3 2015 02553 5926 IESE REPOSITORY VOL. XVI-XX ARUZEN CO., LTD. CHINESE REPOSITORY VOL. XVI-XX DS DS 701 C56 CHINESE REPOSITORY VOL XVI-XX DS 1701 C56 A 08.584 The Chinese repository XV "TO NOTISC KERUDUTOS VOL. MARUREN ASIA LIBRARY DS 70 C56 V.16 1 1 University of Michigan . ibraries 1817 ARTES SCIENTIA VERITAS 1 } THE CHINESE REPOSITORY VOL. XX FROM JANUARY TO DECEMBER, 1851. MARUZEN CO., LTD. TOKYO Asia Library OS This edition may not be sold to North, Central and South America. Reprinted in Japan THE CHINESE REPOSITORY VOL. XX. FROM JANUARY TO DECEMBER, 1851. CAJVTOX: PRINTED FOK THE PROPR,ETOR, 1851. I No. 1.—January. Art. I. A Comparative English and Chinese Calendar for 1851 ; names of foreign residents at the Five Ports and Hongkong; list of officers in the governments of Hongkong, Canton, and Macao; foreign legations and consular establish- ments in China. 1 Art. II. Travels in Siberia; including excursions northwards down the Obi to the Polar Circle, and southwards to the Chinese Frontier. By Adolph Erhan. 2 Vols. Philadelphia, 1860. 18 Art. III. Testimony to the truth of Christianity, given by Kiying, late governor- general of Canton, minister plenipotentiary, guardian, &c, 41 Art. IV. Journal of Occurrences: arrival of Gov. Cardoza at Macao ; death of a Chinese at Amoy by bambooing; degradation of Muhchangah and Kiying; official life of tho premier; posthumous honors conferred on Lin Tsehsu; petition of the insurgents in Kwangsi; judicial decisions among the Chinese; rise in office by purchase 49 No. 2.—February. Art. T. Topography of the Chinese Empire beyond the provinces; the names and boundaries of the principal divisions, survey of the country, and character of the mountain ranges. 57 Art. II. The Hiang Fan, or Echoing Tomb, a Mohammedan mosque and burying- ground near Canton. 77 Art. III. Prohibitions addressed to Chinese converts of the Romish faith. Trans- lated by P. P. Thoms, with notes illustrating the customs of the country. ■• 85 Art. IV. Extracts from histories and fables to which allusions are commonly made in Chinese literary works. Translated from the Arte China of P. Goncalvez by Dr. Bowrino 94 Art. V. Course of the Chu Kiang or Pearl River 103 Art. VI. Journal of Occurrences : Gov. Bonham installed a knight-commander of the Bath ; Major-general Staveley's departure; proclamation of the governor of Macao; insurgents in Kwangsi; burning of mission premises in Siam 110 No. 3.—March. Art. I. Course of the Chu Kiang, or Pearl River.—Continued from page 110 113 Art. II. Extracts from histories and fables, &c—^Continued from page 105 122 Art. III. Fourth Report of the Chinese Hospital at Shanghai, for the year ending Dec. 31st, 1850; with a notice of the Hospital at Kam-li-fau in Canton 152 Art. IV. Journal of Occurrences : attack on Messrs. Manigault and Cunningham, and correspondence relating thereto ; trial and death of Chui Apo; insurgents in Kwangsi; withdrawal of gentry from the examinations, and Su's memorial on the subject; census of British subjects in Canton and Whampoa. 161 No. 4.—April. Art. I. The Ying Ilwan Chi-lioh or General Survey of the Maritime circuit, a Universal Geography, by His Excellency So Ki-ytl ofWutaiin Shansi, the pre- sent lieutenant-governor of Fuhkien. In 10 books. Fuhchau, 1848. 169 Art. II. Extracts from histories and fables. &c.~-Concludedfrom page 152 191 Art. III. Proceedings relating to the Chinese version of the Bible: report of the Committee of the American Bible Society on the word for God ; resolutions passed in London ; progress of the revision of the Old Testament 216 Art. IV. Journal of Occurrences: insurgent* in Kwangsi "21 iv INDEX. Da Costa's conduct, witness on,. 164 Delegates on revision of SS 486 Dialling among the Chinese, 431 Disturbance* among the silkmen, .506 Divination, how practiced, 85 Dragon-boat races, 88,124 Dutch missions on Formosa, 541 Dyer's attempts to cast type 282 Eamont lost on Japan, ship 112 East river, a branch of Pearl R, .. 121 Emperor's guard, 256 England described by Sii, 182 Err.ian's travels in Siberia, 18 Europeans described by Sii, 180 Examinations at Canton, 508 Examinations, military,. 390 Fables of Chinese books,.04,122,194 Famine relieved in Shanghai,.... 159 Faulkon, a Greek in Siam, 348 Fever at Shanghai, 154 Five Horse's heads on North R,. .116 Foreign residents in China, 3 Forgery, case of literary, 341 FOi .Tiosa, the ship Larpent lost on, 285 Formosa, search for sailors in, 490 Formosa, military placed over, 373 Formosa, missions on, 541 French whaler lost in Corea, 500 Fuhchau, notices of mission at,.. .524 Fuhchau, paper-money at, 290 Fuhchau, interview at, 247 Fuhchau, loss of life at, 559 Fuii-hi, an early emperor, 94 Fuhkien, garrisons of, 372 Funeral rites of Chinese, 90,88 Garrisons in Manchuria,.... 60,323 Geography of Sii Ki-yu, 1(0 Geomancy much practiced, 90 Gobi, its height, 70 God, consideration of terms for,.. .216 Gon alves fabulous notices, 94,122,194 Graduates prohibited to come by Sii, 167 Grain not to lie exported, 471 Guardsmen of army, 257 Gunpowder, casualties by, 536 Gutzliitf, death oi"Rev. C 511 Harlow arrives as chaplain, 288 HuH, Yen-lo hung, god of, 202 Hknfung coufers bounty, 508 Hienfung, the 244th ruler of China, 1 HoHsou's hospital report, 160 Hamuli's treatise on Astronomy,. .478 Hobson's treatise on Physiology,.. 538 Honan, troops garrisoned in, 368 Honan, Jews found in, 436 Honan, topography of, 546 Hongkong, in 1851, officers of.... 11 Hongkong, large fire at, 5(50 Hongkong, mission at, 522 Hospitals at Canton and Shanghai, 152 Houses, incantations when building 87 Houses, how warmed by stoves,.. 28 Hukwang, flood in 461 Hukwang, troops in, 383 Humboldt's description of Gobi,.. 70 Hungwii, anecdote of, 147 Hwui-hwui, origin of the term,... 82 Ice to be obtained from the Pci-ho, 434 Idolatrous practices, 86,527 Idolatry of the Bannermen, 272 Idolatry of Buraets, 22 Hi, Bannermen stationed in, 321 Hi, divisions and circuits in, 66 Imperial tombs guarded, 318 Imperial Guard, its materiel, 256 Infanticide in Kiaying chau, 92 Inquest at Shanghai 155 Irkutsk, its position and climate,.. 20 Japan, shipwrecked sailors in,... .112 Japan, paper money in, 295 Jehovah known by Jews in Honan, 447 Jeh-ho, garrison at, 317 Jews in Honan, 436 Justice, cases of decisions of, 54 Kaifunq fu, Jews at, 460 Kaustih, troops in, 385 Khanates in Mongolia, 64,337 Khoten, a warm region, 76 Kiakhta described by Erman, 23 Kiangsii, troops in, 369 Kiangsu, cities in, near Canal,... .440 Kirin, divisions of, 61 Kirin, garrisons placed in 327 Kiying's testimony, proof of, 341 Kiying's testimony to Christianity, 41 Kiying degraded 49 Klaproth's notices of bank bills,.. .292 Klaproth's notes ol'Changpeh shin 296 Koko-nor or Tangut, tribes in,.... 65 Koko-nor, tribes in 338 Koxinga kills missionaries, 541 Kuldsha, chief town of, 66 Kwan-lun Mts. in Gobi, 73 Kwangtung, rivers in 113 Kwan;;si, insurgents in,. J 11,224,492 INDEX. V Kwangsi, course of rivers in, 106 Kwangtung, troops in, 374 Kw&ngsi, stations of troops in,... .375 Kwangsi, progress of troubles, .. .560 Kwangsi insurgents make head,.. 165 Kwangsi, cost of war in, 287 Kwangsi, petition of insurgents in, 53 Kwanyin, famous temple to 117 Kweichau, troops in 387 Ladak, towns in, 69 Lamas in Russia, 34 Land, decision of tenure of, 56 Language of China romanized,.. .472 Language, confusion in sounds of, 177 Larpent lost on Formosa, 285 Lau-kiun, founder of Rationalists,. 196 Lewchew, mission at, 539 Liautung, boundaries of, 59 Lin receives posthumous honors,.. 52 Literati give trouble to Sii, 166 Lockhart's hospital for 1850, 152 Loomis, Rev. Geo. leaves China,. .288 Lucky days noted in calendars,... 85 Ma Twanlin's Researches, ed. of, 281 Macao, government of in 1851,... 15 Macao, Gov. Cardozareaches,.... 49 Macao, governor Cardoza at, 110 Macao, Gov. GuimaraCs at, 560 Macgowan's hospital report, 539 Macgowan's notes on tallow, 422 Macgowan's notes on timekeepers 426 Macgowan's Philo. Almanac,... .284 Maimachen near Kiakhta, 23 Manchuria, divisions of, 59 Manchuria, mountains in, 296 Manchuria, garrisons in, 323 Minchus in Chinese Army, 256 Maps of China, errors in native,. .172 Marco Polo's notice of bills, 294 Mars, the Chinese, 137 Marzotti's account of a flood, 461 Miusoleaof emperors, 318,328 Meadows' proposal to get ice, 434 M jasles prevail at Ningpo, 532 Medical missions, benefits of,.... 159 Medhurst and others withdraw,.. 221 Mcdhurst's letter on version, .... 485 Mailing pass, a town near, 114 Miautsz', military over the, 383 Missionaries, list of Protestant 514 M jhammedans in China, 79 Mohammedans in Hami, 338 Mohammedans at Kaifung fu,... .449 Monastery near Fuhchau 527 Money issued at Fuhchau 290 Mongolian feudatories 330 Mongolia, boundaries of, 62 Mongols, corps among the,... .62,337 Mongols, dress of, 24 Mongols issue bank bills, 294 Montigny goes for whaler's crew, .500 Morrison sends a letter to Jews,. .446 Mosque near Canton, 77 Mountains in Manchuria, 296 Mountains in Central Asia, 71 Mowtans, story of the, 226 Muhchangah's life and degradation, 49 Murder, cases of, 55 Music in Budhist temples, 34 Naval forces of China, 377 Newyear sentences, 87 Newyear's feast at Kiakhta,. 26 Ningpo dialect to be romanized,. .475 Ningpo, mission at, 530 Ninguta, a town in Kirin, 297 Office, instance of sale of, 56 Officers very dilatory,. 55 Officers in army, and their pay,.. .404 Olyphant, death of D. W. C 509 Opium trade, essay on, 479 Opium and tea compared, 555 Opium on smokers, effects of..... 529 Opium patients cured, 157,534 Oppression of a Chinese, case of, 287 Paintings in Budhist temples,... 