the authorities in charge for inspection by the owner of such articles. Art. 7. Any German residents in this whether violating the laws and orders of this country, or committing measures calculated to dis- turb peace and order or commit other measures prejudicial to the interest 10 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY THE Western Electric Company - INCORPORATED IN THE Eastern World SHANGHAI To directly assist in the commercial development of China the Western Electric Company has opened a branch office in the new Union Building at Number 4, The Bund, Shanghai. From this point future electrical developments in the Far East will be carried on with the same spirit of integrity that has marked Western Electric operations throughout the world and which will bring to China the benefits to be derived from science and an organization. Western Electric Company INCORPORATED 195 Broadway, New York Shanghai, China CANTON BANK Special facilities for the Chinese San Francisco, California THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute TROY, NEW YORK The Oldest School of Engineering in America GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS Undergraduate courses leading to the degrees of Civil Engineer (C.E.), Mechanical Engineer (M.E.), Electrical En- gineer (E.E.), Chemical Engineer (Ch.E.), and Bachelor of Science (B.S.) Graduate courses leading to Masters' and Doctors' degrees in engineering and science. Unsurpassed new Mechanical, Electrical, Physical, and Materials Testing Laboratories. ed and ceives the Six hundred and eighty-five students are at present enrolled, each one of whom receives individual instruction daily. Students have come to the Institute from all the states of the Union and from many foreign countries, including Ar- gentina, the Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, Chili, China, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, England, Germany, Hawaii, Honduras, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Porto Rico, Russia, San Domingo, Spain, Turkey, and Venezuela. The graduates of the Institute are eminent in various branches of engineering and science all over the world and they have been responsible for many of the most noted engineering achievements. For Catalogue and illustrated pamphlets apply to W. J. Nugent, Registrar, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y. - - - - 12 THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY United States Steel Products Co. Shanghai, China New York, U.S.A. London, Eng. 24A Kiangse Road 30 Church St. 36 New Broad St. Exporters of the Products of CARNEGIE STEEL CO. ILLINOIS STEEL CO. THE LORAIN STEEL CO. NATIONAL TUBE CO. AMERICAN STEEL AND WIRE CO. AMERICAN BRIDGE CO. SHELBY STEEL TUBE CO. AMERICAN SHEET AND TIN PLATE CO. TENNESSEE COAL, IRON AND RAILROAD CO. Steel Rails, Switch Material, Structural Material, Forged Axles, Hoops and Ties, Mild Steel Plates, Plain, Corrugated and Black Sheets, Tin Plate, Horse and Mule Shoes, Steel Wire, Pig Iron, Coal and Coke WE SOLICIT INQUIRIES Accompanied by exact specifications, stating the quantities desired, with particulars as to size, weight, finish, packing, etc. NOME WWWWWWW ON ALL SHORES OF THE PACIFIC WELLS FARGO EXTENDS ITS HELPING HAND TRAVELERS CHECKS OFFICES OR CORRESPONDENTS EVERYWHERE PERSONAL SERVICE WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW TOKIO SAN FRANCISKO SHANGHAI LOS ANGELES SAN DIEGO CANTON SS MANILA HONOLULU MW THE CHINESE STUDENTS' MONTHLY 科學 ​(SCIENCE) The Official Organ of the Science Society of China was as General Office in China 51 Bubbling Well Road Shanghai, China Local Office in U. S. A. 208 Delaware Avenue Ithaca, N. Y. ITS PRINCIPAL AIMS: 1. To encourage and advance scientific learnings in China. 2. To popularize the sciences among the general public of China. 3. To promote industries at home. SUBSCRIPTION RATES In U. S. A. and Canada, $1.75 (gold) a year; 25c. (gold) a copy, post- paid. Payable to C. L. Chien, the manager in U. S. A., 208 Delaware Avenue, Ithaca, N. Y. ADVERTISING RATES Furnished upon application to the manager in U. S. A. Copy and cuts or electros must be in two months before the month of publication. BACK NUMBERS OFFERED FOR SALE Vol. I, Nos. 3, 9, 10, and 11. Vol. II, Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. These numbers will be sold for 25 cents (gold) each, post paid. CHANGE OF ADDRESS Notice to that effect must be given to the manager in U. S. A. one month in advance. Both the old and new addresses must be given. THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN GRADUATE LIBRARY DATE DUE SERIE SEP 07/1973 JUN IN JUIN 3 1976