37 Paper-money among Chinese, 289 Paper money at Peking, 56 Parker sends an agent to Formosa 490 Parker's letter to Sii on smuggling, 469 Parker's dispatch to Sii, 161 Pavie's stories from Chinese, 225 Pearl river, course of the,... .105,113 Peking, paper money at, 56 Peking, corps stationed at, 262 Ph ilaris, the Chinese, 146 Poetry, translations of, 299,433 Policemen, oppression by 287 Postal arrangements of army,... .312 Prayer by Kiying, 44 Praying machines of lamas, 38 Preaching among the Chinese,.. .525 Prisoners, treatment of Chinese,. .535 Protestant missions to Chinese,... 513 Provinces, garrisons in, 319 Punishments in the army, 400 Qrr.i.PAERT. notices of island of, .500 VI INDEX. Residents at Five Ports, Sic.... 3 Revenue, Code of the Board of,.. .251 Reynard lost on Pratas shool,....286 Rhode Island, Chinese notice of,.. 173 Richards, obituary of W. L.. .288,529 Rivers, superintendent of, 370 Rivers in Honan province, 547 Rivers in Kwangtung, 113 Romanism like Bud his m, 36 Romanizing the Chinese, plan for, 472 Russian ambassy to Peking, 32 Russians at Kiakhta, 23 Sargcchei, the chief at Kiakhta,. 25 Scripture, an illustration of, 528 Scriptures found at Honan, 436 Seamen's chaplains at Whampoa,.288 Selengtnsk in Siberia, 22 Shanghai, hospital at, 152 Shanghai, port regulations of,.... 559 Shanghai, mission at, 537 Shangti rejected by A. Bib. Soc. .217 Shangti defined by Sii, 247 Shansi, troops stationed in 367 Shantung, troops in, 367 Shin adopted for God by A. B. S. 217 Shin used by Kiying for God,.... 45 Shin and Tien-shin differ, 248 Shinnung, the Chinese Ceres 94 Si am, ancient history of, 345 Siam, burning mission premises in, 111 Siamese year for 1851, 1 Siberia, travels in by Erman, 18 Silkweavers at Canton, 506 Silver transported on asses 443 Societies Bending missionaries,. ■ .513 Stare worshiped ay the Chinese,.. 90 Staunton on opium trade, 483 Staveley returns home 110 Sii Ki-yii's Geography, 169 Sii Ki-yii's stanzas to Bowring,.. .434 Sii Ki-yu's opinion of Shin 247 Sii's reports of victories, 287 Sii's letter on smuggling, 470 Sii receives a remonstrance, 165 Sii's correspondence respecting attack on Americans 161 Substitutes for murder, 56 Succession, curious case of, 54 Suicides among the Chinese, 156 Sun-dials of the Chinese, 30 Sung dynasty, Jews came in the..457 Surgeon,Wa To, a famous Chinese,134 Swindling, case of, 287 Synagogue at Kaifung fii, 445 SzVhiien, tro.ips in 3riO Ta-tsino Hwui Tien on army,.. .251 Tallow, mode of making, 4'^2 Tang dynasty, bank bills of, 293 Tarbagatai, its chief town,. 67 Tartars, tribes of, 336 Tea, in Russia, brick 19 Teas, chemical analysis of, 4(56 Telegraph explained to Chinese,. .284 Temple at Kiakhta, 27 Theatre at Kiakhta, 25 Theatrical plays, cost of, 89 Theft, judgment in a case of, 56 Thorns' notes on Chinese customs, 85 Thorns on Chinese vases,. 489 Tibet, its political divisions, 68 Tibet, height of its plateau, 75 Tibet, troops in, 340 Tien-shin proposed for God, 248 Time, modes of keeping, 426 Tombs, ancestral worship at, 91 Tones confounded by foreigners,.. 177 Topography of extra-prov. China,. 57 Topography of Honan, 546 Trade affected by opium, 554 Treaty, provisions of American,. .162 Treaty, two articles in American, 470 Tsien-tsz' Wan used in counting,.291 Tsitsihar, divisions of, 61,327 Tsoling, meaning of the term,... .257 Tungkwan, conduct of gentry in,. 165 Turkestan, its ten cities, 68 Types, Chinese metallic, 281 Uliasutai, divisions of, 65.336 Uriankai tribes, position of,.. .65,336 Vases anciently made, 489 Version of Bible, style of, 486 Victoria's interview with Sii, Bp.of,247 Victoria sends to Jews, Bp. of,... .437 Victory, mutiny on board the,.... 560 Wade on Chinese Army, 250,300,363 Wan-wang, the sage king, 96 Washington mentioned by Sii, 188,283 Wax from insects, 424 Wedding observances, 87 Whampoa, chaplain at, 288 Yanotsz' kiang overflows in 1849, 461 Yellow river, road along, 461,442 Ying Hwan Chi-lioh, a Geography 169 ! Yingteh in Kwangtung, 118 Yii, the Chinese Deucalion, 95 Yunnan, troops in, 388 Yunnan, towns on Pearl river in... 106 THE CHINESE REPOSITORY. Vol. XX.—January, 1851.—No. 1. Art. I. A Comparative English and Chinese. Calendar for 1851; names of foreign residents at the Five Ports and Hongkong; list of officers in the governments of Hongkong, Canton, and Macao; foreign legations and consular establishments in China. With the Chinese new year, commencing Feb. 1st, 1851, begins a new reign, the seventh in the Manchu dynasty of Tsing, and the two hundred and forty-fourth in the line of sovereigns who have ruled the destinies of the blackhaired race. During a period of 4702 years have twenty-eight families of these monarchs swayed this fair realm, and exhibited in full degree the vices and ignorance which, we think, always attach to man destitute of the elevating and purifying influen- ces of God's revealed word, here relieved only partially by virtue and knowledge. His majesty Hienfung has an arduous task before him, and his position bespeaks the prayers on his behalf of all who wish the peace and wellbeing of China. May the Ruler of nations grant him a long, prosperous, and beneficial reign. The year 1851 of the Chris- tain era answers to the 4488th year of the Chinese chronology, or the 49th year of the 75th cycle; the latter consists of thirteen lunar months, and commences Feb. 1st, and ends Feb. 19th, 1852; in the cycle it is called sin hdi ^ ^ or the year of the boar; the custom of using the sexagenary cycle is followed by the Japanese, Coreans, and Cochinchinese. The lunar year, commencing October 27th, is the first day of the Mohammedan year 1268; the Jewish year 5612 begins Sept. 27th; the Parsee year 1221 of 365 days in the era of Yezdegerd, begins Aug. 23d, or Sept. 22d. The lunar year commencing April 2d is the 1213th of the civil era of the Siamese and Burmese, and that begin- ning May 31st is the 2394th of their religious era. VOL. XX. NO. 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UB /I5 '65 S £8 * VZ 7t7eg «95 VJ Z5 /PS r 65 S OE «° IE |ut i 1 T £ » S 9 L 8 6 01 ll BI £1 frl SI 91 Ll 81 61 05 15 55 £B *5 95 96 LZ 86 s I S 8 Ut £ 717 \ ot 9 V 9 II * 8 S 6 ut 01 «> ll n at si V»9I /£l * 81 S 61 «« 05 "> 15 at zz V £5 fvz * 95 S 95 «« £8 *•> 88 « 65 V 0£ /IE 1851. 3 List of Foreign Residents in Cfiina. LIST OF FOREIGN RESIDENTS IN CHINA. Abbreviations.—Ca stands for Canton; toh for Whampoa; ma for Macao; ho for Hongkong; am for Amoy ; fa for Fuhchau; ni for Ningpo; sh for Shanghai. P. c. and p. s. attached to a few names denote that they are police constables and police sergeants at Hong- kong. Abdo!a Moladina ca Abdolaliy Rnjabally ca Abdolvaya , Alexandrino A. de Mello ^aaores- Lourenvo Marques, Procurador. Maximiano da Roza, > data. Pedro da Roza. Council of Government. | Registrars. Chinese Department. L. Marques, Procurador. Joao R Gonsalves, Interpreter. Florentino dos Remedies, Do. Jeronimo da Luz, Do. B. Simoens, Pio de Carvalho, clerks. Revenue uepartma Miguel P. Simoens, Fiscal. IM. de Souza, Treasurer. Joze J. d'Azevedo Ludivino Simoens ) „ , . I. Simoens. \AccountaiUs. Justices of the Peace. ICandido Ozorio. Antonio Joze da Roc ha. Antonio Rangel, clerk. Treasury. Miguel de Souza, nct'g Treasurer. Francisco de Nozueira, clerk. Assessors. Dr. J. D. C. dos Santos. Joao Lourenvo d'Ahneida. Fran. A. P. de Silvcira. Miguel Mnher. V. A. de Silva, Secretary. 16 Jan. Diplomatic Establishments in China. DIPLOMATIC ESTABLISHMENTS IN CHINA. H. B. M. Superintendent of Trade and Consular Establishments. At Hongkong. His Excellency Sir Samuel Georoe Bonham, { ^u/Jt^Wal Hon. A. R. Johnston, Rev. Charles Gutzlaff, T. F. Wade, Mr. Frederick E. Harvey Mr. W. Woodgale Mr. Joao Hyndman Mr. G. S. Morrison Secretary and Registrar. Chinese Secretary. Assistant do. First Assistant. Second Do. 3d Clerk. 4th Clerk. John Bowrino, ll. d. Adam W. Elmslie, Esq. Thomas T. Meadows, Esq. Mr. J. T Walker, Mr. Horace Oakley, Alexander Bird, At Canton. Consul. Vice Consul. Interpreter. Senior Assistant. Junior Assistant. Consular Agent, Whampoa. G. G. Sullivan Esq. John Backhouse, Esq. Martin C. Morrison, Esq. Mr. Frederick L. Hertslet, Charles A. Winchester, M. D. Mr. W. H. Pedder. At Amoy. Consul. Vice Consul. Interpreter. First Assistant. Second Do. fy- medical attendant. Clerk R B. Jackson, Esq. William Connor, Esq. C. A. Sinclair, Esq. At Fuhchau. Consul, absent. Acting Consul. Interpreter. D. B. Robertson Esq. J. A. T. Meadows, Esq. Mr. Patrick Hague, At Jfinepo. Vice Consul. Acting Interpreter. Senior Assistant. Rutherford Alcock, Esq. Walter H. Medhurst, jr. Mr. F. H. Hale, (absent.) Mr. Frank Parish, Mr. W. H. Fittock. At Shanghai. Consul. Interpreter. Senior Assistant and medical Acting senior assistant. Junior assistant. LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES Rev. Peter Parker, M. D. R. B. Forbes, Esq. F. T. Bush, Esq. Charles W. Bradley, ll. d. John N. A. Griswold, Esq. R. P De Silver, Esq. Thomas Hunt. Esq. ( Char pi d'affaires. Secretary of Legation, ( and Chinese Interpreter. Vice Consul at Canton. Consul at Hongkong. Consul at Amoy. Consul at Sh&nghAi. Consul and Naval Storekeeper, Macao. Consular Agent at Whampoa, 4- U. S. Marshal. 1851. 17 Diplomatic Establishments in China. FRENCH Alexandre Korth-Rocen, A. de Codrika, Leon Pages, Jules Zanolle, Arthur Smitli, Joze M. Marques, H. G. I. Reynvaan, Esq. G. E. Haskell, Esq. Robert Jackson, Esq. M. de Montigny, M. B.Edan, M. de Klezkowski, LEGATION. Envoijt de France en Chine. (absent) riding Envoyi. Secretaire. Chanctlur. Attache de la legation. Interpreter. Vice Consul at Canton. Agent C'onsulaire at Hongkong. Agent C'onsulaire at Amoij. I Consul at Shanghai, and Acting Con- \ sulfor JVingpo. Chancelicr to Consul at Shuaghai. Interpreter at Shanghai. SPANISH LEGATION. Don Sinibaluo de Mas, Don Juan Banitista de Sandoval, Don Joze de Aguli&r, Don Juan Lecaroz, James Tait, Esq. Sr. Joze Vicente Jorge, W. W. Parkin, Esq. Gideon Nye Jr., Esq. John Burd, Esq. Joseph Jardine, Esq. Alexander (Juldor, Esq. John Dent, Esq. T. C. Beale, Esq. Sr. A. A. de Mello, Cainillo Lelis de Souza, Robert Browne, Esq. Richard Carlowitz, Esq. William Puatau, Esq. !Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary. Secretary of Legation. | Attachts students. Vice Consul at Amoy. Spanish Consul at Macao. Consul for Peru at Canton. Consul for Chili at Canton. Danish Consul, Hongkong. Acting Danish Consul, Canton. Acting Danish Consul, Shanghai. Portuguese Consul at Canton. Portuguese Consul at Shanghai. Brazilian Consul. Vice Consul for Brazil at Macao. Consul for Netherlands. Consul for Prussia and Saxony. Consular Agent for Austria, VOL. XX NO. 1 3 16 Jan. Diplomatic Establishments in China. DIPLOMATIC ESTABLISHMENTS IN CHINA. H. B. M. Superintendent of Trade and Consular Establishments. At Hongkong. His Excellency Sir Samuel Geo.oe Bonham, J ^^SS/aV^*! Hon. A. R. Johnston, Rev. Charles Gutzlaff, T. F. Wade, Mr. Frederick E. Harvey Mr. W. Woodgale Mr. Joao Hyndman Mr. G. S. Morrison Secretary and Registrar. Chinese Secretary. Assistant do. First Assistant. Second Do. 3d Clerk. 4th Clerk. John Bowrino, ll. d. Adam W. Elmslie, Esq. Thomas T. Meadows, Esq. Mr. J. T. Walker, Mr. Horace Oakley, Alexander Bird, At Canton. Consul. Vice Consul. Interpreter. Senior Assistant. Junior Assistant. Consular Agent, Whampoa. G. G. Sullivan Esq. John Backhouse, Esq. Martin C. Morrison, Esq. Mr. Frederick L. Hertslet, Charles A. Winchester, M. D. Mr. W. H. Pedder. At Amoy. Consul. Vice Consul. Interpreter. First Assistant. Second Do. fy medical attendant. Clerk R B. Jackson, Esq. William Connor, Esq. C. A. Sinclair, Esq. At Fuhchau. Consul, absent. Acting Consul. Interpreter. D. B. Robertson Esq. J. A. T. Meadows, Esq. Mr. Patrick Hague, At Jfingpo. Vice Consul. Acting Interpreter. Senior Assistant. At Shanghai. Rutherford Alcock, Esq. Consul. Walter H. Medhurst, jr. Interpreter. Mr. F. H. Hale, (absent.) Senior Assistant and medical attendant. Mr. Frank Parish, Acting senior assistant. Mr. W. H. Fittock. Junior assistant. LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES. Rev. Peter Parker, M. D. R. B. Forbes, Esq. F. T. Bush, Esq. Charles W. Bradley, ll. d. John N. A. Griswold, Esq. R. P De Silver, Esq. Thomas Hunt. Esq. SCharge" d'affaires. Secretary of Legation, and Chinese Inttrpreter. Vice Consul at Canton. Consul at Hongkong. Consul at Amoy. Consul at ShSnghAi. Consul and Naval Storekeeper, Macao. Consular Agent at Whampoa, ^- U. S. Marshal. 1851. Diplomatic Establishments in. China. FRENCH Alexandre Korth-Rouek, A. de Codrika, ].)ii the preceding stratum, until at length there arose a lofty pyramid of g.istronomical curiosities ;" and also, after the feast was finished, on each table was set a fuming, steaming vessel, containing an infusion of cabb.ige-leaves to be drawn off and drank out of cups. When the feast was over, the sarguchei conducted his visitors to the principal temple, which is thus described:— "The temple, which we now visited, has two wings, separated by curtains form the central portion of the building, which has its own entrance. In the court in front of it lie two colossal lion-shaped figures, made of clay and painted green. Here, too, flags and banners were waving before the doors. A few steps brought us to the threshold of the sanctuary, which, like every- thing else in Maimachen, made on us a deep impression of matchless sin- gularity. At the hack-ground of the quadrangular area, in the first wing, was a bro id step or elevated space, on which were four or six idols of the size of life, and with the oddest expressions of their attributes. They were made of clay, and most fantastically painted. This part of the building is closed by a curtain, between which and the figures were lying or hanging the vessels and finery required for the perform ince of the ceremonies. "But the eye of the curious spoct itor turns involuntarily from the vague and the monstrous to the more intelligible offerings, which are brought here by the devout, on these sacred occasions, in amazing quantities. They lay heiped up in hillocks at the feet of the statues. Among them were whole sheep without the skin, plucked fowls, pheasants, and guinea-fowls, in their natural positions anl glistening with fat. There was a long table like the counter in European shops, running parallel with the threshold of the tem- ple, so that it was necessary to go round the ends of it, in order to get from the door to the statues. On this was now built up an absolute wall of offer- ings. Six sheep occupied the middle, and round them lay dressed meats and cake3 of every kind. The whole was surrounded with an extremely elaborate structure of white dough, which was reared from the ground to the height of five or six feet, so as to be above the table. The dough or paste was formed into an open lattice-work, like that with which we sometimes fence our gardens, but the openings in the lattice-work were here filled with dried fruits and confectionery of the finest kind. "Respecting the idols, which are grouped in a semicircle, it must be re- marked, in the first instance, that the two near the middle were manifestly the principal, while those standing at the sides were of subordinate rank. As to explaining what they represent, I can do no more than repeat the words of the Russians who accompanied us, and who called one of the figures in the middle the god of Riches, the other the god of Horses. The other figures were said to represent the attendants of these." In the other wing of this temple was sitting an image of manifold deformity, naked, of a fiery red color, in the middle of whose body was 23 Erman's Travels in Siberia. Jan. a piece of glass, called the god of Fire. Another idol was styled l>y the Russians the god of the Cow, one of whose attendants held in his hand a cow, as did one of those near the god of Horses present a small figure of a horse to the large image. The whole edifice was a gloomy place, fit abode for the obscene idols and worship of paganism. The sarguchei now led his guests into the streets to call on several of the principal Chinese merchants. It being after sunset, the proces- sion was headed by lantern bearers, then followed the play-actors, "whose legs and throats were just as active and loud as they were in the morning," succeeded by policemen, carrying crooked sticks six feet in length, the interpreters, and lastly, the personages for whom the procession was made. The appearance of the counting-houses of the traders, whom they visited, forms a curious counterpart to the foreign factories in Canton at the other end of the Chinese empire:— "We visited about a dozen of the merchants' houses, the bodyguard, lan- tem-boarers, and the rest of the mob remaining before the doors. We were welcomed by servants at the threshold, who lighted little rockets, about an inch long, and crackers, and threw them over our heads. Our host then re- ceived us in his chief apartment with such another feast as that of the sargu- chei ; but the meat gradually diminished in quantity, and the treat was at last confined to conserves, tea, and pipes. The merchants kept pressing their guests continually with the words Pi khai! Pi khai! which means Drink! Drink! for it is a source of satisfaction to them when their tea is drunk eagerly by their friends. The teas served on these occasions were what are denominated family teas; that is, the product of certain plantations in the province of Phud- jan, the farming of which is hereditary in certain families. The tea which arrives at Maimachen, under the name of one and the same family, may be- long either to the black or green variety, or to any one of the almost count- less subdivisions of these. The name of the planter serves merely to testify a known origin, and consequently to warrant the genuineness and purity of the article; whereas, what is called common lea is much less esteemed, because it is brought by factors, who are unable to tell exactly whence it came. The merchants in Kiakhta, therefore, bestow the greatest attention on the study of the marks affixed by each family to their chests or packages of tea; and written lists of these, as well as of the names of all the sub-varieties of tea coming from the same plantation, with translations into Russian, are looked upon as indispensably requisite for the proper management of the tea trade. "The apartments of the merchants were more elegantly fitted up than those of the sarguchei. They generally serve as shops for the sale of the finer articles, which are kept in presses along one side of the room, and are ar- ranged with the minutest carefulness. On the side of the room opposite to the presses, and through its whole length, is a wide projection, about three foet high, which serves at once as a stove and a sleeping-place. It is built 1851. 39 Erman's Travels in Siberia. of brick and is hollow, with an opening at the side through which the fire within is supplied with fuel. The brickwork is covered with wood, and on this are placed cushions and silk coverlets; the adjoining wall of the room is also tastefully hung with red silk. In the middle of every room there stands also a metal brazier for making tea, sucli as we had already seen in the streets of Maimachcn."—Vol. II., pages 180, 181. The festivities and ceremonies of the day were at last finished, though not without the punishment of a drunken Mongol, by exposing him in the cangue, for insulting the sarguchei. The following day was devoted to an examination of the shops in Muimachen, and while pass- ing from one to another, our author saw a file of camels just arrived from Peking, or more likely from Kansuh and Shensi, which their drivers were unloading; these camels were guided by a bridle fasten- ed to a semicircular piece of bone thrust through the cartilage of the nose. Their loads consisted chiefly of brick-tea, which Dr. Ermau found also to be the standard of value as well as the great article of traffic:— "This article, to which I have frequently had occasion to allude, is a mix- ture of the spoiled leaves and stalks of the tea-plant, with the leaves of some wild plants and bullock's blood, dried in the oven. In Irkutsk, where an imitation of it has been attempted, elm leaves, sloe leaves and some others have been substituted with tolerable success for those of the wild plants of China. "In the southern provinces of China, there are a number of manufactories in which this article is prepared. It is divided into pieces weighing from three to three and a half pounds each; and having always the same prismati- cal form, exactly like that of our bricks (in Russian, kirpich). Hence, they may be called in Germany brick-tea, with more propriety than tile-tea, as they are usually styled. The Manchus themselves never make use of this production, but to the Mongolian nomades in China, to the Buraets and Kalmuks collectively, to the Russian peasants south of the Baikal, and to most of Siberian Tartars, it is become aa indispensable as bread in Europe. About 300,000 lbs., that is 4,000 bales or half horse-loads (in Russian mitsta), of it are brought annually to Kiakhta. This is sufficient for the supply of 10,000 people, if it be assumod that they drink brick-tea twice a day the whole year round, as they do now during the winter. Every brick or kirpich contains sixty or seventy portions, because the infusion made with it is mix- ed also with rye-meal, mutton fat, and with kujir or busum, that is, salt from the lakes in the steppes. The rich people among the Russian Buraets and the Kalkhas Mongols lay by stores of this article, which serve them for money, although the weighed silver bars which are used in China reach the bazaar in Urga, also, in the course of trade. In dry situations, the brick-tea will remain a long time undeteriorated; and conscquontly. an accumulation of it in the steppe is oilcn thought a better and safer treasure than great herds 30 Jan. Ei-man's Travels in Siberia. and flocks. In Maimachen and Kiakhta it is an article of no leas importance. The Russians purchase an immense quantity of it from the Chinese; but, besides, the kirpich or brick of tea is the money unit and standard of value, in which the price of every other kind of exchangeable property is expressed. "The merchants of Kiakhta commence their dealings, therefore, by asking those of Maimachen how many bricks the commodities which they wish to purchase are valued at; or, in other words, at what price they are set down for the year. They then put upon the squirrel skins, which they bring to market in great quantities, a fixed price in tea bricks and their fractions; and their further traffic is carried on by written bills, always expressed in the same vegetable money. Russian officers, when they wish to make small purchases in the shops of the Chinese, buy of their fellow-countrymen in Kiakhta, for Russian money, the requisite capital in bricks. In this transaction, the ex- change of the ruble into the tea-brick is managed by taking the value of each as compared with the squirrel's skin; the ruble being changed accord- ing to the market price of the skin in Irkutsk, the tea-brick according to that in Maimachen. The tea-brick at this time was worth about two rubles. It is often necessary to pay fractional parts of this unit, which the Russians and Buraets cut off, measuring by the eye; and the Chinese make no difficulty about taking in payment the pieces cut in this way."—Vol. II., pages 182-184. Besides the brick tea, not less than 70,000 mie'sta, or half-loads for a pack-horse, of the leaf tea, or about 5,000,000 /6s., worth from ten to fifteen millions of Prussian dollars, are purchased at this mart for consumption in Russia. The amount of rhubarb sent off is about 400,000 /6s. valued at $600,000. More recent information concern- ing this trade than is furnished by Dr. Erman has already been given (Vol. XIV, page 280), to which the reader is referred. In making his purchases, our tourist had an eye to the scientific, and selected what- ever would illustrate the learning and art of the Chinese. His account of the portable sun-dials he procured is as good as any we have seen :— "Among the scientific articles, I reckon the portable sun-dials, which were set in position by means of an attached compass. The adjustment of a thread, which, when the instrument is arranged for use, coincides with the celestial axis; and the marking of a horizontal and inclined hour-place on the body and cover of the box, are essentially the same as in the instruments of like kind, which the artists of Niirnbcrgused to make a few centuries ago; only that in the Chinese dials, day and night together are divided into twelve parts, of two hours each, instead of twenty-four hours, as with us, and are dis- tinguished by those twelve sign? which the Chinese astronomers use for all divisions of the circle. The first of these Chinese divisions of the natural day extends from 11 p. m. to 1 a. m.; and on the dial of Maimachen, the extreme shadow lines coincided with the beginning of the fourth division and the end of the tenth, so that it was calculated for a day of fourteen hours in length, and not more. Ennnn's Travels in Siberia. 31 "The magnetic part of the apparatus diners in so many particulars from the European compass, that even on this account alone, one would be inclined to ascribe to the Chinese an independent invention of that important instrument. The magnetic needle of the instrument which I purchased in Maimachcn, is but five Parisian lines long, and the steel or magnetic portion of it weighs hut a quarter of a grain; but it is united to a copper cap, weighing ten times as much, or two grains and a half, and which turns on the point that supports it. The magnetic needle lies about half a line higher than the point of sup- port; the centre of gravity of the copper portion is as much below the same- point. The under side of the copper cap forms a flat square; the sides are half as long as the needle. This singular arrangement, which European in- strument-makers never thought of, is not without considerable advantages, for every shake sets the system with which the needle is connected in lively oscillation, which is sufficient to overcome the friction at the point of support. The magnetic force, weak as it is, turns the needle more easily, when it is thus set in motion by gravitation, than when the centre of gravity coincides with the point of support, as in our European compasses, and the needle is at rest. In this latter case, the whole of the friction must be overcome by mag- netism. "In this, as in all the other Chinese compasses which I have seen, the southern half of the needle is marked with a red line; and the character which marks the south on the surrounding ring is distinguished from the rest, as being the most important, by the same color. It has been long known that the Chinese philosophers attribute magnetic attraction, as well as many other physical advantages, to the southern regions of the earth. By the angle of the gnomon on the instrument in question, I found that it was capable of giving the time correctly, under the thirty-second parallel of latitude nearly. It is likely, therefore, that it was made in Nanking, in lat 3*2.° 1, and not in Poking, which is in 39." 9. At the former place, the longest day is lih, dm., which agrees with the extent given to the hour circle of the Maimachen sun-dial. At Peking, on the other hand, die longest day is nearly fifteen hours." — Vol. II., pages 185, J86. Besides these things, ornaments made of cornelian, chalcedony, agate, nephrite, and other minerals, paintings, porcelain, musk and other perfumes, figures and sculptures in wood, bronze, stone, and metal, in great variety, tempted the rubles out of our traveler's pocket. Crackers, rockets, and fire-works of various sorts, drinking vessels of turned wood, and lackered wooden-ware of larger size, were also seen in large quantities; they are exchanged for hardware, buttons, &c, the nomades on both sides of the border being thus supplied with the common household articles of the other, and probably far more cheaply and certainly than they could be by means of caravans. A historical notice of the relations between Russia arid China, which led to the establishment of Kiakhta, has been already given in 32 Erman's Travels in Siberia. Vol. VI IT, page 417, but we here add some notices which M. Erman obtained from the director of customs residing at Kiakhtn, of an early attempt to open a trade with Peking, which will render that notice more complete :— "A singular record of the early attempts to obtain a treaty, is to be found in the fragments of a journal kept by Fedor Isakovich Baikov, the son of a Boyar of Tobolsk, who conducted, in 1(555-8, one of those earliest ambassies to Cambalu, that is to say, to Peking. On his way thither, he gathered about him a caravan of Russian and Bokharian merchants, with whom he resided for six months in the capital of China. Yet, at the conclusion of that time,'neither himself nor his people could tell whether Cambalu was great or small,' because they were kept confined in the house assigned for their residence, as if in a prison. His behavior to the Chinese potentate was anything but pliant He complained that there were only ten courtiers sent, and only half a verst, to welcome him into the city. He was not to be induced to alight from his horse at the gate of the city, and bend his knee before the palace of the Emperor, for he maintained that he never saluted, even his own Tsar, but when he met him, and then, too, he stood, and only took off his hat He found cause of offense, also, in the tea which was offer- ed to him in the name of the Emperor, when he was making his entry into Peking; for though it was only the first week of the great fast (3d March, old style), yet the tea was made sinfully, and, as if to insult him, with milk and butter. Baikov condescended, after much persuasion, to take a cup, but he returned it unemptierl; and he remarks thereupon, that the Chinese courtiers affected to take no notice of his evasion. They seem, however, to have thenceforward taken a less good-humored view of the Cossack's bluntness. Some days afterwards they came to the Russians, by order of the Bogdu Khan, to receive the presents of the Tsar, and to give a formal receipt for them. But here, again, the sturdy Cossack raised fresh difficulties, for he in- sisted that, according to the customs of Russia, the envoy should first present his master's letter, and afterwards deliver the presents as marks of attachment. Some months passed away, during which Baikov was pressed in vain to deli- ver his letters to the minister of the Bogdu Khan, and to practice the neces- sary ceremonials and signs of homage preparatory to his receiving audience. But he continued obstinate in his determination to deliver the Tsar's letter to the Emperor with his own hand, and also to salute his Manchu Majesty only in the Russian fashion; until, at last, on the 12th August in the same year, his presents were sent back, and he himself was ordered to depart; 'as he had in no respect met the Emperor's wishes. His demand to have at once an audience of the Bogdu Khan was presumptuous, for such a mark of favor was reserved exclusively for the most eminent of the Emperor's own subjects and servants; and the refusal to go through the usual ceremonial was so much the more offensive, as a Russian envoy of much higher rank, named Peter Yamishkin, had, as well as all other European ambassadors, already perform- ed it in Peking.' 1851. 33 Erman's Travels in Siberia. "This mild reproof ia a remarkable example of Chinese patience; Baikov, however, thought otherwise, and with great naivete, complains bitterly that they allowed him to quit the city without showing him any farther courtesy, and with only the necessary guides. It is remarkable that he soon after repented of his proceedings, for when he had gone but a nine days' journey from Peking, ho halted and sent an Indian, who was serving in his train in the capacity of a kasluver, that is, cook or baker, back to the capital, to ask par. don of the Bogdu Khan, and to promise that he would preform all required of him. The negotiations, in fact, were renewed, but only to be broken off decidedly, in consequence of another irregularity on the part of Baikov. The Chinese couriers, who were sent fro:n Peking, found him no longer at the place where his cook had left hiin; he had gonj, for some reason unexplain- ed, three days farther from Peking. When information of this move reached the capital, couriers wore immediately dispatched to the Russian camp, to tell Baikov, as lie himself relates, that 'conduct such as las gave proof of little understanding; and, although he styled himself the Tsar's envoy, lie wanted the capacity required for that honorable office.'"—Vol. II., page 166. He then gives a succinct account of another ambassy sent to Peking in 1675, the attack on the fortress of Albasin in 1634, and the final settlement of difficulties at Nipchu or Nertchinsk in 1639, the same as has been already related. The fortress of Troitsko Savsk was named after the envoy Sava Vladislavich, who negotiated a second treaty in 1727, by which the trade was settled on its present basis; he founded and fortified it, after he had settled the treaty; Cottrell says it con- tains five thousand inhabitants of all ranks. The town of Maimacheu gradually grew up, and had a population of about 1,500 in 1842, almost all of whom are men, for no Chinese merchant is allowed to bring his family to Kiakhta. This latter traveler, as well as Erman, speaks of the cleanliness in the houses of the Chinese merchants, and remarks upon their luxurious and dissolute manners. The party left Kiakhta, Feb. 22d, on their return to Selenginsk, but at the town of Monakhonova, they found four lamas who had come there for the purpose of inviting them to visit the khainba lama of the Buraets at his residence, and see the new-year's ceremonies. Thess messengers were clad in a gay apparel of yellow caps and scarlet robes, which was well set off by their fine figures and elegant carriage, giving a high idea of the Buraet lamas. The khainba lama was set up as the head of this hierarchy by the Russian government, in order to prevent the students going to Kurun in Mongolia to receive ordination as lamas from the kutuktu. He is elected by the other lamas and the tai/*has or Buraet noblemen, and his nomination guarantied by the local government lie consequently has no little importance among VOL. xx. no. I 5 34 Ei man'i Traveli in Siberia. the tribes in this region, and a visit to him was an interesting ovent. The offer was of course quickly accepted, and the party started off the next morning on horseback to the southwest, to his residence. In the progress of the ride, several droves of horses wandering in the open plain were met, which are so far wild that they must be caught with the lasso; camels are also turned out to pasture on these steppes, and are as well able to endure the cold of the Sabaikalian regions as they are the heat of the Sahar. After a rapid ride of eighteen miles towards Goose Lake, where the khamba lama has his abode, the party halted before a line of lamas, who stood on each side of the road leading to his house, with various instruments of music in their hands, and pre- senting a remarkably gay appearance in their scarlet robes, with striped pennons and flags waving over them. As the travelers dis- mounted,— "There began a strain of music, as overpowering as it was peculiar; every one of the lamas contributed something towards it: and we now saw with them gigantic kettle-drums, carried on four wheels ; copper trumpets ten feet long, the anterior end of which was rested by the performer on the shoulders of a man standing before him. There were horns of all shapes and sizes, brass gongs and bells, cymbals, wooden drums, triangles, and many other instruments. As in the Chinese music, so here, an andante of brass horns and kettle-drums, was followed by a Bicchantic allegro of all the instru- mants. But the concert at Maimachen was but a trifle to that performed here, in which the grave prelude of the wind instruments was like a roaring hurricane, and the chorus of brass gongs, drums, &c, resembled the crash of a falling mountain."—page 204. They were then saluted by the successor elect of the khamba lama, and conducted to his presence, when they entered into conversation through a Tungusian prince who acted as interpreter. In the course of remark, the high priest said that the lamaism of the Buraets was like the Budhism in Ceylon and Nip'il, but had no connection with that of Fuh in China—but either his reverence was ignorant of the true state of the case, or M. Erman misunderstood him. He re- marked that he worshiped the mother of Shakyamuni, but considered the burkhans, whose images were in the temples, to be like the saints in the Greek church—merely teachers and instructive examples to men. Only himself and the lama next in rank were allowed to read any book they pleased; and though so few of the clergy had unlimited access to the library, there were " enormous heaps" of books in the temple, containing, we apprehend, very little calculated to enlarge or strengthen the mind, if one might form a judgment from the reported conversa- tion of the khamba. Hearing that his visitors were on a scientific 1S5I. 85 Ei-man's Travels in Siberia, expedition, he inquired respecting astronomy; he partly assented to thair opinion that the stars stood still while the earth moved, but he maintained that the latter rested on the hack of an elephant, and that the apparent motion of the heavenly bodies is the reflected images of the fixed stars in flowing water which goes round the earth. The conversation was broken off by the announcement that the ceremonies of the day were about to begin; but in respect to most of the informa- tion given by M. Ernian we may here remark, that we have no great faith in conversations reported in this manner through interpreters having no knowledge of the subjects treated of. The temple to which the party now repaired stood in the middle of a quadrangle, around which were thirteen smaller buildings, all of them built of squared beams. The main edifice was raised on a plinth, whose sides were sheltered by a colonnade, and a broad flight of steps conducted into the interior. The sights and sounds which met the newcomers in this place are best described by M. Erinan :— "Ascending this flight of steps, we entered at first a square antechamber, variously and brightly decorated, and then passed into what might almost be called a Gothic church. A broad nave in the middle is separated from a less elevated aisle, on each side, by a double row of pillars; and in the middle of the church the main nave rises to an elevated and flatly roofed cupola. The square columns bear broader capitals of the same form, with carved and painted ornaments; and some hundreds of pictures hang on the side-walls of the church, in the cupola, and on the northern wall, in front of which stands the high altar and the table for offerings. "Benches, covered with voilok, are placed between the pillars of each of the four rows: at the north end of the two middle rows are four cushioned seats, a little higher than the rest, at each side of the high altar; at the northern wall, is a chair like a throne, beneath silk hangings. All these places were occupied by priests when we entered. In the aisles sat the inferior lamas, pressed close together; in the main nave were those of higher rank, and on the divans at the north end, were the priests who performed especial parts of {he service. Of the canopied seats, one, which belonged to the Khamba lama, was unoccupied, in the other sat a priest who was entitled Tsorja lama. He kept an eye on the ranks of the other priests, and directed with signs the course of the solemnities. "Here, again, all the robes were of scarlet cloth, all the headdresses of bright, yellow stuff, but differently shaped according to the rank of the priests. The principal lamas had hats which seemed to be faithful copies of an ancient helmet. On the crown stood a crest-like frill, and behind was a flap covering the neck, and with its convex side turned downwards. The hats of the inferior priesthood, on the other hand, had brims all round, and rose in pointed cones, like the common Buraet hat. "The service began with music, to which every one of the two hundred 36 Er man's Travels in Siberia. Jan. lamas present contributed his shire. The instruments were, on this occasion, more various even than at our reception. The enormous trumpets, the brass horns, the kettle-drums and gongs, were now at work, as before: but, besides, there were several limas blowing the gigantic conch [Tritonium variegntum, Ctiv.), which is used by the inhabitants of the South Sea islands to sound the alarm of war. Many others beat timbrels of various sizes, which they bore fiistened to belts round the neck. I observed, also, in the back row, on the west side of the temple, a lama who was playing a set of bells. This con- sisted of a quadrangular frame, standing upright; tlirec cords were stretched across it in parallel lines, and from each of these hung three bells, which wore struck by the priest with clappers. The lamas on the cushions near the altar were alone without instruments. At the beginning of the servicei they sang, or rather chanted, in recitative, with a deep bass voice, and in slow time, verses or portions of prayers, which were accompanied with in- strumental music. The tro.nbones and deep-toned horns predominated in this grave recitative, until, at the conclusion of the strophe, all the lamas joinad in an animated and indescribably impressive chorus. All now rscited together, in an abruptly divided measure ; and between every two syllables, each performer sounded a note of his instrument in such a way as to enhance the emphasis of the words uttered. The building shook with the sound of the voices and brazen instruments. "Responses of this kind, or in alternate recitative, were frequently repeat- ed, and when the chorus was to join in, the superior lamas gave a sign with little bells, as is also the custom with the Roman Catholics. Before the Tsorja lama there lay, for the purpose of calling attention to the principal portions of the service, a small drum or rattle, with a handle, and filled with sounding bodies. The peculiar rattle of this instrument was heard clearly above all the rest The Tsorja lama bore also, for the same purpose, a short brass truncheon, with oval and ornamented ends. This he held in the mid- dle, like a marshal's staff, and seemed to direct, by its motions, the priests near him. "During a pauso in the chant, he took a bowl filled with corn from the table before the altar; with this he proceeded through the middle alley of the temple, and gave each of those sitting there a handful of grain. Then the music and singing began anew, and, after a few verses, all, at the same time, threw the grain into the air, so that it fell in a wide curve, just as if they were sowing a field. The corn served again for another symbolical ceremony. A number of priests, going one after the other, marched through the middle nave and eastern aisle of the temple, each of them bowing, as he passed, to the table of offerings, and touching with his forehead the bowl of corn; then each stopped before one of the sitting lamas, and again received from him, out of another bowl, a handful of grain. This ceremony necessarily reminded one, at first sight, of the Christian communion; and the resemblance was increas- ed, till it became almost illusive by the solemn chant with which the lamas accompanied the march round the temple, and which was hardly to be dis- tinguished from one of our old chorales."—Vol. II., pages k07-£(W. 1851. 37 Erman's Travels in Siberia. The audience consisted of the men and women of the adjacent re- gion dressed in their holiday clothes, but they had no further interest in the ceremonies than to be attentive spectators. After all had left the room, the visitors had an opportunity of examining the "incredi- bly variegated and dazzling decorations of the interior of the build- ing." Its size is not mentioned, and it is only by inference from the account of the number of priests and spectators that we can even guess the area it covers. Its images and decorations differ considerably from the temples in the vicinity of Canton, and some of the latter may have been copied from the Russian churches to please the Buraets or their rulers. In one part of the room, screened by a curtain, lay thousands of Tangutian books, each of them consisting of loose leaves tied be" tween two boards, and wrapped round with striped cloth. The author thus describes the temple:— "Above the altar, at the north end of the middle passage were hanging, beneath a silken canopy, the portraits of Cliigemune (or Shakya-mune, as he is also called), and his mother, and of some other saints. Sacred candles made of butter with cotton wicks, were burning on the altar; the ashes of which were collected in a wooden trough. Near these were glimmering some Chinese pastiles and other kinds of incense in brass vessels. Bronze basins with consecrated water, sucli as we had seen on the domestic altars of a Buraet yurt, stood between the lights. "The offerings lay on a separate table before the altar. The bowls with corn, already mentioned, contained also the seeds of a plantanus and other plants of the steppe. Besides these, large blossoms and other pretty objects, imitated in butter, formed a considerable portion of the gifts. "It would have been to no purpose for us to guess or to inquire the meaning of the sacred pictures with which the walla around were covered. We saw among them allegorical, or only semi-human, figures, with wings, beasts' heads, several piirs of arms, and such other additions; and also figures of men praying, with their hands joined, and sitting on their heels. These all had the simple, conical mitre of the Indians, such as the Khamba alone, of all the lamas at this place, wears, and a circular glory round the head. In this allegory, too, as in the details of the ritual, we discovered involuntarily, a close resemblance between the Budhist mythology and the Catholic legends. But the study of the Tangutian books can alone decide, whether we must, in this case, look for an explanation of the fact to the early influence of the Nestorian Christians on the Mongolian tribes, or to the close vicinity of the sources of the two creeds, and the numerous ways by which the traditions and usages of Southern Asia have readied Europe, even in later times. Our painters would probably rather trace the glories round the saints' heads to an imitation, by the Byzantine school, of Budhistic images, than continue to believe, as hitherto, that they originated in the nimbut, with which the sculptors of classical antiquity protected the heads of their statues from the dung of birds. 38 Jan. Erman'x Travels in Siheria. "I was particularly struck here with the extraordinary frequency of a paint- ed figure, which appears to have wholly escaped the notice even of the Rus- sians acquainted with the language and manners of the Mongols. At the back part of the temple were lines hanging from the ceiling, and close together, on which were strung an immense number of thin panels, all cut into the shape of a head. They were painted all exactly alike, with a face having a dog's snout, two deeply set eyes, and in the middle of the forehead, a black round mark, which either represented the pupil of a third eye, or else a scar from a wound. Prom the chin, a bunch of variegated ribbons hung to each panel, so as to form a beard. M. Igumnov, of whom I subsequently made inquiries respecting this singular effigy, had never seen it in the temples, but he confirmed my conjecture that the Mongolian myths made mention of beings exactly resembling the Cyclops of the Greeks. "Still more attractive than these effigies, were the heaps of the natural productions of Southern Asia ; for these prove, in the most decisive manner, the uninterrupted communication of the lamas with Tibet and with India. Grpat elephants' tusks and gigantic sea-shells were to be seen set up in different parts of the temple, and on the pillars were hanging the skins of tigers and leopards, and plumes of peacocks' feathers. The antechamber, also, or porch of the temple, is filled with spoils of the same sort, from warmer climates ; and there are standing there, among other tilings, like sentries, at the threshold of the sanctuary, a perfect tiger and a lion, stuffed in a very elaborate manner, and true to nature. Before we quitted this chamber, we asked respecting the use of a singular-looking piece of machinery in the middle of it A hollow cylinder, about six feet high, is pasted over with paper, on which prayers are written in Tangutian, and by means of two pins may be turned round on an upright axis. Bunches of ribbons and pictures adorn the upper end of this sacred whirligig, and two arms projecting from the cylinder, strike, at every revolution, bells placed on both sides. We learned from the lama who attended us, that this machine is intended for the ignorant laity who can neither read their prayers nor commit them to memory. Such people do a meritorious work, if, as they quit the temple, they set the machine in motion, and count the proofs of their zeal by the ringing of the bells. This reminds one of the Roman Catholic practice of counting the rosary, without uttering the prayers at the same time. The lamas them- selves use, for the purpose of counting the prayers which they actually repeat, a string with 108 beads, called erlhlie, and held, exactly like the Christian rosary, in the right hand, while the left counts the beads,* * These praying machines are made of various sizes and in several forms, but in all of them, a rotatory motion appears to be necessary to their effectiveness. Some of them are set up by the road-side to accommodate travelers, and are turned by the wind ; others are made portable, as described in the following ex- tract from the Church Missionary Gleaner:— I met a company of Tartars and lamas with their cattle, in the Sutledge Talley; some had manis, but would not sell them. Some time ago I met one here turning his mani most quickly whilst he walked, his small bundle of property being on his back. 1 stopped 1851. 39 Ermain Travel/ in Siberia. "Of die adjoining buildings, near the great temple, we visited but one; it contained a covered car, in which, as we were informed, the image of Chige- niune's mother is carried on festivals. Seven wooden horses fixed to a board, under which are rollers, form the team yoked to this chariot They are dis- figured by green paint, but otherwise made with a truth which might do honor to better known artists. The way in which they are placed and yok- ed is exactly that practiced by the Russians, and there can be no doubt that the Buraet sculptors took their model from the carriages of their neighbors, The middle horse, which goes in the shafts, and under the bow tied to the axle, is of the natural size, and has on each side three horses, diminishing successively, so that those at the outside are but a fourth of the size of life. At the bow has been suspended, whimsically enough, in honor of the mother of God, the bell which serves to distinguish the imperial post-carriers. We were not, however, disposed to ridicule the ancient Tibetan religion; for although we thought that we could discern here and there some tasteless perversions and infringements made by the lamas, who get a living by them, yet we felt impressed by the chanting and the incomparable music in the temple, and by the holy rites, in which we could just trace an ancient rela- tionship with the symbols of Christianity."—Vol. II., pages 209-212. One need not be much surprised at this closing sentence from a man who evidently judged every form of religion according to the ceremo- nies used in its ritual, and was quite willing that the Bur.lets should remain in ignorance of the only Name given under heaven among men whereby we must be saved, if they were only well disposed and up- him.iind asked him if he would sell it to me. as I have been asked frequently by friends to procure some of these manis (prayer-wheels), for forwarding to Ivirope. He refused it; but entering into conversation with him, and telling him he should tix his own price, he asked three rupees for it: it was. however, a very inferior one, nude of leather, whilst the valuable ones are made of copper, inlaid with silver letters. &.c. I paid him the money, and he gave me the mani; when alt at once, after a little while, he asked me to give it back to him. As soon as he had it in his hands again, he put it three limes to his forehead, made his salaam to it, and returned it to me, poor fellow, and off he went, ft is difficult to get these manis here, as very few like to part with them. Once, at the Rampur fair, I asked a Ladak man to Bell me his ; but he refused to do so, on the ground that I might turn it round the wrong way—from the right to the left, as it must always be turned to the right—in consequence of which he would have to suffer if he sold it to me. These little mania are a remarkable invention. They are wooden, or iron, or copper cylinders—filled with a long, but narrow roll of paper or cloth, on which their idols and symbols are painted, and, below, prayers, either printed or written in the Tibetan character—about two inches in diameter and three inches long. It moves on points like a horizontal wheel, and in a small string is a kind of iron or brass frame attached to the wheel to make it swing nicely. Not only the Budhist clergy, but also any of the laity who feel inclined to do so, use this wheel. Those who are too poor, buy at least the prayers without the wheel, and carry the roll of paper on which they are written, or printed from a wooden block, on their chest, sewed in a rag. A part of the lamas procure their subsistence by writing or printing these prayers or sacred sentences. In Upper Kanawr they have very big manis in their temples, which one man turns round by a handle. In 1815, I saw a very fine one at Snorting : one turned it, and a number of people sit near it, so that the wind caused by turning it might touch their face, which is considered nut only fortunate, but also blessed. The people have such manis or prayer-wheels built even in small streams close to their honae*. so that the water by turning the wheel, performs the necessary prayers for them. 40 Ennan's Travel* in Siberia, right. He confesses, however, that the priesthood corrupt the morals of the people, and the celibacy of the hums has the most prejudicial consequences. One sixth of the whole population enter their ranks, and live on the industry of others. The lamas are divided into Ichuaraki or monks, and obushi or secular lamas, in each of which are several subdivisions. The nuns are divided also into the chibagantsi, or nuns who shave and enter convents, and the tibusuntsi, who remain in the yurts, and only take certain vows on them. Such systems of forms as the lamaism of Central Asia, the Budhism of China and Malaysia, and the monkery of corrupt Christianity, can never elevate purify the evil heart of man. After his return to Selenginsk and Irkutsk, M. Erman began to make preparations for his journey eastward, and finally left the latter place the l!)th of March, and reached Okotsk the 19th of May. His route lay through the valleys of the Lena and its tributaries, to Ya- kutsk, through the pass of Mount Kipitan, the valley of the Arka, and so to the seaside. At Olekininsk, a town at the junction of the river Olekma with the Lena, he found traders and productions from the remotest regions of Siberia. Some of the former greatly regretted the prohibition in the treaty by which they were prevented from navigating the Sagalien, and carrying their furs and other articles directly to a market in Okotsk from town of Nertchinsk on the river Sliilka. Looking at the map, every one must see that the Sagalien is the natural outlet for central Siberia, and it may not be many years before it is also the political border, and the immense regions it drains made more accessible than they now are. M. Ennau's account of Siberian traveling, and the simple manners of the Yakuts and Tunguses, gives one a good idea of the condition of these people, but as they are not connected with the principal ob- ject of this notice, we refer our readers to the book itself. Such works as Dr. Erman's enlarge our knowledge of the race, and increase our sympathies with man wherever found; and his descriptions of the poverty, ignorance, and moral degradation of the people he met, are calculated to lead every vvellwisher of his race to more earnestly pray for the day when the knowledge of the Lord shall cover the earth as the waters cover the sea, 1851. 41 Kiying's Testimony to Christianity. Art. III. Testimony to the. truth of Christianity, given by Kiying, late, governor-general of Canton, minister plenipotentiary, guardian of the heir apparent, Spc, Sfc. Within a few years past, three Chinese statesmen have written and published their opinions regarding foreigners and foreign affairs, thereby affording clear indices of the march of improvement, and demonstrating that a spirit of inquiry is waking up and gaining strength in this land. We hail it as the dawn of a glorious day! The three men to whom we refer, are the late imperial commissioner Lin Tsehsii, the present governor of Fuhkien Sii Klyii, and the late cabinet minister Kiyiug. Notices of the works of the two former will be found in our previous volumes (see Vols. XIV. page 543, and XIX., pages 457, 595, 600). Kiying, following their example, has published a work in seven volumes—only a single copy of which, so far as we know, has yet fallen into the hands of foreigners, and this we have not had the pleasure of seeing. The way the work came to the knowledge of foreigners is given in the following extract from a letter from the Rev. M. C. White, of Fuhchau, to a friend in Shanghai. "The imperial commissioner Kjying has published a volume of mis- cellaneous Essays. I yesterday obtained a copy of that and of other works of EI. E. in seven volumes. A literary man offered it to me, saying he obtained it in Peking, from whence he has jast returned to his home in this city (Fuhchau). I consider one section of said work thin jjjljl for God xaV sgo^v. I send you herewith a copy of said Es- say, which you may depend on as accurate." In many respects, we regard this paper as one of great value, and as one which augurs well for the progress of truth in China. Taken in connection with the recent degradation of its author for his sym- pathies towards foreigners, it possesses more than usual interest. We may, indeed, surmise that his downfall was hastened by the publication of this paper, or of these Essays, but as we have no information on the point, we can only add the hope that the distinguished statesman who penned it may be led to look more carefully into the volume of inspi- ration, and fully learn the way of salvation. His re-instatement in power and favor seems at present improbable, even if his years are prolonged, and he may be inclined now to turn his attention again to these subjects. The hearts of kings and rulers are in the hands of God, and we can but pray that this high officer may be brought to a saving knowledge of the Savior. VOL. XX. NO. 1 6 sanction to our use of 43 Ktying's Testimony to Christianity. Jan. ± g H t» * * it * * • * J* ■ siffi^EfP^ S=fIS# SPSS ASHE: 25 « B°$£ JF-S + ftSfBAlft ft lit % 418 jftpp^ * a Aran ° 1851. Kiying's Testimony to Christianity. 43 Form of prayer to the God of heaven, with a preface, composed by Kiying, governor-general of Kw.ingtung and Ktcangst. In the Dictionary of K inghi, it is said, "Jesus, western nations designate the Savior of the world." The books translated by western men, narrate the actions he wrought with great perspicuity. His religion regards the worship of God fm, and repenting of sins, as its essen. tials; and its teaching is, that in the world, there is only this one creat- ing celestial God ^ who has power to rule all things and crea- tures, who is everywhere present, and knows all things. Because, when looking down upon the earth, he commiserated mankind, he commanded his ruling* Son, Jesus ^ -f- Jjjf to descend, and to be born into this dusty, toilsome world. He gave up his body to save the world; he died and rose again to life; and many were the miracles he wrought. Those who believe in him do not worship images; but in public places or in their private rooms, they purify their hearts and repent of their errors, and turning their faces towards the God of crea. tion (or the creating God) in the empty space (sc. ^ tjl the firma- ment, the sky), they kneel and worship, beg forgiveness for their sins, and implore blessings. Last year, 1 was commissioned to go to LiSng Kwiing, and also re- ceived the emperor's commands to tranquilize the affairs of the foreign- ers; and therefore inide strict inquiry concerning the religion prac- tised by western men, in order to ascertain whether it was corrupt or pure: and having carefully examined all the time I was there, I came to know that what they teach hid really nothing in it which was not good. I fell that 1 ought therefore, to memorialize the emperor, and request that, showing kindness to men from afar, he would not perse- cute or prohibit it. Now it happened that my private secretary, Mr. Lf, told me of his sickn -SS during the previous winter, and how tint, when all recourse to the gods to the doctors, and the diviners, had utterly failed, he chanced to hear of what western men teach concerning praying for blessings; and at once turning his face towards the sky, he prostrated , Tlie exact idea of the word /{ in this place is somewhat doubtful. Some of whom we have inquired, give it the sense of godlike, or God, making it a contracted expression for Tien t{ (Heavenly Ruler), or 3hang-t{ (Supreme Ruler). Others render it "his imperial, or royal, son;" while others say it means " ruling." The context affords no light, and we hardly know which of the three words to choose; but as Kiying regards his hio'mgti, or emperor, as the fie* tsz', or son of heaven, delegated by Heaven to rule over the tHen-hiu, or wirld, so think he drew the idea from the books he read that Jesus held ■ome similar position, and was delegated to execute his commission upon earth. 44 Kiying's Testimony to Christianity. 3 as. himself (i. e. made the kotau), and prayed, calling on the names of the God of heaven, and of Jesus. The next day he was quite well; and from that time whatever he asked in prayer he at once obtained. He therefore called upon me to write a form of prayer, commemo- rating this extraordinary answer of grace, and I have prepared and put it into a record book for future examination:— Prayer. "God (shin) only is impartial; he opened the heavens, and spread abroad the universe; all that has form he protects, all intelligences i^T agi owe their activity to him. He mercifully regards mankind.* Looking down upon the earth, there is nothing that he does not hear, nothing that he does not behold. How great are the works of God, shedding lustre through all time! But, alas 1 that ye, living men, are ignorant of the Divine Lord jpjl j£; and though fully fed and warm- jy clothed, are ungrateful for these gifts of God! Depraved, deceitful, gain-seeking, and passionate, you willingly incur God's anger! The appointed day of death will come, and the punishment of Hades is painfully distressing. O, that you, men of the world, would change your hearts, and reform your lives!' Do good and call down felicity,' are the excellent words of many ages. From this time forward worship God, and whatever you ask he will give. He will deliver you from eternal punishment, he will save you from your sins and miseries. The scrutinizing eye of God is on your thoughts ;t [and if good] all blessings will rest upon you! Accept our offerings." * The two phrases, w&n sUng and kiun ling, denote all living and intelligent beings, but whether the writer intended to include incorporeal, spiiitual intel- ligences only in the latter expression is not so clear.—The original for the word " mankind " is kiun l{, i. e. the host of blackliaired peoples; the word li usually denotes only the Chinese, but here we think the context requires it to comprise all mankind. t This sentence (shin chi kih sz') is from the Book of Odes, Part III., cap. 3 §2, from whence it is also quoted into the Due Medium. The idea is, that the gods (kwei shin), being without form, can and do oversee and scrutinize the secret actions of men in the most retired places, where even their teachers never see them. In the Due Medium, this idea is illustrated by the light of heaven coming into an inner apartment of a house through a crevice in the roof, so is the glance of the gods into the thoughts of men. Kiying evidently refers thin to the God lie had before been speaking of, and does not mean the gods (kwei shin) spoken of in the Shi King. The quotation was relevant to his subject, and he introduced the sentence from the Classics to express the power of the God he had before referred to. He seems to have had no suspi- cion that such a use of his national Classics would render his composition either vulgar or obscure, any more than it did Paul's speech when he quoted the poet Aralus before the Areopagus. 1851. Kiying's Testimony to Christianity. 45 The latter part of the above is what is termed a chuh wan, or prayer, and like most of such compositions among the Chinese is written in a set style, and in short sentences of four characters each. The two last words might, with propriety, be rendered "Amen," for they form the usual ending of prayers; but their literal meaning is as given above. Instead of remarking further upon this paper ourselves, we insert a few observations upon it by Bishop Boone. "It is very encouraging to us as laborers for the advancement of Christ's cause in China to find a man so high in station, publishing at Peking a paper in which he thus declares, that having 'examined the religion practiced by western men,' he has found it 'all verily good;' and this too after he has set forth the incarnation, the atone- ment, and the necessity of repentance. This fact may encourage the belief that a great deal more than we have ever ventured to hope for may have been goinir on in this vast empire. What would have been considered more improbable than that a high imperial commissioner should have spent (as we learn from this paper he did) any portion of his time in writing a form of prayer addressed to the God worship- ed by the western men, whom he hnd been sent to pacificate 1 "The case of Mr. Li Ting here mentioned is very remarkable. His recovery immediately after his prayer, gave occasion, we are told, to this paper. The supposition that this statement in the preface is false can not be admitted, for Kiying could have had no object in perpe- trating and publishing such a falsehood. And if we accept the fact as here stated, and suppose that his friend Mr. Li was really cured immediately after he called upon the names of the God of heaven and of Jesus, then we have either a very remarkable coincidence, or a signal interposition of Divine Providence in answer to prayer. "This paper is of much interest also, from the light it throws on the controversy respecting the rendering of the word God into Chinese. It has been very confidently asserted that the Chinese could never get any correct idea of our meaning, if we say that ' Shin made the heav- ens and the earth.' Dr. Medhurst, and the other signers of the letter of the 30th Jan. 1S50, assert that the insertion of Shin as a translation of